vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Surrender of Japan
A set of caves were excavated near Nagano on Honshu , the largest of the Japanese islands . In the event of invasion , these caves , the Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters , were to be used by the Army to direct the war and to house the Emperor and his family .
Division of the assembly
In parliamentary procedure , a division of the assembly , division of the house , or simply division is a method for taking a better estimate of a vote than a voice vote . Typically , a division is taken when the result of a voice vote is challenged or when a two - thirds vote is required .
New Jersey Route 52
In addition to the new causeway , the project also called for the construction of fishing piers , boat ramps , bike paths , walking trails , and gateways at each end of the causeway , including a new visitor center with a scenic overlook on the Ocean City side . Also , other improvements were made to the MacArthur Boulevard portion of Route 52 including the addition of a center left - turn lane and the replacement of the Somers Point Circle with a traffic light , which was eliminated in October 2010 . As a result of the stimulus bill signed into law by President Barack Obama on February 17 , 2009 , $70 million , or about 8 percent of the money allocated to New Jersey in the bill , went to the construction of the second half of the Route 52 causeway project .
Korean War
MacArthur was relieved primarily due to his determination to expand the war into China , which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources . Despite MacArthur 's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all - out , congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was , as they were not using air power against front - line troops , communication lines , ports , naval air forces , or staging bases in Japan , which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea . Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower ; as Air Force chief of staff Hoyt Vandenberg said , 80 -- 85 % the tactical capacity , one - fourth of the strategic portion , and 20 % of air defense forces of the United States were engaged in a single country . There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war ; General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35 Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East , which if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea , could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines , as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia . British
Emperor of Japan
Fujiwara women were often Empresses , and concubines came from less exalted noble families . In the last thousand years , sons of an imperial male and a Fujiwara woman have been preferred in the succession .
Emperor of Japan
The title of Emperor was borrowed from China , being derived from Chinese characters and was retroactively applied to the legendary Japanese rulers who reigned before the 7th -- 8th centuries AD .
Surrender of Japan
At a conference with the cabinet and other councilors , Anami , Toyoda , and Umezu again made their case for continuing to fight , after which the Emperor said :
Surrender of Japan
As a result of the losses it had suffered , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) had ceased to be an effective fighting force . Following a series of raids on the Japanese shipyard at Kure , Japan , the only major warships in fighting order were six aircraft carriers , four cruisers , and one battleship , none of which could be fueled adequately . Although 19 destroyers and 38 submarines were still operational , their use was limited by the lack of fuel .
Emperor of Japan
Appointment of the Prime Minister as designated by the Diet . Appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan .
Niche differentiation
Species can differentiate their niche via a competition - predation trade - off if one species is a better competitor when predators are absent , and the other is better when predators are present . Defenses against predators , such as toxic compounds or hard shells , are often metabolically costly . As a result , species that produce such defenses are often poor competitors when predators are absent . Species can coexist through a competition - predation trade - off if predators are more abundant when the less defended species is common , and less abundant if the well - defended species is common . This effect has been criticized as being weak , because theoretical models suggest that only two species within a community can coexist because of this mechanism .
Gerardus Mercator
Mercator never committed any of his prison experiences to paper ; all he would say was that he had suffered an `` unjust persecution '' . For the rest of his time in Leuven his religious thoughts were kept to himself and he turned back to his work . His brush with the Inquisition did not affect his relationship with the court and Nicholas Perrenot recommended him to the emperor as a maker of superb instruments . The outcome was an Imperial order for globes , compasses , astrolabe and astronomical rings . They were ready in 1545 and the Emperor granted the royal seal of approval to his workshop . Sadly they were soon destroyed in the course of the Emperor 's military ventures and Mercator had to construct a second set , now lost . He also returned to his work on a large up - to - date and highly detailed wall map of Europe which was , he had already claimed on his 1538 world map , very well advanced . It proved to be a vast task and he , perfectionist that he was , seemed unable to cut short his ever - expanding researches and publish : as a result it was to be another ten years before the map appeared . John
Concordat of Worms
The Concordat of Worms ( Latin : Concordatum Wormatiense ) , sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians , was an agreement between Pope Callixtus II and Henry V , Holy Roman Emperor on September 23 , 1122 , near the city of Worms . It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation - based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) . In part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the Church and the European sovereigns over political control within their domains . The King was recognised as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority ( `` by the lance '' ) in the territories they governed , but not with sacred authority ( `` by ring and staff '' ) . The result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king , for they were obliged to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support , under his oath of fealty . Previous Holy Roman Emperors had thought it their right , granted by God , to name Church officials within their territories ( such as bishops ) and to confirm the Papal election ( and , at times of extraordinary urgency , actually name popes ) . In fact , the Emperors had been heavily relying on bishops for their secular administration , as they were not hereditary or quasi-hereditary nobility with family interests . A more immediate result of the Investiture struggle identified a proprietary right that adhered to sovereign territory , recognising the right of kings to income from the territory of a vacant diocese and a basis for justifiable taxation . These rights lay outside feudalism , which defined authority in a hierarchy of personal relations , with only a loose relation to territory . The pope emerged as a figure above and out of the direct control of the Holy Roman Emperor .
France–Vietnam relations
Alexandre de Rhodes returned to Europe in 1650 , to advocate the dispatch of bishops in order to better accompany the development of Roman Catholicism in Vietnam ( at that time around 100,000 converts ) , and the dispatch of bishops in order to create a strong native clergy and avoid in Vietnam a catastrophic eradication of Christianity , as seen in the case of Christianity in Japan around 1620 :
Saudi Arabia
Women do not have equal rights to men in the kingdom . The US State Department considers Saudi government 's discrimination against women a `` significant problem '' in Saudi Arabia and notes that women have few political rights due to the government 's discriminatory policies . The World Economic Forum 2010 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 129th out of 134 countries for gender parity . Other sources had complained of an absence of laws criminalizing violence against women .
Juvenile court
The current regime allows for many systemic perpetuations of class divides , discrimination and gender inequalities . Another reform made by the United Nations is `` informalism '' in the mid-1900s where a push for diversion and less criminalizing happened . This was when many deferred programs and alternatives to formal criminal and adult jurisdictions changed , making it more child - friendly . In more recent years , the restorative justice model has been promoted as a better way to process and reintegrate youth who are involved in the court system back into the community . This model is multifaceted and requires a change in the cultural understanding of what it means to commit a crime as a person under the age of majority . The United Nations has offered aid to countries looking to move towards a restorative justice model as it is a positive change in from a human rights discourse . Difficulty in implementing restorative justice comes with cultural differences cross-nationally as well as the scope and breadth of the model . Additionally , the traditional values of adversarial justice have been rooted in the juvenile system for a very long time , which makes it difficult implement change on a global scale . Overall , the United Nation 's attempts at changing the conversation and structure surrounding juvenile courts , have made small strides as many other issues continually being addressed .
Emperor of Japan
Empress Jitō was the first Japanese imperial personage to be cremated ( in 703 ) . After that , with a few exceptions , all Emperors were cremated up to the Edo period . For the next 350 years , in - ground burial became the favoured funeral custom . In 2013 , the Imperial Household Agency announced that Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko would be cremated after they die .
Cape Agulhas
Unlike its better - known relative , the Cape of Good Hope , Cape Agulhas is relatively unspectacular , consisting of a gradually curving coastline with a rocky beach . A survey marker indicates the location of the cape , which would otherwise be difficult to identify . The waters of the Agulhas Bank off the coast are quite shallow and are renowned as one of the best fishing grounds in South Africa .
Glock
The method by which Glock barrels are rifled is somewhat unusual ; instead of using a traditional broaching machine to cut the rifling into the bore , the Glock process involves beating a slowly rotating mandrel through the bore to obtain the hexagonal or octagonal shape . As a result , the barrel 's thickness in the area of each groove is not compromised as with conventional square - cut barrels . This has the advantage of providing a better gas seal behind the projectile as the bore has a slightly smaller diameter , which translates into more efficient use of the combustion gases trapped behind the bullet , slightly greater ( consistency in ) muzzle velocities , and increased accuracy and ease of maintenance .
History of Vietnam
During World War II , Japan invaded Indochina in 1940 , keeping the Vichy French colonial administration in place as a puppet . In 1941 Nguyễn Ái Quốc , now known as Hồ Chí Minh , arrived in northern Vietnam to form the Việt Minh Front , and it was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam 's independence , but was dominated by the Communist Party . The Việt Minh had a modest armed force and during the war worked with the American Office of Strategic Services to collect intelligence on the Japanese . A famine broke out in 1944 -- 45 . Japan 's defeat by World War II Allies created a power vacuum for Vietnamese nationalists of all parties to seize power in August 1945 , forcing Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and ending the Nguyễn dynasty . Their initial success in staging uprisings and in seizing control of most of the country by September 1945 was partially undone , however , by the return of the French a few months later . Relations
Emperor of Japan
Of the eight female Tennō ( reigning empresses ) of Japan , none married or gave birth after ascending the throne . Some of them , being widows , had produced children before their reigns .
Minié ball
Captain James H. Burton , who was an armorer at the Harper 's Ferry Armory , developed an improvement on Minié 's design when he added a deep cavity at the base of the ball , which filled up with gas and expanded the bullet 's rim upon firing . The result was not only better range , but also a cheaper bullet , which was used in the Crimean War and then the American Civil War . Burton 's version of the ball weighed two ounces .
Japanese honorifics
With the exception of the Emperor of Japan , sama can be used to informally address the Empress and other members of the Imperial Family . The Emperor is , however , always addressed as Heika ( Your Majesty ) . ( See `` Royal and official titles '' below ) .
Emperor of Japan
Emperor of Japan 天皇 Imperial Imperial Standard Incumbent Akihito since 7 January 1989 Details Style His Imperial Majesty or His Majesty Heir apparent Crown Prince Naruhito First monarch Emperor Jimmu ( mythical ) Formation 660 BC Residence Tokyo Imperial Palace ( official residence ) Website The Imperial Household Agency
Caesarean section
It is generally agreed that the prevalence of caesarean section is higher than needed in many countries and physicians are encouraged to actively lower the rate , as a caesarean rate higher than 10 - 15 % is not associated with reductions in maternal or infant mortality rates . Some evidence supports a higher rate of 19 % may result in better outcomes .
New Spain
As a result , the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain , Charles V created the Council of the Indies in 1524 as the crown entity to oversee the crown 's interests in the New World . Since the time of the Catholic Monarchs , central Iberia was governed through councils appointed by the monarch with particular jurisdictions . Thus , the creation of the Council of the Indies became another , but extremely important , advisory body to the monarch .
Western Roman Empire
Avitus , a prominent general under Petronius , was proclaimed emperor by the Visigothic king Theoderic II and accepted as such by the Roman senate . Though supported by the Gallic provinces and the Visigoths , Avitus was resented in Italy due to ongoing food shortages caused by Vandal control of trade routes and for using a Visigothic imperial guard . Disbanding his guard due to popular pressure , the Suebian general Ricimer used this opportunity to depose Avitus , counting on popular discontent . After the deposition of Avitus , the Eastern Emperor Leo I did not select a new western Augustus . After the prominent general Majorian defeated an invading force of Alemanni , he was proclaimed Western Emperor by the army and eventually accepted as such by Eastern Emperor Leo I .
Dodo
The Pieter Withoos painting , which was discovered first , appears to be based on an earlier painting by Pieter Holsteyn , three versions of which are known to have existed . According to Hume , Cheke , and Valledor de Lozoya , it appears that all depictions of white dodos were based on Roelant Savery 's 1611 painting Landscape with Orpheus and the animals , or on copies of it . The painting shows a whitish specimen and was apparently based on a stuffed specimen then in Prague ; a walghvogel described as having a `` dirty off - white colouring '' was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II , to whom Savery was contracted at the time ( 1607 -- 1611 ) . Savery 's several later images all show greyish birds , possibly because he had by then seen another specimen . Cheke and Hume believe the painted specimen was white , owing to albinism . Valledor de Lozoya has instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait , a result of bleaching of old taxidermy specimens , or simply artistic license .
History of the United Kingdom
One nagging fear was the possible collapse of the Ottoman Empire . It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war . To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over the Bosporous Straits , as well as from threatening India via Afghanistan . In 1853 , Britain and France intervened in the Crimean War and defeated Russia at a very high cost in casualties . In the 1870s the Congress of Berlin blocked Russia from imposing the harsh Treaty of San Stefano on the Ottoman Empire . Despite its alliance with the French in the Crimean War , Britain viewed the Second Empire of Napoleon III with some distrust , especially as the emperor constructed ironclad warships and began returning France to a more active foreign policy . American
List of Six Feet Under characters
Parker McKenna played by Marina Black , is Claire 's best friend during her senior year of high school . Parker is a rebellious transfer student from a private school , although she appears to be a `` goody two - shoes '' , who attempts to start a friendship with Claire Fisher . The friendship blossoms , however after finding out that Parker had cheated on her SATs and had been accepted into better colleges than Claire , the friendship is broken off until Claire learns it 's better to have one friend than no friends at all . Parker tells Claire that the Chinese holistic herbs that her Aunt Sarah sent her are actually magic mushrooms and the two trip together . After Claire enrolls in art school , Parker is caught when the person who took the SATs for Parker was arrested . Parker enrolled in community college as a result . The two do n't speak again after graduation .
Influence of the French Revolution
Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy report , `` It has long been almost a truism of European history that the French Revolution gave a great stimulus to the growth of modern nationalism . '' Nationalism was emphasized by historian Carlton J.H. Hayes as a major result of the French Revolution across Europe . The impact on French nationalism was profound . Napoleon became such a heroic symbol of the nation that the glory was easily picked up by his nephew , who was overwhelmingly elected president ( and later became Emperor Napoleon III ) . The influence was great in the hundreds of small German states and elsewhere , where it was either inspired by the French example or in reaction against it .
Gold standard
In 2012 a poll of 40 U.S. economists in the IGM Economic Experts Panel found that none of them agreed with a claim that a return to the gold standard would result in `` price - stability and employment outcomes ( that ) would be better for the average American . '' The panel of polled economists included past Nobel Prize winners , former economic advisers to both Republican and Democratic presidents , and senior faculty from Harvard , Chicago , Stanford , MIT , and other well - known research universities . ( The specific question posed to the economists was : `` If the US replaced its discretionary monetary policy regime with a gold standard , defining a ' dollar ' as a specific number of ounces of gold , the price - stability and employment outcomes would be better for the average American . '' )
Emperor of Japan
Earlier , the Emperors had married women from families of the government - holding Soga lords , and women of the imperial clan itself , i.e. various - degree cousins and often even their own sisters ( half - sisters ) . Several imperials of the 5th and 6th centuries such as Prince Shōtoku were children of half - sibling couples . These marriages often were alliance or succession devices : the Soga lord ensured his domination of a prince who would be put on the throne as a puppet ; or a prince ensured the combination of two imperial descents , to strengthen his own and his children 's claim to the throne . Marriages were also a means to seal a reconciliation between two imperial branches .
Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
Since citizens between the ages of 18 to 20 are adults , able to sign legal contracts , vote , be sentenced to death , and serve in the military , questions exist whether criminalizing alcohol consumption for these adults reduce them to a suspect class , thus depriving them of the equal protection of the law promised by the Equal Protection Clause ; effectively deprive them of the privileges and immunities of citizenship protected by the Citizenship Clause ; or infringe on the liberty or privacy interest protected by the concept of substantive due process implicit within the Due Process Clause . These questions were litigated before the Supreme Court of Louisiana , in Manuel v. State , 692 So . 2d 320 , 324 -- 25 ( La . 1995 ) ; the Court originally found such laws criminalizing the possession of alcohol by persons between the ages of 18 and 20 to be repugnant to the Constitution of said State . However , when the Court was threatened by the Legislature therein with the passage of a Constitutional amendment overruling Manuel , they reversed it , finding that laws forbidding 18 - to 20 - year - olds from drinking were constitutional , due to the alleged benefits that these laws had on statistical rates of drunk driving . However , this decision only applies to the State of Louisiana .
Surrender of Japan
That day , Hirohito informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai ( imperial sovereignty ) could not be preserved . The Emperor simply replied `` of course . ''
World War II
With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia .
Articles of Confederation
Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention .