vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Impeachment in the United States
The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually . A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article for the resolution as a whole to pass . If the House votes to impeach , managers ( typically referred to as `` House managers '' , with a `` lead House manager '' ) are selected to present the case to the Senate . Recently , managers have been selected by resolution , while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution / district attorney in a standard criminal trial .
Extinction
Pseudoextinction is difficult to demonstrate unless one has a strong chain of evidence linking a living species to members of a pre-existing species . For example , it is sometimes claimed that the extinct Hyracotherium , which was an early horse that shares a common ancestor with the modern horse , is pseudoextinct , rather than extinct , because there are several extant species of Equus , including zebra and donkey . However , as fossil species typically leave no genetic material behind , one can not say whether Hyracotherium evolved into more modern horse species or merely evolved from a common ancestor with modern horses . Pseudoextinction is much easier to demonstrate for larger taxonomic groups .
PID controller
PID controllers are often implemented with a `` bumpless '' initialization feature that recalculates the integral accumulator term to maintain a consistent process output through parameter changes . A partial implementation is to store the integral of the integral gain times the error rather than storing the integral of the error and postmultiplying by the integral gain , which prevents discontinuous output when the I gain is changed , but not the P or D gains .
House of Lords
The Honours ( Prevention of Abuses ) Act 1925 made it illegal for a peerage , or other honour , to be bought or sold . Nonetheless , there have been repeated allegations that life peerages ( and thus membership of the House of Lords ) have been made available to major political donors in exchange for donations . The most prominent case , the 2006 Cash for Honours scandal , saw a police investigation , with no charges being brought . A 2015 study found that of 303 people nominated for peerages in the period 2005 -- 14 , a total of 211 were former senior figures within politics ( including former MPs ) , or were non-political appointments . Of the remaining 92 political appointments from outside public life , 27 had made significant donations to political parties . The authors concluded firstly that nominees from outside public life were much more likely to have made large gifts than peers nominated after prior political or public service . They also found that significant donors to parties were far more likely to be nominated for peerages than other party members .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Medals were awarded to members of the British Armed Forces and the British Indian Army during the rebellion . The one hundred and eighty two recipients of the Victoria Cross are listed here .
Shotgun
The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets , often while in the air . The spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target , rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile . The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot , which is why shotguns are used at short ranges , and typically against smaller targets . Larger shot sizes , up to the extreme case of the single projectile slug load , result in increased penetration , but at the expense of fewer projectiles and lower probability of hitting the target .
Bird ringing
Ringing activities are often regulated by national agencies but because ringed birds may be found across countries , there are consortiums that ensure that recoveries and reports are collated . In the UK , bird ringing is organized by the British Trust for Ornithology . In North America the U.S. Bird Banding Laboratory collaborates with Canadian programs and since 1996 , partners with the North American Banding Council ( NABC ) . The European Union for Bird Ringing ( EURING ) consolidates ringing data from the various national programs in Europe . In Australia , the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme manages all bird and bat ringing information . while SAFRING manages bird ringing activities in South Africa . Bird ringing in India is managed by the Bombay Natural History Society . The National Center for Bird Conservation ( CEMAVE ) coordinates a national scheme for bird ringing in Brazil .
Sociology
This subfield of sociology studies , broadly , the dynamics of war , conflict resolution , peace movements , war refugees , conflict resolution and military institutions . As a subset of this subfield , military sociology aims towards the systematic study of the military as a social group rather than as an organization . It is a highly specialized sub-field which examines issues related to service personnel as a distinct group with coerced collective action based on shared interests linked to survival in vocation and combat , with purposes and values that are more defined and narrow than within civil society . Military sociology also concerns civilian - military relations and interactions between other groups or governmental agencies . Topics include the dominant assumptions held by those in the military , changes in military members ' willingness to fight , military unionization , military professionalism , the increased utilization of women , the military industrial - academic complex , the military 's dependence on research , and the institutional and organizational structure of military .
History of chemistry
In 1909 , S.P.L. Sørensen invented the pH concept and develops methods for measuring acidity . In 1911 , Antonius Van den Broek proposed the idea that the elements on the periodic table are more properly organized by positive nuclear charge rather than atomic weight . In 1911 , the first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels , bringing together most of the most prominent scientists of the day . In 1912 , William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg proposed Bragg 's law and established the field of X-ray crystallography , an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances . In 1912 , Peter Debye develops the concept of molecular dipole to describe asymmetric charge distribution in some molecules .
United Nations
Below the six organs sit , in the words of the author Linda Fasulo , `` an amazing collection of entities and organizations , some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it '' . These include specialized agencies , research and training institutions , programmes and funds , and other UN entities .
Maple syrup
Golden and Amber grades typically have a milder flavour than Dark and Very dark , which are both dark and have an intense maple flavour . The darker grades of syrup are used primarily for cooking and baking , although some specialty dark syrups are produced for table use . Syrup harvested earlier in the season tends to yield a lighter colour . With the new grading system , the classification of maple syrup depends ultimately on its internal transmittance at 560 nm wavelength through a 10 mm sample . Golden has to have 75 percent or more transmittance , Amber has to have 50.0 to 74.9 percent transmittance , Dark has to have 25.0 to 49.9 percent transmittance , and Very Dark is any product less than 25.0 percent transmittance .
Powers of the President of the United States
As head of the executive branch , the president appoints the top officials for all federal agencies . These positions are listed in the Plum Book which outlines more than seven thousand appointive positions in the government . Many of these appointments are made by the president . In the case of ten agencies , the president is free to appoint a new agency head . For example , it is not unusual for the CIA 's Director or NASA 's Administrator to be changed by the president . Other agencies that deal with federal regulation such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission have set terms that will often outlast presidential terms . For example , governors of the Federal Reserve serve for fourteen years to ensure agency independence . The president also appoints members to the boards of directors for government - owned corporations such as Amtrak . The president can also make a recess appointment if a position needs to be filled while Congress is not in session .
H II region
The reason H II regions rarely appear in elliptical galaxies is that ellipticals are believed to form through galaxy mergers . In galaxy clusters , such mergers are frequent . When galaxies collide , individual stars almost never collide , but the GMCs and H II regions in the colliding galaxies are severely agitated . Under these conditions , enormous bursts of star formation are triggered , so rapid that most of the gas is converted into stars rather than the normal rate of 10 % or less .
Central Intelligence Agency
Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , the CIA Director concurrently served as the head of the Intelligence Community ; today , the CIA is organized under the Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) . Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI , the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks . In 2013 , The Washington Post reported that in fiscal year 2010 , the CIA had the largest budget of all IC agencies , exceeding previous estimates .
History of Wells Fargo
Rather than taking advantage of banking deregulation , which was enticing other banks into all sorts of new financial ventures , Reichardt and Hazen kept things simple and focused on California . Reichardt and Hazen beefed up Wells Fargo 's retail network through improved services such as an extensive automated teller machine network , and through active marketing of those services .
Overview of gun laws by nation
Gun laws in Ireland are strict , requiring all firearms to be licensed individually through the Gardaí ( police ) . Applicants must be 16 years of age and have a good reason for ownership , a secure location to store firearms , proof of competency with the firearm or arrangements to achieve such , provide access to medical records and two character references , and be of sound mind and temperate habits . Applicants convicted of certain specified offenses will be denied a firearms certificate . Personal protection is not a valid reason for ownership .
Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)
At the start of each season , Gordon Ramsay breaks the chefs into two teams . Most often this is based on gender , with women on the red team and men on the blue ; each is given a chef 's jacket with panels of that color on the shoulders . The chefs remain on these teams throughout most of the competition ; Ramsay may reassign a chef to the other team if the team numbers are uneven or if he feels the chef will perform better on the other team . Each episode typically includes a challenge and a dinner service , followed by the elimination of a chef . When only five or six chefs remain , they are brought into a single common team wearing black - panelled jackets . From this point onward , they compete individually to be one of the final two .
Amazon rainforest
The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard . Among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman , jaguar , cougar , and anaconda . In the river , electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill , while piranha are known to bite and injure humans . Various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh . There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors . Vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus . Malaria , yellow fever and Dengue fever can also be contracted in the Amazon region .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
In a recent report commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation poverty and participation are analyzed as a social phenomenon characterizing UK society following the tradition initiated several decades ago by Peter Townsend . Participation in society is measured in terms of social relationships , membership of organisations , trust in other people , ownership of possessions and purchase of services . The study finds out that all these dimensions of participation are lower among people with low incomes . While participation generally drops as income declines , participation stops falling among the 30 per cent or so of people with the lowest incomes , creating a participation ' floor ' . The 30 per cent of people with the lowest incomes are forced to choose between the basic necessities of modern life ; they must decide which needs to neglect . For people affected by the floor , additional income may well be spent on upgrading the quality of necessary goods and services rather than adding to them . Averages mask important variation . The participation floor for benefit recipients is lower than for other groups on the same income . Most minority ethnic groups experience greater material deprivation than the white majority but social participation is , on average , higher . Children 's engagement in school life and friends is not directly affected by household income . However , parents on low incomes , on average , play less often with their children and spend less on activities . This is associated with poorer educational outcomes as judged by teachers . Low - income parents frequently spend more time than affluent ones assisting children with their school work because they have fallen behind their classmates .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Morgue workers have alleged that official numbers underestimate the death toll . The bodies of some casualties do not end up in morgue and thus may go unrecorded . In 2006 , The Washington Post reported : `` Police and hospitals often give widely conflicting figures of those killed in major bombings . In addition , death figures are reported through multiple channels by government agencies that function with varying efficiency . ''
American popular music
Salsa music always has a 4 / 4 meter . The music is phrased in groups of two bars , using recurring rhythmic patterns , and the beginning of phrases in the song text and instruments . Typically , the rhythmic patterns played on the percussion are rather complicated , often with several different patterns played simultaneously . The clave rhythm is an important element that forms the basis of salsa . Apart from percussion , a variety of melodic instruments are commonly used as accompaniment , such as a guitar , trumpets , trombones , the piano , and many others , all depending on the performing artists . Bands are typically divided into horn and rhythm sections , led by one or more singers ( soneros or salseros ) .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Need - fulfillment application , Getmii , launched a special pilot version in partnership with the Red Cross to double daily blood donors at the Kathmandu donation center using the app .
United States
Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial .
Scabies
The resources required to implement such large - scale interventions in a cost - effective and sustainable way are significant . Furthermore , since endemic scabies is largely restricted to poor and remote areas , it is a public health issue that has not attracted much attention from policy makers and international donors .
New Spain
The fast red dye cochineal was an important export in areas such as central Mexico and Oaxaca in terms of revenues to the crown and stimulation of the internal market of New Spain . Cacao and indigo were also important exports for the New Spain , but was used through rather the vice royalties rather than contact with European countries due to piracy , and smuggling . The indigo industry in particular also helped to temporarily unite communities throughout the Kingdom of Guatemala due to the smuggling .
United Nations
The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) are independent , specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework , according to a 1947 agreement . They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944 . The World Bank provides loans for international development , while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries . In
Labor history of the United States
The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) , whose members became known as `` Wobblies '' , was founded in Chicago in 1905 by a group of about 30 labor radicals . Their most prominent leader was William `` Big Bill '' Haywood . The IWW pioneered creative tactics , and organized along the lines of industrial unionism rather than craft unionism ; in fact , they went even further , pursuing the goal of `` One Big Union '' and the abolition of the wage system . Many , though not all , Wobblies favored anarcho - syndicalism .
Human rights and development
The Secretary - General 's Global Education First initiative ( GEFI ) has a commitment with companies and private foundations making pledges of over $1.5 billion ensuring that all children have a quality , relevant and transformative education , whilst the Global Partnership for Education ( GPE ) helped more than 19 million children go to school since 2003 . Leading donors promised an initial $1.5 billion over three years , with the fund aiming to secure another 25 million children in school as of 2014 .
Big Five personality traits
Some businesses , organizations , and interviewers assess individuals based on the Big Five personality traits . Research has suggested that individuals who are considered leaders typically exhibit lower amounts of neurotic traits , maintain higher levels of openness ( envisioning success ) , balanced levels of conscientiousness ( well - organized ) , and balanced levels of extraversion ( outgoing , but not excessive ) . Further studies have linked professional burnout to neuroticism , and extraversion to enduring positive work experience . When it comes to making money , research has suggested that those who are high in agreeableness ( especially men ) are not as successful in accumulating income .
Democratic Party (United States)
The foreign policy of the voters of the two major parties has largely overlapped since the 1990s . A Gallup poll in early 2013 showed broad agreement on the top issues , albeit with some divergence regarding human rights and international cooperation through agencies such as the UN .
Electoral College (United States)
The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens .
Special police
They are distinguished from other police forces by having duties and responsibilities associated with particular legal or illegal activities rather than the geographical areas which are served by a single territorial police force .
Civil–military relations
Researchers from the Overseas Development Institute wrote that ' the belief that development and reconstruction activities are central to security ' ... ' is a central component of western involvement ' and that this has been ' highly contentious among aid agencies , perhaps nowhere more so than Afghanistan . ' Their April 2013 paper includes the following three key messages -
Dance
Social dances , those intended for participation rather than for an audience , may include various forms of mime and narrative , but are typically set much more closely to the rhythmic pattern of music , so that terms like waltz and polka refer as much to musical pieces as to the dance itself . The rhythm of the dancers ' feet may even form an essential part of the music , as in tap dance . African dance , for example , is rooted in fixed basic steps , but may also allow a high degree of rhythmic interpretation : the feet or the trunk mark the basic pulse while cross-rhythms are picked up by shoulders , knees , or head , with the best dancers simultaneously giving plastic expression to all the elements of the polyrhythmic pattern .
Japanese swordsmithing
The forging of a Japanese blade typically took many days or weeks , and was considered a sacred art , traditionally accompanied by a large panoply of Shinto religious rituals . As with many complex endeavors , rather than a single craftsman , several artists were involved . There was a smith to forge the rough shape , often a second smith ( apprentice ) to fold the metal , a specialist polisher , and even a specialist for the edge itself . Often , there were sheath , hilt , and handguard specialists as well . Forging
Nutrition facts label
Proposed changes included a new design requiring serving sizes to more accurately reflect how many servings the average individual is actually consuming . The new recommendation also proposed removing `` calories from fat '' , and instead focusing on total calories and type of fats being consumed in a product . The proposed labels were to also list how much sugar is added ( rather than inherent ) to a product , as well as declaring the amount of Vitamin D and potassium in a product . Some of these changes sparked a major debate between the food industry and public health agencies . The proposal to indicate sugar added during food production , in particular , was brought forward by the FDA as a measure to counter the increase in per capita sugar consumption in the US , which over the last decades exceeded the limits recommended by scientific institutions and governmental agencies . Major American food associations opposed the label change , indicating `` lack of merit '' and `` no preponderance of evidence '' to justify the inclusion of sugar added in the new label .
Labor history of the United States
Though unions were not acting yet , cities across the nation witnessed local and spontaneous marches by frustrated relief applicants . In March 1930 , hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers marched through New York City , Detroit , Washington , San Francisco and other cities in a mass protest organized by the Communist Party 's Unemployed Councils . In 1931 , more than 400 relief protests erupted in Chicago and that number grew to 550 in 1932 .