vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Star of David
The Star of David at least since the 20th century remains associated with the number seven and thus with the Menorah , and popular accounts associate it with the six directions of space plus the center ( under the influence of the description of space found in the Sefer Yetsira : Up , Down , East , West , South , North , and Center ) , or the Six Sefirot of the Male ( Zeir Anpin ) united with the Seventh Sefirot of the Female ( Nukva ) . Some say that one triangle represents the ruling tribe of Judah and the other the former ruling tribe of Benjamin . It is also seen as a dalet and yud , the two letters assigned to Judah . There are 12 Vav , or `` men , '' representing the 12 tribes or patriarchs of Israel .
Hip hop
However , in his book In Search Of Africa , Manthia Diawara states that hip hop is really a voice of people who are marginalized in modern society . He argues that the `` worldwide spread of hip hop as a market revolution '' is actually global `` expression of poor people 's desire for the good life , '' and that this struggle aligns with `` the nationalist struggle for citizenship and belonging , but also reveals the need to go beyond such struggles and celebrate the redemption of the black individual through tradition . '' The problem may not be that female rappers do not have the same opportunities and recognition as their male counterparts ; it may be that the music industry that is so defined by gender biases . Industry executives seem to bet on the idea that men wo n't want to listen to female rappers , so they are given fewer opportunities .
Musical theatre
In 2013 , Cyndi Lauper was the `` first female composer to win the ( Tony for ) Best Score without a male collaborator '' for writing the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots . In 2015 , for the first time , an all - female writing team , Lisa Kron and Jeanine Tesori , won the Tony Award for Best Original Score ( and Best Book for Kron ) for Fun Home , although work by male songwriters continues to be produced more often . Jukebox
Emperor of Japan
Article 2 of the Meiji Constitution ( the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ) stated , `` The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by imperial male descendants , according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law . '' The 1889 Imperial Household Law fixed the succession on male descendants of the imperial line , and specifically excluded female descendants from the succession . In the event of a complete failure of the main line , the throne would pass to the nearest collateral branch , again in the male line . If the Empress did not give birth to an heir , the Emperor could take a concubine , and the son he had by that concubine would be recognized as heir to the throne . This law , which was promulgated on the same day as the Meiji Constitution , enjoyed co-equal status with that constitution .
National identification number
In Estonia , a Personal Identification Code ( Estonian : isikukood ( IK ) ) is defined as a number formed on the basis of the sex and date of birth of a person which allows the identification of the person and used by government and other systems where identification is required , as well as by digital signatures using the nation ID - card and its associated certificates . An Estonian Personal identification code consists of 11 digits , generally given without any whitespace or other delimiters . The form is GYYMMDDSSSC , where G shows sex and century of birth ( odd number male , even number female , 1 - 2 19th century , 3 - 4 20th century , 5 - 6 21st century ) , SSS is a serial number separating persons born on the same date and C a checksum .
Germination
Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed ; it results in the formation of the seedling , it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule . The seed of a vascular plant is a small package produced in a fruit or cone after the union of male and female reproductive cells . All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and , in most plant species some store of food reserves , wrapped in a seed coat . Some plants produce varying numbers of seeds that lack embryos ; these are called and never germinate . Dormant seeds are ripe seeds that do not germinate because they are subject to external environmental conditions that prevent the initiation of metabolic processes and cell growth . Under proper conditions , the seed begins to germinate and the embryonic tissues resume growth , developing towards a seedling . -
Nimbostratus cloud
Under Luke Howard 's first systematized study of clouds , carried out in France in 1802 , three general cloud forms were established based on appearance and characteristics of formation : cirriform , cumiliform and stratiform . These were further divided into upper and lower types depending on altitude . In addition to these three main types , Howard added two names to designate multiple cloud types joined together : cumulostratus , a blending of cumulus clouds and stratus layers , and nimbus , a complex blending of cirriform , cumuliform , and stratiform clouds with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation .
History of women in the United States
The Army employed 450 female telephone operators who served overseas , beginning in March 1918 and continuing until the war ended . These women , who retained their civilian status and were not officially considered veterans until 1978 , were the members of the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit 25 , better known as the `` Hello Girls '' . They were required to be fluent in both French and English , and assisted the French and British , both allies of America , in communicating with each other . Over 300 women served in the Marines during World War One , performing duties within the United States so that the male Marines could fight overseas . After the war ended in 1918 , American women were no longer allowed to serve in the military , except as nurses , until 1942 . However , in 1920 a provision of the Army Reorganization Act granted military nurses the status of officers with `` relative rank '' from second lieutenant to major ( but not full rights and privileges ) .
Name change
The only landmark case in the Philippines on name and legal sex change is the Jeff Cagandahan case . The Supreme Court of the Philippines Justice Leonardo Quisumbing on September 12 , 2008 , allowed Cagandahan , 27 , who has congenital adrenal hyperplasia , to change his birth certificate name from Jennifer to Jeff , and his legal gender from female to male .
Captive killer whales
A killer whale named Katina , captured near Iceland at about three years of age in October 1978 , became pregnant in early spring of 1984 at SeaWorld San Diego and gave birth in September 1985 to a female named Kalina . Although ten years was an extremely young age for a killer whale to become a mother , Kalina was the first killer whale calf to be successfully born and raised in captivity . In turn , Kalina gave birth at only seven and a half years of age to her first calf , a male named Keet .
Barn owl
Feathers become abraded over time and all birds need to replace them at intervals . Barn owls are particularly dependent on their ability to fly quietly and manoeuvre efficiently , and in temperate areas their prolonged moult lasts through three phases over a period of two years . The female starts to moult while incubating the eggs and brooding the chicks , a time when the male feeds her so she does not need to fly much . The first primary feather to be shed is the central one , number 6 , and it has regrown completely by the time the female resumes hunting . Feathers 4 , 5 , 7 and 8 are dropped at a similar time the following year and feathers 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 and 10 in the bird 's third year of adulthood . The secondary and tail feathers are lost and replaced over a similar timescale , again starting while incubation is taking place . In the case of the tail , the two outermost tail feathers are first shed followed by the two central ones , the other tail feathers being moulted the following year .
Saudi Arabia
Under Saudi law , every adult female must have a male relative as her `` guardian '' ( wali ) , As of 2008 , a woman was required to have permission from her male guardian in order to travel , study , or work . A royal decree passed in May 2017 allowed them to avail government services such as education and healthcare without the need of a consent of a male guardian . The order however also stated that it should only be allowed if it does n't contradict the Sharia system .
Causes of the French Revolution
Other measures confirm France 's inherent strength . France had 5.3 million of Europe 's approximately 30 million male peasants . Its area under cultivation , productivity per unit area , level of industrialization , and gross national product ( about 14 % of the continental European product , excluding Russia , and 6 % to 10 % above the level elsewhere in Europe ) all placed France near the very top of the scale . In short , while it may have lagged slightly behind the Low Countries , and possibly Switzerland , in per capita wealth , the sheer size of the French economy made it the premier economic power of continental Europe .
Gatekeeping (communication)
The news criteria pressure journalists and news outlets to frequently publish new stories , in order to stay current on events . Reporters attend local events in order to get stories quickly and easily . When events are difficult to report on , journalists resort to interviews or experts of the event or field . The five criteria dictate which events are chosen and which events to spend money on to report . The size of a newspaper also dictates which stories to publish and which ones to skip . Once stories reach news outlets , editors must determine which stories to select . Editors do not spend much time choosing stories . An average editor must choose stories in seconds . Investigative or complex stories are covered by TV sources and radio . Those types of stories go towards television and radio because they have more time to dedicate to the stories . They can describe the event , background , and causes in depth . The size of the paper and the pressure editors have may cause bias in the audience 's perspective . Stories containing the five criterion almost always make the front page of the news . The frequent representation of those types of stories often leads to skewness from the public .
Types of volcanic eruptions
Phreatomagmatic eruptions are eruptions that arise from interactions between water and magma . They are driven from thermal contraction ( as opposed to magmatic eruptions , which are driven by thermal expansion ) of magma when it comes in contact with water . This temperature difference between the two causes violent water - lava interactions that make up the eruption . The products of phreatomagmatic eruptions are believed to be more regular in shape and finer grained than the products of magmatic eruptions because of the differences in eruptive mechanisms .
Orchestra
In 2013 , an article in Mother Jones stated that while `` ( m ) any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership -- women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic 's violin section -- and several renowned ensembles , including the National Symphony Orchestra , the Detroit Symphony , and the Minnesota Symphony , are led by women violinists '' , the double bass , brass , and percussion sections of major orchestras `` ... are still predominantly male . '' A 2014 BBC article stated that the `` ... introduction of ' blind ' auditions , where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice , has seen the gender balance of traditionally male - dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift . ''
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
A brief contract was drafted to address this issue , later known as the Mayflower Compact , promising cooperation among the settlers `` for the general good of the Colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience . '' It organized them into what was called a `` civill body politick , '' in which issues would be decided by voting , the key ingredient of democracy . It was ratified by majority rule , with 41 adult male Pilgrims signing for the 102 passengers ( 73 males and 29 females ) . Included in the company were 19 male servants and three female servants , along with some sailors and craftsmen hired for short - term service to the colony . At this time , John Carver was chosen as the colony 's first governor . It was Carver who had chartered the Mayflower and his is the first signature on the Mayflower Compact , being the most respected and affluent member of the group . The Mayflower Compact was the seed of American democracy and has been called the world 's first written constitution . First
Cristina Yang
The relation between Meredith and Cristina has been acclaimed and been a highlight of the show . Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the friendship to be `` the secret core of Grey 's '' . Aisha Harris of Slate called their relation The Best Female Friendship on TV adding that `` With those two characters , showrunner Shonda Rhimes and her team of writers created one of the most nuanced and realistic portrayals of female friendship on television . '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly called Cristina and Meredith the best female friends on TV because `` they do n't try to be '' . There 's nothing fake about them , which is a rarity in how female friends are portrayed on television . She further went on to call them ' soulmates ' , `` And even though they 'd never dare get sappy enough to say it , they 're soul mates . Margaret Lyons of Vulture ( magazine ) called the friendship `` dream BFF relationship . '' and the primary focus of the show , `` One of the series ' calling cards has been its depiction of female friendship and particularly the primacy that friendship enjoyed over romantic relationships . ''
Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam . Although the city takes up just 0.6 % of the country 's land area , it contains 8.34 % of the population of Vietnam , 20.2 % of its GDP , 27.9 % of industrial output and 34.9 % of the FDI projects in the country in 2005 . In 2005 , the city had 4,344,000 labourers , of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm ( in Vietnam , 60 for male and 55 for female workers ) . In 2009 , GDP per capita reached $2,800 , compared to the country 's average level of $1,042 .
Lion
Weaning occurs after six to seven months . Male lions reach maturity at about 3 years of age and , at 4 -- 5 years of age , are capable of challenging and displacing the adult male ( s ) associated with another pride . They begin to age and weaken between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest , Furthermore , when one or more new males oust the previous male ( s ) associated with a pride , the conqueror ( s ) often kill any existing young cubs , perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die . A lioness often will attempt to defend her cubs fiercely from a usurping male , but such actions are rarely successful . Success is more likely when a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against one male . Other sources of mortality for cubs include starvation and abandonment , as well as predation by leopards , hyenas and wild dogs . All in all , as many as 80 % of the cubs will die before the age of two .
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
Members of institutes of consecrated life , or monks , can be either clergy or non-ordained members of the religious order ( male or female non-ordained religious are not to be considered laypersons in the strict sense -- they take certain vows and are not free to marry once they have made solemn profession of vows ; all female religious are non-ordained , they may be sisters living to some degree of activity in a communal state , or nuns living in cloister or some other type of isolation ) . The male members of religious orders , whether living in monastic communities or cloistered in isolation , and who are ordained priests or deacons constitute what is called the religious or regular clergy , distinct from the diocesan or secular clergy . Those ordained priests or deacons who are not members of some sort of religious order ( secular priests ) most often serve as clergy to a specific church or in an office of a specific diocese or in Rome .
Will Horton
With his best female - friend , Gabi Hernandez ( Camila Banus ) , Will is the father of Arianna Horton ( played by Harper and Sydnee Udell ) . Arianna 's birth was portrayed on the show , as was Will 's and his mother 's . Will has a long - time best male friend in Tad `` T '' Stevens -- played by Brendan Coughlin , who has played opposite Patton , Massey , and Wilson .
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as `` almost a parody ... of the original document '' . The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be based only on common utility . '' The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied : `` Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights . Social distinctions may only be based on common utility '' .
Queen's Counsel
A male junior barrister wears a white shirt and white wing - collar with bands , underneath a double - breasted or three - piece lounge suit of dark colour . He has a black `` stuff '' gown over his suit , and wears a short wig of horsehair . A female junior barrister wears similar garb , except that the wing - collar with bands may be replaced with a court bib ( or collarette ) .
List of Indian folk dances
The counterpart to male bhangra , giddha is a female folk dance from Punjab . It is an energetic dance derived from ancient ring dancing that highlights feminine grace and elasticity . It is often accompanied by singing folk couplets known as bolliyan .
Karnataka
Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations -- the Archean complex made up of Dharwad schists and granitic gneisses , the Proterozoic non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series , the Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits and the tertiary and recent laterites and alluvial deposits . Significantly , about 60 % of the state is composed of the Archean complex which consist of gneisses , granites and charnockite rocks . Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the Deccan Traps were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period . Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka , viz . Entisols , Inceptisols , Mollisols , Spodosols , Alfisols , Ultisols , Oxisols , Aridisols , Vertisols , Andisols and Histosols . Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil , the soil types are divided into six types , viz . red , lateritic , black , alluvio - colluvial , forest and coastal soils .
Ranma ½
Rumiko Takahashi stated that Ranma 1⁄2 was conceived to be a martial arts manga that connects all aspects of everyday life to martial arts . Because her previous series had female protagonists , the author decided that she wanted a male this time . However , she was worried about writing a male main character , and therefore decided to make him half - female . Before deciding on water for initiating his changes , she considered Ranma changing every time he was punched . It was after deciding this that she felt Jusenkyo had to be set in China , as it is the only place that could have such mysterious springs . She drew inspiration for Ranma 1⁄2 from a variety of real - world objects . Some of the places frequently seen in the series are modeled after actual locations in Nerima , Tokyo ( both the home of Takahashi and the setting of Ranma 1⁄2 ) .
Northern cardinal
Pairs mate for life , and stay together year - round . Mated pairs sometimes sing together before nesting . During courtship they may also participate in a bonding behavior where the male collects food and brings it to the female , feeding her beak - to - beak . If the mating is successful , this mate - feeding may continue throughout the period of incubation .
Sundial
An analemma may be added to many types of sundials to correct apparent solar time to mean solar time or another standard time . These usually have hour lines shaped like `` figure eights '' ( analemmas ) according to the equation of time . This compensates for the slight eccentricity in the Earth 's orbit and the tilt of the Earth 's axis that causes up to a 15 - minute variation from mean solar time . This is a type of dial furniture seen on more complicated horizontal and vertical dials .
United Kingdom general election, 2010
The election resulted in an increase in the number of MPs from ethnic minorities from 14 to 27 , including the first black and Asian female Conservative MPs , Helen Grant and Priti Patel , and the first female Muslim MPs , Rushanara Ali , Shabana Mahmood and Yasmin Qureshi . This means that 4.2 % of MPs are from an ethnic minority -- in the 2001 Census , it was reported that ethnic minorities comprised 7.9 % of the population . The number of female MPs rose to 141 , an increase from 19.5 % to 21.7 % of all MPs , and the highest ever total ; the number of female Conservative MPs rose from 18 ( 8.6 % of all Conservatives ) to 48 ( 15.7 % ) .
Kenya
The total fertility rate in Kenya is estimated to be 4.49 children per woman in 2012 . According to a 2008 -- 09 survey by the Kenyan government , the total fertility rate was 4.6 % and the contraception usage rate among married women was 46 % . Maternal mortality is high , partly because of female genital mutilation , with about 27 % of women having undergone it . This practice is however on the decline as the country becomes more modernised , and the practice was also banned in the country in 2011 . Women were economically empowered before colonialization . By colonial land alienation , women lost access and control of land . They became more economically dependent on men . A colonial order of gender emerged where the male dominated the female . Median age at first marriage increases with increasing education . Rape , defilement and battering are not always seen as serious crimes . Reports of sexual assault are not always taken seriously .
The Left Hand of Darkness
The inhabitants of Gethen are ambisexual humans ; for twenty - four days ( somer ) of each twenty - six - day lunar cycle , they are sexually latent androgynes . They only adopt sexual attributes once a month , during a period of sexual receptiveness and high fertility , called kemmer . During kemmer they become sexually male or female , with no predisposition towards either , although which sex they adopt can depend on context and relationships . Throughout the novel Gethenians are described as `` he '' , whatever their role in kemmer . This absence of fixed gender characteristics led Le Guin to portray Gethen as a society without war , and also without sexuality as a continuous factor in social relationships . On Gethen , every individual takes part in the `` burden and privilege '' of raising children , and rape and seduction are almost absent .