vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States news media and the Vietnam War
The gradual dissipation of American support for the war was apparent in changes in the source of news stories . The traditional sources - press conferences , official news releases , and reports of official proceedings were less utilized than ever before . Reporters were doing more research , conducting more interviews , and publishing more analytical essays . There was also an increase in the number of American homes that acquired a television set which led to a rise in people gaining their knowledge of the war from television . The media never became `` acutely critical ... but more sober , and more skeptical It did not , however , examine or reexamine its basic assumptions about the nature of the war it had helped to propagate . Never , for example , did historian Daniel Hallin hear an American correspondent or commentator utter the word imperialism in connection with the U.S. commitment on television . On those rare occasions when the underlying reasons for the American intervention were explicitly questioned , journalists continued to defend the honorableness of American motives .
British Empire
Britain 's declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Newfoundland and South Africa . All soon declared war on Germany , but Ireland chose to remain legally neutral throughout the war .
Bobby Singer
Actor Jim Beaver described Bobby as a `` rough but warmhearted '' working - class man with the outlook that `` sometimes there are things that need to be done and they 're not fun to do , but they got ta be done anyway . '' When the `` usually level - headed '' hunter must use a wheelchair in the fifth season , he becomes `` frustrated and angry '' ; instead of being able to join the battles , he is `` stuck at home manning the telephones . '' This feeling of uselessness eventually leads to thoughts of suicide , though he deems himself too much of a coward to go through with it . On the situation , Beaver commented , `` Bobby lives in a world where all kinds of strange things are possible . Somewhere along the line , he has a hope that one of these strange , miraculous things might happen to him . I think he is also a realist . He understands that even when you have friends that come back from the dead , not everything that you want to happen is going to happen . ''
Ryukyu Islands
Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's reunification of Japan finalized the Tanegashima clan 's status as a senior vassal of the Shimazu clan . It was relocated to Chiran of mainland Kyūshū in 1595 . Although it moved back to Tanegashima in 1599 , Yakushima and Kuchinoerabu Island fall under the direct control of the Shimazu clan . These islands all constituted Satsuma Domain during the Edo period .
Vietnam War
Chiến tranh Việt Nam ( Vietnamese ) Part of the Indochina Wars and the Cold War Clockwise , from top left : U.S. combat operations in Ia Đrăng , ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tết Offensive , two A-4C Skyhawks after the Gulf of Tonkin incident , ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive , civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị , and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre . Date 1 November 1955 -- 30 April 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 30 ) ( 19 years , 5 months , 4 weeks and 1 day ) Location South Vietnam , North Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos , South China Sea , Gulf of Thailand Result North Vietnamese victory Withdrawal of U.S. forces Expulsion of U.S. civilian / military staff from Cambodia , Laos and South Vietnam Communist forces take power in South Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos Reunification of Vietnam Start of the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Start of the boat people crisis and Indochina refugee crisis Territorial changes Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Belligerents South Vietnam United States South Korea Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Thailand Australia Philippines New Zealand Military support : Taiwan Other support ( show ) Brazil Iran Japan Spain Malaysia West Germany United Kingdom North Vietnam Viet Cong and PRG North Korea Cambodia Government - in - Exile Khmer Rouge China Pathet Lao Military support : Soviet Union Cuba Czechoslovakia East Germany Poland Other support ( show ) Bulgaria Hungary Romania Sweden Commanders and leaders Ngô Đình Diệm † Ngô Đình Nhu † Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Cao Văn Viên Ngô Quang Trưởng Dương Văn Minh Trần Văn Hương Nguyễn Khánh Trần Thiện Khiêm Nguyễn Văn Hiếu † Đỗ Cao Trí † Nguyễn Chánh Thi Lê Minh Đảo John F. Kennedy † Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Robert McNamara William Westmoreland Creighton Abrams Frederick C. Weyand Paul D. Harkins Lon Nol Sisowath Sirik Matak Vang Pao Souvanna Phouma Phoumi Nosavan ...
Causes of World War II
Between 1919 and 1939 Poland pursued a policy of balancing between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany , seeking non-aggression treaties with both . In early 1939 Germany demanded that Poland join the Anti-Comintern Pact as a satellite state of Germany . Poland , fearing a loss of independence , refused , and Hitler told his generals on 23 May 1939 that the reason for invading Poland was not Danzig : `` Danzig is not the issue at stake . It 's a matter of extending our living space in the East ... '' To deter Hitler , Britain and France announced that an invasion would mean war and tried to convince the Soviet Union to join in this deterrence . Moscow pretended to play along with this wish but found it could gain control of the Baltic states and parts of Poland by allying with Germany , which it did in August 1939 . London 's deterrence had failed , but Hitler did not expect a wider war . Germany invaded Poland on September 1 , 1939 , and rejected the British and French demands that it withdraw , resulting in their declaration of war on September 3 , 1939 , in accordance with the defense treaties with Poland that they had signed and publicly announced .
World War I
German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) . Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so .
Joan of Arc
The twelve articles of accusation which summarized the court 's findings contradicted the already doctored court record . The illiterate defendant signed an abjuration document that she did not understand under threat of immediate execution . The court substituted a different abjuration in the official record .
List of The Mortal Instruments characters
When the plan of Sebastian was finally revealed to her , she could n't believe what could happen . At the enchantment ceremony , she was surprised when Amatis was turned into a dark Shadowhunter by the blood of Lilith . At the same time , Magnus , Alec , Maryse , Isabelle , and Simon arrived , with Glorious in hand . When Glorious was handed to her , she struck Jace , the mark of Lilith burning , making him cry out in pain .
Operation Barbarossa
Although Hitler was warned by his general staff that occupying `` Western Russia '' would create `` more of a drain than a relief for Germany 's economic situation '' , he anticipated compensatory benefits , such as the demobilization of entire divisions to relieve the acute labor shortage in German industry ; the exploitation of Ukraine as a reliable and immense source of agricultural products ; the use of forced labor to stimulate Germany 's overall economy ; and the expansion of territory to improve Germany 's efforts to isolate the United Kingdom . Hitler was convinced that Britain would sue for peace once the Germans triumphed in the Soviet Union , and if they did not , he would use the resources available in the East to defeat the British Empire . We
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand . In 2013 , in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur , The Hindu quoted him as saying , `` Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy ( in the Main Frontal Thrust ) , now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake . I can not say when . It may not happen tomorrow , but it could possibly happen sometime this century , or wait longer to produce a much larger one . '' According to Brian Tucker , founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters , some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again . Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said , `` We do n't have to worry about earthquakes anymore , because we already had an earthquake '' ; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934 .
Containment
The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked the official end of the containment policy , but the U.S. kept its bases in the areas around Russia , such as those in Iceland , Germany , and Turkey . Also , much of the policy helped influence U.S. foreign policy in later years , such as during the War on Terror and dealing with post-Cold War dictators , such as Iraq 's Saddam Hussein .
Treaty of Versailles
The British historian of modern Germany , Richard J. Evans , wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa . Consequently , any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them . Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles . Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition , namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , the social liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) and the Christian democratic Centre Party , were all equally opposed to Versailles , and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the Weimar Republic . Finally , Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic , instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy . He also argued that Versailles was not the `` main cause '' of National Socialism and the German economy was `` only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations '' .
Articles of Confederation
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states .
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson objected to Britain 's seizure of mail from neutral ships and its blacklisting of firms that did any business with Germany . Wilson insisted a league of nations was the solution to ending the war . Wilson found it increasingly difficult to maintain neutrality , after Germany rescinded earlier promises -- the Arabic pledge and the Sussex pledge . Early in 1917 the German ambassador Johann von Bernstorf informed the U.S. of Germany 's commitment to unrestricted submarine warfare . Then came the revelation of the Zimmermann Telegram , in which Germany attempted to enlist Mexico as a fighting ally . Wilson 's reaction after consulting the cabinet and the Congress was a minimal one -- that diplomatic relations with the Germans be brought to a halt . The president said , `` We are the sincere friends of the German people and earnestly desire to remain at peace with them . We shall not believe they are hostile to us unless or until we are obliged to believe it '' . In March 1917 several American ships were sunk by Germany ; the cabinet was unanimously in favor of war . Gen.
Pinky ring
The use of the left - hand pinky finger as the wedding ring and royal signet or initial ring of the British Royal Family is an ironclad tradition dating back to the sons of Queen Victoria , who favored pinky rings in imitation of their mother as well as following German custom . Queen Victoria 's son Prince Leopold wore many rings on his left pinky , as did all of the sons of King George V. King Edward VII did not assign any special significance to his left pinky as later generations did , and his son George V wore no rings at all . The best example of such a ring was the one worn by King George VI . Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , consort to Queen Elizabeth II , wore his father 's signet ring until sometime in the 1970s , when he ceased to wear any signet . Prince Charles wears the official signet of the Prince of Wales , which ring is nearly 175 years old and was last worn by the former King Edward VIII ( styled as the Duke of Windsor following his abdication ) when he was still Prince of Wales . Prince Charles , as well as the other men in the family , wear their signets on top of their wedding bands .
Colonial history of the United States
Some emigrants who came to Colonial America were in search of religious freedom . London did not make the Church of England official in the colonies -- it never sent a bishop -- so religious practice became diverse .
Woodrow Wilson
In March 1916 the SS Sussex , an unarmed ferry under the French flag , was torpedoed in the English Channel and four Americans were counted among the dead ; the Germans had flouted the post-Lusitania exchanges . The president demanded the Germans reject their submarine tactics . Wilson drew praise when he succeeded in wringing from Germany a pledge to constrain their U-boat warfare to the rules of cruiser warfare . This was a clear departure from existing practices -- a diplomatic concession from which Germany could only more brazenly withdraw , and regrettably did .
Shotgun
Due to the cramped conditions of trench warfare , the American shotguns were extremely effective . Germany even filed an official diplomatic protest against their use , alleging they violated the laws of warfare . The judge advocate general reviewed the protest , and it was rejected because the Germans protested use of lead shot ( which would have been illegal ) but military shot was plated . This is the only occasion the legality of the shotgun 's use in warfare has been questioned . A
World War I
A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to :
World War I
Russia was the first to order a partial mobilization of its armies on 24 - 25 July , and when on 28 July Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia , Russia declared general mobilization on 30 July . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Over forty years earlier in 1870 , the Franco - Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace - Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice , so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and , on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so , according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro - Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Those of his men still loyal to the Governor of Cuba conspired to seize a ship and escape to Cuba , but Cortés moved swiftly to squash their plans . Two ringleaders were condemned to be hanged ; two were lashed , and one had his foot mutilated . To make sure such a mutiny did not happen again , he decided to scuttle his ships .
Catalonia
Since the Statute of Autonomy of 1979 , Aranese ( a dialect of Gascon Occitan ) has also been official and subject to special protection in Val d'Aran . This small area of 7,000 inhabitants was the only place where a dialect of Occitan has received full official status . Then , on 9 August 2006 , when the new Statute came into force , Occitan became official throughout Catalonia . Occitan is the mother tongue of 22.4 % of the population of Val d'Aran . Catalan Sign Language is also officially recognised .
Apothecaries' system
In Prussia , a reform in 1816 defined the Prussian civil pound in terms of the Prussian foot and distilled water . It also redefined the apothecaries ' pound as 12 ounces , i.e. / , of the civil pound : 350.78 g . This reform was not popular with apothecaries , because it broke the uniformity of the apothecaries ' pound in Germany at a time when a German national state was beginning to form . It seems that many apothecaries did not follow this reduction by 2 % .
Romanticism
Sculpture remained largely impervious to Romanticism , probably partly for technical reasons , as the most prestigious material of the day , marble , does not lend itself to expansive gestures . The leading sculptors in Europe , Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldsen , were both based in Rome and firm Neoclassicists , not at all tempted to allow influence from medieval sculpture , which would have been one possible approach to Romantic sculpture . When it did develop , true Romantic sculpture -- with the exception of a few artists such as Rudolf Maison -- rather oddly was missing in Germany , and mainly found in France , with François Rude , best known from his group of the 1830s from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris , David d'Angers , and Auguste Préault . Préault 's plaster relief entitled Slaughter , which represented the horrors of wars with exacerbated passion , caused so much scandal at the 1834 Salon that Préault was banned from this official annual exhibition for nearly twenty years . In Italy , the most important Romantic sculptor was Lorenzo Bartolini .
Balkans
Although the new government reaffirmed Serbia 's intentions to fulfill its obligations as member of the Axis , Germany , with Bulgaria , invaded both Greece and Yugoslavia . Yugoslavia immediately disintegrated when those loyal to the Serbian King and the Croatian units mutinied . Greece resisted , but , after two months of fighting , collapsed and was occupied . The two countries were partitioned between the three Axis allies , Bulgaria , Germany and Italy , and the Independent State of Croatia , a puppet state of Italy and Germany .
Hajj
Despite safety measures , incidents may happen during the Hajj as pilgrims are trampled or ramps collapse under the weight of the many visitors . During 2015 Hajj , a stampede resulted in 769 deaths and injuries to 934 others , according to the Saudi authorities . A report from Associated Press totalled at least 1470 fatalities from official reports from other countries , making it the most deadly such episode to date . Concerns were raised in 2013 and 2014 about the spread of MERS because of mass gatherings during the Hajj . Saudi Health Minister Abdullah Al - Rabia said authorities have detected no cases of MERS among the pilgrims so far . He also said that , despite few cases of MERS , Saudi Arabia was ready for the 2014 pilgrimage .
Triple Alliance (1882)
King Carol I of Romania was of German ancestry . That , coupled with his wish to turn Romania into a centre of stability in South - Eastern Europe ( as well as his fear of Russian expansion and their competing claims on Bessarabia ) , led to Romania secretly joining the Triple Alliance on 18 October 1883 . Only the King and a handful of senior Romanian politicians knew about it . Romania and Austria - Hungary pledged to help each other in the event of a Russian , Serbian , or Bulgarian attack . There were , however , several disputes between the two countries , the most notable being the policy of Magyarization of Transylvania 's Romanian population . Romania did eventually manage to achieve the status of Regional Power in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest , but less than a year later , World War I started and Romania , after a period of neutrality , in which both the Central Powers and the Allies tried persuading Romania to join their respective sides , eventually joined the Allies in 1916 , after being promised Romanian - inhabited Austro - Hungarian lands . Romania 's official reason for not siding with the Triple Alliance when the war started was the same as Italy 's : the Triple Alliance was a defensive alliance , but Germany and Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive .
Treaty of Versailles
The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was `` extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself , when she was expecting to win the war , had had in mind to impose on the Allies '' . Furthermore , he claimed , it was `` hardly a slap on the wrist '' when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918 , which had taken away a third of Russia 's population ( albeit of non-Russian ethnicity ) , one - half of Russia 's industrial undertakings and nine - tenths of Russia 's coal mines , coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks . Eventually , even under the `` cruel '' terms of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany ′ s economy had been restored to its pre-war status .