vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States antitrust law
Public officials during the Progressive Era put passing and enforcing strong antitrust high on their agenda . President Theodore Roosevelt sued 45 companies under the Sherman Act , while William Howard Taft sued 75 . In 1902 , Roosevelt stopped the formation of the Northern Securities Company , which threatened to monopolize transportation in the Northwest ( see Northern Securities Co. v. United States ) . Standard
Pennsylvania Turnpike
In February 1938 , the commission began investigating proposals for $55 million in bonds to be issued for construction of the turnpike . A month later , Van Ingen and Company purchased $60 million ( about $824 million in 2016 dollars ) in bonds they would offer to the public . President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a $24 million ( about $330 million in 2016 dollars ) grant from the WPA in April 1938 for construction of the road ; the commonwealth also contributed $29 million towards the project . The WPA grant received final approval , but plans were still made to sell bonds ; the first issue was planned for about $20 million ( about $275 million in 2016 dollars ) . The reduced bond issue was due to the grant from the WPA .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
In October 1967 the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings on resolutions urging President Johnson to request an emergency session of the United Nations security council to consider proposals for ending the war .
United States presidential primary
The primary received its first major test in the 1912 election pitting incumbent President William Howard Taft against challengers Theodore Roosevelt and Robert La Follette . Roosevelt proved the most popular candidate , but as most primaries were non-binding `` preference '' shows and held in only fourteen of the - then forty - eight states , the Republican nomination went to Taft , who controlled the convention .
Pretty Little Liars (season 1)
Meanwhile , Aria attempts to tell the truth about her father to her mother , but ' A ' tells her mother before she could . This led to her parents ' separation and her brother , Mike 's , change in behavior .
Woodrow Wilson
When Roosevelt was wounded by an assassin , Wilson restricted his events to those already scheduled and limited his criticism to the regular Republicans . It was evident by this time that the Wilson movement would not be checked . The GOP split between Taft and Roosevelt enlarged Wilson 's success in the electoral college . Wilson appealed to African Americans and promised to work for them , gaining some support among them in the North at the expense of the Republicans . But throughout the South , most African Americans had been disenfranchised by actions of state legislatures from 1890 to 1908 , and were largely excluded from the political system . Wilson took 41.8 % of the popular vote and won 435 electoral votes from 40 states . It is not clear if Roosevelt took more votes from fellow Republican Taft , or fellow progressive Wilson .
New Deal
At the beginning of the Great Depression , many economists traditionally argued against deficit spending . The fear was that government spending would `` crowd out '' private investment and would thus not have any effect on the economy , a proposition known as the Treasury view , but Keynesian economics rejected that view . They argued that by spending vastly more money -- using fiscal policy -- the government could provide the needed stimulus through the multiplier effect . Without that stimulus , business simply would not hire more people , especially the low skilled and supposedly `` untrainable '' men who had been unemployed for years and lost any job skill they once had . Keynes visited the White House in 1934 to urge President Roosevelt to increase deficit spending . Roosevelt afterwards complained that `` he left a whole rigmarole of figures -- he must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In 1914 , Roosevelt made an ill - conceived decision to run for the seat of retiring Republican Senator Elihu Root of New York . Though Roosevelt won the backing of Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo and Governor Martin H. Glynn , he faced a formidable opponent in the Tammany - backed James W. Gerard . He also lacked Wilson 's backing , as Wilson needed Tammany 's forces to help marshal his legislation and secure his 1916 re-election . Roosevelt was soundly defeated in the Democratic primary by Gerard , who in turn lost the general election to Republican James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr . Roosevelt learned a valuable lesson , that federal patronage alone , without White House support , could not defeat a strong local organization . After the election , Roosevelt and the boss of the Tammany Hall machine , Charles Francis Murphy , sought an accommodation with one another and became political allies .
Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 , seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement ; under Roosevelt 's proposal , such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices . Ostensibly , the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges , but the President 's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation . This plan , usually called the `` Court - packing Plan '' , failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt . The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937 . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice .
You're So Vain
`` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 )
Causes of the Great Depression
According to this view , the root cause of the Great Depression was a global overinvestment while the level of wages and earnings from independent businesses fell short of creating enough purchasing power . It was argued that government should intervene by an increased taxation of the rich to help make income more equal . With the increased revenue the government could create public works to increase employment and ' kick start ' the economy . In the USA the economic policies had been quite the opposite until 1932 . The Revenue Act of 1932 and public works programmes introduced in Hoover 's last year as president and taken up by Roosevelt , created some redistribution of purchasing power .
White House
However , in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim , Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building 's architecture , removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions . Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project , which gave more living space to the President 's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing .
Tara Knowles
Later , at Opie and Lyla 's wedding , Jax is the best man and Tara is the maid of honor . The next day Tara and Jax are having breakfast with their sons when they see on the news a story about four dead bodies found at the construction site of Charming Heights . She asks Jax to tell her all he knows about it . He tells her it was retaliation for him getting stabbed in prison . Later on she encounters Gemma in her office who asks why Tara is not wearing her engagement ring . Tara simply tells Gemma that she and Jax are just waiting for the right time to tell everyone . Later at the clubhouse a distraught Tara is reunited with Jax after he is rescued from the Russians . There she discovers , along with Jax , that the clubhouse had been trashed by Sheriff Roosevelt . To lighten up the mood she decides to announce the engagement .
Oath of office of the President of the United States
The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase `` So help me God '' in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president . It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776 . Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths , the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer , in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath : `` Which words , so help me God , shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath . '' In contrast , the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution . It does not include the closing phrase `` So help me God '' , and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath . In practice , however , most presidents , at least during the last century , have opted to take the oath ( rather than an affirmation ) , to use a Bible to do so , and also to close the oath with the customary phrase .
Manhattan Project
On 19 September , Groves went to Donald Nelson , the chairman of the War Production Board , and asked for broad authority to issue a AAA rating whenever it was required . Nelson initially balked but quickly caved in when Groves threatened to go to the President . Groves promised not to use the AAA rating unless it was necessary . It soon transpired that for the routine requirements of the project the AAA rating was too high but the AA - 3 rating was too low . After a long campaign , Groves finally received AA - 1 authority on 1 July 1944 . According to Groves , `` In Washington you became aware of the importance of top priority . Most everything proposed in the Roosevelt administration would have top priority . That would last for about a week or two and then something else would get top priority '' .
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
The thesis achieved considerable popular interest and elaboration by many scholars in history , economics and other fields , but that thesis has been challenged . Certainly the 1901 musical version of Oz written by Baum , was for an adult audience and had numerous explicit references to contemporary politics , though in these references Baum seems just to have been `` playing for laughs '' . The 1902 stage adaptation mentioned , by name , President Theodore Roosevelt and other political celebrities . For example , the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil . `` You would n't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller '' , the Scarecrow responds , `` He 'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened . ''
Waikato River
The mean discharge of the Waikato River is 340 cubic metres per second ( 12,000 cu ft / s ) , with the highest flows typically occurring in July and August . Specific mean annual floods are low ( 60 - 70 L s - 1 km - 2 ) , and the frequency of events with greater than 3 times the median flow is 0.4 events / year , due to flow regulation and groundwater storage in pumice .
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Lemony Snicket 's narration and commentary is characteristically cynical and despondent . In the blurb for each book , Snicket warns of the misery the reader may experience in reading about the Baudelaire orphans and suggests abandoning the books altogether . However , he also provides ample comic relief with wry , dark humor . In the excerpt for The Grim Grotto , he writes : `` ... the horrors ( the Baudelaire children ) encounter are too numerous to list , and you would n't even want me to describe the worst of it , which includes mushrooms , a desperate search for something lost , a mechanical monster , a distressing message from a lost friend and tap - dancing . '' Snicket 's narration has been described as `` self - conscious '' and `` post-modern '' .
Grand jury
Similarly , in 1998 , President Clinton became the first sitting president required to testify before a grand jury as subject of an investigation by the Office of Independent Counsel . The testimony came after a four - year investigation into Clinton and his wife Hillary 's alleged involvement in several scandals including Whitewater and the Rose Law Firm . Revelations from the investigation sparked a battle in Congress over whether or not to impeach Clinton .
White House
The building was originally variously referred to as the `` President 's Palace '' , `` Presidential Mansion '' , or `` President 's House '' . The earliest evidence of the public calling it the `` White House '' was recorded in 1811 . A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington , white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered , giving the building its namesake hue . The name `` Executive Mansion '' was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having `` White House -- Washington '' engraved on the stationery in 1901 . The current letterhead wording and arrangement `` The White House '' with the word `` Washington '' centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt .
Simba
In The Lion King 11⁄2 , a direct - to - video followup released in 2004 , Simba appears as a less prominent character because the film 's primary focus is on Timon and Pumbaa 's behind - the - scenes role and involvement in The Lion King , in which they appear as supporting characters . Although the two films technically share the same story and timeline , the plot of The Lion King 11⁄2 focuses more on Timon and Pumbaa . The meerkat and warthog unknowingly coexist alongside Simba , and the story fills in the two characters ' backstories and events that led up to their long - lasting friendship , coinciding with and often initiating the events that affect Simba 's life during the first film . These events include the commemorative bow that occurs during the opening `` Circle of Life '' musical number and the collapsing of the animal tower that takes place during `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King . '' The film also explores , in further detail , the relationship among the three characters as Timon and Pumbaa struggle to raise Simba as adoptive `` parents '' and disapprove of his relationship with Nala , portraying Simba as he grows from an energetic young lion cub , into an incorrigible teenager and , finally , an independent young lion .
United States presidential line of succession
Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
The events of Tet in early 1968 as a whole were also remarkable in shifting public opinion regarding the war . U.S. military officials had previously reported that counter-insurgency in South Vietnam was being prosecuted successfully . While the Tet Offensive provided the U.S. and allied militaries with a great victory in that the Vietcong was finally brought into open battle and destroyed as a fighting force , the American media , including respected figures such as Walter Cronkite , interpreted such events as the attack on the American embassy in Saigon as an indicator of U.S. military weakness . The military victories on the battlefields of Tet were obscured by shocking images of violence on television screens , long casualty lists , and a new perception among the American people that the military had been untruthful to them about the success of earlier military operations , and ultimately , the ability to achieve a meaningful military solution in Vietnam .
Adolescence
Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality ; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality . College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there were no significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7 - 12 reported . Most teens said they had kissed their partners , held hands with them , thought of themselves as being a couple and told people they were in a relationship . This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample . Sexual events ( such as sexual touching , sexual intercourse ) were less common than romantic events ( holding hands ) and social events ( being with one 's partner in a group setting ) . The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
In June 1941 , German and Italian consulates were closed , and there were suggestions Japan 's should be closed , as well . They were not , because they continued to provide valuable information ( via MAGIC ) and neither President Roosevelt nor Secretary Hull wanted trouble in the Pacific . Had they been closed , however , it is possible Naval General Staff , which had opposed the attack from the outset , would have called it off , since up - to - date information on the location of the Pacific Fleet , on which Yamamoto 's plan depended , would no longer have been available .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Old Right emerged in opposition to the New Deal of President Roosevelt and Hoff says that `` moderate Republicans and leftover Republican Progressives like Hoover composed the bulk of the Old Right by 1940 , with a sprinkling of former members of the Farmer - Labor party , Non-Partisan League , and even a few midwestern prairie Socialists '' .
List of the oldest Scout groups
In the official Handbook for Boys of the Boy Scouts of America , First Edition , August 1911 ( still in print today ! ) , page 354 ( page 222 of PDF copy ) , in a letter from BSA Honorary Vice President Theodore Roosevelt ( former US President ) to BSA Executive Secretary ( later Chief Scout Executive ) James E. West , dated 20 July 1911 , Roosevelt mentions a letter from a Scoutmaster in the Philippines narrating the noble work of `` boy scouts of the Philippines '' in rendering assistance during a big fire that hit Manila and in serving at the ten - day Manila Carnival . This is the earliest available documented mention of the phrase `` boy scouts of the Philippines '' in print . The Manila Scoutmaster 's and Roosevelt 's letters prove beyond doubt that there were Boy Scouts in the Philippines as early as 1910 - the same year that YMCA International Secretary for Boys ' Work Edgar M. Robinson started actively organizing the Boy Scouts of America in the US mainland . Portions of Roosevelt 's quote of the Manila Scoutmaster 's letter were also printed ( before and after the Handbook for Boys edition ) in New Castle News ( 26 May 1911 ) , The Corsicana Daily Sun ( 31 May 1911 ) , The Washington Post ( 8 August 1911 ) , The Youngstown Daily Vindicator ( 23 August 1911 ) , and The Miami Metropolis ( 20 September 1911 ) . According to The Miami Metropolis article `` Boy Scouts Work with the Firemen Just Like Heroes '' on page 3 , it was `` Elwood E. Brown , organizer in the Philippines '' who had written to Roosevelt .
1000 Ways to Die (season 1)
`` The stories you are about to see are true and based on actual events . Names have been changed to protect the identities of the deceased . '' `` WARNING : The deaths portrayed in this show are real and extremely graphic . ''
Forecasting
Limitations pose barriers beyond which forecasting methods can not reliably predict . There are many events and values that can not be forecast reliably . Events such as the roll of a die or the results of the lottery can not be forecast because they are random events and there is no significant relationship in the data . When the factors that lead to what is being forecast are not known or well understood such as in stock and foreign exchange markets forecasts are often inaccurate or wrong as there is not enough data about everything that affects these markets for the forecasts to be reliable , in addition the outcomes of the forecasts of these markets change the behavior of those involved in the market further reducing forecast accuracy .
History of insurance
The industry helps to eliminate risks ( as when fire insurance companies demand the implementation of safe practices and the installation of hydrants ) , spreads risks from the individual to the larger community , and provides an important source of long - term finance for both the public and private sectors . The insurance industry is generally profitable and provides attractive employment opportunities for white collar workers .
Fundamental rights in India
The right against exploitation , given in Articles 23 and 24 , provides for two provisions , namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar ( forced labour ) , and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories , mines , etc . Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution . Begar , practised in the past by landlords , has been declared a crime and is punishable by law . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law . An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes . Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision .
Oklahoma
In mid-2011 , Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1.7 million and non-farm employment fluctuated around 1.5 million . The government sector provides the most jobs , with 339,300 in 2011 , followed by the transportation and utilities sector , providing 279,500 jobs , and the sectors of education , business , and manufacturing , providing 207,800 , 177,400 , and 132,700 jobs , respectively . Among the state 's largest industries , the aerospace sector generates $11 billion annually .
Economy of Scotland
Scottish waters consisting of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea , containing the largest oil resources in the European Union -- Scotland is the EU 's largest petroleum producer , with the discovery of North Sea oil transforming the Scottish economy . Oil was discovered in the North Sea in 1966 , with the first year of full production taking place in 1976 . With the growth of oil exploration during that time , as well as the ancillary industries needed to support it , the city of Aberdeen became the UK 's centre of the North Sea Oil Industry , with the port and harbour serving many oil fields off shore . Sullom Voe in Shetland is the site of a major oil terminal , where oil is piped in and transferred to tankers . Similarly the Flotta Oil Terminal in Orkney is linked by a 230 km long pipeline to the Piper and Occidental oil fields in the North Sea . Grangemouth is at the centre of Scotland 's petrochemicals industry . The oil related industries are a major source of employment and income in these regions . It is estimated that the industry employs around 100,000 workers ( or 6 % of the working population ) of Scotland .