vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Islamic Golden Age
Muslims distinguished disciplines inherited from pre-Islamic civilizations , such as philosophy and medicine , which they called `` sciences of the ancients '' or `` rational sciences '' , from Islamic religious sciences . Sciences of the former type flourished for several centuries , and their transmission formed part of the educational framework in classical and medieval Islam . In some cases , they were supported by institutions such as the House of Wisdom in Baghdad , but more often they were transmitted informally from teacher to student .
Foreign policy of the United States
For foreign leaders trying to figure out the best way to approach an American president unlike any they have known , it is a time of experimentation . Embassies in Washington trade tips and ambassadors send cables to presidents and ministers back home suggesting how to handle a mercurial , strong - willed leader with no real experience on the world stage , a preference for personal diplomacy and a taste for glitz ... certain rules have emerged : Keep it short -- no 30 - minute monologue for a 30 - second attention span . Do not assume he knows the history of the country or its major points of contention . Compliment him on his Electoral College victory . Contrast him favorably with President Barack Obama . Do not get hung up on whatever was said during the campaign . Stay in regular touch . Do not go in with a shopping list but bring some sort of deal he can call a victory .
Ancient Greece
For most of Greek history , education was private , except in Sparta . During the Hellenistic period , some city - states established public schools . Only wealthy families could afford a teacher . Boys learned how to read , write and quote literature . They also learned to sing and play one musical instrument and were trained as athletes for military service . They studied not for a job but to become an effective citizen . Girls also learned to read , write and do simple arithmetic so they could manage the household . They almost never received education after childhood .
Wouldn't It Be Nice
The backing vocal sessions were problematic , as Bruce Johnston recalled , `` We re-recorded our vocals so many times , ( but ) the rhythm was never right . We would slave at Western for a few days , singing this thing , and ( Brian would say ) , ' No , it 's not right , it 's not right . ' One time , he had a 4 - track Scully ( tape recorder ) sent to his home , but that did n't really work out . '' During sessions , Brian taught brother Dennis Wilson a recording technique involving cupping his hands over his mouth , elaborating : `` Well , he had a lot of trouble singing on mike . He just did n't really know how to stay on mike . He was a very nervous boy . Very nervous person . So I taught him a trick , how to record and he said , ' Hey Brian . That works great . Thank you ! ' And I said , ' It 's okay , Dennis : He was really happy . I showed him -- not how to sing , but I showed him a way to get the best out of himself -- just ' cup ' singing . ''
Ancient Egyptian deities
Many Egyptologists and anthropologists have suggested theories about how the deities developed in these early times . Gustave Jéquier , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive fetishes , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the deities must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning . Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried Morenz ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and personify their environment , are difficult to prove .
Colombo
Colombo has an extensive public transport system based on buses operated both by private operators and the government owned Sri Lanka Transport Board ( SLTB ) . The three primary bus terminals -- Bastian Mawatha , Central , and the Gunasinghapura Bus Terminals -- are in Pettah . Bastian Mawatha handles long distance services whereas Gunasinghapura and Central handle local services . Rail
History of laptops
The SX - 64 featured a built - in five - inch composite monitor and a built - in 1541 floppy drive . It weighed 20 pounds . The machine was carried by its sturdy handle , which doubled as an adjustable stand . It was announced in January 1983 and released a year later , at $995 USD .
Ancient Greek cuisine
Up to the 3rd century BC , the frugality imposed by the physical and climatic conditions of the country was held as virtuous . The Greeks did not ignore the pleasures of eating , but valued simplicity . The rural writer Hesiod , as cited above , spoke of his `` flesh of a heifer fed in the woods , that has never calved , and of firstling kids '' as being the perfect closing to a day . Nonetheless , Chrysippus is quoted as saying that the best meal was a free one .
Ancient Roman architecture
Alyscamps -- a necropolis in Arles , France , one of the most famous necropolises of the ancient world Domus Catacombs of Rome Roman villa Pompeii and Herculaneum
Recursion (computer science)
In terms of the standard steps , this moves the base case check before the recursive step . Alternatively , these can be considered a different form of base case and recursive step , respectively . Note that this requires a wrapper function to handle the case when the tree itself is empty ( root node is Null ) .
Banana peel
When the tip of a banana is pinched with two fingers , it will split and the peel comes off in two clean sections . The inner fibres , or `` strings '' , between the fruit and the peel will remain attached to the peel and the stem of the banana can be used as a handle when eating the banana .
Los Angeles County, California
The county 's two main seaports are the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach . Together they handle over a quarter of all container traffic entering the United States , making the complex the largest and most important port in the country , and the third - largest port in the world by shipping volume .
Conquistador
Although many American civilizations had developed methods for working soft metals , including gold , silver , bronze , tin and copper , this knowledge was applied mainly to the development of religious and artistic objects , as well as household utensils . Few metals were used for military applications . One exception was that the Quechuas and Purépecha developed weapons of copper and bronze , but these could not match the hardness or durability of iron and steel . Most indigenous cultures were limited to weapons of wood , flint and obsidian . Light
Education in ancient Rome
Though both literary and documentary sources interchange the various titles for a teacher and often use the most general of terms as a catch - all , a price edict issued by Diocletian in AD 301 proves that such distinctions did in fact exist and that a litterator , grammaticus or rhetor , at least in theory , had to define himself as such . This Edict on Maximum Prices fixed the salary of a grammaticus at 200 denarii per pupil per month , though the edict was unenforceable , ignored and eventually repealed .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The Iron Maiden song `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' from their fifth studio album Powerslave was inspired by and based on the poem .
Education in ancient Rome
At the foundation of ancient Greek education was an effective system of formal education , but in contrast , the Romans lacked such a system until the 3rd century BC . Instead , at the foundation of ancient Roman education was , above all else , the home and family , from which children derived their so - called `` moral education '' .
Ancient Greece
The territory of Greece is mountainous , and as a result , ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions each with its own dialect , cultural peculiarities , and identity . Regionalism and regional conflicts were a prominent feature of ancient Greece . Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains , or on coastal plains , and dominated a certain area around them .
Biomass
Sewage sludge can be another source of biomass . For example , the Omni Processor is a process which uses sewage sludge as fuel in a process of sewage sludge treatment , with surplus electrical energy being generated for export .
Eating disorder
Treatment can be effective for many eating disorders . This typically involves counselling , a proper diet , a normal amount of exercise , and the reduction of efforts to eliminate food . Hospitalization is occasionally needed . Medications may be used to help with some of the associated symptoms . At five years about 70 % of people with anorexia and 50 % of people with bulimia recover . Recovery from binge eating disorder is less clear and estimated at 20 % to 60 % . Both anorexia and bulimia increase the risk of death .
Abu Musa
Native UAE citizens living on the island face great difficulties with the lack of proper clinics and schools . Only one school exists on the island , and it used by 150 students . Moreover , patients have to be transported to Sharjah to receive treatment , but that is sometimes not feasible because of the Iranian authorities . In addition , Iran delays or blocks UAE 's school and medical supplies from entering the island .
River Thames
The decline of heavy industry and tanneries , reduced use of oil - pollutants and improved sewage treatment have led to much better water quality as compared with the late 19th and early - to mid-20th centuries and aquatic life has returned to its formerly ' dead ' stretches .
Baja California
Some 60,000 Oaxacans live in Baja California , the vast majority being indigenous . Some 40 % of them lack proper birth certificates .
War of 1812
The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Beyond the heavy toll on human lives , the Indian Ocean earthquake has caused an enormous environmental impact that will affect the region for many years to come . It has been reported that severe damage has been inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves , coral reefs , forests , coastal wetlands , vegetation , sand dunes and rock formations , animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater . In addition , the spread of solid and liquid waste and industrial chemicals , water pollution and the destruction of sewage collectors and treatment plants threaten the environment even further , in untold ways . The environmental impact will take a long time and significant resources to assess .
Environmental issues in Delhi
The Delhi Development Authority ( DDA ) is charged with providing `` lung spaces '' . Of the city 's 44,777 hectares , 8,422 hectares are reserved for `` the Greens '' , of which the DDA manages more than 5050 hectares . There is a policy for afforestation , atmospheric pollution , bio-medical waste , domestic refuse , and water and sewage treatment . Additionally , there are action plans to encourage public participation in environmental problems .
Bangladesh Liberation War
Three brigades ( eight infantry battalions and three artillery batteries ) were put into action between July and September . During June and July , Mukti Bahini had regrouped across the border with Indian aid through Operation Jackpot and began sending 2000 -- 5000 guerrillas across the border , the so - called Monsoon Offensive , which for various reasons ( lack of proper training , supply shortage , lack of a proper support network inside Bangladesh ) failed to achieve its objectives . Bengali regular forces also attacked BOPs in Mymensingh , Comilla and Sylhet , but the results were mixed . Pakistani authorities concluded that they had successfully contained the Monsoon Offensive , which proved a near - accurate observation .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
The earthquake killed more than 8,800 people in Nepal and injured nearly three times as many . The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit . As of 15 May , 6,271 people , including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock , were still receiving treatment for their injuries . Nearly 3.5 million people were left homeless .
Fleetwood Mac
Tusk sold four million copies worldwide . Fleetwood blamed the album 's relative lack of success on the RKO radio chain having played the album in its entirety prior to release , thereby allowing mass home taping .
Ultraviolet
Some animals , including birds , reptiles , and insects such as bees , can see near - ultraviolet wavelengths . Many fruits , flowers , and seeds stand out more strongly from the background in ultraviolet wavelengths as compared to human color vision . Scorpions glow or take on a yellow to green color under UV illumination , thus assisting in the control of these arachnids . Many birds have patterns in their plumage that are invisible at usual wavelengths but observable in ultraviolet , and the urine and other secretions of some animals , including dogs , cats , and human beings , are much easier to spot with ultraviolet . Urine trails of rodents can be detected by pest control technicians for proper treatment of infested dwellings .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
In Season 5 , Timo builds pipes to dump all the sewage into the watering hole as per King Julien 's orders - which he then blames him for , leading Clover to arrest him . Later , he builds a pump to funnel the sewage underground , with disastrous results .
How to Train Your Dragon (franchise)
Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget ( millions ) Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide How to Train Your Dragon March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) $217,581,231 $277,297,528 $494,878,759 # 140 # 160 $165 How to Train Your Dragon 2 June 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) $177,002,924 $444,534,595 $621,537,519 # 224 # 109 $145 Total $394,584,155 $721,832,123 $1,116,416,278 $310
Great Depression
New Zealand was especially vulnerable to worldwide depression , as it relied almost entirely on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom for its economy . The drop in exports led to a lack of disposable income from the farmers , who were the mainstay of the local economy . Jobs disappeared and wages plummeted , leaving people desperate and charities unable to cope . Work relief schemes were the only government support available to the unemployed , the rate of which by the early 1930s was officially around 15 % , but unofficially nearly twice that level ( official figures excluded Māori and women ) . In 1932 , riots occurred among the unemployed in three of the country 's main cities ( Auckland , Dunedin , and Wellington ) . Many were arrested or injured through the tough official handling of these riots by police and volunteer `` special constables '' .
Western Roman Empire
Latin as a language never really disappeared . Vulgar Latin combined with neighboring Germanic and Celtic languages , giving rise to many modern Romance languages such as Italian , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Romanian and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . In addition , many Romance languages are used throughout the world as lingua francas by non-native speakers .
Republican Party (United States)
However , libertarians and libertarian - leaning conservatives increasingly found fault with what they saw as Republicans ' restricting of vital civil liberties while corporate welfare and the national debt hiked considerably under Bush 's tenure . For example , Doug Bandow , former Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan , criticized in The American Conservative how many Republican defenders of Bush thought that opposition to any Bush `` decision is treason '' as well as how many Bush defenders charged `` critics with a lack of patriotism '' . In contrast , some social conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with the party 's support for economic policies that they saw as sometimes in conflict with their moral values .
Mercury pollution in the ocean
In addition to the cleaning processes , minimizing usage of coal power and shifting to cleaner energy sources , reducing small scale artisanal gold mining , proper treatment of industrial mercury waste , and implementation of policies are sound approaches to reduce mercury emissions in the long term - large scale plan . Public awareness is critical in achieving this goal . Proper disposal of mercury containing items such as medicinal packaging and thermometers , using mercury - free bulbs and batteries , buying consumer products with zero or minimum mercury emission to the environment can make a significant difference in recovering world 's ecosystems from mercury pollution leaving minimum legacy of mercury pollution in the ocean for our future generations .
Coffee
Cultivation was taken up by many countries in Central America in the latter half of the 19th century , and almost all involved the large - scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people . Harsh conditions led to many uprisings , coups and bloody suppression of peasants . The notable exception was Costa Rica , where lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms . Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries .
Terror management theory
The introduction of this hypothesis has refined TMT , and led to new avenues of research that formerly could not be assessed due to the lack of an empirically validated way of measuring death - related cognitions . Also , the differentiation between proximal ( conscious , near , and threat - focused ) and distal ( unconscious , distant , symbolic ) defenses that have been derived from DTA studies have been extremely important in understanding how people deal with their terror .
Latin America
Latin American culture is a mixture of many cultural expressions worldwide . It is the product of many diverse influences :
Chernobyl disaster
Estimates of the number of deaths that will eventually result from the accident vary enormously ; disparities reflect both the lack of solid scientific data and the different methodologies used to quantify mortality -- whether the discussion is confined to specific geographical areas or extends worldwide , and whether the deaths are immediate , short term , or long term .
Lobbying in the United States
Since commerce worldwide is becoming more integrated , with firms headquartered in one country increasingly doing business in many other countries , it is logical to expect that lobbying efforts will reflect the increasing globalization . Sometimes foreign - owned corporations will want to lobby the United States government , and in such instances , new rules can apply , since it can be particularly thorny resolving whether national security interests are at stake and how they might be affected .
Juvenile court
In an era where crimes against the state , in violation of international law are prosecuted , children who are subjected to this crime are now being called into question on how to deal with them . More precisely this problem applies to children soldiers . Controversy has risen in regards to starting a special juvenile court or ' special court ' for children being prosecuted for international crimes . In Sierra Leone , for example , people wanted the perpetrators to be held entirely responsible despite age or social context . When a juvenile is deferred to the special court , their treatment would be treated with more respect as well as a promotion of rehabilitation and reintegration , taking into account how young many of the child soldiers were . The Secretary General termed the use of the tribunals as a `` moral dilemma '' . The children who become soldiers often do so as a result of a structural or systemic threat in their lives ; however , they still are responsible for many violent and heinous acts . In this way they are both victims of regimes and guilty parties , causing the problem and dilemma that the United Nations has tried to address in Sierra Leone as well as other countries .
The Yellow Wallpaper
She added that The Yellow Wallpaper was `` not intended to drive people crazy , but to save people from being driven crazy , and it worked '' . Gilman claimed that many years later she learned that Mitchell had changed his treatment methods , but literary historian Julie Bates Dock has discredited this . Mitchell continued his methods , and as late as 1908 -- 16 years after `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' was published -- was interested in creating entire hospitals devoted to the `` rest cure '' so that his treatments would be more widely accessible .
Acronym
Inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count . For example , i18n abbreviates internationalization , a computer - science term for adapting software for worldwide use . The 18 represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in internationalization . Localization can be abbreviated l10n , multilingualization m17n , and accessibility a11y . In addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters , the more general `` x '' can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters . Examples include Crxn for crystallization and the series familiar to physicians for history , diagnosis , and treatment ( hx , dx , tx ) . Representing
Jughead Jones
Jughead 's other friends include Dilton Doiley and Moose Mason . Other than Dilton , Jughead probably gets along with Moose better than the other boys because of his non-confrontational attitude ( and his lack of interest in Moose 's girlfriend Midge ) . Jughead 's nerdy ways and lack of interest in sports and girls probably account for how well he gets along with Dilton .
Favela
Even before the first favela came into being , poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs . However , most modern favelas appeared in the 1970s due to rural exodus , when many people left rural areas of Brazil and moved to cities . Unable to find places to live , many people found themselves in favelas . Census data released in December 2011 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) showed that in 2010 , about 6 percent of the Brazilian population lived in slums . In areas of irregular occupation definable by lack of public services or urbanization , referred to by the IBGE as `` subnormal agglomerations '' .
Military history of Australia during World War I
Despite this increase in the domestic manufacturing industry there was still a significant shortfall in many items . In part this was due to the priority that military consumption and production necessarily had over civilian , however , there was also a considerable scarcity of raw materials and other components required for manufacturing . This was due both to the lack of shipping available from the United Kingdom , as well as the limitations placed upon the flow of such goods from Britain due to their own increased requirements . The result of this was inflationary . Domestic prices went up , while the cost of exports was deliberately kept lower than market value in an effort to prevent further inflationary pressures worldwide . As a result , the cost of living for many average Australians was increased considerably .
Flowers for Algernon
Important themes in Flowers for Algernon include the treatment of the mentally disabled , the impact on happiness of the conflict between intellect and emotion , and how events in the past can influence a person later in life .
Cigarette
In the English - speaking world , the use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly widespread during and after the Crimean War , when British soldiers began emulating their Ottoman Turkish comrades and Russian enemies , who had begun rolling and smoking tobacco in strips of old newspaper for lack of proper cigar - rolling leaf . This was helped by the development of tobaccos suitable for cigarette use , and by the development of the Egyptian cigarette export industry . Francisco