vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Computer keyboard
Anti-spyware applications are able to detect many keyloggers and cleanse them . Responsible vendors of monitoring software support detection by anti-spyware programs , thus preventing abuse of the software . Enabling a firewall does not stop keyloggers per se , but can possibly prevent transmission of the logged material over the net if properly configured . Network monitors ( also known as reverse - firewalls ) can be used to alert the user whenever an application attempts to make a network connection . This gives the user the chance to prevent the keylogger from `` phoning home '' with his or her typed information . Automatic form - filling programs can prevent keylogging entirely by not using the keyboard at all . Most keyloggers can be fooled by alternating between typing the login credentials and typing characters somewhere else in the focus window .
Preamble to the United States Constitution
In this same vein , courts will not answer hypothetical questions about the constitutionality of a statute . The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws solely because they are unconstitutional , but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person 's interests . For example , creditors who lose some measure of what they are owed when a bankrupt 's debts are discharged can not claim injury , because Congress ' power to enact bankruptcy laws is also in the Constitution and inherent in it is the ability to declare certain debts valueless . Similarly , while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused of violating , once charged , a person may challenge the law 's validity , even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime . Where
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Alone , each indicium does not compel the conclusion that an instance of speech is commercial ; however , `` ( t ) he combination of all these characteristics ... provides strong support for ... the conclusion that the ( speech is ) properly characterized as commercial speech . ''
Natural logarithm
The natural logarithm function , if considered as a real - valued function of a real variable , is the inverse function of the exponential function , leading to the identities :
Byzantine Empire
Diplomacy in the era was understood to have an intelligence - gathering function on top of its pure political function . The Bureau of Barbarians in Constantinople handled matters of protocol and record keeping for any issues related to the `` barbarians '' , and thus had , perhaps , a basic intelligence function itself . John B. Bury believed that the office exercised supervision over all foreigners visiting Constantinople , and that they were under the supervision of the Logothetes tou dromou . While on the surface a protocol office -- its main duty was to ensure foreign envoys were properly cared for and received sufficient state funds for their maintenance , and it kept all the official translators -- it probably had a security function as well .
Double-entry bookkeeping system
is an error detection tool ; if at any point the sum of debits for all accounts does not equal the corresponding sum of credits for all accounts , an error has occurred . However , satisfying the equation does not guarantee that there are no errors ; the ledger may still `` balance '' even if the wrong ledger accounts have been debited or credited .
Well-defined
A function that is not well - defined is not the same as a function that is undefined . For example , if f ( x ) = 1 / x , then f ( 0 ) is undefined , but this has nothing to do with the question of whether f ( x ) = 1 / x is well - defined . It is ; 0 is simply not in the domain of the function .
Slope
If y is a linear function of x , then the coefficient of x is the slope of the line created by plotting the function . Therefore , if the equation of the line is given in the form
Facial hair in the military
The Navy does not allow moustaches alone , but does allow full - set beards . Moustaches but not beards are permitted in the Army and Air Force . However , members of the Commando and Special Forces regiments are allowed to wear beards if based outside their home camps .
Returns to scale
Assuming that the factor costs are constant ( that is , that the firm is a perfect competitor in all input markets ) and the production function is homothetic , a firm experiencing constant returns will have constant long - run average costs , a firm experiencing decreasing returns will have increasing long - run average costs , and a firm experiencing increasing returns will have decreasing long - run average costs . However , this relationship breaks down if the firm does not face perfectly competitive factor markets ( i.e. , in this context , the price one pays for a good does depend on the amount purchased ) . For example , if there are increasing returns to scale in some range of output levels , but the firm is so big in one or more input markets that increasing its purchases of an input drives up the input 's per - unit cost , then the firm could have diseconomies of scale in that range of output levels . Conversely , if the firm is able to get bulk discounts of an input , then it could have economies of scale in some range of output levels even if it has decreasing returns in production in that output range .
Recursion (computer science)
Most basic examples of recursion , and most of the examples presented here , demonstrate direct recursion , in which a function calls itself . Indirect recursion occurs when a function is called not by itself but by another function that it called ( either directly or indirectly ) . For example , if f calls f , that is direct recursion , but if f calls g which calls f , then that is indirect recursion of f . Chains of three or more functions are possible ; for example , function 1 calls function 2 , function 2 calls function 3 , and function 3 calls function 1 again .
Natural logarithm
In elementary terms , this is simply scaling by 1 / a in the horizontal direction and by a in the vertical direction . Area does not change under this transformation , but the region between a and ab is reconfigured . Because the function a / ( ax ) is equal to the function 1 / x , the resulting area is precisely ln ( b ) .
Tax incidence
However , the true burden of the tax can not be properly assessed without knowing the use of the tax revenues . If the tax proceeds are employed in a manner that benefits owners more than producers and consumers then the burden of the tax will fall on producers and consumers . If the proceeds of the tax are used in a way that benefits producers and consumers , then owners suffer the tax burden . These are class distinctions concerning the distribution of costs and are not addressed in current tax incidence models . The US military offers major benefit to owners who produce offshore . Yet the tax levy to support this effort falls primarily on American producers and consumers . Corporations simply move out of the tax jurisdiction but still receive the property rights enforcement that is the mainstay of their income .
Enzyme
A mixed inhibitor binds to an allosteric site and the binding of the substrate and the inhibitor affect each other . The enzyme 's function is reduced but not eliminated when bound to the inhibitor . This type of inhibitor does not follow the Michaelis - Menten equation . Irreversible
Scientific method
This step involves determining the logical consequences of the hypothesis . One or more predictions are then selected for further testing . The more unlikely that a prediction would be correct simply by coincidence , then the more convincing it would be if the prediction were fulfilled ; evidence is also stronger if the answer to the prediction is not already known , due to the effects of hindsight bias ( see also postdiction ) . Ideally , the prediction must also distinguish the hypothesis from likely alternatives ; if two hypotheses make the same prediction , observing the prediction to be correct is not evidence for either one over the other . ( These statements about the relative strength of evidence can be mathematically derived using Bayes ' Theorem ) . Testing
Glycolysis
If a step is at equilibrium ( ΔG is zero ) , the enzyme catalyzing the reaction will balance the products and reactants and can not confer directionality to the pathway . These steps ( and associated enzymes ) are considered unregulated . If a step is not at equilibrium , but spontaneous ( ΔG is negative ) , the enzyme catalyzing the reaction is not balancing the products and reactants and will proceed in the forward direction unless the enzyme function is altered ; these steps are considered to be regulated . A common mechanism of regulating enzymes is allosteric control .
Utilitarianism
When we are `` playing God or the ideal observer '' , we use the specific form , and we will need to do this when we are deciding what general principles to teach and follow . When we are `` inculcating '' or in situations where the biases of our human nature are likely to prevent us doing the calculations properly , then we should use the more general rule utilitarianism .
Demand curve
A sales tax on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve , if the price axis in the graph represents the price including tax . Similarly , a subsidy on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve , if the price axis in the graph represents the price after deduction of the subsidy .
Particle in a box
where n is a positive integer ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ... ) . For a shifted box ( x = L / 2 ) , the solution is particularly simple . The simplest solutions , k n = 0 ( \ displaystyle k_ ( n ) = 0 ) or A = 0 ( \ displaystyle A = 0 ) both yield the trivial wavefunction ψ ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ psi ( x ) = 0 ) , which describes a particle that does not exist anywhere in the system . Negative values of n ( \ displaystyle n ) are neglected , since they give wavefunctions identical to the positive n ( \ displaystyle n ) solutions except for a physically unimportant sign change . Here one sees that only a discrete set of energy values and wavenumbers k are allowed for the particle . Usually in quantum mechanics it is also demanded that the derivative of the wavefunction in addition to the wavefunction itself be continuous ; here this demand would lead to the only solution being the constant zero function , which is not what we desire , so we give up this demand ( as this system with infinite potential can be regarded as a nonphysical abstract limiting case , we can treat it as such and `` bend the rules '' ) . Note that giving up this demand means that the wavefunction is not a differentiable function at the boundary of the box , and thus it can be said that the wavefunction does not solve the Schrödinger equation at the boundary points x = 0 ( \ displaystyle x = 0 ) and x = L ( \ displaystyle x = L ) ( but does solve everywhere else ) .
Moment-generating function
The moment - generating function is so called because if it exists on an open interval around t = 0 , then it is the exponential generating function of the moments of the probability distribution :
Moment-generating function
If S n = ∑ i = 1 n a i X i ( \ displaystyle S_ ( n ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( i ) X_ ( i ) ) , where the X are independent random variables and the a are constants , then the probability density function for S is the convolution of the probability density functions of each of the X , and the moment - generating function for S is given by
Gun laws in Wisconsin
The law does not apply if force is used against police while in the line of duty if the shooter knows or should have known that the victim was a police officer or other public safety worker. ( WI statute 895.62 ( 4 ) ( b ) ) The law also does not protect those who are engaged in criminal activity . ( WI statute 939.48 ( 1m ) ( b ) ( 1 ) )
Lagrangian mechanics
The above form of L does not hold in relativistic Lagrangian mechanics , and must be replaced by a function consistent with special or general relativity . Also , for dissipative forces another function must be introduced alongside L .
Original sin
The Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , while not pronouncing on points disputed among Catholic theologians , condemned the teaching that in baptism the whole of what belongs to the essence of sin is not taken away , but is only cancelled or not imputed , and declared the concupiscence that remains after baptism not truly and properly `` sin '' in the baptized , but only to be called sin in the sense that it is of sin and inclines to sin .
Anti-mask laws
According to the Law on the Prohibition of masking in some cases , it is prohibited for participants in the demonstration to fully or partially cover the face in a way that complicates identification . This prohibition applies only if there are disturbances of public order at demonstrations , or if there is an immediate danger of such disturbances . The ban does not apply to the covering of the face for religious reasons . It also does not apply to the extent participants are authorized ( under 2 Ch. 7 a § Order Act ) to fully or partially cover the face .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
If the defendant does not generate the issue of self - defense , then the prosecution does not have to prove that the defendant had not acted in self - defense .
Australia–Canada relations
`` What does he ( Meighen ) offer us ? Something we can grasp ? What is the substantial alternative to the renewal of the Treaty ? The answer is none ... Now let me speak plainly to Mr. Meighen on behalf of Australia ... If he will look at his own ( defence ) budget and ours he will see what it means to have a great nation like America as his neighbour , under whose wing the Dominion of Canada can nestle safely ... I must regard Mr. Meighen 's presentation of the case as not the case for the Empire , but as the case for the United States of America . ''
Sleep
Children need many hours of sleep per day in order to develop and function properly : up to 18 hours for newborn babies , with a declining rate as a child ages . Early in 2015 , after a two - year study , the National Sleep Foundation in the US announced newly revised recommendations as shown in the table below .
Particle in a box
The probability density does not go to zero at the nodes if relativistic effects are taken into account via Dirac equation .
Bone age
Statistics have been compiled to indicate the percentage of height growth remaining at a given bone age . By simple arithmetic , a predicted adult height can be computed from a child 's height and bone age . Separate tables are used for boys and girls because of the sex difference in timing of puberty , and slightly different percentages are used for children with unusually advanced or delayed bone maturation . These tables , the Bayley - Pinneau tables , are included as an appendix in the Greulich and Pyle atlas .
Copyright
If a pictorial , graphic or sculptural work is a useful article , it is copyrighted only if its aesthetic features are separable from its utilitarian features . A useful article is an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information . They must be separable from the functional aspect to be copyrighted .
Operon
Not always included within the operon , but important in its function is a regulatory gene , a constantly expressed gene which codes for repressor proteins . The regulatory gene does not need to be in , adjacent to , or even near the operon to control it .
PageRank
where the adjacency function l ( p i , p j ) ( \ displaystyle \ ell ( p_ ( i ) , p_ ( j ) ) ) is 0 if page p j ( \ displaystyle p_ ( j ) ) does not link to p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) , and normalized such that , for each j
Nuclear weapon
Some analysts have argued that nuclear weapons have made the world relatively safer , with peace through deterrence and through the stability -- instability paradox , including in south Asia . Kenneth Waltz has argued that nuclear weapons have helped keep an uneasy peace , and further nuclear weapon proliferation might even help avoid the large scale conventional wars that were so common before their invention at the end of World War II . But former Secretary Henry Kissinger says there is a new danger , which can not be addressed by deterrence : `` The classical notion of deterrence was that there was some consequences before which aggressors and evildoers would recoil . In a world of suicide bombers , that calculation does n't operate in any comparable way '' . George Shultz has said , `` If you think of the people who are doing suicide attacks , and people like that get a nuclear weapon , they are almost by definition not deterrable '' .
Baptism
The Salvation Army does not practice water baptism , or indeed other outward sacraments . William Booth and Catherine Booth , the founders of the Salvation Army , believed that many Christians had come to rely on the outward signs of spiritual grace rather than on grace itself . They believed what was important was spiritual grace itself . However , although the Salvation Army does not practice baptism , they are not opposed to baptism within other Christian denominations .
Correlation does not imply causation
A causes B ( direct causation ) ; B causes A ( reverse causation ) ; A and B are consequences of a common cause , but do not cause each other ; A and B both cause C , which is ( explicitly or implicitly ) conditioned on . If A and B cause C , why do A and B have to be correlated ? ; A causes B and B causes A ( bidirectional or cyclic causation ) ; A causes C which causes B ( indirect causation ) ; There is no connection between A and B ; the correlation is a coincidence .
Angular cheilitis
There are 4 aspects to the treatment of angular cheilitis . Firstly , potential reservoirs of infection inside the mouth are identified and treated . Oral candidiasis , especially denture - related stomatitis is often found to be present where there is angular cheilitis , and if it is not treated , the sores at the corners of the mouth may often recur . This involves having dentures properly fitted and disinfected . Commercial preparations are marketed for this purpose , although dentures may be left in dilute ( 1 : 10 concentration ) household bleach overnight , but only if they are entirely plastic and do not contain any metal parts , and with rinsing under clean water before use . Improved denture hygiene is often required thereafter , including not wearing the denture during sleep and cleaning it daily . For more information , see Denture - related stomatitis .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
Are you trying to say that the distribution associated with the Cantor function does have a defined mode ? -- Lambiam 14 : 29 , 10 September 2007 ( UTC )
Gun laws in California
There are also numerous other laws , such as prohibition on possession of tracer ammunition , handgun armor - piercing ammunition , . 50 BMG rifles , and the sale or transfer of magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds . All rifles are normally exempt for the original owner if properly registered at the time of the acts which prohibited them .
Probability
Probability theory is required to describe quantum phenomena . A revolutionary discovery of early 20th century physics was the random character of all physical processes that occur at sub-atomic scales and are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics . The objective wave function evolves deterministically but , according to the Copenhagen interpretation , it deals with probabilities of observing , the outcome being explained by a wave function collapse when an observation is made . However , the loss of determinism for the sake of instrumentalism did not meet with universal approval . Albert Einstein famously remarked in a letter to Max Born : `` I am convinced that God does not play dice '' . Like Einstein , Erwin Schrödinger , who discovered the wave function , believed quantum mechanics is a statistical approximation of an underlying deterministic reality . In some modern interpretations of the statistical mechanics of measurement , quantum decoherence is invoked to account for the appearance of subjectively probabilistic experimental outcomes .
Forecasting
Forecasting has applications in a wide range of fields where estimates of future conditions are useful . Not everything can be forecasted reliably , if the factors that relate to what is being forecast are known and well understood and there is a significant amount of data that can be used very reliable forecasts can often be obtained . If this is not the case or if the actual outcome is effected by the forecasts , the reliability of the forecasts can be significantly lower .
Natural logarithm
If the natural logarithm is defined as the inverse of the ( natural ) exponential function , then the derivative for x > 0 can be found by using the properties of the logarithm and a definition of the exponential function .
Soft costs
For a contractor , soft costs are essentially construction costs incurred that are not labor and materials . Delay in Start Up insurance coverage and soft costs are not the same . Some soft costs may be incurred in the repair of a covered loss before the anticipated completion date is reached . These can be architect fees or engineering fees incurred to repair loss or damage to the insured property . Only those indirect costs that are above what would have been incurred up to the anticipated completion date but continue after such date due to the insured delay are soft costs that are covered by delay in completion or delay in start up coverage . Soft cost is a contractor accounting term for their expenses that are not associated with a particular construction task . Their construction trailer , water delivery , book keepers , etc. are all soft costs that continue on after the original anticipated completion date is reached , if the project is delayed . Only if the delay was caused by an insured loss would the insurance pick these expenses up , and only if the policy includes delay in start up coverage . Any repair costs which are not labor or materials and are indemnified to complete the repair of property loss should not be reported under delay in completion and there is no delay in completion until the anticipated date of completion is reached , and the project is not finished . Not all indirect costs are time related expenses that continue after the original date of completion . Those soft costs ( indirect costs ) which are continuing fixed expenses that continue because the project is delayed by an insured loss are soft costs that should be included with the delay in start up values . A soft cost to a contractor , such as his administration costs , can be a hard cost to the owner because what the contractor invoices the owner is the owner 's direct cost . If the owner employs engineers to overlook construction as the project is executed , this will be a continuing expense during repair if the repair is done after the original completion date and would be reported in the delay in completion values . If the engineer cost was a one time charge for a design , he may need to be consulted in order for the loss to be repaired . This expense does not occur because of a delay , but is incurred to repair property damage and hence should be included in the construction costs if the intention is for that expense to be covered in the indemnification depending on policy wording . If the project is insured to the extent of the reported values , and that value was left out to compute the premium , the company may decline that cost in the indemnification .