vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Copyright
Copyright subsists for a variety of lengths in different jurisdictions . The length of the term can depend on several factors , including the type of work ( e.g. musical composition , novel ) , whether the work has been published , and whether the work was created by an individual or a corporation . In most of the world , the default length of copyright is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years . In the United States , the term for most existing works is a fixed number of years after the date of creation or publication . Under most countries ' laws ( for example , the United States and the United Kingdom ) , copyrights expire at the end of the calendar year in question .
Sundarbans
The Sundarbans is a vast forest in the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal , considered one of the natural wonders of the world , it was recognised in 1997 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located in the delta region of Padma , Meghna and Brahmaputra river basins , this unique forest area extends across South 24 Parganas and , North 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal State , India and Khulna , Satkhira , Bagerhat districts of Bangladesh . The Sundarbans is the worlds largest coastal mangrove forest , with an area of approximately 10,000 sq km ; of which approximately 6,000 sq km is situated in Bangladesh and approximately 4,000 sq km in India . The Bangladeshi and Indian parts of the Sundarbans , while in fact adjacent parts of the uninterrupted landmark , have been listed separately in the UNESCO World Heritage List : as `` Sundarbans '' and `` Sundarban National Park '' respectively . The Sundarbans are a network of marine streams , mud shores and mangrove forests . The region is known to contain numerous species of animals , birds and reptiles , including Royal Bengal Tiger , Chital Deer , Crocodile and Snakes . On 21 May 1992 , the Sundarbans was recognized as a Ramsar Site of ecological importance .
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
Mockingjays are black and white birds created accidentally by the mating of engineered jabberjays with female mockingbirds , after rebels discovered and defeated the jabberjays ' purpose . After the emergence of mockingjays , their jabberjay progenitors became , as Katniss states in Catching Fire , `` as rare and tough as rocks '' . The Mockingjay does not have the ability to enunciate words , but can perfectly copy the melody of human singing in a whistling tone . District 11 is known to have an especially large mockingjay population , and they are used there to signal the end of the work day .
Referendums in the United Kingdom
Since 1973 there have been eleven other referendums held by the Government of the United Kingdom within the constituent countries related to the issues of sovereignty , devolution and independence in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales and in parts of England ( in the North East and London ) .
Rub' al Khali
Geologically , the Empty Quarter is the most oil - rich site in the world . Vast oil reserves have been discovered underneath the sand dunes . Sheyba , at the northeastern edge of the Rub ' al Khali , is a major light crude oil - producing site in Saudi Arabia . Ghawar , the largest oil field in the world , extends southward into the northernmost parts of the Empty Quarter .
Operating system
The components of an operating system all exist in order to make the different parts of a computer work together . All user software needs to go through the operating system in order to use any of the hardware , whether it be as simple as a mouse or keyboard or as complex as an Internet component .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
Authorities in the Dominican Republic evacuated nearly 7,800 people from low - lying areas , and at least 10 rural settlements were cut off by flooding . Parts of Santo Domingo lost electricity during the height of the storm . At least five fatalities were reported , including three men who drowned in flooded rivers , and 49 homes were destroyed throughout the country . Agricultural losses across the country were estimated to be at least $30 million . Cuba
Lobes of the brain
Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing . The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure -- the homunculus ( Latin : `` little man '' ) , in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them . The superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule are the primary areas of body or spatial awareness . A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to hemineglect .
Scientific management
Other thinkers soon offered more ideas on the roles that workers play in mature industrial systems . These included ideas on improvement of the individual worker with attention to the worker 's needs , not just the needs of the whole . James Hartness published The Human Factor in Works Management in 1912 , while Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth offered their own alternatives to Taylorism . The human relations school of management evolved in the 1930s to complement rather than replace scientific management , with Taylorism determining the organisation of the work process , and human relations helping to adapt the workers to the new procedures . Today 's efficiency - seeking methods , such as lean manufacturing , include respect for workers and fulfillment of their needs as integral parts of the theory . ( Workers slogging their way through workdays in the business world do encounter flawed implementations of these methods that make jobs unpleasant ; but these implementations generally lack managerial competence in matching theory to execution . ) Clearly a syncretism has occurred since Taylor 's day , although its implementation has been uneven , as lean management in capable hands has produced good results for both managers and workers , but in incompetent hands has damaged enterprises . Taylorism
Sewing
Advances in industrial technology , such as the development of synthetic fibres during the early 20th century , have brought profound changes to the textile industry as a whole . Textile industries in Western countries have declined sharply as textile companies compete for cheaper labour in other parts of the world . According to the U.S. Department of Labor `` employment of sewers and tailors is expected to experience little or no change , growing 1 percent from 2010 to 2020 '' . It is estimated that every lost textile job in a Western country in recent years has resulted in 1.5 jobs being created in an outsourced country such as China . Textile workers who perform tasks with sewing machines , or do detailed work by hand , are still a vital component of the industry , however . Small - scale sewing is also an economic standby in many developing countries , where many people , both male and female , are self - employed sewers .
Treaty of Waitangi
During the early 1990s , the government began to negotiate settlements of historical ( pre-1992 ) claims . As of September 2008 , there were 23 such settlements of various sizes , totalling approximately $950 million . Settlements generally include financial redress , a formal Crown apology for breaches of the Treaty , and recognition of the group 's cultural associations with various sites . The tribunal has , in some cases , established that the claimants had not given up sovereignty , and there are ongoing discussions with regards to the applicability of land seized in conflicts and obtained through Crown pre-emption . However , the Tribunal 's findings do not establish that the Crown does not have sovereignty today , since the Crown has de facto sovereignty in New Zealand regardless and the Tribunal has no authority to rule otherwise . Treaty Settlements minister Chris Finlayson emphasised that : `` The Tribunal does n't reach any conclusion regarding the sovereignty the Crown exercises in New Zealand . Nor does it address the other events considered part of the Crown 's acquisition of sovereignty or how the Treaty relationship should operate today '' . Recommendations of the Tribunal are not binding on the Crown , but have often been followed .
Grand Trunk Road
Research indicates that the Grand Trunk road predated even Buddha 's birth and was called Uttara Path , meaning , road to the North . Salman Rashid attributes the Road 's construction to Chandragupta Maurya . During the time of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE , overland trade between India and several parts of Western Asia and the Hellenistic world went through the cities of the north - west , primarily Takshashila ( in present - day in Pakistan ) . Takshashila was well connected by roads with other parts of the Maurya empire . The Mauryas had maintained this very ancient highway from Takshashila to Pataliputra ( present - day Patna in India ) . Chandragupta Maurya had a whole army of officials overseeing the maintenance of this road as told by the Greek diplomat Megasthenes who spent fifteen years at the Mauryan court . Constructed in eight stages , this road is said to have connected the cities of Purushapura , Takshashila , Hastinapura , Kanyakubja , Prayag , Pataliputra and Tamralipta , a distance of around 2600 kilometers . Travelers
History of the Church of England
English missionary organisations such as USPG -- then known as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts , the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge ( SPCK ) and the Church Missionary Society ( CMS ) were established in the 17th and 18th centuries to bring Anglican Christianity to the British colonies . By the 19th century , such missions were extended to other areas of the world . The liturgical and theological orientations of these missionary organisations were diverse . The SPG , for example , was in the 19th century influenced by the Catholic Revival in the Church of England , while the CMS was influenced by the Evangelicalism of the earlier Evangelical Revival . As a result , the piety , liturgy , and polity of the indigenous churches they established came to reflect these diverse orientations .
History of Calvinism
The second reformation was given different names even in different parts of the English - speaking world . These include
Heart
In the heart of lungfish , the septum extends part - way into the ventricle . This allows for some degree of separation between the de-oxygenated bloodstream destined for the lungs and the oxygenated stream that is delivered to the rest of the body . The absence of such a division in living amphibian species may be partly due to the amount of respiration that occurs through the skin ; thus , the blood returned to the heart through the venae cavae is already partially oxygenated . As a result , there may be less need for a finer division between the two bloodstreams than in lungfish or other tetrapods . Nonetheless , in at least some species of amphibian , the spongy nature of the ventricle does seem to maintain more of a separation between the bloodstreams . Also , the original valves of the conus arteriosus have been replaced by a spiral valve that divides it into two parallel parts , thereby helping to keep the two bloodstreams separate .
Lake District
Below the tree line are wooded areas , including British and European native oak woodlands and introduced softwood plantations . The woodlands provide habitats for native English wildlife . The native red squirrel is found in the Lake District and in a few other parts of England . In parts of the Lake District the rainfall is higher than in any other part of England . This gives Atlantic mosses , ferns , lichen , and liverworts the chance to grow . There is some ancient woodland in the National Park . Management of the woodlands varies : some are coppiced , some pollarded , some left to grow naturally , and some provide grazing and shelter .
Colonial history of the United States
Nieuw - Nederland , or New Netherland , was a colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered in 1614 , in what became New York State , New Jersey , and parts of other neighboring states . The peak population was less than 10,000 . The Dutch established a patroon system with feudal - like rights given to a few powerful landholders ; they also established religious tolerance and free trade . The colony 's capital of New Amsterdam was founded in 1625 and located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan , which grew to become a major world city .
Catalonia
The years after the war were extremely hard . Catalonia , like many other parts of Spain , had been devastated by the war . Recovery from the war damage was slow and made more difficult by the international trade embargo against Franco 's regime . By the late 1950s the country had recovered its pre-war economic levels and in the 1960s was the second fastest growing economy in the world in what became known as the Spanish miracle . During this period there was a spectacular growth of industry and tourism in Catalonia that drew large numbers of workers to the region from across Spain and made the area around Barcelona into one of Europe 's largest industrial metropolitan areas .
Adolescence
The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty . Between the ages of 10 and 25 , the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior ( see Cognitive development below ) . The brain reaches 90 % of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age . Thus , the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence . However , the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens . The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information .
British Army during World War I
The war also posed problems for the army commanders , given that , prior to 1914 , the largest formation any serving General in the BEF had commanded on operations was a division . The expansion of the British Army saw some officers promoted from brigade to corps commander in less than a year . Army commanders also had to cope with the new tactics and weapons that were developed . With the move from manoeuvre to trench warfare , both the infantry and the artillery had to learn how to work together . During an offensive , and when in defence , they learned how to combine forces to defend the front line . Later in the war , when the Machine Gun Corps and the Tank Corps were added to the order of battle , they were also included in the new tactical doctrine .
Pillow
In many parts of the world , pillows have cultural significance , and references have extended to a wide variety of other uses , forms and activities .
Economic history of World War I
The Germans invaded Belgium at the start of the war and held the entire country ( except for a tiny sliver ) for the entire war . They left Belgium stripped and barren . Over a 1.4 million refugees fled to France or to neutral Netherlands . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . After the systematic atrocities by the German army in the first few weeks of the war , German civil servants took control and were generally correct , albeit strict and severe . There was never an armed resistance movement , but there was a large - scale spontaneous passive resistance of refusal to work for the benefit of Germany . Belgium was heavily industrialized ; while farms operated and small shops stayed open most large establishments shut down or drastically reduced their output . The faculty closed the universities ; many publishers shut down their newspapers . Most Belgians `` turned the four war years into a long and extremely dull vacation , '' according to Kossmann . In 1916 Germany deported 120,000 men and boys to work in Germany ; this set off a storm of protest from neutral countries and they were returned . Germany then stripped the factories of all useful machinery , and used the rest as scrap iron for its steel mills .
Logic
The Organon was Aristotle 's body of work on logic , with the Prior Analytics constituting the first explicit work in formal logic , introducing the syllogistic . The parts of syllogistic logic , also known by the name term logic , are the analysis of the judgements into propositions consisting of two terms that are related by one of a fixed number of relations , and the expression of inferences by means of syllogisms that consist of two propositions sharing a common term as premise , and a conclusion that is a proposition involving the two unrelated terms from the premises .
United States Navy Reserve
This began to change in the 1990s as over 21,000 Naval Reservists supported Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , which coincided with the collapse of the Soviet Union . Since that time , whether responding to the ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia or the threat of world terrorism , the latter coming to the forefront in the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001 , the recently renamed Navy Reserve has transformed from a force in waiting for massive mobilization to an integral component in carrying out the mission of the U.S. Navy . As Admiral William J. Fallon stated , `` We must remember that the Reserves , which represent twenty percent of our warfighting force , are absolutely vital to our Navy 's ability to fight and win wars now and in the future . ''
Lithuania
As with other Baltic nations , in particular Latvia , the large volume of higher education graduates within the country , coupled with the high rate of spoken second languages is contributing to an education brain drain . Many Lithuanians are choosing to emigrate seeking higher earning employment and studies throughout Europe . Since their inclusion into the European Union in 2004 , Lithuania 's population has fallen by approximately 180,000 people .
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Hear it scratching down below , Rat of long - forgotten snow , Evil cloaked in coat of white Will the warrior drain your light ?
Human rights and development
The development goal is related to Child Labour . Rights advocates regard child labour as a violation to numerous rights of a child such that it must be eradicated to ensure children 's human rights are ends themselves while development economics views child labour as an inter-generational loss of potential income . Children suffer diminished human capital where reductions in health and education affect their future productivity . The International Labour Organization 's ( ILO 's ) estimates that current levels of child labour will result in an income foregone of $5 trillion between 2000 and 2020 . Currently 23 % of the world 's children aged between 5 and 17 are engaged in some form of work . Betcherman demonstrates the important insights that economic analysis can provide in understanding how best to reduce child labour . Factors contributing to child labour can be seen in terms of incentives that encourage child work , constraints that compel children to work , and decisions that may not be made in the best interests of the children . Other factors must also be considered , direct ( books , transport ) and indirect ( poor quality , loss of household labour ) costs of education leading parents to regard education as not providing sufficient immediate returns to the household or child .
Official bilingualism in Canada
In addition to formalizing Charter provisions in Parts I through IV , the Act adopts several specific measures to achieve these objectives . For example , Part V specifies that the work environment in federal institutions in the National Capital Region and other prescribed bilingual regions be conducive to accommodating the use of French and English at work . Part VI mandates that English - speaking Canadians and French - speaking Canadians not be discriminated against based on ethnic origin or first language learned when it comes to employment opportunities and advancement .
The Fellowship of the Ring
Tolkien envisioned The Lord of the Rings as a single volume work divided into six sections he called `` books '' along with extensive appendices . The original publisher made the decision to split the work into three parts . It was also the publisher 's decision to place the fifth and sixth books and the appendices into one volume under the title The Return of the King , in reference to Aragorn 's assumption of the throne of Gondor . Tolkien indicated he would have preferred The War of the Ring as a title , as it gave away less of the story .
Ramcharitmanas
Tulsidas ( the Sanskrit name of Tulsidas can be transliterated in two ways . Using the IAST transliteration scheme , the name is written as Tulasīdāsa , as pronounced in Sanskrit . Using the Hunterian transliteration scheme , it is written as Tulsidas or Tulsīdās , as pronounced in Hindi ) . Tulsidas was a great scholar of Sanskrit . However , he wanted the story of Rama to be accessible to the general masses and not just the Sanskrit - speaking elite . In order to make the story of Rama as accessible to the layman as to the scholar , Tulsidas chose to write in Awadhi , a local dialect of Hindi which was in vogue as the language of general parlance in large parts of north India during the composition of the work . Tradition has it that Tulsidas had to face a lot of criticism from the sanskrit scholars of Varanasi for being a bhasha ( vernacular ) poet . However , Tulsidas remained steadfast in his resolve for simplifying the knowledge contained in the Vedas , the Upanishads and the Puranas to the common people . Subsequently , his work was accepted by all .
Allies of World War II
Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work on farms and factories . Some 15,000 US nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts around the world .
Hurricane Hugo
Severe damage was reported throughout the islands of the Caribbean . The storm caused an estimated $3 billion in damages in the Caribbean ( including $1.8 billion in the USVI ) . The storm also took USVI television station WBNB - TV off the air by destroying their transmitter . Guadeloupe
Jacques-Louis David
The Death of Marat , 1793 , became the leading image of the Terror and immortalized both Marat and David in the world of the revolution . This piece stands today as `` a moving testimony to what can be achieved when an artist 's political convictions are directly manifested in his work '' . A political martyr was instantly created as David portrayed Marat with all the marks of the real murder , in a fashion which greatly resembles that of Christ or his disciples . The subject although realistically depicted remains lifeless in a rather supernatural composition . With the surrogate tombstone placed in front of him and the almost holy light cast upon the whole scene ; alluding to an out of this world existence . `` Atheists though they were , David and Marat , like so many other fervent social reformers of the modern world , seem to have created a new kind of religion . '' At the very center of these beliefs , there stood the republic . Marie
Law firm
The largest firms like to call themselves `` Big - Law '' firms because they have sections specializing on each category of legal work , which in the U.S. usually means mergers and acquisitions transactions , banking , and certain types of high - stakes corporate litigation . These firms rarely do plaintiffs ' personal injury work . However the largest law firms are not very large compared to other major businesses ( or even other professional services firms ) . In 2008 , the largest law firm in the world was the British firm Clifford Chance , which had revenue of over US $ 2 billion . This can be compared with $404 billion for the world 's largest firm by turnover Exxon Mobil and $28 billion for the largest professional services firm Deloitte .
The End of the F***ing World
The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman . Originally self - published as a series of mini-comics , the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013 . It was republished in hardback in 2017 , in anticipation of the television series .