vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
English contract law
While the model of an offer mirroring acceptance makes sense to analyse almost all agreements , it does not fit in some cases . In The Satanita the rules of a yacht race stipulated that the yachtsmen would be liable , beyond limits set in statute , to pay for all damage to other boats . The Court of Appeal held that there was a contract to pay arising from the rules of the competition between The Satanita 's owner and the owner of Valkyrie II , which he sank , even though there was no clear offer mirrored by a clear acceptance between the parties at any point . Along with a number of other critics , in a series of cases Lord Denning MR proposed that English law ought to abandon its rigid attachment to offer and acceptance in favour of a broader rule , that the parties need to be in substantial agreement on the material points in the contract . In Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell - O Corp Ltd this would have meant that during a `` battle of forms '' two parties were construed as having material agreement on the buyer 's standard terms , and excluding a price variation clause , although the other court members reached the same view on ordinary analysis . In Gibson v Manchester CC he would have come to a different result to the House of Lords , by allowing Mr Gibson to buy his house from the council , even though the council 's letter stated it `` should not be regarded as a firm offer '' . This approach would potentially give greater discretion to a court to do what appears appropriate at the time , without being tied to what the parties may have subjectively intended , particularly where those intentions obviously conflicted .
Bird ringing
The band size is determined by using the leg gauge . A leg gauge is placed around the bird 's leg which determines the circumference of the leg . After identifying the size of a band it is then placed on around the leg with the help from the banding pliers . In Australia , band size range from 1 to 15 , plus special sizes for birds whose leg shapes require special bands , such as parrots and pelicans .
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
In The Hunchback of Notre - Dame , Victor Hugo makes frequent reference to the architecture of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris . He also mentions the invention of the printing press , when the bookmaker near the beginning of the work speaks of `` the German pest . ''
Jacob Lawrence
The `` hard , bright , brittle '' aspects of Harlem during the Great Depression inspired Lawrence as much as the colors , shapes and patterns inside the residents ' homes . `` Even in my mother 's home , '' Lawrence told historian Paul Karlstrom , `` people of my mother 's generation would decorate their homes in all sorts of color ... so you 'd think in terms of Matisse . '' He used water - based media throughout his career . Lawrence started to gain some notice for his dramatic and lively portrayals of both contemporary scenes of African - American urban life as well as historical events , all of which he depicted in crisp shapes , bright , clear colors , dynamic patterns , and through revealing posture and gestures . However , his mother still hoped he would choose a career in the Civil Service . Self
C Moon
`` C Moon '' is a pop song with a reggae beat , written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Wings . It was released as a double A-side with `` Hi , Hi , Hi '' in 1972 . The single reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart and since `` Hi Hi Hi '' was banned by the BBC , `` C Moon '' received much airplay in the United Kingdom . In the United States , `` C Moon '' did not appear on any of the major record charts .
Land lot
Lots can come in various sizes and shapes . To be considered a single lot , the land described as the `` lot '' must be contiguous . Two separate parcels are considered two lots , not one . Often a lot is sized for a single house or other building . Many lots are rectangular in shape , although other shapes are possible as long as the boundaries are well - defined . Methods of determining or documenting the boundaries of lots include metes and bounds , quadrant method , and use of a plat diagram . Use of the metes and bounds method may be compared to drawing a polygon . Metes are points which are like the vertices ( corners ) of a polygon . Bounds are line segments between two adjacent metes . Bounds are usually straight lines , but can be curved as long as they are clearly defined .
Republic (Plato)
Finally , Socrates defines justice . Cephalus defined justice as being honest and paying what is owed ; Polemarchus as legal obligations and helping friends and harming foes . Both emphasize giving what is owed as appropriate . For Plato and Socrates , justice is fulfilling one 's appropriate role , and consequently giving to the city what is owed . Socrates creates an analogy between the just city and the just man -- both are defined by their different parts each performing its specific function . They thus proceed to search for the four cardinal excellences ( virtues ) of wisdom , courage , temperance and justice . They find wisdom among the guardian rulers , courage among the guardian warriors ( or auxiliaries ) , temperance among all classes of the city in arguing who should rule and who ought to be ruled , and finally justice as the state in which each part of the whole performs only its work , not meddling in the performance of work belonging to other parts . Some of what has been discussed about the state is then applied to the soul , which was the aim of the digression into discussing the state in the first place . Book
Artemis
Artemis Goddess of the hunt , forests and hills , the moon , and archery The Diana of Versailles , a Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by Leochares ( Louvre Museum ) Abode Mount Olympus Symbol Bow , arrows , stags , hunting dog , and moon Personal Information Parents Zeus and Leto Siblings Apollo , Aeacus , Angelos , Aphrodite , Ares , Athena , Dionysus , Eileithyia , Enyo , Eris , Ersa , Hebe , Helen of Troy , Hephaestus , Heracles , Hermes , Minos , Pandia , Persephone , Perseus , Rhadamanthus , the Graces , the Horae , the Litae , the Muses , the Moirai Roman equivalent Diana
Scientific method
After considerable fruitless experimentation , being discouraged by their superior from continuing , and numerous false starts , Watson and Crick were able to infer the essential structure of DNA by concrete modeling of the physical shapes of the nucleotides which comprise it . They were guided by the bond lengths which had been deduced by Linus Pauling and by Rosalind Franklin 's X-ray diffraction images ... DNA Example
Wingdings
Wingdings 2 is a TrueType font distributed , for example , with Microsoft Office . The font was developed in 1990 by Type Solutions , Inc . The current copyright holder is Microsoft Corporation . Among the features of Wingdings 2 are 16 forms of the index , Enclosed alphanumerics from 0 to 10 , multiple forms of ampersand and interrobang , several geometric shapes and an asterism . Mosaic
Voting rights in the United States
Jurisprudence concerning candidacy rights and the rights of citizens to create a political party are less clear than voting rights . Different courts have reached different conclusions regarding what sort of restrictions , often in terms of ballot access , public debate inclusion , filing fees , and residency requirements , may be imposed .
Factor of safety
There are several ways to compare the factor of safety for structures . All the different calculations fundamentally measure the same thing : how much extra load beyond what is intended a structure will actually take ( or be required to withstand ) . The difference between the methods is the way in which the values are calculated and compared . Safety factor values can be thought of as a standardized way for comparing strength and reliability between systems .
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)
Whedon noted that the pod does not entirely take place in the Framework , and that the characters `` have their full memories of what happened '' once they return to the real world . Some , such as Fitz , struggle with their actions in the Framework . The producers felt the impact of the `` what if '' scenario comes from rooting the changes in character choices , with Bell saying , `` I will give the writers room credit that everything that was chosen had an emotional resonance . It was something you had n't seen , or wanted to see or wondered about , so for us it was really rich territory to mine . '' Whedon added , `` It was n't just , ' OK , let 's go Wacky World ! ' It was , ' What if you 'd made different decisions ? ' That made it for us a much more fun puzzle . '' Regarding the season finale and setting up the next season , Bell said that `` Each year we 've tried to reinvent the series in some way ... I think the end ( of the finale ) really does suggest something quite different . ''
Nubia
During this time , the different parts of the region divided into smaller groups with individual leaders , or generals , each commanding small armies of mercenaries . They fought for control of what is now Nubia and its surrounding territories , leaving the entire region weak and vulnerable to attack . Meroë would eventually meet defeat by the new rising Kingdom of Aksum to their south under King Ezana .
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. , 348 U.S. 426 ( 1955 ) , the Supreme Court laid out what has become the modern understanding of what constitutes `` gross income '' to which the Sixteenth Amendment applies , declaring that income taxes could be levied on `` accessions to wealth , clearly realized , and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion '' . Under this definition , any increase in wealth -- whether through wages , benefits , bonuses , sale of stock or other property at a profit , bets won , lucky finds , awards of punitive damages in a lawsuit , qui tam actions -- are all within the definition of income , unless the Congress makes a specific exemption , as it has for items such as life insurance proceeds received by reason of the death of the insured party , gifts , bequests , devises and inheritances , and certain scholarships .
Astronomical spectroscopy
The resolution of a prism is limited by its size ; a larger prism will provide a more detailed spectrum , but the increase in mass makes it unsuitable for highly detailed work . This issue was resolved in the early 1900s with the development of high - quality reflection gratings by J.S. Plaskett at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa , Canada . Light striking a mirror will reflect at the same angle , however a small portion of the light will be refracted at a different angle ; this is dependent upon the indices of refraction of the materials and the wavelength of the light . By creating a `` blazed '' grating which utilizes a large number of parallel mirrors , the small portion of light can be focused and visualized . These new spectroscopes were more detailed than a prism , required less light , and could be focused on a specific region of the spectrum by tilting the grating .
A Song of Ice and Fire
All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him .
Treaty of Versailles
On 5 May 1921 , the reparation Commission established the London Schedule of Payments and a final reparation sum of 132 billion gold marks to be demanded of all the Central Powers . This was the public assessment of what the Central Powers combined could pay , and was also a compromise between Belgian , British , and French demands and assessments . Furthermore , the Commission recognized that the Central Powers could pay little and that the burden would fall upon Germany . As a result the sum was split into different categories , of which Germany was only required to pay 50 billion gold marks ( US $12.5 billion ) ; this being the genuine assessment of the Commission on what Germany could pay , and allowed the Allied powers to save face with the public by presenting a higher figure . Furthermore , payments made between 1919 and 1921 were taken into account reducing the sum to 41 billion gold marks .
Tudor rose
The Tudor rose makes up part of the cap badge of the Intelligence Corps of the British Army . It is also notably used ( albeit in a monochromatic form ) as the symbol of the English Tourist Board . and as part of the badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom .
Baptism
For Roman Catholics , baptism by water is a sacrament of initiation into the life of the children of God ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1212 -- 13 ) . It configures the person to Christ ( CCC 1272 ) , and obliges the Christian to share in the Church 's apostolic and missionary activity ( CCC 1270 ) . The Catholic holds that there are three types of baptism by which one can be saved : sacramental baptism ( with water ) , baptism of desire ( explicit or implicit desire to be part of the Church founded by Jesus Christ ) , and baptism of blood ( martyrdom ) . In his encyclical Mystici corporis Christi of June 29 , 1943 , Pope Pius XII spoke of baptism and profession of the true faith as what makes members of the one true Church , which is the body of Jesus Christ himself , as God the Holy Spirit has taught through the Apostle Paul :
Space Shuttle retirement
Following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster , in early 2003 President George W. Bush , announced his Vision for Space Exploration which called for the completion of the American portion of the International Space Station by 2010 ( due to delays this would not happen until 2011 ) , the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet following its completion , to return to the moon by 2020 and one day to Mars . A new vehicle would need be developed , it eventually was named the Orion spacecraft , a six - person variant would have serviced the ISS and a four - person variant would have traveled to the Moon . The Ares I would have launched Orion , and the Ares V heavy - lift vehicle ( HLV ) would have launched all other hardware . The Altair lunar lander would have landed crew and cargo onto the moon . The Constellation program experienced many cost overruns and schedule delays , and was openly criticized by the subsequent U.S. President , Barack Obama .
Death Star
Return of the Jedi features a second Death Star still under construction in orbit around the second moon of Endor . Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader send the Rebels false information that the station 's weapons systems are not operational in order to lure them into a trap . When the station 's protective shield is disabled by a ground assault team on the forest moon of the planet Endor ( led by Han Solo ) with the help of the native Ewoks , rebel fighters flew into the unfinished station targeting its reactor core chamber and damaged the reactor core itself , which eventually explodes and destroys the station . It was destroyed by Wedge Antilles and Lando Calrissian ( with Nien Nunb as his Millennium Falcon co-pilot ) , the former destroying a power regulator and the latter destroying the main reactor .
Thermal comfort
Whenever the studies referenced tried to discuss the thermal conditions for different groups of occupants in one room , the studies ended up simply presenting comparisons of thermal comfort satisfaction based on the subjective studies . No study tried to reconcile the different thermal comfort requirements of different types of occupants who compulsorily must stay in one room . Therefore , it looks to be necessary to investigate the different thermal conditions required by different groups of occupants in hospitals to reconcile their different requirements in this concept . To reconcile the differences in the required thermal comfort conditions it is recommended to test the possibility of using different ranges of local radiant temperature in one room via a suitable mechanical system .
Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series
The Art Department was careful to respect nature , considering its importance to Tolkien , such as taking plants from the Edoras location into a nursery . They would sometimes mould shapes from real rocks and bark too , and take branches into a steel structure with polystyrene for more convincing prop trees . Brian Massey led the Greens Department , and even wrote a booklet on tree growth when he complained of the props `` being too coney '' for Lothlórien when time came to for Fangorn forest . The numerous props within the trilogy are all originally designed at different scales , and many craftsmen were hired , most notably Jens Hansen Gold & Silversmith to create 15 replicas of The One Ring . Contemporary jeweller Jasmine Watson created other significant pieces of jewellery , including the Evenstar worn by Arwen , and Nenya , the ring of Galadriel . Statues were sculpted out of polystyrene , although some thrones seen in the trilogy are in fact crafted out of marble , stone and wood as they would be . A former bank worker named Daniel Reeve was hired to write the numerous books , spines , documents , maps , diagrams and even Orc graffiti that appear in the trilogy .
Characters of God of War
The King of Sparta -- Featured in God of War comic # 6 . The King 's Guard was convinced by Kratos ' wife Lysandra to allow Kratos to embark on a quest for the Ambrosia that would restore their plague - stricken daughter , Calliope . Kratos and his men were given until the next full moon to return before the King executed his daughter . Ultimately successful , Kratos returned , saved Calliope , and gave the rest of the elixir to the King . The King then officially awarded Kratos with the rank of Captain . The King of Sparta also appears as an illusion created by Tisiphone in Ascension where he honors Kratos for his service as his best general . Kratos believed what he was seeing at first until he saw Tisiphone 's ring on the king 's finger . He kicked Tisiphone off the balcony , dispelling her illusion . When Kratos was on the verge of victory over the Furies , Tisiphone changed into the form of the King once again , telling him that he was unworthy of being called a Spartan . The character was voiced by Crispin Freeman in Ascension .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
In the history of the development of Lenten traditions in the western Church there were actually two different focuses . One was on the Baptismal liturgy of catechumens who were journeying towards the Easter Vigil to be baptized and received in to the Church . The second tradition involved a rite for reconciling adult penitents . Initially these penitents were those who were excommunicated and were in the process of being reconciled to the Church . In 1091 AD , Pope Urban II changed this and required all the faithful to receive ashes in what became Ash Wednesday . Over time the penitential aspect alone became the focus of Lent .
Argentine tango
Always be mindful of the distance between you and your partner , and the couple ahead of you . Do not dance too closely to the couple ahead of you , or there could be a collision if they make a turn . Conversely , do not allow that distance to become too large . Never move backwards into the space of the couple behind you .
Pope
Matthew 16 : I tell you , you are Peter , and on this rock I will build my church , and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it . I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven , and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven , and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven .
An-Nasr
Then , at that moment of climax , Yussuf took himself away from the jubilations and from the embracing arms to turn towards his Lord , praising him with a pure feeling of gratitude : My Lord ! You have given me something of sovereignty and power and have taught me something of the interpretation of visions . Creator of the heavens and the earth ! You are my Protector in this world and the here after . Let me die in submission and join the righteous . ( Al - Qur'an 12 : 101 )
Hades
... but if you have tasted food , you must go back again beneath the secret places of the earth , there to dwell a third part of the seasons every year : yet for the two parts you shall be with me and the other deathless gods . --
You're So Vain
In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . ''
Magnetar
Magnetars are characterized by their extremely powerful magnetic fields of 10 to 10 tesla . These magnetic fields are hundreds of millions of times stronger than any man - made magnet , and quadrillions of times more powerful than the field surrounding Earth . Earth has a geomagnetic field of 30 -- 60 microteslas , and a neodymium - based , rare - earth magnet has a field of about 1.25 tesla , with a magnetic energy density of 4.0 × 10 J / m . A magnetar 's 10 tesla field , by contrast , has an energy density of 4.0 × 10 J / m , with an E / c mass density > 10 times that of lead . The magnetic field of a magnetar would be lethal even at a distance of 1000 km due to the strong magnetic field distorting the electron clouds of the subject 's constituent atoms , rendering the chemistry of life impossible . At a distance of halfway from Earth to the moon , a magnetar could strip information from the magnetic stripes of all credit cards on Earth . As of 2010 , they are the most powerful magnetic objects detected throughout the universe .
Ganesha
( O Lord Ganapati ! ) You are ( the Trimurti ) Brahma , Vishnu , and Mahesa . You are Indra . You are fire ( Agni ) and air ( Vāyu ) . You are the sun ( Sūrya ) and the moon ( Chandrama ) . You are Brahman . You are ( the three worlds ) Bhuloka ( earth ) , Antariksha - loka ( space ) , and Swargaloka ( heaven ) . You are Om . ( That is to say , You are all this ) .