vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
New Deal
A tax called the undistributed profits tax was enacted in 1936 . This time the primary purpose was revenue , since Congress had enacted the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act , calling for payments of $2 billion to World War I veterans . The bill established the persisting principle that retained corporate earnings could be taxed . Paid dividends were tax deductible by corporations . Its proponents intended the bill to replace all other corporation taxes -- believing this would stimulate corporations to distribute earnings and thus put more cash and spending power in the hands of individuals . In the end , Congress watered down the bill , setting the tax rates at 7 to 27 % and largely exempting small enterprises . Facing widespread and fierce criticism , the tax deduction of paid dividends was repealed in 1938 .
Gray code
Another type of Gray code , the Beckett -- Gray code , is named for Irish playwright Samuel Beckett , who was interested in symmetry . His play `` Quad '' features four actors and is divided into sixteen time periods . Each period ends with one of the four actors entering or leaving the stage . The play begins with an empty stage , and Beckett wanted each subset of actors to appear on stage exactly once . Clearly the set of actors currently on stage can be represented by a 4 - bit binary Gray code . Beckett , however , placed an additional restriction on the script : he wished the actors to enter and exit so that the actor who had been on stage the longest would always be the one to exit . The actors could then be represented by a first in , first out queue , so that ( of the actors onstage ) the actor being dequeued is always the one who was enqueued first . Beckett was unable to find a Beckett -- Gray code for his play , and indeed , an exhaustive listing of all possible sequences reveals that no such code exists for n = 4 . It is known today that such codes do exist for n = 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 , and do not exist for n = 3 or 4 . An example of an 8 - bit Beckett -- Gray code can be found in Donald Knuth 's Art of Computer Programming . According to Sawada and Wong , the search space for n = 6 can be explored in 15 hours , and more than 9,500 solutions for the case n = 7 have been found .
Luteinizing hormone
The ranges denoted By biological stage may be used in closely monitored menstrual cycles in regard to other markers of its biological progression , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much faster or slower , respectively , the cycle progresses compared to an average cycle . The ranges denoted Inter-cycle variability are more appropriate to use in non-monitored cycles with only the beginning of menstruation known , but where the woman accurately knows her average cycle lengths and time of ovulation , and that they are somewhat averagely regular , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much a woman 's average cycle length is shorter or longer , respectively , than the average of the population . The ranges denoted Inter-woman variability are more appropriate to use when the average cycle lengths and time of ovulation are unknown , but only the beginning of menstruation is given .
Magnetic field
Although magnets and magnetism were studied much earlier , the research of magnetic fields began in 1269 when French scholar Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt mapped out the magnetic field on the surface of a spherical magnet using iron needles . Noting that the resulting field lines crossed at two points he named those points ' poles ' in analogy to Earth 's poles . He also clearly articulated the principle that magnets always have both a north and south pole , no matter how finely one slices them .
Lucky Spencer
When Jackson left the role in 1999 , a recast was opposed by viewers and costars . When Jackson 's departure had previously been rumored in 1996 , Anthony Geary ( Luke ) told TV Guide that he `` went to ( the GH powers ) and said , ' If we lose him , then let 's kill Lucky . ' Jonathan is too much a part of us to replace him . '' Geary repeated these sentiments when Jackson confirmed leaving in 1999 . When a recast was rumored in early 2000 , Jackson stated : `` When all the actors who are going to be working with the character do n't want it , it 's kind of too bad that they still do it . But I do n't really get surprised with a lot of things that they do . '' The role was recast with Jacob Young , and by the time he appeared on - screen in February 2000 , the character had been off - screen for almost a year , speculated to be an attempt to ease the transition between actors due to Jackson 's popularity . Young was able to become accepted by fans ; in 2001 , Candace Havens wrote in The Free Lance -- Star : `` His hard work has paid off and many fans ca n't even remember there was ever someone else in the role . '' Young was named Sexiest Soap Star by People magazine in 2001 . In 2002 , Young won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor . Greg Vaughan , who took over the role from 2003 to 2009 , was the only portrayer of Lucky not to be nominated for an Emmy award . However , Vaughan did have a fan following . He was chosen by ABC Daytime and SOAPnet to participate in their 2008 Hot Guys Calendar , featuring popular male costars from ABC soap operas . At the start of 2008 , Zap2it named Vaughan No. 6 on their Top 10 Most Improved list , stating : `` The gorgeous Mr. Vaughan plays angry and sexy very well . Thank goodness we 're getting to see it . '' During Vaughan 's tenure , Lucky entered into a relationship with Sam McCall ( Kelly Monaco ) that was popular with fans .
The Fate of the Furious
Conversely , David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C − and called it the worst entry of the franchise , saying : `` As much a mess of conflicting tones and styles as it is of locations , this setpiece -- like the rest of Gray 's movie -- feels like a heap of random parts that were thrown together in the hopes that fate might somehow weld them into a roadworthy vehicle . But it 's not all groundbreaking . '' J.R. Kinnard of PopMatters magazine gave a lukewarm review , writing : `` It 's unlikely that devotees will consider The Fate of the Furious one of the stronger entries in the series . Still , the filmmakers and actors are clearly dedicated to making a quality product , avoiding the complacency that often plagues action sequels . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Moments after Dom has gone rogue and apparently wants to kill them , they 're making jokes . As they 're racing through the streets of New York City or skidding along the ice in Russia , killing bad guys and narrowly avoiding getting killed themselves , they 're crackin ' wise . Even within this ludicrous universe , it 's jarring to hear these supposedly smart folks , who refer to themselves as ' family , ' acting like idiots who do n't seem to care if they live or die , or if their friends survive . ''
List of most expensive association football transfers
Jump up ^ The fee broke the world record in pound sterling , but not in euro ; as the fee was paid in installments , the accountant that prepared the financial report adjusted the value to € 66.073 million as the present value to reflect the loss in interest Jump up ^ Fee was to be paid over time with an initial £ 58 million , plus another £ 12 million in additional bonuses . Jump up ^ Fee was to be paid over time with an initial £ 44 million , plus another £ 5 million in additional bonuses . Jump up ^ Estimated figure . The transfer fee has not been disclosed . Jump up ^ Estimated figure . The transfer fee has not been disclosed . Jump up ^ Lazio broke the then - world transfer record by paying £ 35 million ( £ 16 million upfront and transferred Matías Almeyda and Sérgio Conceição ) to acquire Crespo . The total transfer fee later amounted to £ 40 million . Jump up ^ Fee was to be paid over time with an initial € 57.1 million , plus another € 2 million in additional bonuses . Neymar received a € 10 million signing bonus . Neymar 's agent also received € 4 million . Jump up ^ Fee was to be paid over time with an initial £ 50 million ( € 57M ) , plus another £ 3 million in additional bonuses . Jump up ^ £ 48.8 m with £ 8.8 m in add - ons . Jump up ^ Estimated figure . The transfer fee has not been disclosed . Jump up ^ Fee was to be paid over time with an initial € 53 million ( £ 46.5 M ) , plus another € 7 million ( £ 6.1 M ) in additional bonuses . Jump up ^ Part of the fees was paid via the transfer of Jonathan Bachini to Parma for a total of 100 billion lire ; the fixed exchange rate of lira to euro was 1936.27 lire to 1 euro . Jump up ^ Manchester United paid £ 36 million up front for Martial , but his contract contains three bonus clauses worth £ 7.2 million each , taking the potential fee to £ 57.6 million .
History of women in the United States
While radical feminists agreed that a separate movement for them was needed , how that movement looked and its ultimate goals caused much divide . They questioned whether they should include men within their movement , whether they should focus on issues of war , race and class , and who or what it was they were exactly rallying against . There were also issues concerning African American women within the movement ; while the radical feminists felt gender to be the greatest issue , African American women were also very much concerned with racism and many found that to be where oppression was most domineering . Despite being inspired by the black power movement , radical feminists had difficulty figuring out a place for race within their gender - centric movement . They were also divided over the place of lesbianism in the movement .
Alaska
Domestic abuse and other violent crimes are also at high levels in the state ; this is in part linked to alcohol abuse . Alaska has the highest rate of sexual assault in the nation , especially in rural areas . The average age of sexually assaulted victims is 16 years old . In four out of five cases , the suspects were relatives , friends or acquaintances .
History of women in the United States
The work patterns of elite white women changed radically after the Civil War , depending on their stage in the life cycle . Women over age 50 changed least , insisting that they needed servants and continuing their traditional managerial roles . The next generation , comprising the young wives and mothers during the Civil War , depended much less on black servants , and displayed greater flexibility toward household work . The youngest generation , which matured during the war and Reconstruction , did many of their own domestic chores . Some sought paid jobs outside the household , especially in teaching , which allowed an escape from domestic chores and obligatory marriage .
Norman conquest of England
One of the most obvious effects of the conquest was the introduction of Anglo - Norman , a northern dialect of Old French , as the language of the ruling classes in England , displacing Old English . French words entered the English language , and a further sign of the shift was the usage of names common in France instead of Anglo - Saxon names . Male names such as William , Robert and Richard soon became common ; female names changed more slowly . The Norman invasion had little impact on placenames , which had changed significantly after earlier Scandinavian invasions . It is not known precisely how much English the Norman invaders learned , nor how much the knowledge of French spread among the lower classes , but the demands of trade and basic communication probably meant that at least some of the Normans and native English were bilingual . Nevertheless , William the Conqueror never developed a working knowledge of English and for centuries afterwards English was not well understood by the nobility .
Sugar Act
The Molasses Act of 1733 was passed by Parliament largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies . Molasses from French , Dutch , and Spanish West Indian possessions was inexpensive . Sugar ( from the British West Indies ) was priced much higher than its competitors and they also had no need for the large quantities of lumber , fish , and other items offered by the colonies in exchange . Sometimes colonists would pay Molasses Act taxes because they were rather low depending on where they resided and how much money they had . In the first part of the 18th Century , the British West Indies were Great Britain 's most important trading partner , so Parliament was attentive to their requests . However , rather than acceding to the demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non-British islands , Parliament passed the prohibitively high tax on the colonies on molasses imported from those islands . If actually collected , the tax would have effectively closed that source to New England and destroyed much of the rum industry . Instead , smuggling , bribery or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law .
Medieval theatre
Under these influences , the church set about trying to suppress theatrical spectacles by passing laws prohibiting and excluding Roman actors . They were forbidden to have contact with Christian women , own slaves , or wear gold . They were officially excommunicated , denied the sacraments , including marriage and burial , and were defamed and debased throughout Europe . For many centuries thereafter , clerics were cautioned to not allow these suddenly homeless , travelling actors to perform in their jurisdictions .
United States home front during World War II
One contentious issue involved the drafting of fathers , which was avoided as much as possible . The drafting of 18 - year - olds was desired by the military but vetoed by public opinion . Racial minorities were drafted at the same rate as Whites , and were paid the same , but blacks were kept in all - black units . The experience of World War I regarding men needed by industry was particularly unsatisfactory -- too many skilled mechanics and engineers became privates ( there is a possibly apocryphal story of a banker assigned as a baker due to a clerical error , noted by historian Lee Kennett in his book `` G.I. '' ) Farmers demanded and were generally given occupational deferments ( many volunteered anyway , but those who stayed at home lost postwar veteran 's benefits . )
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
As of 2005 , the book had been translated into nine languages , including Latin as Quomodo Invidiosulus Nomine Grinchus Christi Natalem Abrogaverit : How the Grinch Stole Christmas in Latin by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg with the assistance of Terence O. Tunberg . The translation was published in October 1998 by Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers Inc .
Jenny Schecter
Jennifer Thomas of Pioneer Press compiled a list of 12 of the best TV characters of 2009 ; Jenny was number 7 on her list and stated : `` Jenny is a rare combination of destruction , self - destruction , naivety and insanity . You ca n't help but want to strangle her , but then she goes all needy and fragile . '' She also claimed that the season finale was a let - down , but Jenny would have been happy that even in death she was the center of attention and meddling in her friends lives .
The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)
`` The Power of Love '' was first recorded by Jennifer Rush for her 1984 eponymous album . It was released as a single in West Germany in December 1984 . In June 1985 , `` The Power of Love '' was issued as a single in the United Kingdom , where it topped the chart for five weeks in October 1985 and became the best - selling single of the year . As of March 2017 , it has sold 1.45 million copies in the UK .
Rey (Star Wars)
Rey is introduced as a 19 - year - old woman in The Force Awakens . Rey is stubborn , headstrong , brave , optimistic , and maintains fierce loyalty to her friends . In comparison to Luke , Matthew Yglesias of Vox said that `` Rey is considerably less callow than Luke '' .
Division of the assembly
According to the Duden dictionary , the expression refers to the MPs grouping themselves like sheep behind their respective bellwethers before re-entering the chamber . The procedure was introduced in 1874 by a Reichstag vice president . In 1894 the architect of the new Reichstag building made a reference to the Hammelsprung : above the door for `` yes '' , he depicted Ulysses and his friends escaping from Polyphemus .
Live by Night (film)
Warner Bros. acquired the rights to Dennis Lehane 's Live by Night in April 2012 , with the intention of developing the project as a starring vehicle for Leonardo DiCaprio , through his Appian Way Productions . In October 2012 , it was announced that Ben Affleck would direct , write , and star in the film ; he and Jennifer Todd would produce through their Pearl Street Films , along with Appian Way 's DiCaprio and Jennifer Davisson Killoran .
A Beautiful Mind (film)
A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 American biographical drama film based on the life of John Nash , a Nobel Laureate in Economics . The film was directed by Ron Howard , from a screenplay written by Akiva Goldsman . It was inspired by a bestselling , Pulitzer Prize - nominated 1998 book of the same name by Sylvia Nasar . The film stars Russell Crowe , along with Ed Harris , Jennifer Connelly , Paul Bettany , Adam Goldberg , Judd Hirsch , Josh Lucas , Anthony Rapp , and Christopher Plummer in supporting roles . The story begins in Nash 's days as a graduate student at Princeton University . Early in the film , Nash begins to develop paranoid schizophrenia and endures delusional episodes while painfully watching the loss and burden his condition brings on wife Alicia and friends .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
In December 2013 , Singer announced X-Men : Apocalypse , an X-Men film acting as a sequel to X-Men : Days of Future Past . Singer directed from a script by Simon Kinberg , Dan Harris , and Michael Dougherty . Kinberg said it would take place in 1983 and would also complete a trilogy that began with X-Men : First Class . Released in 2016 , Apocalypse features the ancient mutant En Sabah Nur , who was introduced in the Days of Future Past post-credits scene , awakening in the 1980s and deciding to destroy modern civilization and take over the world . Jennifer Lawrence , James McAvoy , Michael Fassbender , Nicholas Hoult , Evan Peters , Rose Byrne , Lucas Till and Hugh Jackman reprise their roles . Filming began in April 2015 in Montreal , Quebec for a May 27 , 2016 , release .
Cassie Newman
Cassie Newman is a fictional character from the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless . Portrayed by Camryn Grimes , the character was first introduced in 1997 by William J. Bell as the biological daughter of Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) whom she previously gave up for adoption . Grace Turner ( Jennifer Gareis ) , Sharon 's best friend , originally tracked Cassie down in hopes of reuniting her with Sharon , but later decided to keep the girl for herself ; a year passed before Sharon learned Cassie was her daughter , regaining custody with her husband Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) , who adopted her and became her father by law .
Quakers
After World War I , a growing desire for a more fundamentalist approach among some Friends began a split among Five Years Meetings . In 1926 , Oregon Yearly Meeting seceded from Five Years Meeting , bringing together several other yearly meetings and scattered monthly meetings . In 1947 , the Association of Evangelical Friends was formed , with triennial meetings until 1970 . In 1965 , this was replaced by the Evangelical Friends Alliance , which in 1989 , became Evangelical Friends Church International .
Jennifer Jareau
In `` Mr. Scratch '' , JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents .
Quakers
Initially , Quakers had no ordained clergy , and thus needed no seminaries for theological training . In England , Quaker schools sprang up , with Friends School Saffron Walden being the most prominent . Later in America they founded William Penn Charter School ( 1689 ) , Wilmington Friends School ( 1748 ) , Moorestown Friends School ( 1785 ) , Westtown School ( 1799 ) , Germantown Friends School ( 1845 ) , Scattergood Friends School ( 1890 ) , Haverford College ( 1833 ) , Guilford College ( 1837 ) , Olney Friends School ( 1837 ) , Pickering College ( 1842 ) , Earlham College & Earlham School of Religion ( 1847 ) , Swarthmore College ( 1864 ) , Wilmington College ( Ohio ) ( 1870 ) , Penn College ( Iowa ) ( 1873 ) , Bryn Mawr College ( 1885 ) , Friends Pacific Academy ( now George Fox University ) ( 1885 ) , Cleveland Bible College ( now Malone University ) ( 1892 ) , George School ( 1893 ) , Friends University ( 1898 ) , Training School for Christian Workers ( now Azusa Pacific University ) ( 1899 ) , Whittier College ( 1901 ) , and Friends Bible College ( now Barclay College ) ( 1917 ) . In Australia , the Friends ' School , Hobart was founded in 1887 and has grown to become the largest Quaker school in the world . In Great Britain , they organised Woodbrooke College in 1903 . In Kenya , Quakers founded Friends Bible Institute ( now Friends Theological College ) in Kaimosi , Kenya , in 1942 .
List of Criminal Minds characters
Played by A.J. Cook , SSA Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau originally acted as the team 's Communication Liaison with the media and local police agencies . She has two sons with her now husband Detective William LaMontagne Jr . ( Josh Stewart ) , whom she met while the team was working a case in New Orleans in the season two episode `` Jones '' and married at the end of the season seven two - part finale , `` Hit and Run '' . In the second episode of season six , JJ was forced to take a promotion to the Pentagon and left the team for the rest of the season . When JJ leaves the BAU for a promotion to a position at the Pentagon , Garcia and Hotch take up her responsibilities as media liaison and retains this position when JJ returns to the BAU as a profiler . Jennifer returned to the show in the episode entitled `` Lauren '' , in which she receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily Prentiss and capture Ian Doyle before it is too late . When Emily is stabbed by Doyle and rushed to a hospital , Jennifer announces she did not survive . However , it is later revealed that Emily is alive and Jennifer meets her at a cafe in Paris , where she provides her with three passports and bank accounts to start a new life in hiding . She returns once again in the season six finale before returning as a full - time cast member again in season seven .
Oyster
In many areas , non-native oysters have been introduced in attempts to prop up failing harvests of native varieties . For example , the eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) was introduced to California waters in 1875 , while the Pacific oyster was introduced there in 1929 . Proposals for further such introductions remain controversial .
Cole Turner
The erotic romance novels and novellas of Jennifer Dunne feature a heroine `` obsessed '' with Julian McMahon 's portrayal of Cole in her book Dancing in the Dark .
Quakers
In a 2007 interview , author David Yount ( How the Quakers Invented America ) stated that Quakers first introduced many ideas which later became mainstream , such as democracy in the Pennsylvania legislature , the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution from Rhode Island Quakers , trial by jury , equal rights for men and women , and public education . Even the Liberty Bell itself was cast by Quakers .
Brontë family
On return from their honeymoon in Ireland where she had been introduced to Mr. Nicholls ' aunt and cousins , her life completely changed . She adopted her new duties as a wife that took up most of her time , she wrote to her friends telling them that Nicholls was a good and attentive husband , but that she nevertheless felt a kind of holy terror at her new situation . In a letter to Ellen Nussey ( Nell ) , in 1854 she wrote Indeed - indeed - Nell - it is a solemn and strange and perilous thing for a woman to become a wife .