vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jumping the broom
Despite these allusions , research by the legal historian Professor R. Probert of Warwick University has failed to find any proof of an actual contemporary practice of jumping over a broomstick as a sign of informal union . Probert also points out that the word broomstick was used in the mid-18th century in several contexts to mean ' something ersatz , or lacking the authority its true equivalent might possess . ' She therefore argues that because the expression broomstick marriage , meaning ' sham marriage ' , was in circulation , folk etymology led to a belief that people must actually have once signified irregular marriage by jumping over a broom.. Tyler D. Parry , Associate Professor of African American Studies , contests the claim that no literal jump was used in Britain , arguing that enslaved people of African descent and British migrants engaged in numerous cultural exchanges during the 18th and 19th centuries . He shows numerous correlations between the ceremonies of slaves and those of the rural British , contending it is not simply coincidental that two groups , separated by an ocean , utilized similar matrimonial forms revolving around the broomstick . If British practitioners never used a physical leap , Parry wonders how enslaved people in the US South learned of the custom .
Ramcharitmanas
However , Sita being his beloved daughter , Janaka desires to conduct a grand marriage of Sita and Rama in accordance with both Vedic and laukik ( traditional ) customs . Janaka dispatches messengers to Ayodhya to inform Dashratha and his family about the marriage of Rama and Sita and invites them for the formal consummation of marriage ceremony . Dashratha starts with a great marriage procession , consisting of Rama 's family , friends and well wishers in addition to Shiva , Vishnu , Brahma and all Devas who take up human form and depart for Mithila .
Cousin marriage
Even though many Muslims practice cousins marriage now , two of the Sunni Muslims madhhabs ( schools , four in total ) like Shafi'i ( about 33.33 % of Sunni Muslims , or 29 % of all Muslims ) and Hanbali consider it as Makruh ( disliked ) , and there are three Hadiths that prefer marriage outside family but all of them is considered ḍaʿīf ( weak ) , but even though some scholars like Ibn Qudamah and Al - Ghazali prefer marriage outside the family , because if a divorce happen between the couple the family bond -- which is considered as sacred in Islam -- will be weakened or broken due to that , and some scholars such as Ibn Baz said that if there was no better non-family potential bride ( none of the `` potential in - family bride '' and the `` potential non-family bride '' was better than the other ) it 's advised to marry the one who is in the family to make the family bond stronger .
English Reformation
Meanwhile , having taken Anne to France on a pre-nuptial honeymoon , Henry married her in Westminster Abbey in January 1533 . This was made easier by the death of Archbishop Warham , a strong opponent of an annulment . Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as his successor as Archbishop of Canterbury . Cranmer was prepared to grant the annulment of the marriage to Catherine as Henry required , going so far as to pronounce the judgment that Henry 's marriage with Catherine was against the law of God on 23 May . Anne gave birth to a daughter , Princess Elizabeth , in September 1533 . The Pope responded to the marriage by excommunicating both Henry and Cranmer from the Roman Catholic Church ( 11 July 1533 ) . Henry was excommunicated again in December 1538 .
Jumping the broom
Slave - owners were faced with a dilemma regarding committed relationships between slaves . While some family stability might be desirable as helping to keep slaves tractable and pacified , anything approaching a legal marriage was not . Marriage gave a couple rights over each other which conflicted with the slave - owners ' claims . Most marriages between enslaved blacks were not legally recognized during American slavery , as in law marriage was held to be a civil contract , and civil contracts required the consent of free persons . In the absence of any legal recognition , the slave community developed its own methods of distinguishing between committed and casual unions . The ceremonial jumping of the broom served as an open declaration of settling down in a marriage relationship . Jumping the broom was always done before witnesses as a public ceremonial announcement that a couple chose to become as close to married as was then allowed .
History of women in the United States
Marriage and motherhood came back as prosperity empowered couples who had postponed marriage . The birth rate started shooting up in 1941 , paused in 1944 -- 45 as 12 million men were in uniform , then continued to soar until reaching a peak in the late 1950s . This was the `` Baby Boom . ''
Akbar
He married another Rajput princess in 1570 , who was the daughter of Kahan , the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal Rai , the ruler of Bikanir . The marriage took place in 1570 , when Akbar came to this part of the country . Kalyan made a homage to Akbar , and requested that his brother 's daughter be married by him . Akbar accepted his proposal , and the marriage was arranged . He also married the daughter of Rawal Har Rai , the ruler of Jaisalmer in 1570 . Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married by Akbar . The proposal was accepted by Akbar . Raja Bahgwan Das was despatched on this service . The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar 's return from Nagor . She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum , who died on 8 April 1577 .
Rovers Return Inn
Natalie raises her own standards by her purchase of The Rovers . Known for interfering in Kevin and Sally Webster 's ( Sally Dynevor ) marriage , she is one of the Street 's typical sirens . Her reign is also short . A month after their marriage , husband Des Barnes ( Philip Middlemiss ) is murdered by thugs in search of Natalie 's son , Tony . She later unexpectedly falls pregnant , and leaves both the pub and Weatherfield in search of a new life .
Libya
Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime , establishing the Revolutionary Women 's Formation to encourage reform . In 1970 , a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and insisting on wage parity . In 1971 , Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women 's Federation . In 1972 , a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any females under the age of sixteen and ensuring that a woman 's consent was a necessary prerequisite for a marriage .
Angela Montenegro
It is revealed that , at one point , she married in a kava - influenced ceremony in Fiji . She was unsure whether the marriage was legal and had no knowledge of where her husband was after the ritual ; in fact , the United States government considered the marriage valid , and prevented her marriage to Hodgins . When a private investigator tracked down Barasa , he attempted to convince Angela to stay with him , informing her that he had built them a house . Although she had no interest in pursuing anything with him , Barasa 's presence eventually precipitated the end of Angela 's engagement to Hodgins , because Angela felt that Hodgins did not trust her .
Saudi Arabia
The average age at first marriage among Saudi females is 25 years in Saudi Arabia , with child marriage no longer common . As of 2015 , Saudi women constitute 13 % of the country 's native workforce despite being 51 % of all university graduates . Female literacy is estimated to be 81 % , lower than male literacy .
Cousin marriage
For some prominent examples of cousin marriages in ancient Rome , such as the marriage of Octavian 's daughter to his sister 's son , see the Julio - Claudian family tree . Marcus Aurelius also married his maternal first cousin Faustina the Younger , and they had 13 children . Cousin marriage was more frequent in Ancient Greece , and marriages between uncle and niece were also permitted there . One example is King Leonidas I of Sparta , who married his half - niece . A Greek woman who became epikleros , or heiress with no brothers , was obliged to marry her father 's nearest male kin if she had not yet married and given birth to a male heir . First in line would be either her father 's brothers or their sons , followed by her father 's sisters ' sons . According to Goody , cousin marriage was allowed in the newly Christian and presumably also pre-Christian Ireland , where an heiress was also obligated to marry a paternal cousin . From the seventh century , the Irish Church only recognized four degrees of prohibited kinship , and civil law fewer . This persisted until after the Norman conquests in the 11th century and the synod at Cashel in 1101 . In contrast , contemporary English law was based on official Catholic policy , and Anglo - Norman clergy often became disgusted with the Irish `` law of fornication '' . Finally , Edward Westermarck states that marriage among the ancient Teutons was apparently prohibited only in the ascending and descending lines and among siblings .
Anthony Eden
The marriage was not a success , with both parties apparently conducting affairs . By the mid-1930s his diaries seldom mention Beatrice . The marriage finally broke up under the strain of the loss of their son Simon , who was killed in action with the RAF in Burma in 1945 . His plane was reported `` missing in action '' on 23 June and found on 16 July ; Eden did not want the news to be public until after the election result on 26 July , to avoid claims of `` making political capital '' from it .
Colony of Virginia
A period of peace followed the marriage in 1614 of colonist John Rolfe to Pocahontas , the daughter of Algonquian chief Powhatan . Second
House of Burnett
James Burnett , son of Alexander Burnett of Leys and next younger brother of Sir Thomas Burnett , 1st Baronet of Leys . Upon his marriage in 1608 to Elizabeth Burnet , daughter of Thomas Burnett of Craigmyle and Tillihaikie , the grandson of William Burnett of Craigour , Campbell and Tillihaikie who fell at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 . He and his wife had sasine of the lands of Craigmyle , Pitmedden and the Mill of Craigmyle . By this marriage he became almost as considerable a laird as his brother Sir Thomas . He was known as a peacemaker and negotiator in his time . The cadet line of Craigmyle died out in the male line after 1750 .
Cousin marriage
In - marriage was less frequent in the late pre-Islamic Hijaz than in ancient Egypt . It existed in Medina during Muhammad 's time , but at less than today 's rates . In Egypt , estimates from the late 19th and early 20th centuries state variously that either 80 % of fellahin married first cousins or two - thirds married them if they existed . One source from the 1830s states that cousin marriage was less common in Cairo than in other areas . In traditional Syria - Palestina , if a girl had no paternal male cousin ( father 's brother 's son ) or he renounced his right to her , the next in line was traditionally the maternal male cousin ( mother 's brother 's son ) and then other relatives . Raphael Patai , however , reported that this custom loosened in the years preceding his 1947 study . In ancient Persia , the Achaemenid kings habitually married their cousins and nieces , while between the 1940s and 1970s , the percentage of Iranian cousin marriages increased from 34 to 44 % . Cousin marriage among native Middle Eastern Jews is generally far higher than among the European Ashkenazim , who assimilated European marital practices after the diaspora .
Cousin marriage
Cousin marriage rates from most African nations outside the Middle East are unknown . An estimated 35 -- 50 % of all sub-Saharan African populations either prefer or accept cousin marriages . In Nigeria , the most populous country of Africa , the three largest tribes in order of size are the Hausa , Yoruba , and Igbo . The Hausa are overwhelmingly Muslim , though followers of traditional religions do exist . Muslim Hausa practice cousin marriage preferentially , and polygyny is allowed if the husband can support multiple wives . The book Baba of Karo presents one prominent portrayal of Hausa life : according to its English coauthor , it is unknown for Hausa women to be unmarried for any great length of time after around the age of 14 . Divorce can be accomplished easily by either the male or the female , but females must then remarry . Even for a man , lacking a spouse is looked down upon . Baba of Karo 's first of four marriages was to her second cousin . She recounts in the book that her good friend married the friend 's first cross cousin .
Jane Eyre
Back at Thornfield , Jane broods over Mr. Rochester 's rumoured impending marriage to the beautiful and talented , but snobbish and heartless , Blanche Ingram . However , one midsummer evening , Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married , but how she will soon forget him . The normally self - controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him . Rochester is then sure that Jane is sincerely in love with him , and he proposes marriage . Jane is at first sceptical of his sincerity , but eventually believes him and gladly agrees to marry him . She then writes to her Uncle John , telling him of her happy news .
Cousin marriage
Protestant churches generally allow cousin marriage , in keeping with criticism of the Catholic system of dispensations by Martin Luther and John Calvin during the Reformation . This includes most of the major US denominations , such as Baptist , Pentecostal , Lutheran , Presbyterian , and Methodist . The Anglican Communion has also allowed cousin marriage since its inception during the rule of King Henry VIII . According to Luther and Calvin , the Catholic bans on cousin marriage were an expression of Church rather than divine law and needed to be abolished . Protestants during the Reformation struggled to interpret the Biblical proscriptions against incest in a sensible manner , a task frustrated by facts like their omission of the daughter ( but inclusion of the granddaughter ) as a directly prohibited relation . John Calvin thought of the Biblical list only as illustrative and that any relationship of the same or smaller degree as any listed , namely the third degree by the civil - law method , should therefore be prohibited . The Archbishop of Canterbury reached the same conclusion soon after . But in contrast to both Protestantism and Catholicism , the Eastern Orthodox Church prohibits up to second cousins from marrying . The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia refers to a theory by the Anglican bishop of Bath and Wells speculating that Mary and Joseph , the mother of Jesus and her husband , were first cousins . Jack Goody describes this theory as a `` legend '' .
John Lennon
Cynthia attributed the start of the marriage breakdown to Lennon 's use of LSD , and as a result , she felt that he slowly lost interest in her . When the group travelled by train to Bangor , Wales in 1967 for the Maharishi Yogi 's Transcendental Meditation seminar , a policeman did not recognise her and stopped her from boarding . She later recalled how the incident seemed to symbolise the end of their marriage . After Cynthia arrived home at Kenwood , she found Lennon with Ono and left the house to stay with friends . Alexis Mardas later claimed to have slept with her that night , and a few weeks later he informed her that Lennon was seeking a divorce and custody of Julian on grounds of her adultery with him . After negotiations , Lennon capitulated and agreed to let her divorce him on the same grounds . The case was settled out of court in November 1968 , with Lennon giving her £ 100,000 ( $240,000 in US dollars at the time ) , a small annual payment and custody of Julian .
Akbar
His second wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Mughal . The marriage took place in 1557 during the siege of Mankot . Bairam Khan did not approve of this marriage , for Abdullah 's sister was married to Akbar 's uncle , Prince Kamran Mirza , and so he regarded Abdullah as a partizan of Kamran . He apposed the match until Nasir - al - mulk made him understand that opposition in such matters was unacceptable . Nasir - al - mulk arranged an assembledge of pleasure and banquet of joy , and a royal feast was provided .
Apollo
Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified ; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father , whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage . They invade his temple , and he says that the matter should be brought before Athena . Apollo promises to protect Orestes , as Orestes has become Apollo 's supplicant . Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial , and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo .
Medieval household
The households of medieval peasant families were naturally smaller than those of the aristocracy , and as such resembled modern households more . The patterns of marriage fluctuated greatly over the course of the Middle Ages . Even though most of the available evidence concerns the higher classes , and the source material for southern Europe is richer than for the rest , it is still possible to make some rough generalisations . It seems clear that the average age of marriage during the Early Middle Ages was comparatively high , in the early twenties , and quite equal for men and women . The reason for this can be found in traditions brought forward from the Germanic tribes , but equally in the fact that habitation was confined to small areas , a factor that enforced restrictions on population growth .
Jumping the broom
A 1774 usage in the Westminster Magazine also describes an elopement . A man who had taken his under - age bride off to France discovered it was as hard to arrange a legal marriage there as in England , but declined a suggestion that a French sexton might simply read the marriage service through before the couple as `` He had no inclination for a Broomstick - marriage '' . In 1789 the rumoured clandestine marriage between the Prince Regent and Maria Fitzherbert is similarly referred to in a satirical song in The Times : `` Their way to consummation was by hopping o'er a broom , sir '' .
Akbar
His ninth wife was Qasima Banu Begum , the daughter of Arab Shah . The marriage took place in 1575 . A great feast was given , and the high officers , and other pillars of the state were present . In 1577 , the Rajah of Dungarpur State petitioned a request that his daughter might be married to Akbar . Akbar had regard to his loyalty and granted his request . Rai Loukaran and Rajah Birbar , servants of the Rajah were sent from Dihalpur to do the honour of conveying his daughter . The two delivered the lady at Akbar 's court where the marriage took place on 12 July 1577 .
Godparent
By the 5th century , male sponsors were referred to as `` spiritual fathers '' , and by the end of the 6th century , they were being noted to as `` compaters '' and `` commaters '' , suggesting that these were being seen as spiritual co-parents . This pattern was marked by the creation of legal barriers to marriage that paralleled those for other forms of kin . A decree of Justinian , dated to 530 , outlawed marriage between a godfather and his goddaughter , and these barriers continued to multiply until the 11th century , forbidding marriage between natural and spiritual parents , or those directly related to them . As confirmation emerged as a separate rite from baptism from the 8th century , a second set of sponsors , with similar prohibitions , also emerged . The exact extent of these spiritual relationships as a bar to marriage in Catholicism was unclear until the Council of Trent , which limited it to relationships between the godparents , the child , and the parents . During
History of Arkansas
During the frontier period in Arkansas , women were viewed as uncritical and were generally kept indoors . Southern churches often linked the definitions of slavery and marriage in the Bible , thus Southerners viewed an attack on slavery as an attack on families . Historiographers have indicated that men and women understood one another 's roles , even though this did not fit with classical Southern republicanism of the day . Churches managed to link slavery and marriage so inextricably that poor yeoman farmers supported slavery as they viewed northern abolitionists were attacking families in addition to the institution of slavery . Pastors were heavily influenced toward this message by planters with a vested interest in the survival of slavery .
Akbar
However , Akbar 's policy of matrimonial alliances marked a departure in India from previous practice in that the marriage itself marked the beginning of a new order of relations , wherein the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated on par with his Muslim fathers - in - law and brothers in - law in all respects except being able to dine and pray with him or take Muslim wives . These Rajputs were made members of his court and their daughters ' or sisters ' marriage to a Muslim ceased to be a sign of degradation , except for certain proud elements who still considered it a sign of humiliation . Birth
Bindi (decoration)
In addition to the bindi , in India , a vermilion mark in the parting of the hair just above the forehead is worn by married women as commitment to long - life and well - being of their husbands . During all Hindu marriage ceremonies , the groom applies sindoor in the part in the bride 's hair .
Cersei Lannister
In the story , Cersei Lannister , Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , is the wife of King Robert Baratheon . Her father arranged the marriage after his attempt to betroth her to Prince Rhaegar Targaryen , as she wanted , failed . The Targaryen dynasty lost the war , and her father schemed his way into the role of a political counselor for the newly crowned King Robert . The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros and helped him to win the Throne , which is why Robert agreed to a marriage between them . Cersei has a twin brother , Jaime , with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair . All three of Cersei 's children are Jaime 's . Cersei 's main character attribute is her desire for power and her ambition .
History of Mexico
Part of Juarez 's reforms included fully secularizing the country . The Catholic Church was barred from owning property aside from houses of worship and monasteries , and education and marriage were put in the hands of the state .
Cousin marriage
The Yoruba people are 50 % Muslim , 40 % Christian , and 10 % adherent of their own indigenous religious traditions . A 1974 study analyzed Yoruba marriages in the town Oka Akoko , finding that among a sample of highly polygynous marriages having an average of about three wives , 51 % of all pairings were consanguineous . These included not only cousin marriages , but also uncle - niece unions . Reportedly , it is a custom that in such marriages at least one spouse must be a relative , and generally such spouses were the preferred or favorite wives in the marriage and gave birth to more children . However , this was not a general study of Yoruba , but only of highly polygynous Yoruba residing in Oka Akoko . Finally , the Igbo people of southern Nigeria specifically prohibit both parallel - and cross-cousin marriage , though polygyny is common . Men are forbidden to marry within their own patrilineage or those of their mother or father 's mother and must marry outside their own village . Igbo are almost entirely Christian , having converted heavily under colonialism .