vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a lot of capital to build , and produced about 5 hp . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the nineteenth century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread to France , Germany , Austria , Hungary and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s , the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 .
Cherokee
The CN has constructed health clinics throughout Oklahoma , contributed to community development programs , built roads and bridges , constructed learning facilities and universities for its citizens , instilled the practice of Gadugi and self - reliance in its citizens , revitalized language immersion programs for its children and youth , and is a powerful and positive economic and political force in Eastern Oklahoma .
Alternative energy
Biogas digestion deals with harnessing the methane gas that is released when waste breaks down . This gas can be retrieved from garbage or sewage systems . Biogas digesters are used to process methane gas by having bacteria break down biomass in an anaerobic environment . The methane gas that is collected and refined can be used as an energy source for various products .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
Since the first section of the highway was built through a rural part of the state , food or gasoline was not easily available to motorists . Because of this , the commission decided to provide service plazas at 30 - mile ( 48 km ) intervals . The plazas would be constructed of native fieldstone , resembling Colonial - era architecture . In 1940 , Standard Oil of Pennsylvania was awarded a contract for ten Esso service stations along the turnpike . Eight of the service plazas would consist of service stations and a restaurant , while the plazas at the halfway point ( in Bedford ) would be larger . The South Midway service plaza ( the largest ) contained a dining room , lunch counter , lounge and lodging for truckers ; a tunnel connected it to the smaller North Midway plaza . The remaining service plazas were smaller , with a lunch counter . Food service at the plazas was provided by Howard Johnson 's . After World War II , the food facilities were enlarged ; service stations sold gasoline , repaired cars and provided towing service .
One World Trade Center
Construction of the North Tower ( One World Trade Center ) began in August 1966 ; extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process . The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 . In the 1970s , four other low - level buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex . A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s .
Illinois
Nuclear power arguably began in Illinois with the Chicago Pile - 1 , the world 's first artificial self - sustaining nuclear chain reaction in the world 's first nuclear reactor , built on the University of Chicago campus . There are six operating nuclear power plants in Illinois : Braidwood , Byron , Clinton , Dresden , LaSalle , and Quad Cities . With the exception of the single - unit Clinton plant , each of these facilities has two reactors . Three reactors have been permanently shut down and are in various stages of decommissioning : Dresden - 1 and Zion - 1 and 2 . Illinois ranked first in the nation in 2010 in both nuclear capacity and nuclear generation . Generation from its nuclear power plants accounted for 12 percent of the nation 's total . In 2007 , 48 % of Illinois 's electricity was generated using nuclear power . The Morris Operation is the only de facto high - level radioactive waste storage site in the United States . Wind
Lundy
Owing to the ongoing complaints about the difficulty of sighting the light in fog , the lighthouse was abandoned in 1897 when the North and South Lundy lighthouses were built . The Old Light and the associated keepers ' houses are kept open by the Landmark Trust .
Mauna Kea
Mauna Kea 's great elevation and the steepness of its flanks provide a better view and a shorter hike than the adjacent Mauna Loa . The high elevation with its risk of altitude sickness , weather concerns , steep road grade , and overall inaccessibility make the volcano dangerous and summit trips difficult . Until the construction of roads in the mid-20th century , only the hardy visited Mauna Kea 's upper slopes ; hunters tracked game animals , and hikers traveled up the mountain . These travelers used stone cabins constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s as base camps , and it is from these facilities that the modern mid-level Onizuka Center for International Astronomy telescope support complex is derived . The first Mauna Kea summit road was built in 1964 , making the peak itself accessible to larger numbers of people .
1960 Valdivia earthquake
Structures that had been designed to resist earthquakes performed well during the earthquake and did chiefly suffered damage when affected by soil subsidence or small fault movements . Houses built by their own owners fared badly . In the regions of Maule and Bío Bío houses built in adobe and masonry , proved weak , while in from Araucanía to the south weak houses were mainly those built with inappropriate wood that had decayed over time . Valdivia
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral
The first part of the tower was built in the 12th century , but in the 15th century several modifications were made and King Louis XI of France donated in 1483 the two largest of the thirteen bells .
Nairobi
Today , many businesses are considering relocating and / or establishing their headquarters outside the Central Business District area . This is because land is cheaper , and better facilities can easily be built and maintained elsewhere . Two areas that are seeing a growth in companies and office space are Upper Hill , which is located , approximately 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) from the Central Business District and Westlands , which is also about the same distance , away from the city centre .
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
The plan of the castle is approximately square ( 25 mx 23 m ) , with a round tower at the southeast corner and a square tower at the northwest corner . The north side of the outcrop drops away vertically so there was no need for a defensive wall . A deep well is in the northeast corner . A drawing by the Jesuit architect Étienne Martellange shows the appearance of the castle in 1616 . The architecture of the square tower suggests that it was built after the end of the 12th century . Only the ground floor survives . The round tower is later and was probably built in the 14th century . The surviving ruins therefore do not date from the 10th century when the castle is first mentioned in written records . The limestone blocks of the earlier castle were no doubt reused to construct the actual castle . Château
United Methodist Church of the Resurrection
The United Methodist Saint Paul School of Theology moved its facilities from Kansas City , Missouri , to the Church of the Resurrection facilities beginning in the Fall of 2013 .
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million .
Bradford
In past centuries Bradford 's location in Bradfordale made communications difficult , except from the north . Nonetheless , Bradford is now well - served by transport systems . Bradford was first connected to the developing turnpike network in 1734 , when the first Yorkshire turnpike was built between Manchester and Leeds via Halifax and Bradford .
Mount Everest
However , not all opinions on the subject among prominent mountaineers are strictly negative . For example , Edmund Hillary , who went on record saying that he has not liked `` the commercialization of mountaineering , particularly of Mt . Everest '' and claimed that `` Having people pay $65,000 and then be led up the mountain by a couple of experienced guides ... is n't really mountaineering at all '' , nevertheless noted that he was pleased by the changes brought to Everest area by Westerners , `` I do n't have any regrets because I worked very hard indeed to improve the condition for the local people . When we first went in there they did n't have any schools , they did n't have any medical facilities , all over the years we have established 27 schools , we have two hospitals and a dozen medical clinics and then we 've built bridges over wild mountain rivers and put in fresh water pipelines so in cooperation with the Sherpas we 've done a lot to benefit them . ''
San Jose International Airport
In November 2001 , San Jose City Council approved an amended master plan for the airport that called for a three - phase , nine - year expansion plan . The plan , designed by Gensler and The Steinberg Group , called for a single , consolidated `` Central Terminal '' with 40 gates ( twelve more than present ) , an international concourse and expanded security areas . The sail - shaped facade would greet up to 17.6 million passengers a year . A people mover system would link the new terminal with VTA light rail and the planned BART station next to the Santa Clara Caltrain station . Cargo facilities would be moved to the east side of the airport . A long term parking garage would be built where the rental car operations are now . A short term parking lot would be built on the site of Terminal C .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
The variants of the B - 29 were outwardly similar in appearance but were in fact built around different wing center sections that affected the wingspan dimensions . The wing of the Renton built B - 29A - BN used a different subassembly process and was a foot longer in span . The Georgia built B - 29B - BA weighed less through armament reduction . A planned C series with more reliable R - 3350s was not built .
Telephone exchange
In rural areas some smaller switching facilities , such as community dial offices ( CDOs ) , were housed in prefabricated metal buildings . These facilities almost always had concrete floors . The hard surfaces reflected sounds .
Step pyramid
In the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt , the Egyptians began to build `` true pyramids '' with smooth sides . The earliest of these pyramids , located at Meidum , began as a step pyramid built for Sneferu . Sneferu later made other pyramids , the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid at Dahshur , which were the first true pyramids to be built as such from the beginning . With this innovation , the age of Egyptian stepped pyramids came to an end .
Channel Tunnel
Maintenance activities are less than projected . Initially the rails were ground on a yearly basis or after approximately 100MGT of traffic . Ride quality continues to be noticeably smooth and of low noise . Maintenance is facilitated by the existence of two tunnel junctions or crossover facilities , allowing for two - way operation in each of the six tunnel segments thereby created , and thus providing safe access for maintenance of one isolated tunnel segment at a time . The two crossovers are the largest artificial undersea caverns ever built ; 150 m long , 10 m high and 18 m wide . The English crossover is 8 km ( 5 mi ) from Shakespeare Cliff , and the French crossover is 12 km ( 7 mi ) from Sangatte . Ventilation
Free clinic
Free clinics are usually located near the people they are trying to serve . In most cases they are located near other nonprofits that serve the same target community such as food - banks , Head Start , Goodwill Industries , the Salvation Army and public housing . Because free clinics often refer people to other medical facilities for lab work , dentistry , and other services , they are usually found in the same area of town as those medical facilities . Almost all free clinics have working agreements with the other facilities that are willing to assist with the clinics mission . Being close to the other medical facilities makes it easier for patients to get from one to the other . Being close to other medical facilities also makes it easier to find medically trained volunteers .
Corazon Aquino
Soon after taking office , Aquino declared that the presence of U.S. military forces in the Philippines was an affront to national sovereignty . She ordered the United States military to vacate U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay and Clark Air Base . The United States objected , pointing that they had leased the property and the leases were still in effect . Also , thousands of Filipinos worked at these military facilities and they would lose their jobs and the Filipino economy would suffer if the U.S. military moved out . The United States stated that the facilities at Subic Bay were unequaled anywhere in Southeast Asia and a U.S. pullout could make all of that region of the world vulnerable to an incursion by the Soviet Union or by a resurgent Japan . She refused to back down and insisted that the United States get out . The matter was still being debated when Mount Pinatubo erupted in June 1991 , covering the entire area with volcanic ash . The destruction to the bases was so severe that the United States decided that it would best to pull out after all , so the bases were closed and the United States departed . Agrarian
Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
In 1920 , St. Mary Academy and College had outgrown its facilities and the institute made plans to construct a new college facility . The Sisters initially planned to build the new campus in Monroe , but Bishop Michael Gallagher invited them to build in nearby Detroit . In Detroit the college would have a larger field of influence and offer a Catholic higher education to thousands of young women who might otherwise not have such an opportunity . The Sisters built their new college in Detroit and named it Marygrove College . Photograph
Jim Crow laws
Like schools , public libraries for blacks were underfunded , if they existed at all , and they were often stocked with secondhand books and other resources . These facilities were not introduced for African Americans in the South until the first decade of the 20th century . Throughout the Jim Crow era , libraries were only available sporadically . Prior to the 20th century , most libraries established for African Americans were school - library combinations . Many public libraries for both European - American and African American patrons in this period were founded as the result of middle - class activism aided by matching grants from the Carnegie Foundation .
Early skyscrapers
In New York , the 1916 act to allow light and air to reach the streets encouraged a stepped or ziggurat approach to skyscraper design ; this `` set - back '' style often made unrestricted use of the 25 percent of the site allowed by law to complete with a very tall tower . This encouraged a diversity of buildings , while maintaining an element of harmony and consistency of style . The Paramount Building and 120 Wall Street , for example , were constructed in the set - back style without towers , partially because the limited size of the sites would have made the towers relatively narrow and -- when packed with the necessary elevators and service facilities -- economically unviable . Many other skyscrapers built on larger or more expensive plots opted for the tallest towers possible , including the $24 million ( $3.8 billion in 2010 terms ) Bank of Manhattan Trust Building and the City Bank - Farmers Trust Company Building . New York continued its lead in tall skyscrapers throughout the period ; in 1920 it had ten times the number of tall buildings than its nearest rival Chicago .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR
Technology during World War II
The V - 1 , which is also known as the buzz bomb . This automatic aircraft is today known as a `` cruise missile '' . The V - 1 was developed at Peenemünde Army Research Center by the Nazi German Luftwaffe during the Second World War . During initial development it was known by the codename `` Cherry Stone '' . The first of the so - called Vergeltungswaffen series designed for terror bombing of London , the V - 1 was fired from launch facilities along the French ( Pas - de-Calais ) and Dutch coasts . The first V - 1 was launched at London on 13 June 1944 ) , one week after ( and prompted by ) the successful Allied landings in Europe . At its peak , more than one hundred V - 1s a day were fired at south - east England , 9,521 in total , decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944 , when the last V - 1 site in range of Britain was overrun by Allied forces . After this , the V - 1s were directed at the port of Antwerp and other targets in Belgium , with 2,448 V - 1s being launched . The attacks stopped when the last launch site was overrun on 29 March 1945 .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
The President 's first order was straight forward and promptly executed . 124 injured veterans were treated in Miami area hospitals ; 9 of these died . 56 were later transferred to VA medical facilities . Uninjured veterans were removed to Camp Foster in Jacksonville and evaluated for transfer to the CCC ; those declining transfer or deemed unemployable were paid off and given tickets home . All of the FERA transient camps were closed in November 1935 . In December 1935 FERA itself was absorbed within the new WPA , also directed by Hopkins . Recovery
Brontë family
Haworth 's population grew rapidly during the first half of the 18th century , from hardly 1,000 to 3,365 in 50 years . The village did not have a sewage system and the well water was contaminated by faecal matter and the decomposition of bodies in the cemetery on the hilltop . Life expectancy was less than 25 years and infant mortality was around 41 % of children under six months of age . Most of the population lived from working the poorly fertile land of the moors and supplemented their incomes with work done at home , such as spinning and weaving wool from the sheep that were farmed on the moors . Conditions changed and the textile industry , already present since the end of the 17th century , grew in the mills on the banks of the River Worth , whose waters turned the wheels which consequently required fewer people to work them .
Eiffel Tower
When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests .
History of rail transport in the United States
The B&O started developing steam locomotives in 1829 with Peter Cooper 's Tom Thumb . This was the first American - built locomotive to run in the U.S. , although it was intended as a demonstration of the potential of steam traction rather than as a revenue - earning locomotive . Many of the earliest locomotives for American railroads were imported from England , including the Stourbridge Lion and the John Bull , but a domestic locomotive manufacturing industry was quickly established , with locomotives like the DeWitt Clinton being built in the 1830s . The B&O 's westward route reached the Ohio River in 1852 , the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so .
Easter Island
Moai on squareish `` pedestals '' looking inland , the ramp with the poro before them . Pukao or Hau Hiti Rau on the moai heads ( platforms built after 1300 ) . When a ceremony took place , `` eyes '' were placed on the statues . The whites of the eyes were made of coral , the iris was made of obsidian or red scoria .
Ellis Island
The present main structure was designed in French Renaissance Revival style and built of red brick with limestone trim . After it opened on December 17 , 1900 , the facilities proved to be barely able to handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years before World War I. Writer Louis Adamic came to America from Slovenia , then part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire in 1913 and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall . Lacking a warm blanket , the young man `` shivered , sleepless , all night , listening to snores '' and dreams `` in perhaps a dozen different languages '' . The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people . It is reported that the island 's first immigrant to be processed through was a teenager named Annie Moore from County Cork in Ireland .