vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vitiligo
An ultraviolet light can be used in the early phase of this disease for identification and to determine the effectiveness of treatment . Skin with vitiligo , when exposed to a blacklight , will glow blue . In contrast , healthy skin will have no reaction .
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria divide by binary fission , similar to bacterial cell division . The regulation of this division differs between eukaryotes . In many single - celled eukaryotes , their growth and division is linked to the cell cycle . For example , a single mitochondrion may divide synchronously with the nucleus . This division and segregation process must be tightly controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion . In other eukaryotes ( in mammals for example ) , mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell , rather than in phase with the cell cycle . When the energy needs of a cell are high , mitochondria grow and divide . When the energy use is low , mitochondria are destroyed or become inactive . In such examples , and in contrast to the situation in many single celled eukaryotes , mitochondria are apparently randomly distributed to the daughter cells during the division of the cytoplasm . Understanding of mitochondrial dynamics , which is described as the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission , has revealed that functional and structural alterations in mitochondrial morphology are important factors in pathologies associated with several disease conditions .
Water fluoridation
The goal of water fluoridation is to prevent a chronic disease whose burdens particularly fall on children and the poor . Another of the goals was to bridge inequalities in dental health and dental care . Some studies suggest that fluoridation reduces oral health inequalities between the rich and poor , but the evidence is limited . There is anecdotal but not scientific evidence that fluoride allows more time for dental treatment by slowing the progression of tooth decay , and that it simplifies treatment by causing most cavities to occur in pits and fissures of teeth . Other reviews have found not enough evidence to determine if water fluoridation reduces oral - health social disparities .
Endomembrane system
The nuclear membrane contains a lipid bilayer that encompass the contents of the nucleus . The endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells . The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell . Vacuoles , which are found in both plant and animal cells ( though much bigger in plant cells ) , are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products . A vesicle is a relatively small , membrane - enclosed sac that stores or transports substances . The cell membrane is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell . There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi , and is connected with hyphal tip growth .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it . My pride as a Hindu , roused by the enterprise and eloquence of Swami Vivekananda , was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in missionary institutions .
Computer
A computer 's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read . Each cell has a numbered `` address '' and can store a single number . The computer can be instructed to `` put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357 '' or to `` add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595 . '' The information stored in memory may represent practically anything . Letters , numbers , even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease . Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information , it is the software 's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers .
Alkaloid
There are also dimeric alkaloids formed from two distinct monomers , such as the vinca alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine , which are formed from the coupling of catharanthine and vindoline . The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine is used in the treatment of non-small - cell lung cancer . It is another derivative dimer of vindoline and catharanthine and is synthesised from anhydrovinblastine , starting either from leurosine or the monomers themselves .
Thymus
DiGeorge syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small section of chromosome 22 . This results in a midline congenital defect including thymic aplasia , or congenital deficiency of a thymus . Patients may present with a profound immunodeficiency disease , due to the lack of T cells . No other immune cell lineages are affected by the congenital absence of the thymus . DiGeorge syndrome is the most common congenital cause of thymic aplasia in humans . In mice , the nude mouse strain are congenitally thymic deficient . These mice are an important model of primary T cell deficiency . SCID
T cell
Regulatory T cells can develop either during normal development in the thymus , and are then known as thymic Treg cells , or can be induced peripherally and are called peripherally derived Treg cells . These two subsets were previously called `` naturally occurring '' , and `` adaptive '' or `` induced '' , respectively . Both subsets require the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 which can be used to identify the cells . Mutations of the FOXP3 gene can prevent regulatory T cell development , causing the fatal autoimmune disease IPEX .
Lyme disease
Some laboratories offer Lyme disease testing using assays whose accuracy and clinical usefulness have not been adequately established . These tests include urine antigen tests , PCR tests on urine , immunofluorescent staining for cell - wall - deficient forms of B. burgdorferi , and lymphocyte transformation tests . The CDC does not recommend these tests , and stated their use is `` of great concern and is strongly discouraged '' .
Medical device
The term medical devices , as defined in the Food and Drugs Act , covers a wide range of health or medical instruments used in the treatment , mitigation , diagnosis or prevention of a disease or abnormal physical condition . Health Canada reviews medical devices to assess their safety , effectiveness , and quality before authorizing their sale in Canada .
Band gap
The optical band gap ( see below ) determines what portion of the solar spectrum a photovoltaic cell absorbs . A semiconductor will not absorb photons of energy less than the band gap ; and the energy of the electron - hole pair produced by a photon is equal to the bandgap energy . A luminescent solar converter uses a luminescent medium to downconvert photons with energies above the band gap to photon energies closer to the band gap of the semiconductor comprising the solar cell .
Southern United States
In medicine , the Texas Medical Center in Houston has achieved international recognition in education , research , and patient care , especially in the fields of heart disease , cancer , and rehabilitation . In 1994 the Texas Medical Center was the largest medical center in the world including fourteen hospitals , two medical schools , four colleges of nursing , and six university systems . The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center is consistently ranked the # 1 cancer research and treatment center in the United States .
Michael J. Fox
In 2006 , Fox starred in a campaign ad for then State Auditor of Missouri Claire McCaskill ( D ) in her successful 2006 Senate campaign against incumbent Jim Talent ( R ) , expressing her support for stem cell research . In the ad , he visibly showed the effects of his Parkinson 's disease ; As
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters
Dr. Caleb Subramanian , portrayed by Sunkrish Bala , is a newcomer to the prison community . Not much is known about him , besides the fact that he is a physician , and he and Hershel seem to be friends . After the breach on Cell Block D dies down , Dr. Subramanian assesses what may have caused the outbreak and what steps the group should take to prevent another such disaster . `` Dr. S '' later comes down with the flu and tells Sasha they have to warn the healthy members of the prison community that the virus is spreading . His condition seriously and quickly deteriorates , although he reveals that he has brought several guns in case of another outbreak . He later succumbs to the sickness after Hershel gives him a checkup . Dr. S later reanimates , and Hershel remorsefully puts him down through Dr. S 's locked cell door , after snapping the walker 's arm . Hershel later returns to Dr. S 's cell and mourns his friend . Kyle
Vascular cambium
Auxin hormones are proven to stimulate mitoses , cell production and regulate interfascicular and fascicular cambium . Applying auxin to the surface of a tree stump allowed decapitated shoots to continue secondary growth . The absence of auxin hormones will have a detrimental effect on a plant . It has been shown that mutants without auxin will exhibit increased spacing between the interfascicular cambiums and reduced growth of the vascular bundles . The mutant plant will therefore experience a decreased in water , nutrients , and photosynthates being transported throughout the plant , eventually leading to death . Auxin also regulates the two types of cell in the vascular cambium , ray and fusiform initials . Regulation of these initials ensures the connection and communication between xylem and phloem is maintained for the translocation of nourishment and sugars are safely being stored as an energy resource . Ethylene levels are high in plants with an active cambial zone and are still currently being studied . Gibberellin stimulates the cambial cell division and also regulates differentiation of the xylem tissues , with no effect on the rate of phloem differentiation . Differentiation is an essential process that changes these tissues into a more specialized type , leading to an important role in maintaining the life form of a plant . In poplar trees , high concentrations of gibberellin is positively correlated to an increase of cambial cell division and an increase of auxin in the cambial stem cells . Gibberellin is also responsible for the expansion of xylem through a signal traveling from the shoot to the root . Cytokinin hormone is known to regulate the rate of the cell division instead of the direction of cell differentiation . A study demonstrated that the mutants are found to have a reduction in stem and root growth but the secondary vascular pattern of the vascular bundles were not affected with a treatment of cytokinin .
Membrane transport protein
This picture represents symport . The yellow triangle shows the concentration gradient for the yellow circles while the green triangle shows the concentration gradient for the green circles and the purple rods are the transport protein bundle . The green circles are moving against their concentration gradient through a transport protein which requires energy while the yellow circles move down their concentration gradient which releases energy . The yellow circles produce more energy through chemiosmosis than what is required to move the green circles so the movement is coupled and some energy is cancelled out . One example is the lactose permease which allows protons to go down its concentration gradient into the cell while also pumping lactose into the cell . Pores :
Endoplasmic reticulum
The unfolded protein response ( UPR ) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum . The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum . The UPR functions to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation , degrading misfolded proteins , and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding . Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases and the inhibition of the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases .
Bacterial cell structure
The cell envelope is composed of the plasma membrane and cell wall . As in other organisms , the bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity to the cell . In prokaryotes , the primary function of the cell wall is to protect the cell from internal turgor pressure caused by the much higher concentrations of proteins and other molecules inside the cell compared to its external environment . The bacterial cell wall differs from that of all other organisms by the presence of peptidoglycan which is located immediately outside of the cytoplasmic membrane . Peptidoglycan is made up of a polysaccharide backbone consisting of alternating N - Acetylmuramic acid ( NAM ) and N - acetylglucosamine ( NAG ) residues in equal amounts . Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the bacterial cell wall and for the determination of cell shape . It is relatively porous and is not considered to be a permeability barrier for small substrates . While all bacterial cell walls ( with a few exceptions e.g. extracellular parasites such as Mycoplasma ) contain peptidoglycan , not all cell walls have the same overall structures . Since the cell wall is required for bacterial survival , but is absent in some eukaryotes , several antibiotics ( notably the penicillins and cephalosporins ) stop bacterial infections by interfering with cell wall synthesis , while having no effects on human cells which have no cell wall only a cell membrane . There are two main types of bacterial cell walls , those of gram - positive bacteria and those of gram - negative bacteria , which are differentiated by their Gram staining characteristics . For both these types of bacteria , particles of approximately 2 nm can pass through the peptidoglycan . If the bacterial cell wall is entirely removed , it is called a protoplast while if it 's partially removed , it is called a spheroplast . β - Lactam antibiotics such as penicillin inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall . The enzyme lysozyme , found in human tears , also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body 's main defense against eye infections .
Osmosis
When a plant cell is placed in a solution that is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm , water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks . In doing so , the cell becomes flaccid . In extreme cases , the cell becomes plasmolyzed -- the cell membrane disengages with the cell wall due to lack of water pressure on it .
Dutch elm disease
In an attempt to block the fungus from spreading farther , the tree reacts by plugging its own xylem tissue with gum and tyloses , bladder - like extensions of the xylem cell wall . As the xylem ( one of the two types of vascular tissue produced by the vascular cambium , the other being the phloem ) delivers water and nutrients to the rest of the plant , these plugs prevent them from travelling up the trunk of the tree , eventually killing it .
Mitochondrion
The relationship between cellular proliferation and mitochondria has been investigated using cervical cancer HeLa cells . Tumor cells require an ample amount of ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) in order to synthesize bioactive compounds such as lipids , proteins , and nucleotides for rapid cell proliferation . The majority of ATP in tumor cells is generated via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway ( OxPhos ) . Interference with OxPhos have shown to cause cell cycle arrest suggesting that mitochondria play a role in cell proliferation . Mitochondrial ATP production is also vital for cell division in addition to other basic functions in the cell including the regulation of cell volume , solute concentration , and cellular architecture . ATP levels differ at various stages of the cell cycle suggesting that there is a relationship between the abundance of ATP and the cell 's ability to enter a new cell cycle . ATP 's role in the basic functions of the cell make the cell cycle sensitive to changes in the availability of mitochondrial derived ATP . The variation in ATP levels at different stages of the cell cycle support the hypothesis that mitochondria play an important role in cell cycle regulation . Although the specific mechanisms between mitochondria and the cell cycle regulation is not well understood , studies have shown that low energy cell cycle checkpoints monitor the energy capability before committing to another round of cell division .
Autophagy
Autophagy allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components . In macroautophagy , targeted cytoplasmic constituents are isolated from the rest of the cell within a double - membraned vesicle known as an autophagosome . The autophagosome eventually fuses with lysosomes and the contents are degraded and recycled . Three forms of autophagy are commonly described : macroautophagy , microautophagy , and chaperone - mediated autophagy ( CMA ) , along with mitophagy . In disease , autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to stress , which promotes survival , whereas in other cases it appears to promote cell death and morbidity . In the extreme case of starvation , the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels .
Osmosis
If the medium is hypotonic relative to the cell cytoplasm -- the cell will gain water through osmosis . If the medium is isotonic -- there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane . If the medium is hypertonic relative to the cell cytoplasm -- the cell will lose water by osmosis .
Cell membrane
The cell membrane ( also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane , and historically referred to as the plasmalemma ) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment ( the extracellular space ) . It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins . The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings . The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles . In this way , it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules . In addition , cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion , ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures , including the cell wall , the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx , and the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton . In the field of synthetic biology , cell membranes can be artificially reassembled .
Caenorhabditis elegans
The resulting daughter cells of the first cell division are called the AB cell ( containing PAR - 6 and PAR - 3 ) and the P1 cell ( containing PAR - 1 and PAR - 2 ) . A second cell division produces the ABp and ABa cells from the AB cell , and the EMS and P2 cells from the P1 cell . This division establishes the dorsal - ventral axis , with the ABp cell forming the dorsal side and the EMS cell marking the ventral side . Through Wnt signaling , the P2 cell instructs the EMS cell to divide along the anterior - posterior axis . Through Notch signaling , the P2 cell differentially specifies the ABp and ABa cells , which further defines the dorsal - ventral axis . The left - right axis also becomes apparent early in embryogenesis , although it is unclear exactly when specifically the axis is determined . However , most theories of the L-R axis development involve some kind of differences in cells derived from the AB cell . Gastrulation
Cytokinesis
The construction of the new cell wall begins within the lumen of the narrow tubules of the young cell plate . The order in which different cell wall components are deposited has been determined largely by immuno - electron microscopy . The first components to arrive are pectins , hemicelluloses , and arabinogalactan proteins carried by the secretory vesicles that fuse to form the cell plate . The next component to be added is callose , which is polymerized directly at the cell plate by callose synthases . As the cell plate continues to mature and fuses with the parental plasma membrane , the callose is slowly replaced with cellulose , the primary component of a mature cell wall . The middle lamella ( a glue - like layer containing pectin ) develops from the cell plate , serving to bind the cell walls of adjoining cells together .
Solar cell
Adaptive cells change their absorption / reflection characteristics depending to respond to environmental conditions . An adaptive material responds to the intensity and angle of incident light . At the part of the cell where the light is most intense , the cell surface changes from reflective to adaptive , allowing the light to penetrate the cell . The other parts of the cell remain reflective increasing the retention of the absorbed light within the cell .
Castillo de San Marcos
On the night of November 19 , 1837 , Coacoochee and nineteen other Seminoles , including two women , escaped from Fort Marion . Coacoochee , known for fabricating entertaining stories , later told the tale that only he and his friend Talmus Hadjo had escaped by squeezing through the eight - inch ( 203 mm ) opening of the embrasure located high in their cell and sliding down a makeshift rope into the dry moat . Talmus Hadjo , however , was not on the official list of prisoners . By whatever means the escape was actually effected , the escapees made their way to their band 's encampment at the headwaters of the Tomoka River , about forty miles south of St. Augustine . Because of their ill treatment , they vowed to continue fighting , and the war was prolonged for four more years . The cell from which Coacoochee escaped was long part of the official lore of the fort .
Cell membrane
The content of the cell , inside the cell membrane , is composed of numerous membrane - bound organelles , which contribute to the overall function of the cell . The origin , structure , and function of each organelle leads to a large variation in the cell composition due to the individual uniqueness associated with each organelle .
Passive transport
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane . The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of high water potential to an area of low water potential . A cell with a less negative water potential will draw in water but this depends on other factors as well such as solute potential ( pressure in the cell e.g. solute molecules ) and pressure potential ( external pressure e.g. cell wall ) . There are three types of Osmosis solutions : the isotonic solution , hypotonic solution , and hypertonic solution . Isotonic solution is when the extracellular solute concentration is balanced with the concentration inside the cell . In the Isotonic solution , the water molecules still moves between the solutions , but the rates are the same from both directions , thus the water movement is balanced between the inside of the cell as well as the outside of the cell . A hypotonic solution is when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell . In hypotonic solutions , the water moves into the cell , down its concentration gradient ( from higher to lower water concentrations ) . That can cause the cell to swell . Cells that do n't have a cell wall , such as animal cells , could burst In in this solution . A hypertonic solution is when the solute concentration is higher ( think of hyper - as high ) than the concentration inside the cell . In hypertonic solution , the water will move out , causing the cell to shrink .