vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Axis powers
Hitler in 1941 described the outbreak of World War II as the fault of the intervention of Western powers against Germany during its war with Poland , describing it as the result of `` the European and American warmongers '' . Hitler denied accusations by the Allies that he wanted a World War , and invoked anti-Semitic claims that the war was wanted and provoked by politicians of Jewish origin or associated with Jewish interests . However Hitler clearly had designs for Germany to become the dominant and leading state in the world , such as his intention for Germany 's capital of Berlin to become the Welthauptstadt ( `` World Capital '' ) , renamed Germania . The German government also justified its actions by claiming that Germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an overpopulation crisis that Hitler described : `` We are overpopulated and can not feed ourselves from our own resources '' . Thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity to provide lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) for the German nation and end the country 's overpopulation within existing confined territory , and provide resources necessary to its people 's well - being . Since the 1920s , the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union . However , from 1939 to 1941 , the Nazi regime claimed to have discarded those plans in light of improved relations with the Soviet Union via the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , and claimed that central Africa was where Germany sought to achieve lebensraum . Hitler publicly claimed that Germany wanted to settle the lebensraum issue peacefully through diplomatic negotiations that would require other powers to make concessions to Germany . At the same time however Germany did prepare for war in the cause of lebensraum , and in the late 1930s Hitler emphasized the need for a military build - up to prepare for a potential clash between the peoples of Germany and the Soviet Union .
Finances of the British royal family
Royal expenditure differs from income due to the use of a Reserve Fund , which can be added to or drawn from . The official reported annual expenditure of the Head of State was £ 41.5 million for the 2008 -- 09 financial year . This figure did not include the cost of security provided by the police and the Army and some other expenses .
Article Three of the United States Constitution
It can be of no weight to say that the courts , on the pretense of a repugnancy , may substitute their own pleasure to the constitutional intentions of the legislature . This might as well happen in the case of two contradictory statutes ; or it might as well happen in every adjudication upon any single statute . The courts must declare the sense of the law ; and if they should be disposed to exercise will instead of judgement , the consequence would equally be the substitution of their pleasure to that of the legislative body . The observation , if it prove any thing , would prove that there ought to be no judges distinct from that body .
The Sound of Silence
Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 44 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 100
Treaty of Versailles
During the formulation of the treaty , the British wanted Germany to abolish conscription and be allowed to maintain volunteer Army . The French wanted Germany to maintain a conscript army of up to 200,000 men in order to justify their own maintenance of a similar force . Thus the treaty 's allowance of 100,000 volunteers was a compromise between the British and French positions . Germany , on the other hand , saw the terms as leaving them defenseless against any potential enemy . Bernadotte Everly Schmitt wrote that `` there is no reason to believe that the Allied governments were insincere when they stated at the beginning of Part V of the Treaty ... that in order to facilitate a general reduction of the armament of all nations , Germany was to be required to disarm first . '' A lack of American ratification of the treaty or joining the League of Nations left France unwilling to disarm , which resulted in a German unwillingness to rearm . Schmitt argued `` had the four Allies remained united , they could have forced Germany really to disarm , and the German will and capacity to resist other provisions of the treaty would have correspondingly diminished . ''
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
In the past , the usual name of the sacrament in official documents of the Catholic Church was Extreme Unction ( meaning , Final Anointing ) , a name attached to it when it was administered only to those on the point of death . Peter Lombard ( died 1160 ) is the first writer known to have used the term , which did not become the usual name in the West till towards the end of the twelfth century , and never became current in the East . The word `` extreme '' ( final ) indicated either that it was the last of the sacramental unctions ( after the anointings at Baptism , Confirmation and , if received , Holy Orders ) or because at that time it was normally administered only when a patient was in extremis ( at the point of death ) . In the early 1970s the official name was changed to Anointing of the Sick to reflect Church teaching that the sacrament is to be conferred on those who are `` dangerously ill '' . `` Extreme Unction '' continues in popular use among those who prefer to keep the terminology that was customary in the period immediately before the Second Vatican Council ( see Traditionalist Catholic ) .
Balkan Wars
The developments that led to the First Balkan War did not go unnoticed by the Great Powers , but although there was an official consensus between the European Powers over the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire , which led to a stern warning to the Balkan states , unofficially each of them took a different diplomatic approach due to their conflicting interests in the area . As a result , any possible preventive effect of the common official warning was cancelled by the mixed unofficial signals , and failed to prevent or to stop the war :
Economy of Nazi Germany
World prices for raw materials ( which constituted the bulk of German imports ) were on the rise . At the same time , world prices for manufactured goods ( Germany 's chief exports ) were falling . The result was that Germany found it increasingly difficult to maintain a balance of payments . A large trade deficit seemed almost inevitable . But Hitler found this prospect unacceptable . Germany began to move away from partially free trade in the direction of economic self - sufficiency . Hitler was aware of the fact that Germany lacked reserves of raw materials , and full autarky was therefore impossible . Thus he chose a different approach . The Nazi government tried to limit the number of its trade partners , and , when possible , only trade with countries within the German sphere of influence . A number of bilateral trade agreements were signed between Germany and other European countries ( mostly countries located in Southern and South - Eastern Europe ) during the 1930s . The German government strongly encouraged trade with these countries but strongly discouraged trade with any others . Main
Lips of an Angel
The lyrics deal with the singer describing his feelings when his favored girlfriend from his past calls late at night , somewhat pleasantly interrupting his current relationship . More than once , a reference to the call being secret is made , and the singer expresses concern of a fight ensuing as a result . The song concludes just as it began , with the singer questioning to why she is calling so late . However , at the end , it is less literal and more figurative , with the underlying meaning of `` so late '' not at night , but too late in life , perhaps adding an element of sadness to the song , as it ends with the plot unresolved . According to a radio interview done in Atlanta , Georgia the lyrics are loosely based on an actual phone call incident that did happen .
Appeasement
Under the Versailles Settlement , the Rhineland was demilitarized . Germany accepted this arrangement under the Locarno Treaties of 1925 . Hitler claimed that it threatened Germany and on 7 March 1936 he sent German forces into the Rhineland . He gambled on Britain not getting involved but was unsure how France would react . The action was opposed by many of his advisers . His officers had orders to withdraw if they met French resistance . France consulted Britain and lodged protests with the League , but took no action . Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin said that Britain lacked the forces to back its guarantees to France and that in any case , public opinion would not allow it . In Britain , it was thought that the Germans were merely walking into `` their own backyard '' . Hugh Dalton , a Labour Party MP who usually advocated stiff resistance to Germany , said that neither the British people nor Labour would support military or economic sanctions . In the Council of the League , only the Soviet Union proposed sanctions against Germany . Hitler was invited to negotiate . He proposed a non-aggression pact with the Western powers . When asked for details he did not reply . Hitler 's occupation of the Rhineland had persuaded him that the international community would not resist him and put Germany in a powerful strategic position .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
At the time of the founding of the Soviet Union ( the USSR ) in 1922 , most governments internationally regarded the Soviet state as a pariah because of its advocacy of communism , and thus most states did not give it diplomatic recognition . Less than a quarter century later the Soviet Union not only had official relations with the majority of the nation - states of the world , but had progressed to the role of a superpower .
List of multilingual countries and regions
Austria has one official language , German . However it also has Croatian and Slovenian minorities , all of whose languages are protected under federal laws . Certain functions are also guaranteed for Romany , Hungarian , Czech and Slovakian in Vienna and Burgenland , under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In the Czech Republic , several municipalities of Zaolzie area have official bilingualism ( Czech and Polish ) . Bilingual signs are permitted if a minority constitutes at least a 10 % of the population of the municipality . Germany has German as its official national language . Low Saxon ( `` Low German '' ) is recognized as a regional language in at least five north German states . Low Rhenish is recognized in Northrhine - Westphalia . Lower Sorbian is an official minority language in Brandenburg , Upper Sorbian in Saxony , Sater Frisian in a part of Lower Saxony , and North Frisian varieties and Danish in Schleswig - Holstein . A language without its own territory , Romany ( including the language of the Sinte people ) is an official minority language as well . Germany is home to large numbers of people from other regions , and some of their languages , such as Turkish , Russian , and Polish , are widely used throughout the country . However , those languages are considered foreign and thus are given no official status . Hungary , the official language is Hungarian . The country recognizes Beás , Croatian , German , Romani , Romanian , Serbian , Slovak , Slovene languages . Use of those languages for certain functions is provided for by law , applying to localitites where the share of a relevant minority exceeds 10 % or , for wider functions , 20 % . Poland -- 20 bilingual communes in Poland ( mostly Polish - German ) speak forms of the German language . Belarusian , Czech , Hebrew , Yiddish , Lithuanian , German , Armenian , Russian , Slovak and Ukrainian are recognised as national minorities languages while Karaim , Lemko , Romani and Tatar as ethnic minorities languages . Slovakia has a Hungarian minority of 520,000 ( 9.7 % ) .
German declaration of war against the United States
The one advantage of the declaration of war against the US provided for Hitler was as a propaganda diversion for the German public , to distract them from the state of the war against the Soviet Union , in which Germany had suffered severe setbacks and an unexpectedly prolonged engagement . Hitler had assured the German people that the Soviet Union would be crushed well before the onset of winter , but that , in fact , did not happen , and there was little in the way of good news . The timing of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor enabled Hitler to angle his planned speech to the Reichstag in a more positive fashion , squeezing as much propaganda value out of it as possible . Hitler , in fact , put off the speech -- and the declaration of war -- for several days , trying to arrive at the proper psychological moment to make the announcement . Still , the propaganda motive was hardly sufficient to justify declaring war on the US , especially considering that doing so would create an otherwise `` unnatural alliance '' between two disparate and heretofore antagonistic polities , the United States and the Soviet Union . Joachim C. Fest , one of Hitler 's biographers , has argued that Hitler 's decision was `` really no longer an act of his own volition , but a gesture governed by a sudden awareness of his own impotence . That gesture was Hitler 's last strategic initiative of any importance . ''
Queen's Official Birthday
The reigning Canadian monarch has been in Canada for his or her official birthday twice . The first time was 20 May 1939 , when King George VI was on a coast - to - coast tour of Canada and his official birthday was celebrated with a Trooping the Colour ceremony on Parliament Hill . The second time was when Queen Elizabeth II was in Canada from 17 -- 25 May 2005 , to mark the centennial of the entries of Saskatchewan and Alberta into Confederation ; no government - initiated events , aside from those dictated by normal protocol , were organized to acknowledge the official birthday . Prince Charles , Prince of Wales , heir to the Canadian throne , and his wife , Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall , in 2012 attended events in Saint John , New Brunswick , and Toronto , Ontario , marking the queen 's official birthday . In 2014 , the couple attended a ceremony in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island .
The Honeymooners
On September 29 , 1956 , one week after The Honeymooners ended , The Jackie Gleason Show returned . The `` Honeymooners '' sketches soon were brought back as part of the revived variety show . In 1959 , TV Guide magazine mentioned Gleason 's interest in producing new Honeymooners shows . This did not happen for several years , but he did team up with Art Carney to revive an old Honeymooners scene for an October 1960 CBS special called The Big Sell , poking fun at US salespeople .
World War I
The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers .
Anthony Eden
Eden became Foreign Secretary at a time when Britain was having to adjust its foreign policy to face the rise of the fascist powers . He supported the policy of non-interference in the Spanish Civil War through conferences like the Nyon Conference and supported prime minister Neville Chamberlain in his efforts to preserve peace through reasonable concessions to Germany . The Italian - Ethiopian War was brewing , and Eden tried in vain to persuade Mussolini to submit the dispute to the League of Nations . The Italian dictator scoffed at Eden publicly as `` the best dressed fool in Europe . '' Eden did not protest when Britain and France failed to oppose Hitler 's reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936 . When the French requested a meeting with a view to some kind of military action in response to Hitler 's occupation , Eden in a statement firmly ruled out any military assistance to France .
United States Bill of Rights
Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states . Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify . Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments ( the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12 ) , but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon . Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two . All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights ' sesquicentennial : Massachusetts on March 2 , Georgia on March 18 , and Connecticut on April 19 . Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two , on May 13 , 1987 and February 2 , 1988 respectively .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Meanwhile , the Nazis replaced the existing trade unions with the German Labour Front , controlled by the Party . The National Socialists banned strikes , sacks and lockouts , essentially nationalizing the independent labor movement . Furthermore , under Nazi `` Germany the official unions have been made compulsory by law '' , forcing every worker to join Hitler 's state - owned labor union . This Party - run entity 's stated goal was not to protect workers , but to increase output . In fact , the Labor Front brought in employers as well as workers . Journalist and historian William L. Shirer wrote that it was `` a vast propaganda organization ... a gigantic fraud . '' The Chamber of Economics ( whose president was appointed by the Reich minister of economics ) absorbed all existing chambers of commerce . By 1934 these two groups merged somewhat when the Chamber of Economics also became the economics department of the Labour Front . To aid this , a board of trustees run by representatives of the party , German Labour Front and Chamber of Economics was set up to centralize economic activity . However , this labor front showed signs that it was an organization to make workers believe that the government represented them , much like the Judenrat for Jews .
Axis powers
During the Weimar Republic , the German government did not respect the Treaty of Versailles that it had been pressured to sign , and various government figures at the time rejected Germany 's post-Versailles borders . General Hans von Seeckt ( head of the Reichswehr command from 1920 to 1926 ) supported an alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union to invade and partition Poland between them and restore the German - Russian border of 1914 . Gustav Streseman as German foreign minister in 1925 declared that the reincorporation of territories lost to Poland and Danzig in the Treaty of Versailles was a major task of German foreign policy . The Reichswehr Ministry memorandum of 1926 declared its intention to seek the reincorporation of German territory lost to Poland as its first priority , to be followed by the return of the Saar territory , the annexation of Austria , and remilitarization of the Rhineland .
Military history of Italy during World War II
The news of Italy 's surrender did not reach the crew members of the three Italian submarines Giuliani , Cappellini and Torelli travelling to Singapore , then occupied by Japan , to take a load of rubber , tin and strategic materials bound for Italy and Germany 's war industry . All the officers and sailors on board were arrested by the Japanese army , and after a few weeks of detention the vast majority of them chose to side with Japan and Germany . The Kriegsmarine assigned new officers to the three units , who were renamed as U-boat U. IT. 23 , U. IT. 24 and U. IT. 25 , taking part in German war operations in the Pacific until the Giuliani was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tally - ho in February 1944 and the other two vessels were taken over by the Japanese Imperial Navy upon Germany 's surrender in 1945 .
Central Powers
The Central Powers ( German : Mittelmächte ; Hungarian : Központi hatalmak ; Turkish : İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri ; Bulgarian : Централни сили , translit . Tsentralni sili ) , consisting of Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria -- hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance ( German : Vierbund ) -- was one of the two main factions during World War I ( 1914 -- 18 ) . It faced and was defeated by the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente . The Powers ' origin was the alliance of Germany and Austria - Hungary in 1879 . The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria did not join until after World War I had begun , although the Ottoman Empire retained close relations with both Germany and Austria - Hungary since the beginning of the 20th century .
House of Lords
The Clerk of the Parliaments is the chief clerk and officer of the House of Lords ( but is not a member of the House itself ) . The Clerk , who is appointed by the Crown , advises the presiding officer on the rules of the House , signs orders and official communications , endorses bills , and is the keeper of the official records of both Houses of Parliament . Moreover , the Clerk of the Parliaments is responsible for arranging by - elections of hereditary peers when necessary . The deputies of the Clerk of the Parliaments ( the Clerk Assistant and the Reading Clerk ) are appointed by the Lord Speaker , subject to the House 's approval .
Axis powers
Germany justified its invasion of the Low Countries of Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands in May 1940 by claiming that it suspected that Britain and France were preparing to use the Low Countries to launch an invasion of the industrial Ruhr region of Germany . When war between Germany versus Britain and France appeared likely in May 1939 , Hitler declared that the Netherlands and Belgium would need to be occupied , saying : `` Dutch and Belgian air bases must be occupied ... Declarations of neutrality must be ignored '' . In a conference with Germany 's military leaders on 23 November 1939 , Hitler declared to the military leaders that `` We have an Achilles heel , the Ruhr '' , and said that `` If England and France push through Belgium and Holland into the Ruhr , we shall be in the greatest danger '' , and thus claimed that Belgium and the Netherlands had to be occupied by Germany to protect Germany from a British - French offensive against the Ruhr , irrespective of their claims to neutrality .
Space Race
The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany , beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight . Starting in the early 1930s , during the last stages of the Weimar Republic , German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid - fueled rockets , with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances . The head of the German Army 's Ballistics and Munitions Branch , Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker , gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen , to figure out how to use rockets as long - range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles ' ban on research and development of long - range cannons . Wernher von Braun , a young engineering prodigy , was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf - West in 1932 . Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology .