vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Official bilingualism in Canada
In Canada , however , one of the two language groups begins with a considerable advantage . As the national language of the United States , one of the most powerful countries of the world , English has a massive preponderance in North America . Thus the English - language group in this country draws much of its strength from the English - speaking population of our neighbour . The French - language group is , on the other hand , a minority on the North American continent and suffers from its isolation not only from France but from the other French speaking peoples of the world .
Git
Git A command - line session showing repository creation , addition of a file , and remote synchronization Original author ( s ) Linus Torvalds Developer ( s ) Junio Hamano and others Initial release 7 April 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 04 - 07 ) Stable release 2.16. 1 / 22 January 2018 ; 2 days ago ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) Repository github.com/git/git Development status Active Written in C , Shell , Perl , Tcl , Python Operating system POSIX : Linux , Windows , macOS Platform IA - 32 , x86 - 64 Available in English Type Version control License GNU GPL v2 and GNU LGPL v2. 1 Website git-scm.com
Vowel
In the phonetic definition , a vowel is a sound , such as the English `` ah '' / ɑː / or `` oh '' / oʊ / , produced with an open vocal tract ; it is median ( the air escapes along the middle of the tongue ) , oral ( at least some of the airflow must escape through the mouth ) , frictionless and continuant . There is no significant build - up of air pressure at any point above the glottis . This contrasts with consonants , such as the English `` sh '' ( ʃ ) , which have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract . In the phonological definition , a vowel is defined as syllabic , the sound that forms the peak of a syllable . A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a semivowel . In oral languages , phonetic vowels normally form the peak ( nucleus ) of many or all syllables , whereas consonants form the onset and ( in languages that have them ) coda . Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus of a syllable , such as the syllabic ( i.e. , vocalic ) l in the English word table ( ˈtheɪ. bl̩ ) ( when not considered to have a weak vowel sound : ( ˈtheɪ. bəl ) ) or the syllabic r in the Serbo - Croatian word vrt ( ʋr̩̂t ) `` garden '' .
Chernobyl disaster
The radiation levels in the worst - hit areas of the reactor building have been estimated to be 5.6 roentgens per second ( R / s ) , equivalent to more than 20,000 roentgens per hour . A lethal dose is around 500 roentgens ( ~ 5 Gy ) over 5 hours , so in some areas , unprotected workers received fatal doses in less than a minute . However , a dosimeter capable of measuring up to 1000 R / s was buried in the rubble of a collapsed part of the building , and another one failed when turned on . All remaining dosimeters had limits of 0.001 R / s and therefore read `` off scale '' . Thus , the reactor crew could ascertain only that the radiation levels were somewhere above 0.001 R / s ( 3.6 R / h ) , while the true levels were much higher in some areas .
Trafficking of children
It is difficult to obtain reliable estimates concerning the number of children trafficked each year , primarily due to the covert and criminal nature of this practice . It often takes years to gather and compile estimates regarding child trafficking and , as a result , data can seem both inadequate and outdated . This process of gathering data is only complicated by the fact that very few countries publish national estimates of child trafficking . As a result , the available statistics are widely thought to underestimate the actual scope of the problem .
One-child policy
In November 2013 , following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , China announced the decision to relax the one - child policy . Under the new policy , families could have two children if one parent , rather than both parents , was an only child . This mainly applied to urban couples , since there were very few rural only children due to long - standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples . The coastal province of Zhejiang , one of China 's most affluent , became the first area to implement this `` relaxed policy '' in January 2014 . The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces , with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet . Under this policy , approximately 11 million couples in China are allowed to have a second child ; however , only `` nearly one million '' couples applied to have a second child in 2014 , less than half the expected number of 2 million per year . By May 2014 , 241,000 out of 271,000 applications had been approved . Officials of China 's National Health and Family Planning Commission claimed that this outcome was expected , and that `` second - child policy '' would continue progressing with a good start .
Deaf education
There is great variety in programs that label themselves as using simultaneous communication or total communication . Some programs consist of teachers and children speaking and signing at the same time , known as simultaneous communication . In these programs , grammatically - correct English is available when speech is paired with Signing Exact English . This method is used in many programs in Texas and in the state of Washington at Northwest School for Deaf and Hard - of - Hearing Children . In total communication programs , however , teachers emphasize learning language and utilizing all means of communication . Most often these programs do not use a grammatically correct form of either English or American Sign Language . Rather , professionals use a mixture of oral languages and signed languages or systems , including natural gestures , fingerspelling , body language , and lip - reading -- most often paired with some degree of listening and speaking practice .
Child care
All childcare workers must have , or be undertaking , the minimum `` Certificate III in Children 's Services '' in order to work in a centre ( Recognition of Prior Learning is available to help qualify staff with many years experience , but no qualifications ) . ( Common more advanced qualifications are `` Diploma of Children 's Services '' and an Early Childhood Education degree ) .
Official bilingualism in Canada
Knowledge of the two official languages is largely determined by geography . Nearly 95 % of Quebecers can speak French , but only 40.6 % speak English . In the rest of the country , 97.6 % of the population is capable of speaking English , but only 7.5 % can speak French . Personal bilingualism is most concentrated in southern Quebec and a swath of territory sometimes referred to as the bilingual belt , which stretches east from Quebec through northern and eastern New Brunswick and west through Ottawa and that part of Ontario lying to the east of Ottawa , as well as north - eastern Ontario . There is also a large French - speaking population in Manitoba . In all , 55 % of bilingual Canadians are Quebecers , and a high percentage of the bilingual population in the rest of Canada resides in Ontario and New Brunswick .
Glock
The Glock 22 is a . 40 S&W version of the full - sized Glock 17 introduced in 1990 . The pistol uses a modified slide , frame , and barrel to account for the differences in size and power of the . 40 S&W cartridge . The standard magazine capacity is 15 rounds . The Glock Model 22 is favored and used by several police agencies around the world , including the Baltimore Police Department , Los Angeles Police Department , Miami Police Department , Maryland State Police , Kansas City Police Department , Missouri State Highway Patrol , Alaska State Troopers in the United States , and the NSW Police Force and Queensland Police Service in Australia - among others . The Glock 23 is a . 40 S&W version of the compact Glock 19 . It is dimensionally identical to the Glock 19 , but is slightly heavier and uses a modified slide , frame , . 40 S&W barrel , and a standard magazine capacity of 13 rounds . The factory 15 - round magazine from the larger Glock 22 will function in the Glock 23 . The Glock 24 is a . 40 S&W long - slide variant of the Glock 22 , similar in concept to the Glock 17L . Additionally , a compensated , ported - barrel version designated the 24C was also produced . The Glock 24 was introduced in 1994 and officially dropped from the company 's regular product lineup upon the release of the Glock 34 and 35 . The Glock 27 is a . 40 S&W version of the subcompact Glock 26 , with a standard magazine capacity of 9 rounds . The factory magazines from the larger Glock 22 and 23 will function in the Glock 27 , increasing capacity to 13 or 15 rounds . Spacers are available that fit on these larger - capacity magazines themselves ; they have the effect of `` extending '' the magazine well of the pistol , thereby improving the ergonomic feel of the pistol when the longer magazines are inserted . The Glock 35 is a . 40 S&W version of the competition Glock 34 . The Glock Model 35 is the current service pistol for the Kentucky State Police .
Olmec
These villages were located on higher ground and consisted of several scattered houses . A modest temple may have been associated with the larger villages . The individual dwellings would consist of a house , an associated lean - to , and one or more storage pits ( similar in function to a root cellar ) . A nearby garden was used for medicinal and cooking herbs and for smaller crops such as the domesticated sunflower . Fruit trees , such as avocado or cacao , were probably available nearby .
History of laptops
The history of laptops describes the efforts in the 1970 s and 1980 s to build small , portable personal computers that combine the components , inputs , outputs and capabilities of a desktop computer in a small chassis . Before laptop / notebook computers were technically feasible , similar ideas had been proposed , most notably Alan Kay 's Dynabook concept , developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970 s . One of the first reasonably portable computers was the Xerox NoteTaker , again developed at Xerox PARC , in 1976 . However , only 10 prototypes were built .
Will Turner
Barbossa and his crew had looted a chest of Aztec gold . This resulted in them becoming undead and unable to feel physical pleasure . It was only after they had thrown Bootstrap overboard that they learned how to break the curse : they needed to return all of the gold pieces , and each pirate who took the gold had to make a blood offering as a form of repayment . Because Bootstrap only had one child , Barbossa decides to track down and kidnap the child in order to lift the curse .
Indian general election, 2014
A candidate with criminal case ( s ) had 13 % chance of winning the election , whereas a candidate with a clean record had only 5 % chance of winning . ( Here , chance of winning = No. of winners in the category / Total no. of candidates in that category . )
Manner of articulation
Sibilants are a type of fricative where the airflow is guided by a groove in the tongue toward the teeth , creating a high - pitched and very distinctive sound . These are by far the most common fricatives . Fricatives at coronal ( front of tongue ) places of articulation are usually , though not always , sibilants . English sibilants include / s / and / z / .
Smith & Wesson
The M&P is available in 9 × 19mm , . 40 S&W , and . 357 SIG . Also a . 22 LR M&P was developed with Carl Walther and is made in Germany . A . 45 ACP model was released in early 2007 , after making its debut at the SHOT Show . In addition , compact versions are available in . 22LR , 9 × 19mm , . 40 S&W , . 357 SIG , and . 45 ACP . The . 22LR Compact is made by Smith & Wesson in the United States . Subcompact versions are available in 9 × 19mm , . 40 S&W and . 45 ACP .
One-child policy
Ball , David ( 2002 ) . China Run . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 74322743 - 3 . A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one - child policy , only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given `` the wrong baby '' . The prevention of a state - imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy 's novel The Bear and the Dragon . The difficulties of implementing the one - child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan 's novel Frog ( 2009 ; English translation by Howard Goldblatt , 2015 ) . Avoiding the family - planning enforcers is at the heart of Ma Jian 's novel The Dark Road ( translated by Flora Drew , 2013 ) . Novelist Lu Min writes about her own family 's experience with the One Child Policy in her essay `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' ( translated by Helen Wang , 2015 ) . Xue , Xinran ( 2015 ) . Buy Me the Sky . Rider ( imprint ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 4471 - 7 . Tells the stories of the children brought up under China 's one - child policy and the effect that has had on their lives , families and ability to deal with life 's challenges . Fong , Mei ( 2016 ) . One Child : The Story of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780544275393 .
Pearl Jam
In 2003 , the band embarked on its Riot Act Tour , which included tours in Australia and North America . The band continued its official bootleg program , making every concert from the tour available in CD form through its official website . A total of six bootlegs were made available in record stores : Perth , Tokyo , State College , Pennsylvania , two shows from Madison Square Garden , and Mansfield , Massachusetts . At many shows during the 2003 North American tour , Vedder performed Riot Act 's `` Bu $ hleaguer '' , a commentary on President George W. Bush , with a rubber mask of Bush , wearing it at the beginning of the song and then hanging it on a mic stand to allow him to sing . The band made news when it was reported that several fans left after Vedder had `` impaled '' the Bush mask on his mic stand at the band 's Denver , Colorado show .
Hundred Years' War
With his health continuing to deteriorate , the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371 , where by now his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health . The prince 's illness was debilitating , and he died on 8 June 1376 . Edward III died the following year on 21 June 1377 ; he was succeeded by the Black Prince 's second son Richard II ( the first son had died some time earlier ) , who was still a child . The treaty at Brétigny left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France ; however , a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back and , by the time of Charles V 's death in 1380 , the English only held Calais and a few other coastal cities .
Finger
English dictionaries describe finger as meaning either one of the five digits including the thumb , or one of the four excluding the thumb ( in which case they are numbered from 1 to 4 starting with the index finger closest to the thumb ) . Linguistically , it appears that the original sense was to include the thumb as a finger : the word is derived from Old English thūma . The name pinkie derives from Dutch pinkje , of uncertain origin . In English only the digits on the hand are known as fingers . However , in some languages the translated version of fingers can mean either the digits on the hand or feet . In English a digit on a foot has the distinct name of toe .
List of multilingual countries and regions
Belgium has three official languages : Dutch ( 59 % ) in the north , French ( 31 % ) in the south and a small minority speaks German . Its bilingual capital , Brussels ( 10 % ) , is mainly French , with Dutch as minority . These languages have the status of ' official language ' only in specified language areas as defined by the constitution . In Flanders , 59 % and 53 % of the Flemings know French or English respectively ; in Wallonia , only 19 % and 17 % know Dutch or English . In each region , Belgium 's third official language , German , is notably less known than Dutch , French or English . Wallonia recognises all of its vernacular dialect groups as regional languages , Flanders does not . France has a strict monolingual policy for the republic to conduct government business only in French . There are , however , levels of fluency in regional languages : Alsatian , Basque , Breton ( the regional government of Britanny adopted some politics to promote teaching Breton ) , Catalan ( the department of Pyrénées - Orientales has a particular charter for supporting Catalan ) , Corsican ( Corsican teaching in the island 's schools is provided for by law ) ) , Flemish , Franco - Provençal , and Occitan ( sometimes called Provençal ) . The country as whole is dominated by French linguistically . Ireland , the first official language of Ireland is Irish , with the second being English . English is the first language of the majority of the population . Luxembourg is a rare example of a truly trilingual society , in that it not only has three official languages -- Luxembourgish , French and German -- but has a trilingual education system . For the first four years of school , Luxembourgish is the medium of instruction , before giving way to German , which in turn gives way to French . ( In addition , children learn English and sometimes another European language , usually Spanish or Italian . ) Similarly in the country 's parliament , debates are conducted in Luxembourgish , draft legislation is drafted in German , while the statute laws are in French . The Netherlands has four official languages . Dutch is the primary language , and West Frisian is recognized as a minority language and spoken by between 300,000 and 700,000 people .
Child's Play (franchise)
In 2007 , Devil 's Due Publishing obtained the license to publish Child 's Play comics and released a one - shot crossover with Hack / Slash titled Hack / Slash vs. Chucky which takes place after the events of the Seed of Chucky film . This was followed by a four - issue series called Chucky . A second volume began in early 2009 but ceased publication after only one issue .
Highschool of the Dead
Shortly following the inception of the series and before it was licensed for distribution in English , the manga became popular enough in English via scanlation to draw the attention of the creators , who included a message in English within the magazine 's printing of the fifth chapter that requested readers to buy the original manga when it is available . The manga was later licensed in North America by Yen Press , and the first volume was released on January 25 , 2011 . The series is also published in Spain by Glénat España , in Germany by Carlsen , in Italy , Brazil and Mexico by Panini Comics , in Canada and France for French - language publication by Pika Édition , in Poland by Waneko , and in Taiwan by Kadokawa Media .
Jury trial
The availability of a trial by jury in American jurisdictions varies . Because the United States legal system separated from that of the English one at American Revolution , the types of proceedings that use juries depends on whether such cases were tried by jury under English common law at that time rather than the methods used in English courts now . For example , at the time , English `` courts of law '' tried cases of torts or private law for monetary damages using juries , but `` courts of equity '' that tried civil cases seeking an injunction or another form of non-monetary relief did not . As a result , this practice continues in American civil laws , but in modern English law , only criminal proceedings and some inquests are likely to be heard by a jury .
Dyatlov Pass incident
At the time the verdict was that the group members all died because of a compelling natural force . The inquest officially ceased in May 1959 as a result of the absence of a guilty party . The files were sent to a secret archive , and the photocopies of the case became available only in the 1990s , although some parts were missing .
English contract law
So while the common law would put the burden of proof on a claimant to show a defendant made a negligent misstatement , MA 1967 s 2 ( 1 ) shifts the burden of proof to the defendant . The measure of damages is also more generous under the Act than at common law , because just as the Law Reform Report was drafted , the House of Lords was introducing a limit on the quantum of damages for negligence to losses that are reasonably foreseeable . MA 1967 section 2 ( 1 ) , however , was drafted by reference to state the same damages were available as for fraud . So in Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson , the Court of Appeal held that even where a representation is negligent , and not fraud , the same quantum of damages is available as for fraud . This is controversial among academics who argue that fraud is more morally culpable than negligent behaviour , and should therefore deserve a more severe limit on compensation , though it is not entirely resolved what the proper circumstances for remoteness ought to be . Under section 2 ( 2 ) the court has the discretion to substitute the right to rescind a contract for a small misrepresentation with an award of damages . Under section 3 , a court has the power to strike down clauses excluding remedies for misrepresentation if they fail the reasonableness test in the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 .
Agatha Christie
In The Hollow , published as late as 1946 , one of the more unsympathetic characters is `` a Whitechapel Jewess with dyed hair and a voice like a corncrake ... a small woman with a thick nose , henna red and a disagreeable voice '' . To contrast with the more stereotyped descriptions , Christie sometimes showed `` foreigners '' as victims or potential victims at the hands of English malefactors , such as , respectively , Olga Seminoff ( Hallowe'en Party ) and Katrina Reiger ( in the short story `` How Does Your Garden Grow ? '' ) . Jewish characters are often seen as un-English ( such as Oliver Manders in Three Act Tragedy ) , but they are rarely the culprits .
Kenya
Lyrics are most often in Kiswahili or English . There is also some emerging aspect of Lingala borrowed from Congolese musicians . Lyrics are also written in local languages . Urban radio generally only plays English music , though there also exist a number of vernacular radio stations .
Olive Garden
Parent company Darden also announced it was going to begin co-locating Olive Garden and sibling chain Red Lobster locations . The new format stores are designed for smaller market locations and will have separate entrances and dining areas but operate a single kitchen and support areas . The dining areas of the new format will be half the standard area found in more traditional Darden chains , but the actual building will be larger than stand - alone operations of the chain . Menus will also remain separate , with customers only able to order from the location they are seated in . In 2014 , Darden Restaurants announced intentions to sell Red Lobster , therefore closing two Olive Garden and Red Lobster co-locations in Georgia and South Carolina , and converting the remaining four co-locations into stand - alone Olive Garden restaurants .
Republic (Plato)
In Books V - VI the abolition of riches among the guardian class ( not unlike Max Weber 's bureaucracy ) leads controversially to the abandonment of the typical family , and as such no child may know his or her parents and the parents may not know their own children . Socrates tells a tale which is the `` allegory of the good government '' . No nepotism , no private goods . The rulers assemble couples for reproduction , based on breeding criteria . Thus , stable population is achieved through eugenics and social cohesion is projected to be high because familial links are extended towards everyone in the City . Also the education of the youth is such that they are taught of only works of writing that encourage them to improve themselves for the state 's good , and envision ( the ) god ( s ) as entirely good , just , and the author ( s ) of only that which is good .