vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kenya
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , the governors of British East Africa ( as the protectorate was generally known ) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities . Lt. Col. Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck took command of the German military forces , determined to tie down as many British resources as possible . Completely cut off from Germany , von Lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing British supplies , and remaining undefeated . He eventually surrendered in Northern Rhodesia ( today Zambia ) fourteen days after the Armistice was signed in 1918 . The
History of West Africa
The Kwa Niger -- Congo speaking Edo people . By the mid-15th century , the Benin Empire was engaged in political expansion and consolidation . Under Oba ( king ) Ewuare ( c. 1450 -- 1480 CE ) , the state was organised for conquest . He solidified central authority and initiated 30 years of war with his neighbours . At his death , the Benin Empire extended to Dahomey in the west , to the Niger Delta in the east , along the west African coast , and to the Yoruba towns in the north .
Pencil
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg , Germany , in 1662 . It used a mixture of graphite , sulphur , and antimony .
Two Treatises of Government
In providing a justification for slavery , he has rendered all forms of slavery as it actually exists invalid . Moreover , as one may not submit to slavery , there is a moral injunction to attempt to throw off and escape it whenever it looms . Most scholars take this to be Locke 's point regarding slavery : submission to absolute monarchy is a violation of the law of nature , for one does not have the right to enslave oneself .
Treaty of Versailles
Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states . Togoland and German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) were transferred to France . Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium , whereas German South - West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa . As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa , Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique . Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong , China , to Japan , not to China . Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia , except for German Samoa , which was taken by New Zealand .
Axis powers
From 1921 to 1922 Hitler evoked rhetoric of both the achievement of lebensraum involving the acceptance of a territorially reduced Russia as well as supporting Russian nationals in overthrowing the Bolshevik government and establishing a new Russian government . However Hitler 's attitudes changed by the end of 1922 , in which he then supported an alliance of Germany with Britain to destroy Russia . Later Hitler declared how far into Russia he intended to expand Germany to :
Cuban Americans
In 1885 , Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of Tampa , Florida to escape labor strife . Ybor City was designed as a modified company town , and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba . West Tampa , another new cigar manufacturing community , was founded nearby in 1892 and also grew quickly . Between these communities , the Tampa Bay area 's Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade , and the city as a whole grew from a village of approximately 1000 residents in 1885 to over 16,000 by 1900 .
Territorial evolution of the United States
Disputes : March 1 , 1862 A decree by the Supreme Court of the United States took effect , modifying the border between Massachusetts and Rhode Island . April 15 , 1862 Palmyra Atoll was annexed by Hawaii , and the American claim falls dormant . Pacific Ocean : July 14 , 1862 The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada Territory , moving their border east to the 38th meridian west from Washington . December 30 , 1862 The Swan Islands were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : February 24 , 1863 Arizona Territory was organized from the half of New Mexico Territory west of the 32nd meridian west from Washington . March 3 , 1863 Idaho Territory was organized from the portions of Dakota Territory and Nebraska Territory west of the 104th meridian west , and the portion of Washington Territory east of the Snake River and a line north from the mouth of the Clearwater River . March 4 , 1863 Due to disruption in voting and low turnout , no one was allowed to take the seats in the United States House of Representatives held by the Unionist areas of Louisiana , Tennessee , and Virginia , effectively expelling the states . June 20 , 1863 The northwestern counties of Virginia , represented by the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling , were split from the rest of Virginia and admitted to the Union as the thirty - fifth state , West Virginia . The Restored Government of Virginia was relocated to Alexandria . August 5 , 1863 Berkeley County was transferred by the federal government from Virginia to West Virginia ; November 2 , 1863 Jefferson County was transferred from Virginia to West Virginia . May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was organized from the northeast third of Idaho Territory , with the border being , from the east : West along the 45th parallel north to the 34th meridian west from Washington ; south to the parallel 44 ° 30 ′ north ; west to the crest of the Rocky Mountains ; following that north to the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains ; to the 39th meridian west from Washington ; and north from there . The remaining portion of Idaho Territory east of the Rocky Mountains and the 33rd meridian west from Washington was transferred to Dakota Territory . October 15 , 1864 Malden Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted as the thirty - sixth state , Nevada . May 5 , 1865 The Confederate States cabinet met in Washington , Georgia , and dissolved .
Transport in London
The North London Line , which arcs across North London from Richmond in the west via Willesden Junction and Highbury & Islington to Stratford in the east . The West London Line linking Clapham Junction to Willesden Junction with some trains to Stratford via the North London Line . The East London Line ( including the South London Line ) , a former London Underground line which was converted to heavy rail operation in 2010 ; part of the Brighton Main Line between New Cross Gate and Norwood Junction ; and the South London Line which was added to the London Overground network in December 2012 , completing the circuit across the South London suburbs to Clapham Junction . Running from Highbury & Islington to New Cross , West Croydon , and Crystal Palace , and via the South London Line , Clapham Junction .
History of Kenya
Kenya became a military base for the British in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , as efforts to subdue the German colony to the south were frustrated . At the outbreak of war in August 1914 , the governors of British East Africa ( as the Protectorate was generally known ) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities . However Lt Col Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck took command of the German military forces , determined to tie down as many British resources as possible . Completely cut off from Germany , von Lettow conducted an effective guerilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing British supplies , and remaining undefeated . He eventually surrendered in Zambia eleven days after the Armistice was signed in 1918 . To chase von Lettow the British deployed Indian Army troops from India and then needed large numbers of porters to overcome the formidable logistics of transporting supplies far into the interior by foot . The Carrier Corps was formed and ultimately mobilised over 400,000 Africans , contributing to their long - term politicisation .
Florida City, Florida
East of the natural ridge was a broad area of marshlands surrounding the area . Old timers of Florida City called these coastal glades the `` East Glade '' . This was an extension of Everglades that extended from areas west and south of Florida City to its east . East of the East Glade , marshlands gave way to mangrove swamp prior to reaching Biscayne Bay . Soils in the East Glade primarily consisted of a limey soil called Biscayne Marl .
United Kingdom general election, 2010
A total of 2,378 postal voters in Bristol West were wrongly sent ballot papers for Bristol East by mistake . Bristol City Council officials asked people to tear up the wrong papers and said `` Every effort will be made to ensure delivery ( of new ballot papers ) by 30 April . ''
Czechoslovakia
From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government - in - exile continued to operate .
First voyage of James Cook
The ship 's log recorded that land was sighted at 6 a.m. on Thursday 19 April 1770 . Cook 's log used the nautical date , which , during the 18th century , assigned the same date to all ship 's events from noon to noon , first p.m. and then a.m. That nautical date began twelve hours before the midnight beginning of the like - named civil date . Furthermore , Cook did not adjust his nautical date to account for circumnavigation of the globe until he had travelled a full 360 ° relative to the longitude of his home British port , either toward the east or west . Because he travelled west on his first voyage , this a.m. nautical date was the morning of a civil date 14 hours slow relative to his home port ( port − 14h ) . Because the south - east coast of Australia is now regarded as being 10 hours fast relative to Britain , that date is now called Friday , 20 April .
American Sign Language
Sign production can often vary according to location . Signers from the South tend to sign with more flow and ease . Native signers from New York have been reported as signing comparatively more quickly and sharply . Sign production of native Californian signers has also been reported as being fast as well . Research on this phenomenon often concludes this fast - paced production for signers form the coast could be due to the fast - paced nature of living in large metropolitan areas . This conclusion also supports how the ease with which Southern sign could be due to the easy going environment of the South in comparison to that of the East and West coast .
Mississippi River
Following Britain 's victory in the Seven Years War the Mississippi became the border between the British and Spanish Empires . The Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) gave Great Britain rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi . Spain also ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba , which the British occupied during the war . Britain then divided the territory into East and West Florida .
Economic history of World War I
Conditions on the Continent were bad for every belligerent . Britain sustained the lightest damage to its civilian economy , apart from its loss of men . The major damage was to its merchant marine and to its financial holdings . The United States and Canada prospered during the war . The reparations levied on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were designed to restore the damage to the civilian economies , but little of the reparations money went for that . Most of Germany 's reparations payments were funded by loans from American banks , and the recipients used them to pay off loans they had from the U.S. Treasury . Between 1919 and 1932 , Germany paid out 19 billion goldmarks in reparations , and received 27 billion goldmarks in loans from New York bankers and others . These loans were eventually paid back by West Germany after World War II .
Will Turner
For aiding Jack Sparrow 's escape , Will and Elizabeth are arrested just prior to their wedding ceremony by Lord Cutler Beckett , a man made wealthy and powerful by profits from the East India Trading Company . Beckett threatens Will and Elizabeth with execution for aiding Sparrow 's escape , but offers clemency if Will can find Sparrow 's compass for Beckett 's use . This magical compass will allow Beckett to find the heart of Davy Jones . Beckett also possesses a Letter of Marque with which he intends to recruit Jack as a privateer .
Hammersmith & City line
As of December 2012 off - peak there are six trains per hour , calling at all stations , and requiring 15 trains for the peak - hour service . Together with the Circle line , over 114 million passenger journeys are made each year . The journey from Hammersmith to Barking takes 61 minutes off - peak . The central section from Paddington to Aldgate East is in Fare Zone 1 , to the west to Hammersmith and east to Bromley - by - Bow in Zone 2 . Barking and East Ham are in Zone 4 .
Jordan River
The streams coming together to create the River Jordan in its upper basin are , west to east :
Munich Agreement
On 22 May , Juliusz Łukasiewicz , the Polish ambassador to France , told the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that if France moved against Germany in defense of Czechoslovakia : `` We shall not move . '' Łukasiewicz also told Bonnet that Poland would oppose any attempt by Soviet forces to defend Czechoslovakia from Germany . Daladier told Jakob Surits , the Soviet ambassador to France : `` Not only can we not count on Polish support but we have no faith that Poland will not strike us in the back . ''
First Battle of the Marne
German attacks against the Second Army south of Verdun from 5 September almost forced the French to retreat . South - east of Verdun , the Third Army was forced back to the west of Verdun by German attacks on the Meuse Heights , but maintained contact with Verdun and the Fourth Army to the west .
Cardinal direction
To keep to a bearing is not , in general , the same as going in a straight direction along a great circle . Conversely , one can keep to a great circle and the bearing may change . Thus the bearing of a straight path crossing the North Pole changes abruptly at the Pole from North to South . When traveling East or West , it is only on the Equator that one can keep East or West and be going straight ( without need to steer ) . Anywhere else , maintaining latitude requires a change in direction , requires steering . However , this change in direction becomes increasingly negligible as one moves to lower latitudes .
Treaty of Versailles
In Eastern Europe , Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia . Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce `` all rights and title over the territory '' . Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland , with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite . The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality . The province of Posen ( now Poznan ) , which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising , was also to be ceded to Poland . Pomerelia ( Eastern Pomerania ) , on historical and ethnic grounds , was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor . The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area , which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig , was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite . An area of 51,800 square kilometres ( 20,000 square miles ) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany . Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers , for disposal according to their wishes . Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland , including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea , for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig .
Colonial history of the United States
Unlike New England , the Mid-Atlantic region gained much of its population from new immigration and , by 1750 , the combined populations of New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania had reached nearly 300,000 people . By 1750 , about 60,000 Irish and 50,000 Germans came to live in British North America , many of them settling in the Mid-Atlantic Region . William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682 , and attracted an influx of British Quakers with his policies of religious liberty and freehold ownership . ( `` Freehold '' meant owning land free and clear , with the right to resell it to anyone . ) The first major influx of settlers were the Scotch Irish who headed to the frontier . Many Germans came to escape the religious conflicts and declining economic opportunities in Germany and Switzerland .
Matterhorn
Whymper returned to Breuil in 1863 , persuading Carrel to join forces with him and try the mountain once more via the Italian ridge . On this attempt , however , a storm soon developed and they were stuck halfway to the summit . They remained there for 26 hours in their tent before giving up . Whymper did not make another attempt for two years .
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
At Castle Brunwald , Indy rescues Henry , but learns that Elsa and Donovan are actually working with the Nazis , and are using him to find the Grail for them . Meanwhile , Marcus is captured in Hatay , while waiting with Sallah . The Joneses escape from Castle Brunwald . Henry tells Indy that to reach the Grail , one must face three booby traps and his diary contains the clues to guide them through the challenges safely . They recover the diary from Elsa at a book burning rally in Berlin . They then board a Zeppelin to leave Germany , but the Nazis soon discover the Joneses are aboard and they escape in a parasite biplane . They crash while engaging in a dogfight with Luftwaffe fighters .
Concordat of Worms
Kings continued to attempt to control either the direct leadership of the church , or indirectly through political means for centuries . This is seen most clearly in the Avignon Papacy when the popes moved from Rome to Avignon . The conflict in Germany and northern Italy arguably left the culture ripe for various Protestant sects , such as the Cathars , the Waldensians and ultimately Jan Hus and Martin Luther .
East China Sea
On the South . The Northern limit of the South China Sea ( From Fuki Kaku the North point of Formosa to Kiushan Tao ( Turnabout Island ) on to the South point of Haitan Tao ( 25 ° 25 ' N ) and thence Westward on the parallel of 25 ° 24 ' North to the coast of Fukien ) , thence from Santyo the Northeastern point of Formosa to the West point of Yonakuni Island and thence to Haderuma Sima ( 24 ° 03 ′ N , 123 ° 47 ′ E ) . On the East . From Haderuma Sima a line including the Miyako Retto to the East point of Miyako Sima and thence to Okinan Kaku , the Southern extremity of Okinawa Sima through this island to Ada - Ko Sima ( Sidmouth Island ) on to the East point of Kikai Sima ( 28 ° 20 ' N ) through Tanegra Sima ( 30 ° 30 ' N ) to the North point thereof and on to Hi - Saki ( 31 ° 17 ' N ) in Kyusyu . On the North . From Nomo Saki ( 32 ° 35 ' N ) in Kyusyu to the South point of Hukae Sima ( Goto Retto ) and on through this island to Ose Saki ( Cape Goto ) and to Hunan Kan , the South point of Saisyu To ( Quelpart ) , through this island to its Western extreme and thence along the parallel of 33 ° 17 ' North to the mainland . On the West . The mainland of China .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
In 1966 , a left - wing party in Syria gained power and intended to cooperate with the USSR . The Soviet Union was willing to take every effort to guarantee stability of the new regime in Syria in order to have support from a Communist regime in the Middle East . Once this regime gained power , the USSR 's activity in the Middle East intensified . The USSR encouraged the new Syrian regime and admonished Israel . The USSR wished to gain more dominance in the Middle East , so it aggravated the Arab -- Israeli conflict . However , the Soviet Union did not want a war , so it acted to pacify Israel 's policy towards Syria . The USSR desired to be the sole defender of the Arab world , and so did everything in its power to increase the Arab states ' dependence .
The Invisible Man
Griffin tells Kemp of the story of how he became invisible . He explains how he tried the invisibility on a cat , then himself . Griffin burned down the boarding house he was staying in , along with all the equipment he had used to turn invisible , to cover his tracks ; but he soon realised that he was ill - equipped to survive in the open . He attempted to steal food and clothes from a large department store , and eventually stole some clothing from a theatrical supply shop and headed to Iping to attempt to reverse the invisibility . Now he imagines that he can make Kemp his secret confederate , describing his plan to begin a `` Reign of Terror '' by using his invisibility to terrorise the nation .
Camp David Accords
When the Camp David accords were signed , Jordan 's King Hussein saw it as a slap to the face when Sadat volunteered Jordan 's participation in deciding how functional autonomy would work . More specifically , Sadat effectively said that Jordan would have a role in how the West Bank would be administered . Like the Rabat Summit Resolution , the Camp David Accords circumscribed Jordan 's objective to reassert its control over the West Bank . Focusing as it did on Egypt , the Carter administration accepted Sadat 's claim that he could deliver Hussein . However , with Arab world opposition building against Sadat , Jordan could not risk accepting the Accords without the support from powerful Arab neighbours , like Iraq , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Hussein consequently felt diplomatically snubbed . One of Carter 's regrets was allowing Sadat to claim that he could speak for Hussein if Jordan refused to join the talks , but by then the damage was done to the Jordanians . United
How to Make an American Quilt
When she was in her early twenties , Sophia ( Samantha Mathis / Lois Smith ) was a talented diver with dreams of escaping her small town and overbearing mother . One day she meets Preston Richards ( Loren Dean ) while diving at the local pool and romance ensues . He 's attracted by her fearlessness and she believes he can take her away from her current , oppressive way of life . However , motherhood turns out to be just as , if not more , oppressive , and married life soon grinds her down . With three children and little help from her husband who is frequently away because of his job , she no longer has time to dive and eventually forgets the feeling of freedom and escape it gives her . One day she snaps at her husband for digging a pond in the back garden . In an attempt to remind her of the girl he fell in love with , he tells her the pond is for her to wade in . After she rejects his efforts , he realizes that her free spirit is gone . One morning he leaves for work , never to return . Abandoned , bitter , and trapped in a life she did n't want , Sophia ironically ends up like her overbearing mother , particularly in her relationship with Finn .
Biafra
Biafra , officially the Republic of Biafra , was a secessionist state in eastern Nigeria that is made up of the States in the Old Eastern Region . Its first attempt to leave Nigeria resulted in the Nigeria / Biafra war from 30 May 1967 to January 1970 . It took its name from the Bight of Biafra , the Atlantic bay to its south , on the east end of the Gulf of Guinea . The inhabitants are mostly the Igbo people who led the secession due to economic , ethnic , cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria . Other ethnic groups that constitute the republic are the Efik , Ibibio , Annang , Ejagham , Eket , Ibeno and the Ijaw among others .