vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Conquistador
The ship that truly launched the first phase of the discoveries along the African coast was the Portuguese caravel . Iberians quickly adopted it for their merchant navy . It was a development based on African fishing boats . They were agile and easier to navigate , with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and one to three masts , with lateen triangular sails allowing luffing . The caravel particularly benefited from a greater capacity to tack . The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks , but have not hindered its success . Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable , initially , because as exploratory ships , their `` cargo '' was what was in the explorer 's discoveries about a new territory , which only took up the space of one person . Among the famous caravels are Berrio and Caravela Annunciation . Columbus also used them in his travels .
Porridge (TV series)
`` What fans could never know , however , unless they had been subjected to a stint of Her Majesty 's Pleasure , was that the conflict between Fletcher and Officer Mackay was about the most authentic depiction ever of the true relationship that exists between prisoners and prison officers in British jails up and down the country . I 'm not sure how , but writers Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais ... grasped the notion that it is the minor victories against the naturally oppressive prison system that makes prison life bearable . ''
Sociology
The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises , and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies . The term first came into widespread use in the 1920s , when a number of German - speaking theorists , most notably Max Scheler , and Karl Mannheim , wrote extensively on it . With the dominance of functionalism through the middle years of the 20th century , the sociology of knowledge tended to remain on the periphery of mainstream sociological thought . It was largely reinvented and applied much more closely to everyday life in the 1960s , particularly by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann in The Social Construction of Reality ( 1966 ) and is still central for methods dealing with qualitative understanding of human society ( compare socially constructed reality ) . The `` archaeological '' and `` genealogical '' studies of Michel Foucault are of considerable contemporary influence .
Relationship between religion and science
The religion and science community consists of those scholars who involve themselves with what has been called the `` religion - and - science dialogue '' or the `` religion - and - science field . '' The community belongs to neither the scientific nor the religious community , but is said to be a third overlapping community of interested and involved scientists , priests , clergymen , theologians , and engaged non-professionals . Institutions interested in the intersection between science and religion include the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences , the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science , the Ian Ramsey Centre , and the Faraday Institute . Journals addressing the relationship between science and religion include Theology and Science and Zygon : Journal of Religion & Science . Eugenie Scott has written that the `` science and religion '' movement is , overall , composed mainly of theists who have a healthy respect for science and may be beneficial to the public understanding of science . She contends that the `` Christian scholarship '' movement is not a problem for science , but that the `` Theistic science '' movement , which proposes abandoning methodological materialism , does cause problems in understanding of the nature of science .
Relationship between religion and science
Accordingly , a religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance and loftiness of those superpersonal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation . They exist with the same necessity and matter - of - factness as he himself . In this sense religion is the age - old endeavor of mankind to become clearly and completely conscious of these values and goals and constantly to strengthen and extend their effect . If one conceives of religion and science according to these definitions then a conflict between them appears impossible . For science can only ascertain what is , but not what should be , and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary . Religion , on the other hand , deals only with evaluations of human thought and action : it can not justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts . According to this interpretation the well - known conflicts between religion and science in the past must all be ascribed to a misapprehension of the situation which has been described .
Scientific method
Somewhere between 33 % and 50 % of all scientific discoveries are estimated to have been stumbled upon , rather than sought out . This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky . Louis Pasteur is credited with the famous saying that `` Luck favours the prepared mind '' , but some psychologists have begun to study what it means to be ' prepared for luck ' in the scientific context . Research is showing that scientists are taught various heuristics that tend to harness chance and the unexpected . This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls `` Anti-fragility '' ; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error , human bias , and randomness , the scientific method is more than resistant or tough -- it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways ( it is anti-fragile ) . Taleb believes that the more anti-fragile the system , the more it will flourish in the real world .
Letter of credit
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch , the German civil code , does not directly address letters of credit . German case law indicates that the relationship between the issuing bank and customer is a contract for execution of a transaction , while the relationship between the issuing bank and the beneficiary is a promise of a debt .
Saudi Arabia
Al - Magar was a prehistoric culture whose epicenter lay in modern - day southwestern Najd . Al - Magar is characterized as being one of the first civilizations in the world where widespread domestication of animals occurred , particularly the horse , during the Neolithic period . Aside from horses animals such as sheep , goats , dogs , in particular of the Saluki race , ostriches , falcons and fish were discovered in the form of stone statues and rock engravings . Radiocarbon dating of these and other objects discovered indicate an age of about 9,000 years . The various discoveries reflect the significance of the site as an important ancient civilization and gives it significant pre-historic importance with enough proof and detailed data for re-writing the Neolithic history of the Arabian Peninsula and Saudi Arabia in particular . Al - Magar also reveals additional information about the relationship between human economic activities and inherent climate change , how hunter - gatherer societies became sedentary , how they made use of natural resources available to them , and how they set into motion the domestication of plants and animals .
Social exchange theory
Social exchange includes `` both a notion of a relationship , and some notion of a shared obligation in which both parties perceive responsibilities to each other '' John Thibaut and Harold Kelley proposed two comparison standards to differentiate between relationship satisfaction and relationship stability . This evaluation rests on two types of comparisons : Comparison Level and Comparison Level for Alternative . According to Thibaut and Kelley , the Comparison Level ( CL ) is a standard representing what people feel they should receive in the way of rewards and costs from a particular relationship . An individual 's comparison level can be considered the standard by which an outcome seems to satisfy the individual . The Comparison Level for Alternative ( CLalt ) refers to `` the lowest level of relational rewards a person is willing to accept given available rewards from alternative relationships or being alone '' In other words , when using this evaluation tool , an individual will consider other alternative payoffs or rewards outside of the current relationship or exchange . CLalt provides a measure of stability rather than satisfaction . If people see no alternative and fear being alone more than being in the relationship , Social Exchange Theory predicts they will stay .
Testosterone
Most studies support a link between adult criminality and testosterone , although the relationship is modest if examined separately for each sex . Nearly all studies of juvenile delinquency and testosterone are not significant . Most studies have also found testosterone to be associated with behaviors or personality traits linked with criminality such as antisocial behavior and alcoholism . Many studies have also been done on the relationship between more general aggressive behavior / feelings and testosterone . About half the studies have found a relationship and about half no relationship .
Law
In the 18th century Adam Smith presented a philosophical foundation for explaining the relationship between law and economics . The discipline arose partly out of a critique of trade unions and U.S. antitrust law . The most influential proponents , such as Richard Posner and Oliver Williamson and the so - called Chicago School of economists and lawyers including Milton Friedman and Gary Becker , are generally advocates of deregulation and privatisation , and are hostile to state regulation or what they see as restrictions on the operation of free markets . Richard
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of mathematics , including the basic rules of geometry , the idea of formal mathematical proof , and discoveries in number theory , mathematical analysis , applied mathematics , and approached close to establishing integral calculus . The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians , including Pythagoras , Euclid , and Archimedes , are still used in mathematical teaching today .
The Left Hand of Darkness
Feminist theorists criticized the novel for what they saw as a homophobic depiction of the relationship between Estraven and Ai . Both are presented as superficially masculine throughout the novel , but they never physically explore the attraction between them . Estraven 's death at the end was seen as giving the message that `` death is the price that must be paid for forbidden love '' . In a 1986 essay , Le Guin acknowledged and apologized for the fact that Left Hand had presented heterosexuality as the norm on Gethen .
Peroxisome
The protein content of peroxisomes varies across species , but the presence of proteins common to many species has been used to suggest an endosymbiotic origin ; that is , peroxisomes evolved from bacteria that invaded larger cells as parasites , and very gradually evolved a symbiotic relationship . However , this view has been challenged by recent discoveries . For example , peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes upon introduction of the wild - type gene .
History of education in the United States
Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation , relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities , linking urbanization with social reform movements , and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young .
Correlation does not imply causation
Thus there can be no conclusion made regarding the existence or the direction of a cause - and - effect relationship only from the fact that A and B are correlated . Determining whether there is an actual cause - and - effect relationship requires further investigation , even when the relationship between A and B is statistically significant , a large effect size is observed , or a large part of the variance is explained .
Relationship between religion and science
The relationship between religion and science has been a subject of study since classical antiquity , addressed by philosophers , theologians , scientists , and others . Perspectives from different geographical regions , cultures and historical epochs are diverse , with some characterizing the relationship as one of conflict , others describing it as one of harmony , and others proposing little interaction .
Origin of language
What was significant in this study was the observation that the changes in skull architecture that correlate with reduced aggression are the same changes necessary for the evolution of early hominin vocal ability . In integrating data on anatomical correlates of primate mating and social systems with studies of skull and vocal tract architecture that facilitate speech production , the authors argue that paleoanthropologists to date have failed to grasp the important relationship between early hominin social evolution and language capacity .
Dan Humphrey
Serena and Dan attempt to return to normal , but find this difficult with Lily and Rufus , who have decided to go public with their relationship . Dan , and Serena both get acceptance letters to Yale but Serena decides that Yale is n't for her and applies to Brown and gives her spot to Blair who was wait - listed . A new teacher named Ms. Carr teaches at Constance Billard and there is an obvious attraction between them . Blair is so willing to get back at Ms. Carr for giving her a B on a paper that she sends in a rumor to Gossip girl concerning a secret relationship going on between Dan and Ms. Carr . Serena herself is becoming suspicious when she sees Dan and Ms. Carr discussing Dan 's paper together but believes Dan when he says nothing is going on between the two of them . Serena then sees Dan and Ms. Carr in a coffee shop together . She can not hear what they are saying but in fact Dan is only comforting Ms. Carr who is in tears about the slanderous teacher - student relationship rumor . Serena captures a photo of Dan touching Ms. Carr 's face in an intimate way and shares the photo with Blair although she has doubts about the authenticity of the situation .
Liz Parker
With growing suspicion coming from the local sheriff , Jim Valenti , Liz devises a plan to throw him off Max 's scent . She is successful and Valenti , though still cautious and wary of Max , lets him go . After this incident , she starts developing deep feelings for Max , despite her current relationship with the sheriff 's son Kyle Valenti . For a while she lies to her friends Alex and Maria , but eventually Maria confronts Liz about what is going on . Liz eventually relents to Maria 's questions and tells her all she knows about Max , Isabel and Michael . Kyle grows jealous of the growing relationship between her and Max , and a group of his friends beat up Max . She breaks up with Kyle in response to this , causing a rift between them . However , her relationship with Max grows very strong and she finds herself falling in love with him . An incident involving Michael Guerin , however , scares Max away , and he realizes that does n't want to hurt Liz in any way . He is an alien and does n't know what is going to happen to him or who might come after him ; he wants her to be safe .
Supply (economics)
The relationship of price and supply curve . The curve is generally positively sloped . The curve depicts the relationship between two variables only ; price and quantity supplied . All other factors affecting Supply are held constant . However , these factors are part of the supply equation and are implicitly present in the constant term .
Friction
The focus of research during the 20th century has been to understand the physical mechanisms behind friction . Frank Philip Bowden and David Tabor ( 1950 ) showed that , at a microscopic level , the actual area of contact between surfaces is a very small fraction of the apparent area . This actual area of contact , caused by asperities increases with pressure . The development of the atomic force microscope ( ca . 1986 ) enabled scientists to study friction at the atomic scale , showing that , on that scale , dry friction is the product of the inter-surface shear stress and the contact area . These two discoveries explain Amonton 's first law ( below ) ; the macroscopic proportionality between normal force and static frictional force between dry surfaces .
Rosaline
Critics also note the ways in which Romeo 's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet . Before meeting Rosaline , Romeo despises all Capulets , but afterwards looks upon them more favourably . He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one relationship . This prepares him for the more mature relationship with Juliet -- one fraught by the feud between Montagues and Capulets . Romeo expresses the conflict of love and hate in Act 1 , Scene 1 , comparing his love for Rosaline with the feud between the two houses :
France–United Kingdom relations
The Americans , while opposed to Nasser , refused to become involved with what many regarded as European colonialism , putting severe strain on the Anglo - American special relationship . The relations between Britain and France were not entirely harmonious , as the French did not inform the British about the involvement of Israel until very close to the commencement of military operations .
Relationship between religion and science
The Holy Quran directs attention towards science , time and again , rather than evoking prejudice against it . The Quran has never advised against studying science , lest the reader should become a non-believer ; because it has no such fear or concern . The Holy Quran is not worried that if people will learn the laws of nature its spell will break . The Quran has not prevented people from science , rather it states , `` Say , ' Reflect on what is happening in the heavens and the earth . ' '' ( Al Younus )
Out of the Woods (song)
That line is in there because it 's not only the actual , literal narration of what happened in a particular relationship I was in , it 's also a metaphor . `` Hit the brakes too soon '' could mean the literal sense of , we got in an accident and we had to deal with the aftermath . But also , the relationship ended sooner than it should 've because there was a lot of fear involved . And that song touches on a huge sense of anxiety that was , kind of , coursing through that particular relationship , because we really felt the heat of every single person in the media thinking they could draw up the narrative of what we were going through and debate and speculate . I do n't think it 's ever going to be easy for me to find love and block out all those screaming voices .
Morality
A number of studies have been conducted on the empirics of morality in various countries , and the overall relationship between faith and crime is unclear . A 2001 review of studies on this topic found `` The existing evidence surrounding the effect of religion on crime is varied , contested , and inconclusive , and currently no persuasive answer exists as to the empirical relationship between religion and crime . '' Phil Zuckerman 's 2008 book , Society without God , notes that Denmark and Sweden , `` which are probably the least religious countries in the world , and possibly in the history of the world '' , enjoy `` among the lowest violent crime rates in the world ( and ) the lowest levels of corruption in the world '' .
Consciousness
To most philosophers , the word `` consciousness '' connotes the relationship between the mind and the world . To writers on spiritual or religious topics , it frequently connotes the relationship between the mind and God , or the relationship between the mind and deeper truths that are thought to be more fundamental than the physical world . Krishna consciousness , for example , is a term used to mean an intimate linkage between the mind of a worshipper and the god Krishna . The mystical psychiatrist Richard Maurice Bucke distinguished between three types of consciousness : ' Simple Consciousness ' , awareness of the body , possessed by many animals ; ' Self Consciousness ' , awareness of being aware , possessed only by humans ; and ' Cosmic Consciousness ' , awareness of the life and order of the universe , possessed only by humans who are enlightened . Many more examples could be given , such as the various levels of spiritual consciousness presented by Prem Saran Satsangi and Stuart Hameroff . The most thorough account of the spiritual approach may be Ken Wilber 's book The Spectrum of Consciousness , a comparison of western and eastern ways of thinking about the mind . Wilber described consciousness as a spectrum with ordinary awareness at one end , and more profound types of awareness at higher levels .
Atom
The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . As a result , their views on what atoms look like and how they behave were incorrect . They also could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , when the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that only the concept of atoms could explain .
The whole nine yards
Several key discoveries in further antedating the phrase were made by Bonnie Taylor - Blake , a neuroscience researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an amateur member of the American Dialect Society , an association of professional and amateur linguists whose mailing list often serves as a forum for word and phrase discoveries . In 2012 , Taylor - Blake discovered the 1956 and 1957 uses in Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , and later that year she and Fred R. Shapiro found the `` whole six yards '' examples from the 1912 -- 1921 period , which received substantial publicity . In 2013 , Taylor - Blake posted her discovery of the Mitchell Commercial uses from the 1907 -- 1914 period .
PageRank
Katja Mayer views PageRank as a social network as it connects differing viewpoints and thoughts in a single place . People go to PageRank for information and are flooded with citations of other authors who also have an opinion on the topic . This creates a social aspect where everything can be discussed and collected to provoke thinking . There is a social relationship that exists between PageRank and the people who use it as it is constantly adapting and changing to the shifts in modern society . Viewing the relationship between PageRank and the individual through sociometry allows for an in - depth look at the connection that results .
The Last of Us
The characters -- particularly the relationship between Joel and Ellie -- received acclaim . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the relationship felt identifiable , naming it `` poignant '' and `` well - drawn '' . Eurogamer 's Welsh wrote that the characters were developed with `` real patience and skill '' , appreciating their emotional value , and Joystiq 's Mitchell found the relationship `` genuine '' and emotional . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters of any PlayStation 3 game , while IGN 's Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game . Kelly of Computer and Video Games named the characters `` richly painted '' , feeling invested in their stories . Philip Kollar of Polygon felt that Ellie was believable , making it easier to develop a connection to her , and that the relationship between the characters was assisted by the game 's optional conversations . The character performances also received praise , with Edge and Eurogamer 's Welsh noting that the script improved as a result .