vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Many Asian Americans were strongly opposed to the Vietnam War . They saw the war as being a bigger action of U.S. imperialism and `` connected the oppression of the Asians in the United States to the prosecution of the war in Vietnam . '' Unlike many Americans in the anti-war movement , they viewed the war `` not just as imperialist but specifically as anti-Asian . '' Groups like the Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) , the Bay Area Coalition Against the War ( BAACAW ) , and the Asian Americans for Action made opposition to the war their main focus . Of these organizations , the Bay Area Coalition Against the War was the biggest and most significant . One of the major reasons leading to their significance was that the BAACAW was `` highly organized , holding biweekly ninety - minute meetings of the Coordinating Committee at which each regional would submit detailed reports and action plans . '' The driving force behind their formation was their anger at `` the bombing of Hanoi and the mining of Haiphong Harbor . '' Another aspect of the group 's prevalence was the support of the Japanese Community Youth Center , members of the Asian Community Center , student leaders of Asian American student unions , etc. who stood behind it . The BAACAW members consisted of many Asians Americans and they were involved in antiwar efforts like marches , study groups , fundraisers , teach - ins and demonstrations . During marches , Asian American activists carried banners that read `` Stop the Bombing of Asian People and Stop Killing Our Asian Brothers and Sisters . '' Its newsletter stated , `` our goal is to build a solid , broad - based anti-imperialist movement of Asian people against the war in Vietnam . ''
History of women in the United States
The women 's suffrage movement began with the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention ; many of the activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of who had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody .
Samoa
The German Empire governed the western Samoan islands from 1900 to 1914 . Wilhelm Solf was appointed the colony 's first governor . In 1908 , when the non-violent Mau a Pule resistance movement arose , Solf did not hesitate to banish the Mau leader Lauaki Namulau'ulu Mamoe to Saipan in the German Northern Mariana Islands .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Many artists during the 1960s and 1970s opposed the war and used their creativity and careers to visibly oppose the war . Writers and poets opposed to involvement in the war included Allen Ginsberg , Denise Levertov , Robert Duncan , and Robert Bly . Their pieces often incorporated imagery based on the tragic events of the war as well as the disparity between life in Vietnam and life in the United States . Visual artists Ronald Haeberle , Peter Saul , and Nancy Spero , among others , used war equipment , like guns and helicopters , in their works while incorporating important political and war figures , portraying to the nation exactly who was responsible for the violence . Filmmakers such as Lenny Lipton , Jerry Abrams , Peter Gessner , and David Ringo created documentary - style movies featuring actual footage from the antiwar marches to raise awareness about the war and the diverse opposition movement . Playwrights like Frank O'Hara , Sam Shepard , Robert Lowell , Megan Terry , Grant Duay , and Kenneth Bernard used theater as a vehicle for portraying their thoughts about the Vietnam War , often satirizing the role of America in the world and juxtaposing the horrific effects of war with normal scenes of life . Regardless of medium , antiwar artists ranged from pacifists to violent radicals and caused Americans to think more critically about the war . Art as war opposition was quite popular in the early years of the war , but soon faded as political activism became the more common and most visible way of opposing the war .
Zimbabwe
During the 1995 parliamentary elections most opposition parties , including the ZUM , boycotted the voting , resulting in a near - sweep by the ruling party . When the opposition returned to the polls in 2000 , they won 57 seats , only five fewer than ZANU .
Bangladesh Liberation War
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi provided extensive diplomatic and political support to the Bangladesh movement . She toured many countries in a bid to create awareness of the Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis . This effort was to prove vital later during the war , in framing the world 's context of the war and to justify military action by India . Also , following Pakistan 's defeat , it ensured prompt recognition of the newly independent state of Bangladesh .
Electoral College (United States)
Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson .
Political party
A political party is typically led by a party leader ( the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party ) , a party secretary ( who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings ) , party treasurer ( who is responsible for membership dues ) and party chair ( who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members , and also chairs party meetings ) . Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive , the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level . The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers , federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects . Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees . The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president , if the party holds that office , or a prominent member of Congress in opposition ( although a big - state governor may aspire to that role ) . Officially , each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman , organizer and fund - raiser , but without the status of prominent elected office holders .
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Unions became better organized as well as more competent , and the number of strikes increased . The Knights of Labor grew to be a national organization of predominately Catholic workers , numbering 700,000 by the early 1880s . In the 1880s nearly 10,000 strike actions and lockouts took place . In 1886 nearly 700,000 workers went on strike . Business leaders strengthened their opposition to the unions , often firing men who tried to organize or join them . Nonetheless , the labor movement continued to grow .
Indian general election, 2014
The Swabhimani Paksha ( SWP ) a political party of Swabhimani Shetkari Saghtana ( SSS ) joined the Shiv Sena - BJP - Republican Party of India ( Athvale ) alliance in February . The SSS , which represents the interests of farmers in western Maharashtra was offered two seats -- Madha in Solapur , where NCP leader Sharad Pawar sits , and Hathkanangale , the seat of SSS leader Raju Shetti . Shetti also sought Baramati but this was rejected by the Shiv Sena and BJP , who decided to leave a seat each from their quotas of 22 and 26 to accommodate SSS . Rashtriya Samaj Paksha also joined the alliance in January . In addition to the aforementioned four parties that were contesting from Maharashtra , RSP was also in the alliance .
Latin America
However , in France the term Latin America was used with the opposite intention . It was supported by the French Empire of Napoleon III during the French invasion of Mexico as a way to include France among countries with influence in the Americas and to exclude Anglophone countries . It played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France , transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area , and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire . This term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines , a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement .
North Korea–South Korea relations
North Korea suspended talks in 1973 after the kidnapping of South Korean opposition leader Kim Dae - jung by the Korean CIA . Talks restarted , however , and between 1973 and 1975 there were 10 meetings of the North - South Coordinating Committee at Panmunjom .
War of 1812
In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American
Aung San Suu Kyi
On 1 April 2012 , the NLD announced that Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in Parliament . A news broadcast on state - run MRTV , reading the announcements of the Union Election Commission , confirmed her victory , as well as her party 's victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats , officially making Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw .
Charles City, Iowa
National women 's rights leader Carrie Lane Chapman Catt spent her girlhood years on a farm south of Charles City . Catt is well known as a prominent leader of the woman 's suffrage movement and her efforts in helping to pass the 19th Amendment ratified on August 18 , 1920 , granting women the right to vote . Carrie Catt was also the founder of the League of Women Voters . Her home and a visitor 's center are open for public viewing .
Louisiana Purchase
Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase 's constitutionality . Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase . Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition . The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase , but it failed by two votes , 59 -- 57 . The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain , not France , but available records proved otherwise .
A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)
Matt eventually learns that Marie was a DEA agent and realizes that the people who murdered her also got her files , which they have been using to choose their victims . Meanwhile , Matt grows closer to TJ , and encourages the boy to study to avoid a life of crime . During a conversation with TJ , Matt explains why he retired . During the shootout from the opening scene , one of his bullets killed a 7 - year - old girl . He has been trying to quit drinking ever since .
Politics of the Philippines
The restoration of Philippine representation to the Cortes was one of the grievances of the Illustrados , the learned indigenous class during the late 1800s . The Illustrados mounted a campaign that would include indigenous voices in running the government . However , the Katipunan advocated complete Philippine independence , thereby starting the Philippine Revolution in 1896 . After the execution of José Rizal in December 30 , 1896 , the leader of the Illustrados who disapproved of the revolution , the rebellion intensified . Cavite , Bulacan and Morong were the main areas of conflict ; the Katipunan in Cavite had won several battles against the Spaniards , but was split into the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions . A conference was held in 1897 to unite the two factions , but instead caused further division that led to the execution of Andres Bonifacio , who was then the leader of the Katipunan ; Bonifacio 's death passed the control of the Katipunan to Emilio Aguinaldo .
History of women in the United States
Black women reformers usually operated separately . Juanita Craft ( 1902 -- 85 ) was a leader in the Texas civil rights movement through the Dallas NAACP . She focused on working with black youths , organizing them as the vanguard in protests against segregation practices in Texas .
History of Kenya
A key watershed came from 1952 to 1956 , during the Mau Mau Uprising , an armed local movement directed principally against the colonial government and the European settlers . It was the largest and most successful such movement in British Africa . The protest was supported almost exclusively by the Kikuyu , despite issues of land rights and anti-European , anti-Western appeals designed to attract other groups . The Mau Mau movement was also a bitter internal struggle among the Kikuyu . Harry Thuku said in 1952 , `` To - day we , the Kikuyu , stand ashamed and looked upon as hopeless people in the eyes of other races and before the Government . Why ? Because of the crimes perpetrated by Mau Mau and because the Kikuyu have made themselves Mau Mau . '' The British killed over 12,000 Mau Mau militants . Mau Mau carried out many atrocities with the violence on all sides reflecting the ferocity of the movement and the ruthlessness with which the British suppressed it . Kenyatta denied he was a leader of the Mau Mau but was convicted at trial and was sent to prison in 1953 , gaining his freedom in 1961 . To support its military campaign of counter-insurgency the colonial government embarked on agrarian reforms that stripped white settlers of many of their former protections ; for example , Africans were for the first time allowed to grow coffee , the major cash crop . Thuku was one of the first Kikuyu to win a coffee licence , and in 1959 he became the first African board member of the Kenya Planters Coffee Union . Constitutional
Samoa
However , Samoans greatly resented New Zealand 's colonial rule , and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule . By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support . One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson , a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant . Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s , but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically . In accordance with the Mau 's non-violent philosophy , the newly elected leader , High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi , led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929 .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Part of the Anti-war movement Protests against the Vietnam War in Washington , D.C. , on October 21 , 1967 Date 1964 -- 1973 Caused by United States Involvement in the Vietnam War Goals End the U.S. presence in the Vietnam War Resulted in Disruption -- and eventual termination -- of the draft ( military conscription ) . Lowered military morale End of Lyndon B. Johnson presidency . Lowering of U.S. voting age from 21 to 18 -- codified nationally in 1971 , in the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Withdrawal of U.S. troops and aid .
The Beatles
Other early influences include Buddy Holly , Eddie Cochran , Roy Orbison and the Everly Brothers . The Beatles continued to absorb influences long after their initial success , often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries , including Bob Dylan , the Who , Frank Zappa , the Lovin ' Spoonful , the Byrds and the Beach Boys , whose 1966 album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney . Referring to the Beach Boys ' creative leader , Martin later stated : `` No one made a greater impact on the Beatles than Brian ( Wilson ) . '' Ravi Shankar , with whom Harrison studied for six weeks in India in late 1966 , had a significant effect on his musical development during the band 's later years .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Beyond opposition to the draft , anti-war protesters also made moral arguments against U.S. involvement in Vietnam . That moral imperative argument against the war was especially popular among American college students , who were more likely than the general public to accuse the United States of having imperialistic goals in Vietnam and to criticize the war as `` immoral . '' Civilian deaths , which were downplayed or omitted entirely by the Western media , became a subject of protest when photographic evidence of casualties emerged . An infamous photo of General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan shooting an alleged terrorist in handcuffs during the Tet Offensive also provoked public outcry .
Vaishnavism
Sri Vaishnavism developed in Tamil Nadu in the 10th century . It incorporated two different traditions , namely the tantric Pancaratra tradition and the puranic Vishnu worship of northern India with their abstract Vedantic theology , and the southern bhakti tradition of the Alvars of Tamil Nadu with their personal devotion . The tradition was founded by Nathamuni ( 10th century ) , who along with Yamunacharya , combined the two traditions and gave the tradition legitimacy by drawing on the Alvars . Its most influential leader was Ramanuja ( 1017 - 1137 ) , who developed the Visistadvaita ( `` qualified non-dualism '' ) philosophy . Ramanuja challenged the then dominant Advaita Vedanta interpretation of the Upanishads and Vedas , by formulating the Vishishtadvaita philosophy foundations for Sri Vaishnavism from Vedanta .
Zimbabwe
In the attacks of 2007 , party leader Morgan Tsvangirai and 49 other opposition activists were arrested and severely beaten by the police . After his release , Morgan Tsvangirai told the BBC that he suffered head injuries and blows to the arms , knees and back , and that he lost a significant amount of blood and hundreds were killed .
History of Kenya
Constitutionally barred from running in the December 2002 presidential elections , Moi unsuccessfully promoted Uhuru Kenyatta , the son of Kenya 's first President , as his successor . A rainbow coalition of opposition parties routed the ruling KANU party , and its leader , Moi 's former vice-president Mwai Kibaki , was elected President by a large majority .
Government of Australia
When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet . In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus , and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios . This practice was followed until 2007 . Between 1907 and 2007 , Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries , although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence . Prior to the 2007 general election , the then Leader of the Opposition , Kevin Rudd , said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become Prime Minister . His party won the election and he chose the ministry , as he said he would .
Iran crisis of 1946
The Mahabad Republic was proclaimed in December 1945 . Leading the nascent Kurdish republic and fully endorsed by the Soviets , was Qazi Muhammad , the religious and titular leader of Mahabad . Despite Soviet opposition , Mullah Mustafa Barzani came to play an important role in the newly created military force of the Mahabad Republic - the Peshmerga . With Barzani 's support secured , along with some 60 tribal Kurdish leaders , the KDP - I party platform had been established and Qazi Muhammad was elected the first president on 22 January 1946 .
The Lion Guard
Makucha ( voiced by Steven Blum ) -- A cream - colored African leopard from the Back Lands who tracks Ajabu to the Pride Lands since okapis are rare creatures . Makucha is later revealed to be the leader of his leap which is first shown when the Lion Guard was looking for water in the Back Lands during a water shortage in the Pride Lands .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The Loyal Opposition acquiesced too . Some disgruntled Tories claimed they would repeal the Bill once they regained a majority . But in 1834 , Robert Peel , the new Conservative leader , put an end to this threat when he stated in his Tamworth Manifesto that the Bill was `` a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question which no friend to the peace and welfare of this country would attempt to disturb '' .
History of India
The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands . Following the Dutch , the British -- who set up in the west coast port of Surat in 1619 -- and the French both established trading outposts in India . Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century , they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British , with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore , and the Portuguese colonies of Goa , Daman and Diu . Expansion
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Bay Area Asian Coalition Against the War ( BAACAW ) Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) Asian Americans for Action Third World Liberation Front ( TWLF ) - Some Asian American student organizations under this were : Filipino American Collegiate ( PACE ) , Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) , and Chinese for Social Action ( ICSA ) Vietnam Veterans Against the War American Writers and Artists Against the War in Vietnam Americans for Democratic Action FTA -- a group whose initials either stand for Free the Army or Fuck the Army , depending on the situation , was led by Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland . Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam ( CALCAV ) WIN ( Workshop in Nonviolence ) Magazine editors and staff included Maris Cakars , Marty Jezer , Paul Johnson , Susan Kent Cakars and Tad Richards . Published authors such as Grace Paley , Barbara Deming , Andrea Dworkin and Abbie Hoffman . The Student Libertarian Movement -- Libertarian organization that was formed in 1972 . The guiding principles of this organization were opposition to the war in Vietnam and opposition to the draft . The organization did not take a strong stand on racial issues . For example , `` In virtually hundreds of issues of libertarian newspapers , bulletins , and journals , the civil rights movement , Black nationalism , or race in general composed no more than 1 percent of all articles surveyed . '' Students for Democratic Society ( SDS ) -- founded in 1960 and was seen as one of the most active college campus groups of the New Left and the antiwar movement . Student Peace Union . Furman University Corps of Kazoos ( FUCK ) -- created to make fun of the military and campus ROTC program at Furman University in South Carolina . Such anti-campus ROTC groups were common throughout the U.S. Traditional peace groups like Fellowship of Reconciliation , American Friends Service Committee , the War Resisters League , and the Catholic Workers Movement , became involved in the antiwar movement as well . Various committees and campaigns for peace in Vietnam came about , including Campaign for Disarmament , Campaign to End the Air War , Campaign to Stop Funding the War , Campaign to Stop the Air War , Catholic Peace Fellowship , and Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors .