vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Quality of life
Within the field of healthcare , quality of life is often regarded in terms of how a certain ailment affects a patient on an individual level . This may be a debilitating weakness that is not life - threatening ; life - threatening illness that is not terminal ; terminal illness ; the predictable , natural decline in the health of an elder ; an unforeseen mental / physical decline of a loved one ; or chronic , end - stage disease processes . Researchers at the University of Toronto 's Quality of Life Research Unit define quality of life as `` The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life '' ( UofT ) . Their Quality of Life Model is based on the categories `` being '' , `` belonging '' , and `` becoming '' ; respectively who one is , how one is not connected to one 's environment , and whether one achieves one 's personal goals , hopes , and aspirations . Experience sampling studies show substantial between - person variability in within - person associations between somatic symptoms and quality of life. Hecht and Shiel measure quality of life as `` the patient 's ability to enjoy normal life activities '' since life quality is strongly related to wellbeing without suffering from sickness and treatment .
Sensitivity and specificity
A positive result in a test with high sensitivity is not useful for ruling in disease . Suppose a ' bogus ' test kit is designed to show only one reading , positive . When used on diseased patients , all patients test positive , giving the test 100 % sensitivity . However , sensitivity by definition does not take into account false positives . The bogus test also returns positive on all healthy patients , giving it a false positive rate of 100 % , rendering it useless for detecting or `` ruling in '' the disease .
Human brain
Hearing and balance are both generated in the inner ear . The movement of liquids within the inner ear is generated by motion ( for balance ) and transmitted vibrations generated by the ossicles ( for sound ) . This creates a nerve signal that passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve . From here , it passes through to the cochlear nuclei , the superior olivary nucleus , the medial geniculate nucleus , and finally the auditory radiation to the auditory cortex .
Scabies
Scabies is caused by infection with the female mite Sarcoptes scabiei var . hominis . The mites burrow into the skin to live and deposit eggs . The symptoms of scabies are due to an allergic reaction to the mites . Often , only between 10 and 15 mites are involved in an infection . Scabies is most often spread during a relatively long period of direct skin contact with an infected person ( at least 10 minutes ) such as that which may occur during sex . Spread of disease may occur even if the person has not developed symptoms yet . Crowded living conditions , such as those found in child - care facilities , group homes , and prisons , increase the risk of spread . Areas with a lack of access to water also have higher rates of disease . Crusted scabies is a more severe form of the disease . It typically only occurs in those with a poor immune system and people may have millions of mites , making them much more contagious . In these cases , spread of infection may occur during brief contact or by contaminated objects . The mite is very small and usually not directly visible . Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms .
Neuron
A typical neuron is divided into three parts : the soma or cell body , dendrites , and axon . The soma is usually compact ; the axon and dendrites are filaments that extrude from it . Dendrites typically branch profusely , getting thinner with each branching , and extending their farthest branches a few hundred micrometers from the soma . The axon leaves the soma at a swelling called the axon hillock , and can extend for great distances , giving rise to hundreds of branches . Unlike dendrites , an axon usually maintains the same diameter as it extends . The soma may give rise to numerous dendrites , but never to more than one axon . Synaptic signals from other neurons are received by the soma and dendrites ; signals to other neurons are transmitted by the axon . A typical synapse , then , is a contact between the axon of one neuron and a dendrite or soma of another . Synaptic signals may be excitatory or inhibitory . If the net excitation received by a neuron over a short period of time is large enough , the neuron generates a brief pulse called an action potential , which originates at the soma and propagates rapidly along the axon , activating synapses onto other neurons as it goes .
The Yellow Wallpaper
Martha J. Cutter discusses how in many of Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's works she addresses this `` struggle in which a male - dominated medical establishment attempts to silence women . '' Gilman 's works challenge the social construction of women in patriarchal medical discourse by displaying women as `` silent , powerless , and passive '' who refuse treatment . At the time in which her works take place , between 1840 and 1890 , women were exceedingly defined as lesser than -- sickly and weak . In this time period it was thought that `` hysteria '' ( a disease stereotypically more common in women ) was a result of too much education . It was understood that women who spent time in college or studying were over-stimulating their brains and consequently leading themselves into states of hysteria . In fact , many of the diseases recognized in women were seen as the result of a lack of self - control or self - rule . Different physicians argued that a physician must `` assume a tone of authority '' and that the idea of a `` cured '' woman is one who is `` subdued , docile , silent , and above all subject to the will and voice of the physician '' . A hysterical woman is one who craves power and in order for her to be treated for her hysteria , she must submit to her physician whose role is to undermine her desires . Often women were prescribed bed rest as a form of treatment , which was meant to `` tame '' them and basically keep them imprisoned . Treatments such as this were a way of ridding women of rebelliousness and forcing them to conform to social roles . In her works Gilman highlights that the harm caused by these types of treatments for woman i.e. `` the rest cure '' has to do with the way in which her voice is silenced . Paula Treichler explains `` In this story diagnosis ' is powerful and public ... It is a male voice that ... imposes controls on the female narrator and dictates how she is to perceive and talk about the world . ' Diagnosis covertly functions to empower the male physician 's voice and disempower the female patient 's '' .
Capital punishment in the United States
A study found that at least 34 of the 749 executions carried out in the U.S. between 1977 and 2001 , or 4.5 % , involved `` unanticipated problems or delays that caused , at least arguably , unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner '' . The rate of these `` botched executions '' remained steady over the period . A study published in The Lancet in 2005 found that in 43 % of cases of lethal injection , the blood level of hypnotics in the prisoner was insufficient to ensure unconsciousness . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court ruled in 2008 ( Baze v. Rees ) and again in 2015 ( Glossip v. Gross ) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment .
Lyme disease
The risk of infectious transmission increases with the duration of tick attachment . It requires between 36 and 48 hours of attachment for the bacteria that causes Lyme to travel from within the tick into its saliva . If a deer tick that is sufficiently likely to be carrying Borrelia is found attached to a person and removed , and if the tick has been attached for 36 hours or is engorged , a single dose of doxycycline administered within the 72 hours after removal may reduce the risk of Lyme disease . It is not generally recommended for all people bitten , as development of infection is rare : about 50 bitten people would have to be treated this way to prevent one case of erythema migrans ( i.e. the typical rash found in about 70 - 80 % of people infected ) .
Ranger's Apprentice
In a review for The Ruins of Gorlan , the reviewer stated `` the pace is a good balance between character development and action , and the rivalry between Horace and Will is developed in a satisfactory way . '' It also praised how the writing is very descriptive without being dry or slow .
Exploration of Mars
In 1973 , the Soviet Union sent four more probes to Mars : the Mars 4 and Mars 5 orbiters and the Mars 6 and Mars 7 fly - by / lander combinations . All missions except Mars 7 sent back data , with Mars 5 being most successful . Mars 5 transmitted just 60 images before a loss of pressurization in the transmitter housing ended the mission . Mars 6 lander transmitted data during descent , but failed upon impact . Mars 4 flew by the planet at a range of 2200 km returning one swath of pictures and radio occultation data , which constituted the first detection of the nightside ionosphere on Mars . Mars 7 probe separated prematurely from the carrying vehicle due to a problem in the operation of one of the onboard systems ( attitude control or retro - rockets ) and missed the planet by 1,300 kilometres ( 8.7 × 10 au ) . Mariner
Capital punishment in the United States
In five states ( Arizona , Arkansas , Kentucky , Tennessee and Utah ) , the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date ( usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection ) .
Eastern Orthodox Church
All members of the Eastern Orthodox Church profess the same faith , regardless of race or nationality , jurisdiction or local custom , or century of birth . Holy Tradition encompasses the understandings and means by which that unity of faith is transmitted across boundaries of time , geography , and culture . It is a continuity that exists only inasmuch as it lives within Christians themselves . It is not static , nor an observation of rules , but rather a sharing of observations that spring both from within and also in keeping with others , even others who lived lives long past . The Holy Spirit maintains the unity and consistency of the Holy Tradition to preserve the integrity of the faith within the Church , as given in the Scriptural promises .
Claire Underwood
Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes Claire as `` a short - haired blonde who manages to be masculine and demasculinizing at the same time . '' Smith describes their relationship as pivotal to the show : `` Benign though they may seem -- and their harmless air is what makes the Underwoods so effective as political plotters -- this is a power couple with the same malignant chemistry as pairs of serial killers , where each needs the other in order to become lethal '' .
Framingham Heart Study
The Framingham Heart Study is a long - term , ongoing cardiovascular cohort study on residents of the town of Framingham , Massachusetts . The study began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham , and is now on its third generation of participants . Prior to it almost nothing was known about the `` epidemiology of hypertensive or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease '' . Much of the now - common knowledge concerning heart disease , such as the effects of diet , exercise , and common medications such as aspirin , is based on this longitudinal study . It is a project of the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute , in collaboration with ( since 1971 ) Boston University . Various health professionals from the hospitals and universities of Greater Boston staff the project .
Health care in the United States
The United States life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 , but only ranks 42nd among 224 nations , and 22nd out of the 35 industrialized OECD countries , down from 20th in 1990 . Of 17 high - income countries studied by the National Institutes of Health in 2013 , the United States had the highest or near - highest prevalence of obesity , car accidents , infant mortality , heart and lung disease , sexually transmitted infections , adolescent pregnancies , injuries , and homicides . On average , a U.S. male can be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in the top - ranked country , though notably Americans aged 75 live longer than those who reach that age in other developed nations . A 2014 survey of the healthcare systems of 11 developed countries found the US healthcare system to be the most expensive and worst - performing in terms of health access , efficiency , and equity .
Psychiatric hospital
In the UK , criminal courts or the Home Secretary can order the admission of offenders to be detained in hospital under various sections of the Mental Health Act , although the term `` criminally insane '' is no longer legally or medically recognized . Secure psychiatric units exist in all regions of the UK for this purpose ; in addition , there are a small number of Specialist Hospitals which offer care and treatment within conditions of high security . These facilities are run by the National Health Service , which undertake psychiatric assessments and can also provide treatment and accommodation in a safe , hospital environment where patients can be prevented from absconding and there is a reduction in their risk of harm to others and themselves .
List of Black Cat characters
Tearju Lunatique ( ティアーユ ルナティーク , Tiāyu Runatīku ) is one of the top authorities in nanotechnology and leader of the group that created Eve . Eve 's DNA was taken from hers , thus making them look identical . She is very bad at household chores and has the ability to trip over nothing . Train , Sven and Eve seek her out after Train is shot with the Lucifer bullet and turned into a child , in hopes she knows how to revert it . Because of the huge cost of a vaccine , she informs him the only other possibility is to mentally concentrate and visualize changing his body , similar to how Eve does it . The Apostles seek her out at the same time so Creed can obtain immortality , but she refuses , having resolved to never experiment with humans again .
Fire triangle
The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite : heat , fuel , and an oxidizing agent ( usually oxygen ) . A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture , meaning that fire is actually an event rather than a thing . A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle . For example , covering a fire with a fire blanket removes the oxygen part of the triangle and can extinguish a fire . In large fires where firefighters are called in , decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area .
Supersaturation
The characteristics of supersaturation have practical applications in terms of pharmaceuticals . By creating a supersaturated solution of a certain drug , it can be ingested in liquid form . The drug can be made driven into a supersaturated state through any normal mechanism and then prevented from precipitating out by adding precipitation inhibitors . Drugs in this state are referred to as `` supersaturating drug delivery services , '' or `` SDDS . '' Oral consumption of a drug in this form is simple and allows for the measurement of very precise dosages . Primarily , it provides a means for drugs with very low solubility to be made into aqueous solutions .
Consciousness
Western philosophers , since the time of Descartes and Locke , have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and identify its essential properties . Issues of concern in the philosophy of consciousness include whether the concept is fundamentally coherent ; whether consciousness can ever be explained mechanistically ; whether non-human consciousness exists and if so how can it be recognized ; how consciousness relates to language ; whether consciousness can be understood in a way that does not require a dualistic distinction between mental and physical states or properties ; and whether it may ever be possible for computing machines like computers or robots to be conscious , a topic studied in the field of artificial intelligence .
Origin of language
These scholars argue that there can be no such thing as a ' theory of the origins of language ' . This is because language is not a separate adaptation but an internal aspect of something much wider -- namely , human symbolic culture as a whole . Attempts to explain language independently of this wider context have spectacularly failed , say these scientists , because they are addressing a problem with no solution . Can we imagine a historian attempting to explain the emergence of credit cards independently of the wider system of which they are a part ? Using a credit card makes sense only if you have a bank account institutionally recognized within a certain kind of advanced capitalist society -- one where electronic communications technology and digital computers have already been invented and fraud can be detected and prevented . In much the same way , language would not work outside a specific array of social mechanisms and institutions . For example , it would not work for a nonhuman ape communicating with others in the wild . Not even the cleverest nonhuman ape could make language work under such conditions .
Time
The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime , a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time . In this formalism , distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance , e.g. , a light - year is a measure of distance , and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time . Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval , which can be either space - like , light - like , or time - like . Events that have a time - like separation can not be simultaneous in any frame of reference , there must be a temporal component ( and possibly a spatial one ) to their separation . Events that have a space - like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference , and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation . Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events , but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer ( and his or her velocity ) .
Morality
Moral cognition refers to cognitive processes that allow a person to act or decide in morally permissible ways . It comprises of several domain - general cognitive processes , ranging from perception of a morally - salient stimuli to reasoning when faced with a moral dilemma . While it 's important to mention that there is not a single cognitive faculty dedicated exclusively to moral cognition , characterizing the contributions of domain - general processes to moral behavior is a critical scientific endeavor to understand how morality works and how it can be improved .
Flag of Canada
The Canadian Red Ensign was unofficially used since the 1890s and approved by a 1945 Order in Council for use `` wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag '' . Also , the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada . There is no law dictating how the national flag is to be treated . There are , however , conventions and protocols to guide how it is to be displayed and its place in the order of precedence of flags , which gives it primacy over the aforementioned and most other flags .
Command-line interface
In many areas of computing , but particularly in the command line , the space character can cause problems as it has two distinct and incompatible functions : as part of a command or parameter , or as a parameter or name separator . Ambiguity can be prevented either by prohibiting embedded spaces in file and directory names in the first place ( for example , by substituting them with underscores _ ) , or by enclosing a name with embedded spaces between quote characters or using an escape character before the space , usually a backslash ( \ ) . For example
Consciousness
Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe , as a correlate , that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known . Thomas Nagel spelled out this point of view in an influential essay titled What Is it Like to Be a Bat ? . He said that an organism is conscious `` if and only if there is something that it is like to be that organism -- something it is like for the organism '' ; and he argued that no matter how much we know about an animal 's brain and behavior , we can never really put ourselves into the mind of the animal and experience its world in the way it does itself . Other thinkers , such as Douglas Hofstadter , dismiss this argument as incoherent . Several psychologists and ethologists have argued for the existence of animal consciousness by describing a range of behaviors that appear to show animals holding beliefs about things they can not directly perceive -- Donald Griffin 's 2001 book Animal Minds reviews a substantial portion of the evidence .
APA Ethics Code
The human relations section of the APA Ethical Standards provides psychologists guidance with how to approach situations related to the process of working with people in a helping field . This section outlines how to identify and avoid unfair discrimination , sexual harassment , and other types of verbal and nonverbal harassment . These types of behavior have strong adverse influences on mental health . As such , psychologists must be particularly vigilant in identifying and avoiding these kinds of behavior . This section also outlines how to avoid harm when treating patients . Some treatments have been shown to cause harm , and as such , should be avoided . The section also provides guidance for navigating and avoiding a number of multiple relationships . Situations where a clinician has more than one relationship with the client beyond just being a client can be difficult to navigate , which can also lead to conflicts of interest , which are also covered . Guidance is also provided for how to approach requests for service from third - parties , that is , when someone other than the patient is requesting services for the said patient . Exploitative relationships are also covered and should be avoided , according to the ethical standards . This section provides guidance for cooperating with other professionals , which is often a situation faced in multi-disciplinary treatment teams . Guidance is provided for providing and obtaining informed consent for treatment . Another section outlines how to provide psychological services to or through organizations . And lastly , guidance is provided for how to navigate situations in which there is an interruption of psychological services for various reasons . Privacy
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Fukushima `` can not be regarded as a natural disaster , '' the NAIIC panel 's chairman , Tokyo University professor emeritus Kiyoshi Kurokawa , wrote in the inquiry report . `` It was a profoundly man - made disaster -- that could and should have been foreseen and prevented . And its effects could have been mitigated by a more effective human response . '' `` Governments , regulatory authorities and Tokyo Electric Power ( TEPCO ) lacked a sense of responsibility to protect people 's lives and society , '' the Commission said . `` They effectively betrayed the nation 's right to be safe from nuclear accidents .
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
`` Even if you prefer Dr. Seuss in a purely antic mood , you must admit that if there 's a moral to be pointed out , no one can do it more gaily . The reader is swept along by the ebullient rhymes and the weirdly zany pictures until he is limp with relief when the Grinch reforms and , like the latter , mellow with good feelings . ''