vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox .
Light-independent reactions
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH . The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short - lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism ( and by animals that feed on it ) . This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO . In the following biochemical equations , the chemical species ( phosphates and carboxylic acids ) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH .
Manhattan Project
Although an air - cooled design was chosen for the reactor at Oak Ridge to facilitate rapid construction , it was recognized that this would be impractical for the much larger production reactors . Initial designs by the Metallurgical Laboratory and DuPont used helium for cooling , before they determined that a water - cooled reactor would be simpler , cheaper and quicker to build . The design did not become available until 4 October 1943 ; in the meantime , Matthias concentrated on improving the Hanford Site by erecting accommodations , improving the roads , building a railway switch line , and upgrading the electricity , water and telephone lines . Aerial
Hurricane Gloria
By the time Gloria reached New Hampshire , it had weakened and was becoming extratropical , although hurricane - force wind gusts were reported across the state . On the top of Mount Washington , wind gusts reached 127 mph ( 204 km / h ) . The winds were strong enough to knock down large trees , many over 50 years old and 50 ft ( 15 m ) . Downed trees cut power lines , which left 97,116 people without power , mostly along the coast . Fallen trees also damaged 16 homes and several vehicles . High rainfall damaged portions of North Woodstock , although water damage was generally minor . There was one death in the state , when an elderly woman was knocked over by the strong winds and died two weeks later . There was about $2.5 million in crop damage , mostly to the apple crop . In neighboring Maine , about 600,000 people lost power due to the storm , the most since the passage of hurricanes Carol and Edna in 1954 . Winds in Maine reached 86 mph ( 138 km / h ) , and the storm knocked down about 100 power poles in addition to the downed lines . Downed trees blocked roads and damaged houses and cars . The winds damaged roofs , including the 127 ‐ year ‐ old spire of a church in Groveville . Crop damage to the apple crop was estimated at $3 million . High waves along the coast damaged lobster traps and dozens of boats , many of which were driven ashore .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
Pritchard received word from local residents that on the night before a party , probably including the Confederate President , had crossed the Ocmulgee River just north of Abbeville . Since there were two roads to Irwindale , one of which had been taken by Harnden and his men , Pritchard decided to take the other , to see if he could capture Davis . He took with him about a hundred and forty men and their horses , while the balance of the Michiganders stayed on the Ocmulgee River near Abbeville . Some seven hours later , at 1 A.M. on May 10 , Pritchard arrived at Irwindale . There was no evidence of Harnden 's men being there yet . General
Santa Barbara, California
The Santa Ynez Mountains to the north of the city consist of multiple layers of sandstone and conglomerate units dating from the Jurassic Age to the present , uplifted rapidly since the Pliocene , upended , and in some areas completely overturned . Rapid uplift has given these mountains their craggy , scenic character , and numerous landslides and debris flows , which form some of the urban and suburban lowland area , are testament to their geologically active nature .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
RMS Titanic Inc. mounted further expeditions to Titanic in 2004 and 2010 , when the first comprehensive map of the entire debris field was produced . Two autonomous underwater vehicles -- torpedo - shaped robots -- repeatedly ran backwards and forwards across the 3 by 5 miles ( 4.8 km × 8.0 km ) debris field , taking sonar scans and over 130,000 high - resolution images . This enabled a detailed photomosaic of the debris field to be created for the first time , giving scientists a much clearer view of the dynamics of the ship 's sinking . The expedition encountered difficulties : several hurricanes passed over the wreck site , and the Remora ROV was caught in a piece of wreckage . This same year saw the discovery of the new bacteria living in the rusticles on the Titanic , Halomonas titanicae .
A Tale of Two Cities
Darnay 's jailer is described as `` unwholesomely bloated in both face and person , as to look like a man who had been drowned and filled with water . '' Later , during the Reign of Terror , the revolution had grown `` so much more wicked and distracted ... that the rivers of the South were encumbered with bodies of the violently drowned by night ... '' Later a crowd is `` swelling and overflowing out into the adjacent streets ... the Carmagnole absorbed them every one and whirled them away . ''
Income inequality in the United States
Paul Krugman argues that the much lamented long - term funding problems of Social Security and Medicare can be blamed in part on the growth in inequality as well as the usual culprits like longer life expectancies . The traditional source of funding for these social welfare programs -- payroll taxes -- is inadequate because it does not capture income from capital , and income above the payroll tax cap , which make up a larger and larger share of national income as inequality increases .
Soil erosion
Deforestation causes increased erosion rates due to exposure of mineral soil by removing the humus and litter layers from the soil surface , removing the vegetative cover that binds soil together , and causing heavy soil compaction from logging equipment . Once trees have been removed by fire or logging , infiltration rates become high and erosion low to the degree the forest floor remains intact . Severe fires can lead to significant further erosion if followed by heavy rainfall .
Mexico City
In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales ; high - volume one - way roads that cross , in theory , Mexico City proper from side to side . The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid , with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente , Eje Central , and Eje 1 Oriente , for example , for the north - south roads , and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte , for example , for east - west roads . Ring roads are the Circuito Interior ( inner ring ) , Anillo Periférico ; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ( `` State of Mexico outer loop '' ) toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area , the Chamapa - La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge , and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest ( Atlacomulco ) to north ( Tula , Hidalgo ) to east ( Puebla ) . A second level ( where tolls are charged ) of the Periférico , colloquially called the segundo piso ( `` second floor '' ) , was officially opened in 2012 , with sections still being completed . The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east - west from Observatorio to the airport . In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened , a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City .
Seawater
The temptation to drink seawater was greatest for sailors who had expended their supply of fresh water , and were unable to capture enough rainwater for drinking . This frustration was described famously by a line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner :
Temperate deciduous forest
Humans have often colonized areas in the temperate deciduous forest . They have harvested wood for timber and charcoal . During the settlement of North America , potash made from tree ashes was exported back to Europe as fertilizer . This left less than one - quarter of original forests to remain . Many forests are now small fragments dissected by fields and roads ; these islands of green often differ substantially from the original forests , particularly along the edges . The introduction of exotic diseases continues to be a threat to forest trees , and hence , the forest ; examples include the loss of chestnut and elm . At the same time , species such as deer , which are clearing rather than true forest animals , have expanded their range and proliferated in these altered landscapes . Large deer populations have deleterious effects on tree regeneration overall , but particularly for edible species including yew , yellow birch , and hemlock . Deer grazing also has significant negative effects on the number and kind of herbaceous flowering plants . The continuing pressure to increase deer populations , and the continued killing of top carnivores , suggests that overgrazing by deer will continue to be a significant forest conservation problem . Objective criteria for the restoration of deciduous forest include large trees , coarse woody debris , spring ephemeral , and top predators .
In-N-Out Burger
The signature colors for In - N - Out are white , red , and yellow . The white is used for the buildings ' exterior walls and the employees ' basic uniform . Red is used for the buildings ' roofs and the employees ' aprons and hats . Yellow is used for the decorative band on the roof and iconic zig - zag in the logo . However , variations in the color scheme do occur .
Battle of Hampton Roads
The Battle of Hampton Roads was a significant event in both Naval and Civil War history that has been detailed in many books , televised Civil War documentaries , and in film , to include TNT 's 1991 Ironclads . In New York City , where the designer of the Monitor , John Ericsson , died in March 1889 , a statue was commissioned by the state to commemorate the battle between the Ironclads . The statue features a stylized male nude allegorical figure on water between two iron cleats . It is located in Msgr McGolrick Park .
War Powers Resolution
declare War ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ( i.e. , license private citizens to capture enemy vessels ) ; raise and support Armies ( for terms up to two years at a time ) ; provide and maintain a Navy ; make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; provide for calling forth the Militia ; make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia ; and govern such Part of ( the militia ) as may be employed in the Service of the United States .
Philippines
One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish names and surnames among Filipinos ; a Spanish name and surname , however , does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry . This peculiarity , unique among the people of Asia , came as a result of a colonial edict by Governor - General Narciso Clavería y Zaldua , which ordered the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of Hispanic nomenclature on the population . The names of many streets , towns , and provinces are also in Spanish .
Soil respiration
Another way nitrogen affects soil respiration is through litter decomposition . High nitrogen litter is considered high quality and is more readily decomposed by microorganisms than low quality litter . Degradation of cellulose , a tough plant structural compound , is also a nitrogen limited process and will increase with the addition of nitrogen to litter .
Battle of Hampton Roads
The name of the warship that served the Confederacy in the Battle of Hampton Roads has been a continuing source of confusion and some contention . She was originally a screw frigate in the United States Navy carrying the name USS Merrimack . All parties continued to use the name after her capture by secessionists while she was being rebuilt as an ironclad . When her conversion was almost complete , her name was officially changed to Virginia . Despite the official name change , Union accounts persisted in calling Merrimack by her original name , while Confederate sources used either Virginia or Merrimac ( k ) . The alliteration of Monitor and Merrimack has persuaded most popular accounts to adopt the familiar name , even when it is acknowledged to be technically incorrect .
Grunge
Nirvana 's In Utero is a typical example of Albini 's recording approach . He preferred to have the entire band play live in the studio , rather than use mainstream rock 's approach of recording each instrument on a separate track at different times , and then mixing them using multi-track recording . While multitracking results in a more polished product , it does not capture the `` live '' sound of the band playing together . Albini used a range of different microphones for the vocals and instruments . Like most metal and punk recording engineers , he mics the guitar amp speakers and bass amp speakers to capture each performer 's unique tone .
Gilligan's Island
Recurring elements center on one of five primary themes . The first deals with life on the island . A running gag is the castaways ' ability to fashion a vast array of useful objects from bamboo and other local material . Some are simple everyday things , while others are stretches of the imagination . Russell Johnson noted in his autobiography that the production crew enjoyed the challenge of building these props . Some bamboo items include framed huts with thatched grass sides and roofs , along with bamboo closets strong enough to withstand hurricane - force winds and rain ; the communal dining table and chairs , pipes for Gilligan 's hot water , a stethoscope , and a pedal - powered car . Many scenes occur at the dining table , where the castaways enjoy a large number of dishes that Ginger and Mary Ann prepare while the radio provides news and entertainment . Gilligan and the Skipper often catch fish , and the island has citrus trees to avoid scurvy and a good supply of fresh water to drink and to prepare tropical drinks . While most are explained due to the Professor ( or occasionally Gilligan 's ) ingenuity , sometimes they are also explained due to the being washed up on shore or falling off cargo ships . Naturally , despite their obvious skill and inventiveness , the castaways never quite manage to put together a functional raft out of bamboo ( or repair the holes in the Minnow , though the entire ship fell apart in the eighth episode , `` Goodbye Island '' ) . In the television movie Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the castaways tie all their huts together and use that as a raft for escape , taking advantage of a tsunami 's propulsion .
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Stadium officials clarified after the initial leaks that were reported back in October 2017 that the issue was not a `` leak '' but rather a `` few drops of water '' that were falling from the roof around isolated parts of the stadium . Officials stated that the issue was due to the fact that the roof was still not fully mechanized yet , and that the issues would be fixed before the Falcons ' 2018 season . They also stated that the issues were common for newly constructed stadiums with retractable roofs .
Water in California
The cities of Vallejo , Fairfield , and Vacaville are served by the Solano County Water Agency , which transports water from Lake Berryessa and moves it south along the Putah South Canal . Marin County has the Marin Municipal Water District and the North Marin Water District .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
During the early 20th century , the automobile gradually became the primary form of transportation . Motorists crossing the Pennsylvania mountains during the 1930s were limited to hilly , winding roads such as the Lincoln Highway ( US 30 ) or the William Penn Highway ( US 22 ) , which had grades exceeding nine percent . Due to their sharp curves and steep grades , the roads were dangerous and caused many fatal accidents from skids .
Channel Tunnel
The ventilation system maintains the air pressure in the service tunnel higher than in the rail tunnels , so that in the event of a fire , smoke does not enter the service tunnel from the rail tunnels . Two cooling water pipes in each rail tunnel circulate chilled water to remove heat generated by the rail traffic . Pumping stations remove water in the tunnels from rain , seepage , and so on .
Celebratory gunfire
Common occasions for celebratory gunfire include New Year 's Day as well as the religious holidays Christmas and Eid . The practice may result in random death and injury from stray bullets . Property damage is sometimes another result of celebratory gunfire ; shattered windows and damaged roofs are often found after such celebrations .
Water potential
In contrast , atmospheric water potentials are much more negative -- a typical value for dry air is − 100 MPa , though this value depends on the temperature and the humidity . Root water potential must be more negative than the soil , and the stem water potential and intermediate lower value than the roots but higher than the leaf water potential , to create a passive flow of water from the soil to the roots , up the stem , to the leaves and then into the atmosphere .
Ecuador
The roads of Ecuador in recent years have undergone important improvement . The major routes are Pan American ( under enhancement from four to six lanes from Rumichaca to Ambato , the conclusion of 4 lanes on the entire stretch of Ambato and Riobamba and running via Riobamba to Loja ) . In the absence of the section between Loja and the border with Peru , there are the Route Espondilus and / or Ruta del Sol ( oriented to travel along the Ecuadorian coastline ) and the Amazon backbone ( which crosses from north to south along the Ecuadorian Amazon , linking most and more major cities of it ) .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
The Backson is a creature imagined by the characters after misunderstanding Christopher Robin 's note , which meant he would be `` back soon '' from school . He is mentioned but not seen in The House at Pooh Corner as `` the Spotted or Herbaceous Backson '' He is the main antagonist in Winnie the Pooh where the animals think he has captured Christopher Robin . Owl describes him as a large , ugly , mean and scary purple and blue creature who ruins or destroys many everyday items , such as books , socks and crayons . Pooh and his friends build a trap to try to capture him ( a pit with a trail of books , socks , dishes , toys and other items leading to it ) , but Christopher Robin reveals that he was never captured , just away at school . At the end of the film , the Backson turns out to be real , but he is a kind and helpful creature who wants to return people 's things to them . However , the trap does capture him , as he picks up all the items and then falls into the pit .
Osmosis
Many thermodynamic explanations go into the concept of chemical potential and how the function of the water on the solution side differs from that of pure water due to the higher pressure and the presence of the solute counteracting such that the chemical potential remains unchanged . The virial theorem demonstrates that attraction between the molecules ( water and solute ) reduces the pressure , and thus the pressure exerted by water molecules on each other in solution is less than in pure water , allowing pure water to `` force '' the solution until the pressure reaches equilibrium .
Catalonia
The principal highways are AP - 7 ( Autopista de la Mediterrània ) and A-7 ( Autovia de la Mediterrània ) . They follow the coast from the French border to Valencia , Murcia and Andalusia . The main roads generally radiate from Barcelona . The AP - 2 ( Autopista del Nord - est ) and A-2 ( Autovia del Nord - est ) connect inland and onward to Madrid .
Xenon
Unlike the lower mass noble gases , the normal stellar nucleosynthesis process inside a star does not form xenon . Elements more massive than iron - 56 consume energy through fusion , and the synthesis of xenon represents no energy gain for a star . Instead , xenon is formed during supernova explosions , in classical nova explosions , by the slow neutron capture process ( s - process ) in red giant stars that have exhausted their core hydrogen and entered the asymptotic giant branch , and from radioactive decay , for example by beta decay of extinct iodine - 129 and spontaneous fission of thorium , uranium , and plutonium .
Nairobi
94 % of the piped water supply for Nairobi comes from rivers and reservoirs in the Aberdare Range north of the city , of which the reservoir of the Thika Dam is the most important one . Water distribution losses -- technically called non-revenue water -- are 40 % , and only 40 % of those with house connections receive water continuously . Slum residents receive water through water kiosks and end up paying much higher water prices than those fortunate enough to have access to piped water at their residence . In the middle of a severe drought , the board of the Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company was sacked July 2009 for `` malpractices '' , following the publication of a report by Transparency International - Kenya and the Kenyan NGO Maji Na Ufanisi ( Water and Development ) . The report had found cases of bribery for illegal connections , tampering with meter readings , and diversion of water from domestic users to industries in five cities , with the highest incidence of bribery in Nairobi .
Warsaw
Green space covers almost a quarter of the area of Warsaw , including a broad range from small neighborhood parks , green spaces along streets and in courtyards , to avenues of trees and large historic parks , nature conservation areas and the urban forests at the fringe of the city . Łazienki
South Africa
Two distinctive features of the South African water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of water boards , which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities . These features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers , leading to a lack of attention to maintenance . Notwithstanding , in May 2014 , Durban 's Water and Sanitation Department won the Stockholm Industry Water Award `` for its transformative and inclusive approach '' , calling it `` one of the most progressive utilities in the world '' . The city was South Africa 's first municipality to put free basic water for the poor into practice connecting 1.3 million additional people to piped water and provided 700,000 with access to toilets in 14 years . The city has also promoted Rainwater harvesting and mini hydropower . Following the end of Apartheid , the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66 % to 79 % from 1990 to 2010 . Sanitation access increased from 71 % to 79 % during the same period . However , water supply and sanitation in South Africa has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry .