vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Perfect competition
Some economists have a different kind of criticism concerning perfect competition model . They are not criticizing the price taker assumption because it makes economic agents too `` passive '' , but because it then raises the question of who sets the prices . Indeed , if everyone is price taker , there is the need for a benevolent planner who gives and sets the prices , in other word , there is a need for a `` price maker '' . Therefore , it makes the perfect competition model appropriate not to describe a decentralize `` market '' economy but a centralized one . This in turn means that such kind of model has more to do with communism than capitalism .
Academic dress in the United Kingdom
Hoods comprise two basic patterns : full shape or simple shape . The traditional full - shape hood consists of a cape , cowl , and liripipe , as is used at Cambridge . At Oxford , the bachelors ' and masters ' hoods use simple hoods that have lost their cape and retain only the cowl and liripipe . Some universities only have a cape and cowl and no liripipe or just consist a cape only ; these are classed separately under the Aberdeen shape style . Various other universities have different shapes and patterns of hoods , in some cases corresponding to the pattern current at the ancient universities at the time when they were founded , and in others representing a completely new design .
Quechuan languages
The different orthographies are still highly controversial in Peru . Advocates of the traditional system believe that the new orthographies look too foreign and suggest that it makes Quechua harder to learn for people who have first been exposed to written Spanish . Those who prefer the new system maintain that it better matches the phonology of Quechua , and they point to studies showing that teaching the five - vowel system to children later causes reading difficulties in Spanish .
Petal
Flowers have various regulatory mechanisms in order to attract insects . One such helpful mechanism is the use of colour guiding marks . Insects such as the bee or butterfly can see the ultraviolet marks which are contained on these flowers , acting as an attractive mechanism which is not visible towards the human eye . Many flowers contain a variety of shapes acting to aid with the landing of the visiting insect and also influence the insect to brush against anthers and stigmas ( parts of the flower ) . One such example of a flower is the pōhutukawa ( Metrosideros excelsa ) which acts to regulate colour within a different way . The pōhutukawa contains small petals also having bright large red clusters of stamens . Another attractive mechanism for flowers is the use of scent which is highly attractive towards humans such as the rose , but some are very fragrant within attracting flies as they have a smell of rotting meat . Dark is another factor in which flowers have grown to adapt these conditions so colour lacks vision at night therefore scent is the solution for flowers which are pollinated by night flying insects such as the moth .
Mechanism of action of aspirin
Aspirin causes several different effects in the body , mainly the reduction of inflammation , analgesia ( relief of pain ) , the prevention of clotting , and the reduction of fever . Much of this is believed to be due to decreased production of prostaglandins and TXA2 . Aspirin 's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzyme . Cyclooxygenase is required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis . Aspirin acts as an acetylating agent where an acetyl group is covalently attached to a serine residue in the active site of the COX enzyme . This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDs ( such as diclofenac and ibuprofen ) , which are reversible inhibitors . However , other effects of aspirin , such as uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria , and the modulation of signaling through NF - κB , are also being investigated . Some of its effects are like those of salicylic acid , which is not an acetylating agent .
The Twilight Saga (film series)
The score for The Twilight Saga : New Moon was composed by Alexandre Desplat while Alexandra Patsavas returned as music supervisor for the rest of the soundtrack . Weitz has a working relationship with Desplat , who scored one of his previous films , The Golden Compass . The Twilight Saga : New Moon : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on October 16 , 2009 by Patsavas ' Chop Shop label , in conjunction with Atlantic Records . The album debuted at # 2 on the Billboard 200 , later jumped to # 1 with 153,000 copies sold . The Twilight Saga : New Moon : The Score was released on November 24 , 2009 .
Roman calendar
Roman dates were counted inclusively forward to the next of three principal days : the first of the month ( the kalends ) , a day less than the middle of the month ( the ides ) , and eight days -- nine , counting inclusively -- before this ( the nones ) . The original calendar consisted of 10 months beginning in spring with March ; winter was left as an unassigned span of days . These months ran for 38 nundinal cycles , each forming a kind of eight ( i.e. nine ) day week ended by religious rituals and a public market . The winter period was later divided into two months , January and February . The legendary early kings Romulus and Numa were traditionally credited with establishing this early fixed calendar , which bears traces of its origin as an observational lunar one . In particular , the kalends , nones , and ides seem to have derived from the first sighting of the crescent moon , the first - quarter moon , and the full moon respectively . The system ran well short of the solar year , and it needed constant intercalation to keep religious festivals and other activities in their proper seasons . For superstitious reasons , such intercalation occurred within the month of February even after it was no longer considered the last month .
Utilitarianism
However , with intention the situation is more complex . In a footnote printed in the second edition of Utilitarianism , Mill says : `` the morality of the action depends entirely upon the intention -- that is , upon what the agent wills to do . '' Elsewhere , he says , `` Intention , and motive , are two very different things . But it is the intention , that is , the foresight of consequences , which constitutes the moral rightness or wrongness of the act . ''
Gospel of Mark
Mark does not explicitly state what he means by `` Son of God '' , nor when the sonship was conferred . The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings :
Speed of sound
Some textbooks mistakenly state that the speed of sound increases with increasing density . This is usually illustrated by presenting data for three materials , such as air , water and steel , which also have vastly different levels compressibilities which more than make up for the density differences . An illustrative example of the two effects is that sound travels only 4.3 times faster in water than air , despite enormous differences in compressibility of the two media . The reason is that the larger density of water , which works to slow sound in water relative to air , nearly makes up for the compressibility differences in the two media .
Adolescence
Adolescents ' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children : they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists . One manifestation of the adolescent 's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning , which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking . This provides the ability to plan ahead , see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events . It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters , as they can reason against a friend 's or parent 's assumptions . Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability .
Lord of the Flies (1990 film)
The following morning , Jack and his hunters begin setting the jungle on fire to force Ralph out of hiding and kill him . Just barely dodging the spreading fire and Jack 's hunters , Ralph makes a desperate run to the sea . He falls onto the beach , where he encounters a U.S. Marine Corps officer who has just landed on the island after having seen the fire that engulfed much of the island . The officer then asks `` What are you boys doing ? '' as Ralph breaks down in tears . All the hunters , especially Jack and Roger , are scared at what will happen to them for killing Simon and Piggy and their failed attempt to kill Ralph as more Marines show up .
Income inequality in the United States
George Packer wrote that `` Inequality hardens society into a class system ... Inequality divides us from one another in schools , in neighborhoods , at work , on airplanes , in hospitals , in what we eat , in the condition of our bodies , in what we think , in our children 's futures , in how we die . Inequality makes it harder to imagine the lives of others .
History of calendars
The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE . The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years . This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation .
Differential (mechanical device)
Non-automotive uses of differentials include performing analog arithmetic . Two of the differential 's three shafts are made to rotate through angles that represent ( are proportional to ) two numbers , and the angle of the third shaft 's rotation represents the sum or difference of the two input numbers . The earliest known use of a differential gear is in the Antikythera mechanism , circa 80 BCE , which used a differential gear to control a small sphere representing the moon from the difference between the sun and moon position pointers . The ball was painted black and white in hemispheres , and graphically showed the phase of the moon at a particular point in time . See also the Chinese South - pointing chariot . An equation clock that used a differential for addition was made in 1720 . In the 20th Century , large assemblies of many differentials were used as analog computers , calculating , for example , the direction in which a gun should be aimed . However , the development of electronic digital computers has made these uses of differentials obsolete . Military uses may still exist , for example , for a hypothetical computer designed to survive an electromagnetic pulse . Practically all the differentials that are now made are used in automobiles and similar vehicles .
Starving Time
At Jamestown , a drought earlier in 1609 during the normal growing season had left the fields of the colonists of Virginia barren . Between the lack of trade with the Native Americans , and the failure of the Third Supply to arrive with expected supplies , the colony found itself with far too little food for the winter . With the new arrivals , there were many more mouths to feed . There are different interpretations as to what occurred during the horrid winter of 1609 - 1610 . Some sources say that the colonists were under siege by the Powhatan Native Americans , but the lack of primary documentation reveals the hastiness in that conclusion . Others say that it was a mixture of the drought , harsh winter and deteriorating Native - English relationships or that it was brought on by the English and that it was completely avoidable for various reasons . Hundreds of colonists died horrible deaths from a culmination of different reasons that may never be known .
Spark plug
The spark plug 's firing end will be affected by the internal environment of the combustion chamber . As the spark plug can be removed for inspection , the effects of combustion on the plug can be examined . An examination , or `` reading '' of the characteristic markings on the firing end of the spark plug can indicate conditions within the running engine . The spark plug tip will bear the marks as evidence of what is happening inside the engine . Usually there is no other way to know what is going on inside an engine running at peak power . Engine and spark plug manufacturers will publish information about the characteristic markings in spark plug reading charts . Such charts are useful for general use but are of almost no use in reading racing engine spark plugs , which is an entirely different matter .
Individualism
Liberalism comes in many forms . According to John N. Gray , the essence of liberalism is toleration of different beliefs and of different ideas as to what constitutes a good life .
Raggedy Ann
... found themselves at the center of several legend cycles -- groups of stories that , while containing kernels of truth , are more myth than they are history . What makes this even more intriguing is that fact that Johnny Gruelle , either unwittingly or with the great sense of humor he was known for , initiated many of these legends , a number of which are continuously repeated as the factual history of Raggedy Ann and Andy .
Tabla
The tabla consists of two single headed , barrel shaped small drums of slightly different size and shapes : daya also called dahina meaning right , and baya also called bahina meaning left . The daya tabla is played by the musician 's right hand ( dominant hand ) , and is about 15 centimetres ( ~ 6 in ) in diameter and 25 centimetres ( ~ 10 in ) high . The baya tabla is a bit bigger and deep kettledrum shaped , about 20 centimetres ( ~ 8 in ) in diameter and 25 centimetres ( ~ 10 in ) in height . Each is made of hollowed out wood or clay or brass , the daya drum laced with hoops , thongs and wooden dowels on its sides . The dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membrane . The daya is tuned to the ground note of the raga called Sa ( tonic in Western music ) . The baya construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the daya drum . The musician uses his hand 's heel pressure to change the pitch and tone colour of each drum during a performance . Play
Foreign policy of the United States
Treaties are formal written agreements specified by the Treaty Clause of the Constitution . The President makes a treaty with foreign powers , but then the proposed treaty must be ratified by a two - thirds vote in the Senate . For example , President Wilson proposed the Treaty of Versailles after World War I after consulting with allied powers , but this treaty was rejected by the Senate ; as a result , the U.S. subsequently made separate agreements with different nations . While most international law has a broader interpretation of the term treaty , the U.S. sense of the term is more restricted . In Missouri v. Holland , the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government , and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states . Executive agreements are made by the President -- in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers -- alone . Congressional - executive agreements are made by the President and Congress . A majority of both houses makes it binding much like regular legislation after it is signed by the president . The Constitution does not expressly state that these agreements are allowed , and constitutional scholars such as Laurence Tribe think they are unconstitutional .
Cinema of the Philippines
What made this proclamation different from those appointed by the board was that the government now had jurisdiction over bodies that were at fault . It was proclaimed in coordination with the Department of National Defense . In fear of legal action and prosecution , the board tightened their rules , banning 148 imported movies and 50 local movies which displayed negative acts . Films were expected to uphold objectives of the New Society through upholding moral values and ensuring that the ideologies shown did not subvert the peace of the nation and the mind .
History of the center of the Universe
This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the Sun , Moon , stars , and naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth , including the noteworthy models of Aristotle ( see Aristotelian physics ) and Ptolemy . This geocentric model was the dominant model from the 4th century BCE until the 17th century CE .
Ramcharitmanas
Araṇya Kāṇḍ 's first verse again extols Shiva : I reverence Bhagavan Śańkara , the progeny of Brahmā , the very root of the tree of piety , the beloved , devotee of King Śri Rama , the full moon that brings joy to the ocean of wisdom , the sun that opens the lotus of dispassion , the wind that disperses the clouds of ignorance , who dispels the thick darkness of sin and eradicates the threefold agony and who wipes off all calumny and obloquy .
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)
Tancharoen hinted that the series would continue Age of Ultron 's theme of `` diving into the world of A.I. ( and ) things may not go as planned '' . On what makes Aida different from the villain Ultron , Whedon explained that `` Aida started as something that was supposed to mimic human behavior . Ultron came out almost a fully fleshed - out creature with his own agenda , where she 's been discovering hers along the way . '' He added that instead of thousands of robots , the LMDs would be presented as android versions of the other characters in the series . Whedon said of themes that are raised in the second pod , `` there are issues of reality and identity . Trust is always an issue in a spy organization . It 's much worse when you do n't know if the person next to you is the person next to you ... When you get into trust , that 's when things get emotional . '' The pod ends with the Melinda May LMD seemingly destroying herself and all the other known LMDs besides Aida , concluding her specific arc which explored the nature of humanity and identity . Asked if any of these LMDs survived this act , and could carry over to the third pod of the season , Whedon said `` We 'll see , but the idea was to put that chapter behind us . '' Agents
Ancient Greek architecture
In the three orders of ancient Greek architecture , the sculptural decoration , be it a simple half round astragal , a frieze of stylised foliage or the ornate sculpture of the pediment , is all essential to the architecture of which it is a part . In the Doric order , there is no variation in its placement . Reliefs never decorate walls in an arbitrary way . The sculpture is always located in several predetermined areas , the metopes and the pediment . In later Ionic architecture , there is greater diversity in the types and numbers of mouldings and decorations , particularly around doorways , where voluted brackets sometimes occur supporting an ornamental cornice over a door , such as that at the Erechtheion . A much applied narrow moulding is called `` bead and reel '' and is symmetrical , stemming from turned wooden prototypes . Wider mouldings include one with tongue - like or pointed leaf shapes , which are grooved and sometimes turned upward at the tip , and `` egg and dart '' moulding which alternates ovoid shapes with narrow pointy ones . Architectural
Eid al-Adha
In many countries , the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities , so the exact day of celebration varies by locality .
Three Witches
Henry Fuseli would later create one of the more famous portrayals of the Three Witches in 1783 , entitled The Weird Sisters or The Three Witches . In it , the witches are lined up and dramatically pointing at something all at once , their faces in profile . This painting was parodied by James Gillray in 1791 in Weird Sisters ; Ministers of Darkness ; Minions of the Moon . Three figures are lined up with their faces in profile in a way similar to Fuseli 's painting . However , the three figures are recognisable as Lord Dundas ( the home secretary at the time ) , William Pitt ( prime minister ) , and Lord Thurlow ( Lord Chancellor ) . The three of them are facing a moon , which contains the profiled faces of George III and Queen Charlotte . The drawing is intended to highlight the insanity of King George and the unusual alliance of the three politicians .
Observable universe
If the universe is finite but unbounded , it is also possible that the universe is smaller than the observable universe . In this case , what we take to be very distant galaxies may actually be duplicate images of nearby galaxies , formed by light that has circumnavigated the universe . It is difficult to test this hypothesis experimentally because different images of a galaxy would show different eras in its history , and consequently might appear quite different . Bielewicz et al. claims to establish a lower bound of 27.9 gigaparsecs ( 91 billion light - years ) on the diameter of the last scattering surface ( since this is only a lower bound , the paper leaves open the possibility that the whole universe is much larger , even infinite ) . This value is based on matching - circle analysis of the WMAP 7 year data . This approach has been disputed .
Pandora
Over the course of the 19th century the story of Pandora was interpreted in radically different ways by four dramatic authors in four countries . In two of these she was presented as the bride of Epimetheus ; in the two others she was the wife of Prometheus . The earliest of these works was the lyrical dramatic fragment by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , written between 1807 - 8 . Though it bears the title Pandora , what exists of the play revolves round Epimetheus ' longing for the return of the wife who has abandoned him and has yet to arrive . It is in fact a philosophical transformation of Goethe 's passion in old age for a teenaged girl .
Medieval music
For the duration of the medieval period , most music would be composed primarily in perfect tempus , with special effects created by sections of imperfect tempus ; there is a great current controversy among musicologists as to whether such sections were performed with a breve of equal length or whether it changed , and if so , at what proportion . This Ars Nova style remained the primary rhythmical system until the highly syncopated works of the Ars subtilior at the end of the 14th century , characterized by extremes of notational and rhythmic complexity . This sub-genera pushed the rhythmic freedom provided by Ars Nova to its limits , with some compositions having different voices written in different mensurations simultaneously . The rhythmic complexity that was realized in this music is comparable to that in the 20th century . Polyphony