vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of Vietnam
The purpose of tracing back to Shennong was to claim that the length of Vietnam 's history rivaled China 's .
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
The Wolf of Wall Street : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various artists Released December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) ( Digital download ) Length 56 : 30 Label Virgin Records
Triangle
where b is the length of the base of the triangle , and h is the height or altitude of the triangle . The term `` base '' denotes any side , and `` height '' denotes the length of a perpendicular from the vertex opposite the side onto the line containing the side itself . In 499 CE Aryabhata , a great mathematician - astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy , used this method in the Aryabhatiya ( section 2.6 ) .
Gold standard
Countries that left the gold standard earlier than other countries recovered from the Great Depression sooner . For example , Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries , which left the gold standard in 1931 , recovered much earlier than France and Belgium , which remained on gold much longer . Countries such as China , which had a silver standard , almost entirely avoided the depression ( due to the fact it was then barely integrated into the global economy ) . The connection between leaving the gold standard and the severity and duration of the depression was consistent for dozens of countries , including developing countries . This may explain why the experience and length of the depression differed between national economies .
Causes of the Great Depression
There are also various heterodox theories that reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists . Some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression . The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply and how central banking decisions can lead to malinvestment . Marxian economists view the Great Depression , with all other economic crises , as a symptom of the classism and instability inherent in the capitalist model .
State of matter
Color - glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light . According to Einstein 's theory of relativity , a high - energy nucleus appears length contracted , or compressed , along its direction of motion . As a result , the gluons inside the nucleus appear to a stationary observer as a `` gluonic wall '' traveling near the speed of light . At very high energies , the density of the gluons in this wall is seen to increase greatly . Unlike the quark -- gluon plasma produced in the collision of such walls , the color - glass condensate describes the walls themselves , and is an intrinsic property of the particles that can only be observed under high - energy conditions such as those at RHIC and possibly at the Large Hadron Collider as well .
Pendulum
The difference between clock pendulums and gravimeter pendulums is that to measure gravity , the pendulum 's length as well as its period has to be measured . The period of freeswinging pendulums could be found to great precision by comparing their swing with a precision clock that had been adjusted to keep correct time by the passage of stars overhead . In the early measurements , a weight on a cord was suspended in front of the clock pendulum , and its length adjusted until the two pendulums swung in exact synchronism . Then the length of the cord was measured . From the length and the period , g could be calculated from equation ( 1 ) .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
Having difficulties in communicating with German scientists , the Scottish inventor James Watt , in 1783 , called for the creation of a global decimal measurement system . A letter of invitation , in 1790 , from the French National Assembly to the British Parliament to help create such a system using the length of a pendulum as the base unit of length received the support of the British Parliament , championed by John Riggs Miller , but when the French overthrew their monarchy and decided to use the meridional definition of the metre as their base unit , Britain withdrew support . The French continued alone and created the foundations of what is now called the Système International d'Unités and is the measurement system for most of the world .
Triangle
The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse . In our case
Triangle
The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse . In our case
Triangle
The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side . In our case
Neuron
Sensory neurons can have axons that run from the toes to the posterior column of the spinal cord , over 1.5 meters in adults . Giraffes have single axons several meters in length running along the entire length of their necks . Much of what is known about axonal function comes from studying the squid giant axon , an ideal experimental preparation because of its relatively immense size ( 0.5 -- 1 millimeters thick , several centimeters long ) .
Triangle
If the legs of a right triangle have the same length , then the angles opposite those legs have the same measure . Since these angles are complementary , it follows that each measures 45 degrees . By the Pythagorean theorem , the length of the hypotenuse is the length of a leg times √ 2 . In a right triangle with acute angles measuring 30 and 60 degrees , the hypotenuse is twice the length of the shorter side , and the longer side is equal to the length of the shorter side times √ 3 :
SS Great Britain
The new owners decided not merely to give the vessel a total refit . The keel , badly damaged during the grounding , was completely renewed along a length of 150 feet ( 46 m ) , and the owners took the opportunity to further strengthen the hull . The old keelsons were replaced and ten new ones laid , which ran the entire length of the keel . Both the bow and stern were also strengthened by heavy frames of double angle iron .
Buckingham Palace
At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors . This is a Chinese - style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary , who , working with the designer Sir Charles Allom , created a more `` binding '' Chinese theme in the late 1920s , although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873 . Running the length of the piano nobile of the east wing is the great gallery , modestly known as the Principal Corridor , which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle . It has mirrored doors , and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton . The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery , with the Centre Room obviously placed in the centre .
Heart
The middle layer of the heart wall is the myocardium , which is the cardiac muscle -- a layer of involuntary striated muscle tissue surrounded by a framework of collagen . The cardiac muscle pattern is elegant and complex , as the muscle cells swirl and spiral around the chambers of the heart , with the outer muscles forming a figure 8 pattern around the atria and around the bases of the great vessels , and inner muscles formining a figure 8 around the two ventricles and proceed toward the apex . This complex swirling pattern allows the heart to pump blood more effectively .
Jai alai
The players frequently attempt a `` chula '' shot , where the ball is played off the front wall very high , then reaches the bottom of the back wall by the end of its arc . The bounce off the bottom of the back wall can be very low , and the ball is very difficult to return in this situation .
The Tyger
The first and last stanzas are identical except the word `` could '' becomes `` dare '' in the second iteration . Kazin says to begin to wonder about the tiger , and its nature , can only lead to a daring to wonder about it . Blake achieves great power through the use of alliteration ( `` frame '' and `` fearful '' ) combined with imagery ( burning , fire , eyes ) , and he structures the poem to ring with incessant repetitive questioning , demanding of the creature , `` Who made thee ? '' In the third stanza the focus moves from the tiger , the creation , to the creator -- of whom Blake wonders `` What dread hand ? & what dread feet ? '' . `` The Tyger '' is six stanzas in length , each stanza four lines long . Much of the poem follows the metrical pattern of its first line and can be scanned as trochaic tetrameter catalectic . A number of lines , however , such as line four in the first stanza , fall into iambic tetrameter .
Triangle
A central theorem is the Pythagorean theorem , which states in any right triangle , the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two other sides . If the hypotenuse has length c , and the legs have lengths a and b , then the theorem states that
History of calendars
Khayyam measured the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days . Two comments on this result . Firstly it shows an incredible confidence to attempt to give the result to this degree of accuracy . We know now that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person 's lifetime . Secondly it is outstandingly accurate . For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days , while today it is 365.242190 days .
History of calendars
In the 11th century in Persia , a calendar reform led by Khayyam was announced in 1079 , when the length of the year was measured as 365.24219858156 days . Given that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person 's lifetime , this is outstandingly accurate . For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days , while today it is 365.242190 days .
Ship
The ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats . A remarkable example of their shipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship , a vessel 143 feet ( 44 m ) in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954 .
Qing dynasty
This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 ( increasing to eight in 1642 ) . Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou . This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty 's most battle - hardened troops , the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor ( who thought Yuan had betrayed him ) , and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall .
Radian
Although the radian is a unit of measure , it is a dimensionless quantity . This can be seen from the definition given earlier : the angle subtended at the centre of a circle , measured in radians , is equal to the ratio of the length of the enclosed arc to the length of the circle 's radius . Since the units of measurement cancel , this ratio is dimensionless .
Speed of light
The relative uncertainty in these measurements is 0.02 parts per billion ( 6989200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 ) , equivalent to the uncertainty in Earth - based measurements of length by interferometry . Since the metre is defined to be the length travelled by light in a certain time interval , the measurement of the light time in terms of the previous definition of the astronomical unit can also be interpreted as measuring the length of an AU ( old definition ) in metres .
The Miller's Tale
Nicholas is described not by his valor in battle or honour in the court . Instead , his many skills are described at great length , including the fact that he is studying one of the many scholarly arts that were popular at that time . Chaucer then goes on to describe what Nicholas is wearing and his skills as a musician .
Aftermath of the Korean War
During the war , over an estimate number of 21,800 Chinese troops were taken prisoner by the Allies . After the war , they were given a chance to return to the People 's Republic of China or to go to the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Over two thirds of the entire group chose to go to Taiwan for the fears of government reprisal , consequently defecting to the Army of the Republic of China .
Great Pyramid of Giza
In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 .
Gold standard
The Austrian School asserted that the Great Depression was the result of a credit bust . Alan Greenspan wrote that the bank failures of the 1930s were sparked by Great Britain dropping the gold standard in 1931 . This act `` tore asunder '' any remaining confidence in the banking system . Financial historian Niall Ferguson wrote that what made the Great Depression truly ' great ' was the European banking crisis of 1931 . According to Fed Chairman Marriner Eccles , the root cause was the concentration of wealth resulting in a stagnating or decreasing standard of living for the poor and middle class . These classes went into debt , producing the credit explosion of the 1920s . Eventually the debt load grew too heavy , resulting in the massive defaults and financial panics of the 1930s . World
Geography of China
China is involved in a complex dispute with Malaysia , Philippines , Vietnam , and possibly Brunei over the Spratly ( Nansha ) Islands in the South China Sea . The 2002 `` Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea '' eased tensions but fell short of a legally binding code of conduct desired by several of the disputants . China also controls the Paracel ( Xisha ) Islands , which are also claimed by Vietnam , and asserts a claim to the Japanese - administered Senkaku ( Diaoyu ) Islands in the East China Sea .
Great Depression in the United States
There is little agreement on what caused the Great Depression , and the topic has become highly politicized . At the time the great majority of economists around the world recommended the `` orthodox '' solution of cutting government spending and raising taxes . However , British economist John Maynard Keynes advocated large - scale government deficit spending to make up for the failure of private investment . No major nation adopted his policies in the 1930s .
Triangle
The law of cosines , or cosine rule , connects the length of an unknown side of a triangle to the length of the other sides and the angle opposite to the unknown side . As per the law :
Pendulum
The initial attraction of the pendulum length standard was that it was believed ( by early scientists such as Huygens and Wren ) that gravity was constant over the Earth 's surface , so a given pendulum had the same period at any point on Earth . So the length of the standard pendulum could be measured at any location , and would not be tied to any given nation or region ; it would be a truly democratic , worldwide standard . Although Richer found in 1672 that gravity varies at different points on the globe , the idea of a pendulum length standard remained popular , because it was found that gravity only varies with latitude . Gravitational acceleration increases smoothly from the equator to the poles , due to the oblate shape of the Earth , so at any given latitude ( east - west line ) , gravity was constant enough that the length of a seconds pendulum was the same within the measurement capability of the 18th century . Thus the unit of length could be defined at a given latitude and measured at any point along that latitude . For example , a pendulum standard defined at 45 ° north latitude , a popular choice , could be measured in parts of France , Italy , Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Russia , Kazakhstan , China , Mongolia , the United States and Canada . In addition , it could be recreated at any location at which the gravitational acceleration had been accurately measured .
One-child policy
Sex - selected abortion , abandonment , and infanticide are illegal in China . Nevertheless , the United States Department of State , the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and the human rights organization Amnesty International have all declared that infanticide still exists . A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote , `` The ' one - child ' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called ' Missing Women ' , or the 100 million girls ' missing ' from the populations of China ( and other developing countries ) as a result of female infanticide , abandonment , and neglect '' .
Great Depression in the United States
The President Roosevelt also used the silver standard instead of gold to exchange dollars , it determined by the price of the bank . In April 1933 , Roosevelt decided to abolish the gold standard through the New Deal . He abandoned this traditional monetary policy is mainly due to the big crisis to the original monetary policy failure . And the purpose of his action is to prohibit all exports of gold except for foreign countries , so that the United States can maintain an equal monetary base with the vast majority of countries . The Hoover government stubbornly insisted on using the `` sound money '' policy who against deficit spending and state relief that only make the economic crisis worsen . Because of this situation Roosevelt forced the implementation of inflation , and used the federal deficit spending to promote employment to enforce relief . The abandon of the gold standard made the Wall Street stock prices quickly increased , Wall Street 's stock trading was exceptionally active , with a total of 5 million shares delivered on a day , which is the most active day in the past six months .
Pleurisy
Insertion of a needle through the skin on the chest to remove a small sample of the outer layer of the pleura Insertion of a small tube with a light on the end ( endoscope ) into tiny cuts in the chest wall to visualize the pleura , and biopsy of small pieces of tissue through the endoscope Removal of a sample of the pleura through a small cut in the chest wall ( open pleural biopsy ) , usually done if the sample from the needle biopsy is too small for accurate diagnosis
Modern history
The Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus . The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens . When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng 's peasant rebels in 1644 , the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committed suicide . The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing , which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty . The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper . Schoppa , the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues , `` A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical ' reality ' . It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . '' Japan
Spratly Islands dispute
The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) claims all of the Spratly Islands as part of China based on history and not UNCLOS . The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) is a party to the UNCLOS , signing the agreement on 29 July 1994 .
Eyepiece
The focal length of an eyepiece is the distance from the principal plane of the eyepiece where parallel rays of light converge to a single point . When in use , the focal length of an eyepiece , combined with the focal length of the telescope or microscope objective , to which it is attached , determines the magnification . It is usually expressed in millimetres when referring to the eyepiece alone . When interchanging a set of eyepieces on a single instrument , however , some users prefer to refer to identify each eyepiece by the magnification produced .
Ellis Island
The State of New York leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795 . Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the United States in 1808 . Shortly thereafter the War Department established a circular stone 14 - gun battery , a mortar battery ( possibly of six mortars ) , magazine , and barracks . This was part of what was later called the second system of US fortifications . From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal . The fort was initially called Crown Fort , but the end of the War of 1812 the battery was named Fort Gibson , after Colonel James Gibson of the 4th Regiment of Riflemen , killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in that war . Parts of the wall foundations of the fort were uncovered while excavating for the Immigrant Wall of Honor , and they are preserved with an interpretive plaque . The island remained a military post for nearly 80 years before it was selected to be a federal immigration station .
Triangle
Although simple , this formula is only useful if the height can be readily found , which is not always the case . For example , the surveyor of a triangular field might find it relatively easy to measure the length of each side , but relatively difficult to construct a ' height ' . Various methods may be used in practice , depending on what is known about the triangle . The following is a selection of frequently used formulae for the area of a triangle .
Eyepiece
Actual field of view the angular size of the amount of sky that can be seen through an eyepiece when used with a particular telescope , producing a specific magnification . It ranges typically between 0.1 and 2 degrees . Apparent field of view this is a measure of the angular size of the image viewed through the eyepiece , in other words , how large the image appears ( as distinct from the magnification ) . This is constant for any given eyepiece of fixed focal length , and may be used to calculate what the actual field of view will be when the eyepiece is used with a given telescope . The measurement ranges from 30 to 110 degrees .
Pendulum
In the discussions leading up to the French adoption of the metric system in 1791 , the leading candidate for the definition of the new unit of length , the metre , was the seconds pendulum at 45 ° North latitude . It was advocated by a group led by French politician Talleyrand and mathematician Antoine Nicolas Caritat de Condorcet . This was one of the three final options considered by the French Academy of Sciences committee . However , on March 19 , 1791 the committee instead chose to base the metre on the length of the meridian through Paris . A pendulum definition was rejected because of its variability at different locations , and because it defined length by a unit of time . ( However , since 1983 the metre has been officially defined in terms of the length of the second and the speed of light . ) A possible additional reason is that the radical French Academy did n't want to base their new system on the second , a traditional and nondecimal unit from the ancien regime .