vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cherry blossom
In India , the cherry blossom is an attraction as well , most notably in Himalayan states like Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Jammu & Kashmir , Sikkim & northern districts of West Bengal of Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling . Temple towns like Kalpa , Sarahan , Chitkul , Sangla and Narkanda are notable for their wild cherry blossom during spring covering Himalayan foothills . They can also be seen in various British - era botanical gardens especially in Nilgiri Hills , Garo Hills , Khasi Hills as well as in some hill stations in the Western Ghats .
American Revolutionary War
On May 25 , 1780 , the British launched an expedition into Kentucky as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast . The expedition met with only limited success , though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured . The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August which met with some success , but it did little to abate the Indian raids on the frontier . French militia attempted to capture Detroit , but it ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5 . The war in the west had become a stalemate ; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the hostile Indian tribes and occupy their land .
Osage Nation
The tribe auctioned off development rights of their mineral assets for millions of dollars . According to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , in 1924 the total revenue of the Osage from the mineral leases was $24,670,483 . After the tribe auctioned mineral leases and more land was explored , the oil business on the Osage reservation boomed . Tens of thousands of oil workers arrived , more than 30 boom towns sprang up and , nearly overnight , Osage headright holders became the `` richest people in the world . '' When royalties peaked in 1925 , annual headright earnings were $13,000 . A family of four who were all on the allotment roll earned $52,800 , comparable to approximately $600,000 in today 's economy .
Cold War
After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . The
Law of Malaysia
Prior to the independence in 1957 , most of the laws of United Kingdom were imported and either made into local legislation or simply applied as case laws . Malaysian law is also based on other jurisdictions namely Australia and India . The criminal law in Malaysia -- the Criminal Procedure Code -- was based on the Indian criminal code . Similarly , the Contracts Act is based on the Indian model . Malaysian land law is based on the Australian Torrens system .
Cherry blossom
`` Hanami '' is the centuries - old practice of picnicking under a blooming sakura or ume tree . The custom is said to have started during the Nara period ( 710 -- 794 ) , when it was ume blossoms that people admired in the beginning , but by the Heian period ( 794 -- 1185 ) cherry blossoms came to attract more attention , and hanami was synonymous with sakura . From then on , in both waka and haiku , `` flowers '' ( 花 , hana ) meant `` cherry blossoms '' . The custom was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court , but soon spread to samurai society and , by the Edo period , to the common people as well . Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this . Under the sakura trees , people had lunch and drank sake in cheerful feasts . Woodblock
Postage stamps and postal history of India
The stamps issued in 1937 depicted various forms of mail transports , with King George VI 's effigy appearing on the higher values . A new issue in 1941 , constrained by the austerity of World War II , consisted of rather plain designs using minimal amounts of ink and paper . As Indian Post Offices annually required some billions of stamps for postage , as a measure of economy the large pictorial stamps were immediately withdrawn and smaller stamps were issued . Even this did not ease the paper situation and it was thought desirable to reduce the size even more .
United States Declaration of Independence
The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time .
Texas Declaration of Independence
The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution . It was adopted at the Convention of 1836 at Washington - on - the - Brazos on March 2 , 1836 , and formally signed the next day after mistakes were noted in the text .
King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
After the war , all the units created during the war were disbanded ; also , following Indian independence , there was no longer a need to maintain such a large overseas garrison and thus the 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1948 . The regiment received the freedom of Lancaster in 1953 , before being amalgamated with the Border Regiment into the King 's Own Royal Border Regiment on 31 October 1959 . In 1953 and 1954 , the 1st Battalion of the regiment was stationed in South Korea following the Korean War .
Victoria Cross
Indian troops were not originally eligible for the Victoria Cross since they had been eligible for the Indian Order of Merit since 1837 which was the oldest British gallantry award for general issue . When the Victoria Cross was created , Indian troops were still controlled by the Honourable East India Company and did not come under Crown control until 1860 . European officers and men serving with the Honourable East India Company were not eligible for the Indian Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross was extended to cover them in October 1857 . It was only at the end of the 19th century that calls for Indian troops to be awarded the Victoria Cross intensified . Indian troops became eligible for the award in 1911 . The first awards to Indian troops appeared in the London Gazette on 7 December 1914 to Darwan Sing Negi and Khudadad Khan . Negi was presented with the Victoria Cross by King George V during a visit to troops in France . The presentation occurred on 5 December 1914 and he is one of a very few soldiers presented with his award before it appeared in the London Gazette .
Cherry blossom
During World War II , the cherry blossom was used to motivate the Japanese people , to stoke nationalism and militarism among the populace . Even prior to the war , they were used in propaganda to inspire `` Japanese spirit '' , as in the `` Song of Young Japan '' , exulting in `` warriors '' who were `` ready like the myriad cherry blossoms to scatter '' . In 1932 , Akiko Yosano 's poetry urged Japanese soldiers to endure sufferings in China and compared the dead soldiers to cherry blossoms . Arguments that the plans for the Battle of Leyte Gulf , involving all Japanese ships , would expose Japan to serious danger if they failed , were countered with the plea that the Navy be permitted to `` bloom as flowers of death '' . The last message of the forces on Peleliu was `` Sakura , Sakura '' -- cherry blossoms . Japanese pilots would paint them on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission , or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions . A cherry blossom painted on the side of the bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life ; in this way , the aesthetic association was altered such that falling cherry petals came to represent the sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor . The first kamikaze unit had a subunit called Yamazakura or wild cherry blossom . The government even encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms .
Modern history
When the Central Junta fell to the French , numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas , eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south , to Mexico in the north . After the death of the king Ferdinand VII , in 1833 , only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Unlike the Spanish , the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America . The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador ( later relocated to Rio de Janeiro ) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822 , becoming the Empire of Brazil . See
United States Declaration of Independence
It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
Although the Indian Post Office was established in 1837 , Asia 's first adhesive stamp , the Scinde Dawk , was introduced in 1852 by Sir Bartle Frere , the British East India Company 's administrator of the province of Sind . The Indian postal system developed into an extensive , dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of India , Burma , the Straits Settlements and other areas controlled by the British East India Company ( EIC ) . Based on the model postal system introduced in England by the reformer , Rowland Hill , efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial , military and administrative functioning of the EIC and its successor , the British Raj . The Imperial Posts co-existed with the several postal systems maintained by various Indian states , some of which produced stamps for use within their respective dominions , while British Indian postage stamps were required for sending mail beyond the boundaries of these states . Telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the Posts before becoming separate departments . After the Independence of India in 1947 , the Indian postal service continues to function on a countrywide basis and provides many valuable , low cost services to the public of India .
History of Texas
Spanish troops reacted harshly , looting the province and executing any Tejanos accused of having Republican tendencies . By 1820 fewer than 2000 Hispanic citizens remained in Texas . The situation did not normalize until 1821 , when Agustin de Iturbide launched a drive for Mexican Independence . Texas became a part of the newly independent nation without a shot being fired , ending the period of Spanish Texas .
History of Puerto Rico
The Jones Act was made to replace the Foraker Act , which allowed for the free entry of Puerto Rican goods into the U.S. market . The Jones Act was approved by the U.S. Congress on December 5 , 1916 , and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2 , 1917 . Although it extended citizenship to Puerto Ricans , it was n't always welcomed . The Partido Union had opposed extension of U.S. citizenship in 1912 if it did n't make Puerto Rico a state . If they did n't become a state , U.S. citizenship would be interpreted as an attempt to block independence of the Puerto Ricans . For them , the promise of citizenship did n't affirm the promise of statehood , it excluded any considerations of independence .
United States Declaration of Independence
The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . ''
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Soviet Union supported Bangladesh and Indian armies , as well as the Mukti Bahini during the war , recognising that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals -- the United States and China . It gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed , the USSR would take countermeasures . This was enshrined in the Indo - Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971 . The Soviets also sent a nuclear submarine to ward off the threat posed by USS Enterprise in the Indian Ocean .
Pony Express
The Paiute War was a minor series of raids and ambushes initiated by the Paiute Indian tribe in Nevada , which resulted in the disruption of mail services of the Pony Express . It took place from May through June 1860 , though sporadic violence continued for a period afterward . In the brief history that the Pony Express operated only once did the mail not go through . After completing eight weekly trips from both Sacramento and Saint Joseph , the Pony Express was forced to suspend mail services because of the outbreak of the Paiute Indian War in May 1860 .
Cherry blossom
The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima ( 1914 -- 2000 ) , a world - renowned designer of Japanese gardens at the time . The first stage was opened in 1979 , and a second stage in 1986 . The gardens were designed in the style of the Edo period and are a kaiyū - shiki or strolling garden . They are designed to show all of the landscape types of Japan . At five hectares ( 12 acres ) , the Cowra Japanese Garden is the largest Japanese garden in the Southern Hemisphere . An annual cherry blossom festival during September is now a major event in Cowra 's tourism calendar .
Texas annexation
When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821 , the United States did not contest the new republic 's claims to Texas , and both presidents John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) and Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) persistently sought , through official and unofficial channels , to procure all or portions of provincial Texas from the Mexican government , without success .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Harris Manchester College . This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion . For his services to education he was knighted by George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours , and formally invested with his honour by the Governor - General of India , the Earl of Willingdon , in April 1932 . However , he ceased to use the title after Indian independence , preferring instead his academic title of ' Doctor ' .
Ancient Greece
The Hellenistic period lasted from 323 BC , which marked the end of the wars of Alexander the Great , to the annexation of Greece by the Roman Republic in 146 BC . Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture , which remained essentially unchanged until the advent of Christianity , it did mark the end of Greek political independence .
Independence Day (India)
Kashmiris throughout the Kashmir Valley have observed India 's independence day as a ' black day ' since late 1980 's . General strike and a civil curfew is organized with ceremonial burning of the Indian flag . Most shops remain closed and a reduced traffic is seen on the roads . Black flags are hoisted on buildings throughout the India - administered Kashmir . Its purpose is to send a message to the international community that India has usurped Kashmiris ' inalienable right to self - determination through the use of force .
Karnataka
The era of Kannada newspapers started in the year 1843 when Hermann Mögling , a missionary from Basel Mission , published the first Kannada newspaper called Mangalooru Samachara in Mangalore . The first Kannada periodical , Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini was started by Bhashyam Bhashyacharya in Mysore . Shortly after Indian independence in 1948 , K.N. Guruswamy founded The Printers ( Mysore ) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers , Deccan Herald and Prajavani . Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest - selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively . A vast number of weekly , biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in both Kannada and English . Udayavani , Kannadaprabha , Samyukta Karnataka , VarthaBharathi , Sanjevani , Eesanje , Hosa digantha , Karavali Ale are also some popular dailies published from Karnataka .
United States Declaration of Independence
After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The
Causes of the Great Depression
The stock market crash made it evident that banking systems Americans were relying on were not dependable . Americans looked towards insubstantial banking units for their own liquidity supply . As the economy began to fail , these banks were no longer able to support those who depended on their assets -- they did not hold as much power as the larger banks . During the depression , `` three waves of bank failures shook the economy . '' The first wave came just when the economy was heading in the direction of recovery at the end of 1930 and the beginning of 1931 . The second wave of bank failures occurred `` after the Federal Reserve System raised the rediscount rate to staunch an outflow of gold '' around the end of 1931 . The last wave , which began in the middle of 1932 , was the worst and most devastating , continuing `` almost to the point of a total breakdown of the banking system in the winter of 1932 -- 1933 . '' The reserve banks led the United States into an even deeper depression between 1931 and 1933 , due to their failure to appreciate and put to use the powers they withheld -- capable of creating money -- as well as the `` inappropriate monetary policies pursued by them during these years '' .
Samoa
After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement , the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence , effective on 1 January 1962 , upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated . Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand . Samoa , the first small - island country in the Pacific to become independent , joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970 . While independence was achieved at the beginning of January , Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day .
Lithuania
People from all over Lithuania flooded to Vilnius to defend their legitimately elected Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania and independence . The coup ended with a few casualties of peaceful civilians and caused huge material loss . Not a single person who defended Lithuanian Parliament or other state institutions used a weapon , but the Soviet Army did . Soviet soldiers killed 14 people and injured hundreds . A large part of the Lithuanian population participated in the January Events . Shortly after , on February 1991 Iceland became the first country to recognize the independence of Lithuania . On 31 July 1991 , Soviet paramilitaries killed seven Lithuanian border guards on the Belarusian border in what became known as the Medininkai Massacre . On 17 September 1991 , Lithuania was admitted to the United Nations .
War of 1812
The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers .
Causes of World War II
The Stresa Front of 1935 between Britain , France and Italy had guaranteed the independence of Austria , but after the creation of the Rome - Berlin Axis Mussolini was much less interested in upholding its independence .
Latin American wars of independence
When Mexico achieved its independence in 1821 with the Treaty of Córdoba , the Captaincy General of Guatemala that had ruled Central America became politically independent as well , without the necessity of violent struggle . Guatemala declared its own independence September 15 , 1821 , likely to prevent the Mexican Army of the Three Guarantees from `` liberating '' Guatemala and over-riding nascent local autonomy . However , Guatemala chose to the annexed to the First Mexican Empire , led by royalist - turned - insurgent military leader Agustín de Iturbide , who was proclaimed emperor of Mexico in 1822 . When Iturbide abdicated from the monarchy and Mexico took steps to be a republic , Central America claimed its independence .
War of 1812
Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable .