vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Local government in the United States
The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes local government a matter of state rather than federal law , with special cases for territories and the District of Columbia . As a result , the states have adopted a wide variety of systems of local government . The United States Census Bureau conducts the Census of Governments every five years to compile statistics on government organization , public employment , and government finances . The categories of local government established in this Census of Governments is a convenient basis for understanding local government in the United States . The categories are as follows :
Finn (Star Wars)
The character was also subject to racist reactions by some fans online , to which Boyega responded , `` I 'm not going to lose sleep over people . '' After the first trailer premiered , Boyega responded to critics with , `` To whom it may concern ... Get used to it '' , and further commented that , `` All the films I 've done have had a secret commentary on stereotypical mentalities . It 's about getting people to drop a prejudiced state of mind and realise , ' Oh shit we 're just watching normal people . ' '' In response to those who desired to boycott the film over their disagreements with the existence of a black stormtrooper , Boyega replied , `` I 'm proud of my heritage , and no man can take that away from me . I was n't raised to fear people with a difference of opinion . They are merely victims of a disease in their mind . ''
Great Depression
Karl Marx saw recession and depression as unavoidable under free - market capitalism as there are no restrictions on accumulations of capital other than the market itself . In the Marxist view , capitalism tends to create unbalanced accumulations of wealth , leading to over-accumulations of capital which inevitably lead to a crisis . This especially sharp bust is a regular feature of the boom and bust pattern of what Marxists term `` chaotic '' capitalist development . It is a tenet of many Marxist groupings that such crises are inevitable and will be increasingly severe until the contradictions inherent in the mismatch between the mode of production and the development of productive forces reach the final point of failure . At which point , the crisis period encourages intensified class conflict and forces societal change . Inequality
List of The Last Ship characters
Captain Harry Sinclair is a MI6 intelligence officer who previously served with Jame Fletcher . He boards the USS Nathan James under the guise of a Middle Eastern refugee , and informs Fletcher that the UK government has deal with Paul Vellek , and they are to steal the seeds from the Americans . He harbours a large level of resentment towards the United States , revealing people in the UK were ravaged by anarchy and chaos ( he personally had to resort to eating dog meat ) during the Immune Wars whilst waiting for the cure for the Red Flu to be delivered by the United States , and are now starving due to the Red Rust . He kills several sailors aboard the Nathan James in the process of retrieving the seeds , including O'Connor , but is fatally shot by Tom Chandler . He is portrayed by George Georgiou . Omar
John C. Calhoun
We make a great mistake , sir , when we suppose that all people are capable of self - government . We are anxious to force free government on all ; and I see that it has been urged in a very respectable quarter , that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world , and especially over this continent . It is a great mistake . None but people advanced to a very high state of moral and intellectual improvement are capable , in a civilized state , of maintaining free government ; and amongst those who are so purified , very few , indeed , have had the good fortune of forming a constitution capable of endurance .
Magick (Thelema)
Similar to yoga , learning the Tree of Life is not so much Magick as it is a way to map out one 's spiritual universe . As such , the adept may use the Tree to determine a destination for astral travel , to choose which gods to invoke for what purposes , et cetera . It also plays an important role in modeling the spiritual journey , where the adept begins in Malkuth , which is the every - day material world of phenomena , with the ultimate goal being at Kether , the sphere of Unity with the All . Magical
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform , led by former Rep. Barbara Jordan , ran from 1990 to 1997 . The Commission covered many facets of immigration policy , but started from the perception that the `` credibility of immigration policy can be measured by a simple yardstick : people who should get in , do get in ; people who should not get in , are kept out ; and people who are judged deportable are required to leave '' . From there , in a series of four reports , the commission looked at all aspects of immigration policy . In the first , it found that enforcement was lax and needed improvement on the border and internally . For internal enforcement , it recommended that an automated employment verification system be created to enable employers to distinguish between legal and illegal workers . The second report discussed legal immigration issues and suggested that immediate family members and skilled workers receive priority . The third report covered refugee and asylum issues . Finally , the fourth report reiterated the major points of the previous reports and the need for a new immigration policy . Few of these suggestions were implemented .
Smart city
Virtual city : In these kinds of cities functions are implemented in a cyberspace ; it includes the notion of hybrid city , which consists of a reality with real citizens and entities and a parallel virtual city of real entities and people . Have a smart city that is virtual means that in some cities it is possible the coexistence between these two reality , however the issue of physical distance and location is still not easy to manage . The vision of the world without distance still remains unmet in many ways . In practice this idea is hold up through physical IT infrastructure of cables , data centers , and exchanges . Information city : It collects local information and delivered them to the public portal ; In that city , many inhabitants are able to live and even work on the Internet because they could obtain every information through IT infrastructures , thanks to the sharing information method among citizens themselves . Using this approach , an information city could be an urban centre both economically and socially speaking ; the most important thing is the linkage among civic services , people interactions and government institutions . Intelligent city : it involves function as research or technological innovation to support learning and innovation procedure . The notion emerges in a social context in which knowledge , learning process and creativity have great importance and the human capital is considered the most precious resource within this type of technological city . In particular one of the most significant feature of an intelligent city is that every infrastructure is up to date , that means have the latest technology in telecommunications , electronic and mechanical technology . According to Komninos and Sefertzi , the attempt to build an `` intelligent '' Smart City is more a radical innovation rather than an incremental innovation owing to a big quantity of efforts to use IT trying to transform the daily life . Ubiquitous city ( U-city ) : It creates an environment that connect citizens to any services through any device . According to Anthopoulos , L. , & Fitsilis , P. , U-city is a further extension of digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure . This makes easier to the citizen the use of any available devices to interconnect them . Its goal is to create a city where any citizen can get any services anywhere and anytime through any kind of devices . It is important to highlights that the ubiquitous city is different from the above virtual city : while the virtual city creates another space by visualizing the real urban elements within the virtual space , U-city is given by the computer chips inserted to those urban elements .
Acts of the Apostles
The message is taken to the Samaritans , a people rejected by Jews , and to the Gentiles . Saul of Tarsus , one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians , is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ ( an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times ) . Peter , directed by a series of visions , preaches to Cornelius the Centurion , a Gentile God - fearer , who becomes a follower of Christ . The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius , thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind . The Gentile church is established in Antioch ( north - western Syria , the third - largest city of the empire ) , and here Christ 's followers are first called Christians .
File Explorer
The search capability itself is fairly similar to Windows ME and Windows 2000 , with one major addition : Search can also be instructed to search only files that are categorically `` Documents '' or `` Pictures , music and video '' ; this feature is noteworthy largely because of how Windows determines what types of files can be classified under these categories . In order to maintain a relevant list of file types , Windows Explorer connects to Microsoft and downloads a set of XML files that define what these file types are . The Search Companion can be disabled in favor of the classic search pane used in Windows 2000 by using the Tweak UI applet from Microsoft 's PowerToys for Windows XP , or by manually editing the registry . Image
Maldives
The introduction of code - letter names has been a source of much puzzlement and misunderstandings , especially among foreigners . Many people have come to think that the code - letter of the administrative atoll is its new name and that it has replaced its geographical name . Under such circumstances it is hard to know which is the correct name to use .
Dale Horvath
This episode `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' addresses the death of Dale , who is attacked and ripped open by a walker . Since writer Robert Kirkman felt that Dale epitomized a character of morality and humanity , much of `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' explores themes related to the declining morality of individuals during a catastrophic event . Kirkman proclaimed that Dale 's death was a momentous occasion , ultimately marking a turning point for future development of The Walking Dead . `` Dale 's character has been the heart and soul of the show , '' he iterated . `` He 's definitely the moral compass . He 's the guy that , more so than anyone , has been warning people to be careful how you let this world change you and monitoring what lengths people are going to survive . His loss is going to mean a great deal for all the characters in the show and is definitely going to represent a turn to a darker space . His death means a lot . '' Kirkman added that it was difficult to release DeMunn from the cast . He stated : `` It 's heartbreaking to lose Jeffrey DeMunn . He 's really given us a lot , these last two seasons on the show . It 's been amazing to work with him and get to know him and he 's an awesome dude and we 're definitely going to miss him . ''
Owen Hunt
`` It 's not going to be easy for them . What I read when I read the season premiere , and this is just my take on it , is that it was very much two very analytical people , Owen and Cristina . They 're very similar in a way , I think , as people . Two analytical people see each other over a crowded ER room and their eyes meet . It 's almost more complicated , but on a really simplistic level , it 's almost a love at first sight scenario that happened on the season premiere . And then , what we 're seeing is the road to connect that back , because obviously the season premiere was before he went back to Iraq and this event has happened to him that 's changed him . And so , they 're trying to get that feeling back because there 's obviously something really true and meant to be between these two people . But it 's complicated right now because she 's damaged because of what 's happened to her , and he is certainly struggling with himself and the people around him and the world in general , and trying to keep himself together after what 's happened to him . So , I think , it 's exciting to see what happens with these two guys because , in a way , they 're the two people you 'd least expect to have a love affair , but it 's happening to them and they ca n't stop it . ''
To Kill a Mockingbird
The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it `` arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement '' . Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book 's effectiveness is that it `` inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion '' and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . Young views the novel as `` an act of humanity '' in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War . Childress states the novel `` gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they 've been brought up with and to find another way . And most white people in the South were good people . Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child 's point of view . ''
Tea culture
Tea found its way to Persia ( Iran ) through the Silk Road from India and soon became the national drink . The whole part of northern Iran along the shores of the Caspian Sea is suitable for the cultivation of tea . Especially in the Gilan province on the slopes of Alborz , large areas are under tea cultivation and millions of people work in the tea industry for their livelihood . That region covers a large part of Iran 's need for tea . Iranians have one of the highest per capita rates of tea consumption in the world and from old times every street has had a Châikhâne ( Tea House ) . Châikhânes are still an important social place . Iranians traditionally drink tea by pouring it into a saucer and putting a lump of rock sugar ( qand ) in the mouth before drinking the tea .
Social media
`` Twitter only adds to the noise : it 's simply impossible to pack much context into its 140 characters . All other biases are present as well : in a country like Iran it 's mostly pro-Western , technology - friendly and iPod - carrying young people who are the natural and most frequent users of Twitter . They are a tiny and , most important , extremely untypical segment of the Iranian population ( the number of Twitter users in Iran -- a country of more than seventy million people . ) ''
Public opinion
The American sociologist Herbert Blumer has proposed an altogether different conception of the `` public . '' According to Blumer , public opinion is discussed as a form of collective behavior ( another specialized term ) which is made up of those who are discussing a given public issue at any one time . Given this definition , there are many publics ; each of them comes into being when an issue arises and ceases to exist when the issue is resolved . Blumer claims that people participate in public in different capacities and to different degrees . So , public opinion polling can not measure the public . An educated individual 's participation is more important than that of a drunk . The `` mass , '' in which people independently make decisions about , for example , which brand of toothpaste to buy , is a form of collective behavior different from the public .
Utilitarianism
In The Methods of Ethics , Henry Sidgwick asked , `` Is it total or average happiness that we seek to make a maximum ? '' He noted that aspects of the question had been overlooked and answered the question himself by saying that what had to be maximized was the average multiplied by the number of people living . He also argued that , if the `` average happiness enjoyed remains undiminished , Utilitarianism directs us to make the number enjoying it as great as possible . '' This was also the view taken earlier by Paley . He notes that , although he speaks of the happiness of communities , `` the happiness of a people is made up of the happiness of single persons ; and the quantity of happiness can only be augmented by increasing the number of the percipients , or the pleasure of their perceptions '' and that if extreme cases , such as people held as slaves , are excluded the amount of happiness will usually be in proportion to the number of people . Consequently , `` the decay of population is the greatest evil that a state can suffer ; and the improvement of it the object which ought , in all countries , to be aimed at in preference to every other political purpose whatsoever . '' A similar view was expressed by Smart , who argued that all other things being equal a universe with two million happy people is better than a universe with only one million happy people .
Citizenship
Citizenship is a status in society . It is an ideal state as well . It generally describes a person with legal rights within a given political order . It almost always has an element of exclusion , meaning that some people are not citizens , and that this distinction can sometimes be very important , or not important , depending on a particular society . Citizenship as a concept is generally hard to isolate intellectually and compare with related political notions , since it relates to many other aspects of society such as the family , military service , the individual , freedom , religion , ideas of right and wrong , ethnicity , and patterns for how a person should behave in society . When there are many different groups within a nation , citizenship may be the only real bond which unites everybody as equals without discrimination -- it is a `` broad bond '' linking `` a person with the state '' and gives people a universal identity as a legal member of a specific nation .
Thermal comfort
The PMV / PPD model was developed by P.O. Fanger using heat - balance equations and empirical studies about skin temperature to define comfort . Standard thermal comfort surveys ask subjects about their thermal sensation on a seven - point scale from cold ( - 3 ) to hot ( + 3 ) . Fanger 's equations are used to calculate the Predicted Mean Vote ( PMV ) of a large group of subjects for a particular combination of air temperature , mean radiant temperature , relative humidity , air speed , metabolic rate , and clothing insulation . Zero is the ideal value , representing thermal neutrality , and the comfort zone is defined by the combinations of the six parameters for which the PMV is within the recommended limits ( - 0.5 < PMV < + 0.5 ) . Although predicting the thermal sensation of a population is an important step in determining what conditions are comfortable , it is more useful to consider whether or not people will be satisfied . Fanger developed another equation to relate the PMV to the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied ( PPD ) . This relation was based on studies that surveyed subjects in a chamber where the indoor conditions could be precisely controlled .
Sensory nervous system
The initialization of sensation stems from the response of a specific receptor to a physical stimulus . The receptors which react to the stimulus and initiate the process of sensation are commonly characterized in four distinct categories : chemoreceptors , photoreceptors , mechanoreceptors , and thermoreceptors . All receptors receive distinct physical stimuli and transduce the signal into an electrical action potential . This action potential then travels along afferent neurons to specific brain regions where it is processed and interpreted .
Clint Eastwood
Eastwood said he has always opposed war and is a pragmatic Libertarian rather than a red - meat Republican . Eastwood further explained his anti-war stance by saying `` I was a child growing up during World War II . That was supposed to be the one to end all wars . And four years later , I was standing at the draft board being drafted during the Korean conflict , and then after that there was Vietnam , and it goes on and on forever ... I just wonder ... does this ever stop ? And no , it does n't . So each time we get in these conflicts , it deserves a lot of thought before we go wading in or wading out . Going in or coming out . It needs a better thought process , I think . '' Furthermore , Eastwood 's 2014 movie American Sniper was met with strong critical praise , especially from many Republicans who called it a pro-War on Terror , pro-Republican , and patriotic film ; Eastwood responded by saying that such notions represented a `` stupid analysis '' and that the movie had nothing to do with political parties . Eastwood responded to critics of American Sniper by saying his film was `` the biggest anti-war statement any film can make '' , and that the film depicts `` the fact of what ( war ) does to the family and the people who have to go back into civilian life like Chris Kyle did '' and `` what it ( war ) does to the people left behind . ''
Polar bear
According to the World Wildlife Fund , the polar bear is important as an indicator of Arctic ecosystem health . Polar bears are studied to gain understanding of what is happening throughout the Arctic , because at - risk polar bears are often a sign of something wrong with the Arctic marine ecosystem .
Social media
Just as television turned a nation of people who listened to media content into watchers of media content in the 1950s to the 1980s , the emergence of social media has created a nation of media content creators . According to 2011 Pew Research data , nearly 80 % of American adults are online and nearly 60 % of them use social networking sites . More Americans get their news via the Internet than from newspapers or radio , as well as three - fourths who say they get news from e-mail or social media sites updates , according to a report published by CNN . The survey suggests that Facebook and Twitter make news a more participatory experience than before as people share news articles and comment on other people 's posts . According to CNN , in 2010 75 % of people got their news forwarded through e-mail or social media posts , whereas 37 % of people shared a news item via Facebook or Twitter .
The Bronx
In the 1970s , the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson . The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities , such as the South Bronx . One explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property - value buildings and take the insurance money , as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area . The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment , which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx .