vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian dress strictly follows the principles of hijab ( the Islamic principle of modesty , especially in dress ) . The predominantly loose and flowing , but covering , garments are suited to Saudi Arabia 's desert climate . Traditionally , men usually wear a white ankle length garment woven from wool or cotton ( known as a thawb ) , with a keffiyeh ( a large checkered square of cotton held in place by an agal ) or a ghutra ( a plain white square made of finer cotton , also held in place by an agal ) worn on the head . For rare chilly days , Saudi men wear a camel - hair cloak ( bisht ) over the top . In public women are required to wear a black abaya or other black clothing that covers everything under the neck with the exception of their hands and feet , although most women cover their head in respect for their religion . This requirement applies to non-Muslim women too and failure to abide can result in police action , particularly in more conservative areas of the country . Women 's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs , coins , sequins , metallic thread , and appliques .
List of My Little Pony (1986) characters
Bubbles Female Earth Pony Yellow Blue Four blue and five green bubbles Rescue from Midnight Castle N / A Bubbles is a shy pony who loves to play in the muddy field and roll about covering herself in goo . But bath time is also a favorite time as she chases bubbles on the wind . In Rescue from Midnight Castle , she was one of four ponies to be corrupted by Tirek 's Rainbow of Darkness in order to pull his chariot . She was reverted to normal after Tirek was destroyed . Cotton Candy / Baby Cotton Candy Female Earth Pony Light Pink Pink Forty white spots ( Cotton Candy ) / Nine white dots ( Baby Cotton Candy ) Rescue From Midnight Castle ( Original Release ) Escape From Catrina ( Baby Cotton Candy 's debut ) Laura Dean ( Cotton Candy ) Katie Leigh ( As Baby Cotton Candy ) Cotton Candy is a sweet - lover , who loves sweet things : sweet nectar from the flowers , sweet honey from the bees , and sweet grass from the valley . However , she is also a bit lazy and tries to find her treats a little too close to home . Blossom 's flower garden is always a tempting place to grab a snack . In Rescue from Midnight Castle , she was one of four ponies to be corrupted by Tirek 's Rainbow of Darkness in order to pull his chariot . She was reverted to normal after Tirek was destroyed . Her daughter is Baby Cotton Candy who is very playful . She was again re-released as part of the Generation 3 line , with a significantly altered appearance . Ember Female Earth Pony Lilac ( Ember 's Dream ) / Pink Blue Lavender ( other versions ) Violet ( Ember 's Dream ) / Purple Blue Pink ( other versions ) White Star ( `` Ember 's Dream '' Listen n ' Fun set version ) / None ( other versions ) 1984 Rescue from Midnight Castle Lynne Lipton Ember is the very first baby earth pony to be made and be available via mail order . She then appeared again in the first My Little Pony special `` Rescue from Midnight Castle '' . In the special , she is the only pony to have no cutie mark of her own .
Cotton-Eyed Joe
`` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' has inspired both a partner dance and more than one line dance that is often danced at country dance venues in the U.S. and around the world . The 1980 film Urban Cowboy sparked a renewed interest in the dance . In 1985 , The Moody Brothers ' version of the song received a Grammy Award nomination for `` Best Country Instrumental Performance '' . Irish group The Chieftains received a Grammy nomination for `` Best Country Vocal Collaboration '' for their version of the song with lead vocals by Ricky Skaggs on their 1992 album , Another Country . In 1994 , a version of the song recorded by the Swedish band Rednex as `` Cotton Eye Joe '' became popular worldwide .
History of rail transport in the United States
In the South , most railroads in 1860 were local affairs connecting cotton regions with the nearest waterway . Most transport was by boat , not rail , and after the Union blockaded the ports in 1861 and seized the key rivers in 1862 , long - distance travel was difficult . The outbreak of war had a depressing effect on the economic fortunes of the railroad companies , for the hoarding of the cotton crop in an attempt to force European intervention left railroads bereft of their main source of income . Many had to lay off employees , and in particular , let go skilled technicians and engineers . For the early years of the war , the Confederate government had a hands - off approach to the railroads . Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate an overall policy , and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort . With the legislation of impressment the same year , railroads and their rolling stock came under the de facto control of the Confederate military .
Chola dynasty
One of the main articles which were exported to foreign countries were cotton cloth . Uraiyur , the capital of the early Chola rulers , was a famous centre for cotton textiles which were praised by Tamil poets . The Chola rulers actively encouraged the weaving industry and derived revenue from it . During this period the weavers started to organise themselves into guilds . The weavers had their own residential sector in all towns . The most important weaving communities in early medieval times were the Saliyar and Kaikolar . During the Chola period silk weaving attained a high degree and Kanchipuram became one of the main centres for silk .
PGA European Tour
The European Tour 's Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year award is named after the English three - time Open Champion Sir Henry Cotton . The winner is now selected by a panel comprising the PGA European Tour , The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and the Association of Golf Writers . It is usually given to the rookie who places highest on the Order of Merit , but this is not always the case . The award predates the founding of the formal tour in 1972 . There have been five years when no award was made .
Dental anesthesia
Pressure with a cotton swab in the area to distract the nerve sensation of pain when the needle enters certain areas such as palatal tissue .
Great Depression in the United States
Crop failures beginning in 1921 began to impact this poorly regulated system , the expansion areas of corn and cotton suffered the largest due to the dust bowl era resulting in real estate value reductions . In addition , the year 1921 was the peak for banking expansion with roughly 31,000 banks in activity , however , with the failures at the agricultural level 505 banks would close between 1921 - 1930 marking the largest banking system failure on record . Regulatory questions began to hit the debating table around banking qualifications as a result ; discussions would continue into the ( Great Depression ) as not only were banks failing but some would disappear altogether with no rhyme or reason . The panic of financial crisis would increase in the Great Depression due to the lack of confidence in the regulatory and recovery displayed during the 1920s , this ultimately drove a nation of doubts , uneasiness , and lack of consumer confidence in the banking system .
Hyperinflation
Since hyperinflation is visible as a monetary effect , models of hyperinflation center on the demand for money . Economists see both a rapid increase in the money supply and an increase in the velocity of money if the ( monetary ) inflating is not stopped . Either one , or both of these together are the root causes of inflation and hyperinflation . A dramatic increase in the velocity of money as the cause of hyperinflation is central to the `` crisis of confidence '' model of hyperinflation , where the risk premium that sellers demand for the paper currency over the nominal value grows rapidly . The second theory is that there is first a radical increase in the amount of circulating medium , which can be called the `` monetary model '' of hyperinflation . In either model , the second effect then follows from the first -- either too little confidence forcing an increase in the money supply , or too much money destroying confidence .
Seventh-inning stretch
The Texas Rangers initially played only `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' during the 7th inning stretch . When the team moved to their new facility in 1994 , The Ballpark in Arlington ( now The Globe Life Park in Arlington ) , `` Take Me Out To The Ballgame '' was added to 7th inning stretch , followed by `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' . Somewhat unusual for a 7th inning stretch song , the version of `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' played is an instrumental , by Al Dean from the album `` Plays For Urban Cowboys '' . Rather than singing along , the crowd claps along and stomps their feet to the tune .
Demand curve
However , with Veblen goods , such as status symbols , the utility value of the good is largely the price and demand is higher at higher prices and the demand curve may curve upwards . With a Giffen good the price is taken by the market as a signal of quality , irrespective of the true nature of the product , and hence demand may be very low when priced low and increase at higher price points .
Aggregate demand
John Maynard Keynes in The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money argued during the Great Depression that the loss of output by the private sector as a result of a systemic shock ( the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ) ought to be filled by government spending . First , he argued that with a lower ' effective aggregate demand ' , or the total amount of spending in the economy ( lowered in the Crash ) , the private sector could subsist on a permanently reduced level of activity and involuntary unemployment , unless there were active intervention . Business lost access to capital , so it had dismissed workers . This meant workers had less to spend as consumers , consumers bought less from business , which because of additionally reduced demand , had found the need to dismiss workers . The downward spiral could only be halted and rectified by external action . Second , people with higher incomes have a lower marginal propensity to consume their incomes . People with lower incomes are inclined to spend their earnings immediately to buy housing , food , transport and so forth , while people with much higher incomes can not consume everything . They save instead , which means that the velocity of money , meaning the circulation of income through different hands in the economy , is decreased . This lowered the rate of growth . Spending should therefore target public works programmes on a large enough scale to speed up growth to its previous levels .
Cotton-Eyed Joe
One version of a dance called `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' can be found in the 1975 edition of Encyclopedia of Social Dance . This version has the men on the inside of a circle facing out , and the women on the outside facing in . The dance consists of eight kick steps , side , close left together , right together , and a series of struts .
Gold standard
The US had a gold stock of 1.9 million ounces ( 59 t ) in 1862 . Stocks rose to 2.6 million ounces ( 81 t ) in 1866 , declined in 1875 to 1.6 million ounces ( 50 t ) and rose to 2.5 million ounces ( 78 t ) in 1878 . Net exports did not mirror that pattern . In the decade before the Civil War net exports were roughly constant ; postwar they varied erratically around pre-war levels , but fell significantly in 1877 and became negative in 1878 and 1879 . The net import of gold meant that the foreign demand for American currency to purchase goods , services , and investments exceeded the corresponding American demands for foreign currencies . In the final years of the greenback period ( 1862 -- 1879 ) , gold production increased while gold exports decreased . The decrease in gold exports was considered by some to be a result of changing monetary conditions . The demands for gold during this period were as a speculative vehicle , and for its primary use in the foreign exchange markets financing international trade . The major effect of the increase in gold demand by the public and Treasury was to reduce exports of gold and increase the Greenback price of gold relative to purchasing power .
Smocking
Smocking requires lightweight fabric with a stable weave that gathers well . Cotton and silk are typical fiber choices , often in lawn or voile . Smocking is worked on a crewel embroidery needle in cotton or silk thread and normally requires three times the width of initial material as the finished item will have . Historically , smocking was also worked in piqué , crepe de Chine , and cashmere . According to Good Housekeeping : The Illustrated Book of Needlecrafts , `` Any type of fabric can be smocked if it is supple enough to be gathered . ''
Demographics of Mexico
The national net migration rate in Mexico is negative , estimated at - 4.32 migrant per 1,000 population . The great majority of Mexican emigrants have moved to the United States of America . This migration phenomenon is not new , but it has been a defining feature in the relationship of both countries for most of the twentieth century . Since World Wars I and II , the United States government approved the recruitment of Mexican workers in their territory , and tolerated unauthorized migration to obtain additional farm and industrial workers to fill the necessary spots vacated by the population in war , and to supply the increase in the demand for labor . Nonetheless , the United States unilaterally ended the program as a result of activities of civil rights groups . In spite of that , emigration of Mexicans continued throughout the rest of the century at varying degrees . It grew significantly during the 1990s and has continued to do so in the first years of the 2000s . In fact , it has been estimated that 37 % of all Mexican immigrants to the United States in the 20th century arrived during the 1990s . In 2000 approximately 20 million American residents identified themselves as either Mexican , Mexican - Americans or of Mexican origin , making it the sixth most cited ancestry of all US residents .
Cotton-Eyed Joe
Cotton - Eyed Joe A 1939 recording of the folk song Problems playing this file ? See media help .
Panic of 1893
Established in 1891 as a result of the Populist movement , the People 's Party reached its zenith in the 1892 presidential election , when its ticket , composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field , won 8.5 % of the popular vote and carried five states ( Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Nevada and North Dakota ) , and the 1894 House of Representatives elections , when it won nine seats . Built on a coalition of poor , white cotton farmers in the South ( especially North Carolina , Alabama and Texas ) and hard - pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states ( especially Kansas and Nebraska ) , the Populists represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to elites , cities , banks , railroads , and gold .
History of immigration to the United States
In 1954 , Operation Wetback forced the return of thousands of illegal immigrants to Mexico . Between 1944 and 1954 , `` the decade of the wetback , '' the number of illegal immigrants coming from Mexico increased by 6,000 percent . It is estimated that before Operation Wetback got under way , more than a million workers had crossed the Rio Grande illegally . Cheap labor displaced native agricultural workers , and increased violation of labor laws and discrimination encouraged criminality , disease , and illiteracy . According to a study conducted in 1950 by the President 's Commission on Migratory Labor in Texas , the Rio Grande Valley cotton growers were paying approximately half of the wages paid elsewhere in Texas . The United States Border Patrol aided by municipal , county , state , federal authorities , and the military , began a quasi-military operation of the search and seizure of all illegal immigrants . Fanning out from the lower Rio Grande Valley , Operation Wetback moved Northward . Initially , illegal immigrants were repatriated through Presidio because the Mexican city across the border , Ojinaga , had rail connections to the interior of Mexico by which workers could be quickly moved on to Durango . The forces used by the government were relatively small , perhaps no more than 700 men , but were augmented by border patrol officials who hoped to scare illegal workers into fleeing back to Mexico . Ships became a preferred mode of transport because they carried illegal workers farther from the border than buses , trucks , or trains . It is difficult to estimate the number of illegal immigrants that left due to the operation -- most voluntarily . The INS claimed as many as 1,300,000 , though the number officially apprehended did not come anywhere near this total . The program was ultimately abandoned due to questions surrounding the ethics of its implementation . Citizens of Mexican descent complained of police stopping all `` Mexican looking '' people and utilizing extreme `` police - state '' methods including deportation of American - born children who were citizens by law .
Christmas decoration
A clear glass tube is heated over an open flame . It is then inserted into a mold . The glassblower then blows into the end of the tube . The glass expands to fill the mold . The glass takes on the shape of the mold . It is cooled . A silver nitrate solution is swirled about inside the ornament . This gives the ornament a silver glow . The outside of the ornament is painted or decorated with metal trims , paper clippings , etc . Cotton
IS–LM model
1 ) Transactions demand for money : this includes both ( a ) the willingness to hold cash for everyday transactions and ( b ) a precautionary measure ( money demand in case of emergencies ) . Transactions demand is positively related to real GDP ( represented by Y , and also referred to as income ) . This is simply explained -- as GDP increases , so does spending and therefore transactions . As GDP is considered exogenous to the liquidity preference function , changes in GDP shift the curve . For example , an increase in GDP will increase transactions which will increase the demand for money for given interest rates , and cause the Liquidity preference curve to shift to the right . 2 ) Speculative demand for money : this is the willingness to hold cash instead of securities as an asset for investment purposes . Speculative demand is inversely related to the interest rate . As the interest rate rises , the opportunity cost of holding cash increases -- the incentive will be to move into securities .
Hyperinflation
Whatever the cause , hyperinflation involves both the supply and velocity of money . Which comes first is a matter of debate , and there may be no universal story that applies to all cases . But once the hyperinflation is established , the pattern of increasing the money stock , by whichever agencies are allowed to do so , is universal . Because this practice increases the supply of currency without any matching increase in demand for it , the price of the currency , that is the exchange rate , naturally falls relative to other currencies . Inflation becomes hyperinflation when the increase in money supply turns specific areas of pricing power into a general frenzy of spending quickly before money becomes worthless . The purchasing power of the currency drops so rapidly that holding cash for even a day is an unacceptable loss of purchasing power . As a result , no one holds currency , which increases the velocity of money , and worsens the crisis .
History of the United States (1945–64)
The period from 1946 to 1960 also witnessed a significant increase in the paid leisure time of working people . The forty - hour workweek established by the Fair Labor Standards Act in covered industries became the actual schedule in most workplaces by 1960 , while uncovered workers such as farmworkers and the self - employed worked fewer hours than they had done previously , although they still worked much longer hours than most other workers . Paid vacations also came to be enjoyed by the vast majority of workers , with 91 % of blue - collar workers covered by major collective bargaining agreements receiving paid vacations by 1957 ( usually to a maximum of three weeks ) , while by the early Sixties virtually all industries paid for holidays and most did so for seven days a year . Industries catering to leisure activities blossomed as a result of most Americans enjoying significant paid leisure time by 1960 , while many blue - collar and white - collar workers had come to expect to hold on to their jobs for life . Educational outlays were also greater than in other countries while a higher proportion of young people were graduating from high schools and universities than elsewhere in the world , as hundreds of new colleges and universities opened every year . Tuition was kept low -- it was free at California state universities . At the advanced level American science , engineering and medicine was world - famous . By the mid-Sixties , the majority of American workers enjoyed the highest wage levels in the world , and by the late Sixties , the great majority of Americans were richer than people in other countries , except Sweden , Switzerland , and Canada . Educational outlays were also greater than in other countries while a higher proportion of young people was at school and college than elsewhere in the world . As noted by the historian John Vaizey :
Official bilingualism in Canada
The phrase , `` where numbers ... warrant '' is not defined in Section 23 . Education is under provincial jurisdiction , which means that it has not been possible for Parliament to enact a single nationwide definition of the term , as the 1988 Official Languages Act did for the constitutional obligation to provide federal services where `` there is a sufficient demand . '' As a result , disputes over the extent of the right to a publicly funded minority - language education have been the source of much litigation .
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a play by Tennessee Williams . One of Williams 's more famous works and his personal favorite , the play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1955 . Set in the `` plantation home in the Mississippi Delta '' of Big Daddy Pollitt , a wealthy cotton tycoon , the play examines the relationships among members of Big Daddy 's family , primarily between his son Brick and Maggie the `` Cat '' , Brick 's wife .
Great Migration (African American)
The Great Migration drained off much of the rural black population of the South , and for a time , froze or reduced African - American population growth in parts of the region . In a number of states , there were decades of black population decline , especially across the Deep South `` black belt '' where cotton had been king . The migration changed the demographics of the South . In 1910 , African Americans constituted the majority of the population of South Carolina and Mississippi , and more than 40 percent in Georgia , Alabama , Louisiana and Texas ; by 1970 , only in Mississippi did the African - American population constitute more than 30 percent of the state 's total . `` The disappearance of the ' black belt ' was one of the striking effects '' of the Great Migration , James Gregory wrote .