vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the Catholic Church
In the 1960s , growing social awareness and politicization in the Latin American Church gave birth to liberation theology . The Peruvian priest , Gustavo Gutiérrez , became its primary proponent and , in 1979 , the bishops ' conference in Mexico officially declared the Latin American Church 's `` preferential option for the poor '' . Archbishop Óscar Romero , a supporter of the movement , became the region 's most famous contemporary martyr in 1980 , when he was murdered while celebrating Mass by forces allied with the government . Both Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI ( as Cardinal Ratzinger ) denounced the movement . The Brazilian theologian Leonardo Boff was twice ordered to cease publishing and teaching . While Pope John Paul II was criticized for his severity in dealing with proponents of the movement , he maintained that the Church , in its efforts to champion the poor , should not do so by resorting to violence or partisan politics . The movement is still alive in Latin America today , though the Church now faces the challenge of Pentecostal revival in much of the region .
Partition of India
After the Cabinet Mission broke down , Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946 Direct Action Day , with the stated goal of peacefully highlighting the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India . However , on the morning of the 16th , armed Muslim gangs gathered at the Ochterlony Monument in Calcutta to hear Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy , the League 's Chief Minister of Bengal , who , in the words of historian Yasmin Khan , `` if he did not explicitly incite violence certainly gave the crowd the impression that they could act with impunity , that neither the police nor the military would be called out and that the ministry would turn a blind eye to any action they unleashed in the city . '' That very evening , in Calcutta , Hindus were attacked by returning Muslim celebrants , who carried pamphlets distributed earlier which showed a clear connection between violence and the demand for Pakistan , and directly implicated the celebration of Direct Action Day with the outbreak of the cycle of violence that would later be called the `` Great Calcutta Killing of August 1946 '' . The next day , Hindus struck back and the violence continued for three days in which approximately 4,000 people died ( according to official accounts ) , Hindus and Muslims in equal numbers . Although India had had outbreaks of religious violence between Hindus and Muslims before , the Calcutta killings were the first to display elements of `` ethnic cleansing '' , in modern parlance . Violence was not confined to the public sphere , but homes were entered and destroyed and women and children were attacked . Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events , in September , a Congress - led interim government was installed , with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India 's prime minister .
Soil erosion
Mass movement is an important part of the erosional process , and is often the first stage in the breakdown and transport of weathered materials in mountainous areas . It moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations where other eroding agents such as streams and glaciers can then pick up the material and move it to even lower elevations . Mass - movement processes are always occurring continuously on all slopes ; some mass - movement processes act very slowly ; others occur very suddenly , often with disastrous results . Any perceptible down - slope movement of rock or sediment is often referred to in general terms as a landslide . However , landslides can be classified in a much more detailed way that reflects the mechanisms responsible for the movement and the velocity at which the movement occurs . One of the visible topographical manifestations of a very slow form of such activity is a scree slope .
Hurricane Katrina
In West Virginia , where roughly 350 refugees were located , local officials took fingerprints to run criminal background checks on the refugees . The background checks found that 45 % of the refugees had a criminal record of some nature , and that 22 % had a violent criminal record . Media speculation fueled a popular perception that the displaced New Orleans residents brought a wave of crime into the communities where they relocated , however , detailed studies of crime statistics in these communities did not reveal a significant increase in violent crime .
Freedom of speech by country
There are no restrictions regarding obscenity . It 's illegal to display obscene visual material in a public place in a manner that is likely to cause public offense . In practice this means that obscene photos and videos may be shown only in places where they are expected to be seen , while there are no restrictions on obscene literature . Drawings and animations showing child pornography are legal . While bestiality is legal as such , videos and photographs showing sex with animals are banned . Motion pictures showing `` brutal '' violence may not be kept accessible to the public or distributed if the display of violence is not deemed necessary for informative or artistic purposes , possession of such audiovisual recordings being still legal . A Finn was sentenced in 2009 to 40 days of probation after keeping Islamic extremist execution videos on his website . Finland had a film censorship board until 2001 when the scope of the board was limited to giving age ratings to movies . After the abolition of film censorship there are no restrictions on sex shown in movies regardless of the venue of display , violent pornography being the only exception to the rule . After the abolishment of film censorship , banning movies that contain brutal violence has been extremely rare .
Australia Day
The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed . It did not occur until 7 February 1788 , when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip 's governorship were read out . The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788 .
Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution .
American Equal Rights Association
Although still relatively small , the women 's rights movement had grown in the years before the American Civil War , aided by the introduction of women to social activism through the abolitionist movement . The American Anti-Slavery Society , led by William Lloyd Garrison , was particularly encouraging to those who championed women 's rights . The planning committee for the first National Women 's Rights Convention in October 1850 was formed by people who were attending a convention of the Anti-Slavery Society earlier that year .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
The Chartist Movement , which began in the late 1830s , has also been suggested to have included supporters of female suffrage . There is some evidence to suggest William Lovett , one of the authors of the People 's Charter wished to include female suffrage as one of the campaign 's demands but chose not to on the grounds that this would delay the implementation of the charter . Although there were female Chartists , they largely worked toward universal male suffrage . At this time most women did not have aspirations to gain the vote .
Rapid eye movement sleep
REM atonia , an almost complete paralysis of the body , is accomplished through the inhibition of motor neurons . When the body shifts into REM sleep , motor neurons throughout the body undergo a process called hyperpolarization : their already - negative membrane potential decreases by another 2 -- 10 millivolts , thereby raising the threshold which a stimulus must overcome to excite them . Muscle inhibition may result from unavailability of monoamine neurotransmitters ( restraining the abundance of acetylcholine in the brainstem ) and perhaps from mechanisms used in waking muscle inhibition . The medulla oblongata , located between pons and spine , seems to have the capacity for organism - wide muscle inhibition . Some localized twitching and reflexes can still occur . Pupils contract .
Treaty of Waitangi
The Waitangi Day Act of 1960 was a token gesture towards acknowledging the Treaty of Waitangi , and somewhat proceeded the Māori protest movement as a whole . It established Waitangi Day , although it did not make it a public holiday , and the English version of the Treaty appeared as a schedule of the Waitangi Day Act but this did not make it a part of statute law . Subsequent amendments to the Act , as well as other legislation , eventually acquiesced to campaigns to make Waitangi Day a national holiday in 1976 .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
There are however instances where people are the victims of civil - rights violations that occur in circumstances involving both government officials and private actors . In the 1960s , the United States Supreme Court adopted an expansive view of state action opening the door to wide - ranging civil - rights litigation against private actors when they act as state actors ( i.e. , acts done or otherwise `` sanctioned in some way '' by the state ) . The Court found that the state action doctrine is equally applicable to denials of privileges or immunities , due process , and equal protection of the laws .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Anti-Serb rioting broke out in Sarajevo and various other places within Austria - Hungary in the hours following the assassination until order was restored by the military . On the night of the assassination , country - wide anti-Serb pogroms and demonstrations were also organized in other parts of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , particularly on the territory of modern - day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia . They were organized and stimulated by Oskar Potiorek , the Austro - Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The first anti-Serb demonstrations , led by the followers of Josip Frank , were organized in early evening of 28 June in Zagreb . The following day , anti-Serb demonstrations in Sarajevo became more violent and could be characterized as a pogrom . The police and local authorities in the city did nothing to prevent anti-Serb violence . Writer Ivo Andrić referred to the violence in Sarajevo as the `` Sarajevo frenzy of hate . '' Two Serbs were killed on the first day of pogrom in Sarajevo , many were attacked , while around 1,000 houses , shops , schools and institutions ( such as banks , hotels , printing houses ) owned by Serbs were razed or pillaged .
Anti-mask laws
Anti-mask laws date back to the mid-20th century when states and municipalities passed them to stop the violent activities of the Ku Klux Klan , whose members typically wore hoods of white linen to conceal their identities . In the 21st century those laws have been applied to political protesters such as those affiliated with the Occupy Movement or Anonymous -- wearing Guy Fawkes masks . In some areas motorcyclists have been arrested using anti-masking laws .
Mass wasting
A landslide , also called a landslip , is a slow or rapid movement of a large mass of earth and rocks down a hill or a mountainside . Little or no flowage of the materials occurs on a given slope until heavy rain and resultant lubrication by the same rainwater facilitate the movement of the materials , causing a landslide to occur .
Stamp Act 1765
Violent protests were few in the Caribbean colonies . Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies , including Barbados and Antigua , and by absentee landowners living in Britain . The worst political violence took place on St. Kitts and Nevis . Riots took place on 31 October 1765 , and again on 5 November , targeting the homes and offices of stamp distributors ; the number of participants suggests that the percentage of St. Kitts ' white population involved matched that of Bostonian involvement in its riots . The delivery of stamps to St. Kitts was successfully blocked , and they were never used there . Montserrat and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps ; some correspondents thought that rioting was prevented in Antigua only by the large troop presence . Despite vocal political opposition , Barbados used the stamps , to the pleasure of King George . In Jamaica there was also vocal opposition , which included threats of violence . There was much evasion of the stamps , and ships arriving without stamped papers were allowed to enter port . Despite this , Jamaica produced more stamp revenue ( £ 2,000 ) than any other colony . Sons
Electoral College (United States)
Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Burnham , Edward J. Mills , and Frederick M. Burkle noted that the IFHS 's data indicated that Iraqi mortality increased by a factor of 1.9 following the invasion , compared to the factor of 2.4 found by Burnham et al. , which translates to some 433,000 excess Iraqi deaths ( violent and non-violent ) . Timothy R. Gulden considered it implausible that fewer than one - third of these excess deaths would have been violent in nature . Francisco J. Luquero and Rebecca F. Grais argued that the IFHS 's lengthy survey and use of IBC data as a proxy for particularly dangerous areas likely resulted in an underestimate of violent mortality , while Gulden hypothesized that respondents may have been reluctant to report violent deaths to researchers working with the Iraqi government . In a similar vein , Tirman observed that the Iraqi Health Ministry was affiliated with Shi'ite sectarians at the time , remarking that there was evidence that many violent deaths may have been recategorized as `` non-violent '' to avoid government retribution : `` For example , the number of deaths by auto accidents rose by four times the pre-invasion rate ; had this single figure been included in the violent deaths category , the overall estimate would have risen to 196,000 . '' Gulden even commented that `` the IFHS results are easily in line with the finding of more than 600,000 violent deaths in the study by Burnham et al . '' However , the authors of the IFHS rejected such claims : `` Because the level of underreporting is almost certainly higher for deaths in earlier time periods , we did not attempt to estimate excess deaths . The excess deaths reported by Burnham et al. included only 8.2 % of deaths from nonviolent causes , so inclusion of these deaths will not increase the agreement between the estimates from the IFHS and Burnham et al . ''
Aung San Suu Kyi
In 2017 , critics have called for Suu Kyi 's Nobel prize to be revoked , citing her silence over the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar . Some activists criticised Aung San Suu Kyi for her silence on the 2012 Rakhine State riots ( later repeated during the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis ) , and her perceived indifference to the plight of the Rohingya , Myanmar 's persecuted Muslim minority . In 2012 , she told reporters she did not know if the Rohingya could be regarded as Burmese citizens . In a 2013 interview with the BBC 's Mishal Husain , Suu Kyi did not condemn violence against the Rohingya and denied that Muslims in Myanmar have been subject to ethnic cleansing , insisting that the tensions were due to a `` climate of fear '' caused by `` a worldwide perception that global Muslim power is ' very great ' . '' She did condemn `` hate of any kind '' in the interview . According to Peter Popham , in the aftermath of the interview , she expressed anger at being interviewed by a Muslim . Husain had challenged Suu Kyi that almost all of the impact of violence was against the Rohingya , in response to Suu Kyi 's claim that violence was happening on both sides , and Peter Popham described her position on the issue as one of purposeful ambiguity for political gain .
Battle of Tippecanoe
Having accomplished his goal of dispersing the Natives of Prophetstown , Harrison proclaimed that he had won a decisive victory . But some of Harrison 's contemporaries , as well as some subsequent historians , raised doubts about Harrison 's claimed success . `` In none of the contemporary reports from Indian agents , traders , and public officials on the aftermath of Tippecanoe can we find confirmation of the claim that Harrison had won a decisive victory '' , wrote historian Alfred Cave . The defeat was a setback for Tecumseh 's confederacy , but the Natives soon rebuilt Prophetstown . Frontier violence by Natives increased after the battle . Adam Jortner says the battle was a disaster for both sides , except in strengthening Tenskwatawa 's religious movement .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
A 2012 report in The Economist said : `` The operating company was poorly regulated and did not know what was going on . The operators made mistakes . The representatives of the safety inspectorate fled . Some of the equipment failed . The establishment repeatedly played down the risks and suppressed information about the movement of the radioactive plume , so some people were evacuated from more lightly to more heavily contaminated places . ''
Acronym
Nevertheless , some influential style guides , many of them American , still require periods in certain instances . For example , The New York Times ' guide recommends following each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually , as in K.G.B. , but not when pronounced as a word , as in NATO . The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme . Other
Testosterone
The rise in testosterone levels during competition predicted aggression in males but not in females . Subjects who interacted with hand guns and an experimental game showed rise in testosterone and aggression . Natural selection might have evolved males to be more sensitive to competitive and status challenge situations and that the interacting roles of testosterone are the essential ingredient for aggressive behaviour in these situations . Testosterone produces aggression by activating subcortical areas in the brain , which may also be inhibited or suppressed by social norms or familial situations while still manifesting in diverse intensities and ways through thoughts , anger , verbal aggression , competition , dominance and physical violence . Testosterone mediates attraction to cruel and violent cues in men by promoting extended viewing of violent stimuli . Testosterone specific structural brain characteristic can predict aggressive behaviour in individuals .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Source Documented deaths from violence Time period Associated Press 110,600 violent deaths . March 2003 to April 2009 Iraq Body Count project 112,667 -- 123,284 civilian deaths from violence . March 2003 to March 2013 Classified Iraq War Logs 109,032 deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths . January 2004 to December 2009
Voting rights in the United States
Although Native Americans were born within the national boundaries of the United States , those on reservations were considered citizens of their own tribes , rather than of the United States . They were denied the right to vote because they were not considered citizens by law and were thus ineligible . Many Native Americans were told that they would become citizens if they gave up their tribal affiliations in 1887 under the Dawes Act , which allocated communal lands to individual households and was intended to aid in the assimilation of Native Americans into majority culture . This still did not guarantee their right to vote . In 1924 the remaining Native Americans , estimated at about one - third , became United States citizens . But , many western states continued to restrict Native American ability to vote through property requirements , economic pressures , hiding the polls , and condoning of physical violence against those who voted . Since the late 20th century , they have been protected under provisions of the Voting Rights Act as a racial minority , and in some areas , language minority , gaining election materials in their native languages .
Division of the assembly
The nature of divisions in the House of Commons is one which traditionally could go on well into the night , sometimes past midnight . However , in 2000 the House introduced , on an experimental basis , the procedure of `` Deferred Divisions . '' Essentially , some divisions are delayed until the next Wednesday . The procedure is used for very few matters ; most divisions still occur normally .
Reuptake
After ion and substrate binding have taken place , some conformational change must occur . From the conformational differences between the structure of TMs 1 - 5 and that of TMs 6 - 10 , and from the identification of a substrate permeation pathway between the binding site of SERT and the cytoplasm , a mechanism for conformational change was proposed in which a four - helix bundle composed of TMs 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 changes its orientation within the rest of the protein . A structure of LeuT in the inward - open conformation subsequently demonstrated that the major component of the conformational change represents movement of the bundle relative to the rest of the protein .
Bubonic plague
Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been products of the plague , as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages to spread the pestilence .
Electoral College (United States)
Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
In any event , the molluscs and scavengers did not consume everything organic . Some of the wooden objects on the ship and in the debris field have not been consumed , particularly those made of teak , a dense wood that seems to have resisted the borers . The First Class reception area off the ship 's Grand Staircase is still remarkably intact and furniture is still visible among the debris on the floor . Although most of the corridors have lost their walls , furniture is still in place in many cabins ; in one , a mattress is still on the bed , with an intact and undamaged dresser behind it . Robert Ballard has suggested that areas within the ship or buried under debris , where scavengers may not have been able to reach , may still contain human remains . According to Charles Pellegrino , who dived on Titanic in 2001 , a finger bone encircled by the partial remains of a wedding ring was found concreted to the bottom of a soup tureen that was retrieved from the debris field . It was returned to the sea bed on the next dive . Part
Twelve Tables
Although legal reform occurred soon after the implementation of the Twelve Tables , these ancient laws provided social protection and civil rights for both the patricians and plebeians . At this time , there was extreme tension between the privileged class and the common people resulting in the need for some form of social order . While the existing laws had major flaws that were in need of reform , the Twelve Tables eased the civil tension and violence between the plebeians and patricians .