vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Planck's law
Though perfectly black materials do not exist , in practice a black surface can be accurately approximated . As to its material interior , a body of condensed matter , liquid , solid , or plasma , with a definite interface with its surroundings , is completely black to radiation if it is completely opaque . That means that it absorbs all of the radiation that penetrates the interface of the body with its surroundings , and enters the body . This is not too difficult to achieve in practice . On the other hand , a perfectly black interface is not found in nature . A perfectly black interface reflects no radiation , but transmits all that falls on it , from either side . The best practical way to make an effectively black interface is to simulate an ' interface ' by a small hole in the wall of a large cavity in a completely opaque rigid body of material that does not reflect perfectly at any frequency , with its walls at a controlled temperature . Beyond these requirements , the component material of the walls is unrestricted . Radiation entering the hole has almost no possibility of escaping the cavity without being absorbed by multiple impacts with its walls .
Individualism
Ethical egoism does not , however , require moral agents to harm the interests and well - being of others when making moral deliberation ; e.g. what is in an agent 's self - interest may be incidentally detrimental , beneficial , or neutral in its effect on others . Individualism allows for others ' interest and well - being to be disregarded or not , as long as what is chosen is efficacious in satisfying the self - interest of the agent . Nor does ethical egoism necessarily entail that , in pursuing self - interest , one ought always to do what one wants to do ; e.g. in the long term , the fulfilment of short - term desires may prove detrimental to the self . Fleeting pleasance , then , takes a back seat to protracted eudaemonia . In the words of James Rachels , `` Ethical egoism ( ... ) endorses selfishness , but it does n't endorse foolishness . '' Caricature
Los Angeles County, California
The county 's voters elect a governing five - member Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors . The small size of the board means each supervisor represents over 2 million people . The board operates in a legislative , executive , and quasi-judicial capacity . As a legislative authority , it can pass ordinances for the unincorporated areas ( ordinances that affect the whole county , like posting of restaurant ratings , must be ratified by the individual city ) . As an executive body , it can tell the county departments what to do , and how to do it . As a quasi-judicial body , the Board is the final venue of appeal in the local planning process , and holds public hearings on various agenda items .
Den Watts
They ambush and kidnap Den when he is being accompanied to trial on 23 February 1989 but Den escapes again and makes plans to leave the country . He contacts Michelle , requesting that they meet by a canal where they have held secret meetings in the past , so he can say goodbye to her and Vicki . Unaware that the Firm is following her , Michelle unwittingly brings them to Den and he is shot by a man who is hiding a gun in a bunch of daffodils . A splash is heard , indicating that Den has fallen into the canal . The police search for Den 's body but do n't find anything until Sharon finds Den 's signet ring for sale on a market stall in May 1990 and requests that the canal be searched again , unaware that Den was not wearing it when he was shot . This time , a body is found , and Sharon identifies it as Den . The body is buried that year .
Utilitarianism
It is usual to say that Mill is committing a number of fallacies . He is accused of committing the naturalistic fallacy , because he is trying to deduce what people ought to do from what they in fact do ; the fallacy of equivocation , because he moves from the fact that ( 1 ) something is desirable , i.e. is capable of being desired , to the claim that ( 2 ) it is desirable , i.e. that it ought to be desired ; and the fallacy of composition , because the fact that people desire their own happiness does not imply that the aggregate of all persons will desire the general happiness .
Eastern Orthodox Church
Tales of miraculous icons are not uncommon , though it has always been considered that the message of such an event was for the immediate faithful involved and therefore does not usually attract crowds . Some miraculous icons whose reputations span long periods of time nevertheless become objects of pilgrimage along with the places where they are kept . As several Orthodox theologians and saints have explored in the past , the icon 's miraculous nature is found not in the material , but in the glory of the saint who is depicted . The icon is a window , in the words of Paul Florensky , that actually participates in the glory of what it represents . Iconostasis
How to Train Your Dragon
This is the tenth book in the series . The Dragon Rebellion has begun . Snotlout is the new Chief of the Hooligan Tribe . Stoick has been banished and given the Slavemark . And Alvin the Treacherous has EIGHT of the King 's Lost Things , and has been proclaimed the new King of the Wilderwest ... But what can Hiccup do , now all alone and in exile , hunted by both humans and dragons ? Can he find the Dragon Jewel , mankind 's last and only hope ? And if he does , what will he do with it ?
Bone age
The hands of infants do not change much in the first year of life and if precise bone age assessment is desired , an x-ray of approximately half of the skeleton ( a `` hemiskeleton '' view ) may be obtained to assess some of the areas such as shoulders and pelvis which change more in infancy .
Something New (How I Met Your Mother)
Ted reveals to Lily what happened in the previous episode : he found Robin digging her old locket , and when she found the empty box , she grabbed Ted 's hand , since she interpreted it as a sign to not marry Barney . Ted left , saying that he would see her at her wedding . He realizes that after all these years , he still feels something for Robin and would do anything to make her smile . Lily admits where the locket is : before Ted almost married Stella , Lily chanced upon Robin drinking away her sorrows at Ted going ahead with his wedding . Both of them went to the park where the locket was buried and Robin found it , taking it to Ted 's apartment and putting it in a race - car pencil box which she intended to take to Japan . Ted realizes he still has that box and wants to give her the locket as a wedding gift .
Baptism
Another requirement is that the celebrant intends to perform baptism . This requirement entails merely the intention `` to do what the Church does '' , not necessarily to have Christian faith , since it is not the person baptizing , but the Holy Spirit working through the sacrament , who produces the effects of the sacrament . Doubt about the faith of the baptizer is thus no ground for doubt about the validity of the baptism .
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin . Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner : D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous . The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark , no dash , and all words are capitalized . In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting : P. Gauguin / 1897 . The painting was created in Tahiti , and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston , Massachusetts , US .
Native Son
G.H. : G.H. is another member of Bigger 's gang . He is the neutral member of the gang who will do what the gang does , but will not be too closely attached to any one member of the gang .
Ivy Dickens
With regard to her involvement in the finale , DeFer discussed her character 's involvement . `` Charlie has a great deal to do with the season finale ... but what I am allowed to say is that Charlie does mix it up with every character . ''
Where Do We Go from Here (Stacy Lattisaw song)
`` Where Do We Go from Here '' is a song performed by American contemporary R&B singer Stacy Lattisaw , issued as the second single from her ninth studio album What You Need . The song features vocals from frequent collaborator Johnny Gill . Released in 1989 , it peaked at # 1 for two weeks on the Billboard R&B chart in 1990 .
List of Watchmen characters
What Nixon does and what Dr. Manhattan does and what Veidt does -- it affects the people on the street corner but only peripherally , indirectly ... And yet , in some ways , those people on the street corner , it 's their story . They 're the people we 're concerned about .
Lead poisoning
Chelation challenge , also known as provocation testing , is used to indicate an elevated and mobilizable body burden of heavy metals including lead . This testing involves collecting urine before and after administering a one - off dose of chelating agent to mobilize heavy metals into the urine . Then urine is analyzed by a laboratory for levels of heavy metals ; from this analysis overall body burden is inferred . Chelation challenge mainly measures the burden of lead in soft tissues , though whether it accurately reflects long - term exposure or the amount of lead stored in bone remains controversial . Although the technique has been used to determine whether chelation therapy is indicated and to diagnose heavy metal exposure , some evidence does not support these uses as blood levels after chelation are not comparable to the reference range typically used to diagnose heavy metal poisoning . The single chelation dose could also redistribute the heavy metals to more sensitive areas such as central nervous system tissue .
Democracy
Democracy ( Greek : δημοκρατία dēmokratía , literally `` rule by people '' ) , in modern usage , has three senses - all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting . In a direct democracy , the citizens as a whole form a governing body , and vote directly on each issue , e.g. on the passage of a particular tax law . In a representative democracy the citizens elect representatives from among themselves . These representatives meet to form a governing body , such as a legislature . In a constitutional democracy the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy , but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority , usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights , e.g. freedom of speech , or freedom of association . `` Rule of the majority '' is sometimes referred to as democracy . Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do , but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes .
Tyrannosaurus
A study in 2012 by Karl Bates and Peter Falkingham demonstrated that Tyrannosaurus had the most powerful bite of any terrestrial animal that has ever lived . They found that an adult Tyrannosaurus could have exerted 35,000 to 57,000 N ( 7,868 to 12,814 lbf ) of force in the back teeth . Even higher estimates were made by professor Mason B. Meers of the University of Tampa in 2003 . In his study , Meers estimated a possible bite force of 183,000 to 235,000 N ( 41,140 to 52,830 lbf ) . A study in 2017 by Greg Erikson and Paul Gignac and published in the journal Scientific Reports found that Tyrannosaurus could exert bite forces of 8,526 N to 34,522 N ( 1,917 to 7,761 lbf ) and tooth pressures of 718 to 2,974 MPa ( 104,137 to 431,342 psi ) . This allowed it to crush bones during repetitive biting and fully exploit the carcasses of large dinosaurs , giving it access to the mineral salts and marrow within bone that smaller carnivores could not access . Research done by Stephan Lautenschlager et al. from the University of Bristol , reveals Tyrannosaurus was also capable of a maximum jaw gape of around 80 degrees , a necessary adaptation for a wide range of jaw angles in order to power the creature 's strong bite .
Exhalation
Yawning is considered a non-respiratory gas movement . A non-respiratory gas movement is another process that moves air in and out of the lungs that do n't include breathing . Yawning is a reflex that tends to disrupt the normal breathing rhythm and is believed to be contagious as well . The reason why we yawn is unknown , but some think we yawn as a way to regulate the body 's levels of O and CO . Studies done in a controlled environment with different levels of O and CO have disproved that hypothesis . Although there is n't a concrete explanation as to why we yawn , others think people exhale as a cooling mechanism for our brains . Studies on animals have supported this idea and it is possible humans could be linked to it as well . What is known is that yawning does ventilate all the alveoli in the lungs . Receptors
No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)
Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with only 1.3 / 5 saying that it was one boring hour of television and that the writers recycles scenes and stories from previous episodes / seasons . `` We knew from the moment Katherine inhabited Elena 's body that she would eventually be found out . What other alternative possibly existed ? So we 've been waiting and waiting and waiting for that moment for weeks and that 's exactly what tonight 's episode felt like . ''
Indigenous Australian art
Does n't matter what sort of painting we do in this country , it still belongs to the people , all the people . This is worship , work , culture . It 's all Dreaming . There are two ways of painting . Both ways are important , because that 's culture . -- source The Weekend Australian Magazine , April 2002
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Then I run down to my cabin to bring my other clothes , watch and bag but only had time to take the watch and coat when water with enormous force came into the cabin and I had to rush up to the deck again where I found my friends standing with lifebelts on and with terror painted on their faces . What should I do now , with no lifebelt and no shoes and no cap ?
Heat
Another commonly considered model is the heat pump or refrigerator . Again there are four bodies : the working body , the hot reservoir , the cold reservoir , and the work reservoir . A single cycle starts with the working body colder than the cold reservoir , and then energy is taken in as heat by the working body from the cold reservoir . Then the work reservoir does work on the working body , adding more to its internal energy , making it hotter than the hot reservoir . The hot working body passes heat to the hot reservoir , but still remains hotter than the cold reservoir . Then , by allowing it to expand without doing work on another body and without passing heat to another body , the working body is made colder than the cold reservoir . It can now accept heat transfer from the cold reservoir to start another cycle .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
Well , I certainly think we should vote ( or at least discuss ) which is why I mentioned it here instead of going ahead and doing it myself . I think , as an encyclopedia , we should be more concerned with what is accurate rather than interesting . And I think it best that we stick with our naming conventions . Which phrase is more popualr is difficult to assess . I think the fact that most adults probably do n't call them wifebeaters , and certainly the manufacturers and sellers do not , says something about what one should expect an encyclopedia to call them . I have no problem with the slang name being the primary topic of the article ( though I do n't think it should be the only one ) , but that does not mean the title has to match . - R. fiend 19 : 56 , 6 February 2006 ( UTC )
Evolution of fish
Ptyctodontida The ptyctodontids ( beak - teeth ) are an extinct monotypic order of unarmored placoderms , containing only one family . They were extant from the start to the end of the Devonian . With their big heads , big eyes , and long bodies , the ptyctodontids bore a strong resemblance to modern day chimaeras ( Holocephali ) . Their armor was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck . Like the extinct and related acanthothoracids , and the living and unrelated holocephalians , most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on shellfish . Petalichthyida The Petalichthyida was an order of small , flattened placoderms that existed from the beginning of the Devonian to the Late Devonian . They were typified by splayed fins and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armour . They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world . Because they had compressed body forms , it is supposed they were bottom - dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish . Their diet is not clear , as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouth parts . Laccognathus Laccognathus ( pitted jaw ) was a genus of amphibious lobe - finned fish that existed 398 -- 360 Ma . They were characterized by the three large pits ( fossae ) on the external surface of the lower jaw , which may have had sensory functions . Laccognathus grew to 1 -- 2 metres ( 3 -- 7 ft ) in length . They had very short dorsoventrally flattened heads , less than one - fifth the length of the body . The skeleton was structured so large areas of skin were stretched over solid plates of bone . This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers -- so dense that exchange of oxygen through the skin was unlikely . Rather , the dense ossifications served to retain water inside the body as Laccognathus traveled on land between bodies of water .
I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For
`` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Single by U2 from the album The Joshua Tree B - side `` Spanish Eyes '' `` Deep in the Heart '' Released 25 May 1987 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl CD cassette Recorded 1986 Studio Danesmoate House ( Dublin ) Genre Rock gospel Length 4 : 37 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) U2 ( music ) Bono ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Daniel Lanois Brian Eno U2 singles chronology `` With or Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1987 ) `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' ( 1987 ) `` With or Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1987 ) `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' ( 1987 ) Audio sample file help
Heat
Although heat flows spontaneously from a hotter body to a cooler one , it is possible to construct a heat pump or refrigeration system that does work to increase the difference in temperature between two systems . In contrast , a heat engine reduces an existing temperature difference to do work on another system .
Eating disorder
There is a cultural emphasis on thinness which is especially pervasive in western society . A child 's perception of external pressure to achieve the ideal body that is represented by the media predicts the child 's body image dissatisfaction , body dysmorphic disorder and an eating disorder . `` The cultural pressure on men and women to be ' perfect ' is an important predisposing factor for the development of eating disorders '' . Further , when women of all races base their evaluation of their self upon what is considered the culturally ideal body , the incidence of eating disorders increases . Eating disorders are becoming more prevalent in non-Western countries where thinness is not seen as the ideal , showing that social and cultural pressures are not the only causes of eating disorders . For example , observations of anorexia in all of the non-Western regions of the world point to the disorder not being `` culture - bound '' as once thought . However , studies on rates of bullemia suggest that it might be culturally bound . In non-Western countries , bulimia is less prevalent than anorexia , but these non-Western countries where it is observed can be said to have probably or definitely been influenced or exposed to Western culture and ideology .
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
In 1898 , Gauguin sent the painting to Georges - Daniel de Monfreid in Paris . Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier . They went on view at Vollard 's gallery from November to December 1898 . The exhibition was a success , although D'où Venons Nous ? received mixed reviews . The critic Andre Fontainas of the Mercure de France acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory impenetrable were it not for the inscription , and compared the painting unfavourably to the murals of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes who had died recently . Vollard had already purchased the other works as a job lot from Monfreid for 1,000 francs ( Gauguin was furious when he found out ) , but refrained from purchasing the larger monumental work and had difficulty selling it on .
Where Do We Go from Here (Stacy Lattisaw song)
`` Where Do We Go from Here '' Single by Stacy Lattisaw featuring Johnny Gill from the album What You Need Released 1989 ( 1989 ) Format 12 `` , 7 '' , cassette Genre R&B Length 6 : 05 ( album version ) 4 : 12 ( single edit ) Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) LeMel Humes Producer ( s ) LeMel Humes Stacy Lattisaw singles chronology `` What You Need '' ( 1989 ) `` Where Do We Go from Here '' ( 1989 ) `` Dance for You '' ( 1989 ) `` What You Need '' ( 1989 ) `` Where Do We Go from Here '' ( 1989 ) `` Dance for You '' ( 1989 ) Johnny Gill singles chronology Ca n't Wait Til Tomorrow ( 1985 ) Ca n't Wait Til Tomorrow 1985 Where Do We Go from Here ( 1989 ) String Module Error : Match not found1989 Rub You the Right Way ( 1990 ) Rub You the Right Way 1990
Talk:Mode (statistics)
Do we really need to say commute with when discussing the linearity of mean , mode , and median ? It does mean what we want to say , but it will convey it only to readers who do n't need this article . Septentrionalis 21 : 23 , 5 May 2006 ( UTC )
Seven virtues
Philosophers recognized the interrelatedness of the virtues such that courage without prudence risks becoming mere foolhardiness . Aquinas found an interconnection of practical wisdom ( prudentia ) and moral virtue . This is frequently termed `` the Unity of the Virtues . '' Aquinas also argued that it not only matters what a person does but how the person does it . The person must aim at a good end and also make a right choice about the means to that end . The moral virtues direct the person to aim at a good end , but to ensure that the person make the right choices about the means to a good end , one needs practical wisdom .
Lumbar vertebrae
The pedicles are very strong , directed backward from the upper part of the vertebral body ; consequently , the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth . The pedicles change in morphology from the upper lumbar to the lower lumbar . They increase in sagittal width from 9 mm to up to 18 mm at L5 . They increase in angulation in the axial plane from 10 degrees to 20 degrees by L5 . The pedicle is sometimes used as a portal of entrance into the vertebral body for fixation with pedicle screws or for placement of bone cement as with kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty .
Indus River
`` There is insufficient data to say what will happen to the Indus , '' says David Grey , the World Bank 's senior water advisor in South Asia . `` But we all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be severely , severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change , '' and reduced by perhaps as much as 50 percent . `` Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert ( where ) , without the river , there would be no life ? I do n't know the answer to that question , '' he says . `` But we need to be concerned about that . Deeply , deeply concerned . ''