vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Postage stamps and postal history of India
The East India Company took constructive steps to improve the existing systems in India when , in 1688 , they opened a post office in Bombay followed by similar ones in Calcutta and Madras . Lord Clive further expanded the services in 1766 and in 1774 Warren Hastings made the services available to the general public . The fee charged was two annas per 100 miles . The postmarks applied on these letters are very rare and are named ' Indian Bishop Marks ' after Colonel Henry Bishop , the Postmaster General of the United Kingdom who introduced this practice in Britain . The Post Office Department of the East India Company was first established on 31 March 1774 at Calcutta , followed in 1778 at Madras and in 1792 at Bombay . After 1793 , when Cornwallis introduced the Regulation of the Permanent Settlement , the financial responsibility for maintaining the official posts rested with the zamindars . Alongside these , private dawk mail systems sprang up for the commercial conveyance of messages using hired runners . Also , the East India Company created its own infrastructure for the expansion and administration of military and commercial power . The runners were paid according to the distance they travelled and the weight of their letters .
Olmec
The wide diffusion of Olmec artifacts and `` Olmecoid '' iconography throughout much of Mesoamerica indicates the existence of extensive long - distance trade networks . Exotic , prestigious and high - value materials such as greenstone and marine shell were moved in significant quantities across large distances . Some of the reasons for trade revolve around the lack of obsidian in the heartland . The Olmec used obsidian in many tools because worked edges were very sharp and durable . Most of the obsidian found has been traced back to Guatemala showing the extensive trade . While the Olmec were not the first in Mesoamerica to organize long - distance exchanges of goods , the Olmec period saw a significant expansion in interregional trade routes , more variety in material goods exchanged and a greater diversity in the sources from which the base materials were obtained .
Bindi (decoration)
In Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism , bindi is associated with Ajna Chakra and Bindu . Divinities in these religions are typically depicted with Bhrumadhya Bindu , in meditative pose with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between eyebrows , other spot being the tip of the nose -- Naasikagra . The very spot between the eyebrows known as Bhrumadhya is where one focuses his / her sight , so that it helps concentration . In South Asia , bindi is worn by women of all religious dispositions and is not restricted to religion or region . However , the Islamic Research Foundation , located in India , says `` wearing a bindi or mangalsutra is a sign of Hindu women . The traditional bindi still represents and preserves the symbolic significance that is integrated into Indian mythology in many parts of India . '' Relief
List of recurring characters in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Sister Dominique ( played by Marianne Muellerleile ) -- London and Maddie 's teacher who works at Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow as a nun / teacher . She seems to favor London over Maddie , even though Maddie is the harder working student ; possibly , London may be giving `` donations '' to Sister Dominique to look the other way when it comes to her bad habits . She is very rude and nasty to Maddie in most situations even though Maddie is nicer , sweeter , happier , and more honest than London will ever be because London is very mean to Maddie . Sister Dominique is strict and very religious . Her cell phone 's ring - tone is , `` Hallelujah Chorus '' , to which she answers , `` Bless you for calling '' . It has been revealed that she and the other nuns are infatuated with wrestling , and that Sister Dominique herself has a ' mean body slam ' in the episode `` ' What The Hey '' . When she got Maddie to attend Camp Heaven on Earth as a counselor , it 's revealed she owns a motorcycle and searches the campers in the fashion of a prison warden .
Agriculture in Sudan
Cultivation dependent on rainfall falls into two categories . Most Sudanese farmers always have relied on rainfed farming . In addition to these traditional farmers , a large modern mechanized rainfed agriculture sector has developed since 1944 - 45 , when a government project to cultivate the cracking clays of central Sudan started in the Al Qadarif area of Ash Sharqi Province , largely to meet the food needs of army units stationed in the British colonies in eastern Africa ( present - day Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda ) . An average of about 6,000 hectares a year was cultivated between 1945 and 1953 , producing chiefly sorghum , under a sharecropping arrangement between the government and farmers who had been allocated land in the project . These estates proved costly , however , and in 1954 the government began encouraging the private sector to take up mechanized farming in the area , a policy that continued after Sudan gained independence in 1956 . Under the new approach , the government established several state farms to demonstrate production methods and to conduct research . Research activities have been very limited , however , because of staffing and funding problems , and the farms have been operated essentially as regular production units . Sudanese
Mercantilism
Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era , as many nations expended significant effort to conquer new colonies that would be sources of gold ( as in Mexico ) or sugar ( as in the West Indies ) , as well as becoming exclusive markets . European power spread around the globe , often under the aegis of companies with government - guaranteed monopolies in certain defined geographical regions , such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudson 's Bay Company ( operating in present - day Canada ) .
Jenny Schecter
Throughout her duration on the series , Jenny went on a journey from the very first episode , which portrayed her as a selfish egotist ; many observers have perceived her as a narcissist , and even as a borderline sociopath . This latter assessment was based early on around her recurrent lying , and the fact she seems to excuse her own cheating in the first few seasons as a corollary of empowerment and as research for her book : which features an experimentalist female character who is evidently herself . Kirshner has described Jenny as mostly being duplicitous and confused . Jenny often acted `` utterly impulsive '' . Kirshner said it is very hard for people in the series and the viewers to like Jenny because she is `` a very despicable character who lies , cheats , behaves and treats other people horribly for no reason , and is extremely selfish , self - indulgent and so terribly truthful ... and she does not hesitate to hide any it . '' ``
Caste system in India
Smelser and Lipset propose in their review of Hutton 's study of caste system in colonial India the theory that individual mobility across caste lines may have been minimal in British India because it was ritualistic . They state that this may be because the colonial social stratification worked with the pre-existing ritual caste system .
New Spain
It became the seat of the richest diocese in New Spain in its first century , with the seat of the first diocese , formerly in Tlaxcala , moved there in 1543 . Bishop Juan de Palafox asserted the income from the diocese of Puebla as being twice that of the archbishopic of Mexico , due to the tithe income derived from agriculture . In its first hundred years , Puebla was prosperous from wheat farming and other agriculture , as the ample tithe income indicates , plus manufacturing woolen cloth for the domestic market . Merchants , manufacturers , and artisans were important to the city 's economic fortunes , but its early prosperity was followed by stagnation and decline in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries .
Caste system in India
He claimed that Varnashrama of the shastras is today nonexistent in practice . The present caste system is theory antithesis of varnashrama . Caste in its current form , claimed Gandhi , had nothing to do with religion . The discrimination and trauma of castes , argued Gandhi , was the result of custom , the origin of which is unknown . Gandhi said that the customs ' origin was a moot point , because one could spiritually sense that these customs were wrong , and that any caste system is harmful to the spiritual well - being of man and economic well - being of a nation . The reality of colonial India was , Gandhi noted , that there was no significant disparity between the economic condition and earnings of members of different castes , whether it was a Brahmin or an artisan or a farmer of low caste . India was poor , and Indians of all castes were poor . Thus , he argued that the cause of trauma was not in the caste system , but elsewhere . Judged by the standards being applied to India , Gandhi claimed , every human society would fail . He acknowledged that the caste system in India spiritually blinded some Indians , then added that this did not mean that every Indian or even most Indians blindly followed the caste system , or everything from ancient Indian scriptures of doubtful authenticity and value . India , like any other society , can not be judged by a caricature of its worst specimens . Gandhi stated that one must consider the best it produced as well , along with the vast majority in impoverished Indian villages struggling to make ends meet , with woes of which there was little knowledge . Ambedkar
Agriculture in Sudan
By 1991 only partial surveys of Sudan 's land resources had been made , and estimates of the areas included in different landuse categories varied considerably . Figures for potentially arable land ranged from an estimate of 35.9 million hectares made in the mid-1960s to a figure of 84 million hectares published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources in 1974 . Estimates of the amount actually under cultivation varied in the late 1980s , ranging from 7.5 million hectares , including roughly 10 or 11 percent in fallow , to 12.6 million hectares .
History of the Catholic Church
Christianity in India has a tradition of Thomas establishing the faith in Kerala . They are called St. Thomas Christians . The community was very small until the Jesuit Francis Xavier ( 1502 -- 1552 ) began missionary work . Roberto de Nobili ( 1577 -- 1656 ) , a Tuscan Jesuit missionary to Southern India followed in his path . He pioneered inculturation , adopting many Brahmin customs which were not , in his opinion , contrary to Christianity . He lived like a Brahmin , learned Sanskrit , and presented Christianity as a part of Indian beliefs , not identical with the Portuguese culture of the colonialists . He permitted the use of all customs , which in his view did not directly contradict Christian teachings . By 1640 there were 40 000 Christians in Madurai alone . In 1632 , Pope Gregory XV gave permission for this approach . But strong anti-Jesuit sentiments in Portugal , France , and even in Rome , resulted in a reversal . This ended the successful Catholic missions in India . On September 12 , 1744 , Benedict XIV forbade the so - called Malabar rites in India , with the result , that leading Indian castes who wanted to adhere to their traditional cultures , turned away from the Catholic Church .
Child labour
As in many other countries , child labour in Switzerland affected among the so - called Kaminfegerkinder ( `` chimney sweep children '' ) and children working p.e. in spinning mills , factories and in agriculture in 19th - century Switzerland , but also to the 1960s so - called Verdingkinder ( literally : `` contract children '' or `` indentured child laborers '' ) were children who were taken from their parents , often due to poverty or moral reasons -- usually mothers being unmarried , very poor citizens , of Gypsy -- Yeniche origin , so - called Kinder der Landstrasse , etc. -- and sent to live with new families , often poor farmers who needed cheap labour .
SpongeBob SquarePants
Robert Thompson , a professor of communications and director of the Center for the Study of Popular Television at Syracuse University , told The New York Times , `` There is something kind of unique about ( SpongeBob ) . It seems to be a refreshing breath from the pre-irony era . There 's no sense of the elbow - in - rib , tongue - in - cheek aesthetic that so permeates the rest of American culture -- including kids ' shows like the Rugrats . I think what 's subversive about it is it 's so incredibly naive -- deliberately . Because there 's nothing in it that 's trying to be hip or cool or anything else , hipness can be grafted onto it '' . In another interview with LA Times , he commentated on the show 's adult audience : `` ( On one hand ) It 's a kind of time machine that transports parents back to when they watched TV in their footie ( pajamas ) . On the other hand , it 's very hip in the way it 's presented . It is very edgy to adults who know how to read and listen between the frames . '' In a 2007 interview , Barack Obama named SpongeBob his favorite TV character and admitted that SpongeBob SquarePants is `` the show I watch with my daughters '' . British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also said he watches the series with his children .
Electromagnet
The implosion compresses the magnetic field to values of around 1000 T for a few microseconds . While this method may seem very destructive , it is possible to redirect the brunt of the blast radially outwards so that neither the experiment nor the magnetic structure are harmed . These devices are known as destructive pulsed electromagnets . They are used in physics and materials science research to study the properties of materials at high magnetic fields .
New Spain
The most detailed economic records for the region are of the Marquesado 's ranching haciendas , which produced draft animals ( horses , mules , burros , and oxen ) and sheep and goats , for meat and wool . Cattle ranching for meat , tallow , and leather were also important . Tallow for candles used in churches and residences and leather used in a variety of ways ( saddles , other tack , boots , furniture , machinery ) were significant items in the larger colonial economy , finding markets well beyond Tehuantepec . Since the Marquesado operated as an integrated enterprise , draft animals were used in other holdings for transport , agriculture , and mining in Oaxaca , Morelos , Toluca , and Mexico City as well as sold . Raised in Tehuantepec , the animals were driven to other Marquesado holdings for use and distribution .
Samoa
The country 's currency is the Samoan tālā , issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa . The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level . In modern times , development aid , private family remittances from overseas , and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation 's economy . Agriculture employs two - thirds of the labour force and furnishes 90 % of exports , featuring coconut cream , coconut oil , noni ( juice of the nonu fruit , as it is known in Samoan ) , and copra .
Diamond
The name diamond is derived from the ancient Greek αδάμας ( adámas ) , `` proper '' , `` unalterable '' , `` unbreakable '' , `` untamed '' , from ἀ - ( a - ) , `` un - '' + δαμάω ( damáō ) , `` I overpower '' , `` I tame '' . Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in India , where significant alluvial deposits of the stone could be found many centuries ago along the rivers Penner , Krishna and Godavari . Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000 years but most likely 6,000 years .
State of matter
Various theories predict new states of matter at very high energies . An unknown state has created the baryon asymmetry in the universe , but little is known about it . In string theory , a Hagedorn temperature is predicted for superstrings at about 10 K , where superstrings are copiously produced . At Planck temperature ( 10 K ) , gravity becomes a significant force between individual particles . No current theory can describe these state and they can not be produced with any foreseeable experiment . However , these statws are important in cosmology because the universe may have passed through these states in the Big Bang .
Nutrition facts label
The label was mandated for most food products under the provisions of the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act ( NLEA ) , per the recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . It was one of several controversial actions taken during the tenure of FDA Commissioner Dr. David Kessler . The law required food companies to begin using the new food label on packaged foods beginning May 8 , 1994 . ( Meat and poultry products were not covered by NLEA , though the U.S. Department of Agriculture proposed similar regulations for voluntary labeling of raw meat and poultry . ) Foods labeled before that day could use the old label . This appeared on all products in 1995 . The old label was titled `` Nutrition Information Per Serving '' or simply , `` Nutrition Information '' .
Williams sisters
Richard accused the crowds at Indian Wells of overt racism , saying , `` The white people at Indian Wells , what they 've been wanting to say all along to us finally came out : ' Nigger , stay away from here , we do n't want you here ' '' . However , no other reports of verbal racism were reported to tournament officials , although Venus has stated without elaboration , `` I heard what he heard '' . Oracene Price ( mother and coach of Venus and Serena ) accused the crowd of `` taking off their hoods '' .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
The colonists were quite dependent on their `` parent '' England for imports of food and other basic products . When taxes and British Parliamentary tariffs on products used by the American colonists increased , the colonists were to continue importing English and West Indian goods . As a result , a number of colonists began to boycott imported goods in favor of domestic goods . The boycott was not initially widespread , especially as it could not be officially enforced , and so lacked luster in a number of regions . Increasing support for this boycott , however , helped generate the revolution against England . American
Coal
The production of coke from coal produces ammonia , coal tar , and gaseous compounds as by - products which if discharged to land , air or waterways can act as environmental pollutants . The Whyalla steelworks is one example of a coke producing facility where liquid ammonia is discharged to the marine environment .
One-drop rule
In the case of mixed - race American Indian and European descendants , the one - drop rule in Virginia was extended only so far as those with more than one - sixteenth Indian blood . This was due to what was known as `` the Pocahontas exception '' . Since many influential First Families of Virginia ( FFV ) claimed descent from the American Indian Pocahontas and her husband John Rolfe of the colonial era , the Virginia General Assembly declared that an individual could be considered white if having no more than one - sixteenth Indian `` blood '' ( the equivalent of one great - great - grandparent ) .
Cellular waste product
Simplified Theoretical Reaction : C H O → ( \ displaystyle \ to ) 2C H O + 2 ATP ( 120 kJ ) Lactic Acid Fermentation is commonly known as the process by which mammalian muscle cells produce energy in anaerobic environments , as in instances of great physical exertion , and is the simplest type of fermentation . It starts along the same pathway as aerobic respiration , but once glucose is converted to pyruvate proceeds down one of two pathways and produces only two molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose . In the homolactic pathway , it produces lactic acid as waste . In the heterolactic pathway , it produces lactic acid as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide . Lactic acid fermentation is relatively inefficient . The waste products lactic acid and ethanol have not been fully oxidized and still contain energy , but it requires the addition of oxygen to extract this energy .
Water splitting
One side benefit of a nuclear reactor that produces both electricity and hydrogen is that it can shift production between the two . For instance , the plant might produce electricity during the day and hydrogen at night , matching its electrical generation profile to the daily variation in demand . If the hydrogen can be produced economically , this scheme would compete favorably with existing grid energy storage schemes . What is more , there is sufficient hydrogen demand in the United States that all daily peak generation could be handled by such plants .
American Indian Wars
In the same 1894 report , the Census Bureau dismissed assertions that millions of Native Americans once inhabited what is now the United States , insisting instead that North America in 1492 was an almost empty continent , and `` guesstimating '' that aboriginal populations `` could not have exceeded much over 500,000 . ''
Economy of Mexico
Some of these subsidiaries have grown to expand into multiple branches effectively becoming autonomous conglomerates within their own parent companies . Sony for example started operations in Mexico in 1976 with a group of Mexican investors , and founded the joint venture , Sony de Mexico which produces LED panels , LCD modules , automotive electronics , appliances and printed circuit boards amongst other products for its Japanese parent company , Sony KG . Sony de Mexico has research facilities in Monterrey and Mexico City , designs many of the Sony products manufactured in Mexico and has now expanded to create its own finance , music and entertainment subsidiaries which are Mexican registered and independent of their Japanese parent corporation . Domestic
Cellular waste product
Generally , in anaerobic respiration sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and other waste products that are dictated by the oxidant the cell uses . Whereas in aerobic respiration the oxidant is always oxygen , in anaerobic respiration it varies . Each oxidant produces a different waste product , such as nitrite , succinate , sulfide , methane , and acetate . Anaerobic respiration is correspondingly less efficient than aerobic respiration . In the absence of oxygen , not all of the carbon - carbon bonds in glucose can be broken to release energy . A great deal of extractable energy is left in the waste products . Anaerobic respiration generally occurs in prokaryotes in environments that do not contain oxygen .
Look What You Made Me Do
It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic . The diamonds , loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane , were said to be worth over $10 million , hence triggering tight security measures . As of October 12 , 2017 , the video has over 559 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200 , 300 and 400 million views on YouTube . It is the 30th most liked video on YouTube .
Indian rupee
`` The Indian and Chinese products for which silver is paid were and are , since 1873 -- 74 , very low in price , and it there fore takes less silver to purchase a larger quantity of Eastern commodities . Now , on taking the several agents into united consideration , it will certainly not seem very mysterious why silver should not only have fallen in price ''
You Raise Me Up
The Josh Groban version was played numerous times in television during the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Shizuka Arakawa , the 2006 Olympic gold medalist in figure skating , used the piece as an exhibition number for many shows and professional competitions during 2005 -- 2010 . Michelle Kwan skated to the song during the 2004 Champion on Ice Tour and other competitions in 2005 . Caroline Zhang skated this song in her exhibitions in the 2006 -- 2007 and 2007 -- 2008 skating season . I.K. Start , a Norwegian football club , uses this song as a club anthem .