vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Housewarming party
A housewarming party is called a pendaison de crémaillère , literally `` hanging of the chimney hook '' . The expression comes from medieval times . When the construction of the house was finished , it was customary to invite all those who participated in its building to eat dinner as a vote of thanks . The food was prepared in a large pot , the temperature of which was controlled by a chimney hook , which could adjust the pot so it sat higher or lower over the fireplace . This hook was the last thing to be installed in the new house , marking the beginning of the thank you meal .
You can't have your cake and eat it
Gujarati : Gujarati : બે હાથમાં લાડુ હોવા - having Laddu in both your hands . Hebrew : אי אפשר לאכול את העוגה ולהשאיר אותה שלמה ‎ -- you ca n't eat the cake and keep it whole . Also , Hebrew : אי אפשר להחזיק את המקל משתי הקצוות ‎ - It is impossible to hold the stick from both ends . Hungarian : Olyan nincs , hogy a kecske is jóllakjon , és a káposzta is megmaradjon -- It is impossible that the goat has enough to eat and the cabbage remains as well . Also , Egy fenékkel nem lehet két lovat megülni -- It is impossible to ride two horses with one butt . ( The meaning is similar to the Romanian translation . ) Nem lehet egyszerre házaséletet is élni és szűznek is maradni . - It is not possible to go to the wedding bed and still remain a virgin . Icelandic : Það er ekki hægt að bæði halda og sleppa - You ca n't have and have not at the same time . Also : Bágt er að blása og hafa mjöl í munni . -- You can not both blow and have flour in your mouth . Italian : Volere la botte piena e la moglie ubriaca -- to want the barrel full and the wife drunk . Kannada : ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಮೇಲೆ ಆಸೆ , ನೆಂಟರ ಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರೀತಿ -- Desire over rice , love over relatives . Korean : 두 마리 토끼 를 잡을 수 없다 -- You ca n't catch two rabbits ( at the same time ) . Malayalam : കക്ഷത്തിലുള്ളത് പോകാനും പാടില്ല ഉത്തരത്തിലുള്ളത് വേണം താനും ! -- You want both the one on the roof , and the one in your armpit . Nepali : दुवै हातमा लड्डु -- having laddu ( a sweet candy ) in both your hands .
Sustainability
The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption . This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but by also making the full cycle of production , use and disposal more sustainable . Consumption of goods and services can be analysed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption , starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns , through to the resource demands of specific goods and services , the impacts of economic sectors , through national economies to the global economy . Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental , social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation . The ideas of embodied resource use ( the total resources needed to produce a product or service ) , resource intensity , and resource productivity are important tools for understanding the impacts of consumption . Key resource categories relating to human needs are food , energy , materials and water .
Sustainability
In 2010 , the International Resource Panel , hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , published the first global scientific assessment on the impacts of consumption and production and identified priority actions for developed and developing countries . The study found that the most critical impacts are related to ecosystem health , human health and resource depletion . From a production perspective , it found that fossil - fuel combustion processes , agriculture and fisheries have the most important impacts . Meanwhile , from a final consumption perspective , it found that household consumption related to mobility , shelter , food and energy - using products cause the majority of life - cycle impacts of consumption . Energy
Sustainability
One of the initial attempts to express human impact mathematically was developed in the 1970s and is called the I PAT formula . This formulation attempts to explain human consumption in terms of three components : population numbers , levels of consumption ( which it terms `` affluence '' , although the usage is different ) , and impact per unit of resource use ( which is termed `` technology '' , because this impact depends on the technology used ) . The equation is expressed :
Sustainability
Healthy ecosystems provide vital goods and services to humans and other organisms . There are two major ways of reducing negative human impact and enhancing ecosystem services and the first of these is environmental management . This direct approach is based largely on information gained from earth science , environmental science and conservation biology . However , this is management at the end of a long series of indirect causal factors that are initiated by human consumption , so a second approach is through demand management of human resource use .
Sales taxes in the United States
Georgia has had a 4 % state sales tax rate since April 1 , 1989 , when it was raised from 3 % . Services ( including postage but not shipping ) and prescription drugs are not taxed at all , while over-the - counter drugs , drugstore medical devices , and other basic needs are fully taxed . Since the 1990s , groceries ( packaged foods not intended for on - premises consumption ) are exempt from the state sales tax , but still subject to the local sales tax rate . Since the early 2010s , items prepared in grocery stores ( even those without cafés ) , such as fresh bread from the bakery , are taxed as if they were not grocery items , despite clearly being basic needs for consumption at home .
Sundial
The most commonly observed sundials are those in which the shadow - casting style is fixed in position and aligned with the Earth 's rotational axis , being oriented with true North and South , and making an angle with the horizontal equal to the geographical latitude . This axis is aligned with the celestial poles , which is closely , but not perfectly , aligned with the ( present ) pole star Polaris . For illustration , the celestial axis points vertically at the true North Pole , where it points horizontally on the equator . At Jaipur , home of the world 's largest sundial , gnomons are raised 26 ° 55 '' above horizontal , reflecting the local latitude .
Wonder Woman
She was able to heal faster than a normal human being due to her birthright consumption of water from Paradise Island 's Fountain of Eternal Youth .
Income inequality in the United States
Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US . Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that `` the weight of the evidence shows that the run - up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , '' and consumption is more important than income . According to Johnson , Smeeding , and Tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . The debate is summarized in `` The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor '' by journalist Thomas B. Edsall . Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the CBO 's study found consumption data not `` adequately '' capturing `` consumption by high - income households '' as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income .
Gobi Desert
The area is vulnerable to trampling by livestock and off - road vehicles ( effects from human intervention are greater in the eastern Gobi Desert , where rainfall is heavier and may sustain livestock ) . In Mongolia , grasslands have been degraded by goats , which are raised by nomadic herders as source of cashmere wool .
Philosophical zombie
It is conceivable that P is true and Q is not true . If it is conceivable that P is true and Q is not true then it is metaphysically possible that P is true and Q not true . If it is metaphysically possible that P is true and Q is not true then physicalism is false . Therefore , physicalism is false .
Sustainability
Deep ecology is a movement founded by Arne Naess that establishes principles for the well - being of all life on Earth and the richness and diversity of life forms . The movement advocates , among other things , a substantial decrease in human population and consumption along with the reduction of human interference with the nonhuman world . To achieve this , deep ecologists advocate policies for basic economic , technological , and ideological structures that will improve the quality of life rather than the standard of living . Those who subscribe to these principles are obliged to make the necessary change happen . The concept of a billion - year Sustainocene has been developed to initiate policy consideration of an earth where human structures power and fuel the needs of that species ( for example through artificial photosynthesis ) allowing Rights of Nature .
Military history of Australia during World War I
In Australia , the outbreak of World War I was greeted with considerable enthusiasm . Even before Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914 , the nation pledged its support alongside other states of the British Empire and almost immediately began preparations to send forces overseas to participate in the conflict . The first campaign that Australians were involved in was in German New Guinea after a hastily raised force known as the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force was dispatched from Australia to seize German possessions in the Pacific in September 1914 . At the same time another expeditionary force , initially consisting of 20,000 men and known as the First Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) , was raised for service overseas .
Seven virtues
The traditional understanding of the differences in the natures of Cardinal and Theological virtues , is that the latter are not fully accessible to humans in their natural state without assistance from God . `` All virtues have as their final scope to dispose man to acts conducive to his true happiness . The happiness , however , of which man is capable is twofold , namely , natural , which is attainable by man 's natural powers , and supernatural , which exceeds the capacity of unaided human nature . Since , therefore , merely natural principles of human action are inadequate to a supernatural end , it is necessary that man be endowed with supernatural powers to enable him to attain his final destiny . Now these supernatural principles are nothing else than the theological virtues . ''
Sustainability
The figure ( right ) examines sustainability at the scale of individual countries by contrasting their Ecological Footprint with their UN Human Development Index ( a measure of standard of living ) . The graph shows what is necessary for countries to maintain an acceptable standard of living for their citizens while , at the same time , maintaining sustainable resource use . The general trend is for higher standards of living to become less sustainable . As always , population growth has a marked influence on levels of consumption and the efficiency of resource use . The sustainability goal is to raise the global standard of living without increasing the use of resources beyond globally sustainable levels ; that is , to not exceed `` one planet '' consumption . Information generated by reports at the national , regional and city scales confirm the global trend towards societies that are becoming less sustainable over time .
Human brain
Research has disproved some common misconceptions about the brain . These include both ancient and modern myths . It is not true that neurons are not replaced after the age of two ; nor that only ten per cent of the brain is used . Popular culture has also oversimplified the lateralisation of the brain , suggesting that functions are completely specific to one side of the brain or the other . Akio Mori coined the term game brain for the unreliably supported theory that spending long periods playing video games harmed the brain 's pre-frontal region and the expression of emotion and creativity .
Carbohydrate catabolism
In lactic acid fermentation , each pyruvate molecule is directly reduced by NADH . The only byproduct from this type of fermentation is lactate . Lactic acid fermentation is used by human muscle cells as a means of generating ATP during strenuous exercise where oxygen consumption is higher than the supplied oxygen . As this process progresses , the surplus of lactate is brought to the liver , which converts it back to pyruvate .
Scientific method
Another important human bias that plays a role is a preference for new , surprising statements ( see appeal to novelty ) , which can result in a search for evidence that the new is true . Poorly attested beliefs can be believed and acted upon via a less rigorous heuristic .
Logic
Consistency , which means that no theorem of the system contradicts another . Validity , which means that the system 's rules of proof never allow a false inference from true premises . Completeness , which means that if a formula is true , it can be proven , i.e. is a theorem of the system . Soundness , meaning that if any formula is a theorem of the system , it is true . This is the converse of completeness . ( Note that in a distinct philosophical use of the term , an argument is sound when it is both valid and its premises are true ) .
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
In 1521 , Spanish explorers such as Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and made observations of and wrote reports about the practice of human sacrifice . Bernal Díaz del Castillo , who participated in the Cortés expedition , made frequent mention of human sacrifice in his memoir True History of the Conquest of New Spain . In addition , there are a number of second - hand accounts of human sacrifices written by Spanish friars , that relate to the testimonies of native eyewitnesses . The literary accounts have been supported by archeological research . Since the late 1970s , excavations of the offerings in the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan , and other archaeological sites , have provided physical evidence of human sacrifice among the Mesoamerican peoples .
Human skin color
Aside from sun exposure and hormones , hyperpigmentation can be caused by skin damage , such as remnants of blemishes , wounds or rashes . This is especially true for those with darker skin tones .
Evidence of common descent
The correspondence of chromosome 2 to two ape chromosomes . The closest human relative , the common chimpanzee , has near - identical DNA sequences to human chromosome 2 , but they are found in two separate chromosomes . The same is true of the more distant gorilla and orangutan . The presence of a vestigial centromere . Normally a chromosome has just one centromere , but in chromosome 2 there are remnants of a second centromere . The presence of vestigial telomeres . These are normally found only at the ends of a chromosome , but in chromosome 2 there are additional telomere sequences in the middle .
Electric bicycle laws
( i ) a vehicle propelled solely by human power upon which any person may ride and that has two tandem wheels and a seat height of more than 25 inches from the ground when the seat is raised to its highest position , except scooters and similar devices ; or
To Autumn
According to Helen Vendler , `` To Autumn '' may be seen as an allegory of artistic creation . As the farmer processes the fruits of the soil into what sustains the human body , so the artist processes the experience of life into a symbolic structure that may sustain the human spirit . This process involves an element of self - sacrifice by the artist , analogous to the living grain 's being sacrificed for human consumption . In `` To Autumn '' , as a result of this process , the `` rhythms '' of the harvesting `` artist - goddess '' `` permeate the whole world until all visual , tactile , and kinetic presence is transubstantiated into Apollonian music for the ear , '' the sounds of the poem itself .
Tabula rasa
In reality autonomous agents possess an initial data - set or knowledge - base , but this can not be immutable or it would hamper autonomy and heuristic ability . Even if the data - set is empty , it usually may be argued that there is a built - in bias in the reasoning and planning mechanisms . Either intentionally or unintentionally placed there by the human designer , it thus negates the true spirit of tabula rasa .
Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States of America is an umbrella term for alcohol consumption by individuals under the age of 21 in the country .
Federal Reserve System
The Personal consumption expenditures price index , also referred to as simply the PCE price index , is used as one measure of the value of money . It is a United States - wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption . Using a variety of data including United States Consumer Price Index and U.S. Producer Price Index prices , it is derived from the largest component of the gross domestic product in the BEA 's National Income and Product Accounts , personal consumption expenditures .
Sustainability
On one account , sustainability `` concerns the specification of a set of actions to be taken by present persons that will not diminish the prospects of future persons to enjoy levels of consumption , wealth , utility , or welfare comparable to those enjoyed by present persons '' . Sustainability interfaces with economics through the social and ecological consequences of economic activity . Sustainability economics represents : `` ... a broad interpretation of ecological economics where environmental and ecological variables and issues are basic but part of a multidimensional perspective . Social , cultural , health - related and monetary / financial aspects have to be integrated into the analysis . '' However , the concept of sustainability is much broader than the concepts of sustained yield of welfare , resources , or profit margins . At present , the average per capita consumption of people in the developing world is sustainable but population numbers are increasing and individuals are aspiring to high - consumption Western lifestyles . The developed world population is only increasing slightly but consumption levels are unsustainable . The challenge for sustainability is to curb and manage Western consumption while raising the standard of living of the developing world without increasing its resource use and environmental impact . This must be done by using strategies and technology that break the link between , on the one hand , economic growth and on the other , environmental damage and resource depletion .
Confidence interval
The principle behind confidence intervals was formulated to provide an answer to the question raised in statistical inference of how to deal with the uncertainty inherent in results derived from data that are themselves only a randomly selected subset of a population . There are other answers , notably that provided by Bayesian inference in the form of credible intervals . Confidence intervals correspond to a chosen rule for determining the confidence bounds , where this rule is essentially determined before any data are obtained , or before an experiment is done . The rule is defined such that over all possible datasets that might be obtained , there is a high probability ( `` high '' is specifically quantified ) that the interval determined by the rule will include the true value of the quantity under consideration . The Bayesian approach appears to offer intervals that can , subject to acceptance of an interpretation of `` probability '' as Bayesian probability , be interpreted as meaning that the specific interval calculated from a given dataset has a particular probability of including the true value , conditional on the data and other information available . The confidence interval approach does not allow this since in this formulation and at this same stage , both the bounds of the interval and the true values are fixed values , and there is no randomness involved . On the other hand , the Bayesian approach is only as valid as the prior probability used in the computation , whereas the confidence interval does not depend on assumptions about the prior probability .
The Gambia
The Gambia has also sought to mediate disputes in nearby Guinea - Bissau and the neighbouring Casamance region of Senegal . The government of the Gambia believed Senegal was complicit in the March 2006 failed coup attempt . This put increasing strains on relations between the Gambia and its neighbour . The subsequent worsening of the human rights situation placed increasing strains on US -- Gambian relations .
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
While CO absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes , the recent rise in CO levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human ( anthropogenic ) activity . There are 4 ways human activity , especially fossil fuel burning , is known to have caused the rapid increase in atmospheric CO over the last few centuries . 1 ) Various national statistics accounting for fossil fuel consumption , combined with knowledge of how much atmospheric CO is produced per unit of fossil fuel ( e.g. liter of gasoline ) . 2 ) By examining the ratio of various carbon isotopes in the atmosphere . The burning of long - buried fossil fuels releases CO containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants , enabling distinction between natural and human - caused contributions to CO concentration . 3 ) Higher atmospheric CO concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere , where most of the world 's population lives ( and emissions originate from ) , compared to the southern hemisphere . This difference has increased as anthropogenic emissions have increased . 4 ) Atmospheric O levels are decreasing in earth 's atmosphere as it reacts with the carbon in fossil fuels to form CO .
Eastern Orthodox Church
In the Eastern Orthodox Church the terms `` mystery '' or `` the mysteries '' refer to the process of theosis . While it is understood that God theoretically can do anything instantly and invisibly , it is also understood that he generally chooses to use material substance as a medium in order to reach people . The limitations are those of mankind , not God . Matter is not considered to be evil by the Eastern Orthodox . Water , oil , bread , wine , etc. , all are means by which God reaches out to allow people to draw closer to him . How this process works is a `` mystery '' and can not be defined in human terms . These mysteries are surrounded by prayer and symbolism so that their true meaning will not be forgotten .
Magic in Harry Potter
According to McGonagall , true Seers are extremely rare . Sybill Trelawney is the only Seer portrayed in the books , although it is mentioned that Sybill 's great - great - grandmother , Cassandra Trelawney , was a renowned Seer in her day . Trelawney is considered an `` old fraud '' by her students , and is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in the fifth book for it . However , she has twice made true prophecies . Sybill Trelawney is noted to never remember that she has made a prophecy when it is a true one . She speaks in a hoarse voice , and only if a wizard is present will anyone know about it .
Coffee
Since the founding of organizations such as the European Fair Trade Association ( 1987 ) , the production and consumption of fair trade coffee has grown as some local and national coffee chains started to offer fair trade alternatives . For example , in April 2000 , after a year - long campaign by the human rights organization Global Exchange , Starbucks decided to carry fair - trade coffee in its stores . Since September 2009 all Starbucks Espresso beverages in UK and Ireland are made with Fairtrade and Shared Planet certified coffee .