vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
One-child policy
The Chinese government , quoting Zhai Zhenwu , director of Renmin University 's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing , estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one - child policy as of 2011 , while some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level , according to CNN . Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one - child policy , but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before , stating that `` there are many different numbers out there but it does n't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births '' .
Constitution of India
The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify , which means , while amending anything in the Constitution , it can not tinker with the `` basic structure '' or its framework , which is immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended , nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution . Yet , this `` doctrine of basic features '' lays down that , the Constitution when `` read as a whole '' , that what comes to be understood as its basic features can not be abridged , deleted or abrogated . What these `` basic features '' are , have not been defined exhaustively anywhere , and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a `` basic feature '' is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case .
Israel
The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967 . In 2005 , as part of Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan , Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory . Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a `` foreign territory '' . That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations . Following the 2007 Battle of Gaza , when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip , Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border , as well as by sea and air , and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian . Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel , the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place ( it was monitored by European observers ) .
Megacity
The sheer size and complexity of megacities gives rise to enormous social and environmental challenges . Whether megacities can develop sustainably depends to a large extent on how they obtain , share , and manage their energy and material resources . There are correlations between electricity consumption , heating and industrial fuel use , ground transportation energy use , water consumption , waste generation , and steel production in terms of level of consumption and how efficiently they use resources .
Deadpool (film)
Additionally , unconventional billboards for the film were put up , including one selling it as a romance film because of the closeness of the film 's release to Valentine 's Day , and one featuring the emojis `` 💀 💩 L '' which was described as both idiotic and brilliant . Videos released for the film included a public service announcement parody instructing men on how to check for testicular cancer , played during an episode of The Bachelor ; holiday messages for Chinese New Year and Australia Day ; a cross-promotional video with Manchester United ; a video starring Betty White ; and an appearance on Conan where Deadpool gives Conan O'Brien a massage . Reynolds promoted the film on social media , taking part in a faux rivalry with Hugh Jackman on Twitter , Instagram , and Facebook . The campaign also took advantage of Snapchat , Tinder , and Porn Hub . In the two weeks before the film 's release , there was an average 10,000 to 20,000 tweets about it a day , which jumped to 90,000 after the early screenings . Weinstock said , `` There 's a lot of debate as to whether or not social media can really open a movie ... and this proves it can . ''
The Beatles
Innovation was the most striking feature of their creative evolution , according to music historian and pianist Michael Campbell : `` ' A Day in the Life ' encapsulates the art and achievement of the Beatles as well as any single track can . It highlights key features of their music : the sound imagination , the persistence of tuneful melody , and the close coordination between words and music . It represents a new category of song -- more sophisticated than pop ... and uniquely innovative . There literally had never before been a song -- classical or vernacular -- that had blended so many disparate elements so imaginatively . '' Philosophy professor Bruce Ellis Benson agrees : `` the Beatles ... give us a wonderful example of how such far - ranging influences as Celtic music , rhythm and blues , and country and western could be put together in a new way . ''
Mixture
Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous . A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties . Examples of homogenous mixture is Alloys , Alcohol in water , etc ... A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the components can be seen , as there are two or more phases present . One example of a mixture is air . Air is a homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen , oxygen , and smaller amounts of other substances . Salt , sugar , and many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures . A homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent present is also a solution . Mixtures can have any amounts of ingredients .
Tooth decay
Once a lesion has cavitated , especially if dentin is involved , remineralization is much more difficult and a dental restoration is usually indicated ( `` operative treatment '' ) . Before a restoration can be placed , all of the decay must be removed otherwise it will continue to progress underneath the filling . Sometimes a small amount of decay can be left if it is entombed and there is a seal which isolates the bacteria from their substrate . This can be likened to placing a glass container over a candle , which burns itself out once the oxygen is used up . Techniques such as stepwise caries removal are designed to avoid exposure of the dental pulp and overall reduction of the amount of tooth substance which requires removal before the final filling is placed . Often enamel which overlies decayed dentin must also be removed as it is unsupported and susceptible to fracture . The modern decision - making process with regards the activity of the lesion , and whether it is cavitated , is summarized in the table .
Year and a day rule
Certain problems with this rule arise from the advance of medicine . Life support technology can extend the interval between the murderous act and the subsequent death . Application of the year and a day rule prevented murder prosecutions , not because of the merits of the case , but because of the successful intervention of doctors in prolonging life . Additionally , advances in forensic medicine may assist the court to determine that an act was a cause of death even though it was carried out fairly far in the past .
Forecasting
It is important to evaluate forecast accuracy using genuine forecasts . That is , it is invalid to look at how well a model fits the historical data ; the accuracy of forecasts can only be determined by considering how well a model performs on new data that were not used when fitting the model . When choosing models , it is common to use a portion of the available data for fitting , and use the rest of the data for testing the model , as was done in the above examples .
Division of the assembly
There have been suggestions that electronic voting may be easier and quicker to do than physically going through a division lobby . However , MPs have often found that a division is the best way to interact for senior members of the government . And it can be considered a way to sort out problems for the Member 's constituents .
Amazon Web Services
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Binary star
The period of the orbit of an eclipsing binary may be determined from a study of the light curve , and the relative sizes of the individual stars can be determined in terms of the radius of the orbit by observing how quickly the brightness changes as the disc of the near star slides over the disc of the distant star . If it is also a spectroscopic binary the orbital elements can also be determined , and the mass of the stars can be determined relatively easily , which means that the relative densities of the stars can be determined in this case .
Fingerprint
In 2002 , a Japanese cryptographer demonstrated how fingerprint recognition devices can be fooled 4 out of 5 times using a combination of low cunning , cheap kitchen supplies and a digital camera .
How to Train Your Dragon
Toothless guiltily reveals that he also burned the copy of `` How To Train Your Dragon '' . Camicazi suggests that they can go to the Meathead Library , and supposedly there might be another copy of the book , and get back home `` in time for tea '' . Hiccup , Camicazi and Fishlegs go to the Island of Forget Me on a Stealth Dragon Big - Boobied Bertha had stolen from Madguts the Murderous , the Chief of the Murderous Tribe , for the bet with Stoick , to visit the Meathead Public Library . With the help of Stormfly , Camicazi 's dragon , they find the copy of `` How to Train Your Dragon '' , though it is a second edition . The Hairy Scary Librarian catches them stealing the book and fights with Camicazi and Hiccup . Fishlegs throws a book at the Hairy Scary Librarian . However , Stormfly is knocked out in the process , and awakens with no memory of who she is , and how did she get in . The Librarian , who falls onto the floor , which is full of Red Hot Itchyworms ( the worms went into his pants , tickling him ) runs toward the exit , laughing and screaming . The noise attracts Driller Dragons who are dwelling in the Library .
Doppler fetal monitor
A major advantage of being able to record and share the recording is that it can be emailed to a healthcare professional to be checked if there are any concerns about whether or not it is the fetus 's heart rate and whether or not is normal . Typically , they work from about 12 weeks .
Air pollution in the United States
Ozone is produced by naturally and artificially ( vehicles , refineries , plants , etc . ) . It is a very strong oxidizing agent and when inhaled , it attacks tissues by modifying parts of cells and it can create potentially toxic by products . It was found that there is no correlation between ozone effects estimates for mortality and PM readings of an area . In other words , damage done by ozone and by PM can not be considered the same . Extended periods of inhaling ozone causes neuron damage and death , motor deficits , and memory deficits in humans and animals . Certain groups , such as African Americans , have higher chance of having ozone - caused health issues because of their higher ozone exposure . A study conducted in Los Angeles , CA showed that there is a 12 - 15 % increase in chance for a child to be born with or develop autism if the parents lived in areas with high ozone concentration during the child 's gestation period . From the hospital records , it was found that majority of those parents were also Hispanic and were low income families . There were less autistic children born in majority white , highly educated , and high income communities . The same study also found that higher levels of nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) and nitric oxide ( NO ) , both can undergo chemical reactions to form ozone , also can increase the chance of Autism in a child .
Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery
Kotaku also commented on the game 's use of these mechanics , saying that `` where the game falters , is how it implements its free - to - play elements '' . David Jagnaeux from IGN Africa called it `` awful '' , describing the microtransactions as `` gratuitous '' and stating that they `` actively prevented '' him from enjoying the game . The Guardian called Hogwarts Mystery `` a dull game with a great concept , made unplayable by its hyper - aggressive monetisation '' .
Recycling
The quality of recyclates is recognized as one of the principal challenges that needs to be addressed for the success of a long - term vision of a green economy and achieving zero waste . Recyclate quality is generally referring to how much of the raw material is made up of target material compared to the amount of non-target material and other non-recyclable material . Only target material is likely to be recycled , so a higher amount of non-target and non-recyclable material will reduce the quantity of recycling product . A high proportion of non-target and non-recyclable material can make it more difficult for re-processors to achieve `` high - quality '' recycling . If the recyclate is of poor quality , it is more likely to end up being down - cycled or , in more extreme cases , sent to other recovery options or landfilled . For example , to facilitate the re-manufacturing of clear glass products there are tight restrictions for colored glass going into the re-melt process .
Heat
Beyond this , most substances have three ordinarily recognized states of matter , solid , liquid , and gas . Some can also exist in a plasma . Many have further , more finely differentiated , states of matter , such as for example , glass , and liquid crystal . In many cases , at fixed temperature and pressure , a substance can exist in several distinct states of matter in what might be viewed as the same ' body ' . For example , ice may float in a glass of water . Then the ice and the water are said to constitute two phases within the ' body ' . Definite rules are known , telling how distinct phases may coexist in a ' body ' . Mostly , at a fixed pressure , there is a definite temperature at which heating causes a solid to melt or evaporate , and a definite temperature at which heating causes a liquid to evaporate . In such cases , cooling has the reverse effects .
Xbox Live
A player 's Gamertag account status can be checked using a variety of online tools , which is useful especially when looking for a new Gamertag , or confirming that a Gamertag exists . Using a valid Gamertag , any player can be located and messaged from within Live . There are also several websites which allow users of Gamertags to upload photos and information about themselves .
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
the total population of the Jewish State at the time of its establishment will be about one million , including almost 40 % non-Jews . Such a ( population ) composition does not provide a stable basis for a Jewish State . This ( demographic ) fact must be viewed in all its clarity and acuteness . With such a ( population ) composition , there can not even be absolute certainty that control will remain in the hands of the Jewish majority ... There can be no stable and strong Jewish state so long as it has a Jewish majority of only 60 % .
Alaska
Alaska 's reindeer herding is concentrated on Seward Peninsula , where wild caribou can be prevented from mingling and migrating with the domesticated reindeer .
Gene
The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA . The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence . Most changes to a gene 's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution . Additionally , any selection on a gene will cause its sequence to diverge at a different rate . Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly . The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related .
Freedom of speech by country
This section is double - edged . First it implies that a limitation on freedom of speech prescribed in law can be permitted , if it can be justified as being a reasonable limit in a free and democratic society . Conversely , it implies that a restriction can be invalidated , if it can not be shown to be a reasonable limit in a free and democratic society .
Hearing range
Bats navigate around objects and locate their prey using echolocation . A bat will produce a very loud , short sound and assess the echo when it bounces back . Bats hunt flying insects ; these insects return a faint echo of the bat 's call . The type of insect and how big it is can be determined by the quality of the echo and time it takes for the echo to rebound ; there are two types ; constant frequency ( CF ) , and frequency modulated ( FM ) calls that descend in pitch Each type reveals different information ; CF is used to detect an object , and FM is used to assess its distance . FM and CF are two different types of echo which inform the bat on the size and distance of the prey . The pulses of sound produced by the bat last only a few thousandths of a second ; silences between the calls give time to listen for the information coming back in the form of an echo . Evidence suggests that bats use the change in pitch of sound produced via the Doppler effect to assess their flight speed in relation to objects around them . The information regarding size , shape and texture is built up to form a picture of their surroundings and the location of their prey . Using these factors a bat can successfully track change in movements and therefore hunt down their prey .
Computer mouse
Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a gamepad analog stick because the mouse is a linear input device , which allows for fast and precise control . Holding a stick in a given position produces a corresponding constant movement or rotation , i.e. the output is an integral of the user 's input , and requires that time be spent moving to or from its null position before this input can be given ; in contrast , the output of a mouse directly and instantaneously corresponds to how far it is moved in a given direction ( often multiplied by an `` acceleration '' factor derived from how quickly the mouse is moved ) . The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited to small , precise movements ; large , quick movements ; and immediate , responsive movements ; all of which are important in shooter gaming . This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as third - person shooters .
Jury trial
It was established in Bushel 's Case that a judge can not order the jury to convict , no matter how strong the evidence is . In civil cases a special verdict can be given , but in criminal cases a general verdict is rendered , because requiring a special verdict could apply pressure to the jury , and because of the jury 's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case . For this reason , Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases .
Sensory memory
SM is not involved in higher cognitive functions such as consolidation of memory traces or comparison of information . Likewise , the capacity and duration of SM can not be influenced by top - down control ; a person can not consciously think or choose what information is stored in SM , or how long it will be stored for . The role of SM is to provide a detailed representation of our entire sensory experience for which relevant pieces of information can be extracted by short - term memory ( STM ) and processed by working memory ( WM ) . STM is capable of storing information for 10 -- 15 seconds without rehearsal while working memory actively processes , manipulates , and controls the information . Information from STM can then be consolidated into long - term memory where memories can last a lifetime . The transfer of SM to STM is the first step in the Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model which proposes a structure of memory .
Price controls
Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market . The intent behind implementing such controls can stem from the desire to maintain affordability of goods even during shortages , and to slow inflation , or , alternatively , to ensure a minimum income for providers of certain goods or a minimum wage . There are two primary forms of price control , a price ceiling , the maximum price that can be charged , and a price floor , the minimum price that can be charged .
John Tucker Must Die
Kate joins the cheerleading team in order to get John 's attention , and the girls give her advice on how to act around John and spy on the dates using surveillance equipment . Kate also gets a make over and John immediately notices Kate and tries to win her attention , but Kate dismisses him . With his ego insulted that there is a girl he can not charm , John becomes determined to get her .
Negative and positive rights
Sterba has rephrased the traditional `` positive right '' to provisions , and put it in the form of a sort of `` negative right '' not to be prevented from taking the resources on their own ... Thus , all rights may not only require both `` positive '' and `` negative '' duties , but it seems that rights that do not involve forced labor can be phrased positively or negatively at will . The distinction between positive and negative may not be very useful , or justified , as rights requiring the provision of labor can be rephrased from `` right to education '' or `` right to health care '' to `` right to take surplus money to pay teachers '' or `` right to take surplus money to pay doctors '' .
Ember
An ember is a glowing , hot coal made of greatly heated wood , coal , or other carbon - based material that remain after , or sometimes precede , a fire . Embers can glow very hot , sometimes as hot as the fire which created them . They radiate a substantial amount of heat long after the fire has been extinguished , and if not taken care of properly can rekindle a fire that is thought to be completely extinguished and can pose a fire hazard . In order to avoid the danger of accidentally spreading a fire , many campers pour water on the embers or cover them in dirt . Alternatively , embers can be used to relight a fire after it has gone out without the need to rebuild the fire - In a conventional fireplace , a fire can easily be relit up to 12 hours after it goes out , provided that there is enough space for air to circulate between the embers and the introduced fuel .
Referendums in the United Kingdom
Finally , under the Local Government Act 1972 , there is a provision under which non-binding local referendums on any issue can be called by small groups of voters . This power exists only for parish councils , and not larger authorities , and is commonly known as the `` Parish Poll '' . Six local voters may call a meeting , and if ten voters or a third of the meeting ( whichever is smaller ) agree , the council must carry out a referendum in 14 -- 25 days . The referendum is merely advisory , but if there is a substantial majority and the results are well - publicised , it may be influential .