vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Nuclear weapon
The system used to deliver a nuclear weapon to its target is an important factor affecting both nuclear weapon design and nuclear strategy . The design , development , and maintenance of delivery systems are among the most expensive parts of a nuclear weapons program ; they account , for example , for 57 % of the financial resources spent by the United States on nuclear weapons projects since 1940 .
Peroxisome
Peroxisomal disorders are a class of medical conditions that typically affect the human nervous system as well as many other organ systems . Two common examples are X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and peroxisome biogenesis disorders .
History of India
Like other settled , agrarian societies in history , those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history . In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent , one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia . In that sense , the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium . What does however , make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system , the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics , even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent , though the non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs . They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes . This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature , though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernised modern Indian culture . At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam . This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures .
Competitive intelligence
Product -- what are people selling ? Price -- what price are they charging ? Promotion -- what activities are they conducting for promoting this product ? Place -- where are they selling this product ? Other -- sales force structure , clinical trial design , technical issues , etc .
Barbados
Including the ZRs , there are three bus systems running seven days a week ( though less frequently on Sundays ) . There are ZRs , the yellow minibuses and the blue Transport Board buses . A ride on any of them costs BBD $2.00 . The smaller buses from the two privately owned systems ( `` ZRs '' and `` minibuses '' ) can give change ; the larger blue buses from the government - operated Barbados Transport Board system can not , but do give receipts . Children in school uniform ride for free on the government buses and for $1.50 on the ZRs . Most routes require a connection in Bridgetown .
Precedent
The mixed systems of the Nordic countries are sometimes considered a branch of the civil law , but they are sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition . In Sweden , for instance , case law arguably plays a more important role than in some of the continental civil law systems . The two highest courts , the Supreme Court ( Högsta domstolen ) and the Supreme Administrative Court ( Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ) , have the right to set precedent which has persuasive authority on all future application of the law . Appellate courts , be they judicial ( hovrätter ) or administrative ( kammarrätter ) , may also issue decisions that act as guides for the application of the law , but these decisions are persuasive , not controlling , and may therefore be overturned by higher courts .
Emotional lateralization
Like all human based scientific experiments there are limitations to what researchers can do . Attempting to study emotions is especially hard since emotions are complex and can lead to subjective response . Since the majority of experiments in emotional lateralization have been on fear this leaves the question of whether other emotions are also lateralized . Below are two major issues associated with many of the experiments studying emotion that require further explanation .
Neurotransmitter
The most prevalent transmitter is glutamate , which is excitatory at well over 90 % of the synapses in the human brain . The next most prevalent is Gamma - Aminobutyric Acid , or GABA , which is inhibitory at more than 90 % of the synapses that do not use glutamate . Although other transmitters are used in fewer synapses , they may be very important functionally : the great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter systems , often acting through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA . Addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system . The addictive opiate drugs exert their effects primarily as functional analogs of opioid peptides , which , in turn , regulate dopamine levels .
Michigan
Grand Rapids , the second - largest city in Michigan , is also an important center of manufacturing . Since 1838 , the city has also been noted for its furniture industry and is home to five of the world 's leading office furniture companies . Grand Rapids is home to a number of major companies including Steelcase , Amway , and Meijer . Grand Rapids is also an important center for GE Aviation Systems .
Cross River gorilla
The team stated that ancestors to the Cross river gorilla may have been secluded to the forests near the cross river headwaters and / or elsewhere in the Cameroon highlands . They wrote that the Cross River gorillas may not have spread much since their isolation . The Gorilla gorilla gorilla ancestors differentiated from the Cross river gorilla by spreading beyond this area somewhere to the south and / or east of the Sanaga . Sarmiento and Oates stated that there is no evidence to suggest that G. g . gorilla and G. g . diehli are sympatric .
Godavari River
The main Godavari River up to the confluence with Pranhita tributary is dammed fully to utilize the available water for irrigation . However , its main tributaries Pranhita , Indravati and Sabari which join in the lower reaches of the basin , carry three times more water compared to main Godavari . In 2015 , the water surplus Godavari River is linked to the water deficit Krishna River by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with the help of Pattiseema lift scheme to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage located in Andhra Pradesh . More dams are constructed in the Godavari River basin than in any other river basin of India . The following are the few dams located in the river basin :
Río de la Plata
The historical English name `` River Plate '' uses an obsolete sense of the word `` plate , '' which was used extensively as a term for `` silver '' or `` gold '' from the 12th century onwards , especially in Early Modern English . The estuary has been known as the River Plate or Plate River in English since at least the time of Francis Drake . This English version of the name served as an inspiration for one of Argentina 's most important football clubs , Club Atlético River Plate .
Health care in the United States
A poll released in March 2008 by the Harvard School of Public Health and Harris Interactive found that Americans are divided in their views of the U.S. health system , and that there are significant differences by political affiliation . When asked whether the U.S. has the best health care system or if other countries have better systems , 45 % said that the U.S. system was best and 39 % said that other countries ' systems are better . Belief that the U.S. system is best was highest among Republicans ( 68 % ) , lower among independents ( 40 % ) , and lowest among Democrats ( 32 % ) . Over half of Democrats ( 56 % ) said they would be more likely to support a presidential candidate who advocates making the U.S. system more like those of other countries ; 37 % of independents and 19 % of Republicans said they would be more likely to support such a candidate . 45 % of Republicans said that they would be less likely to support such a candidate , compared to 17 % of independents and 7 % of Democrats .
Fuel cell
Since fuel cell electrolyzer systems do not store fuel in themselves , but rather rely on external storage units , they can be successfully applied in large - scale energy storage , rural areas being one example . There are many different types of stationary fuel cells so efficiencies vary , but most are between 40 % and 60 % energy efficient . However , when the fuel cell 's waste heat is used to heat a building in a cogeneration system this efficiency can increase to 85 % . This is significantly more efficient than traditional coal power plants , which are only about one third energy efficient . Assuming production at scale , fuel cells could save 20 -- 40 % on energy costs when used in cogeneration systems . Fuel cells are also much cleaner than traditional power generation ; a fuel cell power plant using natural gas as a hydrogen source would create less than one ounce of pollution ( other than CO ) for every 1,000 kW h produced , compared to 25 pounds of pollutants generated by conventional combustion systems . Fuel Cells also produce 97 % less nitrogen oxide emissions than conventional coal - fired power plants .
Copyright
There are some exceptions to what copyright will protect . Copyright will not protect :
Cross River gorilla
The population of Cross River gorillas declined by 59 % between the years 1995 and 2010 , a greater decline over that period than any other subspecies of great ape . Apes such as the Cross River gorilla serve as indicators of problems in their environment and also help other species survive . The decline of this species started thirty years ago and has since continued to decline at an alarming rate . The danger of hunters has led these creatures to fear humans and human contact , so sightings of the Cross River gorilla are rare .
Satellite
Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions , vehicles , ships , people and aircraft to other parts of the world and / or other mobile or stationary communications units , in addition to serving as navigation systems .
RCA connector
RCA connectors began to replace the older quarter - inch phone connectors for many other applications in the consumer audio world when component high - fidelity systems started becoming popular in the 1950s . However , quarter - inch phone connectors are still common in professional audio , while miniature phone connectors ( 3.5 mm ) predominated in personal stereo systems .
Yosemite National Park
Water activities are plentiful during warmer months . Rafting can be done through the Yosemite Valley on the Merced River . There are also swimming pools available at Yosemite Lodge and Curry Village .
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Mike Egan , a senior executive for AMB Group , described Mercedes - Benz Stadium as `` an outdoor stadium with a roof over it '' . Egan stated that the field is equipped with a drainage system , and the electrical systems for the main halo board and other video boards are outdoor rated , allowing stadium officials to open the roof if there is up to a 25 percent chance of precipitation ; Egan also stated that other factors such as humidity and outside temperatures would be taken into consideration on whether or not the roof would be opened .
Distributor
The distributor cap has one post for each cylinder , and in points ignition systems there is a central post for the current from the ignition coil coming into the distributor . There are some exceptions however , as some engines ( many Alfa Romeo cars , some 1980s Nissans ) have two spark plugs per cylinder , so there are two leads coming out of the distributor per cylinder . Another implementation is the wasted spark system , where a single contact serves two leads , but in that case each lead connects one cylinder . In General Motors high energy ignition ( HEI ) systems there is no central post and the ignition coil sits on top of the distributor . Some Toyota and Honda engines also have their coil within the distributor cap . On the inside of the cap there is a terminal that corresponds to each post , and the plug terminals are arranged around the circumference of the cap according to the firing order in order to send the secondary voltage to the proper spark plug at the right time .
California Gold Rush
The Mexican -- American War ended on February 3 , 1848 , although California was firmly in American hands before that . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for , among other things , the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States . The California Gold Rush began at Sutter 's Mill , near Coloma . On January 24 , 1848 , James W. Marshall , a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter , found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River . Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter , and the two privately tested the metal . After the tests showed that it was gold , Sutter expressed dismay : he wanted to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to his plans for an agricultural empire if there were a mass search for gold .
Thar Desert
In the Rigveda there is also mention of a river named Aśvanvatī along with the river Drishadvati . Some scholars consider both the Sarasvati and Aśvanvatī to be the same river .
Samoa
The fa'a Samoa , or traditional Samoan way , remains a strong force in Samoan life and politics . Despite centuries of European influence , Samoa maintains its historical customs , social and political systems , and language . Cultural customs such as the Samoa ' ava ceremony are significant and solemn rituals at important occasions including the bestowal of matai chiefly titles . Items of great cultural value include the finely woven ' ie toga .
HTML
The WYSIWYG editing model has been criticized , primarily because of the low quality of the generated code ; there are voices advocating a change to the WYSIWYM model ( What You See Is What You Mean ) .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
Besides Lent , there were other penitential times customarily accompanied by fasting or abstinence . These included Advent , the Ember Days , the Rogation Days , Fridays throughout the year , and vigils of important feast days .
Human musculoskeletal system
There are , however , diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the system . These diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems . The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for humans to move to a more favorable position . Complex issues and injuries involving the musculoskeletal system are usually handled by a physiatrist ( specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation ) or an orthopaedic surgeon .
Operating system
The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83.3 % . macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place ( 11.2 % ) , and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place ( 1.55 % ) . In the mobile ( smartphone and tablet combined ) sector , according to third quarter 2016 data , Android by Google is dominant with 87.5 percent and a growth rate 10.3 percent per year , followed by iOS by Apple with 12.1 percent and a per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent , while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent . Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors . Other specialized classes of operating systems , such as embedded and real - time systems , exist for many applications .
Hippocampus
Several other connections play important roles in hippocampal function . Beyond the output to the EC , additional output pathways go to other cortical areas including the prefrontal cortex . A major output goes via the fornix to the lateral septal area and to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus ( which the fornix interconnects with the hippocampus ) . The hippocampus receives modulatory input from the serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine systems , and from the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus to field CA1 . A very important projection comes from the medial septal nucleus , which sends cholinergic , and gamma amino butyric acid ( GABA ) stimulating fibers ( GABAergic fibers ) to all parts of the hippocampus . The inputs from the medial septal nucleus play a key role in controlling the physiological state of the hippocampus ; destruction of this nucleus abolishes the hippocampal theta rhythm and severely impairs certain types of memory .
Color television
There are three main analog broadcast television systems in use around the world , PAL ( Phase Alternating Line ) , NTSC ( National Television System Committee ) , and SECAM ( Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire -- Sequential Color with Memory ) .
Naming in the United States
For some languages not written in the Latin alphabet ( e.g. Arabic , Russian ) , there are no international transcription standards , so different countries use different systems . For example , the Russian surname Горбачёв is transcribed
Hearing range
As aquatic environments have very different physical properties than land environments , there are differences in how marine mammals hear compared with land mammals . The differences in auditory systems have led to extensive research on aquatic mammals , specifically on dolphins .
Grand Canyon
The three most common amphibians in these riparian communities are the canyon tree frog , red - spotted toad , and Woodhouse 's Rocky Mountain toad . Leopard frogs are very rare in the Colorado River corridor , they have undergone major declines and have not been seen in the Canyon in several years . There are 33 crustacean species found in the Colorado River and its tributaries within Grand Canyon National Park . Of these 33 , 16 are considered true zooplankton organisms .
Big Five personality traits
Personality differences around the world might even have contributed to the emergence of different political systems . A recent study has found that countries ' average personality trait levels are correlated with their political systems : countries with higher average trait Openness tended to have more democratic institutions , an association that held even after factoring out other relevant influences such as economic development .
Sociology
The sociology of education is the study of how educational institutions determine social structures , experiences , and other outcomes . It is particularly concerned with the schooling systems of modern industrial societies . A classic 1966 study in this field by James Coleman , known as the `` Coleman Report '' , analysed the performance of over 150,000 students and found that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources ( i.e. per pupil spending ) . The controversy over `` school effects '' ignited by that study has continued to this day . The study also found that socially disadvantaged black students profited from schooling in racially mixed classrooms , and thus served as a catalyst for desegregation busing in American public schools .
Hoover Dam
As the technology of electric power transmission improved , the Lower Colorado was considered for its hydroelectric - power potential . In 1902 , the Edison Electric Company of Los Angeles surveyed the river in the hope of building a 40 - foot ( 12 m ) rock dam which could generate 10,000 horsepower ( 7,500 kW ) . However , at the time , the limit of transmission of electric power was 80 miles ( 130 km ) , and there were few customers ( mostly mines ) within that limit . Edison allowed land options it held on the river to lapse -- including an option for what became the site of Hoover Dam .
Branches of science
In this context the word systems is used to refer specifically to self - regulating systems , i.e. that are self - correcting through feedback . Self - regulating systems are found in nature , including the physiological systems of our body , in local and global ecosystems , and in climate .
River Thames
In London there are many sightseeing tours in tourist boats , past the more famous riverside attractions such as the Houses of Parliament and the Tower of London as well as regular riverboat services co-ordinated by London River Services . London city Airport is situated on the Thames , in East London . Previously it was a dock . The
Mining industry of Nigeria
Recently , several important uranium deposits were discovered in Cross River State , Adamawa State , Taraba State , Plateau State , Bauchi State , and Kano State by the British Geological Survey .
River Thames
The non-tidal River Thames is divided into reaches by the 45 locks . The locks are staffed for the greater part of the day , but can be operated by experienced users out of hours . This part of the Thames links to existing navigations at the River Wey Navigation , the River Kennet and the Oxford Canal . All craft using it must be licensed . The Environment Agency has patrol boats ( named after tributaries of the Thames ) and can enforce the limit strictly since river traffic usually has to pass through a lock at some stage . A speed limit of 8 km / h ( 4.3 kn ) applies . There are pairs of transit markers at various points along the non-tidal river that can be used to check speed -- a boat travelling legally taking a minute or more to pass between the two markers .
Political party
Multi-party systems are systems in which more than two parties are represented and elected to public office .
Helsinki
According to a theory presented in the 1630s , settlers from Hälsingland in central Sweden had arrived to what is now known as the Vantaa River and called it Helsingå ( `` Helsinge River '' ) , which gave rise to the names of Helsinge village and church in the 1300s . This theory is questionable , because dialect research suggests that the settlers arrived from Uppland and nearby areas . Others have proposed the name as having been derived from the Swedish word helsing , an archaic form of the word hals ( neck ) , referring to the narrowest part of a river , the rapids . Other Scandinavian cities at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time , e.g. Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
The principal channels for dissemination of information are word of mouth , television and radio , newspapers and magazines and the World Wide Web . The compilers of the information vary from private individuals to employees of private companies and the civil service . The unit systems used in the information from the different channels varies considerably . There are no laws controlling the unit systems that private individuals use when compiling information , whereas company employees and civil servants might be constrained by standards and procedures which dictate the measures to be used . Government
River Thames
Once King William had won total control of the strategically important Thames Valley , he went on to invade the rest of England . He had many castles built , including those at Wallingford , Rochester , Windsor and most importantly the Tower of London . Many details of Thames activity are recorded in the Domesday Book . The following centuries saw the conflict between king and barons coming to a head in AD 1215 when King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta on an island in the Thames at Runnymede . Among a host of other things , this granted the barons the right of Navigation under Clause 23 .