vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cherry blossom
Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees outside of them . Since the fiscal and school year both begin in April , in many parts of Honshu , the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season .
Cherry blossom
Japan gave 3,020 cherry blossom trees as a gift to the United States in 1912 to celebrate the nations ' then - growing friendship , replacing an earlier gift of 2,000 trees which had to be destroyed due to disease in 1910 . These trees were planted in Sakura Park in Manhattan and line the shore of the Tidal Basin and the roadway in East Potomac Park in Washington , D.C. The first two original trees were planted by first lady Helen Taft and Viscountess Chinda on the bank of the Tidal Basin . The gift was renewed with another 3,800 trees in 1965 . In Washington , D.C. the cherry blossom trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction ( and the subject of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival ) when they reach full bloom in early spring . Just outside of Washington , D.C. , the suburb of Kenwood in Bethesda , Maryland has roughly 1,200 trees that are popular with locals and tourists .
Dutch colonization of the Americas
The colony in Suriname had originally been founded in the 1650s by Lord Francis Willoughby , the British governor of Barbados . It was captured by the Dutch under Abraham Crijnsen during the Second Anglo -- Dutch War . On July 31 , 1667 , under the Treaty of Breda the Dutch offered New Netherland ( including New Amsterdam , modern - day New York City ) in exchange for their sugar factories on the coast of Suriname . In 1683 Suriname was sold to the Dutch West India Company . The colony developed an agricultural economy based on African slavery . England controlled Suriname during the Napoleonic Wars from 1799 until 1816 , when it was returned to the Dutch . The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863 and later imported indentured labor from the British Raj and the Dutch East Indies to keep the economy going . Internal self governance was granted in 1954 and full independence in 1975 . The prospect of independence prompted many to migrate to the Netherlands . Political instability and economic decline after independence resulted in even more migration to the Netherlands . The Surinamese community in the Netherlands is now almost as large as half of the population in the country itself ( about 350,000 ) .
Cherry blossom
The Cherry Blossom festival in the Bonn Altstadt is also very famous : de : Kirschblütenfest Bonn .
Cherry blossom
In the year 2000 , the Japan Women 's Club ( JWC ) donated 400 cherry blossom trees to the city of Amstelveen . The trees have been planted in the cherry blossom park in the Amsterdamse Bos . A special detail is that every tree has a name -- 200 trees have female Japanese names , 200 trees have female Dutch names .
United States Declaration of Independence
John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized .
Cherry blossom
The Japan Cherry Blossom Association developed a list of Japan 's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots with at least one location in every prefecture .
Indentured servitude
The Indian indenture system was finally banned in 1917 . According to The Economist , `` When the Indian Legislative Council finally ended indenture ... it did so because of pressure from Indian nationalists and declining profitability , rather than from humanitarian concerns . ''
Marshall Plan
Italian and French communist leaders were prevented by party rules from pointing out that it was actually Stalin who had directed them not to take opposition stances in 1944 . The French communist party , as others , was then to redirect its mission to `` destroy capitalist economy '' and that the Soviet Communist Information Bureau ( Cominform ) would take control of the French Communist Party 's activities to oppose the Marshall Plan . When they asked Zhdanov if they should prepare for armed revolt when they returned home , he did not answer . In a follow - up conversation with Stalin , he explained that an armed struggle would be impossible and that the struggle against the Marshall Plan was to be waged under the slogan of national independence .
Cherry blossom
New Jersey 's Branch Brook Park , which is maintained by the Essex County , is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nation 's largest collection of cherry blossom trees , with about 5,000 .
Independence Day (India)
The Indian diaspora celebrates Independence Day around the world with parades and pageants , particularly in regions with higher concentrations of Indian immigrants . In some locations , such as New York and other US cities , 15 August has become `` India Day '' among the diaspora and the local populace . Pageants celebrate `` India Day '' either on 15 August or an adjoining weekend day .
Kargil War
Shortly after declaring itself a nuclear weapons state , Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily . Faced with the possibility of international isolation , the already fragile Pakistan economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistan forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers , an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties , but Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation . Responding to this , Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf said , `` It hurts me when an ex-premier undermines his own forces '' , and claimed that Indian casualties were more than that of Pakistan . The legacy of Kargil war still continues to be debated on Pakistan 's news channels and television political correspondents , which Musharraf repeatedly appeared to justify .
Cherry blossom
Cherry trees naturally grow in the middle northern or southern part of China , the area nearby the sea . However , the most famous cherry blossom parks in China reflect Japan 's brief occupation of parts of China during the first half of the 20th century or the donation from Japan thereafter :
Cherry blossom
Currently it is widely distributed , especially in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere including Japan , Taiwan , Korea , China , West Siberia , India , Iran , and Afghanistan . Along with the chrysanthemum , the cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan .
Independence Day (India)
At the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress , the Purna Swaraj declaration , or `` Declaration of the Independence of India '' was promulgated , and 15 August was declared as Independence Day . The Congress called on people to pledge themselves to civil disobedience and `` to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time '' until India attained complete independence . Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to stoke nationalistic fervour among Indian citizens , and to force the British government to consider granting independence . The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence Day between 1930 and 1946 . The celebration was marked by meetings where the attendants took the `` pledge of independence '' . Jawaharlal Nehru described in his autobiography that such meetings were peaceful , solemn , and `` without any speeches or exhortation '' . Gandhi envisaged that besides the meetings , the day would be spent `` ... in doing some constructive work , whether it is spinning , or service of ' untouchables , ' or reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans , or prohibition work , or even all these together '' . Following actual independence in 1947 , the Constitution of India came into effect on and from 26 January 1950 ; since then 26 January is celebrated as Republic Day .
Social development theory
Moreover , societies also learn from those who have gone through these transitions before and , therefore , may be able to make the transitions faster and better . When the Netherlands introduced primary education in 1618 , it was a pioneering initiative . When Japan did the same thing late in the 19th century , it had the advantage of the experience of the USA and other countries . When many Asian countries initiated primary education in the 1950s after winning independence , they could draw on the vast experience of more developed nations . This is a major reason for the quickening pace of progress .
Recruitment in the British Army
Gurkhas have been employed as an integral part of the Indian Army since the early 19th century . After Indian independence , some Gurkha units were transferred to the British Army . There are approximately 3,500 Gurkhas currently serving in the British Army . Joining the British Army is one of the few ways Nepalese people have of escaping poverty and earning a good salary . As a result , each year , there are thousands of applicants , as in 2007 when over 17,349 applied for just 230 posts . In some years , there are over 60,000 applying to join , and from 2010 , women were allowed to join for the first time . Candidates must be between 171⁄2 and 21 years of age .
Cherry blossom
Hagley Park is the largest urban open space in Christchurch , New Zealand and has many cherry blossom trees of several varieties .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
The British wanted to keep India and its Army united so as to keep it in their system of ' imperial defence ' even after granting it independence . To preserve India 's unity the British formulated the Cabinet Mission Plan . The Cabinet Mission 's role was to hold preparatory discussions with the elected representatives of British India and the Indian states so as to secure agreement to the method of framing the constitution , to set up a constitution body and to set up an Executive Council with the support of the main Indian parties .
Subhas Chandra Bose
With Japanese support , Bose revamped the Indian National Army ( INA ) , then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore . To these , after Bose 's arrival , were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore . The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions , such as those in Burma , the Philippines and Manchukuo . Before long the Provisional Government of Free India , presided by Bose , was formed in the Japanese - occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bose had great drive and charisma -- creating popular Indian slogans , such as `` Jai Hind , '' -- and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region , ethnicity , religion , and even gender . However , Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily unskilled , and his military effort was short - lived . In late 1944 and early 1945 the British Indian Army first halted and then devastatingly reversed the Japanese attack on India . Almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed . The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula , and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore . Bose had earlier chosen not to surrender with his forces or with the Japanese , but rather to escape to Manchuria with a view to seeking a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to be turning anti-British . He died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan . Some Indians , however , did not believe that the crash had occurred , with many among them , especially in Bengal , believing that Bose would return to gain India 's independence .
United States Declaration of Independence
According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states .
Pokhran-II
Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years .
All-India Muslim League
With the partition of British Indian Empire , the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population . In 1948 , the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan . During its successive periods , the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government ; nonetheless , the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980 . Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan . The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state .
Virunga National Park
When the Belgians granted Congo independence in 1960 the new state deteriorated rapidly , and so did the park . It was only in 1969 when President Mobutu began to take a personal interest in conservation , that the park was revived . In the process of Mobutu 's Africanization campaign , it was renamed Virunga National Park , and the first Congolese Wildlife Authority was established .
Recruitment in the British Army
The largest of the colonial military forces was the British Indian Army . Up to Indian independence , this was a volunteer army , raised from the native population and staffed by British officers . The Indian Army served both as a security force in India itself and , particularly during the World Wars , in other theatres . The Indian Army proved a very useful adjunct to British forces wherever it served . Recruitment was entirely voluntary ; about 1.3 million men served in the First World War , many on the Western Front , and 2.5 million in the Second . Initially the soldiers and NCOs were Indian , with British officers , but later Indian officers were promoted King 's Commissioned Indian Officer .
New Spain
After 1535 the colony was governed by the Viceroy of New Spain , an appointed minister of the King of Spain , who ruled as monarch over the colony from its capital , Mexico City . New Spain lost parts of its territory to other European powers and independence , but the core area remained under Spanish control until 1821 , when it achieved independence as the Mexican Empire -- when the latter dissolved , it became modern Mexico and Central America .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Government of India celebrated the year 2007 as the 150th anniversary of `` India 's First War of Independence '' . Several books written by Indian authors were released in the anniversary year including Amresh Mishra 's `` War of Civilizations '' , a controversial history of the Rebellion of 1857 , and `` Recalcitrance '' by Anurag Kumar , one of the few novels written in English by an Indian based on the events of 1857 .
Metrication in the United States
Immediately after independence , the thirteen United States used a variety of units of measure , including Dutch units and English units . The 1789 Constitution grants Congress the authority to determine standards of measure , though it did not immediately use this authority to impose a uniform system .
United States Declaration of Independence
Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death .
Bangladesh Liberation War
26 March 1971 is considered the official Independence Day of Bangladesh , and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth . In July 1971 , Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh . Some Pakistani and Indian officials continued to use the name `` East Pakistan '' until 16 December 1971 .
List of Six Feet Under characters
Nikolai , played by Ed O'Ross , is the Russian owner of Blossom d'Amour Flower Shop where Ruth Fisher works for a time . He is Ruth 's lover for almost two years . Nikolai is in serious debt which culminates several encounters with a Russian mob . When they break his legs because he is unable to repay his debt , he recuperates at the Fishers ' house . Ruth takes this as an opportunity to expand their relationship , but instead causes more tension when she pays off Nikolai 's debt with Nathaniel 's life insurance policy . Several weeks after their break - up , Ruth resigns from Blossom d'Amour so that she can spend more time with her newborn grandchild , Maya . Nikolai had a son and wife who died before he moved to the U.S. He has a brief cameo in episode # 5.9 ( `` Ecotone '' ) when Ruth envisions herself shooting all of her ex-lovers with a rifle to the tune of carnival music in a bloodless shooting gallery .
United States Declaration of Independence
Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . This
Panic of 1837
In 1842 , the American economy was able to rebound somewhat and overcome the five - year depression , but according to most accounts , the economy did not recover until 1843 . Hard
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Sikh support for the British resulted from grievances surrounding sepoys ' perceived conduct during and after the Anglo - Sikh Wars . Firstly , many Sikhs resented that Hindustanis / Purbiyas in service of the Sikh state had been foremost in urging the wars , which lost them their independence . Sikh soldiers also recalled that the bloodiest battles of the war , Chillianwala and Ferozeshah , were won by British troops , and they believed that the Hindustani sepoys had refused to meet them in battle . These feelings were compounded when Hindustani sepoys were assigned a very visible role as garrison troops in Punjab and awarded profit - making civil posts in Punjab .
Modern history
Decolonization of the Americas Countries in the Americas by date of independence . Note that the United States did not complete its continental territorial expansion until 1867 Development of Spanish American Independence Map of territories that became independent during those wars ( blue ) .
Cherry blossom
Other US cities have an annual cherry blossom festival ( or sakura matsuri ) , including the International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon , Georgia , which features over 300,000 cherry trees . The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York City also has a large , well - attended festival . Portsmouth , New Hampshire , is the site of the peace conference that produced the Treaty of Portsmouth , for which the original Washington , DC cherry trees were given in thanks . Several cherry trees planted on the bank of the tidal pond next to Portsmouth City Hall were the gift of Portsmouth 's Japanese sister city of Nichinan -- the hometown of Marquis Komura Jutarō , Japan 's representative at the conference . Ohio University in Athens , Ohio , has 200 somei yoshino trees , a gift from its sister institution , Japan 's Chubu University .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
A second school of thought while acknowledging the validity of the above - mentioned arguments opines that this rebellion may indeed be called a war of India 's independence . The reasons advanced are :
Economic history of World War I
During the war the national governments of Vienna and Budapest set up a highly centralized war economy , resulting in a bureaucratic dictatorship . It drafted skilled workers and engineers without realizing the damage it did to the economy .
Indian rupee
The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint . The ₹ 1 , ₹ 2 , and ₹ 5 coins have been minted since independence . Coins minted with the `` hand picture '' were minted from 2005 onwards . Minting
Cherokee
Attractions include the Oconaluftee Indian Village , Museum of the Cherokee Indian , and the Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual . Founded in 1946 , the Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual is country 's oldest and foremost Native American crafts cooperative . The outdoor drama Unto These Hills , which debuted in 1950 , recently broke record attendance sales . Together with Harrah 's Cherokee Casino and Hotel , Cherokee Indian Hospital and Cherokee Boys Club , the tribe generated $78 million dollars in the local economy in 2005 .
Latin American wars of independence
After several failed revolts , The Portuguese colony of Brazil declared independence , forming a separate , local Empire founded by Prince Regent Dom Pedro I . The war between the Brazilians and Portuguese lasted from February 1822 , with the burst of first skirmishes between militias , to November 1823 , when the last Portuguese garrisons surrendered . The Brazilian Empire lasted until a coup in 1889 overthrew the monarchy leading to its current status as a republic .
Cherry blossom
Every year the Japanese Meteorological Agency and the public track the sakura zensen ( cherry blossom front ) as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs . The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January , and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the end of March or the beginning of April . It proceeds into areas at the higher altitudes and northward , arriving in Hokkaido a few weeks later . Japanese pay close attention to these forecasts and turn out in large numbers at parks , shrines and temples with family and friends to hold flower - viewing parties . Hanami festivals celebrate the beauty of the cherry blossom and for many are a chance to relax and enjoy the beautiful view . The custom of hanami dates back many centuries in Japan . The eighth - century chronicle Nihon Shoki ( 日本 書 紀 ) records hanami festivals being held as early as the third century AD .
Colossus of Rhodes
To you , O Sun , the people of Dorian Rhodes set up this bronze statue reaching to Olympus , when they had pacified the waves of war and crowned their city with the spoils taken from the enemy . Not only over the seas but also on land did they kindle the lovely torch of freedom and independence . For to the descendants of Herakles belongs dominion over sea and land .