vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Thymus
Each T cell attacks a specific substance which it identifies with its receptor . T cells have receptors which are generated by randomly shuffling gene segments . Each T cell attacks a different antigen . T cells that attack the body 's own proteins are eliminated in the thymus . Thymic epithelial cells express major proteins from elsewhere in the body . First , T cells undergo `` Positive Selection '' , whereby the cell comes in contact with self - MHC , expressed by thymic epithelial cells ; those with no interaction die by a lack of stimulatory signal . Second , the T cell undergoes `` Negative Selection '' by interacting with thymic dendritic cells , whereby T cells with a strong interaction with self - MHC and / or self - antigen die by induced apoptosis or are induced to become a regulatory T cell , to avoid autoimmunity . Those with intermediate affinity survive .
T cell
In spring 2014 , the T - Cell Activation in Space ( TCAS ) experiment was launched to the International Space Station on the SpaceX CRS - 3 mission to study how `` deficiencies in the human immune system are affected by a microgravity environment ''
Student's t-test
Two - sample t - tests for a difference in mean involve independent samples or unpaired samples . Paired t - tests are a form of blocking , and have greater power than unpaired tests when the paired units are similar with respect to `` noise factors '' that are independent of membership in the two groups being compared . In a different context , paired t - tests can be used to reduce the effects of confounding factors in an observational study .
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Baron von Steuben joined the Prussian Army at age 17 . He served as a second lieutenant during the Seven Years ' War in 1756 , and was wounded at the 1757 Battle of Prague . He served as adjutant to the free battalion of General Johann von Mayr and was promoted to first lieutenant in 1759 . In August 1759 he was wounded a second time at the Battle of Kunersdorf . In June 1761 , he was appointed deputy quartermaster at the general headquarters . Later that year he was taken prisoner by the Russians at Treptow . He subsequently attained the rank of captain , and served as aide - de-camp to Frederick the Great ; in 1762 he was one of 13 young officers chosen to participate in a special course of instruction delivered by the king himself .
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Image contrast is created by differences in the strength of the NMR signal recovered from different locations within the sample . This depends upon the relative density of excited nuclei ( usually water protons ) , on differences in relaxation times ( T , T , and T ) of those nuclei after the pulse sequence , and often on other parameters discussed under specialized MR scans . Contrast in most MR images is actually a mixture of all these effects , but careful design of the imaging pulse sequence allows one contrast mechanism to be emphasized while the others are minimized . The ability to choose different contrast mechanisms gives MRI tremendous flexibility . In the brain , T - weighting causes the nerve connections of white matter to appear white , and the congregations of neurons of gray matter to appear gray , while cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) appears dark . The contrast of white matter , gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid is reversed using T or T imaging , whereas proton - density - weighted imaging provides little contrast in healthy subjects . Additionally , functional parameters such as cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) , cerebral blood volume ( CBV ) or blood oxygenation can affect T , T , and T and so can be encoded with suitable pulse sequences .
Latin America
The term `` Latin America '' was first used in an 1856 conference with the title `` Initiative of the America . Idea for a Federal Congress of Republics '' ( Iniciativa de la América . Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas ) , by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao . In such conference , he called for the creation of a confederation of Latin American republics to better search for their common defense and prosperity , without political or economic barriers between them . In the same work , he also detailed the principles under which such a confederation should work .
T cell
T helper cells ( T cells ) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes , including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells , and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages . These cells are also known as CD4 T cells because they express the CD4 glycoprotein on their surfaces . Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules , which are expressed on the surface of antigen - presenting cells ( APCs ) . Once activated , they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called cytokines that regulate or assist in the active immune response . These cells can differentiate into one of several subtypes , including T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 17 , T 9 , or T , which secrete different cytokines to facilitate different types of immune responses . Signalling from the APC directs T cells into particular subtypes .
Jamestown, Virginia
The delivery of supplies in 1608 on the First and Second Supply missions of Captain Newport had also added to the number of hungry settlers . It seemed certain at that time that the colony at Jamestown would meet the same fate as earlier English attempts to settle in North America , specifically the Roanoke Colony ( Lost Colony ) and the Popham Colony , unless there was a major relief effort . The Germans who arrived with the Second Supply and a few others defected to the Powhatans , with weapons and equipment . The Germans even planned to join a rumored Spanish attack on the colony and urged the Powhatans to join it . The Spanish were driven off by the timely arrival in July 1609 of Captain Samuel Argall in Mary and John , a larger ship than the Spanish reconnaissance ship La Asunción de Cristo . Argall 's voyage also prevented the Spanish from gaining knowledge of the weakness of the colony . Don Pedro de Zúñiga , the Spanish ambassador to England , was desperately seeking this ( in addition to spies ) in order to get Philip III of Spain to authorise an attack on the colony .
Exponential function
In particular , when z = i t ( \ displaystyle z = it ) ( t ( \ displaystyle t ) real ) , the series definition yields the expansion
The Rite of Spring
After the opening Paris run and the London performances , events conspired to prevent further stagings of the ballet . Nijinsky 's choreography , which Kelly describes as `` so striking , so outrageous , so frail as to its preservation '' , did not appear again until attempts were made to reconstruct it in the 1980s . On 19 September 1913 Nijinsky married Romola de Pulszky while the Ballets Russes was on tour without Diaghilev in South America . When Diaghilev found out he was distraught and furious that his lover had married , and dismissed Nijinsky . Diaghilev was then obliged to re-hire Fokine , who had resigned in 1912 because Nijinsky had been asked to choreograph Faune . Fokine made it a condition of his re-employment that none of Nijinsky 's choreography would be performed . In a letter to the art critic and historian Alexandre Benois , Stravinsky wrote , `` ( T ) he possibility has gone for some time of seeing anything valuable in the field of dance and , still more important , of again seeing this offspring of mine '' .
Nate Archibald (Gossip Girl)
Nate 's family resides in a stately townhouse off Park Avenue on the exclusive Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City , and his mother 's French socialite family owns a summer chateau in Nice . He is a fan of sailing like his father , and wished to do that instead of attending Yale with Blair , although he expressed interest in attending Brown University . At the end of the series he sails around the world with a friend of his father 's , Captain Charles `` Chips '' White to avoid getting in between Blair and Serena again . In I Will Aways Love You , on break from Deep Springs College , Nate chooses Blair in part I and then Serena in part II .
Olivia Benson
In the season 9 episode `` Undercover '' , Benson poses as an inmate in a women 's prison to investigate an alleged rape by a corrections officer . While there , the corrections officer in question , Captain Lowell Harris ( Johnny Messner ) , attacks her and attempts to force her to perform oral sex on him . She is rescued by SVU colleague Fin Tutuola ( Ice - T ) , who gets there just in time to stop the rape . Later , Benson helps convict the rapist by questioning his earlier victim about distinguishing features on his penis , prompting the victim to recall a mole on it , which Benson later explains to Warner that she had also seen . When Warner asks Benson if she had been raped , she replies , `` It was the closest I 've ever come . ''
Times Square
Times Square has been fictionally attacked and destroyed in a number of movies , including Knowing , when a solar flare destroys New York City ; Deep Impact , when a tsunami created from a meteor impact destroys New York City ; the 1998 film Godzilla , where Godzilla is chased through the square ; the Ghostbusters movies ; Stephen King 's The Stand , where the intersection is overcome by total anarchy ; the ending of Captain America : The First Avenger ; and Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . It was also seen in the festival battle scene in the 2002 film Spider - Man , and a stand - off in the later film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 .
Color motion picture film
In the late 1980s , Kodak introduced the T - Grain emulsion , a technological advancement in the shape and make - up of silver halide grains in their films . T - Grain is a tabular silver halide grain that allows for greater overall surface area , resulting in greater light sensitivity with a relatively small grain and a more uniform shape that results in a less overall graininess to the film . This made for sharper and more sensitive films . The T - Grain technology was first employed in Kodak 's EXR line of motion picture color negative stocks . This was further refined in 1996 with the Vision line of emulsions , followed by Vision2 in the early 2000s and Vision3 in 2007 .
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Sparrow and the Black Pearl have been dragged to Davy Jones 's Locker by the Kraken ; he is trapped there until his former crew mounts a rescue party . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Once first mate of the Black Pearl under Jack 's command before leading a mutiny , Barbossa has been resurrected by Tia Dalma to captain the rescue of Jack Sparrow . He was also needed for his `` piece of eight '' to free Calypso . Rush said that in the film , Barbossa becomes more of a cunning politician . Depp said he was pleased he got more screentime with Rush than in the first film : `` We 're like a couple of old ladies fighting over their knitting needles '' . Orlando Bloom as William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : A young blacksmith - turned - pirate , the son of `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner , and later the husband of Elizabeth Swann . Turner becomes Captain of The Flying Dutchman after the ritual is performed to save his life . Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann : Governor Swann 's daughter and Will Turner 's fiancée . Having tricked Jack Sparrow into being swallowed by the Kraken to save herself and the Black Pearl crew , she subsequently goes to his rescue . Swann becomes Captain of The Empress and Pirate Lord of the South China Seas as successor to Feng , and becomes the Pirate King by default as a result of the Bretheren Court vote . Jack Davenport as James Norrington : Promoted to the rank of admiral in return for giving Beckett Jones 's heart , he has allied himself with Beckett and the Company , although he still cares for Elizabeth , his former fiancée , and finds himself torn between his duty and his growing dislike for Beckett . Bill Nighy as Davy Jones : Malevolent ruler of the ocean realm , Captain of The Flying Dutchman . With his heart captured by James Norrington , he is now enslaved to Cutler Beckett who commanded him to kill the Kraken ( `` your pet '' ) , and now serves the East India Trading Company , though he remains volatile and makes life difficult for the marines policing him .
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Eukaryotic DNA is bidirectional . Here the meaning of the word bidirectional is different . Eukaryotic linear DNA has many origins ( called O ) and termini ( called T ) . `` T '' is present to the right of `` O '' . One `` O '' and one `` T '' together form one replicon . After the formation of pre-initiation complex , when one replicon starts elongation , initiation starts in second replicon . Now , if the first replicon moves in clockwise direction , the second replicon moves in anticlockwise direction , until `` T '' of first replicon is reached . At `` T '' , both the replicons merge to complete the process of replication . Meanwhile , the second replicon is moving in forward direction also , to meet with the third replicon . This clockwise and counter-clockwise movement of two replicons is termed as bidirectional replication . On the other hand , in prokaryotes , replication is unidirection ; and occurs only in clockwise direction .
Battle of Hampton Roads
Both sides used the respite to prepare for the next day . Virginia put her wounded ashore and underwent temporary repairs . Captain Buchanan was among the wounded , so command on the second day fell to his executive officer , Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones . Jones proved to be no less aggressive than the man he replaced . While Virginia was being prepared for renewal of the battle , and while Congress was still ablaze , Monitor , commanded by Lieutenant John L. Worden , arrived in Hampton Roads . The Union ironclad had been rushed to Hampton Roads in hopes of protecting the Union fleet and preventing Virginia from threatening Union cities . Captain Worden was informed that his primary task was to protect Minnesota , so Monitor took up a position near the grounded Minnesota and waited . `` All on board felt we had a friend that would stand by us in our hour of trial , '' wrote Captain Gershom Jacques Van Brunt , Minnesota 's commander , in his official report the day after the engagement .
List of Watchmen characters
Sally married her manager , Laurence Schexnayder , shortly after retiring . She narrowly avoided being raped by the Comedian , although years later she had a consensual affair with him , and ultimately bore his child . Sally adores the attention she receives from fans of `` The Silk Spectre '' , though Laurie is repulsed at her mother 's sexually explicit exploits in promoting herself . In the film , she is played by Carla Gugino . Captain Metropolis ( real name Nelson `` Nelly '' Gardner ) - A former Marine Lieutenant . He was one of the more active members of the Minutemen , having organized its formation . Metropolis was involved in a sexual relationship with Hooded Justice . The relationship was reported to be abusive , with Hooded Justice abusing and cheating on Metropolis until H.J. 's mysterious disappearance in the early 1950s , elaborated on below in the character 's own thumbnail . In the 1960s , the Captain unsuccessfully attempted to recruit the second generation of superheroes into a new group called the Crimebusters . He died in a car accident in 1974 that left him decapitated , and is believed by some to be a form of suicide . He was played in the film by Darryl Scheelar . Hooded Justice - The first masked vigilante , often initialled `` H.J. '' by his teammates . His real identity is never conclusively revealed but in Hollis Mason 's book it is suggested to be circus strongman Rolf Müller . This is retconned heavily in Before Watchmen : Minutemen # 6 , where we learn that he is not Rolf Muller ( a character that sexually abused and killed children ) , but it is strongly implied that he is Muller 's son or ward , Jacob . Assuming that he himself was a victim of Muller 's abuse , it explains a great deal about his violent persona , costume , and mask . A violent vigilante , Hooded Justice shared a romantic homosexual relationship with Captain Metropolis and a deep - seated rivalry with Comedian , after he prevented Blake from sexually assaulting Silk Spectre . Hooded Justice 's relationship with Metropolis was a fractured one ; Justice repeatedly cheated on his boyfriend with male prostitutes , physically abusing them in sadomasochist sexual encounters .
Alex Zanardi
He won the CART championship in 1997 and 1998 in North America . He also had a less successful career as a Formula One driver . More recently , he has attracted widespread praise for his return to competition in the aftermath of a crash in 2001 that resulted in the amputation of his legs . He returned to racing less than two years after the accident , competing in the FIA World Touring Car Championship for BMW Team Italy - Spain between 2003 and 2009 .
The Strain (TV series)
( season 4 ) Drew Nelson as Matt Sayles , Kelly Goodweather 's live - in boyfriend . ( season 1 ) Paulino Nunes as Captain Frank Kowalski , an NYPD officer working with Justine Feraldo . ( season 2 -- 3 ) America Olivo as Captain Kate Rogers , the commander of a squad of NYPD combatants . ( season 3 ) Angel Parker as Alex Green , the leader of a group of anti-strigoi resistance fighters . ( season 4 ) Jonathan Potts as Captain Doyle Redfern , pilot of the flight and one of the outbreak 's few survivors . ( season 1 ) Michael Reventar as Raul , Gus 's cousin . ( season 4 ) Kim Roberts as Neeva , Joan Luss ' nanny and housekeeper . ( season 1 ) Nikolai Witschl as Ansel Barbour , one of the plane 's surviving passengers . ( season 1 )
First voyage of James Cook
AN ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGES undertaken by Order of His Present Majesty for making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere , and successively performed by Commodore Byron , Captain Wallis , Captain Carteret and Captain Cook , in the Dolphin , the Swallow and the Endeavour : Drawn up from the Journals which were kept by the several Commanders , and from the Papers of Joseph Banks , Esq. ; by John Hawkesworth , LL. D. In three volumes . Illustrated with Cuts , and a great Variety of Charts and Maps relative to Countries now first discovered , or hitherto but imperfectly known .
T-Dog (The Walking Dead)
Some reviewers presented more negative critiques . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club in his review felt the episode `` stumble ( d ) '' in how T - Dog and Lori were eliminated and in how the Woodbury storyline repeated what was already known . Halden commented in his review that `` killing T - Dog and Lori earned the show an immediate thrill , but it also meant crossing off two potential sources of drama , people who had a history on the series , however thin or poorly developed that history might have been . '' According to HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall , T - Dog 's sacrifice for Carol `` did n't remotely have the same resonance as Lori 's for the baby , because T - Dog has never been a character the writers have even pretended they wanted us to care about . When he started objecting to Rick 's plans about the two remaining prisoners , it was shocking to simply hear him expressing an opinion of any kind . '' The Washington Post entertainment journalist Jen Chaney commented on his death by saying , `` T - Dog , we hardly knew ye . No . Really . We hardly , hardly did . And that makes your death a real shame '' , and Bex Schwartz said farewell in her review for Rolling Stone magazine : `` So long , T - dog . You were a good guy even if they forgot to write dialogue for you for the first two seasons . ''
Heat
In 1865 , he came to define the entropy symbolized by S , such that , due to the supply of the amount of heat Q at temperature T the entropy of the system is increased by
Charles Dickens
During his travels , he saw a significant change in the people and the circumstances of America . His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico 's on 18 April , when he promised never to denounce America again . By the end of the tour , the author could hardly manage solid food , subsisting on champagne and eggs beaten in sherry . On 23 April , he boarded the Cunard liner Russia to return to Britain , barely escaping a Federal Tax Lien against the proceeds of his lecture tour .
Student's t-test
In a specific type of t - test , these conditions are consequences of the population being studied , and of the way in which the data are sampled . For example , in the t - test comparing the means of two independent samples , the following assumptions should be met :
Latin America
Another important aspect of United States involvement in Latin America is the case of the filibuster William Walker . In 1855 , he traveled to Nicaragua hoping to overthrow the government and take the land for the United States . With only the aid of 56 followers , he was able to take over the city of Granada , declaring himself commander of the army and installing Patricio Rivas as a puppet president . However , Rivas 's presidency ended when he fled Nicaragua ; Walker rigged the following election to ensure that he became the next president . His presidency did not last long , however , as he was met with much opposition from political groups in Nicaragua and neighbouring countries . On May 1 , 1857 , Walker was forced by a coalition of Central American armies to surrender himself to a United States Navy officer who repatriated him and his followers . When Walker subsequently returned to Central America in 1860 , he was apprehended by the Honduran authorities and executed . Mexican
Battle of Hampton Roads
On the Union side , command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron was held by Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough . He had devised a plan for his frigates to engage Virginia , hoping to trap her in their crossfire . In the event , his plan broke down completely when four of the ships ran aground ( one of them intentionally ) in the confined waters of the roadstead . On the day of battle , Goldsborough was absent with the ships cooperating with the Burnside Expedition in North Carolina . In his absence , leadership fell to his second in command , Captain John Marston of USS Roanoke . As Roanoke was one of the ships that ran aground , Marston was unable to materially influence the battle , and his participation is often disregarded . Most accounts emphasize the contribution of the captain of Monitor , John L. Worden , to the neglect of others . Sinking
Muhammad Yunus
In 2012 , he became Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland . He is a member of the advisory board at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology . Previously , he was a professor of economics at Chittagong University in Bangladesh . He published several books related to his finance work . He is a founding board member of Grameen America and Grameen Foundation , which support microcredit .
Frank Worsley
During the First World War , Worsley captained the Q - ship PC. 61 . He was responsible for the sinking of a German U-boat , UC - 33 on 26 September 1917 by carrying out a skilful ramming manoeuvre . For his role in the sinking of the UC - 33 , Worsley was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) . Later in the war he worked in transportation of supplies in Arctic Russia , and in the North Russia Intervention against the Bolsheviks , earning a bar to his DSO . He was later appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire . From 1921 to 1922 he served on Shackleton 's last expedition to the Antarctic as captain of the Quest . In between berths in the Merchant Navy he led an expedition to the Arctic Circle and participated in a treasure hunt on Cocos Island . He also wrote several books relating to his experiences in polar exploration and during his sailing career .