vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vietnam War
Unexploded ordnance , mostly from U.S. bombing , continue to detonate and kill people today . According to the Vietnamese government , ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended . According to the government of Laos , unexploded ordnance has killed or injured over 20,000 Laotians since the end of the war . Casualties from Agent Orange exposure is not known currently .
To Kill a Mockingbird
Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex `` than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . '' Lee 's use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . Sharing Scout and Jem 's perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose ; the lower - class Ewells , and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond ; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community . The children internalize Atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person 's skin , gaining a greater understanding of people 's motives and behavior .
Confederate States of America
Alabama did not provide a separate declaration of causes . Instead the Alabama ordinance stated `` the election of Abraham Lincoln ... by a sectional party , avowedly hostile to the domestic institutions and to the peace and security of the people of the State of Alabama , preceded by many and dangerous infractions of the Constitution of the United States by many of the States and people of the northern section , is a political wrong of so insulting and menacing a character as to justify the people of the State of Alabama in the adoption of prompt and decided measures for their future peace and security '' . The ordinance invited `` the slaveholding States of the South , who may approve such purpose , in order to frame a provisional as well as a permanent Government upon the principles of the Constitution of the United States '' to participate in a February 4 , 1861 convention in Montgomery , Alabama .
Missile gap
`` I would n't want to be quoted on this ... We 've spent $35 or $40 billion on the space program . And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography , it would be worth ten times what the whole program has cost . Because tonight we know how many missiles the enemy has and , it turned out , our guesses were way off . We were doing things we did n't need to do . We were building things we did n't need to build . We were harboring fears we did n't need to harbor . ''
Law
Freedom of speech , freedom of association and many other individual rights allow people to gather , discuss , criticise and hold to account their governments , from which the basis of a deliberative democracy is formed . The more people are involved with , concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives , the more acceptable and legitimate the law becomes to the people . The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets , profit - oriented firms , families , trade unions , hospitals , universities , schools , charities , debating clubs , non-governmental organisations , neighbourhoods , churches , and religious associations .
The Imp of the Perverse (short story)
The narrator explains at length his theory on `` The Imp of the Perverse '' , which he believes causes people to commit acts against their self - interest . This essay - like discussion is presented objectively , though the narrator admits that he is `` one of the many uncounted victims of the Imp of the Perverse '' . He then explains how his conviction for murder was the result of this .
Equal Rights Amendment
Many black women supported the ERA since they felt impacted by both race and sex discrimination . One prominent black female supporter was black Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm . On August 10 , 1970 , she gave a speech on the ERA called `` For the Equal Rights Amendment '' in Washington D.C. In her speech , she talked about how widespread sex discrimination had become and how the ERA would address that . She also said that laws to protect women in the workforce from unsafe working conditions would also be needed by men , and thus the ERA would help all people .
List of The Vampire Diaries characters
In season six , it was revealed that Luke felt bad for leaving Damon and Bonnie trapped on the Other Side , and started providing hallucinogenic herbs to Elena so she could communicate with Damon . Luke explained to the group about his family 's dark past and how he would eventually have to merge with his twin , Liv . He completed the merge ceremony with Kai through a loophole because he did n't want to kill Liv , nor did he want Kai to do the same to Jo and take the leadership of their coven . He went into the ceremony believing that he could win , but he ended up losing the merge ceremony and his life essence was absorbed by Kai , along with his ability to possess magic ( something Kai was not born with ) . An unintended side - effect of the merge was Kai absorbing Luke 's personality traits , such as his compassion and empathy , which have tempered his own sociopathic personality .
List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
Zeebo is Calpurnia 's eldest son . He is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read , so he is the vocal leader , leading hymns in the Negro First Purchase Church by `` lining , '' reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it . Calpurnia taught Zeebo how to read . He is also the garbage man of Maycomb , and took away the dead rabid dog , Tim Johnson . When a fellow church member , a woman named Lula , tries to make the children feel bad for attending church with his mother , Zeebo welcomes Scout and Jem with open arms . He is kind but very quiet .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
In order to refute the charge , the conspirators from Belgrade , who because of their youth did not face the death penalty , focused during the trial on putting blame on themselves and deflecting it from official Serbia and modified their court testimony from their prior depositions accordingly . Princip stated under cross examination : `` I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria . '' Princip was then asked how he intended to realize his goal and responded : `` By means of terror . '' Cabrinović , though , testified that the political views that motivated him to kill Franz Ferdinand were views held in the circles he traveled in within Serbia . The court did not believe the defendants ' stories claiming to hold official Serbia blameless . The verdict ran : `` The court regards it as proved by the evidence that both the Narodna Odbrana and military circles in the Kingdom of Serbia in charge of the espionage service , collaborated in the outrage . ''
Famine
Famine was a very destabilizing and devastating occurrence . The prospect of starvation led people to take desperate measures . When scarcity of food became apparent to peasants , they would sacrifice long - term prosperity for short - term survival . They would kill their draught animals , leading to lowered production in subsequent years . They would eat their seed corn , sacrificing next year 's crop in the hope that more seed could be found . Once those means had been exhausted , they would take to the road in search of food . They migrated to the cities where merchants from other areas would be more likely to sell their food , as cities had a stronger purchasing power than did rural areas . Cities also administered relief programs and bought grain for their populations so that they could keep order . With the confusion and desperation of the migrants , crime would often follow them . Many peasants resorted to banditry in order to acquire enough to eat .
Holmes on Homes
Throughout the rebuilding process , Holmes often comments on the professionalism of the people hired for the job or lets other contractors talk about how to build things correctly . On some occasions Holmes has vented out his frustrations with previous contractors ' substandard work in front of the camera . Particularly for projects involving new homes , Holmes often criticizes the developers for following minimum code and trying to save as many costs as possible .
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Human sacrifice rituals were performed during the appropriate times each month with the appropriate number of living bodies , and other goods , to properly appease and honor the gods . These individuals were previously chosen to be sacrificed , as was the case for people embodying the gods themselves , or were members of an enemy party which had been captured and prepared to be sacrificed . Even enemies of the Aztecs understood their roles as sacrifices to the gods since many also practiced the same type of religion . For many rites , the victim had such a quantity of prescribed duties that it is difficult to imagine how the accompanying festival would have progressed without some degree of compliance on the part of the victim . For instance , victims were expected to bless children , greet and cheer passers - by , hear people 's petitions to the gods , visit people in their homes , give discourses and lead sacred songs , processions and dances . A
Grunge
`` The twelve songs on Sixteen Stone sound exactly like what grunge is supposed to sound like , while the whole point of grunge was that it did n't really sound like anything , including itself . Just consider how many different bands and styles of music have been shoved under the `` grunge '' header in this discography alone , and you realize that grunge is probably the most ill - defined genre of music in history . ''
Halley's Comet
The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war , fire , pestilence , and a change of dynasty . In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day , no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet . ''
Taxicabs of New York City
In the 1960s , New York City experienced many of the problems other cities did . Crime and racial tensions increased . As a result , a quickly growing industry of private livery services emerged . Unofficial drivers were barred from picking up people on the street , but they readily found business in under - served neighborhoods .
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
My role on the show never was strictly defined . I did what had to be done when it had to be done . I was there when he needed me , and when he did n't I moved down the couch and kept quiet ... I did the audience warm - up , I did commercials , for a brief period I co-hosted the first fifteen minutes of the show ... , and I performed in many sketches . On our thirteenth - anniversary show Johnny and I were talking at his desk and he said , `` Thirteen years is a long time . '' He paused long enough for me to recognize my cue , so I asked , `` How long is it ? '' `` That 's why you 're here , '' he said , probably summing up my primary role on the show perfectly ... I had to support him , I had to help him get to the punch line , but while doing it I had to make it look as if I was n't doing anything at all . The better I did it , the less it appeared as if I was doing it ... If I was going to play second fiddle , I wanted to be the Heifetz of second fiddlers ... The most difficult thing for me to learn how to do was just sit there with my mouth closed . Many nights I 'd be listening to Johnny and in my mind I 'd reach the same ad lib just as he said it . I 'd have to bite my tongue not to say it out loud . I had to make sure I was n't too funny -- although critics who saw some of my other performances will claim I need n't have worried . If I got too many laughs , I was n't doing my job ; my job was to be part of a team that generated the laughs .
List of The Last Ship characters
Her mother , Amy Granderson ( Alfre Woodard ) , was the vice-chair of the President 's Defense Policy Board at the time of the Red Flu outbreak , and was believed to be the highest - ranking member of the White House to survive the immediate pandemic . After her genocide in Baltimore is stopped by CDR Chandler and the Nathan James retaken from her rogue Maryland State Police Troopers , Amy committed suicide rather than surrender , leaving Alisha devastated . Awards
List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic , despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town . At the beginning of the book , Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father , such as `` nigger - lover '' . Being only six , Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting , or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard . By the end of the book , Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town . Scout also learns how to deal with others , including the Finch family housekeeper , Calpurnia , and her aunt , Alexandra . Scout is the only one of the novel 's primary three children ( Dill , Jem , and herself ) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless , despite her initial fear of him . She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader , Mr. Cunningham , about inviting his son , Walter , over for dinner . Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone . The members listen , and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson 's life . She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird .
It (novel)
Three other people are also converging on the town : Audra , who is worried about Bill ; Tom , who plans to kill Beverly ; and Henry Bowers , who has escaped from Juniper Hill Mental Asylum with help from It . Mike and Henry have a violent confrontation at the library . Mike is nearly killed but Henry escapes , severely injured . Henry is driven to the hotel where It instructs him to kill the rest of the Losers . Henry attacks Eddie , breaking his arm once again , but in the fight , Henry is killed .
PageRank
PageRank has been used to rank spaces or streets to predict how many people ( pedestrians or vehicles ) come to the individual spaces or streets . In lexical semantics it has been used to perform Word Sense Disambiguation , Semantic similarity , and also to automatically rank WordNet synsets according to how strongly they possess a given semantic property , such as positivity or negativity .
Puerto Rican cuisine
When Thanksgiving was first celebrated , Puerto Rico was not a part of the United States and did not recognize the holiday . After officially becoming a commonwealth , Thanksgiving was eagerly accepted by the people as their own and has become one of the most celebrated vacations ( holidays ) of the year . As many regions of the Continental United States have , they 've also put their own twist on this classic American tradition .
Freedmen's Bureau
Records show that at the end of the program , four times more White people received aid than did Black people .
To Kill a Mockingbird
Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , have drawn the attention of legal scholars . Claudia Durst Johnson writes that `` a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals '' . The opening quote by the 19th - century essayist Charles Lamb reads : `` Lawyers , I suppose , were children once . '' Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem 's childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one 's palm , and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children : is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season ? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson ; by being turned into a non-person , Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . For example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that Aunt Alexandra 's `` fanatical '' attempts to place her in them made her feel `` a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on ( her ) '' . Johnson states , `` ( t ) he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . ''
Stepfamily
A common villain of classic fairy tales is the abusive stepmother . She mistreats her non-biological child by locking them away , or trying to kill them in some cases , and treats her own children very well if she has any . In popular culture phrases like `` I 'll beat you like a red - headed stepchild '' are uttered as a common threat that show just how aware people are about the assumed nature of stepfamily abuse . The thought is that because this child is not the biological child they are more likely to be beaten due to a lack of kinship ties . The research on this topic shows that this issue is not so clearly defined however . The image of the wicked stepmother is well known but much of the research available shows more of the abuse coming from stepfathers rather than stepmothers .
Catalonia
In 1410 , King Martin I died without surviving descendants . Under the Compromise of Caspe , Ferdinand from the Castilian House of Trastámara received the Crown of Aragon as Ferdinand I of Aragon . During the reign of his son , John II , social and political tensions caused the Catalan Civil War ( 1462 -- 1472 ) . The domains of the Aragonese Crown were severely affected by the Black Death pandemic and by later outbreaks of the plague . Between 1347 and 1497 Catalonia lost 37 percent of its population .
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
When he finally finds the Bane , he learns that it is not an adult monster , as was assumed , but instead a baby whose parents have just died . He can not bring himself to kill it , and so he and Ares take it to be raised by the only friendly rat they know : Ripred . After this , the two return to Regalia , where Nerissa has just been crowned queen due to the crown princess 's apparent death . The flier Andromeda , human Howard , Ares , and Gregor are tried for treason because they failed to kill the Bane . They are saved , though , by Nerissa , who explains how it is good Gregor was not heartless enough to kill a baby . Shortly thereafter , Gregor is trying to finally face the reality of going home without Boots when she is suddenly returned to the palace , having been saved in turn by Luxa , Temp , and an unnamed moth . The two then return to the surface world .
The Emergency (India)
The Malayalam novel Delhi Gadhakal ( Tales from Delhi ) by M. Mukundan highlights many abuses that occurred during the Emergency including forced sterilization of men and the destruction of houses and shops owned by Muslims in Turkmen Gate . Brutus , You ! , a book by Chanakya Sen is based on internal politics of Jawaharlal Nehru University , Delhi during the period of Emergency . Vasansi Jirnani , a play by Torit Mitra is inspired by Ariel Dorfman 's Death and the Maiden and effects of emergency . The Tamil novel Marukkozhunthu Mangai ( Girl with Fragrant Chinese Mugwort ) by Ra . Su . Nallaperumal which is based on the history of Pallavas & People 's rising in Kanchi during 725 A.D explains how the widow Queen and the Princess kill the freedom of the people . Most of the incidents described in the novel resemble the emergency period . Even the name of the characters in the novel are similar to Mrs Gandhi and her family . The Malayalam autobiographical diary by political activist R.C. Unnithan penned while the author was imprisoned as a political prisoner during emergency under MISA for sixteen months at Poojappura state prison in Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala , gives a personal account of his travails during the dark days of Indian democracy . The Tamil Novel Karisal ' ' ( Black Soil ) by Ponneelan deals with the Social political changes during the period The Tamil Novel Ashwamedam by Ramachandra Vaidhanath deals with the political movements during the period In 2001 's Life of Pi , Pi 's father decides to sell the zoo and move his family to Canada , around the same time of the Emergency .
Women's March on Versailles
As they left , thousands of National Guardsmen who had heard the news were assembling at the Place de Grève . The Marquis de Lafayette , in Paris as their commander - in - chief , discovered to his dismay that his soldiers were largely in favor of the march and were being egged on by agitators to join in . Even though he was one of France 's greatest war heroes , Lafayette could not dissuade his troops and they began threatening to desert . Rather than see them leave as another anarchic mob , the Parisian municipal government told Lafayette to guide their movements ; they also instructed him to request that the king return voluntarily to Paris to satisfy the people . Sending a swift horseman forward to warn Versailles , Lafayette contemplated the near mutiny of his men : he was aware that many of them had openly promised to kill him if he did not lead or get out of the way . At four o'clock in the afternoon , fifteen thousand guards with several thousand more civilian latecomers set off for Versailles . Lafayette reluctantly took his place at the head of their column , hoping to protect the king and public order .
War for the Planet of the Apes
While following the soldiers to the border , the group discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead . Their examination of a soldier who survived reveals that he , like the girl , can not speak . At the soldier 's urging , Caesar kills him . Later , they encounter Bad Ape , a reclusive chimpanzee hermit who lived in the Sierra Zoo before the Simian Flu pandemic . Bad Ape reveals that the human soldiers are encamped at the border and hesitantly agrees to lead them there .
Italian language
Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world , but rarely as the first foreign language . Italian is the fourth most frequently taught foreign language in the world . In the 21st century , technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language , as people have new ways for one to learn how to speak , read , and write languages at their own pace and at any given time . For example , in 2017 the free website and application Duolingo had 22.3 million English speakers learning the Italian language .
The Deer Hunter
According to Christopher Walken , the historical context was not paramount : `` In the making of it , I do n't remember anyone ever mentioning Vietnam ! '' De Niro added to this sentiment : `` Whether ( the film 's vision of the war ) actually happened or not , it 's something you could imagine very easily happening . Maybe it did . I do n't know . All 's fair in love and war . '' Producer Spikings , while proud of the film , regrets the way the Vietnamese were portrayed . `` I do n't think any of us meant it to be exploitive , '' Spikings said . `` But I think we were ... ignorant . I ca n't think of a better word for it . I did n't realize how badly we 'd behaved to the Vietnamese people ... ''