vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States presidential inauguration
The way inauguration ceremony events are communicated to the public has changed over the years with each advance in technology . Improvements in mass media technologies have allowed presidents to reach substantially greater numbers of their constituents . In 1829 , Andrew Jackson spoke to approximately 10,000 people at his inauguration . Most recently , in 2017 , it is estimated that about 160,000 people were in the National Mall areas in the hour leading up to Donald Trump 's swearing in . An additional 30.6 million people in the United States watched it on television , and more than 6.8 million worldwide streamed it live on Twitter . Among the inauguration mass communication milestones are :
Making out
Making out is a term of American origin , dating back to at least 1949 , and is used variously to refer to kissing , petting , and necking , but may also refer to non-penetrative sex acts such as heavy petting . Snogging has roughly the same meaning in British English and some related varieties of English , except in Hiberno - English ( spoken in Ireland ) , where it is more commonly known as shifting .
Laws on crossbows
In Sweden , crossbows are considered equivalent to firearms , and possession requires a license . Hunting with crossbows is not allowed . Swedish law dictates that any weapon that stores its energy , i.e. , weapons with a firing mechanism , that produces more than 10 joules at the muzzle are illegal without licence . Thus very weak crossbows are sold in toy stores as well as low powered air rifles ( not sold to minors ) . Sale or possession of normal bows of any strength are regulated in the same way as the previously mentioned weak crossbows and air rifles .
United States Postal Service
In 1847 , the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York , with stops in New Orleans and Havana , to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California . The same year , the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California . In 1855 , William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway , providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails , passengers and goods to California . This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 . Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862 , and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869 .
Social class in the United States
Gender roles are also viewed differently by those in the higher and lower social classes . Middle class individuals , who were more open towards `` nonconformity '' and emphasized individual self - direction as well as critical thinking , were also less stringent in their application of gender roles . Working class individuals , on the other hand , emphasized gender roles . While working - class people have more and more assimilated to middle class culture regarding their view and application of gender roles , differences remain . Professional class people are more likely to have an egalitarian distribution of work in their household with both spouses being equals in heterosexual marriages . According to Dennis Gilbert , `` College life , generally a prologue to upper - middle class careers , delays marriage and encourages informal , relatively egalitarian association between men and women . ''
Venus
The astronomical symbol for Venus is the same as that used in biology for the female sex : a circle with a small cross beneath . The Venus symbol also represents femininity , and in Western alchemy stood for the metal copper . Polished copper has been used for mirrors from antiquity , and the symbol for Venus has sometimes been understood to stand for the mirror of the goddess .
Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans has five pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes . Sex in C. elegans is based on an X0 sex - determination system . Hermaphrodites of C. elegans have a matched pair of sex chromosomes ( XX ) ; the rare males have only one sex chromosome ( X0 ) .
GoFundMe
In 2015 , GoFundMe announced that the site would no longer support legal defense funds on their platform . The news came after the site suspended funding for the defense of Sweet Cakes by Melissa , a bakery that was fined for refusing to bake a cake for a same - sex wedding .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Wyatt Earp and Cochise County sheriff Johnny Behan were interested in the same sheriff 's position and also may have shared an interest in the same woman , Josephine Marcus , known as Sadie . Citizens of Tombstone believed that Behan and Marcus were married , but Behan was a known womanizer and had sex with prostitutes and other women . In early 1881 , Marcus ended the relationship after she came home and found Behan in bed with the wife of a friend and kicked him out , although she used the Behan surname through the end of that summer . She rented her home sometime before April 1881 to Dr. George Goodfellow .
Wonder Woman
Wonder Woman 's advocacy for gay rights was taken a step further in September 2016 , when comic book writer Greg Rucka announced that she is canonically bisexual , according to her rebooted Rebirth origin . Rucka stated , `` ... nobody at DC Comics has ever said , ( Wonder Woman ) got ta be straight . Nobody . Ever . They 've never blinked at this . '' Rucka stated that in his opinion , she `` has to be '' queer and has `` obviously '' had same - sex relationships on an island surrounded by beautiful women . This follows the way Wonder Woman was written in the alternate continuity or non-canon Earth One by Grant Morrison , and fellow Wonder Woman writer Gail Simone staunchly supported Rucka 's statement . Surprised at the amount of backlash from her fanbase , Rucka responded to `` haters '' that consensual sex with women is just as important to Wonder Woman as the Truth is to Superman . Sex
Taxation in the United States
In addition to business expenses , individuals may reduce income by an allowance for personal exemptions and either a fixed standard deduction or itemized deductions . One personal exemption is allowed per taxpayer , and additional such deductions are allowed for each child or certain other individuals supported by the taxpayer . The standard deduction amount varies by taxpayer filing status . Itemized deductions by individuals include home mortgage interest , property taxes , certain other taxes , contributions to recognized charities , medical expenses in excess of 7.5 % of adjusted gross income , and certain other amounts .
Equal Rights Amendment
As a concession to feminists , Kennedy appointed a blue - ribbon commission on women , the President 's Commission on the Status of Women , to investigate the problem of sex discrimination in the United States . The commission was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt who opposed the ERA but no longer spoke against it . In the early 1960s , Roosevelt announced that , due to unionization , she believed the ERA was no longer a threat to women as it once may have been and told supporters that they could have the amendment if they wanted it . However , she never endorsed the ERA . The commission she chaired reported ( after her death ) that no ERA was needed . The commission helped win passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which banned sex discrimination in wages in a number of professions ( it would later be amended in the early 1970s to include the professions it initially excluded ) and secured an executive order from Kennedy eliminating sex discrimination in the civil service . The commission , made largely of anti-ERA feminists with ties to labor , proposed remedies to the widespread sex discrimination it unearthed and in its 1963 final report held that on the issue of equality `` a constitutional amendment need not now be sought '' .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
The question on Hispanic or Latino origin is separate from the question on race . Hispanic and Latino Americans have ethnic origins in the countries of Latin America , Spain , and Portugal . Latin American countries are , like the United States , racially diverse . Consequently , no separate racial category exists for Hispanic and Latino Americans , as they do not constitute a race , nor a national group . When responding to the race question on the census form , each person is asked to choose from among the same racial categories as all Americans , and are included in the numbers reported for those races .
Copyright
Copyright does not prohibit all copying or replication . In the United States , the fair use doctrine , codified by the Copyright Act of 1976 as 17 U.S.C. Section 107 , permits some copying and distribution without permission of the copyright holder or payment to same . The statute does not clearly define fair use , but instead gives four non-exclusive factors to consider in a fair use analysis . Those factors are :
Sex offender
In 2007 , the Texas State Auditor released a report showing that sex offenders who completed the Texas Sex Offender Treatment Program ( SOTP ) were 61 percent less likely to commit a new crime .
History of immigration to the United States
Based on available records , immigration totaled 8,385 in 1820 , with immigration totals gradually increasing to 23,322 by the year 1830 ; for the 1820s decade immigration more than doubled to 143,000 . Between 1831 and 1840 , immigration more than quadrupled to a total of 599,000 . These included about 207,000 Irish , starting to emigrate in large numbers following Britain 's easing of travel restrictions , and about 152,000 Germans , 76,000 British , and 46,000 French , constituting the next largest immigrant groups of the decade .
Sex offender
Critics say that , while originally aimed at the worst offenders , as a result of moral panic the laws have gone through series of amendments , many named after the victim of a highly publicized predatory offense , expanding the scope of the laws to low - level offenders , and treating them the same as predatory offenders , leading to the disproportionate punishment of being placed on a public sex offender registry , with the consequent restrictions on movement , employment , and housing . As a result of the media narrative of sex offenders , highlighting egregious offenses as typical behavior of sex offenders , and distorting the facts of cases , the panic has been said to increased , leading legislators to attack judicial discretion , by making registration mandatory based strictly on offense of conviction , without considering the likelihood to re-offend or the actual severity of the crime , thus punishing less serious offenders under the harsh sex offender laws .
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
After World War II , in August 1945 President Truman asked for the admission of 100,000 Holocaust survivors into Palestine but the British maintained limits on Jewish immigration in line with the 1939 White Paper . The Jewish community rejected the restriction on immigration and organized an armed resistance . These actions and United States pressure to end the anti-immigration policy led to the establishment of the Anglo - American Committee of Inquiry . In April 1946 , the Committee reached a unanimous decision for the immediate admission of 100,000 Jewish refugees from Europe into Palestine , rescission of the white paper restrictions of land sale to Jews , that the country be neither Arab nor Jewish , and the extension of U.N. Trusteeship . The U.S. endorsed the Commission 's findings concerning Jewish immigration and land purchase restrictions , while The U.K. conditioned their implementation on U.S. assistance in case of another Arab revolt . In effect the British continued to carry out their White Paper policy . The recommendations triggered violent demonstrations in the Arab states , and calls for a Jihad and an annihilation of all European Jews in Palestine .
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is generally associated with social conservative policies , although it does have dissenting centrist and libertarian factions . The social conservatives want laws that uphold their traditional values , such as opposition to same - sex marriage , abortion and marijuana . Most conservative Republicans also oppose gun control , affirmative action and illegal immigration . Abortion
Democratic Party (United States)
Uphold network neutrality . Implement campaign finance reform and electoral reform . Uphold voting rights and easy access to voting . Supports for same - sex marriage and civil unions . Allow legal access to abortions and women 's reproductive health care . Reform the immigration system and allow for a pathway to citizenship . Support for gun background checks and stricter gun control regulations . Improve privacy laws and curtail government surveillance . Opposition to the use of torture . Recognize and defend Internet freedom worldwide .
Causes of the Great Depression
Among the causes of the decline in the population growth rate during the 1920s were a declining birth rate after 1910 and reduced immigration . The decline in immigration was largely the result of legislation in the 1920s placing greater restrictions on immigration . In 1921 , Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 .
Queen's Counsel
The title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign . The current Queen , Elizabeth II has had a long reign , and few if any people appointed as King 's Counsel survive . It can be assumed that , should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant , the title will again become KC , as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs . Restrictions
History of immigration to the United States
The top ten birth countries of the foreign born population since 1830 , according to the U.S. Census , are shown below . Blank entries mean that the country did not make it into the top ten for that census , not that there is no data from that census . The 1830 numbers are from immigration statistics as listed in the 2004 Year Book of Immigration Statistics .
John Lennon
Lennon and Ono moved to Manhattan in August 1971 , and released `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' in December . The new year saw the Nixon administration take what it called a `` strategic counter-measure '' against Lennon 's anti-war and anti-Nixon propaganda , embarking on what would be a four - year attempt to deport him . After George McGovern lost the presidential election to Richard Nixon in 1972 , Lennon and Ono attended a post-election wake held in the New York home of activist Jerry Rubin . Lennon was embroiled in a continuing legal battle with the immigration authorities , and he was denied permanent residency in the US ; the issue would n't be resolved until 1976 . Depressed , Lennon got intoxicated and left Ono embarrassed after he had sex with a female guest . Her song `` Death of Samantha '' was inspired by the incident .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Their histories are diverse . As with the new immigration from central and eastern Europe to the East Coast from the mid-19th century on , Asians started immigrating to the United States in large numbers in the 19th century . This first major wave of immigration consisted predominantly of Chinese and Japanese laborers , but also included Korean and South Asian immigrants . Many immigrants also came during and after this period from the Philippines , which was a US colony from 1898 to 1946 . Exclusion laws and policies largely prohibited and curtailed Asian immigration until the 1940s . After the US changed its immigration laws during the 1940s to 1960s to make entry easier , a much larger new wave of immigration from Asia began . Today the largest self - identified Asian American sub-groups according to census data are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , Indian Americans , Vietnamese Americans , Korean Americans , and Japanese Americans , among other groups .
Alpha hydroxy acid
Due to the `` occupation '' of electrons of the carboxylic oxygens in the hydrogen bonding , the acidic proton is held less strongly , as the same electrons are used in bonding that hydrogen too . So the pK of 2 - hydroxypropanoic acid ( lactic acid ) is a full unit lower compared to that of propionic acid itself ( 3.86 versus 4.87 ) The internal bridging hydrogen is locked in its place on the NMR timescale : in mandelic acid ( 2 - hydroxy - 2 - phenylacetic acid ) this proton couples to the one on carbon in the same way and magnitude as hydrogens on geminal carbon atoms .
History of immigration to the United States
There was relatively little immigration from 1770 to 1830 ; while there was significant emigration from the U.S. to Canada , including about 75,000 Loyalists as well as Germans and others looking for better farmland in what is now Ontario . Large scale immigration resumed in the 1830s from Britain , Ireland , Germany , and other parts of Central Europe as well as Scandinavia . Most were attracted by the cheap farmland . Some were artisans and skilled factory workers attracted by the first stage of industrialization . The Irish Catholics were primarily unskilled workers who built a majority of the canals and railroads , settling in urban areas . Many Irish went to the emerging textile mill towns of the Northeast , while others became longshoremen in the growing Atlantic and Gulf port cities . Half the Germans headed to farms , especially in the Midwest ( with some to Texas ) , while the other half became craftsmen in urban areas .
Chick-fil-A
In June and July 2012 , Chick - fil - A 's chief operating officer Dan T. Cathy made several public statements about same - sex marriage , saying that those who `` have the audacity to define what marriage is about '' were `` inviting God 's judgment on our nation '' . Several prominent politicians expressed disapproval . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno said they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas . The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits , legal experts , and the American Civil Liberties Union . The Jim Henson Company , which had a Pajanimals kids ' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick - fil - A , said it would cease its business relationship , and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . Chick - fil - A stopped distributing the toys , claiming that unrelated safety concerns that had arisen prior to the controversy . Chick - fil - A released a statement on July 31 , 2012 , saying , `` We are a restaurant company focused on food , service , and hospitality ; our intent is to leave the policy debate over same - sex marriage to the government and political arena . '' Response
History of immigration to the United States
The Dillingham Commission was set up by Congress in 1907 to investigate the effects of immigration on the country . The Commission 's 40 - volume analysis of immigration during the previous three decades led it to conclude that the major source of immigration had shifted from Central , Northern , and Western Europeans to Southern Europeans and Russians . It was , however , apt to make generalizations about regional groups that were subjective and failed to differentiate between distinct cultural attributes .
Gender reveal
The gender reveal party can be seen as an analogue of the baby shower , which also employs the trope of pink ( denoting a female ) or blue ( denoting a male ) to designate gender . However , it is typically held earlier , near the moment , formerly private , when parents learn the baby 's predicted sex . Gender reveal parties also typically are open to men and women , unlike the traditionally all - female baby shower . The rise of the gender reveal party seems `` inextricably tied to social media . '' YouTube searches report that there are `` more than 500,000 videos of expectant couples slicing cakes , setting off smoke bombs and bashing piñatas to expose one of two colors : pink or blue '' . Other methods include the release of balloons from a box .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Patterns of original settlement settlement of the Americas by a variety of Native American peoples , including Alaska Natives . settlement of Pacific islands by Polynesian people , including Native Hawaiians , Samoans , the Chamorro people in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . settlement of Puerto Rico by the Taíno people . settlement of the United States Virgin Islands by the Ciboney , Carib , and Arawaks . Colonization Colonization of what is now eastern Canada and the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River as New France . Historical events , including the Expulsion of the Acadians , influenced the ethnic mix , especially in Louisiana , northern New England and New York State . Colonization of the Thirteen Colonies by the Dutch , British , and later immigrants such as Germans from northern Europe . Spanish colonization of the Americas , including Florida , the Southwest , and Puerto Rico , later acquired by the US . Denmark and other historical colonial powers influenced the ethnic makeup of what are now the United States Virgin Islands . The Atlantic slave trade , bringing millions of Africans to the South , Caribbean , and Latin America . Severe reduction of Native American populations in the contiguous United States , mostly because of new infectious diseases carried by European colonists , combined with warfare Forced migration Deportation and flight of United Empire Loyalists to Canada , the Caribbean and Britain after the American Revolution Forced removal of more than one million African Americans in the domestic slave trade from the Upper South to the Deep South during the early 19th century as Americans developed new lands for plantations Territorial conflict with Native Americans and the Indian removal policy of the 19th century displaced many remaining native populations from east of the Mississippi River to territories to the west , especially to what is now Oklahoma . Immigration Historical immigration to the United States from all countries of the world and throughout the history of the country , for religious , political and economic reasons . Since the late 19th century , the History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States and illegal immigration to the United States have influenced the ethnic balance of that immigration . Various groups have been denied entry due to discrimination , economic protectionism , and political conflict with their nation of origin . Other groups have received favored status , such as refugees and nationals of allied nations .
Sanctuary city
The state of North Carolina currently restricts any city or municipality from refusing to cooperate with federal immigration and customs enforcement officials . There are therefore no official sanctuary cities in the state . A bill under consideration as of March 2017 , is entitled Citizens Protection Act of 2017 or HB 63 . Under the new provisions , the state would be able to deny bail to illegal immigrants for whom Immigration and Customs Enforcements ( ICE ) has issued a detainer ; allow the state to withhold tax revenues from cities who are not in compliance with the state - wide immigration regulations ; and encourage tipsters to identify municipalities which violate these laws . Ohio
Decline of Detroit
The breadth of sources for the growing demand for auto assembly workers , however , was sharply limited by the turmoil of World War I , and shortly thereafter by the restrictive U.S. Immigration Act of 1924 , with its limited annual quotas for new immigrants . In response , the industry - with Ford in the forefront - turned in a significant way to hiring African - Americans , who were leaving the South in huge numbers in response to the combination of a post-war agricultural slump and continuing Jim Crow practices . At the same time large numbers of southern whites were hired , as well as large numbers of Mexicans , since immigration from most of the western hemisphere was not restricted at all by new immigration quotas .