vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cell wall
A third type of wall among the Archaea consists of glycoprotein , and occurs in the hyperthermophiles , Halobacterium , and some methanogens . In Halobacterium , the proteins in the wall have a high content of acidic amino acids , giving the wall an overall negative charge . The result is an unstable structure that is stabilized by the presence of large quantities of positive sodium ions that neutralize the charge . Consequently , Halobacterium thrives only under conditions with high salinity .
History of the harpsichord
Visually , the instruments are considered very impressive , boasting a great deal of veneering and marquetry . Sheridan Germann writes of them , `` English harpsichords must be acknowledged as great furniture , sumptuous in textures of wood and brass and fine joinery , and built to last forever . '' A
Migration in China
It is of interest to the Chinese government to control the flow of internal migration in China . However , the flow of migration is large and widespread enough to be difficult for the government to manage . `` Despite the Chinese government 's policy of encouraging the development of western regions of the country , China 's coastal regions , and especially the province of Guangdong , experienced the largest increase in the size of the floating population . With less than 7 percent of China 's population , Guangdong has 27 percent of China 's floating population . The size of the floating population in Guangdong nearly tripled between the 1990 and the 2000 censuses . '' Such uneven migration can hamper the government 's policy to encourage the development of non-coastal regions , which exacerbates the geographic inequality in the country .
Grand Canyon
Grand Canyon Railway Depot was completed in 1910 and contains 2 levels . Gordon Chappell , Regional Historian for the Park Service , claims that this depot building is one of only three log - cabin - style train stations currently standing , out of fourteen ever built in the U.S. The depot is the northern terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway which begins in Williams , Arizona . Lookout Studio , another Mary Colter design , was built in 1914 . Photography , artwork , books , souvenirs , and rock and fossil specimens are sold here . A great view of Bright Angel Trail can be seen here . Desert View Watchtower , one of Mary Colter 's best - known works , was built in 1932 . Situated at the far eastern end of the South Rim , 27 miles ( 43 km ) from Grand Canyon Village , the tower stands 70 feet ( 21 m ) tall . The top of the tower is 7,522 feet ( 2,293 m ) above sea level , the highest point on the South Rim . It offers one of the few full views of the bottom of the canyon and the Colorado River . It was designed to mimic Anasazi watchtowers , though , with four levels , it is significantly taller than historical towers . Bright Angel Lodge was built of logs and stone in 1935 . Mary Colter designed the lodge and it was built by the Fred Harvey Company . Inside the lodge is a small museum honoring Fred Harvey ( June 27 , 1835 -- February 9 , 1901 ) , who played a major role in popularizing the Grand Canyon . In the History Room is a stone fireplace layered in the same sequence as those in the canyon .
Islamic architecture
The Abbasid dynasty ( 750 AD - 1258 ) witnessed the movement of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad , and then from Baghdad to Samarra . The shift to Baghdad influenced politics , culture , and art . The Great Mosque of Samarra , once the largest in the world , was built for the new capital . Other major mosques built in the Abbasid Dynasty include the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo , Abu Dalaf in Iraq , the great mosque in Tunis . Abbasid architecture in Iraq as exemplified in the Fortress of Al - Ukhaidir ( c. 775 - 6 ) demonstrated the `` despotic and the pleasure - loving character of the dynasty '' in its grand size but cramped living quarters .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Sino - American Cooperative Organization was an organization created by the SACO Treaty signed by the Republic of China and the United States of America in 1942 that established a mutual intelligence gathering entity in China between the respective nations against Japan . It operated in China jointly along with the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , America 's first intelligence agency and forerunner of the CIA while also serving as joint training program between the two nations . Among all the wartime missions that Americans set up in China , SACO was the only one that adopted a policy of `` total immersion '' with the Chinese . The `` Rice Paddy Navy '' or `` What - the - Hell Gang '' operated in the China - Burma - India theater , advising and training , forecasting weather and scouting landing areas for USN fleet and Gen Claire Chennault 's 14th AF , rescuing downed American flyers , and intercepting Japanese radio traffic . An underlying mission objective during the last year of war was the development and preparation of the China coast for Allied penetration and occupation . The Foochow ( Fujian Province ) was scouted as a potential staging area and springboard for the future military landing of Allies of World War II to Japan .
Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres ( 1,400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres ( 133,000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia . The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland .
Boötes
The Hercules -- Corona Borealis Great Wall , the largest known structure in the Universe , covers a significant part of Boötes .
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
As in the previous instalments , Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan provided the film 's art and set designs , respectively . Due to the film 's scope , there were many new sets and transformations of old sets created . McMillan was most excited about redesigning the Great Hall for the scenes involving the Yule Ball . `` Originally we thought silver curtains , silver table cloths and an ice dance floor , '' said McMillan , `` but it just went on and on . The drapes man eventually said , ' Why not just stick the fabrics on the wall ? ' '' Each task of the Triwizard Tournament required massive sets . The rock quarry set for the first task , where Harry faces off with the Hungarian Horntail , was built in two sections at Leavesden Studios . Craig called it `` one of the biggest sets we 've ever built for any of the films . '' For the second task , involving the film 's underwater scenes , the film crew designed and built a blue screen tank holding `` about half a million gallons of water . '' As for the final task , which took place in the maze , hedge walls ranging from 20 to 40 feet tall were constructed and enhanced with computer - generated imagery .
Wellington
The comedy group Breaking the 5th Wall operated out of Wellington and regularly did shows around the city , performing a mix of sketch comedy and semi-improvised theatre . In 2012 the group disbanded when some of its members moved to Australia .
Easter Island
In the first half of the 20th century , steam reportedly came out of the Rano Kau crater wall . This was photographed by the island 's manager , Mr. Edmunds .
British Hong Kong
Representing China were the President of the People 's Republic of China , Jiang Zemin , Premier of the People 's Republic of China , Li Peng , and Tung Chee - hwa , the first Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . This event was broadcast on television and radio stations across the world .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
In 1973 , the Grants headed out on what they thought would be a two - year study on the island of Daphne Major . There they would study evolution and ultimately determine what drives the formation of new species . There are thirteen species of finch that live on the island ; five of these are tree finch , one warbler finch , one vegetarian finch , and six species of ground finch . These birds provide a great way to study adaptive radiation . Their beaks are specific to the type of diet they eat , which in turn is reflective of the food available . The finches are easy to catch and provide a good animal to study . The Grants tagged , labelled , measured , and took blood samples of the birds they were studying . The two - year study continued through 2012 .
Yosemite National Park
Wawona was an Indian encampment in what is now the southwestern part of the park . Settler Galen Clark discovered the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoia in Wawona in 1857 . He had simple lodgings built , and roads to the area . In 1879 , the Wawona Hotel was built to serve tourists visiting Mariposa Grove . As tourism increased , so did the number of trails and hotels developed by people intending to build on the trade .
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
The Wolf of Wall Street received positive reviews , with critics praising DiCaprio and Hill 's performances , Scorsese 's direction , and Winter 's screenplay . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 78 % approval rating , based on 262 reviews , with an average score of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Funny , self - referential , and irreverent to a fault , The Wolf of Wall Street finds Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio at their most infectiously dynamic . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' .
Chinese Buddhism
The modernisation of China led to the end of the Chinese Empire , and the installation of the Republic of China , which lasted on the mainland until the Communist Revolution and the installation of the People 's Republic of China on the in 1949 which saw the ROC government went on an exodus to Taiwan .
Boston Tea Party
While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting , people poured out of the Old South Meeting House to prepare to take action . In some cases , this involved donning what may have been elaborately prepared Mohawk costumes . While disguising their individual faces was imperative , because of the illegality of their protest , dressing as Mohawk warriors was a specific and symbolic choice . It showed that the Sons of Liberty identified with America , over their official status as subjects of Great Britain .
Chola dynasty
While the Cholas did build their largest and most important temple dedicated to Shiva , it can be by no means concluded that either they were followers of Shaivism only or that they were not favourably disposed to other faiths . This is borne out by the fact that the second Chola king , Aditya I ( 871 -- 903 CE ) , built temples for Shiva and also for Vishnu . Inscriptions of 890 refer to his contributions to the construction of the Ranganatha Temple at Srirangapatnam in the country of the Western Gangas , who were both his feudatories and had connections by marriage with him . He also pronounced that the great temples of Shiva and the Ranganatha temple were to be the Kuladhanam of the Chola emperors .
History of the telescope
The difficulties with the impractical metal mirrors of reflecting telescopes led to the construction of large refracting telescopes . By 1866 refracting telescopes had reached 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in aperture with many larger `` Great refractors '' being built in the mid to late 19th century . In 1897 , the refractor reached its maximum practical limit in a research telescope with the construction of the Yerkes Observatorys ' 40 - inch ( 100 cm ) refractor ( although a larger refractor Great Paris Exhibition Telescope of 1900 with an objective of 49.2 inches ( 1.25 m ) diameter was temporarily exhibited at the Paris 1900 Exposition ) . No larger refractors could be built because of gravity 's effect on the lens . Since a lens can only be held in place by its edge , the center of a large lens will sag due to gravity , distorting the image it produces .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
In 1800 , as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 , when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State , a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth . The Irish Free State was renamed Éire ( or `` Ireland '' ) in 1937 , and in 1949 declared itself a republic , left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy . Northern Ireland remained within the Union . In 1927 , the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , while the monarch 's style for the next twenty years became `` of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' .
The Great Gatsby
Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald 's previous works and promptly criticized him . Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald 's success : `` One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret , not for the fate of the people in the book , but for Mr. Fitzgerald . '' John McClure of The Times - Picayune said that the book was unconvincing , writing , `` Even in conception and construction , The Great Gatsby seems a little raw . '' Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald 's earlier novels endearing and called the book `` a minor performance ... At the moment , its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical . '' Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book 's style `` painfully forced '' , noting that the editors of the paper were `` quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to - day . '' The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point : `` All the reviews , even the most enthusiastic , not one had the slightest idea what the book was about . ''
First Transcontinental Railroad
Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska .
Prague
The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband , Přemysl , founder of the Přemyslid dynasty . Legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied : `` I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars . '' She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site .
History of Vietnam
During the Tang dynasty , Vietnam was called Annam until 866 . With its capital around modern Bắc Ninh , Annam became a flourishing trading outpost , receiving goods from the southern seas . The Book of the Later Han recorded that in 166 the first envoy from the Roman Empire to China arrived by this route , and merchants were soon to follow . The 3rd - century Tales of Wei ( Weilüe ) mentioned a `` water route '' ( the Red River ) from Annam into what is now southern Yunnan . From there , goods were taken over land to the rest of China via the regions of modern Kunming and Chengdu .
Segovia
The Segovia Cathedral , the last Gothic cathedral built in Spain . It is considered a masterpiece of Basque - Castilian Gothic architecture and is known as `` The Lady of Cathedrals . '' Juan Gil de Hontañón , Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón , and other masters of Spanish architecture worked on the construction . It was consecrated in 1768 and is 105 meters long , 50 metres wide and 33 m high in the nave , has 18 chapels and has three doors : El Perdón , San Frutos and San Geroteo . The Walls of Segovia existed when Alfonso VI of León and Castile retook the city from the Arabs . Alfonso had them enlarged , and also increased its perimeter to 3 kilometres , with eight towers , five gates , and several doors . It was built mainly of granite blocks but also reused gravestones from the old Roman necropolis . The wall encircles the historic quarter and currently has three gates : San Cebrián ; Santiago , built in the Mudéjar style ; and San Andrés , gateway to the Jewish quarter ; and the breaches of Consuelo , San Juan , the Sun , and the Moon .
Gulf of Mexico
Later , loading of the crust within the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the Mesozoic and all of the Cenozoic further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about 10 -- 20 km below sea level . Particularly during the Cenozoic , thick clastic wedges built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the Gulf of Mexico .
Heart
The normal resting heart rate is called the sinus rhythm , created and sustained by the sinoatrial node , a group of pacemaking cells found in the wall of the right atrium . Cells in the sinoatrial node do this by creating an action potential . The cardiac action potential is created by the movement of specific electrolytes into and out of the pacemaker cells . The action potential then spreads to nearby cells .
Jai alai
The court for jai alai consists of walls on the front , back and left , and the floor between them . If the ball ( called a `` pilota '' , `` ball '' in Euskara ) touches the floor outside these walls , it is considered out of bounds . Similarly , there is also a border on the lower 3 feet ( 0.9 m ) of the front wall that is also out of bounds . The ceiling on the court is usually very high , so the ball has a more predictable path . The court is divided by 14 parallel lines going horizontally across the court , with line 1 closest to the front wall and line 14 the back wall . In doubles , each team consists of a frontcourt player and a backcourt player . The game begins when the frontcourt player of the first team serves the ball to the second team . The winner of each point stays on the court to meet the next team in rotation . Losers go to the end of the line to await another turn on the court . The first team to score 7 points ( or 9 in Superfecta games ) wins . The next highest scores are awarded `` place '' ( second ) and `` show '' ( third ) positions , respectively . Playoffs decide tied scores .
Anterior cruciate ligament
The ACL originates from deep within the notch of the distal femur . Its proximal fibers fan out along the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle . There are two bundles of the ACL -- the anteromedial and the posterolateral , named according to where the bundles insert into the tibial plateau . ( The tibia plateau is a critical weight - bearing region on the upper extremity of the tibia ) . The ACL attaches in front of the intercondyloid eminence of the tibia , where it is blended with the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus .
Great Chicago Fire
Across the lake to the east , the town of Holland , Michigan , and other nearby areas burned to the ground . Some 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the north of Holland , the lumbering community of Manistee also went up in flames in what became known as The Great Michigan Fire .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Fred Koehler , an electronics repairman from Coral Gables , Florida , sold his electronics shop to finance the completion of a two - man deep - sea submersible called Seacopter . He planned to dive to Titanic , enter the hull and retrieve a fabulous collection of diamonds rumored to be contained in the purser 's safe . However , he was unable to obtain financial backing for his planned expedition . Another proposal involved using a semi-submersible platform mounted with cranes , resting on two watertight supertankers , that would winch the wreck off the seabed and carry it to shore . A proponent was quoted as saying , `` It 's like the Great Wall of China -- given enough time and money and people , you can do anything . '' Time , money and people were not forthcoming and the proposal got no further than any of its predecessors .
Parthenon
The existence of both the proto - Parthenon and its destruction were known from Herodotus , and the drums of its columns were plainly visible built into the curtain wall north of the Erechtheon . Further physical evidence of this structure was revealed with the excavations of Panagiotis Kavvadias of 1885 -- 90 . The findings of this dig allowed Wilhelm Dörpfeld , then director of the German Archaeological Institute , to assert that there existed a distinct substructure to the original Parthenon , called Parthenon I by Dörpfeld , not immediately below the present edifice as had been previously assumed . Dörpfeld 's observation was that the three steps of the first Parthenon consisted of two steps of Poros limestone , the same as the foundations , and a top step of Karrha limestone that was covered by the lowest step of the Periclean Parthenon . This platform was smaller and slightly to the north of the final Parthenon , indicating that it was built for a wholly different building , now completely covered over . This picture was somewhat complicated by the publication of the final report on the 1885 -- 90 excavations , indicating that the substructure was contemporary with the Kimonian walls , and implying a later date for the first temple .
Great Depression
According to later analysis , the earliness with which a country left the gold standard reliably predicted its economic recovery . For example , Great Britain and Scandinavia , which left the gold standard in 1931 , recovered much earlier than France and Belgium , which remained on gold much longer . Countries such as China , which had a silver standard , almost avoided the depression entirely . The connection between leaving the gold standard as a strong predictor of that country 's severity of its depression and the length of time of its recovery has been shown to be consistent for dozens of countries , including developing countries . This partly explains why the experience and length of the depression differed between national economies .
Causes of the Great Depression
Uncertainty was a major factor , argued by several economists , that contributed to the worsening and length of the depression . It was also said to be responsible `` for the initial decline in consumption that marks the '' beginning of the Great Depression by economists Paul R. Flacco and Randall E. Parker . Economist Ludwig Lachmann argues that it was pessimism that prevented the recovery and worsening of the depression President Hoover is said to have been blinded from what was right in front of him .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state , derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson . It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court , beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879 , when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons . Chief Justice Morrison Waite , who consulted the historian George Bancroft , also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison , who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a `` great barrier '' .