vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Brown bear
The brown bear is a naturally long - lived animal . Wild females have been observed reproducing up to 28 years of age , which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any ursid in the wild . The peak reproductive age for females ranges from 4 to 20 years old . The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years . The oldest wild brown bear on record was nearly 37 years old . The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old , while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years , with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age .
Little Red Riding Hood
In the pilot episode `` Wolf Moon '' of the MTV hit series Teen Wolf the protagonist Scott McCall wears a red hoody , when he gets attacked by an alpha werewolf in the woods in the night of a fullmoon . The pilot episode of NBC 's TV series Grimm reveals that the Red Riding Hood stories were inspired by fabled blutbaden attacks , werewolf - like beings who have a deeply ingrained bloodlust and a weakness for victims wearing red . Red Riding Hood is a character in ABC 's Once Upon a Time ( 2011 ) TV series . In this version of the tale , Red ( portrayed by Meghan Ory ) is a werewolf , and her cape is the only thing that can prevent her from turning during a full moon . Her Storybrooke persona is Ruby .
Charles City, Iowa
The median age in the city was 42.9 years . 23 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 7.7 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 21.7 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.5 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 23.1 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 47.0 % male and 53.0 % female .
Alcohol laws of Wisconsin
The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74 , effective July 1 , 1984 , created a drinking age of 19 . Meeting in special session at the call of the governor , the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337 , which raised the drinking age to 21 and brought the state into compliance with the NMDA ( National Minimum Drinking Age ) on September 1 , 1986 .
House of Lords
Until 2009 , the Lords Temporal also included the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , a group of individuals appointed to the House of Lords so that they could exercise its judicial functions . Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , more commonly known as Law Lords , were first appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . They were selected by the Prime Minister of the day , but were formally appointed by the Sovereign . A Lord of Appeal in Ordinary had to retire at the age of 70 , or , if his or her term was extended by the government , at the age of 75 ; after reaching such an age , the Law Lord could not hear any further cases in the House of Lords .
Loggerhead sea turtle
After incubating for around 80 days , hatchlings dig through the sand to the surface , usually at night , when darkness increases the chance of escaping predation and damage from extreme sand surface temperatures is reduced . Hatchlings enter the ocean by navigating toward the brighter horizon created by the reflection of the moon and starlight off the water 's surface .
Gilded Age
The New York Art world took a major turn during the Gilded age , seeing an outgrowth of exhibitions and the establishment of major auction houses with a focus on American Art . The Gilded Age was pivotal in establishing the New York Art world in the international art market .
John Steinbeck
Steinbeck 's novel The Moon Is Down ( 1942 ) , about the Socrates - inspired spirit of resistance in an occupied village in Northern Europe , was made into a film almost immediately . It was presumed that the unnamed country of the novel was Norway and the occupiers the Nazis . In 1945 , Steinbeck received the Haakon VII Cross of freedom for his literary contributions to the Norwegian resistance movement .
Humanism
Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period . The 19th - century German historian Georg Voigt ( 1827 -- 91 ) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist . Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was `` the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness '' . According to Petrarch , what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors . For Petrarch and Boccaccio , the greatest master was Cicero , whose prose became the model for both learned ( Latin ) and vernacular ( Italian ) prose .
Mount Rainier
Between the 14th century and 1850 , many of the glaciers on Mount Rainier advanced to their farthest extent downvalley since the last ice age . Many advances of this sort occurred worldwide during this time period known to geologists as the Little Ice Age . During the Little Ice Age , the Nisqually Glacier advanced to a position 650 to 800 ft ( 200 to 240 m ) downvalley from the site of the Glacier Bridge , Tahoma and South Tahoma Glaciers merged at the base of Glacier Island , and the terminus of Emmons Glacier reached within 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km ) of the White River Campground .
List of rulers of Númenor
Tar - Telperiën ruled for 175 years . During her reign , the Rings of Power were forged , and Sauron conquered Eriador . She appears to have done little to react to these events . She refused to marry and bore no children . She was succeeded by Tar - Minastir , the son of her younger brother , Isilmo ( who it is presumed was already dead ) . According to Tolkien 's `` The Line of Elros , '' she died in year 1731 of the Second Age at the age of 411 years . However , this conflicts with material published in The Lord of the Rings , and elsewhere , stating that Tar - Minastir was king at the time of the Númenórean intervention against Sauron in the year 1700 of the Second Age .
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
A critical development in 2011 has been the decision taken in principle to extend the right to education till Class X ( age 16 ) and into the preschool age range . The CABE committee is in the process of looking into the implications of making these changes .
Aragorn
In The Fellowship of the Ring , Aragorn joined Frodo Baggins , Bilbo 's adopted heir , and three of Frodo 's friends at the Inn of the Prancing Pony in Bree ; a letter from Gandalf convinced Frodo to trust Aragorn . The four hobbits had set out from the Shire to bring the One Ring to Rivendell . Aragorn , going by the nickname `` Strider '' , was then aged 87 , nearing the prime of life for one of royal Númenórean descent . With Aragorn 's help the Hobbits escaped the pursuing Nazgûl and reached Rivendell . There Frodo volunteered to destroy the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom , and Aragorn was chosen as a member of the Fellowship of the Ring to accompany him , along with Gandalf , Legolas the elf , Gimli the dwarf , Boromir of Gondor , and the hobbits Pippin , Merry , and Frodo 's faithful gardener Samwise Gamgee . Elven - smiths reforged the shards of Narsil into a new sword , setting into the design of the blade seven stars ( for Elendil ) and a crescent moon ( for Isildur ) , as well as many runes . Aragorn renamed the sword Andúril ( meaning `` flame of the west '' in Sindarin ) , and it was said to have shone with the light of the Sun and the Moon .
Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
In August 2010 , scientists had determined as up to 79 % of the spilled oil remained in the Gulf of Mexico , under the surface . In March 2011 , it was reported that thousands of pounds of oil and dispersant were collected each day from highly visible resort areas and that 17,000 lb ( 7,700 kg ) were collected from a beach in Alabama after a winter storm .
Atmosphere of Venus
The cloud cover is such that typical surface light levels are similar to a partly cloudy day on Earth , around 5000 -- 10000 lux . The equivalent visibility is about three kilometers , but this will likely vary with the wind conditions . Little to no solar energy could conceivably be collected by solar panels on a surface probe . In fact , due to the thick , highly reflective cloud cover , the total solar energy received by the surface of the planet is less than that of the Earth . Photograph
History of calendars
During the Mughal rule , land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar . This calendar was a lunar calendar , and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles . According to some sources , Mughal Emperor Akbar asked his royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi to create a new calendar by combining the lunar Islamic calendar and solar Hindu calendar already in use , and this was known as Fasholi shan ( harvest calendar ) . According to Amartya Sen , Akbar 's official calendar `` Tarikh - ilahi '' with the zero year of 1556 CE was a blend of pre-existing Hindu and Islamic calendars . It was not used much in India outside of Akbar 's Mughal court , and after his death the calendar he launched was abandoned . However , adds Sen , there are traces of the `` Tarikh - ilahi '' that survive in the Bengali calendar . Some historians attribute the Bengali calendar to the 7th century Hindu king Shashanka .
River Thames
The original land surface was around 350 to 400 feet ( 110 to 120 metres ) above the current sea level . The surface had sandy deposits from an ancient sea , laid over sedimentary clay ( this is the blue London Clay ) . All the erosion down from this higher land surface , and the sorting action by these changes of water flow and direction , formed what is known as the Thames River Gravel Terraces .
Triangle
From the above angle sum formula we can also see that the Earth 's surface is locally flat : If we draw an arbitrarily small triangle in the neighborhood of one point on the Earth 's surface , the fraction f of the Earth 's surface which is enclosed by the triangle will be arbitrarily close to zero . In this case the angle sum formula simplifies to 180 ° , which we know is what Euclidean geometry tells us for triangles on a flat surface .
Lunar eclipse
The following scale ( the Danjon scale ) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses :
Lunar eclipse
For the date of the next eclipse see the section Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses .
Climate of the Arctic
In 1884 the wreckage of the Jeanette , a ship abandoned three years earlier off Russia 's eastern Arctic coast , was found on the coast of Greenland . This caused Fridtjof Nansen to realize that the sea ice was moving from the Siberian side of the Arctic to the Atlantic side . He decided to use this motion by freezing a specially designed ship , the Fram , into the sea ice and allowing it to be carried across the ocean . Meteorological observations were collected from the ship during its crossing from September 1893 to August 1896 . This expedition also provided valuable insight into the circulation of the ice surface of the Arctic Ocean .
San Francisco fog
The Pacific Ocean contributes to the frequency of fog by providing atmospheric moisture and by its temperature . It is also the major source of nuclei for the condensation of moisture from vapor into cloud droplets . Moisture evaporated from the ocean surface over hundreds , even thousands of miles of the open Pacific is carried to California from various directions . This water vapor contributes to the development of what is called a marine layer near the surface of the ocean .
Llano Uplift
By the time that the regions of the Llano Uplift was slowly covered by Cretaceous sedimentary deposits , it had been reduced by erosion to a low relief erosion surface termed the Wichita paleoplain . What little research has been conducted on the Wichita paleoplain estimates that as much as 33 meters ( 108 ft ) of relief exists on this surface cut into the underlying strata . During the Cretaceous , this surface was progressively buried by the accumulation of fluvial and coastal sediments of the Trinity Group and later by the Walnut , Comanche Peak , and Edwards formations .
History of calendars
Hindu calendar , sometimes referred to as Panchanga , is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in Hinduism . They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping , but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle , the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start . The ancient Hindu calendar is similar in conceptual design to the Jewish calendar , but different from the Gregorian calendar . Unlike Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to lunar month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles ( 354 lunar days ) and nearly 365 solar days , the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month , but insert an extra full month by complex rules , every few years , to ensure that the festivals and crop related rituals fall in the appropriate season .
Space Race
In February 1969 , President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program , headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew . Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA 's follow - on plans , and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a Space Shuttle , which would facilitate development of permanent space stations in Earth and lunar orbit , perhaps a base on the lunar surface , and the first human flight to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000 . Nixon had a better sense of the declining political support in Congress for a new Apollo - style program , which had disappeared with the achievement of the landing , and he intended to pursue detente with the USSR and China , which he hoped might ease Cold War tensions . He cut the spending proposal he sent to Congress to include funding for only the Space Shuttle , with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future .
Exploration of Mars
The first stage , already underway , is the `` Earth Reliant '' phase . This phase continues utilizing the International Space Station until 2024 ; validating deep space technologies and studying the effects of long duration space missions on the human body . The second stage , `` Proving Ground , '' moves away from Earth reliance and ventures into cislunar space for most of its tasks . This is when NASA plans to capture an asteroid ( planned for 2020 ) , test deep space habitation facilities , and validate capabilities required for human exploration of Mars . Finally , phase three is the transition to independence from Earth resources . The last stage , the `` Earth Independent '' phase , includes long term missions on the lunar surface which leverage surface habitats that only require routine maintenance , and the harvesting of Martian resources for fuel , water , and building materials . NASA is still aiming for human missions to Mars in the 2030s , though Earth independence could take decades longer . Journey
The Devil Wears Prada (film)
David Denby summed up this response in his New Yorker review : `` The Devil Wears Prada tells a familiar story , and it never goes much below the surface of what it has to tell . Still , what a surface ! '' Reactions to Hathaway 's performance were not as unanimous as for many of her costars . Denby said `` she suggests , with no more than a panicky sidelong glance , what Weisberger takes pages to describe . '' On the other hand , according to Baldassare , she `` barely carrie ( d ) the load . '' Depiction
Red giant
Among the asymptotic - giant - branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R , produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge - up . The first dredge - up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red - giant branch , but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface . The second , and sometimes third , dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic - giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars .
Eid al-Adha
While Eid al - Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar , the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar . Each year , Eid al - Adha ( like other Islamic holidays ) falls on one of about two to four different Gregorian dates in different parts of the world , because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line .
Surface finishing
The use of abrasives in metal polishing results in what is considered a `` mechanical finish '' .
Spanish Inquisition
According to Don Hasdai Crescas , persecution against Jews began in earnest in Seville in 1391 , on the 1st day of the lunar month Tammuz ( June ) . From there the violence spread to Córdoba , and by the 17th day of the same lunar month , it had reached Toledo ( called then by Jews after its Arabic name `` Ṭulayṭulah '' ) in the region of Castile . From there , the violence had spread to Majorca and by the 1st day of the lunar month Elul it had also reached the Jews of Barcelona in Catalonia , where the slain were estimated at two - hundred and fifty . So , too , many Jews who resided in the neighboring provinces of Lérida and Gironda and in the kingdom of València had been affected , as were also the Jews of Al - Andalus ( Andalucía ) , whereas many died a martyr 's death , while others converted in order to save themselves .
Internal Revenue Service
For fiscal year 2009 , the U.S. Congress appropriated spending of approximately $12.624 billion of `` discretionary budget authority '' to operate the Department of the Treasury , of which $11.522 billion was allocated to the IRS . The projected estimate of the budget for the IRS for fiscal year 2011 was $12.633 billion . By contrast , during Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2006 , the IRS collected more than $2.2 trillion in tax ( net of refunds ) , about 44 percent of which was attributable to the individual income tax . This is partially due to the nature of the individual income tax category , containing taxes collected from working class , small business , self - employed , and capital gains . The top 5 % of income earners pay 38.284 % of the federal tax collected .
Shark tooth
The oldest known records of fossilized shark teeth are by Pliny the Elder , who believed that these triangular objects fell from the sky during lunar eclipses .
California Smog Check Program
On March 12 , 2009 , the Bureau of Automotive Repair and the Air Resource Board hired Sierra Research , Inc. to analyze the data collected in the BAR 's Roadside Inspection Program to evaluate the effectiveness of the Smog Check Program from data collected in 2003 -- 2006 . Under the Roadside Inspection Program vehicles are randomly inspected at checkpoints set up by the California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) . One objective of the evaluation was to compare the post smog check performance of pre-1996 ( 1974 -- 1995 ) vehicles to the post smog check performance determined from a previous evaluation collected in 2000 -- 2002 . The report made several recommendations to reduce the number of vehicles failing the Roadside test . One was to develop a method for evaluating station performance . The other was to perform inspections immediately following certifications at smog check stations . Finally , the report recommended continued use of the Roadside test to evaluate the effectiveness of the Smog Check program .
Florida Keys
The Florida Keys have taken their present form as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages . Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet ( 7.5 m ) above the current level . All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea . Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau , stretching south and then west from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas . This reef formed the Key Largo limestone that is exposed on the surface from Soldier Key ( midway between Key Biscayne and Elliott Key ) to the southeast portion of Big Pine Key and the Newfound Harbor Keys . The types of coral that formed Key Largo limestone can be identified on the exposed surface of these keys .
Solar cell
In 2014 , a system was developed that combined an adaptive surface with a glass substrate that redirect the absorbed to a light absorber on the edges of the sheet . The system also includes an array of fixed lenses / mirrors to concentrate light onto the adaptive surface . As the day continues , the concentrated light moves along the surface of the cell . That surface switches from reflective to adaptive when the light is most concentrated and back to reflective after the light moves along .
Roman calendar
The original Roman calendar is believed to have been an observational lunar calendar whose months began from the first signs of a new crescent moon . Because a lunar cycle is about ​ 29 ⁄ days long , such months would have varied between 29 and 30 days . Twelve such months would have fallen 10 or 11 days short of the solar year ; without adjustment , such a year would have quickly rotated out of alignment with the seasons in the manner of the present - day Islamic calendar . Given the seasonal aspects of the later calendar and its associated religious festivals , this was presumably avoided through some form of intercalation or through the suspension of the calendar during winter .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
On August 7 , 1932 , the Decree about the Protection of Socialist Property proclaimed that the punishment for theft of kolkhoz or cooperative property was the death sentence , which `` under extenuating circumstances '' could be replaced by at least ten years of incarceration . With what some called the Law of Spikelets ( `` Закон о колосках '' ) , peasants ( including children ) who hand - collected or gleaned grain in the collective fields after the harvest were arrested for damaging the state grain production . Martin Amis writes in Koba the Dread that 125,000 sentences were passed for this particular offense in the bad harvest period from August 1932 to December 1933 .
Middle ear
The middle ear couples sound from air to the fluid via the oval window , using the principle of `` mechanical advantage '' in the form of the `` hydraulic principle '' and the `` lever principle '' . The vibratory portion of the tympanic membrane ( eardrum ) is many times the surface area of the footplate of the stapes ( the third ossicular bone which attaches to the oval window ) ; furthermore , the shape of the articulated ossicular chain is like a lever , the long arm being the long process of the malleus , the fulcrum being the body of the incus , and the short arm being the lenticular process of the incus . The collected pressure of sound vibration that strikes the tympanic membrane is therefore concentrated down to this much smaller area of the footplate , increasing the force but reducing the velocity and displacement , and thereby coupling the acoustic energy .
Lunar phase
The eight principal and intermediate phases are given the following names , in sequential order :
Industrial Revolution
Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies , like the Lunar Society of Birmingham , in which members met to discuss ' natural philosophy ' ( i.e. science ) and often its application to manufacturing . The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809 , and it has been said of them , `` They were , if you like , the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions , the Industrial Revolution '' . Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions . For example , the London - based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions , as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions .