vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Along with singer - songwriter Phil Ochs , who attended and organized anti-war events and wrote such songs as `` I Ai n't Marching Anymore '' and `` The War Is Over '' , another key historical figure of the antiwar movement was Bob Dylan . Folk and Rock were critical aspects of counterculture during the Vietnam War both were genres that Dylan would dabble in . His success in writing protest songs came from his pre-existing popularity , as he did not initially intend on doing so . Tor Egil Førland , in his article `` Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan : Midwestern Isolationist '' , quotes Todd Gitlin , a leader of a student movement at the time , in saying `` Whether he liked it or not , Dylan sang for us ... We followed his career as if he were singing our songs . '' The anthem `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' embodied Dylan 's anti-war , pro-civil rights sentiment . To complement `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' Dylan 's song `` The Times they are A-Changin ' '' alludes to a new method of governing that is necessary and warns those who currently participate in government that the change is imminent . Dylan tells the `` senators and congressmen ( to ) please heed the call . '' Dylan 's songs were designed to awaken the public and to cause a reaction . The protestors of the Vietnam War identified their cause so closely with the artistic compositions of Dylan that Joan Baez and Judy Collins performed `` The Times they are A-Changin ' '' at a march protesting the Vietnam War ( 1965 ) and also for President Johnson . While Dylan renounced the idea of subscribing to the ideals of one individual , his feelings of protest towards Vietnam were appropriated by the general movement and they `` awaited his gnomic yet oracular pronouncements '' , which provided a guiding aspect to the movement as a whole .
Flag of Canada
By the 1960s , debate for an official Canadian flag intensified and became a subject of controversy , culminating in the Great Flag Debate of 1964 . In 1963 , the minority Liberal government of Lester B. Pearson gained power and decided to adopt an official Canadian flag through parliamentary debate . The principal political proponent of the change was Pearson . He had been a significant broker during the Suez Crisis of 1956 , for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . During the crisis , Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government objected to Canadian peacekeeping forces on the grounds that the Canadian flag ( the Red Ensign ) contained the same symbol ( the Union Flag ) also used as a flag by the United Kingdom , one of the belligerents . Pearson 's goal was for the Canadian flag to be distinctive and unmistakably Canadian . The main opponent to changing the flag was the leader of the opposition and former prime minister , John Diefenbaker , who eventually made the subject a personal crusade .
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
In 2012 VP election , the Congress - led UPA re-appointed Ansari as their candidate for the post of VP . The NDA nominated Jaswant Singh , former Finance , External Affairs and Defence minister as well as former Leader of Opposition . The NDA cited Ansari 's conduct in the Rajya Sabha during The Lokpal Bill , 2011 debate when he had abruptly adjourned the House sine die . Hamid Ansari was re-elected for the second term on 7 August 2012 , defeating the NDA 's nominee Jaswant Singh by a margin of 252 votes .
Israel
The Second Aliyah ( 1904 -- 14 ) , began after the Kishinev pogrom ; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine , although nearly half of them left eventually . Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews , although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement . During World War I , British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild ( Walter Rothschild , 2nd Baron Rothschild ) , a leader of the British Jewish community , that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish `` national home '' within the Palestinian Mandate .
Biafra
The various groups clamouring for the restoration of the independence of Biafra have often been beset with internal wranglings that have impeded its secessionist efforts . On 19 October 2015 , Chief Ralph Uwazuruike of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra ( MASSOB ) disclosed that the director of Radio Biafra and leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra ( IPOB ) , Nnamdi Kanu , does not belong to the movement and was sacked for indiscipline and for inciting violence among members . Biafra Nations Youth League ( BNYL ) have continued to distance itself from the internal wranglings between MASSOB and IPOB , although , Princewill Obuka of BNYL , as reported by the New Telegraph Nigeria announced the group withdrawal from a Coalition of Pro Biafra Groups , following the union announcement declaring the IPOB Leader Nnamdi Kanu overall Leader of the Biafran struggle , this he said was done without due consultations and consideration of other people 's opinions .
Seventh-inning stretch
The Oakland Athletics play Bay Area native MC Hammer 's `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' during the middle of the eighth .
Australia Day
Anzac Day , 25 April There has been a degree of support by some in recent years for making Anzac Day , 25 April , Australia 's national day , including in 1999 , by Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane Peter Hollingworth . In 2001 , following comments made during a review into the future of Anzac Day , the idea of a merger was strongly opposed by Prime Minister John Howard and Opposition Leader Kim Beazley , who clarified his earlier position .
Two-party system
The politics of Zimbabwe are effectively a two party system between the Robert Mugabe founded Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front and the opposition coalition Movement for Democratic Change .
Prime Minister of India
The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the executive branch of the Government of India . The Prime Minister is also the chief adviser to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers . They can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament ( the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha ) , but has to be a member of the political party , having a majority in the Lok Sabha .
Obstructing the field
Women 's One Day International dismissals obstructed the field No Batsman Country Opposition Venue Date Thirush Kamini India West Indies Vijayawada , India 13 November 2016
Zimbabwe
General elections were again held in Zimbabwe on 30 March 2008 . The official results required a runoff between Mugabe and Morgan Tsvangirai , the opposition leader ; the MDC challenged these results , claiming widespread election fraud by the Mugabe government .
Carolina Panthers
Kicker John Kasay is the team 's career points leader . Kasay scored 1,482 points during his 16 seasons ( 1995 -- 2010 ) with the Panthers . Quarterback Cam Newton , who has played for the Panthers since 2011 , is the career passing leader , having thrown for 20,257 yards over his six seasons with the team . Running back Jonathan Stewart is the career rushing leader for the Carolina Panthers . Stewart , during his tenure with the team ( 2008 -- 2018 ) , rushed for 6,868 yards with the Panthers . Wide receiver Steve Smith , the team 's leading receiver , recorded 12,197 receiving yards during his 13 - year ( 2001 -- 2013 ) tenure with the team .
Battle of Tippecanoe
Tenskwatawa , known as the Prophet , had been leading a religious movement among the northwestern tribes , calling for a return to the ancestral ways . His brother , Tecumseh , was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne , and thereafter emerged as a prominent leader . Tecumseh revived an idea advocated in previous years by the Shawnee leader Blue Jacket and the Mohawk leader Joseph Brant , which stated that Native American land was owned in common by all tribes , and land could not be sold without agreement by all the tribes .
Parliament of the Bahamas
The Senate ( upper house ) consists of 16 members appointed by the Governor - General . Nine of these senators are selected on the advice of the Prime Minister , four on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition . The Senate is authorized by the Constitution to pass Bills in the same manner as passed by the House or it can make such amendments to the Bill should it consider it necessary . Those amendments will then have to be approved by the House of Assembly . The Senate may even reject a Bill outrightly that had been passed by the House . However , if the House passes the Bill in two successive sessions , and the Senate rejects the Bill each time , the House of Assembly may send the Bill directly to the Governor - General without the Senate having consented to the Bill .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
The fewer numbers of soldiers as an effect of the opposition to the war also can be traced to the protests against the ROTC programs in colleges . Zinn argues this by stating , `` Student protests against the ROTC resulted in the canceling of those programs in over forty colleges and universities . In 1966 , 191,749 college students enrolled in ROTC . By 1973 , the number was 72,459 . '' The number of ROTC students in college drastically dropped and the program lost any momentum it once had before the anti-war movement .
Bobby Sands
He was the leader of the 1981 hunger strike in which Irish republican prisoners protested the removal of Special Category Status . During Sands 's strike , he was elected to the British Parliament as an Anti H - Block candidate . His death and those of nine other hunger strikers was followed by a new surge of Provisional IRA recruitment and activity . International media coverage brought attention to the hunger strikers , and the Republican movement in general , attracting both praise and criticism .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
As the Vietnam War continued to escalate , public disenchantment grew and a variety of different groups were formed or became involved in the movement .
Conscription in the United States
During the 1968 presidential election , Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft . He had first become interested in the idea of an all - volunteer army during his time out of office , based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University . Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam War movement , since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone . There was opposition to the all - volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress , so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency .
Partition of India
Opposition to the theory has come from two sources . The first is the concept of a single Indian nation , of which Hindus and Muslims are two intertwined communities . This is a founding principle of the modern , officially secular , Republic of India . Even after the formation of Pakistan , debates on whether Muslims and Hindus are distinct nationalities or not continued in that country as well . The second source of opposition is the concept that while Indians are not one nation , neither are the Muslims or Hindus of the subcontinent , and it is instead the relatively homogeneous provincial units of the subcontinent which are true nations and deserving of sovereignty ; this view has been presented by the Baloch , Sindhi , and Pashtun sub-nationalities of Pakistan and the Assamese and Punjabi sub-nationalities of India .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
African Americans involved in the antiwar movement often formed their own groups , such as Black Women Enraged , National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union , and National Black Draft Counselors . Within these groups , however , many African American women were seen as subordinate members by black male leaders . Many African American women viewed the war in Vietnam as racially motivated and sympathized strongly with Vietnamese women . Such concerns often propelled their participation in the antiwar movement and their creation of new opposition groups .
Vaishnavism
During the 20th century , Vaishnavism has spread from India and is now practiced in many places around the globe , including North America , Europe , Africa , Russia and South America . This is largely due to the growth of the ISKCON movement , founded by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in 1966 .
Supreme Court of India
During the emergency period , the government also passed the 39th amendment , which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the prime minister ; only a body constituted by parliament could review this election . Subsequently , the parliament , with most opposition members in jail during the emergency , passed the 42nd Amendment which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification . A few years after the emergency , however , the supreme court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in the Minerva Mills case ( 1980 ) .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
There were also Asian American musicians who traveled around the United States to oppose the imperialist actions of the American government , specifically their involvement in Vietnam . `` The folk trio ' A Grain of Sand ' ... ( consisting of the members ) JoAnne ' Nobuko ' Miyamoto , Chris Iijima , and William ' Charlie ' Chin , performed across the nation as traveling troubadours who set the antiracist politics of the Asian American movement to music . '' This band was so against the imperialistic actions of the United States , that they supported the Vietnamese people vocally through their song ' War of the Flea ' . Asian American poets and playwrights also joined in unity with the movement 's antiwar sentiments . Melvyn Escueta created the play ' Honey Bucket ' and was an Asian American veteran of the war . Through this play , `` Escueta establishes equivalencies between his protagonist , a Filipino American soldier named Andy , and the Vietnamese people . ''
Two-party system
Vigorous struggle between the two factions characterised the period from the Glorious Revolution to the 1715 Hanoverian succession , over the legacy of the overthrow of the Stuart dynasty and the nature of the new constitutional state . This proto two - party system fell into relative abeyance after the accession to the throne of George I and the consequent period of Whig supremacy under Robert Walpole , during which the Tories were systematically purged from high positions in government . However , although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century , they still retained a measure of party cohesion under William Wyndham and acted as a united , though unavailing , opposition to Whig corruption and scandals . At times they cooperated with the `` Opposition Whigs '' , Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government ; however , the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party .
Caste system in India
In 1953 , the Government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader , Tara Singh , to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of scheduled castes . In the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee , 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low - caste Sikhs .
Argentine tango
This is a close - embrace style named by Susana Miller in the 1990s . Ideal for crowded dance floors , it is danced chest - to - chest , knees relaxed , back straight , with the partners leaning - or appearing to lean - slightly toward each other to allow space for the feet to move . The center line of the leader 's and follower 's spines are directly in front of each other , requiring that each dancer turn their head to their left slightly to find space over their partner 's right shoulder . The follower 's left arm reaches directly up over the leader 's shoulder without resting any body weight on the leader 's shoulder . The leader 's left hand and the follower 's right hand clasp in the same manner as other styles of Argentine Tango , with elbows pointed down ( contrasting with elbows up and pointed back as in ballroom tango ) , with little or no pressure applied by the arms or hands . The leader 's right arm is held high across the follower 's shoulder blades to help facilitate the upper chest connection , to avoid pulling the follower 's lower torso and hips in toward the leader , thus allowing more flexibility of movement in the mid and lower spine and better extension of the follower 's legs . In the case of followers that are not tall enough to place their head over the leader 's shoulder , it is recommended that the follower 's head be turned to the right and touch the left side of the head to the leader 's chest , and the follower 's left arm may wrap around the outside right arm ( although this is generally not preferred as it limits the leader 's flexibility of movement , and is a danger on crowded dance floors to have the follower 's elbow sticking out ) . It is generally not recommended for a leader to dance milonguero style with a follower that is too tall for the leader to see over the follower 's shoulder since it would be very difficult to navigate around the dance floor .
Gilded Age
During the Gilded Age , many new social movements took hold in the United States . Many women abolitionists who were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment did not extend voting rights to them , remained active in politics , this time focusing on issues important to them . Reviving the temperance movement from the Second Great Awakening , many women joined the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) in an attempt to bring morality back to America . Its chief leader was Frances Willard ( 1839 - 1898 ) , who had a national and international outreach from her base in Evanston , Illinois . Often the WCTU women took up the issue of women 's suffrage which had lain dormant since the Seneca Falls Convention . With leaders like Susan B. Anthony , the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) was formed in order to secure the right of women to vote .
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
A supporter of a unified Germany , Ernest watched the various political movements with great interest . While he initially was a great and outspoken proponent of the liberal movement , he surprised many by switching sides and supporting the more conservative ( and eventually victorious ) Prussians during the Austro - Prussian and Franco - Prussian wars and subsequent unification of Germany . His support of the conservatives came at a price however , and he was no longer viewed as the possible leader of a political movement . According to historian Charlotte Zeepvat , Ernest became `` increasingly lost in a whirl of private amusements which earned only contempt from outside '' .
Caste system in India
Ambedkar was born in a caste that was classified as untouchable , became a leader of human rights in India , a prolific writer , and a key person in drafting modern India 's constitution in the 1940s . He wrote extensively on discrimination , trauma and what he saw as the tragic effects of the caste system in India .
History of India
The Indo - Hephthalites ( or Alchon Huns ) were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period . The Alchon Huns established themselves in modern - day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century . Led by the Hun military leader Toramana , they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India . Toramana 's son Mihirakula , a Saivite Hindu , moved up to near Pataliputra to the east and Gwalior to the central India . Hiuen Tsiang narrates Mihirakula 's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries , though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned . The Huns were defeated by alliance of Indian rulers , Maharaja ( Great King ) Yasodharman of Malwa and Gupta Emperor Narasimhagupta in the 6th century . Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society . Empire
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
In 1965 , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) became the first major civil rights group to issue a formal statement against the war . When SNCC - backed Georgia Representative Julian Bond acknowledged his agreement with the anti-war statement , he was refused his seat by the State of Georgia , an injustice which he successfully appealed up to the Supreme Court . SNCC had special significance as a nexus between the student movement and the black movement . At an SDS - organized conference at UC Berkeley in October 1966 , SNCC Chair Stokely Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement . Some participants in ghetto rebellions of the era had already associated their actions with opposition to the Vietnam War , and SNCC first disrupted an Atlanta draft board in August 1966 . According to historians Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin , SDS 's first Stop the Draft Week of October 1967 was `` inspired by Black Power ( and ) emboldened by the ghetto rebellions . '' SNCC appear to have originated the popular anti-draft slogan : `` Hell no ! We wo n't go ! ''
Economic history of World War I
The trade union movement , already powerful grew rapidly , though the movement split on the political question of conscription . Despite the considerable rises in the costs of many basic items , the government sought to stabilize wages , much to the anger of unionists . the average weekly wage during the war was increased by between 8 -- 12 per cent , it was not enough to keep up with inflation and as a result there was considerable discontent amongst workers , to the extent that industrial action followed . Not all of these disputes were due to economic factors , and indeed in some part they were the result of violent opposition to the issue of conscription , which many trade unionists were opposed to . Nevertheless , the result was very disruptive and it has been estimated that between 1914 and 1918 there were 1,945 industrial disputes , resulting in 8,533,061 working days lost and £ 4,785,607 in lost wages .
Republican Party (United States)
Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists , modernizers , ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers , the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party . The main cause was opposition to the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas . The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil . The first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20 , 1854 in a schoolhouse in Ripon , Wisconsin . The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson 's Republican Party .