vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Polar bear
Polar bears rarely live beyond 25 years . The oldest wild bears on record died at age 32 , whereas the oldest captive was a female who died in 1991 , age 43 . The causes of death in wild adult polar bears are poorly understood , as carcasses are rarely found in the species 's frigid habitat . In the wild , old polar bears eventually become too weak to catch food , and gradually starve to death . Polar bears injured in fights or accidents may either die from their injuries or become unable to hunt effectively , leading to starvation .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Fred ( voiced by Fred Stoller ) is a dimwitted squirrel that lives in Central Park and takes everything said literally and has a slow , unemphatic speech pattern . Kowalski met Fred briefly in the `` Otter Gone Wild '' episode , while the full penguin group met him in `` Mask of the Raccoon '' where he is friends with Archie despite the fact that Archie is no good .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Jim Horne , a sleep researcher at Loughborough University , has suggested that REM in modern humans compensates for the reduced need for wakeful food foraging .
Plant virus
Although plant viruses are not nearly as well understood as the animal counterparts , one plant virus has become iconic . The first virus to be discovered ( see below ) was Tobacco mosaic virus ( TMV ) . This and other viruses cause an estimated US $60 billion loss in crop yields worldwide each year . Plant viruses are grouped into 73 genera and 49 families . However , these figures relate only to cultivated plants that represent only a tiny fraction of the total number of plant species . Viruses in wild plants have been poorly studied , but those studies that exist almost overwhelmingly show that such interactions between wild plants and their viruses do not appear to cause disease in the host plants .
Fleetwood Mac
Danny Kirwan died in London on 8 June 2018 . His former wife was quoted in an obituary in the New York Times as saying that he had died in his sleep after contracting pneumonia earlier in the year and never fully recovering from it . The September 2018 edition of the British music magazine ' Mojo ' , in a two - page tribute to Kirwan 's life and music ( `` A Loner and a One - Off : Danny Kirwan 1950 - 2018 '' ) , said Kirwan had been living in a care home in south London since 2002 , `` where he was well looked after and visited by family and friends until the end '' .
Latin America
Encouraged by the success of Guatemala in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , in 1960 , the U.S. decided to support an attack on Cuba by anti-Castro rebels . The Bay of Pigs invasion was an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961 , financed by the U.S. through the CIA , to overthrow Fidel Castro . The incident proved to be very embarrassing for the new Kennedy administration . Alliance
Ring Out, Wild Bells
According to a story widely held in Waltham Abbey , and repeated on many websites ( see two examples below ) , the ' wild bells ' in question were the bells of the Abbey Church . According to the local story , Tennyson was staying at High Beach in the vicinity and heard the bells being rung on New Year 's Eve .
Coffee
Alternatively , the word Khat , a plant widely used as stimulant in Yemen and Ethiopia before being supplanted by coffee has been suggested as a possible origin , or the Arabic word quwwah ' ( meaning `` strength '' ) . It may also come from the Kingdom of Kaffa in southeast Ethiopia where Coffea arabica grows wild , but this is considered less likely ; in the local Kaffa language , the coffee plant is instead called `` bunno '' .
Revenge
Blood feuds are still practiced in many parts of the world , including Kurdish regions of Turkey and in Papua New Guinea .
Sleeping Beauty
Italo Calvino included a variant in Italian Folktales . The cause of her sleep is an ill - advised wish by her mother . As in Pentamerone , the prince rapes her in her sleep and her children are born . He retains the element that the woman who tries to kill the children is the king 's mother , not his wife , but adds that she does not want to eat them herself , but instead serves them to the king . His version came from Calabria , but he noted that all Italian versions closely followed Basile 's .
Water buffalo
In March 2003 , the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature achieved consistency in the naming of wild and domestic water buffalo by ruling that the scientific name Bubalus arnee is valid for the wild form . B. bubalis continues to be valid for the domestic form and applies also to feral populations .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
In 2005 , Jonze and Dave Eggers completed a 111 - page screenplay , expanding the original ten - sentence story . On July 8 , 2006 , production began open auditions for the role of Max . The process took months , but , eventually , Max Records was cast . Academy Award - winning make - up effects supervisor Howard Berger ( The Chronicles of Narnia ) turned down offers to work on the film four times . Although the book inspired him as a child to work in special effects , he felt filming it was a `` horrible idea . '' Jim Henson 's Creature Shop provided the animatronic suits for the Wild Things .
Great Expectations
Magwitch is the protagonist of Peter Carey 's Jack Maggs , which is a re-imagining of Magwitch 's return to England , with the addition , among other things , of a fictionalised Dickens character and plot - line . Carey 's novel won the Commonwealth Writers Prize in 1998 . Mister Pip ( 2006 ) is a novel by Lloyd Jones , a New Zealand author . The winner of the 2007 Commonwealth Writers ' Prize , Lloyd Jones 's novel is set in a village on the Papua New Guinea island of Bougainville during a brutal civil war there in the 1990s , where the young protagonist 's life is impacted in a major way by her reading of Great Expectations .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
The studio decided not to position the film as a children 's movie and spent 70 % of the advertising on broad - based and adult - driven promotion . The film was released in North America in both conventional and IMAX theaters on October 16 , 2009 . Early Friday box office estimates show the film earned about $32.7 million on its opening weekend in theaters . It grossed $77.2 million during its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada , plus $22.8 million internationally .
Sleep
Sleep difficulties are furthermore associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression , alcoholism , and bipolar disorder . Up to 90 % of adults with depression are found to have sleep difficulties . Dysregulation found on EEG includes disturbances in sleep continuity , decreased delta sleep and altered REM patterns with regard to latency , distribution across the night and density of eye movements .
Sleep
Sleep deprivation tends to cause slower brain waves in the frontal cortex , shortened attention span , higher anxiety , impaired memory , and a grouchy mood . Conversely , a well - rested organism tends to have improved memory and mood . Neurophysiological and functional imaging studies have demonstrated that frontal regions of the brain are particularly responsive to homeostatic sleep pressure .
Military history of Australia during World War I
The first naval operation of the war was in support of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force during the occupation of German New Guinea . The naval portion of the force included the Australia , Melbourne , Sydney , Warrego , Encounter , and submarine AE1 . The only loss during the New Guinea Campaign occurred when the AE1 disappeared on 14 September 1914 , taking three officers and 32 men with it .
Sleep
Sleep increases the sensory threshold . In other words , sleeping persons perceive fewer stimuli . However , they can generally still respond to loud noises and other salient sensory events .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Wild Arms is a Nothronychus who notifies Littlefoot and the rest of the valley that Bron has been imperiled in the Mysterious Beyond . In the evening , after the kids set off to find Littlefoot 's father , he is enlisted by Grandpa Longneck and Daddy Topps to guide them to the Fire Mountain , the exact location where Bron was put in danger due to a volcanic eruption . It is later revealed by Etta that Wild Arms ' life was nearly cut short during the eruption of the Fire Mountain , the therizinosaur narrowly escaping death due to the involvement of Bron ; though this rescue was ultimately what put Bron 's life on the line . After Bron is rescued , he , alongside Etta , Grandpa , Topps , and the Gang of Seven , head back to the Great Valley as the sun sets .
Sleep
Insomnia is a general term for difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep . Insomnia is the most common sleep problem , with many adults reporting occasional insomnia , and 10 -- 15 % reporting a chronic condition . Insomnia can have many different causes , including psychological stress , a poor sleep environment , an inconsistent sleep schedule , or excessive mental or physical stimulation in the hours before bedtime . Insomnia is often treated through behavioral changes like keeping a regular sleep schedule , avoiding stimulating or stressful activities before bedtime , and cutting down on stimulants such as caffeine . The sleep environment may be improved by installing heavy drapes to shut out all sunlight , and keeping computers , televisions and work materials out of the sleeping area .
First voyage of James Cook
Once repairs were complete the voyage continued , eventually passing by the northernmost point of Cape York Peninsula and then sailing through Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea , earlier navigated by Luis Váez de Torres in 1606 . Having rounded the Cape , Cook landed on Possession Island on 22 August , where he claimed the entire coastline he had just explored ( later naming the region New South Wales ) for the British Crown .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
McSweeney 's published The Wild Things by Dave Eggers , a full - length novel based on the film adaptation .
Cell cycle
Experimental evidence also suggests that gene expression can oscillate with the period seen in dividing wild - type cells independently of the CDK machinery . Orlando et al. used microarrays to measure the expression of a set of 1,271 genes that they identified as periodic in both wild type cells and cells lacking all S - phase and mitotic cyclins ( clb1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) . Of the 1,271 genes assayed , 882 continued to be expressed in the cyclin - deficient cells at the same time as in the wild type cells , despite the fact that the cyclin - deficient cells arrest at the border between G and S phase . However , 833 of the genes assayed changed behavior between the wild type and mutant cells , indicating that these genes are likely directly or indirectly regulated by the CDK - cyclin machinery . Some genes that continued to be expressed on time in the mutant cells were also expressed at different levels in the mutant and wild type cells . These findings suggest that while the transcriptional network may oscillate independently of the CDK - cyclin oscillator , they are coupled in a manner that requires both to ensure the proper timing of cell cycle events . Other work indicates that phosphorylation , a post-translational modification , of cell cycle transcription factors by Cdk1 may alter the localization or activity of the transcription factors in order to tightly control timing of target genes .
The Miller's Tale
Nicholas , meanwhile , longs to spend a whole night in Alisoun 's arms rather than just the few moments they get together during John 's absences . With Alisoun , he hatches a scheme that will enable him to do this . He convinces John that God is about to send a great flood like the one he sent in Noah 's time . He says that God told him they could save themselves by hanging three large tubs from the ceiling to sleep in . Once the waters rose , they would cut the ropes and float away . John believes him and duly climbs into his tub . He thinks Nicholas and Alisoun are doing the same , but in fact , they are spending the night together in John 's bed .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
The film was released on October 16 , 2009 , in the United States , on December 3 in Australia , and on December 17 in Germany . The film was met with mostly positive reviews and appeared on many year - end top ten lists . However the film flopped commercially at the box office , making $100.1 million from a budget of $100 million . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 2 , 2010 .
Consciousness
The most commonly given answer is that we attribute consciousness to other people because we see that they resemble us in appearance and behavior ; we reason that if they look like us and act like us , they must be like us in other ways , including having experiences of the sort that we do . There are , however , a variety of problems with that explanation . For one thing , it seems to violate the principle of parsimony , by postulating an invisible entity that is not necessary to explain what we observe . Some philosophers , such as Daniel Dennett in an essay titled The Unimagined Preposterousness of Zombies , argue that people who give this explanation do not really understand what they are saying . More broadly , philosophers who do not accept the possibility of zombies generally believe that consciousness is reflected in behavior ( including verbal behavior ) , and that we attribute consciousness on the basis of behavior . A more straightforward way of saying this is that we attribute experiences to people because of what they can do , including the fact that they can tell us about their experiences .
Under the Dome (TV series)
A teaser trailer was created specially for the 2013 Super Bowl . Instead of showing footage , the teaser directed viewers to the show 's official website , where they could enter their street address and postal code to view photos of what their homes and neighborhood would look like `` under the dome '' .
Sociological theory
Social Exchange Theory says that the interaction that occurs between people can be partly based on what someone may `` gain and lose '' by being with others . For example , when people think about who they may date , they 'll look to see if the other person will offer just as much ( or perhaps more ) than they do . This can include judging an individual 's looks and appearance , or their social status .
Marshall Plan
Prior to passing and enacting the Marshall Plan , President Truman along with George Marshall started on a domestic overhaul of public opinion from coast to coast . Not only was the purpose of this campaign to sway public opinion in their direction , but also to inform the common person of what the Marshall Plan was , and what it would ultimately do . They spent months attempting to convince Americans that their cause was just , and that they should embrace the higher taxes that would come in the foreseeable future .
The Shining (film)
King is , essentially , a novelist of morality . The decisions his characters make -- whether it 's to confront a pack of vampires or to break 10 years of sobriety -- are what matter to him . But in Kubrick 's The Shining , the characters are largely in the grip of forces beyond their control . It 's a film in which domestic violence occurs , while King 's novel is about domestic violence as a choice certain men make when they refuse to abandon a delusional , defensive entitlement . As King sees it , Kubrick treats his characters like `` insects '' because the director does n't really consider them capable of shaping their own fates . Everything they do is subordinate to an overweening , irresistible force , which is Kubrick 's highly developed aesthetic ; they are its slaves . In King 's `` The Shining '' , the monster is Jack . In Kubrick 's , the monster is Kubrick .
Joker (The Dark Knight)
Nolan noted , `` We gave a Francis Bacon spin to ( his face ) . This corruption , this decay in the texture of the look itself . It 's grubby . You can almost imagine what he smells like . '' With costume designer Lindy Hemming picking inspiration for the `` chaotic '' look from such countercultural pop culture artists as Iggy Pop , Johnny Rotten , and Sid Vicious . She gave the image for the Joker of someone who is `` very sweaty '' and who `` probably does n't have a proper home . '' She tried to present a backstory for the character `` that he really does n't look after himself . ''
Free market
Supporters of this view claim that spontaneous order is superior to any order that does not allow individuals to make their own choices of what to produce , what to buy , what to sell , and at what prices , due to the number and complexity of the factors involved . They further believe that any attempt to implement central planning will result in more disorder , or a less efficient production and distribution of goods and services .
Lobbying in the United States
Lobbying brings valuable information to policymakers , according to another argument in favor of lobbying . Since lobbyists often become highly knowledgeable about a specific issue by studying it in depth over years , they can bring considerable expertise to help legislators avoid errors as well as grasp the nuances of complex issues . This information can also help Congress oversee numerous federal agencies which often regulate complex industries and issue highly detailed and specific rulings . Accordingly , it is difficult for Congress to keep track of what these agencies do . It has been argued that lobbyists can help Congress monitor this activity by possibly raising `` red flags '' about proposed administrative rulings . Further , congresspersons can quickly gauge where they stand about a proposed administrative ruling simply by seeing which lobbying groups support the proposal , and which oppose it .
List of Three's Company characters
At first , Jack Tripper and Janet Wood , Chrissy 's roommates , worried about what it would be like to live with the klutzy farm girl , but they soon adjusted and became close friends with Cindy . When Chrissy declines to return ( and Somers ' contract expired ) , Cindy 's temporary stay became permanent . She also takes Chrissy 's old office job , working for Mr. Charles Hadley .
Alter Bridge
Often recognized for their live performances , the band generally does not perform in larger venues such as arenas and amphitheaters outside of the UK . Instead , they regularly play smaller venues such as House of Blues , as was their intention from the start . Myles Kennedy said in an interview with Artistdirect , `` We 're definitely a live band . That 's what it 's all about for us . We make records so we can go out and play for people . '' The band has been joined on stage by several surprise guests , including Slash , Paul Reed Smith , Wolfgang Van Halen , and Eric Friedman , and several other notable musicians , such as Eddie Van Halen , Jimmy Page , and John Paul Jones , have been reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert . Alter Bridge 's live performances are generally praised .
Perfect competition
Neoclassical theory defines profit as what is left of revenue after all costs have been subtracted ; including normal interest on capital plus the normal excess over it required to cover risk , and normal salary for managerial activity . This means that profit is calculated after the actors are compensated for their opportunity costs . Classical economists on the contrary define profit as what is left after subtracting costs except interest and risk coverage . Thus , the classical approach does not account for opportunity costs .
Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Maria Tatar in The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales ( 2002 ) notes that Southey 's tale is sometimes viewed as a cautionary tale that imparts a lesson about the hazards of wandering off and exploring unknown territory . Like `` The Tale of the Three Little Pigs '' , the story uses repetitive formulas to engage the child 's attention and to reinforce the point about safety and shelter . Tatar points out that the tale is typically framed today as a discovery of what is `` just right '' , but for earlier generations , it was a tale about an intruder who could not control herself when encountering the possessions of others . Illustration
Standard of care
A person engaged in a special and potentially dangerous activity must know or inquire of possible hazards or of any special duties and responsibilities inherent in that activity that might affect their ability to exercise reasonable prudent caution ( cf , Delair v. McAdoo , 324 Pa. 392 , 188 A. 181 ( 1936 ) ( driving on worn tires ) . ) Custom and practice of usage may be useful evidence for determining the usual standard , but not determinative of what a reasonable prudent person ought to be required to do or know ( cf. , Trimarco v. Klein , 58 N.Y. 2d 98 ( 1982 ) ( showerdoor glass ) . ) As Justice Holmes classic statement expresses it , `` What usually is done may be evidence of what ought to be done , but what ought to be done is fixed by a standard of reasonable prudence , whether it is complied with or not . ''
Game of Thrones
As the sixth and seventh seasons saw Daenerys , Sansa and Cersei assume ruling positions , Alyssa Rosenberg of the Washington Post noted that the series could be seen as a `` long - arc revenge fantasy about what happens when women who have been brutalized and raped gain power '' -- namely , that their past leaves them too broken to do anything but commit brutal acts in their own turn , and that their personal liberation does not effect the social change needed to protect others from suffering .
Desert
Many people think of deserts as consisting of extensive areas of billowing sand dunes because that is the way they are often depicted on TV and in films , but deserts do not always look like this . Across the world , around 20 % of desert is sand , varying from only 2 % in North America to 30 % in Australia and over 45 % in Central Asia . Where sand does occur , it is usually in large quantities in the form of sand sheets or extensive areas of dunes .