vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fuel cell
Stationary fuel cells are used for commercial , industrial and residential primary and backup power generation . Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations , such as spacecraft , remote weather stations , large parks , communications centers , rural locations including research stations , and in certain military applications . A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact and lightweight , and have no major moving parts . Because fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion , in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999 % reliability . This equates to less than one minute of downtime in a six - year period .
Primary election
As in Europe , nomination meetings and leadership elections ( somewhat similar to primary elections ) in Canada are not organized by the public administration but by parties themselves . Political parties participate in federal elections to the House of Commons , in legislative elections in all ten provinces , and in Yukon . ( The legislatures and elections in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are non-partisan . )
History of the United Kingdom
What began as a hostile merger would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world ... it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history .
Tariff
In contrast , in economic theory tariffs are viewed as a primary element in international trade with the function of the tariff being to influence the flow of trade by lowering or raising the price of targeted goods to create what amounts to an artificial competitive advantage . When tariffs are viewed and used in this fashion , they are addressing the country 's and the competitors ' respective economic healths in terms of maximizing or minimizing revenue flow rather than in terms of the ability to generate and maintain a competitive advantage which is the source of the revenue . As a result , the impact of the tariffs on the economic health of the country are at best minimal but often are counter-productive .
Lobbying in the United States
Lobbyists , according to several sources , strive for communications which are clear , straightforward , and direct . In a one - on - one meeting with a lobbyist , it helps to understand precisely what goal is wanted . A lobbyist wants action on a bill ; a legislator wants to be re-elected . The idea is to persuade a legislator that what the lobbyist wants is good public policy . Lobbyists often urge lawmakers to try to persuade other lawmakers to approve a bill . Senator
BIOS
Because the BIOS still runs in 16 - bit real mode , calling BIOS services directly is inefficient for protected - mode operating systems . BIOS services are not used by modern multitasking operating systems after they initially load , so the importance of the primary part of BIOS is greatly reduced from what it was initially .
Alice Springs
Alice Springs is served by nineteen public and private schools that cater to local and overseas students . Over 3,843 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Alice Springs , with 2,187 students attending primary education , and 1,656 students attending secondary education . There are over 1,932 students enrolled in government schools and 1,055 students enrolled in independent schools .
Golden Horde
The Crimean Khanate became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475 and subjugated what remained of the Great Horde , sacking Sarai in 1502 . After seeking refuge in Lithuania , Sheikh Ahmed , last Khan of the Horde , died in prison in Kaunas some time after 1504 . According to other sources , he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527 .
Competitive intelligence
Market research is a tactical , method - driven field consisting of neutral , primary research of customer data ( beliefs and perceptions ) gathered in surveys or focus groups , and is analyzed with statistical - research techniques . CI draws on a wider variety ( primary and secondary ) of sources from a wider range of stakeholders ( suppliers , competitors , distributors , substitutes and media ) to answer existing questions , raise new ones and guide action .
United States presidential primary
In 2012 , both the Republicans and the Democrats moved their Florida primary to January 31 , which was an earlier date than past election cycles . In response , other states also changed their primary election dates for 2012 , in order to claim a greater influence , creating a cascade of changes in other states . This followed what happened in 2008 when Nevada moved its caucuses to January , causing other states to also move their primaries to earlier dates . Senate Majority Leader and Nevada Senator Harry Reid was a major proponent of moving that state 's caucuses to January , arguing that Nevada would be the perfect American microcosm : its western location , significant minority population , and strong labor population would be more representative of the country as a whole than Iowa and New Hampshire .
United States presidential primary
In many states , only voters registered with a party may vote in that party 's primary , known as a closed primary . In some states , a semi-closed primary is practiced , in which voters unaffiliated with a party ( independents ) may choose a party primary in which to vote . In an open primary , any voter may vote in any party 's primary . In all of these systems , a voter may participate in only one primary ; that is , a voter who casts a vote for a candidate standing for the Republican nomination for president can not cast a vote for a candidate standing for the Democratic nomination , or vice versa . A few states once staged a blanket primary , in which voters could vote for one candidate in multiple primaries , but the practice was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 2000 case of California Democratic Party v. Jones as violating the freedom of assembly guaranteed by the First Amendment .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
In the long - run , expenditures related to Social Security , Medicare and Medicaid are growing considerably faster than the economy overall as the population matures . The Congressional Budget Office estimates that Social Security spending will rise from 4.8 % of GDP in 2009 to 6.2 % of GDP by 2035 , where it will stabilize . However , CBO expects Medicare and Medicaid to continue growing , rising from 5.3 % GDP in 2009 to 10.0 % in 2035 and 19.0 % by 2082 . CBO has indicated healthcare spending per beneficiary is the primary long - term fiscal challenge . Further , multiple government and private sources have indicated the overall expenditure path is unsustainable .
Official bilingualism in Canada
Due to Manitoba 's unique history , it has a complex bilingual profile combining that of a province with a `` small official - language minority and one with constitutional protection of said minority '' . Currently , the French Language Services Policy guarantees access to provincial government services in French , though in practice French language services are available only in some areas . Public primary and secondary education is provided in both French and English , and parents are free to choose instruction in either language . Post-secondary Francophone education is provided by the Université de Saint - Boniface , the oldest university in Western Canada .
Ship
It is known by historians that at its height the Mali Empire built a large naval fleet under Emperor Mansa Musa in the late 13th and early 14th century . Arabic sources describe what some consider to be visits to the New World by a Mali fleet in 1311 .
Certified teacher
Russian schools have two types of teachers : primary school teachers and teachers who specialize in a single subject . Educational requirements for teachers vary , however teachers with a certified degree are preferred . Primary school teachers teach subjects such as grammar , reading and arithmetic . A high level of specialist knowledge is not required at the primary school level , however child pedagogy is very important . Pedagogical skills and knowledge are taught in Pedagogical Universities Teachers who specialise in a single subject usually have a degree in the field in which they teach , for example a teacher of physics will have a technical degree in physics or mathematics .
History of education in the United States
The 1840 census indicated that of the 3.68 million children between the ages of five and fifteen , about 55 % attended primary schools and academies . Many families could not afford to pay for their children to go to school or spare them from farm work . Beginning in the late 1830s , more private academies were established for girls for education past primary school , especially in northern states . Some offered classical education similar to that offered to boys .
United States presidential primary
The presidential primary elections and caucuses held in the various states , the District of Columbia , and territories of the United States form part of the nominating process of candidates for United States presidential elections . The United States Constitution has never specified the process ; political parties have developed their own procedures over time . Some states hold only primary elections , some hold only caucuses , and others use a combination of both . These primaries and caucuses are staggered , generally beginning sometime in January or February , and ending about mid-June before the general election in November . State and local governments run the primary elections , while caucuses are private events that are directly run by the political parties themselves . A state 's primary election or caucus is usually an indirect election : instead of voters directly selecting a particular person running for President , they determine the number of delegates each party 's national convention will receive from their respective state . These delegates then in turn select their party 's presidential nominee . The first state in the United States to hold its presidential primary was New Hampshire in 1920 .
Cell wall
In the primary ( growing ) plant cell wall , the major carbohydrates are cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin . The cellulose microfibrils are linked via hemicellulosic tethers to form the cellulose - hemicellulose network , which is embedded in the pectin matrix . The most common hemicellulose in the primary cell wall is xyloglucan . In grass cell walls , xyloglucan and pectin are reduced in abundance and partially replaced by glucuronarabinoxylan , another type of hemicellulose . Primary cell walls characteristically extend ( grow ) by a mechanism called acid growth , which involves turgor - driven movement of the strong cellulose microfibrils within the weaker hemicellulose / pectin matrix , catalyzed by expansin proteins . The outer part of the primary cell wall of the plant epidermis is usually impregnated with cutin and wax , forming a permeability barrier known as the plant cuticle .
Malaysia
The education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education , and five years of optional secondary education . Schools in the primary education system are divided into two categories : national primary schools , which teach in Malay , and vernacular schools , which teach in Chinese or Tamil . Secondary education is conducted for five years . In the final year of secondary education , students sit for the Malaysian Certificate of Education examination . Since the introduction of the matriculation programme in 1999 , students who completed the 12 - month programme in matriculation colleges can enroll in local universities . However , in the matriculation system , only 10 per cent of places are open to non-bumiputera students . Putra
Health care in the United States
Many primary care physicians no longer see their patients while they are in the hospital ; instead , hospitalists are used . The use of hospitalists is sometimes mandated by health insurance companies as a cost - saving measure which is resented by some primary care physicians . Administrative
List of United States Air Force installations
The primary mission of units assigned to United States Air Forces Central ( USAFCENT ) , are to support the Global War on Terrorism by providing aerial support for U.S. and Coalition forces on the ground . Air Expeditionary units assigned to USAFCENT are in provisional status and do not carry a permanent history or lineage .
Wath Comprehensive School
Although the school has links to a seventeenth century school that existed in Wath , the current institution was founded in 1923 as Wath Secondary School . It was located on Park Road , sitting on the site of what is now Wath Central Primary School . The school was controlled by West Riding County Council .
History of Calvinism
Calvinism originated with the Reformation in Switzerland when Huldrych Zwingli began preaching what would become the first form of the Reformed doctrine in Zürich in 1519 .
Primary color
Primary colors can also be conceptual , either as additive mathematical elements of a color space or as irreducible phenomenological categories in domains such as psychology and philosophy . Color - space primaries are precisely defined and empirically rooted in psychophysical color matching experiments which are foundational for understanding color vision . Primaries of some color spaces are complete ( that is , all visible colors are described in terms of their weighted sums with nonnegative weights ) but necessarily imaginary ( that is , there is no plausible way that those primary colors could be represented physically , or perceived ) . Describing primary colors from a phenomenological perspective is difficult to do succinctly , but phenomenological accounts , such as the psychological primaries , have led to practically useful insights .
Eukaryote
The major polysaccharides making up the primary cell wall of land plants are cellulose , hemicellulose , and pectin . The cellulose microfibrils are linked via hemicellulosic tethers to form the cellulose - hemicellulose network , which is embedded in the pectin matrix . The most common hemicellulose in the primary cell wall is xyloglucan .
Primary election
Governments are not involved in the process ; however , parties may need their cooperation , notably in the case of an open primary , e.g. to obtain the electoral roll , or to cover the territory with a sufficient number of polling stations .
Stress (linguistics)
Peter Ladefoged and other phoneticians have noted that it is possible to describe English with only one degree of stress , as long as unstressed syllables are phonemically distinguished for vowel reduction . They believe that the multiple levels posited for English , whether primary -- secondary or primary -- secondary -- tertiary , are mere phonetic detail and not true phonemic stress , and often , the alleged secondary stress is not characterized by the increase in respiratory activity normally associated with primary stress in English or with all stress in other languages . ( For further detail see Stress and vowel reduction in English . )
Seat belt laws in the United States
1 , 1986 Age 7 + in all seats $10 ( $51.50 actual ) 77.9 % Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 Age 16 + in all seats $25 ( $60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school ) 92.6 % Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in all seats $25 92.4 % Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 All ages in front seats ; under 18 in rear seats $25 ( $127.50 actual ) 93.1 % Kansas Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 14 + in all seats $60 for age 14 - 17 ; $10 for 18 + 81.8 % Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 80.3 % Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 13 + in front seats $25 75.9 % Maine Primary Enforcement December 26 , 1995 Age 18 + in all seats $50 82.0 % Maryland Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $83 94.7 % Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1 , 1994 Age 13 + in all seats $25 73.7 % Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats $25 ( $65 actual ) 95.2 % Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1 , 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3 % Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1994 Age 7 + in all seats $25 81.0 % Missouri Secondary Enforcement September 28 , 1985
Bobcat
The bobcat is able to survive for long periods without food , but eats heavily when prey is abundant . During lean periods , it often preys on larger animals , which it can kill and return to feed on later . The bobcat hunts by stalking its prey and then ambushing with a short chase or pounce . Its preference is for mammals weighing about 1.5 to 12.5 lb ( 0.68 to 5.67 kg ) . Its main prey varies by region . In the eastern United States , it is the eastern cottontail species , and in the north it is the snowshoe hare . When these prey species exist together , as in New England , they are the primary food sources of the bobcat . In the far south , the rabbits and hares are sometimes replaced by cotton rats as the primary food source . Birds up to the size of a swan are also taken , along with their fledglings and eggs . The bobcat is an opportunistic predator that , unlike the more specialized Canada lynx , readily varies its prey selection . Diet diversification positively correlates to a decline in numbers of the bobcat 's principal prey ; the abundance of its main prey species is the main determinant of overall diet .
South Africa
The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme rule of law in the country . The primary sources of South African law are Roman - Dutch mercantile law and personal law with English Common law , as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism . The first European based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman - Dutch law . It was imported before the codification of European law into the Napoleonic Code and is comparable in many ways to Scots law . This was followed in the 19th century by English law , both common and statutory . After unification in 1910 , South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa , building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies .
Primary election
As far as the electorate is concerned , the extent of participation allowed to weak partisans and independents depends almost solely on which of the aforementioned categories best describes their state 's primary system . Clearly , open and semi-open systems favor this type of voter , since they can choose which primary they vote in on a yearly basis under these models . In closed primary systems , true independents are , for all practical purposes , shut out of the process .
History of Mexico
The Mexican government conducts the largest independent illicit - crop eradication program in the world , but Mexico continues to be the primary transshipment point for U.S. - bound cocaine from South America .
Seat belt laws in the United States
State Type of law Date of first law Who is covered Base fine before fees Seat Belt Usage Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 91.4 % Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12 , 1990 Age 16 + in all seats $15 ( $25 actual ) 86.8 % Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1991 Age 8 + in front seats ; Age 8 -- 15 in all seats $10 ( $37.20 actual ) 81.8 % Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 78.3 % California Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $20 ( $162 actual ) $50 second offense ( $190 actual ) 96.2 % Colorado Secondary Enforcement exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in front seats $71 82.9 % Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in front seats $92 88.2 % Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1992 Age 16 + in all seats $25 90.7 % District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12 , 1985 Age 16 + in all seats $50 92.3 % Florida Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 6 + years in front seat ; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ( $116 actual ) 87.4 % Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1988 Age 8 -- 17 in all seats ; Age 18 + in front seats $15 89.6 % Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $45 ( $112 actual ) 97.6 % Idaho Secondary Enforcement July
Stress (linguistics)
Some languages are described as having both primary stress and secondary stress . A syllable with secondary stress is stressed relative to unstressed syllables but not as strongly as a syllable with primary stress . As with primary stress , the position of secondary stress may be more or less predictable depending on language . In English , it is not fully predictable : the words organization and accumulation both have primary stress on the fourth syllable , but the secondary stress comes on the first syllable in the former word and on the second syllable in the latter . In some analyses , for example the one found in Chomsky and Halle 's The Sound Pattern of English , English has been described as having four levels of stress : primary , secondary , tertiary , and quaternary , but the treatments often disagree with one another .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
Other sources name the two specific U.S. soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers .
Statin
Most evidence suggests that statins are effective in preventing heart disease in those with high cholesterol , but no history of heart disease . A 2013 Cochrane review found a decrease in risk of death and other poor outcomes without any evidence of harm . For every 138 people treated for 5 years one fewer dies and for every 49 treated one fewer has an episode of heart disease . A 2011 review reached similar conclusions . And a 2012 review found benefits in both women and men . A 2010 review concluded that treating people with no history of cardiovascular disease reduces cardiovascular events in men but not women , and provides no mortality benefit in either sex . Two other meta - analyses published that year , one of which used data obtained exclusively from women , found no mortality benefit in primary prevention .
IronPython
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Tooth decay
The cause of caries is acid from bacteria dissolving the hard tissues of the teeth ( enamel , dentin and cementum ) . The acid is produced from food debris or sugar on the tooth surface . Simple sugars in food are these bacteria 's primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor . If mineral breakdown is greater than build up from sources such as saliva , caries results . Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva such as : diabetes mellitus , Sjogren 's syndrome and some medications . Medications that decrease saliva production include antihistamines and antidepressants . Caries is also associated with poverty , poor cleaning of the mouth , and receding gums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth .
Hijab
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Leo Wyatt
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Barrett M82
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Cell division
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