vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Selena Gomez
Gomez embarked on her Stars Dance Tour on August 14 , 2013 . After touring in North America and Europe , the tour was set to continue throughout 2014 , though Gomez cancelled the Australian and Asian leg of the tour in December 2013 , claiming that she would be taking a hiatus to spend time with her family . In January 2014 , it was reported that Gomez had spent two weeks at Dawn at The Meadows , which is a treatment center in Wickenburg , Arizona that specializes in treating addiction and trauma in young people . Her representative stated that she had spent time there `` voluntarily ( ... ) but not for substance abuse . '' Despite initially neglecting to comment , Gomez confirmed in 2015 that she had been diagnosed with the auto - immune disease , lupus , and that she had cancelled the tour and entered rehab to undergo chemotherapy . Gomez appeared in the film Behaving Badly ( 2014 ) with Dylan McDermott and Nat Wolff . The project , filmed prior to Gomez 's stint in rehab , was released in August 2014 to a generally negative critical and commercial reception . Even the author of the original autobiographical novel , has disavowed the film . She later appeared in the film Rudderless ( 2014 ) , the directorial debut of William H. Macy . The independent film received a mixed reception from critics .
Compact Cassette
The Compact Cassette originally was intended for use in dictation machines . In this capacity , some later - model cassette - based dictation machines could also run the tape at half speed ( ⁄ in / s ) as playback quality was not critical . The cassette soon became a popular medium for distributing prerecorded music -- initially through The Philips Record Company ( and subsidiary labels Mercury and Philips in the U.S. ) . As of 2009 , one still finds cassettes used for a variety of purposes , such as journalism , oral history , meeting and interview transcripts , audio - books , and so on . Police are still big buyers of cassette tapes , as some lawyers `` do n't trust digital technology for interviews '' . However , they are starting to give way to Compact Discs and more `` compact '' digital storage media . Prerecorded cassettes were also employed as a way of providing chemotherapy information to recently diagnosed cancer patients as studies found anxiety and fear often gets in the way of the information processing .
Hajj
During official Hajj days , pilgrims travel between the different locations by bus or on foot . The Saudi government strictly controls vehicles access into these heavily congested areas . However , the journey could take many hours due to heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic . In 2010 , the Saudi government started operating a metro rail service that runs between Arafat , Muzdalifa and Mina . The service shortens the travel time during the critical `` Nafrah '' from Arafat to Muzdalifah to minutes . Due to its limited capacity , the use of the metro is not open to all pilgrims and is subject to strict controls by Saudi officials .
High-voltage direct current
HVDC is less reliable and has lower availability than alternating current ( AC ) systems , mainly due to the extra conversion equipment . Single - pole systems have availability of about 98.5 % , with about a third of the downtime unscheduled due to faults . Fault - tolerant bipole systems provide high availability for 50 % of the link capacity , but availability of the full capacity is about 97 % to 98 % .
Magnetic domain
where α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ ) is the mean field constant . However this is not applicable to ferromagnets due to the variation of magnetization from domain to domain . In this case , the interaction field is
Pennsylvania Turnpike
HMSHost ( the successor to Marriott 's former Host Marriott division ) received a 2006 contract to reconstruct the turnpike service plazas . Improvements to the plazas , to cost $150 million , will include a food court layout and improved restrooms . Sunoco continues operating gas stations at the renovated service plazas . Most of the plazas were completely rebuilt , although the exterior structure of South Midway 's building was retained when it reopened in May 2013 due to its historical significance of being the flagship service plaza on the original section . Four service plazas were slated to be closed as part of the deal with HMSHost . Three plazas ( Hempfield , South Neshaminy , and North Neshaminy ) closed due to construction projects to the turnpike itself , while the Zelienople service plaza ( which was originally slated to stay open ) closed due to its under - use . The
Night vision
Using red light for night vision is less effective for people with red -- green color blindness , due to their insensitivity to red light .
Qing dynasty
In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family , Zhu Zhiliang , who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs , and was also inducted into the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners . Later the Qianlong Emperor bestowed the title Marquis of Extended Grace posthumously on Zhu Zhuliang in 1750 , and the title passed on through twelve generations of Ming descendants until the end of the Qing dynasty .
Hurricane Irma
Three deaths were reported in Georgia due to falling trees and debris , along with widespread wind damage and power outages throughout the state primarily due to fallen trees . On Tybee Island , the storm surge caused extensive flooding .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
As the Original Vampire - Werewolf Hybrid , Klaus is the strongest of the original vampires , despite not being the eldest , he grows stronger and faster with age due to his vampirism and when he is using his lycanthrope enhancement , also increase in strength when enraged ; due to his werewolf side .
Hurricane Harvey
Due to the shutdown in refineries , gas prices did see an increase nationwide . However , the increase was not as extensive as Hurricane Katrina due to the development of more fuel - efficient vehicles as well as fracking technology having been refined since Katrina to allow oil drilling in shale areas such as the Marcellus Formation . Additionally , Harvey 's impact coincided with Labor Day Weekend , which sees a traditional increase in gas prices due to the heavy travel for that weekend . Nonetheless , the spike brought the highest gas prices in two years .
Hurricane Irma
In the Dominican Republic , flooding worsened following Irma 's departure , leading the number of displaced persons to increase to more than 24,000 by September 8 . President Danilo Medina ordered further evacuations due to at - risk dams , while the government banned swimming in rivers and ordered boats kept in port . More than 422,000 people were left without water due to 28 aqueducts being damaged .
Indus River
In the Nanga Parbat region , the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface .
Mount Rainier
The normal route to the summit of Mount Rainier is the Disappointment Cleaver Route , grade II - III . As climbers on this route have access to the permanently established Camp Muir , it sees the significant majority of climbing traffic on the mountain . This route is also the most common commercially guided route . The term `` cleaver '' is used in the context of a rock ridge that separates two glaciers . The reason for naming this cleaver a `` disappointment '' is unrecorded , but it is thought to be due to climbers reaching it only to recognize their inability to reach the summit . An alternative route to the Disappointment Cleaver is the Ingraham Glacier Direct Route , grade II , and is often used when the Disappointment Cleaver route can not be climbed due to poor route conditions .
House of Lords
Of the initial 42 hereditary peers elected as Conservatives , one , Lord Willoughby de Broke , now sits as a member of UKIP .
History of India
Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent . Some of these kings were hereditary ; other states elected their rulers . Early `` republics '' such as the Vajji ( or Vriji ) confederation centred in the city of Vaishali , existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE . The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit , while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits . Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced to four major ones by 500 / 400 BCE , by the time of Gautama Buddha . These four were Vatsa , Avanti , Kosala , and Magadha . The life of Gautama Buddha was mainly associated with these four kingdoms . This period corresponds in an archaeological context to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture .
Shotgun
Sabots are a common type of slug round . While some slugs are exactly that -- a 12 - gauge metal projectile in a cartridge -- a sabot is a smaller but more aerodynamic projectile surrounded by a `` shoe '' of some other material . This `` sabot '' jacket seals the barrel , increasing pressure and acceleration , while also inducing spin on the projectile in a rifled barrel . Once the projectile clears the barrel , the sabot material falls away , leaving an unmarked , aerodynamic bullet to continue toward the target . The advantages over a traditional slug are increased shot power , increased bullet velocity due to the lighter - mass bullet , and increased accuracy due to the velocity and the reduction in deformation of the slug itself . Disadvantages versus a traditional slug include lower muzzle momentum due to reduced mass , reduced damage due to smaller bullet diameter , and significantly higher per - unit cost .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
From the 1960s onward , life peerages were preferred , although in 1984 Harold Macmillan was created Earl of Stockton . Sir Alec Douglas - Home , Harold Wilson , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher accepted life peerages , although Douglas - Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home . Edward Heath did not accept a peerage of any kind and nor have any of the Prime Ministers to retire since 1990 ; although Heath and John Major were later appointed as Knights of the Garter .
Soil erosion
Studies on soil erosion suggest that increased rainfall amounts and intensities will lead to greater rates of soil erosion . Thus , if rainfall amounts and intensities increase in many parts of the world as expected , erosion will also increase , unless amelioration measures are taken . Soil erosion rates are expected to change in response to changes in climate for a variety of reasons . The most direct is the change in the erosive power of rainfall . Other reasons include : a ) changes in plant canopy caused by shifts in plant biomass production associated with moisture regime ; b ) changes in litter cover on the ground caused by changes in both plant residue decomposition rates driven by temperature and moisture dependent soil microbial activity as well as plant biomass production rates ; c ) changes in soil moisture due to shifting precipitation regimes and evapo - transpiration rates , which changes infiltration and runoff ratios ; d ) soil erodibility changes due to decrease in soil organic matter concentrations in soils that lead to a soil structure that is more susceptible to erosion and increased runoff due to increased soil surface sealing and crusting ; e ) a shift of winter precipitation from non-erosive snow to erosive rainfall due to increasing winter temperatures ; f ) melting of permafrost , which induces an erodible soil state from a previously non-erodible one ; and g ) shifts in land use made necessary to accommodate new climatic regimes .
Barbados
In 1966 , Barbados became an independent state and Commonwealth realm with the British Monarch ( presently Queen Elizabeth II ) as hereditary head of state . It has a population of 280,121 people , predominantly of African descent . Despite being classified as an Atlantic island , Barbados is considered to be a part of the Caribbean , where it is ranked as a leading tourist destination . Forty percent of the tourists come from the UK , with the US and Canada making up the next large groups of visitors to the island . In 2014 , Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index ranked Barbados joint second in the Americas ( after Canada , equal with the United States ) and joint 17th globally ( after Belgium and Japan , equal with the US , Hong Kong and Ireland ) .
Brown bear
The size of brown bears is the most variable of modern bears . The typical size depends upon which population it is from , and most accepted races vary widely in size . This is in part due to sexual dimorphism , as male brown bears average at least 30 % larger in most races . Individual bears also vary in size seasonally , weighing the least in spring due to lack of foraging during hibernation , and the most in late fall , after a period of hyperphagia to put on additional weight to prepare for hibernation . Therefore , a bear may need to be weighed in both spring and fall to get an idea of its mean annual weight .
Friction
The work done by friction can translate into deformation , wear , and heat that can affect the contact surface properties ( even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces ) . This can be beneficial as in polishing . The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of friction welding . Excessive erosion or wear of mating sliding surfaces occurs when work due to frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels . Harder corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces in relative motion ( fretting ) exacerbates wear of frictional forces . Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction . As surfaces are worn by work due to friction , fit and surface finish of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
When the government seeks to burden a person 's protected liberty interest or property interest , the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that , at a minimum , the government provide the person notice , an opportunity to be heard at an oral hearing , and a decision by a neutral decision maker . For example , such process is due when a government agency seeks to terminate civil service employees , expel a student from public school , or cut off a welfare recipient 's benefits . The Court has also ruled that the Due Process Clause requires judges to recuse themselves in cases where the judge has a conflict of interest . For example , in Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) , the Court ruled that a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia had to recuse himself from a case involving a major contributor to his campaign for election to that court . Incorporation
Cross River gorilla
The Cross River gorilla at the Kagwene Mountain in Cameroon has been observed using tools and it seems to be unique to the population in this region . They have been observed in three separate cases , in which they threw grass at the researchers , a detached branch and in a third case , in which an encounter with a man , who threw rocks at them led them to throw back fistfuls of grass . All the encounter had the gorillas in the group observe the researchers and react to their presence with vocalizations then led to calm behavior in the parts of the gorillas and finally an approach by the male gorillas and the throwing of grass at the researcher . The researchers have stated that this throwing behavior might have arisen due to human contact in the field and farms surrounding the mountain and the ambivalent nature of the gorillas is due to the surrounding people not hunting the gorillas due to the folklore about the gorillas .
Revolutions of 1830
In France , the July Revolution saw the overthrow of the Bourbon King , Charles X , who had been reinstated after the fall of the French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte . In his place , Charles ' cousin Louis - Philippe , Duke of Orléans was crowned as the first `` King of the French '' . It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy , the Bourbon Restoration , to another , the July Monarchy ; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch , the House of Orléans ; and the substitution of the principle of popular sovereignty for hereditary right . Supporters of the Bourbons would be called Legitimists , and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists .
History of United States prison systems
The Civil War 's end also witnessed the emergence of pseudo-scientific theories concerning biological superiority and inherited social inferiority . Commentators grafted the Darwinian concept of `` survival of the fittest '' onto notions of social class . Charles Loring Brace , author of The Dangerous Classes of New York ( 1872 ) , warned his readers that attempts to cure poverty through charity would backfire by lessening the poor 's chance of survival . Richard L. Dugdale , civic - minded New York merchant , toured thirteen county jails during the 1870s as a voluntary inspector for the prestigious Prison Association of New York . Reflecting on his observations in later writings , Dugdale traced crime to hereditary criminality and promiscuity .
Exoplanet
Radial velocity Gravitational microlensing Direct imaging Polarimetry Astrometry Transit photometry Reflection / emission modulations Light variations due to relativistic beaming Light variations due to ellipsoidal variations Timing variations Pulsar timing Variable star timing Transit timing variation method Transit duration variation method Eclipsing binary minima timing
Louisiana Purchase
Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the Purchase , President Jefferson immediately began to organize three missions to explore and map the new territory . All three started from the Mississippi River . The Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 ) traveled up the Missouri River ; the Red River Expedition ( 1806 ) explored the Red River basin ; the Pike Expedition ( 1806 ) also started up the Missouri , but turned south to explore the Arkansas River watershed . The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams -- Onís Treaty , which set the western boundary as follows : north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel , due north to the Red River , up the Red River to the 100th meridian , north to the Arkansas River , up the Arkansas River to its headwaters , due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary .
Under the Dome (TV series)
All is well until a year later when The Resistance discover The Kinship 's leader , Dawn , is still alive , posing as a schoolteacher and traveling with children to find another egg and bring down a new dome . She finds an intact egg and says , `` We 'll come back another time . ''
Solar cell
The active region of an organic device consists of two materials , one electron donor and one electron acceptor . When a photon is converted into an electron hole pair , typically in the donor material , the charges tend to remain bound in the form of an exciton , separating when the exciton diffuses to the donor - acceptor interface , unlike most other solar cell types . The short exciton diffusion lengths of most polymer systems tend to limit the efficiency of such devices . Nanostructured interfaces , sometimes in the form of bulk heterojunctions , can improve performance .
Seven Pounds
Ben then travels to a hospital to meet Emily Posa ( Rosario Dawson ) , who suffers from a congenital heart condition which is only complicated by her rare blood type , therefore limiting donor viability . Despite being turned away from the hospital staff , Ben watches Emily sleep later that evening but leaves as she wakes during the night .
James Stockdale
In a business book by James C. Collins called Good to Great , Collins writes about a conversation he had with Stockdale regarding his coping strategy during his period in the Vietnamese POW camp .
List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters
Uncle Larry is supposedly Greg 's uncle . Greg is not sure if he is an actual relative , and he thinks someone invited him to a family gathering at some point and that he has been coming ever since . When Audra 's fortuneteller told her Meemaw 's ring was in a photo album , Larry helped realize that that the ring was in a plastic egg . This was proved to be true , as it was found in a plastic egg by Greg later on .
Japanese cuisine
It is customary to eat rice to the last grain . Being a picky eater is frowned upon , and it is not customary to ask for special requests or substitutions at restaurants . It is considered ungrateful to make these requests especially in circumstances where one is being hosted , as in a business dinner environment . After eating , try to move all dishes back to the same position they were at the start of the meal . This includes replacing the lids on dishes and putting one 's chopsticks on the chopstick holder or back into their paper slip . Good manners dictate that one respects the selections of the host . However , this can be set aside for a diner with allergies such as a peanut allergy , or a religious prohibition against certain foods like pork .
The Great Gatsby (2013 film)
Jordan tells Nick that Tom has a mistress who lives in the `` valley of ashes '' , an industrial dumping site between West Egg and The City . Nick and Tom visit the valley and stop at a garage owned by George Wilson and his wife , Myrtle , Tom 's mistress . Later , Nick receives an invitation to one of Gatsby 's parties . Upon arrival , Nick learns he is the only one to receive an invitation and none of the guests have ever met Gatsby . Nick encounters Jordan , and both meet Gatsby . Gatsby offers Nick a ride to town for lunch . On the way , Gatsby tells Nick he is an Oxford graduate and war hero from a wealthy Midwestern family . They go to a speakeasy , where Gatsby introduces Nick to his business partner , Meyer Wolfsheim .
Fiscal year
The tax year for a business is governed by the fiscal year it chooses . A business may choose any consistent fiscal year that it wants ; however , for seasonal businesses such as farming and retail , a good account practice is to end the fiscal year shortly after the highest revenue time of year . Consequently , most large agriculture companies end their fiscal years after the harvest season , and most retailers end their fiscal years shortly after the Christmas shopping season .
PageRank
One main disadvantage of PageRank is that it favors older pages . A new page , even a very good one , will not have many links unless it is part of an existing site ( a site being a densely connected set of pages , such as Wikipedia ) .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Eggy ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is a duckling who is the son of Mother Duck and the brother of Ramona , Samuel and Bradley . In `` Paternal Egg - Stinct , '' Marlene found an abandoned egg in her habitat . She gave it to the penguins to look after . Julien wanted the egg for himself . He called it Julien Junior , or JJ for short . Private called the egg Eggy . At the end , Marlene brings Mother Duck to the penguins to get her duckling back .
Foreign policy of the United States
Although the United States is the largest donor in absolute dollar terms , it is actually ranked 19 out of 27 countries on the Commitment to Development Index . The CDI ranks the 27 richest donor countries on their policies that affect the developing world . In the aid component the United States is penalized for low net aid volume as a share of the economy , a large share of tied or partially tied aid , and a large share of aid given to less poor and relatively undemocratic governments .