vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Bobby Singer
In season eleven 's `` Safe House '' , Sam and Dean investigate a house where Bobby and Rufus had worked a case in around 2008 or 2009 while the Winchesters were hunting Lilith to stop the Apocalypse . During the case , the two men faced off with a monster that was causing people to drop into mysterious comas and die while acting like a ghost . Bobby eventually recognized the monster as a Soul Eater , a monster that steals people 's souls and takes them to its nest in a pocket dimension . Bobby had faced and trapped a Soul Eater before and he and Rufus are able to trap the one in the house they are investigating . However , Bobby briefly falls victim to the monster and is transported to its nest while his body is possessed by the monster to attack Rufus who is able to complete the trap . In the present , the trap is accidentally broken during renovations of the house and the Winchesters face the Soul Eater themselves . The Winchesters are able to kill the Soul Eater , but Dean 's soul is also taken to the nest , a place outside of time and space . Moments before the souls are released from the nest by the Soul Eater 's death , Dean and Bobby briefly see each other and are left wondering if the experience was real in their respective time periods . After killing the Soul Eater Bobby and Rufus had faced , the Winchesters return to the house Bobby had previously trapped a Soul Eater in and slay that monster as well to finish Bobby 's old case for him .
Holmes on Homes
Additional Grief - After an expensive kitchen addition and back deck fails to pass city inspection , Mike Holmes steps in and does the job that the previous contractor could n't . Soggy Sorority - The roof at a sorority house had been leaking for a long time , so Mike Holmes picks up where many contractors had failed before him . He supervises an all - new flat roof installation , builds a new rooftop deck and learns about sorority life in the process . Botched Basement - After a renovation to lower a basement floor goes bad and the contractor skips town , Mike Holmes makes it right by installing an interior weeping tile system and fixing a dangerous electrical mess . Attica ! Attica / Crappy Capping - In part one , Mike Holmes repairs an attic with water damage in a new housing development . In part two , Mike helps finish a shoddy window job by installing proper insulation and capping . Cold Comfort - After a contractor failed to properly insulate a new addition , a bedroom became cold and unlivable in winter . With a court case pending , Mike Holmes tears open the ceiling , insulates properly and finds numerous other problems that need fixing . Flimsy Floor - When a brand new kitchen addition floor buckles during a party , a `` quick - fix '' by the contractor fails to solve the problem . Mike Holmes secures the floor 's joists , adds braces and reminds us that structure is just as important as design . Kitchen Catastrophe - When a shady contractor guts a family 's kitchen and then stalls for six months with numerous lame excuses , Mike Holmes steps in to mediate and gives the home owners a brand new kitchen in just one week . Window Pain - After four contractors try and fail to fix three very leaky windows , Mike Holmes is called in to fix the leaks once and for all . He restructures the roof and properly installs new windows and an eaves trough . Faulty Showers - A couple paid top dollar to have their kitchen and two bathrooms renovated , but the tiles began to crack and fall apart just one year later . Mike Holmes starts from scratch by tearing out the bathroom and finds a very dangerous surprise . Tiles and Tribulations - A couple bought a recycled wood - product tile for their kitchen , but after just one week , the tiles began to bow and the grout started to crack .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
But some economists believe that damage to the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP . However , others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor . In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by salt water from the ocean . Even though only coastal regions were directly affected by the waters of the tsunami , the indirect effects have spread to inland provinces as well . Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive , many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world , even though their travel destinations may not have been affected . This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand , such as Krabi , which acted like a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand .
Great Depression
Oral history provides evidence for how housewives in a modern industrial city handled shortages of money and resources . Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families . Cheap foods were used , such as soups , beans and noodles . They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat -- sometimes even horse meat -- and recycled the Sunday roast into sandwiches and soups . They sewed and patched clothing , traded with their neighbors for outgrown items , and made do with colder homes . New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days . Many women also worked outside the home , or took boarders , did laundry for trade or cash , and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer . Extended families used mutual aid -- extra food , spare rooms , repair - work , cash loans -- to help cousins and in - laws .
United States House Committee on Ways and Means
The idea of a ways and means committee to handle the financial matters of a legislature is an old one , having been used in the British Parliament and the colonial and early state legislatures in America .
The House of the Rising Sun
In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 . Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers .
Fuel cell
Cost . In 2013 , the Department of Energy estimated that 80 - kW automotive fuel cell system costs of US $67 per kilowatt could be achieved , assuming volume production of 100,000 automotive units per year and US $55 per kilowatt could be achieved , assuming volume production of 500,000 units per year . Many companies are working on techniques to reduce cost in a variety of ways including reducing the amount of platinum needed in each individual cell . Ballard Power Systems has experimented with a catalyst enhanced with carbon silk , which allows a 30 % reduction ( 1 mg / cm2 to 0.7 mg / cm2 ) in platinum usage without reduction in performance . Monash University , Melbourne uses PEDOT as a cathode . A 2011 published study doi : 10.1021 / ja1112904 documented the first metal - free electrocatalyst using relatively inexpensive doped carbon nanotubes , which are less than 1 % the cost of platinum and are of equal or superior performance . A recently published article demonstrated how the environmental burdens change when using carbon nanotubes as carbon substrate for platinum . Water and air management ( in PEMFCs ) . In this type of fuel cell , the membrane must be hydrated , requiring water to be evaporated at precisely the same rate that it is produced . If water is evaporated too quickly , the membrane dries , resistance across it increases , and eventually it will crack , creating a gas `` short circuit '' where hydrogen and oxygen combine directly , generating heat that will damage the fuel cell . If the water is evaporated too slowly , the electrodes will flood , preventing the reactants from reaching the catalyst and stopping the reaction . Methods to manage water in cells are being developed like electroosmotic pumps focusing on flow control . Just as in a combustion engine , a steady ratio between the reactant and oxygen is necessary to keep the fuel cell operating efficiently . Temperature management . The same temperature must be maintained throughout the cell in order to prevent destruction of the cell through thermal loading . This is particularly challenging as the 2H + O - > 2H O reaction is highly exothermic , so a large quantity of heat is generated within the fuel cell . Durability , service life , and special requirements for some type of cells .
Xenon
Dense gases such as xenon and sulfur hexafluoride can be breathed safely when mixed with at least 20 % oxygen . Xenon at 80 % concentration along with 20 % oxygen rapidly produces the unconsciousness of general anesthesia ( and has been used for this , as discussed above ) . Breathing mixes gases of different densities very effectively and rapidly so that heavier gases are purged along with the oxygen , and do not accumulate at the bottom of the lungs . There is , however , a danger associated with any heavy gas in large quantities : it may sit invisibly in a container , and a person who enters an area filled with an odorless , colorless gas , may be asphyxiated without warning . Xenon is rarely used in large enough quantities for this to be a concern , though the potential for danger exists any time a tank or container of xenon is kept in an unventilated space .
Mains electricity
In northern and central Europe , residential electrical supply is commonly 400 V three - phase electric power , which gives 230 V between any single phase and neutral ; house wiring may be a mix of three - phase and single - phase circuits , but three - phase residential use is rare in the UK . High - power appliances such as kitchen stoves , water heaters and maybe household power heavy tools like log splitters may be supplied from the 400 V three - phase power supply .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
At the same time , an investigation of cholera transmission was being conducted in Deptford . Around 90 people died within a few days in that town , where the water was known to be clean , and there had been no previous outbreaks of cholera. Snow was informed that the water had recently turned impure . Residents were forced to let the water run for a while before using it , in order to let the sudsy , sewer - like water run until it was clear . Snow , finding that the water the residents were using was not different from the usual water from their pump , determined that the outbreak must be caused by a leak in the pipes that allowed surrounding sewage and its contaminants to seep in to the water supply . This scenario was similar to that of the Broad Street outbreak . The incoming water was being contaminated by the increasing levels of sewage , coupled with the lack of proper and safe plumbing .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
In many cases a single house has a supply different from that on either side . Each company supplies both rich and poor , both large houses and small ; there is no difference in the condition or occupation of the persons receiving the water of the different companies ... As there is no difference whatever either in the houses or the people receiving the supply of the two Water Companies , or in any of the physical conditions with which they are surrounded , it is obvious that no experiment could have been devised which would more thoroughly test the effect of water supply on the progress of Cholera than this , which circumstances placed ready made before the observer . The experiment too , was on the grandest scale . No fewer than three hundred thousand people of both sexes , of every age and occupation , and of every rank and station , from gentlefolks down to the very poor , were divided into two groups without their choice , and , in most cases , without their knowledge ; one group being supplied water containing the sewage of London , and amongst it , whatever might have come from the cholera patients , the other group having water quite free from such impurity .
Siege
To end a siege more rapidly , various methods were developed in ancient and medieval times to counter fortifications , and a large variety of siege engines were developed for use by besieging armies . Ladders could be used to escalade over the defences . Battering rams and siege hooks could also be used to force through gates or walls , while catapults , ballistae , trebuchets , mangonels , and onagers could be used to launch projectiles to break down a city 's fortifications and kill its defenders . A siege tower , a substantial structure built to equal or greater height than the fortification 's walls , could allow the attackers to fire down upon the defenders and also advance troops to the wall with less danger than using ladders .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
As demand for silver increased and large - scale manufacturing techniques emerged , silver products became much more standardized . For special - order objects that would likely only be made once , silversmiths generally used lost - wax casting , in which a sculpted object was carved out of wax , an investment casting was made , and the wax was melted away . The molds produced in this manner could only be used once , which made them inconvenient for standard objects like handles and buckles . Permanent mold casting , an industrial casting technique focused on high - volume production , allowed smiths to reuse molds to make exact replicas of the most commonly used items they sold . In creating these molds and developing standardized manufacturing processes , silversmiths could begin delegating some work to apprentices and journeymen . For instance , after 1780 , Paul Revere 's sons took on more significant roles in his shop , and his silver pieces often included wooden handles made by carpenters more experienced with woodwork . For even some of the most successful artisans like Revere , artisan was not a profitable enterprise compared to mass - production using iron or bronze casting . Creating products that could be replicated for multiple customers , adopting new business practices and labor policies , and new equipment made manufacturing more ultimately efficient . These changes , in tandem with new techniques and requirements defined by changing social standards , led to the introduction of new manufacturing techniques in Colonial America that preceded and anticipated the industrial revolution .
Iravukku Aayiram Kangal
But when asked , Narain reveals that he is also a victim of Ganesh and his gang . Maya had befriended him in Facebook and they were in a relationship when Ganesh entered and threatened both of them at gun point and stole his money and car , but the police found the car alone and returned it to him . He had been thinking that Maya disappeared from his life , but he saw her with Ganesh on the day Murugesan asked him for a lift . Unable to bear Maya 's betrayal , he goes to her house to kill her exactly on the same day as Bharath and Murugesan . But he also found that Maya was already dead and that a different man was leaving the house when he entered . So Bharath looks for the man who left the house and finds that it is Roopala 's husband Vasanth . Vasanth had been having an affair with Anitha and Ganesh had filmed them together and blackmailed him for money . When Vasanth finds that Anitha was part of the scam , he is enraged but Ganesh beats him up . So Vasanth goes to her house to kill them both and exits the place minutes before Narain enters .
Ancient Roman architecture
The word itself is thought to have linguist roots tied to the word hordeum which in Latin means ' barley ' . In the John 's Hopkin 's University Press , The Classical Weekly states that `` Pliny the Elder does indeed make a distinction between the two words . He describes the horreum as a structure made of brick , the walls of which were not less than three feet thick ; it had no windows or openings for ventilation '' . Furthermore , the storehouses would also host oil and wine and also utilize large jars that could serve as cache 's for large amounts of products. These storehouses were also used to house keep large sums of money and were used much like personal storage units today are . Romans were `` These horrea were divided and subdivided , so that one could hire only so much space as one wanted , a whole room ( cella ) , a closet ( armarium ) , or only a chest or strong box ( arca , arcula , locus , loculus ) . ''
Holmes on Homes
Wall of Shame - Mike and a team of masons replace a wobbly stone wall and flimsy fence with beautiful new cobblestone . Drain Disdain - A botched attempt at adding a basement shower and a weight room leave a home owner incensed . Mike steps in to correct the last contractor 's well - meaning , yet amateur , efforts . Twice Bitten - New parents try to put an addition on their mid-century home to create a nursery for their daughter . After going through two shifty contractors and a lot of grief , they call in Mike to clean up the mess left by careless con artists . Honeymoon Ensuite - A newlywed couple purchases a freshly remodeled home with a top - notch bathroom . However , some alarming cracks in the wall , ceiling , and bathroom tile begin to appear . The inspector deems these ' cosmetic ' , but it takes Mike and his crew to uncover the shoddy workmanship beneath a thousand - dollar finish . Semi-Dilemma - Two families sharing a 110 - year - old Victorian townhouse are experiencing issues with sagging front porches and drippy rain spouts . Mike and co . replace the rotting wood and repair the roof and drains , ultimately performing more of a restoration than a renovation . Wash & Weep - An improperly installed laundry room has the washing machine cleaning the kitchen floor instead of the dirty clothes . Mike unravels a plumbing tangle and also addresses some areas that the first two contractors ignored . Holmes for the Holidays
Viet Cong
At this point , there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam , as well as 900,000 allied forces . General William Westmoreland , the U.S. commander , received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned , but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh , a remote U.S. base near the DMZ . In January and February 1968 , some 80,000 Việt Cộng struck more than 100 towns with orders to `` crack the sky '' and `` shake the Earth . '' The offensive included a commando raid on the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents . House - to - house fighting between Việt Cộng and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of Cholon , a section of Saigon , in ruins . The Việt Cộng used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population , including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders . A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Việt Cộng in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war . In an influential broadcast on February 27 , newsman Walter Cronkite stated that the war was a `` stalemate '' and could be ended only by negotiation . Two more offensives occurred later that year , known as the `` Mini-Tet '' Offensives .
White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States . It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C. , and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800 . The term White House is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers , as in `` The White House announced that ... '' .
History of laptops
Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC - 5000 and the Gavilan SC , announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984 . The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a `` laptop '' . It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad - like pointing device , installed on a panel above the keyboard . Like the GRiD Compass , the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases , but they were partly IBM - compatible , although primarily running their own system software . Both had LCDs , and could connect to optional external printers . The Dulmont Magnum , launched internationally in 1984 , was an Australian portable similar in layout to the Gavilan , which used the Intel 80186 processor .
Candle
In the Middle Ages in Europe , tallow candles were the most common candle . By the 13th century , candle making had become a guild craft in England and France . The candle makers ( chandlers ) went from house to house making candles from the kitchen fats saved for that purpose , or made and sold their own candles from small candle shops . Beeswax , compared to animal - based tallow , burned cleanly , without smoky flame . Rather than the foul and terrible odor of tallow , it emits a fresh smell . Beeswax candles were expensive , and relatively few people could afford to burn them in their homes in medieval Europe . However , they were widely used for church ceremonies .
Daenerys Targaryen
Daenerys Targaryen is the daughter of King Aerys II Targaryen ( also referred to as `` The Mad King '' ) and his sister - wife Queen Rhaella , and is one of the last survivors of House Targaryen . She serves as the third - person narrator of thirty - one chapters throughout A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , A Storm of Swords , and A Dance with Dragons . She is the only monarch or claimant to a throne given point of view chapters in the novels . Thirteen years before the events of the series ( sixteen in the television series ) , after her father and eldest brother Rhaegar were killed during Robert 's Rebellion , Daenerys was born in the midst of a great storm , earning her the nickname `` Stormborn '' . Rhaella died in childbirth and Daenerys was whisked away to Braavos with her older brother Viserys by the Master of Arms of the Red Keep , Ser Willem Darry . Darry died when Daenerys was five and she and Viserys spent the following years wandering the Free Cities . By the beginning of A Game of Thrones , Daenerys has been a guest of Illyrio Mopatis in Pentos for half a year .
Manhattan Project
Although DuPont 's preferred designs for the nuclear reactors were helium cooled and used graphite as a moderator , DuPont still expressed an interest in using heavy water as a backup , in case the graphite reactor design proved infeasible for some reason . For this purpose , it was estimated that 3 short tons ( 2.7 t ) of heavy water would be required per month . The P - 9 Project was the government 's code name for the heavy water production program . As the plant at Trail , which was then under construction , could produce 0.5 short tons ( 0.45 t ) per month , additional capacity was required . Groves therefore authorized DuPont to establish heavy water facilities at the Morgantown Ordnance Works , near Morgantown , West Virginia ; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works , near Dana and Newport , Indiana ; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works , near Childersburg and Sylacauga , Alabama . Although known as Ordnance Works and paid for under Ordnance Department contracts , they were built and operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The American plants used a process different from Trail 's ; heavy water was extracted by distillation , taking advantage of the slightly higher boiling point of heavy water .
House of Lords
A distinct judicial function -- one in which the whole House used to participate -- is that of trying impeachments . Impeachments were brought by the House of Commons , and tried in the House of Lords ; a conviction required only a majority of the Lords voting . Impeachments , however , are to all intents and purposes obsolete ; the last impeachment was that of Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville , in 1806 .