vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Military history of Australia during World War I
The Mesopotamian Half - Flight -- also known as the Australian Half - Flight -- was the first AFC unit to see active service . On 8 February 1915 , the Australian Government had received a request for air assistance from the Viceroy of India for assistance fighting the Turks . The AFC was still forming and could provide enough aircrew and ground staff for only half a flight : the unit therefore became known as the Mesopotamian Half - Flight and Captain Henry Petre was appointed commander . The AFC contingent sailed for Bombay , and on 20 April 1915 it left for Basra , arriving at the end of May . Flying underpowered and unreliable aircraft such as the Caudron , Maurice Farman Longhorn and Martinsyde , the Half - Flight suffered a high attrition rate , losing two killed and six captured out of its strength of just nine pilots . The arrival of reinforcements allowed the formation of a squadron , ( No. 30 Squadron RFC ) , however by November 1915 only one of the original pilots remained . The squadron was mainly involved in unarmed reconnaissance , although later small 9 pounds ( 4.1 kg ) bombs were added to the aircraft . In October , three Australian aircraft bombed an Arab tribe known to be hostile in an unsuccessful attempt to bring them to surrender . During the Siege of Kut the last Australian pilot in Mesopotamia , Captain Petre , dropped supplies to the garrison . When Kut surrendered , the AFC ground crewmen located in the city were captured , seven of them later dying in captivity . Petre flew the only remaining Shorthorn to Egypt on 7 December 1915 , where he rendezvoused with No. 1 Squadron AFC , effectively marking the end of the Half - Flight 's service .
Air New Zealand
Air Nelson is based in Nelson , operating Bombardier Q300s . Flight numbers are in the NZ8000 series . Mount Cook Airline is based in Christchurch , operating ATR 72 - 500 and ATR 72 - 600 turboprop aircraft . Flight numbers are in the NZ5000 series .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque is served by two airports , the larger of which is Albuquerque International Sunport . It is located 3 miles ( 5 km ) southeast of the central business district of Albuquerque . The Albuquerque International Sunport served 5,888,811 passengers in 2009 . Double Eagle II Airport is the other airport . It is primarily used as an air ambulance , corporate flight , military flight , training flight , charter flight , and private flight facility .
History of women in the United States
The Korean War was fought from 1950 - 53 . Many servicewomen who had joined the Reserves following World War II were involuntarily recalled to active duty during the Korean War . 540 Army nurses ( all military nurses during the Korean War were female ) served in the combat zone and many more were assigned to large hospitals in Japan during the war . One Army nurse ( Genevieve Smith ) died in a plane crash en route to Korea on July 27 , 1950 , shortly after hostilities began . Navy nurses served on hospital ships in the Korean theater of war as well as at Navy hospitals stateside . Eleven Navy nurses died en route to Korea when their plane crashed in the Marshall Islands . Air Force nurses served stateside , in Japan and as flight nurses in the Korean theater during the war . Three Air Force nurses were killed in plane crashes while on duty . Many other servicewomen were assigned to duty in the theater of operations in Japan and Okinawa .
Ship
A weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in marine weather forecasting . Surface weather observations were taken hourly , and four radiosonde releases occurred daily . It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights . Proposed as early as 1927 by the aviation community , the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) established a global network of weather ships in 1948 , with 13 to be supplied by the United States . This number was eventually negotiated down to nine .
Subroto Mukerjee
Subroto Mukerjee was one of the three flying officers of the three flights of No. 1 Squadron of IAF in 1938 . Coastal Defence Flights ( CDFs ) of the Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve were formed with the outbreak of World War II . At the outbreak of war in 1939 , Mukerjee was the senior-most Indian commissioned officer in the IAF . By June 1940 , he had been promoted to the acting rank of Squadron Leader and taken over command of No 1 Squadron , IAF . He had many `` first '' s to his credit : the first Indian to command a Flight , a Squadron , a Station ( Kohat ) , and finally , the Service itself . He was also the first IAF pilot to carry out an airdrop over a beleaguered army picket . He commanded RAF Station Kohat from August 1943 till December 1944 . In June 1945 he was awarded the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) .
Hot air balloon
Modern hot air balloons , with an onboard heat source , were developed by Ed Yost , beginning during the 1950s ; his work resulted in his first successful flight , on October 22 , 1960 . The first modern hot air balloon to be made in the United Kingdom ( UK ) was the Bristol Belle , built in 1967 . Presently , hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation . Hot air balloons are able to fly to extremely high altitudes . On November 26 , 2005 Vijaypat Singhania set the world altitude record for highest hot air balloon flight , reaching 21,027 m ( 68,986 ft ) . He took off from downtown Mumbai , India , and landed 240 km ( 150 mi ) south in Panchale . The previous record of 19,811 m ( 64,997 ft ) had been set by Per Lindstrand on June 6 , 1988 , in Plano , Texas .
The Passion of the Christ
Asked by Bill O'Reilly if his movie would `` upset Jews '' , Gibson responded , `` It 's not meant to . I think it 's meant to just tell the truth . I want to be as truthful as possible . '' In a Globe and Mail newspaper interview , he added : `` If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone , it 's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation . The Papacy has condemned racism in any form ... Jesus died for the sins of all times , and I 'll be the first on the line for culpability '' .
Denver
In the past , Denver has been home to several other airports that are no longer operational . Stapleton International Airport was closed in 1995 when it was replaced by DIA . Lowry Air Force Base was a military flight training facility that ceased flight operations in 1966 , with the base finally being closed in 1994 . It is being used for residential purposes . Buckley Air Force Base , a former Air National Guard base , is the only military facility in the Denver area .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
In England and Wales , unlike Scotland , education was controlled at county council level rather than at national level . In 1967 the Department for Education alerted all local education authorities to the need to adapt to the metric system . In 1968 all bodies that had an interest in the examination system were invited to contribute to the discussion of both metrication and decimalisation in education . In science subjects , this meant a conversion from the cgs system to SI , in geography from the imperial system to SI while in mathematics it meant discarding the teaching of mixed unit arithmetic , a topic that took up a significant part of the time allocated in primary schools to arithmetic / mathematics and 7 % of total time allocated to all subjects . Old
Military history of Australia during World War I
The global nature of the war meant that many functions that were previously vested in the individual Australian state governments had to be placed under the control of the Commonwealth government . Additionally , the exigencies of the war meant that the government required the power to enact certain laws that under the Constitution it would not normally be able to do . In order to enable this to occur , the War Precautions Act 1914 was introduced in October 1914 , providing the Commonwealth government with wide - ranging powers for a period of up to six months after the duration of the war .
Military history of Australia during World War I
The force was evacuated from the peninsula in December 1915 and returned to Egypt , where the AIF was expanded . In early 1916 it was decided that the infantry divisions would be sent to France , where they took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front . Most of the light horse units remained in the Middle East until the end of the war , carrying out further operations against the Turks in Egypt and Palestine . Small numbers of Australians served in other theatres of war . While the main focus of the Australian military 's effort was the ground war , air and naval forces were also committed . Squadrons of the Australian Flying Corps served in the Middle East and on the Western Front , while elements of the Royal Australian Navy carried out operations in the Atlantic , North Sea , Adriatic and Black Sea , as well as the Pacific and Indian Oceans .
Agatha Christie
With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Archie was sent to France to fight the German forces . They married on the afternoon of Christmas Eve 1914 at Emmanuel Church , Clifton , Bristol , which was close to the home of his parents , while Archie was on home leave . Rising through the ranks , he was eventually stationed back to Britain in September 1918 as a colonel in the Air Ministry .
United States
In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter led to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight .
Battle of Bunker Hill
The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled retreat of the forces along the rail fence , led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton , which prevented the encirclement of the hill . Their disciplined retreat , described by Burgoyne as `` no flight ; it was even covered with bravery and military skill '' , was so effective that most of the wounded were saved ; most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded . General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill ; however the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned . The colonists suffered most of their casualties during the retreat on Bunker Hill . By 5 p.m. , the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge , and the British were in control of the peninsula .
Economic history of World War I
In 1914 the Australian economy was small but the population of five million was very nearly the most prosperous in the world per capita . The nation depended on the export of wool , mutton , wheat and minerals . London provided assurances that it would underwrite the war risk insurance for shipping in order to allow trade amongst the Commonwealth to continue in the face of the German u-boat threat . London imposed controls so that no exports would wind up in German hands . The British government protected prices by buying Australian products even though the shortage of shipping meant that there was no chance that they would ever receive them . On the whole Australian commerce expanded . In terms of value , Australian exports rose almost 45 per cent , while the number of Australians employed in the manufacturing industry increased over 11 per cent . Iron mining and steel manufacture grew enormously . Inflation became a factor as consumer prices went up , while the cost of exports was deliberately kept lower than market value in an effort to prevent further inflationary pressures worldwide . As a result , the cost of living for many average Australians was increased .
Black Sabbath
I was told in the middle of the tour that we would be opening for Ozzy in Los Angeles . And I said , `` No . Sorry , I have more pride than that . '' A lot of bad things were being said from camp to camp , and it created this horrible schism . So by ( the band ) agreeing to play the shows in L.A. with Ozzy , that , to me , spelled out reunion . And that obviously meant the doom of that particular project .
Iran hostage crisis
With the completion of negotiations , the hostages were released on January 20 , 1981 . That day , at the moment President Reagan completed his 20 ‐ minute inaugural address after being sworn in , the 52 American hostages were released to U.S. personnel . There are theories and conspiracy theories regarding why Iran postponed the release until that moment . ( See also : October Surprise conspiracy theory ) They were flown from Iran to Algeria as a symbolic gesture of appreciation for the Algerian government 's help in resolving the crisis . The flight continued to Rhein - Main Air Base in West Germany and on to an Air Force hospital in Wiesbaden , where former President Carter , acting as emissary , received them . After medical check - ups and debriefings , the hostages made a second flight to a refueling stop in Shannon , Ireland , where they were greeted by a large crowd . The ex-hostages were then flown to Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh , New York . From Newburgh , they traveled by bus to the United States Military Academy at West Point and stayed at the Thayer Hotel for three days , receiving a heroes ' welcome all along the route . Ten days after their release , they were given a ticker tape parade through the Canyon of Heroes in New York City .
Greco-Persian Wars
Struggling to rule the independent - minded cities of Ionia , the Persians appointed local tyrants to rule each of them . This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike . In 498 BC , supported by troops from Athens and Eretria , the Ionians marched on , captured , and burnt Sardis . However , on their return journey to Ionia , they were followed by Persian troops , and decisively beaten at the Battle of Ephesus . This campaign was the only offensive action taken by the Ionians , who subsequently went on the defensive . The Persians responded in 497 BC with a three - pronged attack aimed at recapturing the outlying areas of the rebellious territory , but the spread of the revolt to Caria meant the largest army , under Darius , moved there instead . While at first campaigning successfully in Caria , this army was wiped out in an ambush at the Battle of Pedasus . This resulted in a stalemate for the rest of 496 and 495 BC .
San Jose, California
In the period 1900 through 1910 , San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention , innovation , and impact in both lighter - than - air and heavier - than - air flight . These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers . The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park , a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads , and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor . During this period , San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization / industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment .
Concordat of Worms
The Concordat of London in 1107 was a forerunner of the compromise that was taken up in the Concordat of Worms . In England , as in Germany , the conflict between Church and State was rife . A distinction was being made in the king 's chancery between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates . Bowing to political reality , Henry I of England ceded his right to invest his bishops and abbots and reserved the custom of requiring them to come and do homage . The system of vassalage was not divided among great local lords in England as it was in France , for by right of the Conquest the king was in control .
Military history of Australia during World War I
During their time on the Western Front , No. 2 and No 4 . Squadrons had been used mainly in the fighter role , while No. 3 Squadron was primarily used for reconnaissance . No. 4 Squadron became the most successful fighter squadron in France , accounting for 199 enemy aircraft , while No. 2 Squadron was credited with the destruction of 185 . The total AFC casualties on the Western Front included 78 killed , 68 wounded and 33 taken prisoner . Following the end of the war on 11 November 1918 , No. 4 Squadron was the only Australian unit assigned to the British Army of Occupation , arriving in Germany in December and being based in Cologne . The three AFC squadrons subsequently handed over their equipment to the RAF in February 1919 and returned to Australia where they disbanded .
Air New Zealand
Later in 2009 staff were involved in testing fabrics and cuts of uniforms . `` ' It would be fair to say that the lessons from the development and introduction of the current uniform have been taken on board , '' said the airline 's CEO after widespread public and staff criticism .
Hellenistic period
The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities , a practice termed ' Interpretatio graeca ' , facilitated the building of Greek - style temples , and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common . Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap , and often had Greek - style institutions . Greek dedications , statues , architecture and inscriptions have all been found . However , local cultures were not replaced , and mostly went on as before , but now with a new Greco - Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite . An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch 's story of the death of Crassus , in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae . Theaters have also been found : for example , in Ai - Khanoum on the edge of Bactria , the theater has 35 rows -- larger than the theater in Babylon .
Air New Zealand
Designed by Air New Zealand in consultation with US design studio IDEO , the new Premium Economy cabin uses a 2 - 2 - 2 seating configuration . The central pair of Spaceseats are slightly angled for those travelling with a colleague or partner , and the two arm rests can form a single table for shared in - flight dining . The pairs of outboard Spaceseats on either side are angled to enhance privacy for solo flyers . The seats are built around a hard shell so the passenger in front can not recline into the space of the person sitting behind . Instead , the seat slides forward and angles up as it reclines into the shell , similar to an armchair .
Conscription in the United States
However , since 1975 , USCIS has allowed the oath to be taken without the clauses : `` ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law ... ''
Agatha Christie
Sad Cypress from a song in Twelfth Night : `` Come away , come away , death / And in sad cypress let me be laid '' . By the Pricking of My Thumbs from Act 4 , Scene 1 of Macbeth : `` By the pricking of my thumbs / Something wicked this way comes '' . There is a Tide ... ( later Taken at the Flood ) from Brutus ' speech in Julius Caesar : `` There is a tide in the affairs of men / Which , taken at the flood , leads on to fortune '' . Absent in the Spring from Sonnet 98 : `` From you have I been absent in the spring ... ''
Hot air balloon
Balloons in most parts of the world are maintained in accordance with a fixed manufacturer 's maintenance schedule that includes regular ( 100 flight hours or 12 month ) inspections , in addition to maintenance work to correct any damage . In Australia , balloons used for carrying commercial passengers must be inspected and maintained by approved workshops .
Classical period (music)
The remarkable development of ideas in `` natural philosophy '' had already established itself in the public consciousness . In particular , Newton 's physics was taken as a paradigm : structures should be well - founded in axioms and be both well - articulated and orderly . This taste for structural clarity began to affect music , which moved away from the layered polyphony of the Baroque period toward a style known as homophony , in which the melody is played over a subordinate harmony . This move meant that chords became a much more prevalent feature of music , even if they interrupted the melodic smoothness of a single part . As a result , the tonal structure of a piece of music became more audible .
Colony of Virginia
The name Virginia for a region in North America may have been originally suggested by Sir Walter Raleigh , named for Queen Elizabeth I , in approximately 1584 . In addition the term Wingandacoa may have influenced the name Virginia . '' On his next voyage , Raleigh learned that while the chief of the Secotans was indeed called Wingina , the expression wingandacoa heard by the English upon arrival actually meant `` What good clothes you wear ! '' in Carolina Algonquian , and was not the name of the country as previously misunderstood . `` Virginia '' was originally a term used to refer to North America 's entire eastern coast from the 34th parallel ( close to Cape Fear ) north to 48th parallel . This area included a large section of Canada and the shores of Acadia .
Run (Snow Patrol song)
Snow Patrol 's frontman , Gary Lightbody , conceived the idea of writing `` Run '' in 2000 . In an interview with Michael Odell , from Q magazine , Lightbody explained the song was not written about `` being a child '' , as he tended to say . He described : `` I was on a massive bender and one night I was drinking in the bar of the Glasgow School of Art . I fell down a full flight of stairs . Jonny Quinn found me in the stairwell with blood coming out of my head ... I split my head open and my eye was closed and I lost a few teeth ... I wrote Run soon after on this little guitar I 'd tried to smash up in my shitty little room near Hillhead . The words ' Light up , light up ' gave me this sense of a beacon . '' In an interview with Daily Mail in 2009 , Lightbody added : `` We had nothing . I was in a flat in Glasgow . No doubt it was raining . The song was me writing about an imagined world , projecting myself into better times . '' Beside Lightbody , it was written by Quinn , Nathan Connolly , Mark McClelland and Iain Archer .
Military history of Australia during World War I
Overcrowding and shortages of equipment in England meant that it was decided to keep the Anzacs in Egypt during the European winter , during which time they would undertake further training in order to prepare them for their eventual use in the trenches in France . Despite this , however , the training that the Australians and New Zealanders received in this time could only be considered very rudimentary in nature , and despite popular opinion at the time , it did little to prepare them for what was to come . Australian