vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Missouri Compromise
The Founders had inserted both principled and pragmatic elements in the establishing documents . The Declaration of Independence of 1776 was grounded on the claim that liberty established a moral ideal that made universal equality a common right . The Revolutionary War generation had formed a government of limited powers in 1787 to embody the principles in the Declaration , but `` burdened with the one legacy that defied the principles of 1776 '' : human bondage . In a pragmatic commitment to form the Union , the federal apparatus would forego any authority to directly interfere with the institution of slavery where it existed under local control within the states . This acknowledgment of state sovereignty provided for the participation of those states most committed to slave labor . With this understanding , slaveholders had cooperated in authorizing the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 , and to outlawing the trans - Atlantic slave trade in 1808 . Though the Founders sanctioned slavery , they did so with the implicit understanding that the slaveholding states would take steps to relinquish the institution as opportunities arose .
Cinema of the Philippines
The studio systems came under siege from the growing labor movement , which resulted in labor - management conflicts . The first studio to close was Lebran followed by Premiere Productions then LVN . Those production studios were replaced by new and independent producers like Regal Films , which was established by Lily Monteverde in 1962 .
Marginal product of labor
Assume that the production function is Q = 90 L − L 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90L - L ^ ( 2 ) )
Atlantic slave trade
Africans also participated in the slave trade through intermarriage , or cassare , meaning `` to set up house '' . It is derived from the Portuguese word `` casar '' , meaning `` to marry '' . Cassare created political and economic bonds between European and African slave traders . Cassare was a pre-European practice used to integrate the `` other '' from a differing African tribe . Powerful West African groups used these marriages as an alliance used to strengthen their trade networks with European men by marrying off African women from families with ties to the slave trade . Early on in the Atlantic Slave trade , these marriages were common . The marriages were even performed using African customs , which Europeans did not object to , seeing how important the connections were .
Atlantic slave trade
William Wilberforce was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the slave trade in the British Empire . On 22 February 1807 , the House of Commons passed a motion 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade . The United States abolished the slave trade the same year , but not its internal slave trade which became the dominant character in American slavery until the 1860s . In 1805 the British Order - in - Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands . Britain continued to press other nations to end its trade ; in 1810 an Anglo - Portuguese treaty was signed whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies ; an 1813 Anglo - Swedish treaty whereby Sweden outlawed its slave trade ; the Treaty of Paris 1814 where France agreed with Britain that the trade is `` repugnant to the principles of natural justice '' and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years ; the 1814 Anglo - Netherlands treaty where the Dutch outlawed its slave trade . ``
Olive oil extraction
Difficult to clean Non-continuous process with waiting periods thus exposes the olive paste to oxygen and light Requires more manual labor Longer production time from harvest to pressing
History of United States prison systems
As in the North , the costs of imprisonment preoccupied Southern authorities , although it appears that Southerners devoted more concern to this problem than their Northern counterparts . Southern governors of the antebellum period tended to have little patience for prisons that did not turn a profit or , at least , break even . Southern prisons adopted many of the same money - making tactics as their Northern counterparts . Prisons earned money by charging fees to visitors . They also earned money by harnessing convict labor to produce simple goods that were in steady demand , like slave shoes , wagons , pails , and bricks . But this fomented unrest among workers and tradesmen in Southern towns and cities . Governor Andrew Johnson of Tennessee , a former tailor , waged political war on his state 's penitentiary and the industries it had introduced among its inmates . To avoid these conflicts , some states -- like Georgia and Mississippi -- experimented with prison industry for state - run enterprises . But in the end few penitentiaries , North or South , turned a profit during the antebellum period .
Causes of the Great Depression
In the first three decades of the 20th century productivity and economic output surged due in part to electrification , mass production and the increasing motorization of transportation and farm machinery . Electrification and mass production techniques such as Fordism permanently lowered the demand for labor relative to economic output . By the late 1920s the resultant rapid growth in productivity and investment in manufacturing meant there was a considerable excess production capacity .
Nike, Inc.
During the 1990s , Nike faced criticism for the use of child labor in Cambodia and Pakistan in factories it contracted to manufacture soccer balls . Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice , they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used .
Equal Rights Amendment
At the Democratic National Convention in 1960 , a proposal to endorse the ERA was rejected after it met explicit opposition from liberal groups including the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , the AFL -- CIO , labor unions such as the American Federation of Teachers , Americans for Democratic Action ( ADA ) , the American Nurses Association , the Women 's Division of the Methodist Church , and the National Councils of Jewish , Catholic , and Negro Women . The losing side then demanded that presidential candidate John F. Kennedy announce his support of the ERA ; he did so in an October 21 , 1960 , letter to the chairman of the National Woman 's Party . When Kennedy was elected , he made Esther Peterson the highest - ranking woman in his administration as an Assistant Secretary of Labor . Peterson publicly opposed the Equal Rights Amendment based on her belief that it would weaken protective labor legislation . Peterson referred to the National Woman 's Party members , most of them veteran suffragists and preferred the `` specific bills for specific ills '' approach to equal rights . Ultimately , Kennedy 's ties to labor unions meant he and his administration did not support the ERA .
United States presidential election, 1860
In the four slave states that did not secede ( Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland , and Delaware ) , Lincoln came in fourth in every state except Delaware ( where he finished third ) . Within the fifteen slave states , Lincoln won only two counties out of 996 , Missouri 's St. Louis and Gasconade Counties . In the 1856 election , the Republican candidate for president had received no votes at all in twelve of the fourteen slave states with a popular vote ( these being the same states as in the 1860 election , plus Missouri and Virginia ) .
Wicked (musical)
The West End production began previews at the Apollo Victoria Theatre from September 7 , and officially opened on September 27 , 2006 . The production is currently booking until May 28 , 2018 and celebrated its fifth anniversary in 2011 with a special curtain call featuring former West End cast members . The London production was tailored slightly for a British audience , including minor creative changes to dialogue , choreography and special effects . A majority of these changes were later incorporated into all productions of Wicked . The changes include Elphaba meeting Fiyero when he first arrives at Shiz University . In addition , the waltz between Elphaba and the Wizard during Wonderful was removed .
Atlantic slave trade
Although Europeans were the market for slaves , Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa , due to fear of disease and fierce African resistance . In Africa , convicted criminals could be punished by enslavement , a punishment which became more prevalent as slavery became more lucrative . Since most of these nations did not have a prison system , convicts were often sold or used in the scattered local domestic slave market . A
Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
Beginning in 1789 , free people of color of Saint - Domingue were inspired by the French Revolution to seek an expansion of their rights . Initially , the slave population did not become involved in the conflict . In August 1791 , a Vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman marked the start of a major slave rebellion in the north . Toussaint apparently did not take part in the earliest stages of the rebellion , but after a few weeks he sent his family to safety in Spanish Santo Domingo and helped the overseers of the Breda plantation to leave the island .
Great Lakes region
During World War II , the region became the global epicenter of motorized land vehicles , including cars , trucks and jeeps , as well as a major supplier of engine , transmission , and electrical components to the wartime aeronautics industry . Despite extreme labor shortages , the region increased mechanization , and absorbed large numbers of women and immigrant labor , to increase its food production .
Atlantic slave trade
Other historians have attacked both Rodney 's methodology and accuracy . Joseph C. Miller has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation ( which he researched on the example of West Central Africa ) was caused primarily by domestic factors . Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument , estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed . Patrick Manning has shown that the slave trade did have a profound impact on African demographics and social institutions , but criticized Inikori 's approach for not taking other factors ( such as famine and drought ) into account , and thus being highly speculative .
Paul Revere
During his earlier days as an artisan , especially when working with silver products , Revere produced `` bespoke '' or customized goods . As he shifted to ironworking , he found the need to produce more standardized products , because this made production cheaper . To achieve the beginnings of standardization , Revere used identical molds for casting , especially in the fabrication of mass - produced items such as stoves , ovens , frames , and chimney backs . However , Revere did not totally embrace uniform production . For example , his bells and cannons were all unique products : these large objects required extensive fine - tuning and customization , and the small number of bells and cannon minimized the potential benefits of standardizing them . In addition , even the products that he made in large quantities could not be truly standardized due to technological and skill limitations . His products were rarely ( if ever ) identical , but his processes were well systematized . `` He came to realize that the foundry oven melded the characteristics of tools and machines : it required skilled labor and could be used in a flexible manner to produce different products , but an expert could produce consistent output by following a standard set of production practices . ''
Atlantic slave trade
Nevertheless , Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue that it was neither a strictly economic nor moral matter . First , because slavery was ( in practice ) still beneficial to capitalism , providing not only an influx of capital but also disciplining hardship into workers ( a form of `` apprenticeship '' to the capitalist industrial plant ) . The more `` recent '' argument of a `` moral shift '' ( the basis of the previous lines of this article ) is described by Hardt and Negri as an `` ideological '' apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society . Although moral arguments did play a secondary role , they usually had major resonance when used as a strategy to undercut competitors ' profits . This argument holds that Eurocentric history has been blind to the most important element in this fight for emancipation , precisely , the constant revolt and the antagonism of slaves ' revolts . The most important of those being the Haitian Revolution . The shock of this revolution in 1804 , certainly introduces an essential political argument into the end of the slave trade , which happened only three years later .
History of United States prison systems
Exposes on the lease system began appearing with increasing frequency in newspapers , state documents , Northern publications , and the publications of national prison associations during the post-war period -- just as they did for Northern prisons like those in New York . Mass grave sites containing the remains of convict lessees have been discovered in Southern states like Alabama , where the United States Steel Corporation purchased convict labor for its mining operations for several years at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries .
Confederate States of America
Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy , but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia . District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war years , referendums sponsored by President Lincoln approved systems of compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from `` disloyal citizens '' . Territories
Casualties of the Iraq War
By July 2007 , the Department of Labor recorded 933 deaths of contractors in Iraq . By April 2007 , the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction stated that the number of civilian contractor deaths on US - funded projects in Iraq was 916 . In January 2007 , the Houston Chronicle reported that the Pentagon did not track contractor deaths in Iraq . In January 2017 , an estimated 7,761 contractors had been injured in Iraq , but their nationality was not known . By the end 2006 , civilian contractors suffered `` 3,367 injuries serious enough to require four or more days off the job . '' The Labor Department had these numbers because it tracked workers ' compensation claims by injured workers or families of slain contractors under the federal Defense Base Act .
Famine
A notable period of famine occurred around the turn of the 20th century in the Congo Free State . In forming this state , Leopold used mass labor camps to finance his empire . This period resulted in the death of up to 10 million Congolese from brutality , disease and famine . Some colonial `` pacification '' efforts often caused severe famine , notably with the repression of the Maji Maji revolt in Tanganyika in 1906 . The introduction of cash crops such as cotton , and forcible measures to impel farmers to grow these crops , sometimes impoverished the peasantry in many areas , such as northern Nigeria , contributing to greater vulnerability to famine when severe drought struck in 1913 .
Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
Many area residents resented the condemnation of their lands , especially when it was explained to them that most of the area was not to be flooded but rather to become a park . The former settlements of Tharpe , Tennessee ; Model , Tennessee ; and Golden Pond , Kentucky , were forcibly abandoned . The remains of a former iron furnace , manned in the 1850s by slave labor , are about all that remains of Model . Golden Pond was replaced by the headquarters of the area and retained as the postal address for it . There is a museum , a planetarium , and an environmental education area there .
The Gambia
Traders initially sent people to Europe to work as servants until the market for labour expanded in the West Indies and North America in the 18th century . In 1807 , the United Kingdom abolished the slave trade throughout its empire . It also tried , unsuccessfully , to end the slave trade in the Gambia . Slave ships intercepted by the Royal Navy 's West Africa Squadron in the Atlantic were also returned to the Gambia , with people who had been slaves released on MacCarthy Island far up the Gambia River where they were expected to establish new lives . The British established the military post of Bathurst ( now Banjul ) in 1816 .
History of United States prison systems
Ultimately , however , the longest legacy of the system may be as symbol for white South 's injustice and inhumanity . In 1912 , Dr. E. Stagg of the National Commission on Prison Labor described the status of the Southern convict as `` the last surviving vestige of the slave system . '' A Northern writer in the 1920s referred to the Southern chain gang as the South 's new `` peculiar institution '' .
Product life-cycle theory
By this time in the product 's life cycle , the characteristics of the product itself and of the production process are well known ; the product is familiar to consumers and the production process to producers . This occurs when the product peaks in the maturity stage and then begins a downward slide in sales . Eventually , revenues drop to the point where it is no longer economically feasible to continue making the product . Investment is minimized . The product can simply be discontinued , or it can be sold to another company . Production may shift to the developing countries . Labor costs again play an important role , and the developed countries are busy introducing other products . For instance , the trade pattern shows that the United States and other developed countries have now started importing the product from the developing countries .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
A defining characteristic of a modern economy is diversification and an advanced division of labor . By the mid-17th century under 40 percent of the labor force was employed in agriculture , whereas 30 percent was engaged in a highly diversified industrial sector , the balance of the labor force being engaged in commerce and other service industries . The numerous cities formed a complex web of interdependencies , with the lesser ports performing specialized functions to the major ones ; the industrial towns specializing in specific types of production ; the countryside becoming highly differentiated by agricultural specialization , with the villages evolving into service centers ( or later sometimes centers of outsourced industrial production ) . However , the integration of specialized agriculture and industry with the growing entrepôt functions of the ports ( at least before these functions became disaggregated again in the 18th century ) imparted a special dynamism to the Dutch economy during the Golden Age economy .
Labor history of the United States
Labor unions generally ignored government employees because they were controlled mostly by the patronage system used by the political parties before the arrival of civil service . Post Office workers did form unions . The National Association of Letter Carriers started in 1889 and grew quickly . By the mid-1960s it had 175,000 members in 6,400 local branches .
Atlantic slave trade
In Britain , America , Portugal and in parts of Europe , opposition developed against the slave trade . Davis says that abolitionists assumed `` that an end to slave imports would lead automatically to the amelioration and gradual abolition of slavery '' . In Britain and America , opposition to the trade was led by the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce . Many people joined the movement and they began to protest against the trade , but they were opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings . Following Lord Mansfield 's decision in 1772 , slaves became free upon entering the British isles . Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson , the new state of Virginia in 1778 became the first state and one of the first jurisdictions anywhere to stop the importation of slaves for sale ; it made it a crime for traders to bring in slaves from out of state or from overseas for sale ; migrants from other states were allowed to bring their own slaves . The new law freed all slaves brought in illegally after its passage and imposed heavy fines on violators . Denmark , which had been active in the slave trade , was the first country to ban the trade through legislation in 1792 , which took effect in 1803 . Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 , imposing stiff fines for any slave found aboard a British ship ( see Slave Trade Act 1807 ) . The Royal Navy moved to stop other nations from continuing the slave trade and declared that slaving was equal to piracy and was punishable by death . The United States Congress passed the Slave Trade Act of 1794 , which prohibited the building or outfitting of ships in the U.S. for use in the slave trade . In 1807 Congress outlawed the importation of slaves beginning on 1 January 1808 , the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution for such a ban .
My Three Sons
Although Don Fedderson gets the credit , My Three Sons was created by George Tibbles and produced by Don Fedderson Productions throughout the show 's run , with MCA Television co-distributing the series during its 1960 -- 65 ABC airing . When the series moved to CBS in 1965 , the latter network assumed full production responsibilities ( in association with Fedderson Productions ) until the end of the series in 1972 . CBS now holds the series ' copyright . CBS Television Distribution presently owns distribution rights to the entire series ( including the more widely seen and aforementioned 1965 -- 72 CBS episodes ) . The show did not get syndicated until September 1976 ( although CBS did air reruns of the show in its daytime lineup from December 1971 until the fall of 1972 ) , and even then , only the CBS color episodes aired , while the black and white ABC episodes did not air on broadcast TV at all .
Friedrich Engels
Part of a series on Marxism Theoretical works ( show ) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 Theses on Feuerbach The German Ideology The Communist Manifesto The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Das Kapital Dialectics of Nature Philosophy ( show ) Dialectical logic Dialectical materialism Economic determinism Historical determinism Historical materialism Marx 's method Philosophy of nature Economics ( show ) Capital ( accumulation ) Crisis theory Commodity Exploitation Factors of production Means of labor Mode of production Asiatic Capitalist Law of value Productive forces Scientific socialism Socialist mode of production Surplus product Surplus value Value - form Wage labor Sociology ( show ) Alienation Base and superstructure Bourgeoisie Class Class consciousness Class struggle Classless society Commodity fetishism Communist society Cultural hegemony Dictatorship of the proletariat Exploitation Free association General intellect Human nature Ideology Immiseration Proletariat Private property Relations of production Reification Working class History ( show ) Anarchism and Marxism Philosophy in the Soviet Union Primitive capital accumulation Proletarian revolution Proletarian Culture Proletarian internationalism World revolution Young Marx Aspects ( show ) Aesthetics
Labor history of the United States
The results were mixed , with the unions making some gains , but the economy was disordered by the rapid termination of war contracts , the complex reconversion to peacetime production , the return to the labor force of 12 million servicemen , and the return home of millions of women workers . The conservative control of Congress blocked liberal legislation , and `` Operation Dixie '' , the CIO 's efforts to expand massively into the South , failed .