vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Gun laws in the United States by state
Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal
Bauhaus
From 1919 to 1922 the school was shaped by the pedagogical and aesthetic ideas of Johannes Itten , who taught the Vorkurs or `` preliminary course '' that was the introduction to the ideas of the Bauhaus . Itten was heavily influenced in his teaching by the ideas of Franz Cižek and Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel . He was also influenced in respect to aesthetics by the work of the Blaue Reiter group in Munich as well as the work of Austrian Expressionist Oskar Kokoschka . The influence of German Expressionism favoured by Itten was analogous in some ways to the fine arts side of the ongoing debate . This influence culminated with the addition of Der Blaue Reiter founding member Wassily Kandinsky to the faculty and ended when Itten resigned in late 1922 . Itten was replaced by the Hungarian designer László Moholy - Nagy , who rewrote the Vorkurs with a leaning towards the New Objectivity favored by Gropius , which was analogous in some ways to the applied arts side of the debate . Although this shift was an important one , it did not represent a radical break from the past so much as a small step in a broader , more gradual socio - economic movement that had been going on at least since 1907 when van de Velde had argued for a craft basis for design while Hermann Muthesius had begun implementing industrial prototypes .
Casualties of the Iraq War
In early November 2006 Iraq 's Health Minister Ali al - Shemari said that he estimated between 100,000 and 150,000 people had been killed since the March 2003 U.S. - led invasion . The Taipei Times reported on his methodology : `` Al - Shemari said on Thursday ( , November 9 , 2006 , ) that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals -- though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total . '' The Washington Post reported : `` As al - Shemari issued the startling new estimate , the head of the Baghdad central morgue said Thursday he was receiving as many as 60 violent death victims each day at his facility alone . Dr. Abdul - Razzaq al - Obaidi said those deaths did not include victims of violence whose bodies were taken to the city 's many hospital morgues or those who were removed from attack scenes by relatives and quickly buried according to Muslim custom . ''
Atlantic slave trade
By 1494 , the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples , enabling the Portuguese to `` tap into '' the `` well - developed commercial economy in Africa ... without engaging in hostilities '' . `` Peaceful trade became the rule all along the African coast '' , although there were some rare exceptions when acts of aggression led to violence . For instance , Portuguese traders attempted to conquer the Bissagos Islands in 1535 . In 1571 Portugal , supported by the Kingdom of Kongo , took control of the south - western region of Angola in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area . Although Kongo later joined a coalition in 1591 to force the Portuguese out , Portugal had secured a foothold on the continent that it continued to occupy until the 20th century . Despite these incidences of occasional violence between African and European forces , many African states ensured that any trade went on in their own terms , for instance , imposing custom duties on foreign ships . In 1525 , the Kongolese king , Afonso I , seized a French vessel and its crew for illegally trading on his coast .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
The Spanish conquerors in Mexico during the early colonial era lived off the labor of the indigenous peoples . Due to some horrifying instances of abuse against the native peoples , Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas suggested importing black slaves to replace them . Las Casas later repented when he saw the even worse treatment given to the black slaves . Evangelization
Bride of Frankenstein
Variety did not so qualify its review . `` ( It is ) one of those rare instances where none can review it , or talk about it , without mentioning the cameraman , art director , and score composer in the same breath as the actors and director . '' Variety also praised the cast , writing that `` Karloff manages to invest the character with some subtleties of emotion that are surprisingly real and touching ... Thesiger as Dr Pretorious ( is ) a diabolic characterization if ever there was one ... Lanchester handles two assignments , being first in a preamble as author Mary Shelley and then the created woman . In latter assignment she impresses quite highly . ''
Election recount
Each jurisdiction has different criteria for optional recounts . Some areas permit recounts for any office or measure , while others require that the margin of victory be less than a certain percentage before a recount is allowed . In all instances , optional recounts are paid for by the candidate , their political party , or , in some instances , by any interested voter . The person paying for the recount has the option to stop the recount at any time . If the recount reverses the election , the jurisdiction will then pay for the recount .
History of women in the United States
The woman 's reform movement flourished in cities ; however the South was still heavily rural before 1945 . In Dallas , Texas , women reformers did much to establish the fundamental elements of the social structure of the city , focusing their energies on families , schools , and churches during the city 's pioneer days . Many of the organizations which created a modern urban scene were founded and led by middle class women . Through voluntary organizations and club work , they connected their city to national cultural and social trends . By the 1880s women in temperance and suffrage movements shifted the boundaries between private and public life in Dallas by pushing their way into politics in the name of social issues .
Military history of Australia during World War I
The Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) was formed in March 1914 and it was soon deployed to German New Guinea , with one BE2c aircraft and crew dispatched with the AN&MEF , although the colonies surrendered before the plane was even unpacked . The first operational flights did not occur until 27 May 1915 , when the Mesopotamian Half Flight was called upon to assist the Indian Army in protecting British oil interests in what is now Iraq . The Corps later saw action in Egypt , Palestine and on the Western Front throughout the remainder of the war . Organised into four operational squadrons in France and the Middle East and another four training squadrons in England , the AFC remained part of the AIF .
Society of the United States
In 1919 , Prohibitionists succeeded in amending the Constitution to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Although the Prohibition period did result in lowering alcohol consumption overall , banning alcohol outright proved to be unworkable , as the previously legitimate distillery industry was replaced by criminal gangs which trafficked in alcohol . Prohibition was repealed in 1931 . States and localities retained the right to remain `` dry '' , and to this day , a handful still do .
Manner of articulation
The concept of manner is mainly used in the discussion of consonants , although the movement of the articulators will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract , thereby changing the formant structure of speech sounds that is crucial for the identification of vowels . For consonants , the place of articulation and the degree of phonation of voicing are considered separately from manner , as being independent parameters . Homorganic consonants , which have the same place of articulation , may have different manners of articulation . Often nasality and laterality are included in manner , but some phoneticians , such as Peter Ladefoged , consider them to be independent .
Jai alai
Although the sport has been in decline in America for several years , the first public amateur jai alai facility was built in the United States in 2008 , in St. Petersburg , Florida , with the assistance of the city of St. Petersburg and private funding from Jeff Conway ( Laca ) . Jai alai is virtually unknown in the western United States but still maintains some popularity in parts of the Northeast . Amateur
Out of left field
In 1998 , American English professor Robert L. Chapman , in his book American Slang , wrote that the phrase `` out of left field '' was in use by 1953 . He did not cite Shaw 's work and he did not point to printed instances of the phrase in the 1940s . Marcus Callies , an associate professor of English and philology at the University of Mainz in Germany , wrote that `` the precise origin is unclear and disputed '' , referring to Christine Ammer 's conclusion in The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms . Callies suggested that the left fielder in baseball might throw the ball to home plate in an effort to get the runner out before he scores , and that the ball , coming from behind the runner out of left field , would surprise the runner .
New Spain
During the era of the conquest , in order to pay off the debts incurred by the conquistadors and their companies , the new Spanish governors awarded their men grants of native tribute and labor , known as encomiendas . In New Spain these grants were modeled after the tribute and corvee labor that the Mexica rulers had demanded from native communities . This system came to signify the oppression and exploitation of natives , although its originators may not have set out with such intent . In short order the upper echelons of patrons and priests in the society lived off the work of the lower classes . Due to some horrifying instances of abuse against the indigenous peoples , Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas suggested bringing black slaves to replace them . Fray Bartolomé later repented when he saw the even worse treatment given to the black slaves .
Bangladesh Liberation War
A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army -- codenamed Operation Searchlight -- started on 25 March 1971 to curb the Bengali independence movement by taking control of the major cities on 26 March , and then eliminating all opposition , political or military , within one month . The Pakistani state claimed to justify starting Operation Searchlight on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March .
Italian language
Due to heavy Italian influence during the Italian colonial period , Italian is still understood by some in former colonies . Although it was the primary language in Libya since colonial rule , Italian greatly declined under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi , who expelled the Italian Libyan population and made Arabic the sole official language of the country . Nevertheless , Italian continues to be used in economic sectors in Libya . In Eritrea , Italian is at times used in commerce and the capital city Asmara still has one Italian - language school . Italian was also introduced to Somalia through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the colonial period but fell out of use after government , educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the Somali Civil War . Italian is still understood by some elderly and other people . The official languages of the Somali Republic are Somali ( Maay and Maxaatiri ) and Arabic . The working languages during the Transitional Federal Government were Italian and English .
Education reform
Harnessing the richness of the Internet is another goal . In some cases classrooms have been moved entirely online , while in other instances the goal is more to learn how the Internet can be more than a classroom .
Bank of America
In May 2014 many Iranian students in the U.S. and some American - Iranian citizens realized their accounts have been frozen by Bank of America . Although Bank of America denied to reveal any information or reason regarding this , some Iranians believe that it is related to sanctions against Iran . Betty Riess , a spokeswoman for Bank of America , told MintPress News via email , `` We do not close accounts on the basis of nationality , nor do we close accounts without notice to customers . '' However , account holders believe there could be a relationship between this action and their national origin . Although most account holders say they did not receive any notification prior their accounts being frozen , Bank of America insists that they do not freeze any account without prior notification . When it was reported that Bank of America was closing the accounts of Iranians living in the U.S. and Iranian - Americans , there was speculation that the bank did so on the basis of discriminatory ideology , since Bank of America did not give these individuals any reason why their accounts were being closed . The bank responded to these accusations , arguing that it was only following the rules put forth by the U.S. federal government regarding economic relations between the U.S. and Iran .
French and Indian War
For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico .
Rwandan genocide
Rape was used as a tool by the Interahamwe , the chief perpetrators , to separate the consciously heterogeneous population and to drastically exhaust the opposing group . The use of propaganda played an important role in both the genocide and the gender specific violence . The Hutu propaganda depicted Tutsi women as `` a sexually seductive ' fifth column ' in league with the Hutus ' enemies '' . The exceptional brutality of the sexual violence , as well as the complicity of Hutu women in the attacks , suggests that the use of propaganda had been effective in the exploitation of gendered needs which had mobilized both females and males to participate . Soldiers of the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda and the Rwandan Defence Forces , including the Presidential Guard , and civilians also committed rape against mostly Tutsi women . Although Tutsi women were the main targets , moderate Hutu women were also raped .
Whiskey Rebellion
On August 1 , about 7,000 people gathered at Braddock 's Field . The crowd consisted primarily of poor people who owned no land , and most did not own whiskey stills . The furor over the whiskey excise had unleashed anger about other economic grievances . By this time , the victims of violence were often wealthy property owners who had no connection to the whiskey tax . Some of the most radical protesters wanted to march on Pittsburgh , which they called `` Sodom '' , loot the homes of the wealthy , and then burn the town to the ground . Others wanted to attack Fort Fayette . There was praise for the French Revolution and calls for bringing the guillotine to America . David Bradford , it was said , was comparing himself to Robespierre , a leader of the French Reign of Terror .
Population pyramid
A large population of adolescents entering the labor force and electorate strains at the seams of the economy and polity , which were designed for smaller populations . This creates unemployment and alienation unless new opportunities are created quickly enough -- in which case a ' demographic dividend ' accrues because productive workers outweigh young and elderly dependents . Yet the 16 -- 30 age range is associated with risk - taking , especially among males . In general , youth bulges in developing countries are associated with higher unemployment and , as a result , a heightened risk of violence and political instability . For Cincotta and Doces ( 2011 ) , the transition to more mature age structures is almost a sine qua non for democratization .
Italian Australians
Although there were certainly a number of opponents to Fascism amongst Italians in Australia in the form of anti-fascists and anarchists , the Fascist movement was accepted by many Italians residing in Australia .
Platypus
Except for its loss from the state of South Australia , the platypus occupies the same general distribution as it did prior to European settlement of Australia . However , local changes and fragmentation of distribution due to human modification of its habitat are documented . Its current and historical abundance , however , are less well - known and it has probably declined in numbers , although still being considered as common over most of its current range . The species was extensively hunted for its fur until the early years of the 20th century and , although protected throughout Australia since 1905 , until about 1950 it was still at risk of drowning in the nets of inland fisheries . The platypus does not appear to be in immediate danger of extinction , because conservation measures have been successful , but it could be affected by habitat disruption caused by dams , irrigation , pollution , netting , and trapping . Reduction of watercourse flows and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial , agricultural , and domestic supplies are also considered a threat . The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as `` Near Threatened '' .
Crusades
Almost immediately Peter the Hermit led thousands of mostly poor Christians out of Europe in what became known as the People 's Crusade . He claimed he had a letter from heaven instructing Christians to prepare for the imminent apocalypse by seizing Jerusalem The motivations of this Crusade included a `` messianism of the poor '' inspired by an expected mass ascension into heaven at Jerusalem . Germany witnessed the first incidents of major violent European antisemitism when these Crusaders massacred Jewish communities in what become known as the Rhineland massacres . In Speyer , Worms , Mainz , and Cologne the range of anti-Jewish activity was broad , extending from limited , spontaneous violence to full - scale military attacks . The Crusaders journeyed , despite advice from Alexios ' to wait for the nobles , to Nicaea . Only 3000 survived an ambush by the Turks at the Civetot .
Stamp Act 1765
Grenville was replaced by Lord Rockingham as Prime Minister on 10 July 1765 . News of the mob violence began to reach England in October . Conflicting sentiments were taking hold in Britain at the same time that resistance was building and accelerating in America . Some wanted to strictly enforce the Stamp Act over colonial resistance , wary of the precedent that would be set by backing down . Others felt the economic effects of reduced trade with America after the Sugar Act and an inability to collect debts while the colonial economy suffered , and they began to lobby for a repeal of the Stamp Act . The colonial protest had included various non-importation agreements among merchants who recognized that a significant portion of British industry and commerce was dependent on the colonial market . This movement had also spread through the colonies ; 200 merchants had met in New York City and agreed to import nothing from England until the Stamp Act was repealed . This
Ancient Egypt
Although the Romans had a more hostile attitude than the Greeks towards the Egyptians , some traditions such as mummification and worship of the traditional gods continued . The art of mummy portraiture flourished , and some Roman emperors had themselves depicted as pharaohs , though not to the extent that the Ptolemies had . The former lived outside Egypt and did not perform the ceremonial functions of Egyptian kingship . Local administration became Roman in style and closed to native Egyptians .
New Deal
You have to distinguish between two classes of New Deal policies . One class of New Deal policies was reform : wage and price control , the Blue Eagle , the national industrial recovery movement . I did not support those . The other part of the new deal policy was relief and recovery ... providing relief for the unemployed , providing jobs for the unemployed , and motivating the economy to expand ... an expansive monetary policy . Those parts of the New Deal I did support . Bernanke
Reichstag fire
According to Ian Kershaw , in Hitler 1889 -- 1936 : Hubris , written in 1998 , the consensus of nearly all historians at the time of writing was that Van der Lubbe did set the Reichstag on fire , and that it was generally believed that he acted alone and that the Reichstag fire was merely a stroke of good luck for the Nazis . Although Van der Lubbe was certainly an arsonist and clearly played a role , there has been considerable popular and scientific debate over whether he acted alone ; the case is still discussed .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Neurosurgical experiments by Michel Jouvet and others in the following two decades added an understanding of atonia and suggested the importance of the pontine tegmentum ( dorsolateral pons ) in enabling and regulating paradoxical sleep . Jouvet and others found that damaging the reticular formation of the brainstem inhibited this type of sleep . Jouvet coined the name `` paradoxical sleep '' in 1959 and in 1962 published results indicating that it could occur in a cat with its entire forebrain removed .
History of women in the United States
However , the feminist movement did have some notable setbacks around this time . In 1972 President Nixon vetoed the Comprehensive Child Development Bill of 1972 , which many feminists advocated and which would have established both early - education programs and after - school care across the country , with tuition on a sliding scale based on a family 's income bracket , and the program available to everyone but participation required of no one . Defeat
Screening of soap operas in Australia
From 1996 to 30 November 2015 , the show was edited by Network Ten to meet the Australian G classification for the 4 : 30pm timeslot . Edits included cutting some violent or sexually explicit scenes , as well as use of words such as ' rape ' , ' abortion ' , ' slut ' , ' whore ' , ' ass ' , ' bitch ' and ' sex ' . In August 1999 , Australian media regulator the Australian Communications and Media Authority upheld a complaint against Network Ten that it had broadcast material that did not meet the requirements of the G classification in one episode of the show ; Network Ten said it would exercise more care with future broadcasts .