vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Clay court
En tout cas ( Fr. `` in any case '' ) is a version of red clay with a coarser top layer to improve drainage . The coarser surface allows more water to run through the surface of the court drying the surface more quickly after rain .
Climate of the Arctic
In the Arctic , during the winter months of November through February , the sun remains very low in the sky or does not rise at all . Where it does rise , the days are short , and the sun 's low position in the sky means that , even at noon , not much energy is reaching the surface . Furthermore , most of the small amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface is reflected away by the bright snow cover . Cold snow reflects between 70 % and 90 % of the solar radiation that reaches it ( Serreze and Barry , 2005 ) , and most of the Arctic , with the exception of the ice - free parts of the sea , have snow covering the land or ice surface in winter . These factors result in a negligible input of solar energy to the Arctic in winter ; the only things keeping the Arctic from continuously cooling all winter are the transport of warmer air and ocean water into the Arctic from the south and the transfer of heat from the subsurface land and ocean ( both of which gain heat in summer and release it in winter ) to the surface and atmosphere .
Friction
While it is often stated that the COF is a `` material property , '' it is better categorized as a `` system property . '' Unlike true material properties ( such as conductivity , dielectric constant , yield strength ) , the COF for any two materials depends on system variables like temperature , velocity , atmosphere and also what are now popularly described as aging and deaging times ; as well as on geometric properties of the interface between the materials , namely surface structure . For example , a copper pin sliding against a thick copper plate can have a COF that varies from 0.6 at low speeds ( metal sliding against metal ) to below 0.2 at high speeds when the copper surface begins to melt due to frictional heating . The latter speed , of course , does not determine the COF uniquely ; if the pin diameter is increased so that the frictional heating is removed rapidly , the temperature drops , the pin remains solid and the COF rises to that of a ' low speed ' test . Approximate
2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Alex Bowman started on pole . Early on , Kyle Busch had a tire go down and had to pit . Later , Busch had another tire down and got into the wall and collected Jamie McMurray and D.J. Kennington . In the closing laps of stage one , Erik Jones spun and collected Kyle Larson , Jimmie Johnson , Daniel Suarez , William Byron , and Ty Dillon as Kurt Busch won stage one . In stage two , Byron got into the wall after having a tire go down . Brad Keselowski got into Chase Elliott and collected others including David Ragan , Kevin Harvick , Kasey Kahne , and Danica Patrick , who finished 35th in her final NASCAR race . Ryan Blaney won stage two over Joey Logano . In the final stage , Blaney continued to lead . In the closing laps , Byron again had a tire go down and spun . With two laps to go , Kurt Busch got turned around and collected Blaney , Matt DiBenedetto , Brendan Gaughan , and others , sending the race to overtime . In overtime , Aric Almirola was leading at the white flag , and tried to block Austin Dillon , but the block was late and Almirola ended up in the wall . Austin Dillon held off Darrell Wallace , Jr. for his second career win and winning the Daytona 500 in the # 3 20 years after Dale Earnhardt won his only 500 in 1998 .
Rudolph Fisher
In 1991 , a collection of Fisher 's short fiction , City of Refuge : The Collected Stories of Rudolph Fisher , was published by the University of Missouri Press .
Atmosphere of Venus
The atmospheric pressure at the surface of Venus is about 92 times that of the Earth , similar to the pressure found 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) below the surface of the ocean . The atmosphere has a mass of 4.8 × 10 kg , about 93 times the mass of the Earth 's total atmosphere . The density of the air at the surface is 67 kg / m , which is 6.5 % that of liquid water on Earth . The pressure found on Venus 's surface is high enough that the carbon dioxide is technically no longer a gas , but a supercritical fluid . This supercritical carbon dioxide forms a kind of sea that covers the entire surface of Venus . This sea of supercritical carbon dioxide transfers heat very efficiently , buffering the temperature changes between night and day ( which last 56 terrestrial days ) .
Golf ball
Dimples first became a feature of golf balls when English engineer and manufacturer William Taylor , co-founder of the Taylor - Hobson company , registered a patent for a dimple design in 1905 . William Taylor had realized that golf players were trying to make irregularities on their balls , noticing that used balls were going further than new ones . Hence he decided to make systematic tests to determine what surface formation would give the best flight . He then developed a pattern consisting of regularly spaced indentations over the entire surface , and later tools to help producing such balls in series Other types of patterned covers were in use at about the same time , including one called a `` mesh '' and another named the `` bramble '' , but the dimple became the dominant design due to `` the superiority of the dimpled cover in flight '' .
Hawaii (island)
Approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) southeast of Hawaii lies the undersea volcano known as Lōʻihi . It is an erupting seamount that now reaches approximately 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) below the surface of the ocean . Continued activity at current rates from Lōʻihi will likely cause it to break the surface of the ocean sometime between 10,000 and 100,000 years from now .
List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
In 1984 , Michael Jackson was named `` Entertainer of the Year '' and his music video , Thriller , collected the award for `` Favorite Video of the Year '' .
Magnetic field
Similarly , a surface integral of H over any closed surface is independent of the free currents and picks out the `` magnetic charges '' within that closed surface :
French Revolution
The Revolution caused a massive shift of power from the Roman Catholic Church to the state . Under the Ancien Régime , the Church had been the largest single landowner in the country , owning about 10 % of the land in the kingdom . The Church was exempt from paying taxes to the government , while it levied a tithe -- a 10 % tax on income , often collected in the form of crops -- on the general population , only a fraction of which it then redistributed to the poor .
Golf ball
First , the dimples on the surface of a golf ball cause the boundary layer on the upstream side of the ball to transition from laminar to turbulent . The turbulent boundary layer is able to remain attached to the surface of the ball much longer than a laminar boundary and so creates a narrower low - pressure wake and hence less pressure drag . The reduction in pressure drag causes the ball to travel farther .
Friction
F f ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) \ , ) is the force of friction exerted by each surface on the other . It is parallel to the surface , in a direction opposite to the net applied force . μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ , ) is the coefficient of friction , which is an empirical property of the contacting materials , F n ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , ) is the normal force exerted by each surface on the other , directed perpendicular ( normal ) to the surface .
The Long Walk
The Long Walk is a novel by American writer Stephen King , published in 1979 , under the pseudonym Richard Bachman . It was collected in 1985 in the hardcover omnibus The Bachman Books , and has seen several reprints since , as both paperback and hardback .
Binary star
If a white dwarf has a close companion star that overflows its Roche lobe , the white dwarf will steadily accrete gases from the star 's outer atmosphere . These are compacted on the white dwarf 's surface by its intense gravity , compressed and heated to very high temperatures as additional material is drawn in . The white dwarf consists of degenerate matter , and so is largely unresponsive to heat , while the accreted hydrogen is not . Hydrogen fusion can occur in a stable manner on the surface through the CNO cycle , causing the enormous amount of energy liberated by this process to blow the remaining gases away from the white dwarf 's surface . The result is an extremely bright outburst of light , known as a nova .
Nile
Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa , with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile ; being The Results of an Expedition Undertaken under the Patronage of Her Majesty 's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London , In the Years 1857 -- 1859 , Sir Richard Burton . W. Clowes , London ; 1860
Lithuania
From the 9th to the 11th centuries , coastal Balts were subjected to raids by the Vikings , and the kings of Denmark collected tribute at times . During the 10 -- 11th centuries , Lithuanian territories were among the lands paying tribute to Kievan Rus ' , and Yaroslav the Wise was among the Ruthenian rulers who invaded Lithuania ( from 1040 ) . From the mid-12th century , it was the Lithuanians who were invading Ruthenian territories . In 1183 , Polotsk and Pskov were ravaged , and even the distant and powerful Novgorod Republic was repeatedly threatened by the excursions from the emerging Lithuanian war machine toward the end of the 12th century .
Arctic Ocean
The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found from 150 -- 200 metres ( 490 -- 660 feet ) . The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer . It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf . As it is entrained , it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer . This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice . Additionally , this water forms the swiftest currents of the Arctic , with speed of around 0.3 - 0.6 m / s . Complementing the water from the canyons , some Pacific water that does not sink to the shelf region after passing through the Bering Strait also contributes to this water mass .
Roman calendar
The attested calendar of the Roman Republic was quite different . It followed Greek calendars in assuming a lunar cycle of ​ 29 ⁄ days and a solar year of ​ 12 ⁄ synodic months ( ​ 368 ⁄ days ) , which align every fourth year after the addition of two intercalary months . The additional two months of the year were January and February ; the intercalary month was sometimes known as Mercedonius .
History of calendars
In medieval Iceland , a calendar was introduced in the 10th century . While the ancient Germanic calendars were based on lunar months , the new Icelandic calendar introduced a purely solar reckoning , with a year having a fixed number of weeks ( 52 weeks or 364 days ) . This necessitated the introduction of `` leap weeks '' instead of the Julian leap days .
Climate of the Arctic
The end of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a dramatic decrease in regular observations from the Arctic . The Russian government ended the system of drifting North Pole stations , and closed many of the surface stations in the Russian Arctic . Likewise the United States and Canadian governments cut back on spending for Arctic observing as the perceived need for the DEWLINE declined . As a result , the most complete collection of surface observations from the Arctic is for the period 1960 to 1990 ( Serreze and Barry , 2005 ) .
Pi
It is standard to absorb this factor of 4π into the constant k , but this argument shows why it must appear somewhere . Furthermore , 4π is the surface area of the unit sphere , but we have not assumed that S is the sphere . However , as a consequence of the divergence theorem , because the region away from the origin is vacuum ( source - free ) it is only the homology class of the surface S in R \ ( 0 ) that matters in computing the integral , so it can be replaced by any convenient surface in the same homology class , in particular , a sphere , where spherical coordinates can be used to calculate the integral .
Respiratory system
Some species of crab use a respiratory organ called a branchiostegal lung . Its gill - like structure increases the surface area for gas exchange which is more suited to taking oxygen from the air than from water . Some of the smallest spiders and mites can breathe simply by exchanging gas through the surface of the body . Larger spiders , scorpions and other arthropods use a primitive book lung . Insects
Venus
Thermal inertia and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus 's surface does not vary significantly between the night and day sides , despite Venus 's extremely slow rotation . Winds at the surface are slow , moving at a few kilometres per hour , but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface , they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions , and transport dust and small stones across the surface . This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through , even if the heat , pressure , and lack of oxygen were not a problem .
Akbar
Citing Akbar 's melding of the disparate ' fiefdoms ' of India into the Mughal Empire as well as the lasting legacy of `` pluralism and tolerance '' that `` underlies the values of the modern republic of India '' , Time magazine included his name in its list of top 25 world leaders .
Latin American wars of independence
Following the events of the May Revolution , in 1811 José Gervasio Artigas , launched a successful revolt against the Spanish forces in the Provincia Oriental , now Uruguay , joining the independentist movement that was taking place in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the time . In 1821 , the Provincia Oriental was invaded by Portugal , trying to annex it into Brazil under the name of Província Cisplatina .
French Polynesia
Over a century later , British explorer Samuel Wallis visited Tahiti in 1767 . French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville also visited Tahiti in 1768 , while British explorer James Cook arrived in 1769 . In 1772 , the Spanish Viceroy of Peru Don Manuel de Amat ordered a number of expeditions to Tahiti under the command of Domingo de Bonechea who was the first European to explore all of the main islands beyond Tahiti . A short - lived Spanish settlement was created in 1774 , and for a time some maps bore the name Isla de Amat after Viceroy Amat . In 1772 , Dutchman Jakob Roggeveen came across Bora Bora in the Society Islands . Christian missions began with Spanish priests who stayed in Tahiti for a year . Protestants from the London Missionary Society settled permanently in Polynesia in 1797 . Society
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
In the book JP Movement and the Emergency , historian Bipan Chandra wrote , `` Sanjay Gandhi and his cronies like Bansi Lal , Minister of Defence at the time , were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October -- November 1976 , an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution thorough the 42nd amendment to it ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary , and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government . ''
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
However the institute was damaged during the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934 which occurred on 15 January 1934 . Thereafter the Secretary of State approved the transfer in July , 1943 . The Standing Finance Committee of the Union Assembly finally announced on 25 August 1934 in Shimla , the decision to shift the institute to New Delhi at the approximate cost of ₹ 3.8 million ( US $58,000 ) . to a place that is now called Pusa in New Delhi . The new campus at New Delhi was inaugurated on 29 July 1936 , while the new building of the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research was inaugurated by then Viceroy of India , Lord Linlithgow on 7 November 1936 .
New Spain
Upon his arrival , Viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza vigorously took to the duties entrusted to him by the King and encouraged the exploration of Spain 's new mainland territories . He commissioned the expeditions of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado into the present day American Southwest in 1540 -- 1542 . The Viceroy commissioned Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in the first Spanish exploration up the Pacific Ocean in 1542 -- 1543 . Cabrillo sailed far up the coast , becoming the first European to see present day California , United States . The Viceroy also sent Ruy López de Villalobos to the Spanish East Indies in 1542 -- 1543 . As these new territories became controlled , they were brought under the purview of the Viceroy of New Spain . Spanish settlers expanded to Nuevo Mexico , and the major settlement of Santa Fe was founded in 1610 .
History of India
During this period , Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance . This movement questioned existing orthodoxies , particularly with respect to women , marriage , the dowry system , the caste system , and religion . One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement , which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus . It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the Indian subcontinent .
Swadeshi movement
The enthusiasm with which the two Bengals responded to the idea of national education shows the way in which the swadeshi movement , like a mighty river was overflowing its bed and inundating vast stretches of country . It was no longer confined to its primary object of industrial regeneration and boycotting British goods . More important still , the movement with its extended connotation was no longer confined to Bengal but spread to the whole of India .
Indigenous Australian art
The dots were used to cover secret - sacred ceremonies . Originally , the Tula artists succeeded in forming their own company with an Aboriginal Name , Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd , however a time of disillusionment followed as artists were criticised by their peers for having revealed too much of their sacred heritage . Secret designs restricted to a ritual context were now in the market place , made visible to Australian Aboriginal painting . Much of the Aboriginal art on display in tourist shops traces back to this style developed at Papunya . The most famous of the artists to come from this movement was Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri . Also from this movement is Johnny Warangkula , whose Water Dreaming at Kalipinya twice sold at a record price , the second time being $486,500 in 2000 .
India
The geographical term Bharat ( Bhārat ; pronounced ( ˈbɦaːɾət̪ ) ( listen ) ) , which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country , is used by many Indian languages in its variations . It is a modernisation of the historical name Bharatavarsha , which traditionally referred to the Indian subcontinent and gained increasing currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India .
Swadeshi movement
It was perhaps in the cultural sphere that the impact of the swadeshi movement was most marked . The songs composed at the time of Rabindranath Tagore , Rajani Kanta Sen , Dwijendralal Ray , Makunda Das , Syed Abu Mohammad and other later became the moving spirit for nationalist of all hues . Rabindranath 's Amar Sonar Bangla , written at that time , was to later inspire the liberation struggle of Bangladesh and was adopted as the National Anthem of the country in 1971 . Similarly , there were great improvements in Indian art .
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
In 1860 , the fledgling movement finally settled on the name , Seventh - day Adventist , representative of the church 's distinguishing beliefs . Three years later , on May 21 , 1863 , the General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists was formed and the movement became an official organization .
Indian rupee
The Government of India has the only right to mint the coins and one rupee note . The responsibility for coinage comes under the Coinage Act , 1906 which is amended from time to time . The designing and minting of coins in various denominations is also the responsibility of the Government of India . Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai , Alipore ( Kolkata ) , Saifabad ( Hyderabad ) , Cherlapally ( Hyderabad ) and NOIDA ( UP ) . The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act . Commemorative
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
The Somali National Alliance ( SNA ) was formed 14 August 1992 . It began as the United Somali Congress ( USC ) under Aidid 's leadership . At the time of Operation Gothic Serpent , the SNA was composed of Col. Omar Gess ' Somali Patriotic Movement , the Somali Democratic Movement , the combined Digil and Mirifleh clans , the Habr Gedir of the United Somali Congress headed by Aidid , and the newly established Southern Somali National Movement .
Diamond
Historically , diamonds were found only in alluvial deposits in Guntur and Krishna district of the Krishna River delta in Southern India . India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC to the mid-18th century AD , but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725 . Currently , one of the most prominent Indian mines is located at Panna .
Latin American wars of independence
After the defeat of Spain in the Peninsular War and the abdication King Ferdinand VII , the Spanish colonial government of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , present - day Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay , became greatly weakened . Without a rightful king in the Spanish throne to render the office of the Viceroy as legitimate , the right of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros to govern came under fire . The local elites , tired of the Spanish trade restrictions and taxes , seized the opportunity and during the May Revolution of 1810 , removed Cisneros and created the first local government , the Primera Junta . José
History of India
The Marxists have focused on studies of economic development , landownership , and class conflict in precolonial India and of deindustrialisation during the colonial period . The Marxists portrayed Gandhi 's movement as a device of the bourgeois elite to harness popular , potentially revolutionary forces for its own ends . Again , the Marxists are accused of being `` too much '' ideologically influenced .