vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Operating system
There have been many operating systems that were significant in their day but are no longer so , such as AmigaOS ; OS / 2 from IBM and Microsoft ; classic Mac OS , the non-Unix precursor to Apple 's macOS ; BeOS ; XTS - 300 ; RISC OS ; MorphOS ; Haiku ; BareMetal and FreeMint . Some are still used in niche markets and continue to be developed as minority platforms for enthusiast communities and specialist applications . OpenVMS , formerly from DEC , is still under active development by Hewlett - Packard . Yet other operating systems are used almost exclusively in academia , for operating systems education or to do research on operating system concepts . A typical example of a system that fulfills both roles is MINIX , while for example Singularity is used purely for research .
Colonial history of the United States
French claims to French Louisiana stretched thousands of miles from modern Louisiana north to the largely unexplored Midwest , and west to the Rocky Mountains . It was generally divided into Upper and Lower Louisiana . This vast tract was first settled at Mobile and Biloxi around 1700 , and continued to grow when 7,000 French immigrants founded New Orleans in 1718 . Settlement proceeded very slowly ; New Orleans became an important port as the gateway to the Mississippi River , but there was little other economic development because the city lacked a prosperous hinterland .
Tea culture
There are formal tea houses . They provide a range of Chinese and Japanese tea leaves , as well as tea making accoutrements and a better class of snack food . Finally there are tea vendors , who specialize in the sale of tea leaves , pots , and other related paraphernalia . Tea is an important item in Chinese culture and is mentioned in the Seven necessities of ( Chinese ) daily life . Two
California High-Speed Rail
Eidlin 's study also notes that in California there has been debate on the disadvantages of the proposed blended service in the urban areas of San Francisco and Los Angeles , including reduced speeds , more operating restraints , and complicated track - sharing agreements . There are some inherent advantages in blended systems that have not received much attention : shorter transfer distances for passengers , and reduced impacts on the neighborhoods . Blended systems are in use in Europe .
Kidney
In ancient India , according to the Ayurvedic medical systems , the kidneys were considered the beginning of the excursion channels system , the ' head ' of the Mutra Srotas , receiving from all other systems , and therefore important in determining a person 's health balance and temperament by the balance and mixture of the three ' Dosha 's - the three health elements : Vatha ( or Vata ) - air , Pitta - bile , and Kapha - mucus . The temperament and health of a person can then be seen in the resulting color of the urine .
Kentucky Wildcats football
Prior to the advent of the BCS in 1998 , national champions were primarily chosen by a combination of national ranking systems and nation media poll rankings . During the last 142 years , there have been more than 30 selectors of national champions using polls , historical research and mathematical rating systems . Beginning in 1936 , The Associated Press began the best - known and most widely circulated poll of sportswriters and broadcasters . Before 1936 , national champions were determined by historical research and retroactive ratings and polls . It is important to remember that from 1936 to 1964 , the Associated Press chose a `` national champion '' prior to bowl games .
River Welland
The river was one of the earlier rivers to be granted an act of parliament for improvements , to allow navigation to Stamford . The act was granted in the reign of Elizabeth I in 1571 , and detailed how Stamford had prospered as a result of the river , but also stated that mills built between Stamford and Deeping had resulted in it no longer being navigable , as they had diverted the water . Powers were granted to restore the river using either the old channel or the new one , although it is not clear exactly what was meant by this . There is no evidence that any work was carried out under the terms of the act . The
Particle in a box
Because of its mathematical simplicity , the particle in a box model is used to find approximate solutions for more complex physical systems in which a particle is trapped in a narrow region of low electric potential between two high potential barriers . These quantum well systems are particularly important in optoelectronics , and are used in devices such as the quantum well laser , the quantum well infrared photodetector and the quantum - confined Stark effect modulator . It is also used to model a lattice in the Kronig - Penny model and for a finite metal with the free electron approximation .
Narmada River
Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river , starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantak hill , are a ) the Amarkantak ( in Sanskrit : Neck of Shiva ) or Teertharaj ( the King of Pilgrimages ) , b ) Omkareshwar , Maheshwar , and Mahadeo temples , Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river -- all named after Shiva , c ) Chausath Yogini ( sixty four yoginis ) temple , d ) Chaubis Avatar temple , e ) and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch . The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins .
Jordan River
There are two border crossings between Israel and Jordan which cross the river over bridges . The northern one , Jordan River Crossing or Sheikh Hussein Bridge is near Beit She'an ; the southern one , Allenby Bridge ( also King Hussein Bridge ) , is near Jericho .
Quantum mechanics
There exist several techniques for generating approximate solutions , however . In the important method known as perturbation theory , one uses the analytic result for a simple quantum mechanical model to generate a result for a more complicated model that is related to the simpler model by ( for one example ) the addition of a weak potential energy . Another method is the `` semi-classical equation of motion '' approach , which applies to systems for which quantum mechanics produces only weak ( small ) deviations from classical behavior . These deviations can then be computed based on the classical motion . This approach is particularly important in the field of quantum chaos .
Political party
Two - party systems are states such as Honduras , Jamaica , Malta , Ghana and the United States in which there are two political parties dominant to such an extent that electoral success under the banner of any other party is almost impossible . One right wing coalition party and one left wing coalition party is the most common ideological breakdown in such a system but in two - party states political parties are traditionally catch all parties which are ideologically broad and inclusive .
Revenge
Modern Western legal systems usually state as their goal the reform or reeducation of a convicted criminal . Even in these systems , however , society is considered the victim of a criminal 's actions , and the notion of vengeance for such acts is an important part of the concept of justice -- a criminal `` pays his debt to society '' .
Postulates of special relativity
The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are not affected , whether these changes of state be referred to the one or the other of two systems of coordinates in uniform translatory motion . Or : the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference .
Catalonia
Central Catalan Depression is a plain located between the Pyrenees and Pre-Coastal Mountains . The Depression lands are located between 200 and 600 metres ( 660 and 1,970 feet ) . The plains and the water that descend from the Pyrenees have made it fertile territory for agriculture and there are built numerous irrigation canals . Other important plain is the Empordà , located on the northeast .
Chernobyl disaster
Fred Mettler commented that 20 years later : `` The population remains largely unsure of what the effects of radiation actually are and retain a sense of foreboding . A number of adolescents and young adults who have been exposed to modest or small amounts of radiation feel that they are somehow fatally flawed and there is no downside to using illicit drugs or having unprotected sex . To reverse such attitudes and behaviours will likely take years although some youth groups have begun programs that have promise . '' In addition , disadvantaged children around Chernobyl suffer from health problems that are attributable not only to the Chernobyl accident , but also to the poor state of post-Soviet health systems .
History of calendars
Of all the ancient calendar systems , the Maya and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex . The Mayan calendar had 2 years , the 260 - day Sacred Round , or tzolkin , and the 365 - day Vague Year , or haab . A
Caste system in India
While identified with Hinduism , caste systems are found in other religions on the Indian subcontinent , including other religions such as Buddhists , Christians and Muslims .
Copper in architecture
There are many types of copper domes , spires , and vaults , both with simple geometries or complex curved surfaces and multi-faceted designs . Examples include circular domes with diagonal flat seam systems , circular domes with standing seam systems , circular domes with flat seam systems , conical spires , flat seam roofing on octagonal spires , standing seam barrel vaults , and flat seam barrel vaults . Information about steps for dome panel layouts and specifications for copper constructions is available . Copper
No Man's Sky
As the Traveller moves towards other systems , they are alerted to a presence of a space anomaly in a nearby system . Travelling there they find a special space station ( `` space anomaly '' ) where two aliens wait for them , Priest Entity Nada and Specialist Polo . Nada and Polo have knowledge beyond what other aliens in the galaxy appear to possess , including being able to speak without translation to the Traveller . They are able to guide the Traveller towards meeting Atlas , either by directing them to the location of a nearby Atlas Interface , or to a black hole that can quickly take the Traveller closer to the centre of the galaxy . The Traveller investigates the Interfaces to find themselves in direct communication with the Atlas which wants them to continue to explore and collect information all while moving towards the centre , where the Atlas entity appears to be . The Atlas judges the Traveller 's progress , and grants it an Atlas Stone if it deems the Traveller worthy .
Supreme Court of India
Supreme court Reports is the official journal of reportable supreme court decisions . It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications , Government of India , Delhi . In addition , there are many other reputed private journals that report supreme court decisions . Some of these other important journals are : SCR ( The supreme court Reports ) , SCC ( supreme court Cases ) , AIR ( All India Reporter ) , SCALE , etc .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
The history of India 's postal system begins long before the introduction of postage stamps . The antecedents have been traced to the systems of the Persian Empire instituted by Cyrus the Great and Darius I for communicating important military and political information . The Atharvaveda ( or Arthveda ) which is one of the oldest books in the world , records a messenger service in ancient India millenniums ago . Systems for collecting information and revenue data from the provinces are mentioned in Chanakya 's Arthashastra ( meaning military strategy and skill ) ( c. 3rd century BCE ) .
Menu bar
The Workbench screen title bar would typically display the Workbench version and the amount of free Chip RAM and Fast RAM . An unusual feature of the Amiga menu system was that the Workbench screen would display a `` Workbench '' menu instead of a `` File '' or `` Apple '' menu , while conforming applications would display `` Project '' and `` Tools '' menus ( projects and tools being , respectively , the Amiga terms for what in other systems are called files or documents , and programs or applications ) .
Sociology
There are many organizations studying social change , including the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies , Historical Systems , and Civilizations , and the Global Social Change Research Project .
Dead Sea
The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea , although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea , forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges . There are no outlet streams .
Cross River gorilla
A workshop for the conservation of the Cross River gorilla was organized by the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation was held in Nigeria in April 2001 . The overall goal of the workshop was to enhance the species ' chance for survival because of its rare and distinct features from other western gorillas . The most important outcomes of the workshop were a list of improvements recommended to save the species and also establishing the need for regular meetings between the governments and conservation groups of Cameroon and Nigeria to achieve maximum efficiency in their conservation efforts .
Alternative energy
Solar heat has long been employed in passively and actively heated buildings , as well as district heating systems . Examples of the latter are the Drake Landing Solar Community is Alberta , Canada and numerous district systems in Denmark and Germany . In Europe , there are two programs for the application of solar heat : the Solar District Heating ( SDH ) and the International Energy Agency 's Solar Heating and Cooling ( SHC ) program .
Maya civilization
There are hundreds of Maya sites spread across five countries : Belize , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras and Mexico . The six sites with particularly outstanding architecture or sculpture are Chichen Itza , Palenque , Uxmal , and Yaxchilan in Mexico , Tikal in Guatemala and Copán in Honduras . Other important , but difficult to reach , sites include Calakmul and El Mirador . The principal sites in the Puuc region , after Uxmal , are Kabah , Labna , and Sayil . In the east of the Yucatán Peninsula are Coba and the small site of Tulum . The Río Bec sites of the base of the peninsula include Becan , Chicanná , Kohunlich , and Xpuhil . The most noteworthy sites in Chiapas , other than Palenque and Yaxchilan , are Bonampak and Toniná . In the Guatemalan Highlands are Iximche , Kaminaljuyu , Mixco Viejo , and Q'umarkaj ( also known as Utatlán ) . In the northern Petén lowlands of Guatemala there are many sites , though apart from Tikal access is generally difficult . Some of the Petén sites are Dos Pilas , Seibal , and Uaxactún . Important sites in Belize include Altun Ha , Caracol , and Xunantunich .
Godavari River
Duduma Waterfalls is 175 metres ( 574 ft ) high and one of the highest waterfalls in southern India . It is located on the Sileru river which forms boundary between Andhra Pradesh and Odisha states . The following are few other waterfalls located in the river basin
River Thames
There are several watersports prevalent on the Thames , with many clubs encouraging participation and organising racing and inter-club competitions .
Narmada River
Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin , which extends about 320 km ( 198.8 mi ) , with an average width of 35 km ( 21.7 mi ) , in the south . In the north , the valley is limited to the Barna -- Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Hoshangabad . However , the hills again recede in the Kannod plains . The banks are about ( 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) ) high . It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills . Among them are : the Sher , the Shakkar , the Dudhi , the Tawa ( biggest tributary ) and the Ganjal . The Hiran , the Barna , the Choral , the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north .
National identification number
In Brazil there are two systems . The first , the Registro Geral ( RG ) is a number associated to the official ID card . Although the ID cards are supposedly national , the RG numbers are assigned by the states and a few other organizations , such as the armed forces . So , not only is it possible for a person to have the same RG number as a person from other state ( which is usually dealt with by specifying the state which issued the ID card ) , but it is also possible to ( legally ) have more than one RG , from different states .
Real estate contract
A real estate contract may specify in what condition of the property should be when conveying the title or transferring possession . For example , the contract may say that the property is sold as is , especially if demolition is intended . Alternatively there may be a representation or a warranty ( guarantee ) regarding the condition of the house , building , or some part of it such as affixed appliances , HVAC system , etc . Sometimes a separate disclosure form specified by a government entity is also used . The contract could also specify any personal property ( non-real property ) items which are to be included with the deal , such as washer and dryer which are normally detachable from the house . Utility meters , electrical wiring systems , fuse or circuit breaker boxes , plumbing , furnaces , water heaters , sinks , toilets , bathtubs , and most central air conditioning systems are normally considered to be attached to a house or building and would normally be included with the real property by default .
Alaska
Alaska 's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies : GCI and Alaska Communications . GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has `` two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska . In January 2011 , it was reported that a $1 billion project to connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned , aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government .
Shoplifting
However , there are people and groups who make their living from shoplifting and other crimes . They tend to be more skilled career criminals who use more sophisticated shoplifting tactics . Researchers call professional thieves `` boosters , '' as they tend to resell what they steal on the black market .
River Thames
Upstream of Wandsworth Bridge a speed limit of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) is in force for powered craft to protect the riverbank environment and to provide safe conditions for rowers and other river users . There is no absolute speed limit on most of the Tideway downstream of Wandsworth Bridge , although boats are not allowed to create undue wash . Powered boats are limited to 12 knots between Lambeth Bridge and downstream of Tower Bridge , with some exceptions . Boats can be approved by the harbour master to travel at speeds of up to 30 knots from below Tower Bridge to past the Thames Barrier . History
Famine
According to Amartya Sen ( 1999 ) `` there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy '' . Hasell and Roser have demonstrated that while there have been a few minor exceptions , famines rarely occur in democratic system but are strongly correlated with autocratic and colonial systems .
Waikato River
There are also over 40 islands between Ngaruawahia and Tuakau , depending on the level of the river . Maurea Islands , just south of Rangiriri were subject to a restoration trial to test comparative weed treatments , the main weeds being alder and yellow flag iris .
Two-party system
In countries such as Britain , two major parties emerge which have strong influence and tend to elect most of the candidates , but a multitude of lesser parties exist with varying degrees of influence , and sometimes these lesser parties are able to elect officials who participate in the legislature . In political systems based on the Westminster system , which is a particular style of parliamentary democracy based on the British model and found in many commonwealth countries , a majority party will form the government and the minority party will form the opposition , and coalitions of lesser parties are possible ; in the rare circumstance in which neither party is the majority , a hung parliament arises . Sometimes these systems are described as two - party systems but they are usually referred to as multi-party systems . There is not always a sharp boundary between a two - party system and a multi-party system .
Malaysia
Malaysia is the 66th largest country by total land area , with a land area of 329,613 km ( 127,264 sq mi ) . It has land borders with Thailand in West Malaysia , and Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia . It is linked to Singapore by a narrow causeway and a bridge . The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam and the Philippines . The land borders are defined in large part by geological features such as the Perlis River , the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal , whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention . Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia , with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two parts . Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago . Tanjung Piai , located in the southern state of Johor , is the southernmost tip of continental Asia . The Strait of Malacca , lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia , is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce , carrying 40 per cent of the world 's trade .
Narmada River
The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river . The Narmada Parikrama , as it is called , is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake . Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat , along the river , to the source in Maikal Mountains ( Amarkantak hills ) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river . It is a 2,600 - kilometre ( 1,600 mi ) walk . Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur , Barwani , Hoshangabad , Harda , Narmada Nagar , Omkareshwar , Dewas ( Nemavar , Kity , Pipri ) , Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh , and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat . Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla , Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa and Bhimbetka , and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara , Dhardi falls , Bheraghat , Dhuandhara , Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
The Lower Fox remains a major area for paper production . There are 24 paper and pulp mills along the Lower Fox River that produce more than five million tons of paper per year and employ around 50,000 people . The principal cities located in this valley are Green Bay , Appleton , Neenah , Menasha , De Pere , and Kaukauna . Although Oshkosh is a major city in the chain , active production of paper products is no longer located there .
Franchising
In Kazakhstan franchise turnover for 2013 is 2.5 billion US $ dollars per year . Kazakhstan is the leader in Central Asia in the franchising market . There is a special law on franchising which went into effect in 2002 . There are more than 300 franchise systems and the number of franchised outlets approaches 2000 . Kazakhstan franchising began with the emergence of a `` Coca - Cola '' factory , opened to sublicense a Turkish licensor of the same brand . The plant was built in 1994 . Other brands that are also present in Kazakhstan through the franchise system include Pepsi , Hilton , Marriott , Intercontinental , and Pizza Hut .