vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Franchising
There is no federal registry of franchises or any federal filing requirements for information . States are the primary collectors of data on franchising companies and enforce laws and regulations regarding their presence and their spread in their jurisdictions .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
In 1790 , federal legislation was enacted pertaining to seamen and desertion . In 1796 , federal legislation regarding Seaman 's Protection Certificates ( also known as Protection papers ) was enacted . Immediately after the Revolutionary War the brand - new United States of America was struggling to stay financially afloat . National income was desperately needed and a great deal of this income came from import tariffs . Because of rampant smuggling , the need was immediate for strong enforcement of tariff laws , and on August 4 , 1790 , the United States Congress , urged on by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton , created the Revenue - Marine , later renamed Revenue Cutter Service in 1862 . It would be the responsibility of the new Revenue - Marine to enforce the tariff and all other maritime laws .
Materials management
An effective materials management plan also means a more holistic approach to managing vehicle use and emissions , solid waste , hazardous waste , recycling , and utility services . As a result , this means a `` greener , '' more sustainable environment and a manifestation of the many demands today for institutions to become more environmentally friendly . In fact , thanks to such environmental advantages , creative materials management plans may qualify for LEAD Innovation in Design credits .
Evidence of common descent
Polar bears have acquired significant anatomical and physiological differences from the brown bear that allow it to comfortably survive in conditions that the brown bear likely could not . Notable examples include the ability to swim sixty miles or more at a time in freezing waters , fur that blends with the snow , and to stay warm in the arctic environment , an elongated neck that makes it easier to keep their heads above water while swimming , and oversized and heavy - matted webbed feet that act as paddles when swimming . It has also evolved small papillae and vacuole - like suction cups on the soles to make them less likely to slip on the ice , alongside smaller ears for a reduction of heat loss , eyelids that act like sunglasses , accommodations for their all - meat diet , a large stomach capacity to enable opportunistic feeding , and the ability to fast for up to nine months while recycling their urea . This example presents a macro-evolutionary change involving an amalgamation of several fields of evolutionary biology , e.g. adaptation through natural selection , geographic isolation , speciation , and hybridization .
Powers of the President of the United States
Most pardons are issued as oversight of the judicial branch , especially in cases where the Federal Sentencing Guidelines are considered too severe . This power can check the legislative and judicial branches by altering punishment for crimes . Presidents can issue blanket amnesty to forgive entire groups of people . For example , President Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers who had fled to Canada . Presidents can also issue temporary suspensions of prosecution or punishment in the form of respites . This power is most commonly used to delay federal sentences of execution .
Law of Malaysia
Federal laws are made by legislators ( members of Parliament and senators ) sitting in the Parliament of Malaysia and applies nationwide . Federal laws are known as Acts ( of Parliament ) . State laws are made by assemblymen sitting in the State Legislative Assembly ( Dewan Undangan Negeri ) and only applies in the particular state . State laws are often referred to as enactments or ordinances . Article 75 of the Constitution states that a federal law shall prevail over any inconsistent state laws , including sharia laws .
Mexico City
The lack of a de jure stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether . In 1993 , the situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the Constitution of Mexico ; Mexico City and the Federal District were stated to be the same entity . The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District .
Cherokee
Other remnant populations continue to exist throughout the Southeast United States and individually in the states surrounding Oklahoma . Many of these people trace descent from persons enumerated on official rolls such as the Guion - Miller , Drennan , Mullay and Henderson Rolls , among others . Other descendants trace their heritage through the treaties of 1817 and 1819 with the federal government which gave individual allotments to Cherokees . State recognized Tribes require varying levels of genealogical proof that applicants are of Cherokee descent . Current enrollment guidelines of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma have been approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Such facts were pointed out by Cherokee citizens of CN during the Constitutional Convention held to ratify a new governing document . The document that was eventually ratified by a small portion of the electorate . However , the tribe does not have the power to change its membership procedures and maintain federal recognition . Any changes to the tribe 's enrollment procedures must be approved by the Department of Interior . Under 25 CFR 83 the Office of Federal Acknowledgment is required to first apply its own anthropological , genealogical , and historical research methods to any request for change by the tribe . It then forwards its recommendations to the Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs for consideration .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Gun laws in the United States regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition . State laws ( and the laws of Washington , D.C. and the U.S. territories ) vary considerably , and are independent of existing federal firearms laws , although they are sometimes broader or more limited in scope than the federal laws .
Recycling
Recycling ( or `` salvage '' , as it was then usually known ) was a major issue for governments throughout World War II . Financial constraints and significant material shortages due to war efforts made it necessary for countries to reuse goods and recycle materials . These resource shortages caused by the world wars , and other such world - changing occurrences , greatly encouraged recycling . The struggles of war claimed much of the material resources available , leaving little for the civilian population . It became necessary for most homes to recycle their waste , as recycling offered an extra source of materials allowing people to make the most of what was available to them . Recycling household materials meant more resources for war efforts and a better chance of victory . Massive government promotion campaigns , such as the National Salvage Campaign in Britain and the Salvage for Victory campaign in the United States , were carried out on the home front in every combative nation , urging citizens to donate metal , paper , rags , and rubber as a matter of patriotism .
List of alcohol laws of the United States
Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the National level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51 . Numerous requirements must be met to do so and production carries an excise tax . Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties .
San Jose International Airport
The terminal earned a LEED Silver certification from the U.S. Green Building Council in 2010 in recognition of the airport 's significant commitment to environmentally sustainable design and construction .
Trafficking of children
Law enforcement refers to the actual prosecution of traffickers ; UNICEF maintains that successful prosecution of child traffickers is the surest way to send a message that child trafficking will not be tolerated . Traffickers can be `` caught '' at any one of the three steps of trafficking : recruitment , movement , and / or exploitation ; anti-trafficking laws as well as child labour laws must then be appropriately enforced and having them properly implemented . The development of grassroots surveillance systems has also been suggested by UNICEF which would enable communities to immediately report signs of child trafficking to legal authorities .
Athenian democracy
While Plato blamed democracy for killing Socrates , his criticisms of the rule of the demos were much more extensive . Much of his writings were about his alternatives to democracy . His The Republic , The Statesman and Laws contained many arguments against democratic rule and in favour of a much narrower form of government : `` The organization of the city must be confided to those who possess knowledge , who alone can enable their fellow - citizens to attain virtue , and therefore excellence , by means of education . ''
Water tank
The release of copper due to acidic water is monitored may be accomplished with a variety of technology , beginning with pH strips and going to more sophisticated pH monitors , indicate pH which when acidic or caustic , some with output communication capabilities . There is no `` linkage '' between the plastic tank and copper poisoning , a solution to the problem is easy , monitor ' stored rainwater ' with ' swimming pool strips ' cheap and available at , swimming pool supply outlets . If the water is too acidic , contact state / county / local health officials to obtain advice and precise solutions and pH limits and guidelines as to what should be used to treat rainwater to be used as domestic drinking water .
United States antitrust law
At this time hundreds of small short - line railroads were being bought up and consolidated into giant systems . ( Separate laws and policies emerged regarding railroads and financial concerns such as banks and insurance companies . ) People for strong antitrust laws argued the American economy to be successful requires free competition and the opportunity for individual Americans to build their own businesses . As Senator John Sherman put it , `` If we will not endure a king as a political power we should not endure a king over the production , transportation , and sale of any of the necessaries of life . '' Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act almost unanimously in 1890 , and it remains the core of antitrust policy . The Act prohibits agreements in restraint of trade and abuse of monopoly power . It gives the Justice Department the mandate to go to federal court for orders to stop illegal behavior or to impose remedies .
Recycling
There are many actions along the recycling supply chain that can influence and affect the material quality of recyclate . It begins with the waste producers who place non-target and non-recyclable wastes in recycling collection . This can affect the quality of final recyclate streams or require further efforts to discard those materials at later stages in the recycling process . The different collection systems can result in different levels of contamination . Depending on which materials are collected together , extra effort is required to sort this material back into separate streams and can significantly reduce the quality of the final product . Transportation and the compaction of materials can make it more difficult to separate material back into separate waste streams . Sorting facilities are not one hundred per cent effective in separating materials , despite improvements in technology and quality recyclate which can see a loss in recyclate quality . The storage of materials outside where the product can become wet can cause problems for re-processors . Reprocessing facilities may require further sorting steps to further reduce the amount of non-target and non-recyclable material . Each action along the recycling path plays a part in the quality of recyclate .
Prime Minister of Russia
determines the operating priorities of the Government and organizes its work in accordance with the Constitution , federal constitutional laws , federal laws and Presidential decrees , aside from running the day - to - day operations of the government , in general . submits to the President proposals on the structure and functions of the central institutions of the executive branch ( e.g. ministries and federal agencies ) ; nominates the Vice Prime
Impeachment in the United States
The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred . A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary . A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules , and then to the Judiciary Committee . The House Committee on the Judiciary , by majority vote , will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist . If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment , it will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more articles of impeachment . The Impeachment Resolution , or Article ( s ) of Impeachment , are then reported to the full House with the committee 's recommendations .
Conscription in the United States
Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal `` Solomon Amendment '' laws , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' nonregistrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants .
Taxation in the United States
State and local taxable income is determined under state law , and often is based on federal taxable income . Most states conform to many federal concepts and definitions , including defining income and business deductions and timing thereof . State rules vary widely regarding to individual itemized deductions . Most states do not allow a deduction for state income taxes for individuals or corporations , and impose tax on certain types of income exempt at the federal level .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
The Pennsylvania Turnpike used traffic lights as feedback signals for E-ZPass users since it was launched on the roadway in 2001 . On March 17 , 2017 , the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission announced that they would begin removing the feedback signals as part of upgrading the toll equipment ; the feedback signals are being removed because they do not conform to federal signage guidelines .
Fire triangle
A better heat absorption with a higher density than water . Carrying free radical catchers on the fire . Carrying foaming agents to enable water to stay on the surface of a liquid fire and prevent gas release . Carrying specific reactives which will react and change the nature of the burning material .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Federal support is also on the decline . The membranes that today enable desalinization and water reuse , for example , were the fruits of R&D undertaken during the Kennedy administration . We now spend ten times less on that research .
Legal drinking age
A few of the more exclusive venues in the tourist areas may have their own entrance rules regarding age including not allowing anyone under the age of 25 or 23 to enter and consume alcohol or change this depending on specific nights / events and restricted by gender / sex ( i.e. women over 18 allowed to enter but only men over 21 on that same night ) . Trinidad and Tobago 18 Turks and Caicos Islands 18 United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of twenty - one . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , fifteen states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , seventeen states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining eighteen states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , thirty - one states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of twenty - one . By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults eighteen to twenty years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail . See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay 18 Venezuela 18
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
The Act specifies that 37 % of the package is to be devoted to tax incentives equaling $288 billion and $144 billion , or 18 % , is allocated to state and local fiscal relief ( more than 90 % of the state aid is going to Medicaid and education ) . The remaining 45 % , or $357 billion , is allocated to federal spending programs such as transportation , communication , waste water and sewer infrastructure improvements ; energy efficiency upgrades in private and federal buildings ; extension of federal unemployment benefits ; and scientific research programs . The following are details to the different parts of the final bill whereas to get the financial assistance there will be a registration fee of $200 to $2499 ( Refundable ) ... :
Federal Reserve Act
On November 16 , 1977 , the Federal Reserve Act was amended to require the Board and the FOMC `` to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment , stable prices , and moderate long - term interest rates . '' The Chairman was also required to appear before Congress at semi-annual hearings to report on the conduct of monetary policy , on economic development , and on the prospects for the future . The Federal Reserve Act has been amended by some 200 subsequent laws of Congress . It continues to be one of the principal banking laws of the United States .
Electric bicycle laws
No person may drive either a two - wheeled or a three - wheeled motorcycle , or a motor - driven cycle unless such person has a valid driver 's license specially endorsed by the director to enable the holder to drive such vehicles . No driver 's license is required for operation of an electric - assisted bicycle if the operator is at least sixteen years of age . Persons under sixteen years of age may not operate an electric - assisted bicycle . Persons operating electric - assisted bicycles shall comply with all laws and regulations related to the use of bicycle helmets .
Voting rights in the United States
Some studies have shown that polling places are inaccessible to disabled voters . The Federal Election Commission reported that , in violation of state and federal laws , more than 20,000 polling places across the nation are inaccessible , depriving people with disabilities of their fundamental right to vote .
Copper in architecture
Life cycle inventory ( LCI ) information on copper tube , sheet , and wire products , using ISO standards and covering the mining and primary copper production sectors ( i.e. , smelting and refining ) is available . Used in life cycle assessments ( LCAs ) , particularly in the building and construction sector , LCI datasets assist manufacturers of copper - containing products with compliance and voluntary improvement initiatives . They also support policy makers in the development of environmental guidelines and regulations with the aim of fostering sustainable development .
Right-to-work law
In addition , the territory of Guam also has right - to - work laws , and employees of the US Federal Government have the right to choose whether or not to join their respective unions .
Smart city
Milton Keynes has a commitment to making itself a Smart City . Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK : Smart initiative , a collaboration of local government , businesses , academia and 3rd sector organisations . The focus of the initiative is on making energy use , water use and transport more sustainable whilst promoting economic growth in the city . Central to the project is the creation of a state - of - the - art ' MK Data Hub ' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources . These will include data about energy and water consumption , transport data , data acquired through satellite technology , social and economic datasets , and crowdsourced data from social media or specialised apps .
Trafficking of children
National laws pertaining to child trafficking continue to develop worldwide , based on the international principles that have been established . Anti-trafficking legislation has been lauded as critical by the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking , because it ensures that traffickers and trafficking victims are treated accordingly : for example , `` if migration laws are used to pursue traffickers , it is often the case that the victims too are prosecuted as illegal migrants , whereas if there is a specific category of ' trafficker ' and ' trafficked person , ' then it is more likely that the victim will be treated as such . '' The existence of national laws regarding child trafficking also enables trafficking victims and / or their families to take appropriate civil action .
Smart city
Madrid , Spain 's pioneering smart city , has adopted the MiNT Madrid Inteligente / Smarter Madrid platform to integrate the management of local services . These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure , garbage collection and recycling , and public spaces and green areas , among others . The programme is run in partnership with IBMs INSA , making use of the latter 's Big Data and analytics capabilities and experience . Madrid is considered to have taken a bottom - up approach to smart cities , whereby social issues are first identified and individual technologies or networks are then identified to address these issues . This approach includes support and recognition for start ups through the Madrid Digital Start Up programme .