vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)
The fictional journalist Bridget Jones ( in reality Helen Fielding of The Independent ) wrote of her love of the serial in the paper 's Bridget Jones 's Diary column during the original British broadcast , mentioning her `` simple human need for Darcy to get off with Elizabeth '' and regarding the couple as her `` chosen representatives in the field of shagging , or rather courtship '' . Fielding loosely reworked the plot of Pride And Prejudice in her 1996 novel of the column , naming Bridget 's uptight love interest `` Mark Darcy '' and describing him exactly like Colin Firth . Following a first meeting with Firth during his filming of Fever Pitch in 1996 , Fielding asked Firth to collaborate in what would become a multi-page interview between Bridget Jones and Firth in her 1999 sequel novel , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason . Conducting the real interview with Firth in Rome , Fielding lapsed into Bridget Jones mode and obsessed over Darcy in his wet shirt for the fictional interview . Firth participated in the editing of what critics called `` one of the funniest sequences in the diary 's sequel '' . Both novels make various other references to the BBC serial .
Chinese marriage
In a maternal marriage , a male would become a son - in - law who lived in the wife 's home . This happened in the transformation of antithetic marriage into monogamy , which signified the decline of matriarchy and the growing dominance of patriarchy in ancient China .
Declaration of nullity
The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ( CCEO ) , the body of Oriental canon law for the Eastern Catholic Churches , in Canon 780 follows the Second Vatican Council 's teaching that the tribunals of the Eastern Orthodox Churches have a valid annulment process to declare a marriage null . If an Orthodox tribunal holds that the marriage was invalid from its inception , that decision would be accepted by a marriage tribunal in the Catholic Church .
Privacy Act of 1974
The Privacy Act of 1974 ( Pub. L. 93 -- 579 , 88 Stat. 1896 , enacted December 31 , 1974 , 5 U.S.C. § 552a ) , a United States federal law , establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection , maintenance , use , and dissemination of personally identifiable information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by federal agencies . A system of records is a group of records under the control of an agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifier assigned to the individual . The Privacy Act requires that agencies give the public notice of their systems of records by publication in the Federal Register . The Privacy Act prohibits the disclosure of information from a system of records absent of the written consent of the subject individual , unless the disclosure is pursuant to one of twelve statutory exceptions . The Act also provides individuals with a means by which to seek access to and amendment of their records and sets forth various agency record - keeping requirements . Additionally , with people granted the right to review what was documented with their name , they are also able to find out if the `` records have been disclosed '' ... and are also given the rights to make corrections .
Speed limits in the United States
A successful prima facie defense is rare . Not only does the burden of proof rest upon the accused , a successful defense may involve expenses well in excess of the cost of a ticket , such as an expert witness . Furthermore , because prima facie defenses must be presented in a court , such a defense is difficult for out - of - town motorists .
History of Puerto Rico
In May 2017 , after Puerto Rico 's water system was massively damaged by Hurricane Maria , the Natural Resources Defense Council , a non-profit international environmental advocacy group , reported that Puerto Rico 's potable water system was the worst as measured by the Safe Drinking Water Act , with 70 % of the population living with water that violated U.S. law .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
Defense of one 's home is a defense , and the defendant must be found not guilty if all of the following three factors are present :
Military history of the United States
The President of the United States is the commander - in - chief , and exercises the authority through the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which supervises combat operations . Governors have control of each state 's Army and Air National Guard units for limited purposes . The president has the ability to federalize National Guard units , bringing them under the sole control of the Department of Defense .
Lobbying in the United States
Laws requiring disclosure have been more prevalent in the twentieth century . In 1946 , there was a so - called `` sunshine law '' requiring lobbyists to disclose what they were doing , on whose behalf , and how much they received in payment . The resulting Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 governed lobbying rules up until 1995 when the Lobbying Disclosure Act replaced it . The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 , later amended in 2002 as the McCain Feingold Act , had rules governing campaign contributions . Each branch of Congress has rules as well . Legislation generally requires reports containing an accounting of major expenditures as well as legislation that was influenced ; the wording of some of the pertinent laws can be found in 2 U.S.C. ch. 26 . The
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Six years later , the U.S. Supreme Court , applying the Central Hudson standards in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) , affirmed the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 's conclusion that Puerto Rico 's Games of Chance Act of 1948 , including the regulations thereunder , was not facially unconstitutional . The lax interpretation of Central Hudson adopted by Posadas was soon restricted under 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , when the Court invalidated a Rhode Island law prohibiting the publication of liquor prices .
Bill of Rights 1689
In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later , the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as `` it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince '' ; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary 's heirs , then to her sister , Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs ( and , thereafter , to any heirs of William by a later marriage ) .
Missile gap
John F. Kennedy is credited with inventing the term in 1958 as part of the ongoing election campaign in which a primary plank of his rhetoric was that the Eisenhower administration was weak on defense . It was later learned that Kennedy was apprised of the actual situation during the campaign , which has led scholars to question what Kennedy knew and when he knew it . There has been some speculation that he was aware of the illusory nature of the missile gap from the start and that he was using it solely as a political tool , an example of policy by press release .
Species
No one definition has satisfied all naturalists ; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species . Generally the term includes the unknown element of a distinct act of creation .
Cousin marriage
According to Professor Robin Fox of Rutgers University , 80 % of all marriages in history may have been between second cousins or closer . The founding population of Homo sapiens was small , 700 to 10,000 individuals ; therefore , a certain amount of inbreeding is inevitable . Proportions of first - cousin marriage in Western countries have declined since the 19th century . In the Middle East , cousin marriage is still strongly favoured .
Cousin marriage
Confucius described marriage as `` the union of two surnames , in friendship and in love '' . In ancient China , some evidence indicates in some cases , two clans had a longstanding arrangement wherein they would only marry members of the other clan . Some men also practiced sororate marriage , that is , a marriage to a former wife 's sister or a polygynous marriage to both sisters . This would have the effect of eliminating parallel - cousin marriage as an option , but would leave cross-cousin marriage acceptable . In the ancient system of the Erya dating from around the third century BC , the words for the two types of cross cousins were identical , with father 's brother 's children and mother 's sister 's children both being distinct . However , whereas it may not have been permissible at that time , marriage with the mother 's sister 's children also became possible by the third century AD . Eventually , the mother 's sister 's children and cross cousins shared one set of terms , with only the father 's brother 's children retaining a separate set . This usage remains today , with biao ( 表 ) cousins considered `` outside '' and paternal tang ( 堂 ) cousins being of the same house . In some periods in Chinese history , all cousin marriage was legally prohibited , as law codes dating from the Ming Dynasty attest . However , enforcement proved difficult and by the subsequent Qing Dynasty , the former laws had been restored .
Cousin marriage
In Pakistan , cousin marriage is legal and common . Reasons for consanguinity are for economic and cultural reasons . As Pakistan is a diverse country , consanguineous marriage is therefore favoured by 50 -- 60 % of the population in Pakistan . In some areas , higher proportion of first - cousin marriages in Pakistan has been noted to be the cause of an increased rate of blood disorders in the population .
Malthusianism
Malthusianism is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply is arithmetical at best . It derives from the political / economic thought of the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus , as laid out in his 1798 writings , An Essay on the Principle of Population , Malthus believed there were two types of `` checks '' that in all times and places kept population growth in line with the growth of the food supply : `` preventive checks '' , such as moral restraints ( abstinence , delayed marriage until finances become balanced ) , and restricting marriage against persons suffering poverty or perceived as defective , and `` positive checks '' , which lead to premature death : disease , starvation , war , resulting in what is called a Malthusian catastrophe . The catastrophe would return population to a lower , more `` sustainable '' , level . Malthusianism has been linked to a variety of political and social movements , but almost always refers to advocates of population control .
Cousin marriage
For example , the marriage of Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain was a first - cousin marriage on both sides . It began to fall out of favor in the 19th century as women became socially mobile . Only Austria , Hungary , and Spain banned cousin marriage throughout the 19th century , with dispensations being available from the government in the last two countries . First - cousin marriage in England in 1875 was estimated by George Darwin to be 3.5 % for the middle classes and 4.5 % for the nobility , though this had declined to under 1 % during the 20th century . Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were a preeminent example .
It Takes a Village
Some of the goals and institutions that Clinton advocates for in the book include : the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 , the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act , Community Policing , the Brady Bill , Amber Alerts , immunizations , State Children 's Health Insurance Program , financial regulation , expanded Child Tax Credits , Minimum Wage increases , Universal health care , personal responsibility , uniforms in schools , Goals 2000 academic framework , music warning labels , sexual abstinence , Plan B contraception , family planning , and marriage .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
Self - defense is a defense , and the defendant must be found not guilty if all of the following three factors are present :
Finances of the British royal family
The Sovereign Grant Annual Report states that the Sovereign Grant was £ 31 million for 2012 - 13 , £ 36.1 million for 2013 - 14 and £ 37.9 million for 2014 - 15 . The amount of the Sovereign Grant is 15 % of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate for the financial year that began two years previously . The arrangements will be reviewed by 2016 ( subsection 7 ( 5 ) of the Act ) . Step 4 of subsection 6 ( 1 ) , and subsection 6 ( 4 ) , of the Act provide a mechanism to prevent the amount of the Sovereign Grant increasing beyond what is necessary because of the growth in Crown Estate revenue . Under the Sovereign Grant the National Audit Office is able to audit the Royal Household .
Jim Crow laws
The NAACP Legal Defense Committee ( a group that became independent of the NAACP ) -- and its lawyer , Thurgood Marshall -- brought the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) before the Supreme Court . In its pivotal 1954 decision , the Court unanimously overturned the 1896 Plessy decision . The Supreme Court found that legally mandated ( de jure ) public school segregation was unconstitutional . The decision had far - reaching social ramifications . De jure segregation was not brought to an end until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .
Civil Rights Act of 1991
While the majority in Congress supported the burden - shifting rule in Price Waterhouse , it was uncomfortable with an employer 's ability to prove that it would have made the same decision in any event , as a complete defense in a case in which it had been shown that race or gender or another unlawful factor played a significant role in its decision . Congress amended the Act to provide that the employer 's proof that it would have made the same decision in any case was a defense to back pay , reinstatement and other remedies but not to liability per se . The practical effect of this change was to allow a party that proved that the employer discriminated but could not show that it made any practical difference in the outcome could still recover attorney 's fees after showing that the employer discriminated , even if no other remedy was awarded .
Declaration of nullity
The marriage of US Senator Edward Kennedy and his wife Joan was officially annulled after Edward claimed he had not been truthful at the time of getting married when he vowed to be faithful to his spouse . Joseph Kennedy II 's marriage to Sheila Rauch Kennedy was annulled after he claimed lack of mental fitness to enter into the marriage ; this annulment was later appealed by Sheila to the Vatican , which overturned the ruling in 2007 . Eadwig , King of the English , has his marriage to Ælfgifu , annulled on grounds that they were too closely related . Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine had their marriage annulled by a papal court in 1152 as they were distant cousins , after the birth of two daughters and despite a proclamation by Pope Eugene III in 1149 that no word could be spoken against their marriage and that it might not be dissolved under any pretext ; each would go on to marry closer cousins
Hurricane Katrina
The United States Northern Command established Joint Task Force ( JTF ) Katrina based out of Camp Shelby , Mississippi , to act as the military 's on - scene response on Sunday , August 28 , with US Army Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré as commander . Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm 's aftermath , with troops coming from all 50 states . The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol .
National symbols of the Philippines
Republic Act 8491 , known also as Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines , stipulates the code for national flag , anthem , motto , coat - of - arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines . According to Article XIV Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines , the national language of the Philippines is Filipino . Apart from RA 8491 and the Constitution , the Philippines has only five official national symbols enacted either through a proclamation by the executive department or through a Republic Act by the legislative department , namely sampaguita , narra , the Philippine eagle , the Philippine pearl and arnis . In 1934 , during the Commonwealth era , Governor - General Frank Murphy declared sampaguita and narra as national flower and national tree , respectively , through Proclamation No. 652 . Philippine President Fidel Ramos proclaimed the Philippine eagle as the national bird in 1995 through Proclamation No. 615 . Ramos also declared the South Sea Pearl or Philippine Pearl as the national gem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905 . In 2009 , President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo declared arnis as the national sport and martial art through Republic Act 9850 .
Serial killer
Children who do not have the power to control the mistreatment they suffer sometimes create a new reality to which they can escape . This new reality becomes their fantasy that they have total control of and becomes part of their daily existence . In this fantasy world , their emotional development is guided and maintained . According to Garrison ( 1996 ) , `` the child becomes sociopathic because the normal development of the concepts of right and wrong and empathy towards others is retarded because the child 's emotional and social development occurs within his self - centered fantasies . A person can do no wrong in his own world and the pain of others is of no consequence when the purpose of the fantasy world is to satisfy the needs of one person '' ( Garrison , 1996 ) . Boundaries between fantasy and reality are lost and fantasies turn to dominance , control , sexual conquest , and violence , eventually leading to murder . Fantasy can lead to the first step in the process of a dissociative state , which , in the words of Stephen Giannangelo , `` allows the serial killer to leave the stream of consciousness for what is , to him , a better place '' .
Cousin marriage
In Ethiopia , most of the population was historically rigidly opposed to cousin marriage , and could consider up to third cousins the equivalent of brother and sister , with marriage at least ostensibly prohibited out to sixth cousins . They also took affinal prohibitions very seriously . The prospect of a man marrying a former wife 's `` sister '' was seen as incest , and conversely for a woman and her former husband 's `` brother '' . Though Muslims make up over a third of the Ethiopian population , and Islam has been present in the country since the time of Muhammad , cross-cousin marriage is very rare among most Ethiopian Muslims . In contrast to the Nigerian situation , in Ethiopia , Islam can not be identified with particular tribal groups and is found across most of them , and conversions between religions are comparatively common . Exceptions to these rules include the overwhelmingly Muslim Somali and Afar peoples , who respectively make up 6.2 % and 1.73 % of the population . The Afar practice a form of cousin marriage called absuma that is arranged at birth and can be forced .
Steve Trevor
During the ' 50s and ' 60s , comic writers regularly made Wonder Woman lovesick over Steve Trevor , here a Major in the United States Army . Stories frequently featured Wonder Woman hoping or imagining what it would be like to marry Steve Trevor . As with Superman stories of the same period , the question of marriage was never far from the couple 's minds . There was also considerable attention given to the threat of the Amazon 's secret identity being revealed .
Cold War
The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War .
Seven Days Battles
Lee 's cavalry reported that Union troops had abandoned their defense of the Richmond and York River Railroad and the White House supply depot on the York River . That information , plus the sighting of large dust clouds south of the Chickahominy River , finally convinced Lee that McClellan was heading for the James . Until this time , Lee anticipated that McClellan would be withdrawing to the east to protect his supply line to the York River and positioned his forces to react to that , unable to act decisively while he awaited evidence of McClellan 's intentions .
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
The 2005 bankruptcy bill was actually first drafted in 1997 and first introduced in 1998 . The United States House of Representatives approved a version titled the `` Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1999 '' and the Senate approved a slightly different version in 2000 . After the differences in the bills were reconciled , Congress passed the `` Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2000 '' . President Clinton , however , employed what is known as a `` pocket veto '' by waiting for the lame - duck congressional session to adjourn without signing the bill , a legislative maneuver tantamount to a veto . Professor Elizabeth Warren , a member of the National Bankruptcy Review Commission at that time , briefed First Lady Clinton on negative effects of the bill ; according to Warren , after the briefing :
The Gambia
The Gambia has had a number of constitutions in its history . The two most significant are the 1970 constitution , which established The Gambia as a presidential republic , and the 1996 constitution , which served as a basis for Jammeh 's rule and was kept following Barrow 's victory in 2016 . Jammeh manipulated the 1996 constitutional reform process to benefit himself . No reference was made to term limits , indicating Jammeh 's preference to stay in power for an extended period of time . According to the 1996 constitution , the President is the head of state , head of government , and commander - in - chief of the armed forces . Jammeh and Barrow have also both taken on the role of Minister of Defence .
Grand juries in the United States
Defense representation in the grand jury room , production of witness transcripts for the defense , advance notice for witnesses to appear , and the presentation of exculpatory evidence to the grand jury .