vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan , anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower . During 1961 , his first year in office , Kennedy found himself faced with a three - part crisis : The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba ; the construction of the Berlin Wall by the Soviets ; and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement . Fearing that another failure on the part of the U.S. to stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies , Kennedy realized , `` Now we have a problem in making our power credible ... and Vietnam looks like the place . '' The commitment to defend South Vietnam was reaffirmed by Kennedy on May 11 in National Security Action Memorandum 52 , which became known as `` The Presidential Program for Vietnam '' . Its opening statement reads :
Great Depression
In most countries of the world , recovery from the Great Depression began in 1933 . In the U.S. , recovery began in early 1933 , but the U.S. did not return to 1929 GNP for over a decade and still had an unemployment rate of about 15 % in 1940 , albeit down from the high of 25 % in 1933 .
Federal Housing Administration
A borrower 's down payment may come from a number of sources . The 3.5 % requirement can be satisfied with the borrower using their own cash or receiving a gift from a family member , their employer , labor union , or government entity . Since 1998 , non-profit organizations have been providing down payment gifts to borrowers who purchase homes where the seller has agreed to reimburse the non-profit organization and pay an additional processing fee . In May 2006 , the IRS determined that this is not `` charitable activity '' and has moved to revoke the non-profit status of organizations providing down payment assistance in this manner . The FHA has since stopped down payment assistance program through third - party nonprofit organizations . There is a bill currently in Congress that hopes to bring back down payment assistance programs through nonprofit organizations .
Safety coffin
Folk etymology has suggested that perhaps the phrases `` saved by the bell '' , `` dead ringer '' and `` graveyard shift '' come from the use of safety coffins in the Victorian era ; however , these have been dispelled as urban myth , attributed to a linguistic e-mail hoax Life in the 1500s . The `` saved by the bell '' expression is actually well established to have come from boxing , where a boxer who is still on his feet but close to being knocked down can be saved from losing by the bell ringing to indicate the end of the round .
Cell wall
Cell walls evolved independently in many groups , even in the photosynthetic eukaryotes . In these lineages , the cell wall is closely related to the evolution of multicellularity , terrestrialization and vascularization .
Olympic symbols
The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Carl Diem , president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics , wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi , site of the famous oracle , where the Pythian Games were also held . For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides , and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin . The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed . Later , two American authors , Lynn and Gray Poole , when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s , saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece . This has become known as `` Carl Diem 's Stone '' . This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin .
Sister, Sister (TV series)
For the first five seasons , the series would often have Tia and Tamera , either together or separately , breaking the fourth wall by talking directly to the viewer . During the ABC run , Tia and Tamera would address the audience on some of the goings on in the storyline involving them and occasionally other main characters , usually Roger . After the series moved to The WB , the breaking of the fourth wall was limited mainly to certain episodes and usually only in the teaser scenes and featured increasingly less often by the fourth season . For some of the episodes in the fifth season , it was included but was dropped by the middle of the fifth season . The sixth and final season was the only season that did not include it .
Cell wall
In 1930 , Ernst Münch coined the term apoplast in order to separate the `` living '' symplast from the `` dead '' plant region , the latter of which included the cell wall .
Dale Earnhardt
In 1997 , Earnhardt went winless for only the second time in his career . The only ( non-points ) win came during Speedweeks at Daytona in the Twin 125 - mile qualifying race , his record eighth - straight win in the event . Once again in the hunt for the Daytona 500 with 10 laps to go , Earnhardt was taken out of contention by a late crash which sent his car upside down on the backstretch . He hit the low point of his year when he blacked out early in the Mountain Dew Southern 500 at Darlington in September , causing him to hit the wall . Afterward , he was disoriented , and it took several laps before he could find his pit stall . When asked , Earnhardt complained of double vision which made it difficult to pit . Mike Dillon ( Richard Childress 's son - in - law ) was brought in to relieve Earnhardt for the remainder of the race . Earnhardt was evaluated at a local hospital and cleared to race the next week , but the cause of the blackout and double vision was never determined . Despite no wins , the RCR team finished the season fifth in the final standings . 1998
Easter Island
In early times the people of Rapa Nui reportedly sent the dead out to sea in small funerary canoes , as did their Polynesian counterparts on other islands . They later started burying people in secret caves to save the bones from desecration by enemies . During the turmoil of the late 18th century , the islanders seem to have started to bury their dead in the space between the belly of a fallen moai and the front wall of the structure . During the time of the epidemics they made mass graves that were semi-pyramidal stone structures . Petroglyphs
United Church of Christ
United Church of Christ General Synod XXV also passed two resolutions concerning the conflict between Israel and Palestinians in the Middle East . One calls for the use of economic leverage to promote peace in the Middle East , which can include measures such as government lobbying , selective investment , shareholder lobbying , and selective divestment from companies which profit from the continuing Israel - Palestine conflict . The other resolution , named `` Tear Down the Wall '' , calls upon Israel to remove the separation barrier between Israel and the West Bank . Opponents of the `` Tear Down the Wall '' resolution have noted that the wall 's purpose is to prevent terrorist attacks , and that the resolution does not call for a stop to these attacks . The Simon Wiesenthal Center stated that the July 2005 UCC resolutions on divestment from Israel were `` functionally anti-Semitic '' . The Anti-Defamation League stated that those same resolutions are `` disappointing and disturbing '' and `` deeply troubling '' . In addition to the concerns raised about the merits of the `` economic leverage '' resolution , additional concerns were raised about the process in which the General Synod approved the resolution . Michael Downs of the United Church of Christ Pension Boards ( who would be charged with implementing any divestment of the UCC 's Pension Board investments ) wrote a letter to UCC President John H. Thomas expressing concern `` with the precedent - setting implications of voted actions , integrity of process and trust '' .
Brittany
However , several institutions have backed the reunification , such as the regional council of Brittany since 2008 and the Loire - Atlantique council since 2001 . Some politicians like Jean - Marc Ayrault , the French prime minister and former mayor of Nantes , favour instead the creation of a `` Greater West region '' , which would encompass Brittany and the Pays de la Loire region . Polls show that 58 % of the Bretons and 62 % of the inhabitants in Loire - Atlantique favour the reunification .
North Korea–South Korea relations
During preparations for US President Nixon 's visit to China in 1972 , South Korean President Park Chung - hee initiated covert contact with the North 's Kim Il - sung . In August 1971 , the first Red Cross talks between North and South Korea were held . Many of the participants were really intelligence or party officials . In May 1972 , Lee Hu - rak , the director of the Korean CIA , secretly met with Kim Il - sung in Pyongyang . Kim apologized for the Blue House Raid , denying he had approved it . In return , North Korea 's deputy premier Pak Song - chol made a secret visit to Seoul . On July 4 , 1972 , the North - South Joint Statement was issued . The statement announced the Three Principles of Reunification : first , reunification must be solved independently without interference from or reliance on foreign powers ; second , reunification must be realized in a peaceful way without use of armed forces against each other ; finally , reunification transcend the differences of ideologies and institutions to promote the unification of Korea as one ethnic group . It also established the first `` hotline '' between the two sides .
Central Powers
In early July 1914 , in the aftermath of the assassination of Austro - Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the immediate likelihood of war between Austria - Hungary and Serbia , Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German government informed the Austro - Hungarian government that Germany would uphold its alliance with Austria - Hungary and defend it from possible Russian intervention if a war between Austria - Hungary and Serbia took place . When Russia enacted a general mobilization , Germany viewed the act as provocative . The Russian government promised Germany that its general mobilization did not mean preparation for war with Germany but was a reaction to the events between Austria - Hungary and Serbia . The German government regarded the Russian promise of no war with Germany to be nonsense in light of its general mobilization , and Germany , in turn , mobilized for war . On 1 August , Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia stating that since both Germany and Russia were in a state of military mobilization , an effective state of war existed between the two countries . Later that day , France , an ally of Russia , declared a state of general mobilization .
North Korea–South Korea relations
The end of the Cold War brought economic crisis to North Korea and led to expectations that reunification was imminent . North Koreans began to flee to the South in increasing numbers . According to official statistics there were 561 defectors living in South Korea in 1995 , and over 10,000 in 2007 . At the same time , concern over North Korea 's nuclear program led in 1994 to the Agreed Framework between the US and North Korea .
Axis powers
Initially upon the outbreak of war between Germany and the Allies , Mussolini pursued a non-belligerent role for Italy out of concerns that Germany may not win its war with the Allies . However Mussolini in private grew anxious that Italy not intervening in support of Germany in September 1939 upon Britain and France waging war on Germany , would eventually result in retribution by Germany if Italy did not get involved in the war on Germany 's side .
Anthony Eden
Eden continued to be PPS to Locker - Lampson when the latter was appointed Under - Secretary at the Foreign Office in December 1925 . He distinguished himself with a speech on the Middle East ( 21 December 1925 ) , calling for the readjustment of Iraqi frontiers in favour of Turkey , but also for a continued British mandate rather than `` scuttle '' . Eden ended his speech by calling for Anglo - Turkish friendship . On 23 March 1926 he spoke urging the League of Nations to admit Germany , which would happen the following year . In July 1926 he became PPS to the Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The first priority for Soviet foreign policy was Europe , above all Germany , which was the country that Lenin most admired and thought most ready for revolution . The historian Robert Service noted that Lenin and the other Bolshevik leaders had a very idealized picture of Germany that bore little relation to reality . Lenin was most disappointed when , following the October Revolution , a similar revolution did not break out in Germany as he had expected and hoped for . His Immediate priority was no longer a worldwide revolution , but protection of the revolution in Russia , which provided the basis for all future developments .
Military history of Australia during World War I
Following Britain 's declaration of war on Germany on 4 August 1914 , Australia and the other members of the British Empire became automatically involved , with Prime Minister Joseph Cook stating on 5 August 1914 that `` ... when the Empire is at war , so also is Australia . '' Given the predominantly British heritage of most Australians at the time , there was considerable support from all corners of the country and large numbers of young Australian men reported to recruiting centres around the country to enlist in the following months . When Prime Minister Andrew Fisher 's Labor Party came to power in September 1914 , he reiterated Cook 's statement saying , `` Should the worst happen ... '' , Australia would `` ... rally to the Mother Country ... to help and defend her to our last man and our last shilling . ''
Crusades
The behaviour of the Crusaders appalled the Greeks and Muslims , creating a lasting barrier between the Latin world and both the Islamic and Orthodox religions . It was an obstacle to the reunification of the Christian church and created a perception of Westerners as defeated aggressors . Orthodox
Council of Trent
The decrees of the council were acknowledged in Italy , Portugal , Poland and by the Catholic princes of Germany at the Diet of Augsburg in 1566 . Philip II of Spain accepted them for Spain , the Netherlands and Sicily inasmuch as they did not infringe the royal prerogative . In France they were officially recognised by the king only in their doctrinal parts . The disciplinary sections received official recognition at provincial synods and were enforced by the bishops . No attempt was made to introduce it into England . Pius IV sent the decrees to Mary , Queen of Scots , with a letter dated 13 June 1564 , requesting her to publish them in Scotland , but she dared not do it in the face of John Knox and the Reformation .
History of the United Kingdom
Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the World War made Britain and its leaders strongly inclined to pacifism in the interwar era . The challenge came from dictators , first Benito Mussolini of Italy , then Adolf Hitler of a much more powerful Nazi Germany . The League of Nations proved disappointing to its supporters ; it was unable to resolve any of the threats posed by the dictators . British policy was to `` appease '' them in the hopes they would be satiated . By 1938 it was clear that war was looming , and that Germany had the world 's most powerful military . The final act of appeasement came when Britain and France sacrificed Czechoslovakia to Hitler 's demands at the Munich Agreement of 1938 . Instead of satiation Hitler menaced Poland , and at last Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain dropped appeasement and stood firm in promising to defend Poland . Hitler however cut a deal with Joseph Stalin to divide Eastern Europe ; when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939 , Britain and France declared war ; the British Commonwealth followed London 's lead .
Axis powers
Denmark was occupied by Germany after April 1940 but never joined the Axis . On 31 May 1939 , Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression , which did not contain any military obligations for either party . On April 9 , Germany attacked Scandinavia , and the speed of the German invasion of Denmark prevented King Christian X and the Danish government from going into exile . They had to accept `` protection by the Reich '' and the stationing of German forces in exchange for nominal independence . Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany , extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes , and breaking diplomatic relations with the Allied governments - in - exile . Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941 . However the United States and Britain ignored Denmark and worked with Denmark 's ambassadors when it came to dealings about using Iceland , Greenland , and the Danish merchant fleet against Germany .
United States in World War I
Britain , France , Italy and America imposed severe economic penalties on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles , and both the British and French empires annexed former German and Ottoman Empire colonies in Africa , the Middle East and the Pacific . Russia was not involved in this because of their withdrawal from the war soon after the Russian revolution in 1917 . The United States swiftly pulled its troops out of Europe after Germany had surrendered . Two thirds of the American soldiers participating in the war had returned back home already when the Treaty of Versailles was signed . Only a lone U.S. Army unit was left in the European soil at end of the decade . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles ; instead , the United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany , Austria and Hungary in August 1921 . The Senate also refused to enter the newly created League of Nations on Wilson 's terms , and Wilson rejected the Senate 's compromise proposal .
Viet Cong
By the terms of the Geneva Accord ( 1954 ) , which ended the Indochina War , France and the Việt Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces . The Việt Minh had become the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam since the Vietnamese 1946 general election , and military forces of the communists regrouped there . Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam , which became a separate state . Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956 . A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists , but it made the country less of a threat to China . The Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the past and Vietnam in the present did not and do not recognize the division of Vietnam into two countries . Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Việt Minh . Hoàng
Axis powers
With the commencing of the Allies ' Operation Torch against Vichy French - held Morocco and Algeria , Germany and Italy intervened in Vichy France and in Vichy French - held Tunisia . Italy seized military control over a significant portion of southern France and Corsica , while a joint German - Italian force seized control over most of Tunisia . When the issue of sovereign control over Tunisia arose from seizure of control by the German - Italian force from Vichy French control , Ribbentrop proclaimed Italian predominance in Tunisia . However , in spite of Germany 's claim to respect Italian predominance , Germans supervised public services and local government in Tunisia , and the German presence was more popular in Tunisia with both the local Arab population and Vichy French collaborators since Germany had no imperial aspirations in Tunisia while Italy did .
Spanish language
Spanish is also spoken by small communities in other European countries , such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . In Switzerland , which had a massive influx of Spanish migrants in the 20th century , Spanish is the native language of 2.2 % of the population .
Warsaw
Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918 . The Allied Armistice terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914 , which included Warsaw . Germany did so , and underground leader Piłsudski returned to Warsaw on 11 November and set up what became the Second Polish Republic , with Warsaw as the capital . In the course of the Polish - Bolshevik War of 1920 , the huge Battle of Warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the Red Army defeated . Poland stopped the full brunt of the Red Army by itself and defeated the idea of the `` export of the revolution '' .
The Facts in the Case of Mister Hollow
Critical reception for The Facts In the Case of Mister Hollow has been mostly positive . Bloody Disgusting reviewed the short as part of the DVD for The Last Will and Testament of Rosalind Leigh and praised it as `` a creepy look at the chaotic nature of everything that can happen during that one millisecond of time '' when a photograph has been taken . Shock Till You Drop and Dread Central both gave positive reviews , with Dread Central commenting that although the concept did n't sound like it `` ( would ) be able to hold up for very long '' , the film 's length worked in the short 's favor and upon viewing the film multiple times , they kept noticing more details that they had initially missed .
Marshall Plan
In the view of the State Department under President Harry S Truman , the United States needed to adopt a definite position on the world scene or fear losing credibility . The emerging doctrine of containment ( as opposed to rollback ) argued that the United States needed to substantially aid non-communist countries to stop the spread of Soviet influence . There was also some hope that the Eastern Bloc nations would join the plan , and thus be pulled out of the emerging Soviet bloc , but that did not happen . The
World War II
The Second Italo -- Ethiopian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to openly support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria .