vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Quakers
Gurneyite Friends ( aka Friends United Meeting Friends ) , are the modern - day followers of the Evangelical Quaker theology which was first proclaimed by Joseph John Gurney , a 19th - century British Friend . They make up 49 % of the total number of Quakers worldwide . They regard Jesus Christ as their Teacher and Lord , and favour working closely with other Protestant Christian churches . Gurneyite Friends place more emphasis on the authority of the Bible as the direct Word of God than on personal and direct experience of God in their lives . Both children and adults participate in ongoing religious education which emphasises orthodox Christian teaching from the Bible , and in relationship to both orthodox Christian Quaker history and Quaker testimonies . Gurneyite Friends subscribe to a set of orthodox Christian doctrines , such as those found in the Richmond Declaration of faith . In subsequent years , conflict arose among Gurneyite Friends in relation to the Richmond Declaration of faith . Thus , after a while , the Richmond Declaration of faith was adopted by nearly all of the Gurneyite yearly meetings . The Five Years Meeting of Friends reaffirmed their loyalty to the Richmond Declaration of faith in 1912 , but specifically stated that it was not to constitute a Christian creed . Although Gurneyism was the main form of Quakerism in Great Britain in the 19th century , Gurneyite Friends are today located in America , Ireland , Africa and India . Many Gurneyite Friends combine `` waiting worship '' ( unprogrammed worship ) , with religious practices commonly found in other Protestant Christian churches , such as the reading of the Bible and the singing of Hymns . A small minority of Gurneyite Friends practice entirely unprogrammed worship .
Neon lighting
Neon signage was received with particular enthusiasm in the United States . In 1923 , Earle C. Anthony purchased two neon signs from Claude for his Packard car dealership in Los Angeles , California ; these literally stopped traffic . Claude 's US patents had secured him a monopoly on neon signage , and following Anthony 's success with neon signs , many companies arranged franchises with Claude to manufacture neon signs . In many cases companies were given exclusive licenses for the production of neon signs in a given geographical area ; by 1931 , the value of the neon sign business was $16.9 million , of which a significant percentage was paid to Claude Neon Lights , Inc. by the franchising arrangements . Claude 's principal patent expired in 1932 , which led to a great expansion in the production of neon signage . The industry 's sales in 1939 were about $22.0 million ; the expansion in volume from 1931 to 1939 was much larger than the ratio of sales in the two years suggests .
Great Depression in the United States
The government began heavy military spending in 1940 , and started drafting millions of young men that year . By 1945 , 17 million had entered service to their country , but that was not enough to absorb all the unemployed . During the war , the government subsidized wages through cost - plus contracts . Government contractors were paid in full for their costs , plus a certain percentage profit margin . That meant the more wages a person was paid the higher the company profits since the government would cover them plus a percentage .
Quakers
Quakers bear witness or testify to their religious beliefs in their spiritual lives , drawing on the James advice that faith by itself , if it is not accompanied by action , is dead . This religious witness is rooted in their immediate experience of God and verified by the Bible , especially in Jesus Christ 's life and teachings . They may bear witness in many ways , according to how they believe God is leading them . Although Quakers share how they relate to God and the world , mirroring Christian ethical codes , for example the Sermon on the Mount or the Sermon on the Plain , Friends argue that they feel personally moved by God rather than following an ethical code .
Great Depression in Canada
Among the few women in the labor force , layoffs were less common in the white - collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work . However , there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job , so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed .
The Shining (film)
Production took place almost exclusively at EMI Elstree Studios with sets strongly based on real locations . Kubrick often worked with a small crew which allowed him to do many takes , sometimes to the exhaustion of the actors and staff . The new Steadicam was used in several scenes giving it an innovative and immersive look and feel . Because of inconsistencies , ambiguities , symbolism , and differences from the book , there has been much speculation into the meanings and actions in the movie .
Quakers
These Friends have views similar to other post-Christian non-theists in other churches such as the Sea of Faith within the Anglican church . They are predominantly atheists , agnostics , and humanists who nevertheless value membership in a religious organization . The first organisation for non-theist Friends was the Humanistic Society of Friends , founded in Los Angeles in 1939 . This organisation remained small and was absorbed into the American Humanist Association . More recently , interest in non-theism resurfaced , particularly led by British Friend David Boulton , who founded the 40 member Nontheist Friends Network in 2011 . Non-theism is controversial , leading some Christian Quakers from within Britain Yearly Meeting to call for non-theists to be refused membership . In one study of Friends in Britain Yearly Meeting , around 30 % of Quakers had views that were described as non-theistic , agnostic , or atheist . Another study of British Quakers , found that of the 727 members of the Religious Society of Friends who completed the survey , 75.1 % said that they consider themselves to be Christian ; 17.6 % did not consider themselves Christian ; and 7.3 % of the members either did not answer or circled both answers . A further 22 % of Quakers did not consider themselves to be a Christian , but fulfilled a definition of being a Christian in that they said that they devoutly followed the teachings and example of Jesus Christ . In the same survey 86.9 % said that they believed in God .
Time Stands Still (Degrassi: The Next Generation)
While leaving the school still in shock , Emma runs up to him to hand him the trophy . He says how the pranksters ( unknown to anyone at the time ) are life runners , but Emma assures him he 's the smartest guy in school and how no one will forget that . Rick then kisses Emma to her disapproval , and she states she was only friends with him because she felt sorry for him , and for him to get a clue . Rick stands alone , stunned .
Rita Repulsa
Note that the characters were unrelated in the original Japanese Super Sentai series , even though they were both played by Machiko Soga ( she was one of many actors in the original franchise who played unrelated characters in different seasons ) . The writers decided to connect the characters both as an easter egg for long - time fans and as a tribute to Soga herself , who died while Mystic Force was in production .
Trump: The Art of the Deal
Trump asserted in his 2016 presidential run that Art of the Deal is `` the No. 1 selling business book of all time . '' In a detailed analysis by Linda Qiu in the Tampa Bay Times , other business books were found to have sold many more copies than Art of the Deal . Qiu noted it was impossible to find exact sales figures , but gave a range of possibilities based on known claims and facts . Compared to six other famous business books , Art of the Deal ranked in fifth place according to her analysis ; the first place book , How to Win Friends and Influence People , outsold it by a factor of 15 times .
New England Patriots strategy
In a 2007 press conference Belichick said the following of Fairbanks : `` I think Chuck has had a tremendous influence on the league as well as this organization in terms of nomenclature and terminology and those kinds of things . I 'm sure Chuck could walk in and look at our playbook and probably 80 percent of the plays are the same terminology that he used - whether it be formations or coverages or pass protections . We were sitting there talking yesterday and he was saying , ' How much 60 protection are you guys using ? How much 80 are you using ? ' All of the stuff that was really the fundamentals of his system are still in place here even , again , to the way we call formations and plays and coverages and some of our individual calls within a call , a certain adjustment or things that Red ( Miller ) and Hank ( Bullough ) and Ron ( Erhardt ) and those guys used when they were here '' .
Quakers
Today , while there are some Friends who hold holiness beliefs within most yearly meetings , it is the predominant theological view of Central Yearly Meeting of Friends , ( founded in 1926 specifically to promote holiness theology ) , and the Holiness Mission of the Bolivian Evangelical Friends Church ( founded by missionaries from that meeting in 1919 , the largest group of Friends in Bolivia ) .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Laws like the Seaman 's Act put U.S. - flagged vessels at an economic disadvantage against countries lacking such safeguards . By moving their ships to the Panamanian flag of convenience , owners could avoid providing these protections . The Belen Quezada , the first foreign ship flagged in the Panamanian registry , was employed in running illegal alcohol between Canada and the United States during Prohibition . In addition to sidestepping the Seamen 's Act , Panamanian - flagged ships in this early period paid sailors on the Japanese wage scale , which was much lower than that of western merchant powers .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland 's economy collapsed in the Great Depression , as prices plunged for fish , its main export . The population was 290,000 , and the people and merchants were out of money . Since there was relatively little subsistence farming , people depended heavily on the meager supply of government relief , and as much emergency help with their friends , neighbors , and relatives could spare . There were no reports of starvation , but malnutrition was widespread .
Golden Horde
Venetian port cities in Crimea ( center at Qırım ) . After the Mongol conquest in 1238 , the port cities in Crimea paid the Jochids custom duties , and the revenues were divided among all Chingisid princes of the Mongol Empire in accordance with the appanage system. , the banks of Azov , the country of Circassians , Walachia , Alania , Russian lands .
Apartheid
Blacks could never acquire land in white areas . In the homelands , much of the land belonged to a `` tribe '' , where the local chieftain would decide how the land had to be used . This resulted in whites owning almost all the industrial and agricultural lands and much of the prized residential land . Most blacks were stripped of their South African citizenship when the `` homelands '' became `` independent '' , and they were no longer able to apply for South African passports . Eligibility requirements for a passport had been difficult for blacks to meet , the government contending that a passport was a privilege , not a right , and the government did not grant many passports to blacks . Apartheid pervaded culture as well as the law , and was entrenched by most of the mainstream media .
Seneca Falls Convention
Though women Friends had since the 1660s publicly preached , written and led , and traditional Quaker tenets held that men and women were equals , Quaker women met separately from the men to consider and decide a congregation 's business . By the 1840s , some Hicksite Quakers determined to bring women and men together in their business meetings as an expression of their spiritual equality . In June 1848 , approximately 200 Hicksites , including the Hunts and the M'Clintocks , formed an even more radical Quaker group , known as the Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends , or Progressive Friends . The Progressive Friends intended to further elevate the influence of women in affairs of the faith . They introduced joint business meetings of men and women , giving women an equal voice .
Quakers
Orthodox Friends became more evangelical during the 19th century and were influenced by the Second Great Awakening . This movement was led by British Quaker Joseph John Gurney . Christian Friends held Revival meetings in America and became involved in the Holiness movement of churches . Quakers such as Hannah Whitall Smith and Robert Pearsall Smith became speakers in the religious movement and introduced Quaker phrases and practices to it . British Friends became involved with the Higher Life movement , with Robert Wilson from Cockermouth meeting founding the Keswick Convention . From the 1870s it became commonplace in Great Britain to have home mission meetings on a Sunday evening with Christian hymns and a Bible - based sermon alongside the silent meetings for worship on Sunday morning .
Quakers
In the U.S. , Conservative Friends are part of three small Quaker Yearly Meetings in Ohio , North Carolina and Iowa ; Ohio Yearly Meeting ( Conservative ) is generally considered to be the most Bible - centred of the three Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings , retaining Christian Quakers who use the plain language , who continue to wear plain dress , and who live in small villages or rural areas ; more than the Conservative Friends from the other two Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings .
Western (genre)
The Western films directed by Sergio Leone were felt by some to have a different tone than the Hollywood Westerns . Veteran American actors Charles Bronson , Lee Van Cleef and Clint Eastwood became famous by starring in Spaghetti Westerns , although the films also provided a showcase for other noted actors such as James Coburn , Henry Fonda , Rod Steiger , Klaus Kinski , and Jason Robards . Eastwood , previously the lead in the television series Rawhide , unexpectedly found himself catapulted into the forefront of the film industry by Leone 's A Fistful of Dollars . Weird
Quakers
Divisions of the Religious Society of Friends Orthodox Wilburite Conservative Conservative Friends Gurneyite Gurneyite Friends United Meeting Evangelical Evangelical Friends International Beaconite Hicksite Friends General Conference Friends General Conference Showing the divisions of Quakers occurring in the 19th and 20th centuries .
Health care in the United States
A study of international health care spending levels published in the health policy journal Health Affairs in the year 2000 found that the United States spends substantially more on health care than any other country in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and that the use of health care services in the U.S. is below the OECD median by most measures . The authors of the study conclude that the prices paid for health care services are much higher in the U.S. than elsewhere . While the 19 next most wealthy countries by GDP all pay less than half what the U.S. does for health care , they have all gained about six years of life expectancy more than the U.S. since 1970 . Delays
Indentured servitude
Between one - half and two - thirds of white immigrants to the American colonies between the 1630s and American Revolution had come under indentures . However , while almost half the European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies were indentured servants , at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured , or whose indenture had expired , and thus free wage labor was the more prevalent for Europeans in the colonies . Indentured people were numerically important mostly in the region from Virginia north to New Jersey . Other colonies saw far fewer of them . The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000 ; of these 55,000 were involuntary prisoners . Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily , Tomlins estimates that 48 % were indentured . About 75 % of these were under the age of 25 . The age of adulthood for men was 24 years ( not 21 ) ; those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about 3 years . Regarding the children who came , Gary Nash reports that `` many of the servants were actually nephews , nieces , cousins and children of friends of emigrating Englishmen , who paid their passage in return for their labor once in America . ''
Executive compensation
The levels of compensation in all countries has been rising dramatically over the past decades . Not only is it rising in absolute terms , but also in relative terms . In 2007 , the world 's highest paid chief executive officers and chief financial officers were American . They made 400 times more than average workers -- a gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965 . In 2010 the highest paid CEO was Viacom 's Philippe P. Dauman at $84.5 million The U.S. has the world 's highest CEO 's compensation relative to manufacturing production workers . According to one 2005 estimate the U.S. ratio of CEO 's to production worker pay is 39 : 1 compared to 31.8 : 1 in UK ; 25.9 : 1 in Italy ; 24.9 : 1 in New Zealand .
Algiers Motel incident
Both the Pollard family and the Temple family filed lawsuits against the Detroit Police officers . Settlements were reached in each case . The City of Detroit paid each family $62,500 to settle . Larry Reed left The Dramatics after the incident , and today sings in church choirs .
Quakers
Conservative Friends ( also known as `` Wilburites '' after their founder , John Wilbur ) , share some of the beliefs of George Fox and the Early Friends . Many Wilburites see themselves as the Quakers whose beliefs are most true to original Quaker doctrine , arguing that the majority of Friends `` broke away '' from the Wilburite Quakers in the 19th and 20th centuries ( rather than the Wilburites being the `` breakaway '' sect ) . Conservative Friends place their trust in the immediate guidance of God . Conservative Friends completely reject all forms of religious symbolism and outward sacraments , such as the Eucharist and water baptism . Conservative Friends do not believe in relying upon the practice of outward rites and sacraments , to have a living relationship with God through Christ ; believing that holiness can exist in all of the activities of one 's daily life -- and that all of life is sacred in God . Many Conservative Friends believe that a meal held with others can become a form of communion with God , and with one another .
Agatha Christie
She spent much of her childhood apart from other children , although she devoted much time to her pets , whom she adored . She eventually made friends with a group of other girls in Torquay , and she noted that `` one of the highlights of my existence '' was her appearance with them in a youth production of Gilbert and Sullivan 's The Yeomen of the Guard , in which she played the hero , Colonel Fairfax . This was her last operatic role for , as she later wrote , `` an experience that you really enjoyed should never be repeated . ''
Conscription in the United States
The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War . The vast majority of troops were volunteers ; of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers , about 2 % were draftees , and another 6 % were substitutes paid by draftees .
2016 Los Angeles Rams season
With the win , the Rams won a regular season game in Los Angeles for the first time since 1994 . They paid tribute to their first regular season game back in Los Angeles by wearing their throwback uniforms , which were their uniforms in their last season in 1994 . Week
Social exchange theory
The actors in social exchange are normally viewed as unemotional beings who have information , cognitively process it , and make decisions concerning the pattern and nature of exchange with others . Affect theory of social exchange complements social exchange theory by incorporating emotion as part of the exchange process . Formalized by Lawler ( 2001 ) , the affect theory examines the structural conditions of exchange that produce emotions and feelings and then identifies how individuals attribute these emotions to different social units ( exchange partners , groups , or networks ) . These attributions of emotion , in turn , dictate how strongly individuals feel attached to their partners or groups , which drives collectively oriented behavior and commitment to the relationship .
Whole life insurance
Whole life insurance , or whole of life assurance ( in the Commonwealth of Nations ) , sometimes called `` straight life '' or `` ordinary life , '' is a life insurance policy which is guaranteed to remain in force for the insured 's entire lifetime , provided required premiums are paid , or to the maturity date . As a life insurance policy it represents a contract between the insured and insurer that as long as the contract terms are met , the insurer will pay the death benefit of the policy to the policy 's beneficiaries when the insured dies . Because whole life policies are guaranteed to remain in force as long as the required premiums are paid , the premiums are typically much higher than those of term life insurance where the premium is fixed only for a limited term . Whole life premiums are fixed , based on the age of issue , and usually do not increase with age . The insured party normally pays premiums until death , except for limited pay policies which may be paid - up in 10 years , 20 years , or at age 65 . Whole life insurance belongs to the cash value category of life insurance , which also includes universal life , variable life , and endowment policies .
Blackwater (Game of Thrones)
Benioff and Weiss described the episode 's filming as `` pretty much a month straight of night shoots . '' The cold and wet climate of Belfast was so uncomfortable for actors and extras , they said that their exhaustion from battle was no act , and weather machines were not required to simulate the wind and rain . The episode also has far more visual effects shots than any other . The special - effects department developed a catapult that fired bags of burning green napalm for the wildfire explosion , but decided to instead color regular fire green in post-production . Marshall took credit for many scenes of gore during the battle that the script did not describe in detail .
Theatre of ancient Greece
The actors in these plays that had tragic roles wore boots called cothurni that elevated them above the other actors . The actors with comedic roles only wore a thin soled shoe called a sock . For this reason , dramatic art is sometimes alluded to as `` Sock and Buskin . ''
Internet privacy
In late 2007 Facebook launched the Beacon program where user rental records were released on the public for friends to see . Many people were enraged by this breach in privacy , and the Lane v. Facebook , Inc. case ensued .
Arizona
During the Mexican -- American War ( 1847 -- 1848 ) , the U.S. Army occupied the national capital of Mexico City and pursued its claim to much of northern Mexico , including what later became Arizona Territory in 1863 and later the State of Arizona in 1912 . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) specified that , in addition to language and cultural rights of the existing inhabitants of former Mexican citizens being considered as inviolable , the sum of US $ 15 million dollars in compensation ( equivalent to $415,211,538.46 in 2016 . ) be paid to the Republic of Mexico . In 1853 the U.S. acquired the land south below the Gila River from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase along the southern border area as encompassing the best future southern route for a transcontinental railway .