vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States Bill of Rights
Following the Philadelphia Convention , some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry , Samuel Adams , and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government , a position known as `` Anti-Federalism '' . Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract , `` Hon . Mr. Gerry 's Objections '' , which went through 46 printings ; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution . Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king . Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights : `` Half a loaf is better than no bread . If we can not secure all our rights , let us secure what we can . '' The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist `` Brutus '' wrote ,
Munich Agreement
' The Funeral of British Honour ' To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir , The flowers piled before 10 , Downing Street are very fitting for the funeral of British honour and , it may be , of the British Empire . For sheer degradation the frenzies of last Friday beat even the night of Mafeking . I appreciate the Prime Minister 's love of peace . I know the horrors of war -- a great deal better than he can . But when he returns from saving our skins from a blackmailer at the price of other people 's flesh , and waves , laughing with glee , a piece of paper with Herr Hitler 's name on it , if it were not ghastly , it would be grotesque . No doubt he has never read Mein Kampf in German . But to forget , so utterly , the Reichstag fire , and the occupation of the Rhineland , and 30 June 1934 , and the fall of Austria ! We have lost the courage to see things as they are . And yet Herr Hitler has kindly put down for us in black and white that programme he is so faithfully carrying out . ( For he keeps his threats , though not his promises . ) Alliance with Italy and England ; the annihilation of France ; the conquest for the German plough of the Ukraine ; a Reich of 250,000,000 . And then ? I may be wrong . No one can tell . There are no sure prophecies in politics , as even Bismarck owned . But just because all roads lead none knows whither , all the more reason to keep the straight path of honour . This is the really unpardonable thing in the conduct of Mr. Chamberlain . Even if what he did were the right thing to do , this was not the way to do it . Any really great man who had felt forced to sacrifice a small nation that trusted in him would at least have returned full of anguish and of shame . But Mr. Chamberlain , though he had good intentions , has no finer sense of honour . He lent himself with complacency to the shrieking adulation of a London that had lost all dignity , without one thought for the agony of Prague . Leaders should have some touch of finer mettle .
The Beatles
In mid-October 1965 , the Beatles entered the recording studio ; for the first time when making an album , they had an extended period without other major commitments . Until this time , according to George Martin , `` we had been making albums rather like a collection of singles . Now we were really beginning to think about albums as a bit of art on their own . '' Released in December , Rubber Soul was hailed by critics as a major step forward in the maturity and complexity of the band 's music . Their thematic reach was beginning to expand as they embraced deeper aspects of romance and philosophy . Biographers Peter Brown and Steven Gaines attribute the new musical direction to `` the Beatles ' now habitual use of marijuana '' , an assertion confirmed by the band -- Lennon referred to it as `` the pot album '' , and Starr said : `` Grass was really influential in a lot of our changes , especially with the writers . And because they were writing different material , we were playing differently . '' After Help ! 's foray into the world of classical music with flutes and strings , Harrison 's introduction of a sitar on `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of popular music . As their lyrics grew more artful , fans began to study them for deeper meaning . Of `` Norwegian Wood '' Lennon commented : `` I was trying to be sophisticated in writing about an affair ... but in such a smokescreen way that you could n't tell . ''
Observable universe
Some parts of the universe are too far away for the light emitted since the Big Bang to have had enough time to reach Earth , and so lie outside the observable universe . In the future , light from distant galaxies will have had more time to travel , so additional regions will become observable . However , due to Hubble 's law , regions sufficiently distant from the Earth are expanding away from it faster than the speed of light ( special relativity prevents nearby objects in the same local region from moving faster than the speed of light with respect to each other , but there is no such constraint for distant objects when the space between them is expanding ; see uses of the proper distance for a discussion ) and furthermore the expansion rate appears to be accelerating due to dark energy . Assuming dark energy remains constant ( an unchanging cosmological constant ) , so that the expansion rate of the universe continues to accelerate , there is a `` future visibility limit '' beyond which objects will never enter our observable universe at any time in the infinite future , because light emitted by objects outside that limit would never reach the Earth . ( A subtlety is that , because the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time , there can be cases where a galaxy that is receding from the Earth just a bit faster than light does emit a signal that reaches the Earth eventually . ) This future visibility limit is calculated at a comoving distance of 19 billion parsecs ( 62 billion light - years ) , assuming the universe will keep expanding forever , which implies the number of galaxies that we can ever theoretically observe in the infinite future ( leaving aside the issue that some may be impossible to observe in practice due to redshift , as discussed in the following paragraph ) is only larger than the number currently observable by a factor of 2.36 . Artist
Battles of Lexington and Concord
We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament .
History of tennis
The move is made because the English are tired of the hypocrisy in the sport , the shamateurism that plagues high - class tennis . It is well known that amateurs bargain for -- and receive -- exorbitant expenses to compete at many tournaments . `` We must take action on our own account to make the game honest , '' said Derek Penmam of the British association . `` For too long now we have been governed by a set of amateur rules that are quite unenforceable . ''
First they came ...
There were no minutes or copy of what I said , and it may be that I formulated it differently . But the idea was anyhow : The Communists , we still let that happen calmly ; and the trade unions , we also let that happen ; and we even let the Social Democrats happen . All of that was not our affair . The Church did not concern itself with politics at all at that time , and it should n't have anything do with them either . In the Confessing Church we did n't want to represent any political resistance per se , but we wanted to determine for the Church that that was not right , and that it should not become right in the Church , that 's why already in ' 33 , when we created the pastors ' emergency federation ( Pfarrernotbund ) , we put as the 4th point in the founding charter : If an offensive is made against ministers and they are simply ousted as ministers , because they are of Jewish lineage ( Judenstämmlinge ) or something like that , then we can only say as a Church : No . And that was then the 4th point in the obligation , and that was probably the first contra - anti-Semitic pronouncement coming from the Protestant Church . Niemöller
Sabbath in Christianity
Now the Scriptures alone do not contain all the truths which a Christian is bound to believe , nor do they explicitly enjoin all the duties which he is obliged to practice . Not to mention other examples , is not every Christian obliged to sanctify Sunday and to abstain on that day from unnecessary servile work ? Is not the observance of this law among the most prominent of our sacred duties ? But you may read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation , and you will not find a single line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday . The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Saturday , a day which we never sanctify . --
The Passion of the Christ
Gibson originally announced that he would use two old languages without subtitles and rely on `` filmic storytelling '' . Because the story of the Passion is so well - known , Gibson felt the need to avoid vernacular languages in order to surprise audiences : `` I think it 's almost counterproductive to say some of these things in a modern language . It makes you want to stand up and shout out the next line , like when you hear ' To be or not to be ' and you instinctively say to yourself , ' That is the question . ' '' The script was written in English by Gibson and Benedict Fitzgerald , then translated by William Fulco , S.J. , a professor at Loyola Marymount University , into Latin and reconstructed Aramaic . Gibson chose to use Latin instead of Greek , which was the lingua franca of that particular part of the Roman Empire at the time , since there is no source for the Koine Greek spoken in that region . The street Greek spoken in the ancient Levant region of Jesus ' day is not the exact Greek language used in the Bible . Fulco sometimes incorporated deliberate errors in pronunciations and word endings when the characters were speaking a language unfamiliar to them , and some of the crude language used by the Roman soldiers was not translated in the subtitles .
Western Roman Empire
Majorian was the last Western Emperor to attempt to recover the Western Empire with his own military forces . To prepare , Majorian significantly strengthened the Western Roman army by recruiting large numbers of barbarian mercenaries , among them the Gepids , Ostrogoths , Rugii , Burgundians , Huns , Bastarnae , Suebi , Scythians and Alans , and built two fleets , one at Ravenna , to combat the strong vandalic fleet . Majorian personally lead the army to wage war in Gaul , leaving Ricimer in Italy . The Gallic provinces and the Visigothic Kingdom had rebelled following the deposition of Avitus , refusing to acknowledge Majorian as lawful emperor . At the Battle of Arelate , Majorian decisively defeated the Visigoths under Theoderic II and forced them to relinquish their great conquests in Hispania and return to foederati status . Majorian then entered the Rhone Valley , where he defeated the Burgundians and reconquered the rebel city of Lugdunum . With Gaul back under Roman control , Majorian turned his eyes to the Vandals and Africa . Not only did the Vandals pose a constant danger to coastal Italy and trade in the Mediterranean , but the province they ruled was economically vital to the survival of the West . Majorian began a campaign to fully reconquer Hispania to use it as a base of his conquest of Africa . Throughout 459 , Majorian campaigned against the Suebi in northwestern Hispania .
United States Declaration of Independence
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence .
United States presidential line of succession
Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course .
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Majorian and Ricimer were now in control of Italy . Ricimer was the son of a Suevic king and his mother was the daughter of a Gothic one , so he could not aspire to an imperial throne . After some months , allowing for negotiation with the new emperor of Constantinople and the defeat of 900 Alamannic invaders of Italy by one of his subordinates , Majorian was acclaimed as Augustus . Majorian is described by Gibbon as `` a great and heroic character '' . He rebuilt the army and navy of Italy with vigour and set about recovering the remaining Gallic provinces , which had not recognized his elevation . He defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Arelate , reducing them to federate status and obliging them to give up their claims in Hispania ; he moved on to subdue the Burgundians , the Gallo - Romans around Lugdunum ( who were granted tax concessions and whose senior officials were appointed from their own ranks ) and the Suevi and Bagaudae in Hispania . Marcellinus , magister militum in Dalmatia and the pagan general of a well - equipped army , acknowledged him as emperor and recovered Sicily from the Vandals . Aegidius also acknowledged Majorian and took effective charge of northern Gaul . ( Aegidius may also have used the title `` King of the Franks '' . ) Abuses in tax collection were reformed and the city councils were strengthened , both actions necessary to rebuild the strength of the Empire but disadvantageous to the richest aristocrats . Majorian prepared a fleet at Carthago Nova for the essential reconquest of the Diocese of Africa .
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird . As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream , they were radically redesigned . In issue # 19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this . It stated , in part : `` We 've allowed the wacky side to happen , and enjoy it very much . All the while , though , we 've kept the originals very much ours -- forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books , whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with . '' In the film Turtles Forever , the original Mirage Turtles refer to their descendants as `` sell - outs '' , in reference to their colorful accessories ( the originals are conveyed in black and white ) .
Aeneas
in the action game Warriors : Legends of Troy , Aeneas is a playable character . The game ends with him and the Aeneans fleeing Troy 's destruction and , spurned by the words of a prophetess thought crazed , goes to a new country ( Italy ) where he will start an empire greater than Greece and Troy combined that shall rule the world for 1000 years , never to be outdone in the tale of men ( The Roman Empire ) .
Ancient Roman architecture
On his return from campaigns in Greece , the general Sulla brought back what is probably the most well - known element of the early imperial period , the mosaic , a decoration made of colourful chips of stone inserted into cement . This tiling method took the empire by storm in the late first century and the second century and in the Roman home joined the well known mural in decorating floors , walls , and grottoes with geometric and pictorial designs .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Be sure to have your best men in the field , WITHOUT REGARD TO PAST POLITICAL OPINIONS . Be sure that no submissionist , under whatever pretext of compromising our rights , or of waiting beyond the 4th of March for new guarantees , impose himself on you . Our only hope of peace and safety consists in decided action before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln . Do not wait for general meetings of citizens , but get together immediately a few active , intelligent , discreet but thoroughgoing , uncompromising , true - hearted , `` Southern - Rights Anti-Coercion '' friends and appoint Committees and Canvassers , who are willing to devote themselves entirely and unceasingly to the great and perilous work , from this hour up to the close of the election . Appoint Committees , also , for each Civil District , of men known to coincide with you and ourselves in sentiment . Organize , forthwith , Southern Rights Anti-Coercion Societies . We will send during the canvass , the UNION AND AMERICAN and GAZETTE , to supply your County . These we confidently trust you will send immediately to the District Committees , who on the hour of delivery , start out on the work of distribution , and this though there be but half a dozen copies for each district . Do not , we beg of you , wait for persons to call for documents , of papers to read and CIRCULATE . Write as many letters to your friends ( as ) possible , and urge them by every consideration of patriotism , to work , work , work .
Italian nationalism
We are Corsicans by birth and sentiment , but first of all we feel Italian by language , origins , customs , traditions ; and Italians are all brothers and united in the face of history and in the face of God ... As Corsicans we wish to be neither slaves nor `` rebels '' and as Italians we have the right to deal as equals with the other Italian brothers ... Either we shall be free or we shall be nothing ... Either we shall win or we shall die ( against the French ) , weapons in hand ... The war against France is right and holy as the name of God is holy and right , and here on our mountains will appear for Italy the sun of liberty ...
Traditionalist Catholicism
The best - known and most visible sign of Catholic traditionalism is an attachment to the form that the Roman Rite liturgy of the Mass had before the liturgical reform of 1969 -- 1970 , in the various editions of the Roman Missal published between 1570 and 1962 . This form is generally known as the Tridentine Mass , though traditionalists usually prefer to call it the Traditional Mass . Many refer to it as the Latin Mass , though the Mass of Paul VI that replaced it can also be celebrated in Latin ( Latin is the original language of all liturgical documents in the Roman Rite ) . In his 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum Pope Benedict XVI relaxed the regulations on use of the 1962 Missal , designating it `` an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite '' . Some refer to it , less exactly , as `` the extraordinary form '' .
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson , a disciple of Walter Bagehot , considered the United States Constitution to be cumbersome and open to corruption . Wilson favored a parliamentary system for the United States and in the early 1880s wrote , `` I ask you to put this question to yourselves , should we not draw the Executive and Legislature closer together ? Should we not , on the one hand , give the individual leaders of opinion in Congress a better chance to have an intimate party in determining who should be president , and the president , on the other hand , a better chance to approve himself a statesman , and his advisers capable men of affairs , in the guidance of Congress . ''
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights
In the new generation , discrimination directs itself not against the entire group , but against the subset of the group that fails to assimilate to mainstream norms . This new form of discrimination targets minority cultures rather than minority persons . Outsiders are included , but only if we behave like insiders - that is , only if we cover ... This covering demand is the civil rights issue of our time . It hurts not only our most vulnerable citizens but our most valuable commitments . For if we believe a commitment against racism is about equal respect for all races , we are not fulfilling that commitment if we protect only racial minorities who conform to historically white norms .
Military history of Italy during World War II
Graziani and his staff lacked faith in the strength of the Italian military . One of his officers wrote : `` We 're trying to fight this ... as though it were a colonial war ... this is a European war ... fought with European weapons against a European enemy . We take too little account of this in building our stone forts ... We are not fighting the Ethiopians now . '' ( This was a reference to the Second Italo - Abyssinian War where Italian forces had fought against a relatively poorly equipped opponent . ) Balbo had said `` Our light tanks , already old and armed only with machine guns , are completely out - classed . The machine guns of the British armoured cars pepper them with bullets which easily pierce their armour . ''