vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Bacterial cell structure
Bacteria , despite their simplicity , contain a well - developed cell structure which is responsible for some of their unique biological structures and pathogenicity . Many structural features are unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes . Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally , the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied , revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms .
Dutch elm disease
Multistriatin is a pheromone produced by female elm bark beetles , which can be produced synthetically . It has potential in being used to trap male beetles , which carry the fungus .
Stem cell
A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins . The transcription factors Oct - 4 , Nanog , and Sox2 form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency . The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids stage specific embryonic antigen 3 and 4 and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra - 1 - 60 and Tra - 1 - 81 . By using human embryonic stem cells to produce specialized cells like nerve cells or heart cells in the lab , scientists can gain access to adult human cells without taking tissue from patients . They can then study these specialized adult cells in detail to try and catch complications of diseases , or to study cells reactions to potentially new drugs . The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research .
Synapse
In a chemical synapse , electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron is converted ( via the activation of voltage - gated calcium channels ) into the release of a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell . The neurotransmitter may initiate an electrical response or a secondary messenger pathway that may either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron . Chemical synapses can be classified according to the neurotransmitter released : glutamatergic ( often excitatory ) , GABAergic ( often inhibitory ) , cholinergic ( e.g. vertebrate neuromuscular junction ) , and adrenergic ( releasing norepinephrine ) . Because of the complexity of receptor signal transduction , chemical synapses can have complex effects on the postsynaptic cell . In an electrical synapse , the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes are connected by special channels called gap junctions or synaptic cleft that are capable of passing an electric current , causing voltage changes in the presynaptic cell to induce voltage changes in the postsynaptic cell . The main advantage of an electrical synapse is the rapid transfer of signals from one cell to the next .
Stem cell
Pluripotency in certain stem cells could also make it difficult to obtain a specific cell type . It is also difficult to obtain the exact cell type needed , because not all cells in a population differentiate uniformly . Undifferentiated cells can create tissues other than desired types .
Cell division
For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba , one cell division is equivalent to reproduction -- an entire new organism is created . On a larger scale , mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms , such as plants that grow from cuttings . Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one - celled zygote , which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes . After growth , cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism . The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime .
Collagen
There is some covalent crosslinking within the triple helices , and a variable amount of covalent crosslinking between tropocollagen helices forming well organized aggregates ( such as fibrils ) . Larger fibrillar bundles are formed with the aid of several different classes of proteins ( including different collagen types ) , glycoproteins , and proteoglycans to form the different types of mature tissues from alternate combinations of the same key players . Collagen 's insolubility was a barrier to the study of monomeric collagen until it was found that tropocollagen from young animals can be extracted because it is not yet fully crosslinked . However , advances in microscopy techniques ( i.e. electron microscopy ( EM ) and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) ) and X-ray diffraction have enabled researchers to obtain increasingly detailed images of collagen structure in situ . These later advances are particularly important to better understanding the way in which collagen structure affects cell -- cell and cell -- matrix communication and how tissues are constructed in growth and repair and changed in development and disease . For example , using AFM -- based nanoindentation it has been shown that a single collagen fibril is a heterogeneous material along its axial direction with significantly different mechanical properties in its gap and overlap regions , correlating with its different molecular organizations in these two regions .
Lyme disease
The number of reported cases of the disease has been increasing , as are endemic regions in North America . For example , B. burgdorferi sensu lato was previously thought to be hindered in its ability to be maintained in an enzootic cycle in California , because it was assumed the large lizard population would dilute the prevalence of B. burgdorferi in local tick populations ; this has since been brought into question , as some evidence has suggested lizards can become infected .
Antigen-presenting cell
B cells reside in the lymph node . Once their B cell receptor binds to an antigen , they can interact with activated helper T cells , as described above .
Cell cycle
Analyses of synchronized cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions that prevent DNA replication initiation without delaying cell cycle progression showed that origin licensing decreases the expression of genes with origins near their 3 ' ends , revealing that downstream origins can regulate the expression of upstream genes . This confirms previous predictions from mathematical modeling of a global causal coordination between DNA replication origin activity and mRNA expression , and shows that mathematical modeling of DNA microarray data can be used to correctly predict previously unknown biological modes of regulation .
Apoptosis
Before the actual process of cell death is precipitated by enzymes , apoptotic signals must cause regulatory proteins to initiate the apoptosis pathway . This step allows those signals to cause cell death , or the process to be stopped , should the cell no longer need to die . Several proteins are involved , but two main methods of regulation have been identified : the targeting of mitochondria functionality , or directly transducing the signal via adaptor proteins to the apoptotic mechanisms . An extrinsic pathway for initiation identified in several toxin studies is an increase in calcium concentration within a cell caused by drug activity , which also can cause apoptosis via a calcium binding protease calpain .
Sword Art Online
A game based in Gun Gale Online , Sword Art Online : Fatal Bullet , will be released for the PS4 , Xbox One and Windows in 2018 .
Electric chair
Historically , once the condemned person was attached to the chair , various cycles ( differing in voltage and duration ) of alternating current would be passed through the individual 's body , in order to cause fatal damage to the internal organs ( including the brain ) . The first , more powerful , jolt of electric current is intended to pass through the head and cause immediate unconsciousness and brain death . The second , less powerful , jolt is intended to cause fatal damage to the vital organs . Death may also be caused by electrical overstimulation of the heart .
Carcinoma in situ
Some forms of CIS ( e.g. , colon polyps and polypoid tumours of the bladder ) can be removed using an endoscope , without conventional surgical resection . Dysplasia of the uterine cervix is removed by excision ( cutting it out ) or by burning with a laser . Bowen 's disease of the skin is removed by excision . Other forms require major surgery , the best known being intraductal carcinoma of the breast ( also treated with radiotherapy ) . One of the most dangerous forms of CIS is the `` pneumonic form '' of BAC of the lung , which can require extensive surgical removal of large parts of the lung . When too large , it often can not be completely removed , with eventual disease progression and death of the patient .
Antigen-presenting cell
Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body . They use an MHC class I molecule coupled to beta - 2 microglobulin to display endogenous peptides on the cell membrane . These peptides originate within the cell itself , in contrast to the exogenous antigen displayed by professional APCs using MHC class II molecules . Cytotoxic T cells are able to interact with endogenous antigen presented using an MHC class I molecule . Non-professional APCs do not typically express MHC class II molecules . However , it has been observed that antigen presentation to CD4+ cells via MHC class II is not restricted to the classically professional APCs . Other leukocytes , including granulocytes such as mast cells and neutrophils , can be induced to do so , as can endothelial and epithelial cells under certain circumstances . Even so , there is little evidence that these atypical APCs are able to activate naive CD4+ T cells .
Cell wall
The middle lamella is laid down first , formed from the cell plate during cytokinesis , and the primary cell wall is then deposited inside the middle lamella . The actual structure of the cell wall is not clearly defined and several models exist - the covalently linked cross model , the tether model , the diffuse layer model and the stratified layer model . However , the primary cell wall , can be defined as composed of cellulose microfibrils aligned at all angles . Cellulose microfibrils are produced at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex , which is proposed to be made of a hexameric rosette that contains three cellulose synthase catalytic subunits for each of the six units . Microfibrils are held together by hydrogen bonds to provide a high tensile strength . The cells are held together and share the gelatinous membrane called the middle lamella , which contains magnesium and calcium pectates ( salts of pectic acid ) . Cells interact though plasmodesmata , which are inter-connecting channels of cytoplasm that connect to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall .
Heart valve
Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography , which is a form of ultrasound . Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired , or replaced with artificial heart valves . Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics .
Kent State shootings
Jeffrey Glenn Miller ; age 20 ; 265 ft ( 81 m ) shot through the mouth ; killed instantly Allison B. Krause ; age 19 ; 343 ft ( 105 m ) fatal left chest wound ; died later that day William Knox Schroeder ; age 19 ; 382 ft ( 116 m ) fatal chest wound ; died almost an hour later in a local hospital while undergoing surgery Sandra Lee Scheuer ; age 20 ; 390 ft ( 120 m ) fatal neck wound ; died a few minutes later from loss of blood
Framingham Heart Study
The 10 - year cardiovascular risk of an individual can be estimated with the Framingham Risk Score , including for individuals without known cardiovascular disease . The Framingham Risk Score is based on findings of the Framingham Heart Study .
T cell
Regulatory T cells ( suppressor T cells ) are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance . Their major role is to shut down T cell - mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress autoreactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus . Suppressor T cells along with Helper T cells can collectively be called Regulatory T cells due to their regulatory functions .
Anti-lock braking system
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety released a study in 2010 that found motorcycles with ABS 37 % less likely to be involved in a fatal crash than models without ABS .
Neuron
There are several stimuli that can activate a neuron leading to electrical activity , including pressure , stretch , chemical transmitters , and changes of the electric potential across the cell membrane . Stimuli cause specific ion - channels within the cell membrane to open , leading to a flow of ions through the cell membrane , changing the membrane potential .
Heart
Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either related to disease or benign , and there are several kinds . There are normally two heart sounds , and abnormal heart sounds can either be extra sounds , or `` murmurs '' related to the flow of blood between the sounds . Murmurs are graded by volume , from 1 ( the quietest ) , to 6 ( the loudest ) , and evaluated by their relationship to the heart sounds , position in the cardiac cycle , and additional features such as their radiation to other sites , changes with a person 's position , the frequency of the sound as determined by the side of the stethoscope by which they are heard , and site at which they are heard loudest . Murmurs may be caused by damaged heart valves , congenital heart disease such as ventricular septal defects , or may be heard in normal hearts . A different type of sound , a pericardial friction rub can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together . Blood
Dry bite
One of the most difficult problems associated with dry bites , is that it is not simply a matter of some bites being dry and others venomous ; some species have quite sophisticated mechanisms for controlling the dosage of venom injected , which can vary widely and unpredictably . Jumping to conclusions on the basis of just a few experiences of a given species or a group of related species can be fatal . There are many variables ; anecdotally , very young venomous snakes for example , tend to have disproportionately dangerous bites -- there is reason to suspect that they routinely inflict a full bite .
Elliot Stabler
Stabler is partnered with Olivia Benson for 12 years . They are best friends , and trust each other completely . Stabler is Benson 's longest relationship with a man , and they have even each promised to give the other a kidney should they need a transplant .
Will Horton
Beginning with the marital conflict storyline that kicked off in the fall of 2014 , commentators thought Will was written as if he had had a sudden `` full - on personality transplant '' .
Dan Scott
Fourteen months have past since the season six finale , and Dan is now a motivational speaker . He has his own TV show called Scott Free Redemption . He has also written a book with the same title . It is then revealed that he is married to Rachel Gatina . Dan reached out to his son Nathan when he read about him and Renee Richardson who he meets and ask her to speak about it on his show . Dan reveals that Renee Richardson was lying about Nathan Scott alleged affair and exposes her truth on his show . It is also revealed that Dan did in fact have a heart transplant as he quotes Renee Richardson con as `` Takes a Con to Know a Con . '' About a year earlier Dan traveled to Mexico to have a heart transplant . His new wife Rachel Gatina , paid with his money for a family to pull the life support plug on their young son . The heart was then given to Dan . Dan returns to Tree Hill and tries to ask forgiveness from Nathan . Nathan will not forgive Dan , but only `` tolerate '' him for Jamie 's sake . Dan then meets Clay who he shakes up ( throws him in the ocean ) and basically tells him not to give up on being an agent . On the eve of Nathan and Haley 's departure , Rachel gets Dan to do a live broadcast from the school hallway where he killed Keith . Dan then runs into Jimmy 's mom who tells him she will never be able to forgive him . So instead of reading his script , Dan talks about his life and tells his audience that there is no forgiveness for him , only what comes next . He gives everything that he has to charity as well as divorce papers to Rachel . As he is preparing to leave Tree Hill , Nathan meets up with him to tell him that he 's back with the Bobcats , and says thank you . He then says goodbye to Jamie .
Selena Gomez
Gomez was diagnosed with lupus sometime between 2012 and early 2014 . On September 14 , 2017 , she announced via Instagram that she had withdrawn from public events during the previous few months because she had received a kidney transplant from actress Francia Raisa .
The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries)
Tiffany Vogt from The TV Watchtower stated that the episode has a little bit of everything for everyone . `` This was indeed the turning point for everyone . It was no longer a show about the discovery of vampires . This is now a story about how virtually everyone knows there are vampires and how they interact with them . ''
Reconstructive memory
Group A contained 50 participants that were asked `` About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other ? '' Group B contained 50 participants that were asked `` About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other ? '' Group C contained 50 participants and were not asked this question because they were meant to represent a control group
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Kohlberg 's scale is about how people justify behaviors and his stages are not a method of ranking how moral someone 's behavior is . There should , however , be a correlation between how someone scores on the scale and how they behave , and the general hypothesis is that moral behaviour is more responsible , consistent and predictable from people at higher levels .
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
This chapter covers an overall view on her writing . It tells how she used to tell stories to her sister under the covers at night . How she notices a Mosaic pattern ( Aztec - like ) emerging pattern ( 66 ) . Starts talking about modern Western cultures and how they behave differently towards work of art from tribal cultures . She explains Ethnocentrism as the tyranny of Western aesthetics and talks about the conscious mind , how black and dark may be associated with death , evil and destruction , in the subconscious mind and in our dreams , white is associated with disease , death and hopelessness ( 69 ) . She goes on to say about dreams how `` awakened dreams '' are about shifts . Through shifts , reality shifts , and gender shifts , a person metamorphoses it to another in a world where people fly through the air , heal from mortal wounds ( 70 ) . She says how her writing produces anxiety and makes her look at herself and her experience at understanding her own conflicts , engendering anxiety within herself . That brings about the notion of shifts to borders .
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
This chapter also speaks about the mestiza way and how we are people . She states that the dominant white culture is killing us slowly with their ignorance . This is the point in which Anzaldua starts to speak about the Indigenous people . It ends with Gloria Anzaldua writing about being back in her home , South Texas . How her valley struggles to survive , her father being dead by working himself to death as a farm labor . This ending to her stories speaks towards the land and how it was once Chicano / a , Mexican , Hispanic , and Indigenous .
Cultural identity
Youth ask themselves about what they think of themselves , how they see themselves personally and , especially , how others see them . On the basis of these questions , youth make decisions which , through a long process of trial and error , shape their identity . This experimentation is also a form through which they can think about their insertion , membership and sociability in the ' real ' world .
Soviet Union in World War II
Stalin and Ribbentrop spent most of the night of the pact 's signing trading friendly stories about world affairs and cracking jokes ( a rarity for Ribbentrop ) about Britain 's weakness , and the pair even joked about how the Anti-Comintern Pact principally scared `` British shopkeepers . '' They further traded toasts , with Stalin proposing a toast to Hitler 's health and Ribbentrop proposing a toast to Stalin .
How to Train Your Dragon
How to Train Your Dragon ( 2003 ) How to Be A Pirate ( 2004 ) How to Speak Dragonese ( 2005 ) How to Cheat A Dragon 's Curse ( 2006 ) How to Twist A Dragon 's Tale ( 2007 ) A Hero 's Guide to Deadly Dragons ( 2008 ) How to Ride A Dragon 's Storm ( 2009 ) How to Break A Dragon 's Heart ( 2010 ) How to Steal A Dragon 's Sword ( 2011 ) How to Seize A Dragon 's Jewel ( 2012 ) How to Betray A Dragon 's Hero ( 2013 ) How to Fight a Dragon 's Fury ( 2015 )
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Ed King had to take a break from touring in 1996 due to heart complications that required a transplant . In his absence , he was replaced by Hughie Thomasson . The band did not let King rejoin after he recovered . At the same time , Mike Estes was replaced by Rickey Medlocke , who had previously played and recorded with the band for a short time in the early 1970s . The result was a major retooling of the band 's ' guitar army . ' Medlocke and Thomasson would also become major contributors to the band 's songwriting , along with Rossington and Van Zant .
How to Train Your Dragon
How to Train Your Dragon Cover of the first edition of How to Train Your Dragon How to Train Your Dragon How to Be a Pirate How to Speak Dragonese How to Cheat a Dragon 's Curse How to Twist a Dragon 's Tale A Hero 's Guide to Deadly Dragons How to Ride a Dragon 's Storm How to Break a Dragon 's Heart How to Steal a Dragon 's Sword How to Seize a Dragon 's Jewel How to Betray a Dragon 's Hero How to Fight a Dragon 's Fury Author Cressida Cowell Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , young adult fiction , coming of age Publisher Hodder Children 's Books ( UK ) Little , Brown and Company ( US ) Published 2003 -- 2015 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook
Rub' al Khali
In 2012 , Alastair Humphreys and Leon McCarron pulled a specially designed cart from Salalah to Dubai . They produced a documentary film about their journey and how it compared to those of Wilfred Thesiger .
Revenge
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Glumdalclitch
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Steve Trevor
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National Convention
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Christmas traditions
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