vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Climate of India
North of the main Himalaya Range , even the southwestern cloudbands break up or founder ; hence the climate of Leh and the Zanskars is extremely dry and cold . Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm ( 4 inches ) per year and humidity is very low . This region is almost entirely above 3,000 metres ( 9,750 ft ) above sea level ; thus winters are extremely cold . In the Zanskars , the average January temperature is − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) with extremes as low as − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) . All rivers freeze over ; locals cross unbridged rivers in winter because summer glacier melt deepens the waters and inhibits fording . Summer in Leh and the Zanskars are a pleasantly warm 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , but the low humidity and thin air can render nights cold . Kashmir 's highest recorded monthly snowfall occurred in February 1967 , when 8.4 metres ( 27.6 ft ) fell in Gulmarg , though the IMD has recorded snowdrifts up to 12 metres ( 39.4 ft ) in several Kashmiri districts . In February 2005 , more than 200 people died when , in four days , a western disturbance brought up to 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) of snowfall to parts of the state .
Phone connector (audio)
In the USA and UK , the `` jack plug '' is called simply a `` plug '' , whereas in other languages , such as Czech , it might be called simply a `` jack '' . In English , the mating socket is called a `` jack '' .
Barn owl
Barn owls are relatively common throughout most of their range and not considered globally threatened . However , locally severe declines from organochlorine ( e.g. , DDT ) poisoning in the mid-20th century and rodenticides in the late 20th century have affected some populations , particularly in Europe and North America . Intensification of agricultural practices often means that the rough grassland that provides the best foraging habitat is lost . While barn owls are prolific breeders and able to recover from short - term population decreases , they are not as common in some areas as they used to be . A 1995 -- 1997 survey put their British population at between 3,000 and 5,000 breeding pairs , out of an average of about 150,000 pairs in the whole of Europe . In the USA , barn owls are listed as endangered species in seven Midwestern states , and in the European Community they are considered a Species of European Concern .
Christmas traditions
The Christmas season wraps up after the new year with Epiphany , or `` Driekoningen '' . On January 6 children especially in the north of the Netherlands dress up as the Three Wise Men and travel in groups of three carrying lanterns , re-enacting the Epiphany and singing traditional songs for their hosts . In return they are rewarded with cakes and sweets . This practice is less common south of the great rivers . In the south and east of the Netherlands it is common practice to burn the Christmas trees of the community on a big pile on January 6 to celebrate the end of Christmas and the start of the new year .
Rear-view mirror
Recently , rear - view video cameras have been built into many new model cars , this was partially in response to the rear - view mirrors ' inability to show the road directly behind the car , due to the rear deck or trunk obscuring as much as 3 -- 5 metres ( 10 -- 15 feet ) of road behind the car . As many as 50 small children are killed by SUVs every year in the USA because the driver can not see them in their rear - view mirrors . Camera systems are usually mounted to the rear bumper or lower parts of the car , allowing for better rear visibility .
Electric car
Electric vehicles provide for less dependence on foreign oil , which for the United States and other developed or emerging countries is cause for concern about vulnerability to oil price volatility and supply disruption . Also for many developing countries , and particularly for the poorest in Africa , high oil prices have an adverse impact on their balance of payments , hindering their economic growth . In the United States , presidential candidate Obama proposed in 2008 `` 1 million plug - in and electric '' cars by 2015 . At the end of 2015 about 550 thousand plugin - in vehicles had been sold in the USA .
Chennai
The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north -- east monsoon winds , from mid -- October to mid -- December . Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city . The highest annual rainfall recorded is 257 cm ( 101 in ) in 2005 . Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October and north - easterly during the rest of the year . Historically , Chennai has relied on the annual rains of the monsoon season to replenish water reservoirs , as no major rivers flow through the area . Chennai has a water table at 2 metres for 60 percent of the year .
Adams–Onís Treaty
By the mid-1830s , a controversy developed regarding the border with Texas , during which the United States demonstrated that the Sabine and Neches rivers had been switched on maps , moving the frontier in favor of Mexico . As a consequence , the eastern boundary of Texas was not firmly established until the independence of the Republic of Texas in 1836 . It was not agreed upon by the United States and Mexico until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , which concluded the Mexican -- American War . That treaty also formalized the cession by Mexico of Alta California and today 's American Southwest , except for the territory of the later Gadsden Purchase of 1854 .
Jonathan Richman
In January 1976 , Richman put together a new version of the Modern Lovers , which included original Modern Lovers drummer , David Robinson , along with former Rubinoos bassist Greg ' Curly ' Keranen and Leroy Radcliffe on guitar . The albums produced by the new group found Richman turning away from electric rock music towards gentler acoustic textures , with a strong rooting in 1950s rock and roll ( Chuck Berry 's `` Back in the USA '' was part of his repertoire ) .
Home computer
By the mid-80s the market for inexpensive PCs for use in the home market was expanding at a rate such that the two leaders in the USA , Commodore and Atari , themselves felt compelled to enter the market with their own lines . They were only marginally successful compared to other companies that made only PCs .
Long Island Sound
In areas where the Sound 's salt water is more diluted with freshwater from rivers ( including along the shores of the larger river estuaries such as the Connecticut River , cattail marshes replace salt marshes . Various types of grasses , including wild rice , and sedges , including bulrushes , are found here .
Horn of Africa
In Somalia , there is not much seasonal variation in climate . Hot conditions prevail year - round along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall . Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 28 to 43 ° C ( 82 to 109 ° F ) , except at higher elevations along the eastern seaboard , where the effects of a cold offshore current can be felt . Somalia has only two permanent rivers , the Jubba and the Shabele , both of which begin in the Ethiopian Highlands .
Borneo
Borneo has 19.8 million inhabitants ( in mid-2010 ) , a population density of 26 inhabitants per square km . Most of the population lives in coastal cities , although the hinterland has small towns and villages along the rivers . The population consists mainly of Dayak ethnic groups , Malay , Banjar , Orang Ulu , Chinese and Kadazan - Dusun . The Chinese , who make up 29 % of the population of Sarawak and 17 % of total population in West Kalimantan , Indonesia are descendants of immigrants primarily from southeastern China .
Gilligan's Island
The fifth recurring theme is the appearance or arrival of strange objects , like a WWII mine , a crate of radioactive vegetable seeds or a `` Mars Rover '' that the scientists back in the USA think is sending them pictures of Mars , and in one episode a meteorite .
New Jersey
Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey . Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers , of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk . Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey , New York City , Philadelphia , and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City . The
Southern United States
In the late 19th century , Texas rapidly expanded its railroad network , creating a network of cities connected on a radial plan and linked to the port of Galveston . It was the first state in which urban and economic development proceeded independently of rivers , the primary transportation network of the past . A reflection of increasing industry were strikes and labor unrest : `` in 1885 Texas ranked ninth among forty states in number of workers involved in strikes ( 4,000 ) ; for the six - year period it ranked fifteenth . Seventy - five of the one hundred strikes , chiefly interstate strikes of telegraphers and railway workers , occurred in the year 1886 . ''
Bothrops asper
This species likes moist environments , and occurs in most life zones located at low or middle elevations ( up to 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) ) , excluding those with strong seasonal dry periods . They are , however , sometimes found at much higher elevations . This is true in the premontane forest in Costa Rica , the cloud forest of Guatemala and Mexico , or the lower montane wet forest in the Caribbean Region of Colombia and Ecuador . It chiefly inhabits tropical rainforest and evergreen forest , but it also occurs in drier areas of tropical deciduous forest , thorn forest and pine savannah near lakes , rivers and streams . The home range of B. asper averages between 3.71 ha and 5.95 ha , which is comparatively small in relation to other pitvipers .
Osage Nation
At the height of their power in the early 19th century , the Osage had become the dominant power in the region , feared by neighboring tribes . The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red rivers , the Ozarks to the east and the foothills of the Wichita Mountains to the south . They depended on nomadic buffalo hunting and agriculture .
Lisbeth Salander
David Denby of The New Yorker stated that the character of Lisbeth Salander clearly accounts for a large part of the novels ' success . Deirdre Donahue of USA Today referred to Salander as `` one of the most startling , engaging and sometimes perplexing heroines in recent memory . '' The New York Times 's David Kamp called her `` one of the most original characters in a thriller to come along in a while . '' Likewise , Muriel Dobbin from The Washington Times dubbed her one of the most fascinating characters to emerge in crime fiction in years ; `` Her remoteness and her capacity for anger and violence are in contrast with a desperate vulnerability that she reveals only to the most unlikely of people . ''
Coal
In the long term coal and oil could cost the world trillions of dollars . Coal alone may cost Australia billions , whereas costs to some smaller companies or cities could be on the scale of millions of dollars . The economies most damaged by coal ( via climate change ) may be India and the USA as they are the countries with the highest social cost of carbon .
The Devil Wears Prada (film)
With the video release came renewed interest in Weisberger 's novel . It ranked eighth on USA Today s list of 2006 best sellers and was the second most borrowed book in American libraries . The audiobook version was released in October 2006 and quickly made it to third on that medium 's fiction best seller list .
New Jersey
High Point , in Montague Township , Sussex County , is the state 's highest elevation , at 1,803 feet ( 550 m ) . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River , in Bergen and Hudson Counties .
History of rail transport in the United States
Other railroads authorized by states in 1826 and constructed in the following years included the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company 's gravity railroad ; and the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad , to carry freight and passengers around a bend in the Erie Canal . To link the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River , the state of Maryland in 1827 chartered the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) , the first section of which opened in 1830 . Similarly , the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company was chartered in 1827 to connect Charleston to the Savannah River , and Pennsylvania built the Main Line of Public Works between Philadelphia and the Ohio River .
The Bronx
Westchester County -- north Nassau County , New York -- southeast ( across the East River ) Queens County , New York ( Queens ) -- south ( across the East River ) New York County , New York ( Manhattan ) -- southwest Bergen County , New Jersey -- west ( across the Hudson River )
Ghost Whisperer (season 4)
Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn , New York , which is not far from Grandview - On - Hudson , west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town , which is accurate to real life as Grandview - On - Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont . Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional `` Rockland University , '' and perhaps not coincidentally , the actual Grandview , New York is a village located in Rockland County , New York .
New Jersey
New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York ( parts of which are across the Hudson River , Upper New York Bay , the Kill Van Kull , Newark Bay , and the Arthur Kill ) ; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay ; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River .
The Bronx
the Bronx River Parkway the Bruckner Expressway ( I - 278 / I - 95 ) the Cross Bronx Expressway ( I - 95 / I - 295 ) the New England Thruway ( I - 95 ) the Henry Hudson Parkway ( NY - 9A ) the Hutchinson River Parkway the Major Deegan Expressway ( I - 87 ) Bridges
Battles of Saratoga
British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix .
Paterson, New Jersey
Paterson also served as the terminus for numerous major secondary roads in northern New Jersey . Paterson Plank Road linked the city to Jersey City and eventually the Hudson River waterfront in Hoboken , while the Paterson - Hamburg Turnpike connected the city with Sussex County along what is now parts of State Route 23 .
New Jersey
In the early part of the 2000s , two light rail systems were opened : the Hudson -- Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton . The intent of these projects were to encourage transit - oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey , respectively . The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular . Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century . As of 2014 , Jersey City 's Census - estimated population was 262,146 , with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010 , representing an increase of 5.9 % from the 2010 United States Census , when the city 's population was enumerated at 247,597 . In 2010 , Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s .
Henry Hudson
Hudson discovered the Hudson Strait and the immense Hudson Bay on his final expedition , while still searching for the Northwest Passage . In 1611 , after wintering on the shore of James Bay , Hudson wanted to press on to the west , but most of his crew mutinied . The mutineers cast Hudson , his son , and seven others adrift ; the Hudsons and their companions were never seen again .
Evidence of common descent
A similar study was also done regarding the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) that pollute the waters of the Elizabeth River in Portsmouth , Virginia . This chemical is a product of creosote , a type of tar . The Atlantic killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) has evolved a resistance to PAHs involving the AHR gene ( the same gene involved in the tomcods ) . This particular study focused on the resistance to `` acute toxicity and cardiac teratogenesis '' caused by PAHs. that mutated within the tomcods in the Hudson River . PCB
List of Cars characters
Smokey , an older orange Hudson pickup truck , is Doc Hudson 's old mechanic and crew chief who also helps McQueen , with his other participates ( old timers River Scott , Louise Nash and Junior Moon ) at the abandoned Thomasville Speedway . He explains to McQueen that while Doc was devastated by no longer racing , he found greater happiness in training him .
Ellis Island
The circumstances which led to an exclave of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era , after the British takeover of New Netherland in 1664 . An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of New Jersey would receive as being `` westward of Long Island , and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea , and part by Hudson 's river '' , rather than at the river 's midpoint , as was common in other colonial charters .
The Bronx
Some of the acquired land was set aside for the Grand Concourse and Pelham Parkway , the first of a series of boulevards and parkways ( thoroughfares lined with trees , vegetation and greenery ) . Later projects included the Bronx River Parkway , which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution , Mosholu Parkway and the Henry Hudson Parkway . Northern
Construction of the World Trade Center
The States of New York and New Jersey also needed to approve the project , given their control and oversight role of the Port Authority . Objections to the plan came from New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner , who resented that New York would be getting the $355 million project . Meyner would only agree if his own state were able to benefit . He was particularly concerned about ridership on New Jersey 's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H&M ) . The H&M 's ridership had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 , after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the Hudson River . The H&M 's Hudson Terminal , a large and mostly decrepit office - building complex along Manhattan 's Lower West Side , was located in a neighborhood referred to as the Radio Row , which was also seeing a general decline due to a loss of transportation options . The ferries across the Hudson River , which had seen 51 million annual riders in 1920 , had stopped running , while the area 's elevated lines were being dismantled in favor of high - speed subways . For many years , New Jersey residents and elected officials had proposed that the Port Authority purchase the H&M Railroad , but each time , the Port Authority had refused . Meyner suggested that he would support the plans for the World Trade Center project if the Port Authority took over the H&M . The Port Authority then started conducting another study on Meyner 's suggestion of a H&M takeover .
Henry Hudson
On 25 June , the explorers reached what is now the Hudson Strait at the northern tip of Labrador . Following the southern coast of the strait on 2 August , the ship entered Hudson Bay . Excitement was very high due to the expectation that the ship had finally found the Northwest Passage through the continent . Hudson spent the following months mapping and exploring its eastern shores , but he and his crew did not find a passage to Asia . In November , however , the ship became trapped in the ice in the James Bay , and the crew moved ashore for the winter .
One World Trade Center
The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center , facing the Hudson River , was originally planned to have stainless steel steps descending to the street . However , the steps were changed to a terrace in the final design . The terrace can be accessed through a staircase on Vesey Street . The terrace is paved in granite , and has 12 sweetgum trees , in addition to a block - long planter / bench .
George Washington Bridge
The George Washington Bridge is notorious for traffic jams during rush hour , as are the highways connected to it , including the Trans - Manhattan Expressway that turns into the Cross Bronx Expressway to the east , the Harlem River Drive that turns into the FDR Drive , the Henry Hudson Parkway that turns into West Side Highway to the south , and the Major Deegan Expressway ( I - 87 ) in the Bronx at the other side of the Harlem River at its interchange with I - 95 . The western approaches in New Jersey are also slow , specifically I - 95 , US 1 - 9 , and 46 ( merged before the bridge ) , Route 4 , and the Palisades Parkway .
Henry Hudson
When the ice cleared in the spring of 1611 , Hudson planned to use his Discovery to further explore Hudson Bay with the continuing goal of discovering the Passage ; however , most of the members of his crew ardently desired to return home . Matters came to a head and much of the crew mutinied in June . The
New Jersey
New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans , with the Lenni - Lenape being dominant at the time of contact . Scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey . The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River , the lower Hudson River , and western Long Island Sound . The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors . These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign : Turtle , Turkey , and Wolf . They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century , and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade .
Coureur des bois
Shortly after founding a permanent settlement at Quebec City in 1608 , Samuel de Champlain sought to ally himself with the local native peoples or First Nations . He decided to send French boys to live among them to learn their languages in order to serve as interpreters , in the hope of persuading the natives to trade with the French rather than with the Dutch , who were active along the Hudson River and Atlantic coast .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley Renegades is a minor league baseball team affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays . The team is a member of the New York -- Penn League and plays at Dutchess Stadium in Fishkill . The Rockland Boulders of the independent Can - Am League play in Rockland County .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
Preparations then stalled because of the continued problems within the London Company , and competing Dutch companies approached the congregation with the possibility of settling in the Hudson River area . David Baeckelandt suggests that the Leiden group was approached by Englishman Matthew Slade , son - in - law of Petrus Placius , a cartographer for the Dutch East India Company . Slade was also a spy for the English Ambassador , and the Puritans ' plans were therefore known both at court and among influential investors in the Virginia Company 's colony at Jamestown . Negotiations were broken off with the Dutch , however , at the encouragement of English merchant Thomas Weston , who assured them that he could resolve the London Company delays . The London Company intended to claim the area explored by Hudson before the Dutch could become fully established , and the first Dutch settlers did not arrive in the area until 1624 .