vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Quakers
In the 1650s , individual Quaker women prophesied and preached publicly , developing charismatic personas and spreading the sect . This practice was bolstered by the movement 's firm concept of spiritual equality for men and women . Moreover , Quakerism initially was propelled by the non-conformist behaviours of its followers , especially women who broke from social norms . By the 1660s , the progress of the movement resulted in more structured organisation , which led to separate women 's meetings . Through the women 's meeting , women oversaw domestic and community life , including marriage . From the beginning , Quaker women , most notably Margaret Fell , played an important role in defining Quakerism . Others active in proselytising included Mary Penington , Mary Mollineux and Barbara Blaugdone . Quaker women even published at least 220 texts during the seventeenth century . However , within the Quaker movement , some resented the power of women within the community . In the early years of Quakerism , George Fox faced resistance in developing and establishing women 's meetings . As controversy increased , Fox did not fully adhere to this agenda ; For example , he established the London Six Weeks Meeting in 1671 , as a regulatory body , led by thirty - five women and forty - nine men . Regardless , conflict culminated in the Wilkinson -- Story split , in which a portion of the Quaker community left to worship independently in protest of women 's meetings . After several years , the schism became largely resolved , testifying to the resistance of some within the Quaker community , and to the radical spiritual role of women that George Fox and Margaret Fell had encouraged . Also particularly within the relatively prosperous Quaker communities of the eastern United States , the focus on the child and `` holy conversation '' gave women unusual community power , although they were largely excluded from the market economy . With the Hicksite -- Orthodox split of 1827 -- 1828 , Orthodox women found their spiritual role decreased , while Hicksite women retained greater influence .
List of Watchmen characters
In Before Watchmen : The Minutemen # 1 , additional details are revealed about Comedian while material from the main story is somewhat retconned . It is revealed that the Comedian got his start as a costumed adventurer at the young age of sixteen and had a prior criminal record for assault . Unlike the rest of the costumed heroes of the Minutemen , he is shown to be driven by greed and an inherent love for violence . In particular , he assaults a bartender after breaking up a bar fight and steals liquor and money from the cash register . The issue also implies Blake may have been a victim of severe child abuse as he claims that a `` caseworker '' told him what he suffered was the cause of his violent outbursts , though Blake 's status as an unreliable narrator makes the claim uncertain . The
Border Collie
Two types of hearing loss occur in the breed . The first type is pigment associated and is found in Border Collie puppies , although the puppies can have congenital sensorineural deafness from birth as well . The second type is known as adult onset hearing loss . These dogs have a normal auditory brainstem response test as pups but gradually lose their hearing some time between one and eight years of age . A study is currently underway at The Translational Genomics Research Institute to identify the genetic cause of adult onset hearing loss in the breed .
Testosterone
Testosterone is significantly correlated with aggression and competitive behaviour and is directly facilitated by the latter . There are two theories on the role of testosterone in aggression and competition . The first one is the challenge hypothesis which states that testosterone would increase during puberty thus facilitating reproductive and competitive behaviour which would include aggression . Thus it is the challenge of competition among males of the species that facilitates aggression and violence . Studies conducted have found direct correlation between testosterone and dominance especially among the most violent criminals in prison who had the highest testosterone levels . The same research also found fathers ( those outside competitive environments ) had the lowest testosterone levels compared to other males .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Graeme Mitchison and Francis Crick proposed in 1983 that by virtue of its inherent spontaneous activity , the function of REM sleep `` is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in networks of cells in the cerebral cortex '' , which process they characterize as `` unlearning '' . As a result , those memories which are relevant ( whose underlying neuronal substrate is strong enough to withstand such spontaneous , chaotic activation ) are further strengthened , whilst weaker , transient , `` noise '' memory traces disintegrate . Memory consolidation during paradoxical sleep is specifically correlated with the periods of rapid eye movement , which do not occur continuously . One explanation for this correlation is that the PGO electrical waves , which precede the eye movements , also influence memory . REM sleep could provide a unique opportunity for `` unlearning '' to occur in the basic neural networks involved in homeostasis , which are protected from this `` synaptic downscaling '' effect during deep sleep .
Trail of Tears
Although the Creeks had been forced from Georgia , with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory , there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama . However , the state moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks . Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama ; when none was forthcoming , the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24 , 1832 , which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments . Creeks could either sell their allotments and receive funds to remove to the west , or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws . The Creeks were never given a fair chance to comply with the terms of the treaty , however . Rampant illegal settlement of their lands by Americans continued unabated with federal and state authorities unable or unwilling to do much to halt it . Further , as recently detailed by historian Billy Winn in his thorough chronicle of the events leading to removal , a variety of fraudulent schemes designed to cheat the Creeks out of their allotments , many of them organized by speculators operating out of Columbus , Georgia and Montgomery , Alabama , were perpetrated after the signing of the Treaty of Cusseta . A portion of the beleaguered Creeks , many desperately poor and feeling abused and oppressed by their American neighbors , struck back by carrying out occasional raids on area farms and committing other isolated acts of violence . Escalating tensions erupted into open war with the United States following the destruction of the village of Roanoke , Georgia , located along the Chattahoochee River on the boundary between Creek and American territory , in May 1836 . During the so - called `` Creek War of 1836 '' Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 it continued into 1835 and after as in 1836 over 15,000 Creeks were driven from their land for the last time . 3,500 of those 15,000 Creeks did not survive the trip to Oklahoma where they eventually settled .
USS Maine (ACR-1)
For several years , Maine was left where she sank in Havana Harbor , although it was evident she would have to be removed sometime . Maine took up valuable space and the buildup of silt around her hull threatened to create a shoal . In addition , various patriotic groups wanted mementos of the ship . On 9 May 1910 , Congress authorized funds for the removal of Maine , the proper interment in Arlington National Cemetery of the estimated 70 bodies still inside , and the removal and transport of the main mast to Arlington . Congress did not demand a new investigation into the sinking at that time .
Horses in warfare
Mughal cavalry used gunpowder weapons , but were slow to replace the traditional composite bow . Under the impact of European military successes in India , some Indian rulers adopted the European system of massed cavalry charges , although others did not . By the 18th century , Indian armies continued to field cavalry , but mainly of the heavy variety .
Revenge
Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation , fueled by a burning desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups ; they were an important part of many pre-industrial societies , especially in the Mediterranean region . They still persist in some areas , notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or `` blood feuds '' . During the Middle Ages , most would not regard an insult or injury as settled until it was avenged , or , at the least , paid for -- hence , the extensive Anglo - Saxon system of weregild ( literally , `` man - price '' ) payments , which placed a certain monetary value upon certain acts of violence in an attempt to limit the spiral of revenge by codifying the responsibility of a malefactor .
Three-Fifths Compromise
The disenfranchisement of black citizens eventually attracted the attention of Congress , and in 1900 some members proposed stripping the South of seats , related to the number of people who were barred from voting . In the end , Congress did not act to change apportionment , largely because of the power of the Southern bloc . The Southern bloc comprised Southern Democrats voted into office by white voters and constituted a powerful voting bloc in Congress until the 1960s . Their representatives , re-elected repeatedly by one - party states , controlled numerous chairmanships of important committees in both houses on the basis of seniority , giving them control over rules , budgets and important patronage projects , among other issues . Their power allowed them to defeat federal legislation against racial violence and abuses in the South .
It (novel)
It 's awakening and returns to hibernation mark the greatest instances of violence during its time awake , such as the disappearance of over three hundred settlers from Derry Township in 1740 -- 43 . In 1957 , It awoke during a great storm which flooded part of the city , whereupon It went on a feeding spree , starting by murdering Georgie Denbrough . However , the Losers Club forced It to return to an early hibernation when heavily wounded by the young Bill Denbrough in the first Ritual of Chüd . As the story opens , It has awakened approximately 27 years later and is first seen when three bullies beat up a homosexual couple , Adrian Mellon and Don Hagarty . It kills Adrian after the bullies throw him off a bridge .
Horses in warfare
Although cavalry was used extensively throughout the world during the 19th century , horses became less important to warfare after the beginning of the 20th century . Light cavalry was still seen on the battlefield at the beginning of the 20th century , but formal mounted cavalry began to be phased out for combat during and immediately after World War I , although units that included horses still had military uses well into World War II .
India
India is home to two major language families : Indo - Aryan ( spoken by about 74 % of the population ) and Dravidian ( spoken by 24 % of the population ) . Other languages spoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Sino - Tibetan language families . India has no national language . Hindi , with the largest number of speakers , is the official language of the government . English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a `` subsidiary official language '' ; it is important in education , especially as a medium of higher education . Each state and union territory has one or more official languages , and the constitution recognises in particular 22 `` scheduled languages '' . The Constitution of India recognises 212 scheduled tribal groups which together constitute about 7.5 % of the country 's population .
History of India
The Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat were a branch of the Chalukyas . Their capital at Anhilwara ( modern Patan , Gujarat ) was one of the largest cities in Classical India , with the population estimated at 100,000 in 1000 CE . Rashtrakuta
Languages with official status in India
The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as Hindi written in the Devanagari script , as well as English . There is no national language as declared by the Constitution of India . Hindi and English are used for official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings , judiciary , communications between the Central Government and a State Government . States within India have the liberty and powers to specify their own official language ( s ) through legislation and therefore there are 22 officially recognized languages in India of which Hindi is the most used . The number of native Hindi speakers ranges between 14.5 and 24.5 % in total Indian population , however , other dialects of Hindi termed as Hindi languages are spoken by nearly 45 % of Indians , mostly accounted from the states falling under the Hindi belt . Other Indian languages are each spoken by around 10 % or less of the population .
Supreme Court of India
I am proud to be an Indian . India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1 , 67,000 , like myself , can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India . These things do not happen in our neighbouring countries . --
Karachi
Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia , the city was founded as a fortified village named Kolachi in 1729 . The settlement drastically increased in importance with the arrival of British East India company in the mid 19th century , who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport , but also connected it with their extensive railway network . By the time of the Partition of British India , the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 . Following the independence of Pakistan , the city 's population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from India . The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence , attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia .
Indian general election, 2014
During the course of the campaign , several controversies arose with parties being accused by one another and the Election Commission of India of violating Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct that is in force during the election .
Solicitor General of India
In addition to the above fee payable for cases , a retainer fee is paid to the Attorney General of India , Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General at the rate of Rs. 50,000 , Rs. 40,000 , and Rs. 30,000 per month , respectively . Moreover , the Attorney General of India is also paid a sumptuary allowance of rupees four thousand per month , except during the period of his leave .
Partition of India
For centuries Delhi had been the capital of the Mughal Empire and of previous Turkic Muslim rulers of North India . The series of Islamic rulers keeping Delhi as a stronghold of their empires left a vast array of Islamic architecture in Delhi and a strong Islamic culture permeated the city . The 1941 Census listed Delhi 's population as being 33.22 % Muslim .
Caste system in India
New developments took place after India achieved independence , when the policy of caste - based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . Since 1950 , the country has enacted many laws and social initiatives to protect and improve the socioeconomic conditions of its lower caste population . These caste classifications for college admission quotas , job reservations and other affirmative action initiatives , according to the Supreme Court of India , are based on heredity and are not changeable . Discrimination against lower castes is illegal in India under Article 15 of its constitution , and India tracks violence against Dalits nationwide .
History of India
The Chalukya Empire ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries . During this period , they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties . The earliest dynasty , known as the `` Badami Chalukyas '' , ruled from Vatapi ( modern Badami ) from the middle of the 6th century . The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II . The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka . The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas . A Southern India - based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers . The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration , overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called `` Chalukyan architecture '' . The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750 , and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190 .
History of India
Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century , after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty . His empire collapsed after his death . The
Dutch East India Company
Many of the VOC employees inter-mixed with the indigenous peoples and expanded the population of Indos in pre-colonial history Reorientation
Cornwallis in India
Biographers Franklin and Mary Wickwire note that Cornwallis 's attitudes towards governance presaged the idea of responsible government that took hold in the United Kingdom in the 19th century . Later British administrators and the Indian Civil Service adopted his ideas of service by example and service for the overall benefit of the population . Historian Marguerite Wilbur called the era of Cornwallis and Mornington the Golden Age of British rule in India .
History of India
The next to arrive were the Dutch , with their main base in Ceylon . They established ports in Malabar . However , their expansion into India was halted , after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancore , during the Travancore - Dutch War . The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to India .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
The postal history of India primarily began with the overland routes , stretching from Persia to India . What began as mere foot - tracks that more than often included fords across the mountainous streams , gradually evolved over the centuries as highways , used by traders and military envoys on foot and horses , for carriage of missives .
India
After the 10th century , Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans , using swift - horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion , repeatedly overran South Asia 's north - western plains , leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206 . The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India . Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites , the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs . By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the 13th century , the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia , setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers , learned men , mystics , traders , artists , and artisans from that region into the subcontinent , thereby creating a syncretic Indo - Islamic culture in the north . The sultanate 's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire . Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate , the empire came to control much of peninsular India , and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards .
Partition of India
A cross-border student initiative , The History Project , was launched in 2014 to explore the differences in perception of the events during the British era which led to the partition . The project resulted in a book that explains both interpretations of the shared history in Pakistan and India .
History of India
The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the Palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley . Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India , Pakistan , and Nepal .
History of India
The Vedic period is named after the Indo - Aryan culture of north - west India , although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period . The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas , still sacred to Hindus , which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit . The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India . The Vedic period , lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE , contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of the Indian subcontinent . In terms of culture , many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period .
Christmas traditions
Being a British colony until 1947 , many British traditions stayed on in India . Christmas is a state holiday in India , although Christianity in India is a minority with only 2.3 % ( of 1.237 Billion ) of the population . Most of the Christians in India attend the church . Many Christian houses in India decorate Christmas cribs and distribute sweets and cakes to their neighbors . In many of the schools that are run by the Christian missionaries , the children actively participate in Christmas programs . Also in many non-religious schools , there is tradition of Christmas celebration . Christmas is also increasingly celebrated by other religions in India . Christmas is known as `` Badaa Din '' ( Big Day ) in North and North - West India and people plant trees on this day . Pakistan
History of India
During the Sangam period Tamil literature flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE . During this period , three Tamil Dynasties , collectively known as the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam : Chera dynasty , Chola dynasty and the Pandyan dynasty ruled parts of southern India .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Radhakrishnan was awarded several high awards during his life , including a knighthood in 1931 , the Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award in India , in 1954 , and honorary membership of the British Royal Order of Merit in 1963 . He was also one of the founders of Helpage India a non profit organization for elderly underprivileged in India . Radhakrishnan believed that `` teachers should be the best minds in the country '' . Since 1962 , his birthday is being celebrated in India as Teachers ' Day on 5 September .
History of India
The British themselves adopted a `` carrot and stick '' approach in recognition of India 's support during the First World War and in response to renewed nationalist demands . The means of achieving the proposed measure were later enshrined in the Government of India Act 1919 , which introduced the principle of a dual mode of administration , or diarchy , in which elected Indian legislators and appointed British officials shared power .
2016 Railway Budget of India
2016 Railway Budget of India refers to the Railway Budget of the Indian Railways in the fiscal year 2016 -- 17 . The budget was presented by the Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu in the Parliament on 25 February 2016 . It was the final Railway Budget of India as after this budget , the Railway Budget got merged with the Union Budget of India .