vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
The oil from the disaster affected between 622 and 1300 miles of the United States coastline around the Gulf of Mexico and has acutely catalyzed the erosion of land due to the oil having led to the death of most of the marsh vegetation ( flora ) . A 2012 study of the sands of the contaminated beaches and marshes showed that the variety of organisms , one of the lowest links in the food chain , had dropped dramatically since the spill . The remaining species are believed to be those that favor polluted conditions and that consume hydrocarbons . This could result in long - lasting effects to the ecosystem . The lead author said , `` We went from this very diverse community with an abundance of different organisms to this really ( impoverished ) community that was really dominated by a couple of fungal species '' . The authors also expressed concerns that trace minerals and metals such as mercury and arsenic deposited by the oil may cause harm to both wildlife and humans .
Watchman (law enforcement)
Night watchmen patrolled the streets between 9 or 10 pm until sunrise , and were expected to examine all suspicious characters . Such controls continued to be exercised in the late 17th century . Guarding the streets to prevent crime , to watch out for fires , and -- despite the absence of a formal curfew -- to ensure that suspicious and unauthorized people did not prowl around under cover of darkness was still the duty of night watch and the constables who were supposed to command them .
Afghanistan
Newer automobiles have recently become more widely available after the rebuilding of roads and highways . They are imported from the United Arab Emirates through Pakistan and Iran . As of 2012 , vehicles more than 10 years old are banned from being imported into the country . The development of the nation 's road network is a major boost for the economy due to trade with neighboring countries . Postal services in Afghanistan are provided by the publicly owned Afghan Post and private companies such as FedEx , DHL , and others .
War for the Planet of the Apes
As with Rise and Dawn , the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital ; the apes were created with a mixture of motion - capture and CGI key - frame animation , as they were performed in motion - capture technology and animated in CGI .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
With growth of American automobile usage , urban and rural roads were gradually upgraded for the new traffic . Local automobile clubs formed the American Automobile Association to lobby city , state , and federal governments to widen and pave existing roads and build limited - access highways . Some federal road aid was passed in the 1910s and 20s ( resulting in highways like U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 66 ) . The coverage and quality of many roads would greatly improve following Depression - era Works Progress Administration investment in road infrastructure . New Automobile sales were temporarily slowed during World War II when wartime rationing and military production lines limited the number of automobiles that could be manufactured -- the largest companies like Ford , GM , and Chrysler would survive those lean years . After the war , rising family sizes , increasing affluence , and government - subsidized mortgages for veterans fueled a boom in single - family homes . Many were automobile - owners . In 1956 , Congress passed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 which provided funding for the construction of 41,000 miles ( 66,000 km ) of toll - free expressways throughout the country laying the legislative and infrastructural foundations for the modern American highway system .
Cocoa production in Ghana
In addition to instituting marketing reforms , the government also attempted to restructure cocoa production . In 1983 farmers were provided with seedlings to replace trees lost in the drought and trees more than thirty years old ( about one - fourth of the total number of trees in 1984 ) . Until the early 1990s , an estimated 40 hectares continued to be added to the total area of 800,000 hectares under cocoa production each year . In addition , a major program to upgrade existing roads and to construct 3,000 kilometers of new feeder roads was launched to ease the transportation and sale of cocoa from some of the more neglected but very fertile growing areas on the border with Ivory Coast . Furthermore , the government tried to increase Ghana 's productivity from 300 kilograms per hectare to compete with Southeast Asian productivity of almost 1,000 kilograms per hectare . New emphasis was placed on extension services , drought and disease research , and the use of fertilizers and insecticides . The results of these measures were to be seen in rising cocoa production from the 1990s to the present .
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi has witnessed an explosion of wealth and population since its independence in 1971 and the oil boom of 1973 . Before , groundwater was the only source of water supply . It was very scarce , since there is little recharge and most of the aquifers are highly saline . It was only through seawater desalination that the growth of Abu Dhabi became possible . Seawater desalination used thermal technologies that couple desalination with power production . Water was provided free of charge . The plants were initially owned and operated by the government through the Water and Electricity Department , and financing was provided by the state from oil revenues .
List of Black Cat characters
Creed Diskenth ( クリード ディスケンス , Kurīdo Disukensu ) is the series ' main antagonist . He is the leader of the Apostles of the Stars and Train 's former partner before he joined the Chronos Numbers . He tells the group that their only purpose is to destroy Chronos , but he really plans to make himself immortal using nanomachines and rule the world forever by selectivity controlling the human population . He is severely warped after being abused by his mother , whom he kills , and the police while living on the streets . It is stated that Creed had the abilities to be chosen as Chronos Number XIII , but was deemed too unstable and the position went to Train . He greatly admires Train to the point of obsession , as he thinks of him as the only person in the world that he can relate to . After Train changes during his meetings with Saya , Creed kills her , and makes it his goal to return Train to his previous lifestyle and have him join the Apostles .
History of West Africa
The ashantehene inherited his position from his mother . He was assisted at the capital , Kumasi , by a civil service of men talented in trade , diplomacy , and the military , with a head called the Gyaasehene . Men from Arabia , Sudan , and Europe were employed in the civil service , all of them appointed by the ashantehene . At the capital and in other towns , the ankobia or special police were used as bodyguards to the ashantehene , as sources of intelligence , and to suppress rebellion . Communication throughout the empire was maintained via a network of well - kept roads from the coast to the middle Niger and linking together other trade cities .
Metrication in the United States
In 1793 , Thomas Jefferson requested artifacts from France that could be used to adopt the metric system in the United States , and Joseph Dombey was sent from France with a standard kilogram . Before reaching the United States , Dombey 's ship was blown off course by a storm and captured by pirates , and he died in captivity on Montserrat .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
Initially the trip went smoothly , but under way they were met with strong winds and storms . One of these caused a main beam to crack , and the possibility was considered of turning back , even though they were more than halfway to their destination . However , they repaired the ship sufficiently to continue using a `` great iron screw '' brought along by the colonists ( probably a jack to be used for either house construction or a cider press ) . Passenger John Howland was washed overboard in the storm but caught a top - sail halyard trailing in the water and was pulled back on board .
Elgin Marbles
Dorothy King , in a newspaper article , wrote that techniques similar to the ones used in 1937 -- 1938 were applied by Greeks as well in more recent decades than the British , and maintained that Italians still find them acceptable . The British Museum said that a similar cleaning of the temple of Hephaistos in the Athenian Agora was carried out by the conservation team of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in 1953 using steel chisels and brass wire . According to the Greek ministry of Culture , the cleaning was carefully limited to surface salt crusts . The 1953 American report concluded that the techniques applied were aimed at removing the black deposit formed by rain - water and `` brought out the high technical quality of the carving '' revealing at the same time `` a few surviving particles of colour '' .
Vinegar
The term `` distilled vinegar '' as used in the United States ( called `` spirit vinegar '' in the UK , `` white vinegar '' in Canada ) is something of a misnomer because it is not produced by distillation but by fermentation of distilled alcohol . The fermentate is diluted to produce a colorless solution of 5 % to 8 % acetic acid in water , with a pH of about 2.6 . This is variously known as distilled spirit , `` virgin '' vinegar , or white vinegar , and is used in cooking , baking , meat preservation , and pickling , as well as for medicinal , laboratory , and cleaning purposes . The most common starting material in some regions , because of its low cost , is malt , or in the United States , corn . It is sometimes derived from petroleum . Distilled vinegar in the UK is produced by the distillation of malt to give a clear vinegar which maintains some of the malt flavour . Distilled vinegar is used predominantly for cooking , although in Scotland it is used as an alternative to brown or light malt vinegar . White distilled vinegar can also be used for cleaning , and some is actually sold specifically for this purpose .
Recycling
Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs , and suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer from confirmation bias . Specifically , critics argue that the costs and energy used in collection and transportation detract from ( and outweigh ) the costs and energy saved in the production process ; also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging , mining , and other industries associated with production ; and that materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation prevents further recycling .
Great Depression in Canada
Housewives updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families . Cheap foods were used , such as soups , beans and noodles . They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat -- sometimes even horse meat -- and recycled the Sunday roast into sandwiches and soups . They sewed and patched clothing , traded with their neighbors for outgrown items , and made do with colder homes . New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days . These strategies show that women 's domestic labor -- cooking , cleaning , budgeting , shopping , childcare -- was essential to the economic maintenance of the family and offered room for economies . Many women also worked outside the home , or took boarders , did laundry for trade or cash , and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer . Extended families used mutual aid -- extra food , spare rooms , repair - work , cash loans -- to help cousins and in - laws .
Holmes on Homes
One of his Subtrades the painter that has known him for a long time , Craig Lowe and has worked with Mike for a long time , he happened to be on vacation and came into help paint the house . He was the only subtrade that Mike knew who appeared in this episode . Lack of Truss - In this episode , which was also featured on Marketplace six months before it first aired , Mike and his crew visit homeowners who had asked for an additional bedroom , and were convinced by the original contractor that it could be done within the space of their attic . Yet , to do so , the original contractor had removed much of the structural support in the attic , forcing Mike and crew to remove the roof entirely to rebuild the bedroom , raising the height of the house in the process . Clean Slate - Mike and crew arrive at a century - old house whose bathroom had recently undergone an expensive renovation ( complete with slate tiles ) , but had problems with water seeping through the grout and the fact that the shower did not drain properly . Upon taking the bathroom apart , he discovers the extent of the damage : leaking water had pooled two inches deep under the shower . Due Date - Mike and crew help out a family whose basement renovation ( the first step in a long line of house remodeling jobs ) was carefully planned around expecting the birth of a child , but had been delayed by the original contractor for almost a year . With the basement nowhere near completion despite a massive cost overrun and in the middle of a time crunch ( due to the baby ) , the homeowners turn to Mike to help them complete their basement . Frozen Assets - Mike and crew arrive at a new home development that has been plagued with heating and plumbing issues caused by faulty design , leading to the front porch collapsing . They discover that ( design issues aside ) while the builders had tried to make the home safe and livable , several glaring mistakes had ultimately caused these problems . Country Kitchen ( a.k.a. Nashville Kitchen ) - Mike and crew arrive at a 25 - year - old townhouse , where the homeowners had undertaken a kitchen renovation , but ended up with a very small and virtually unusable kitchen . Country singer Charlie Major , a family friend of the homeowners , guest stars .
Bird feet and legs
Locomotion Walking , running ( ostriches , grouse , wild turkeys ) hopping , climbing ( woodpeckers , nuthatches , treecreepers ) Swimming and steering underwater ( ducks , grebes , loons ) Perching ( as on a branch ) or clinging Carrying ( like ospreys holding fish ) Flight - related Serving probably as the primary take - off accelerator . In the common vampire bat , by contrast , the required force is generated by the wing . Absorbing the shock of landing on a perch and on the water , becoming `` water skis '' Feeding and related Catching and killing prey in raptors ( hawks , owls ) Holding ( used like hands in parrots ) and pulling apart food ( with help from the bill ) Scratching the ground in search of food Double scratch : hopping forward and then backward using both feet to scratch ( often towhees , sparrows , juncos ) One - footed scratch ( grouse , quails , wild turkeys , domestic chicken ) Reproduction and related Cradling and turning eggs during incubation . Birds lacking a brood patch incubate the eggs with their feet -- grasping one or even two of them ( gannets , boobies ) or keeping them on the top surfaces of their feet ( penguins under a pouch of belly skin , murres ) . Courtship ( sage grouse ) , including aerial courtship ( bald eagles ) Building nests ( with help from the bill ) Preening and cleaning . Sometimes birds use a special claw ( for example , barn owls have a so - called `` feather comb '' ) . Some herons and nightjars use the claw for cleaning the head . Heat loss regulation ( herons , gulls , giant petrels , storks , New World vultures , ducks , geese )
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
In the mid-1960s , a hosiery worker from Baldock named Douglas Woolley devised a plan to find Titanic using a bathyscaphe ( like Trieste , used to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960 ) and raise the wreck by inflating nylon balloons that would be attached to her hull . The declared objective was to `` bring the wreck into Liverpool and convert it to a floating museum '' . The Titanic Salvage Company was established to manage the scheme and a group of businessmen from West Berlin set up an entity called Titanic - Tresor to support it financially . It fell apart when its proponents found they could not overcome the problem of how the balloons would be inflated in the first place . Calculations showed that it could take ten years to generate enough gas to overcome the water pressure .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Sittings of the House are open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private , which has occurred only twice since 1950 . Traditionally , a Member who desired that the House sit privately could shout `` I spy strangers '' and a vote would automatically follow . In the past , when relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial , this procedure was used whenever the House wanted to keep its debate private . More often , however , this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings ; as a result , it was abolished in 1998 . Now , Members seeking that the House sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect .
List of Keeping Up Appearances characters
Hyacinth believes that Richard 's favourite hobby is gardening and repeatedly forces him to go into the garden to work on it , even though he makes it quite clear that he does not enjoy it . The main reason she nags Richard into constantly doing the gardening is to try to make people believe Richard could afford a gardener , but chooses not to as he enjoys gardening himself . Richard and Hyacinth 's front garden is frequently seen , but the back garden is unseen . Hyacinth always criticises Richard for having a dead flower on her roses and also that her roses are smaller than the ones next door ( which turn out to be a different variety ) .
Recycling
The amount of energy saved through recycling depends upon the material being recycled and the type of energy accounting that is used . Correct accounting for this saved energy can be accomplished with life - cycle analysis using real energy values . In addition , exergy , which is a measure of useful energy can be used . In general , it takes far less energy to produce a unit mass of recycled materials than it does to make the same mass of virgin materials .
Vinegar
Vinegar is an excellent solvent for cleaning epoxy resin and hardener , even after the epoxy has begun to harden . Malt vinegar sprinkled onto crumpled newspaper is a traditional , and still - popular , method of cleaning grease - smeared windows and mirrors in the United Kingdom . Vinegar can be used for polishing brass or bronze . Vinegar is widely known as an effective cleaner of stainless steel and glass .
Islamic architecture
When within a residence or other secular building is a private courtyard and walled garden . It is used for : the aesthetics of plants , water , architectural elements , and natural light ; for cooler space with fountains and shade , and source of breezes into the structure , during summer heat ; and a protected and proscribed place where the women of the house need not be covered in the hijab clothing traditionally necessary in public . A sehan -- courtyard is in within almost every mosque in Islamic architecture . The courtyards are open to the sky and surrounded on all sides by structures with halls and rooms , and often a shaded semi-open arcade . Sehans usually feature a centrally positioned ritual cleansing pool under an open domed pavilion called a howz . A mosque courtyard is used for performing ablutions , and a ' patio ' for rest or gathering .
Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
Fourteen - year - old inventor Violet Baudelaire , her twelve - year - old brother Klaus , and their baby sister Sunny are orphaned when a fire burns down their house and kills their parents . Mr. Poe , the family 's banker , manages their fortune and leaves them in the care of their closest relative Count Olaf , who is only interested in obtaining their fortune despite Violet not being the legal age of eighteen to obtain it . He also forces them to work through grueling house chores and belittles them .
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water . Traditionally , the carbonation of beer and sparkling wine came about through natural fermentation , but many manufacturers carbonate these drinks with carbon dioxide recovered from the fermentation process . In the case of bottled and kegged beer , the most common method used is carbonation with recycled carbon dioxide . With the exception of British Real Ale , draught beer is usually transferred from kegs in a cold room or cellar to dispensing taps on the bar using pressurized carbon dioxide , sometimes mixed with nitrogen . Wine
Conscription in the United States
Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft , Representative Neil Abercrombie 's ( D - HI ) inclusion of a DOD memo in the Congressional Record which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest . Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft , it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self - reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military , homeland - defense , and humanitarian needs . This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered , perhaps like that of the `` Doctor Draft '' that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66 % of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea . Once created , this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972 . The meeting memo gave DOD 's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency . Draftees with less than two years ' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
The post-1941 Commons Chamber was used in the film Ali G Indahouse , the political satire Restart by Komedy Kollective , about a British prime minister seeking re-election , and was mentioned in the Robin Williams stand - up special Robin Williams Live on Broadway in which he describes it as `` like Congress , but with a two drink minimum '' . The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in Shepperton Studios for the Ridley Scott / Richard Loncraine 2002 biographical film on Churchill , The Gathering Storm .
Water splitting
The iron oxide cycle is a series of thermochemical processes used to produce hydrogen . The iron oxide cycle consists of two chemical reactions whose net reactant is water and whose net products are hydrogen and oxygen . All other chemicals are recycled . The iron oxide process requires an efficient source of heat .
British Army during World War I
Daily routine of life in the trenches began with the morning ' stand - to ' . An hour before dawn everyone was roused and ordered to man their positions to guard against a dawn raid by the Germans . With stand - to over , it was time for the men to have breakfast and perform ablutions . Once complete , the NCOs would assign daily chores , before the men attended to the cleaning of rifles and equipment , filling sandbags , repairing trenches or digging latrines . Once the daily tasks had been completed the men who were off - duty would find a place to sleep . Due to the constant bombardments and the sheer effort of trying to stay alive , sleep deprivation was common . Soldiers also had to take it in turns to be on sentry duty , watching for enemy movements .
Recycling
The glass , lumber , wood pulp and paper manufacturers all deal directly in commonly recycled materials ; however , old rubber tires may be collected and recycled by independent tire dealers for a profit .