vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Alien vs. Predator (film)
Through translation of the pyramid 's hieroglyphs , Lex and Sebastian learn that the Predators have been visiting Earth for thousands of years . It was they who taught early human civilizations how to build pyramids , and were worshiped as gods . Every 100 years they visited Earth to take part in a rite of passage by which several humans sacrifice themselves as hosts for the Aliens , creating the `` ultimate prey '' for the Predators to hunt while being able to survive in the pyramid ; if overwhelmed , the Predators would activate a self - destruct device to eliminate the Aliens and themselves . The two deduce that this is why the current Predators are at the pyramid , and that the heat bloom was to attract humans for the sole purpose of making new Aliens to hunt .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Philip II spent his initial years radically transforming the Macedonian army . A reform of its organization , equipment , and training , including the introduction of the Macedonian phalanx armed with long pikes ( i.e. the sarissa ) , proved immediately successful when tested against his Illyrian and Paeonian enemies . Confusing accounts in ancient sources have led modern scholars to debate how much Philip II 's royal predecessors may have contributed to these reforms and the extent to which his ideas were influenced by his adolescent years of captivity in Thebes as a political hostage during the Theban hegemony , especially after meeting with the general Epaminondas .
Yemen
With its long sea border between eastern and western civilizations , Yemen has long existed at a crossroads of cultures with a strategic location in terms of trade on the west of the Arabian Peninsula . Large settlements for their era existed in the mountains of northern Yemen as early as 5000 BC . A
Hellenistic period
`` Hellenistic '' is a modern word and a 19th - century concept ; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece . Although words related in form or meaning , e.g. Hellenist ( Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνιστής , Hellēnistēs ) , have been attested since ancient times , it was Johann Gustav Droysen in the mid-19th century , who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus ( History of Hellenism ) , coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander 's conquest . Following Droysen , Hellenistic and related terms , e.g. Hellenism , have been widely used in various contexts ; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold , where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism .
Bayonet
The current British L3A1 socket bayonet is based on the FN FAL Type C socket bayonet with a clip - point blade . It has a hollow handle that fits over the SA80 / L85 rifles muzzle and slots that lined up with those on the flash eliminator . The blade is offset to the side of the handle to allow the bullet to pass beside the blade . It can also be used as a multi-purpose knife and wire - cutter when combined with its scabbard . The scabbard also has a sharpening stone and folding saw blade .
Jay Treaty
Historian Marshall Smelser argues that the treaty effectively postponed war with Britain , or at least postponed it until the United States was strong enough to handle it .
Satellite
Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice , data , and video transmission tasks across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earth 's surface .
Rhode Island
Rhode Island is divided into five counties but it has no county governments . The entire state is divided into municipalities , which handle all local government affairs .
Branches of science
Physics ( from Ancient Greek : φύσις , translit . physis , lit . ' nature ' ) is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime , along with related concepts such as energy and force . More broadly , it is the general analysis of nature , conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves .
Mount Everest
Some sections of the trail from Lukla to Everest Base Camp ( Nepal ) were damaged in the earthquakes earlier in the year and needed repairs to handle trekkers .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
The Macedonian king was an autocratic figure at the head of both government and society , with arguably unlimited authority to handle affairs of state and public policy , but he was also the leader of a very personal regime with close relationships or connections to his hetairoi , the core of the Macedonian aristocracy . These aristocrats were second only to the king in terms of power and privilege , filling the ranks of his administration and serving as commanding officers in the military . It was in the more bureaucratic regimes of the Hellenistic kingdoms that succeeded Alexander the Great 's empire where greater social mobility for members of society seeking to join the aristocracy could be found , especially in Ptolemaic Egypt . Although governed by a king and martial aristocracy , Macedonia seems to have lacked the widespread use of slaves seen in contemporaneous Greek states .
Starbucks
In October 2002 , Starbucks established a coffee trading company in Lausanne , Switzerland to handle purchases of green coffee . All other coffee - related business continued to be managed from Seattle .
Justice of the peace
Justice courts are courts in New York State that handle traffic tickets , criminal matters , small claims and local code violations such as zoning . Though justice courts constitutionally are part of the New York State Unified Court System , state law generally makes justice courts independent of New York 's Office of Court Administration ( OCA ) and instead makes Justice Courts the responsibility of their sponsoring localities . Town justice courts are often called Town Court , and village justice courts are often called Village Court . City courts in New York State handle mostly the same types of cases but are not justice courts .
Leo Wyatt
Even though Piper tried to distance herself from Leo , she realized how much Leo missed Wyatt and how much Wyatt missed his daddy , so she told him that he could visit as much as he wanted when she was not around . But much to Leo 's disappointment , Piper asked him for a divorce when she started to date again . Despite this , they apparently never did divorce .
Pottery of ancient Greece
Few examples of ancient Greek painting have survived so modern scholars have to trace the development of ancient Greek art partly through ancient Greek vase - painting , which survives in large quantities and is also , with Ancient Greek literature , the best guide we have to the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks . Development
Maya calendar
The essentials of the Maya calendar are based upon a system which had been in common use throughout the region , dating back to at least the 5th century BCE . It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations , such as the Zapotec and Olmec and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars .
Ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women , including people from all social classes except slaves , as essentially equal under the law , and even the lowliest peasant was entitled to petition the vizier and his court for redress . Although slaves were mostly used as indentured servants , they were able to buy and sell their servitude , work their way to freedom or nobility , and were usually treated by doctors in the workplace . Both men and women had the right to own and sell property , make contracts , marry and divorce , receive inheritance , and pursue legal disputes in court . Married couples could own property jointly and protect themselves from divorce by agreeing to marriage contracts , which stipulated the financial obligations of the husband to his wife and children should the marriage end . Compared with their counterparts in ancient Greece , Rome , and even more modern places around the world , ancient Egyptian women had a greater range of personal choices and opportunities for achievement . Women such as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra VII even became pharaohs , while others wielded power as Divine Wives of Amun . Despite these freedoms , ancient Egyptian women did not often take part in official roles in the administration , served only secondary roles in the temples , and were not as likely to be as educated as men .
Ancient Greece
Slaves had no power or status . They had the right to have a family and own property , subject to their master 's goodwill and permission , but they had no political rights . By 600 BC chattel slavery had spread in Greece . By the 5th century BC slaves made up one - third of the total population in some city - states . Between forty and eighty per cent of the population of Classical Athens were slaves . Slaves outside of Sparta almost never revolted because they were made up of too many nationalities and were too scattered to organize . However , unlike Western culture , the Ancient Greeks did not think in terms of race .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Oh ! Dream of joy ! Is this indeed The light - house top I see ? Is this the hill ? Is this the kirk ? Is this mine own countree ? We drifted o'er the harbour - bar , And I with sobs did pray -- O let me be awake , my God ! Or let me sleep alway .
Ancient Greek architecture
Part of a series on the History of Greek art Greek Bronze Age Cycladic art Minoan art Mycenaean art Ancient Greece Archaic Greek art Ancient Greek art Ancient Greek architecture Ancient Greek pottery Ancient Greek sculpture Hellenistic art see also : Greco - Buddhist art Medieval Greece Byzantine art Macedonian art Post-Byzantine Greece Cretan School Heptanese School Modern Greece Modern Greek art Modern Greek architecture Munich School Contemporary Greek art
Artemis
Ancient Greek writers , by way of folk etymology , and some modern scholars , have linked Artemis ( Doric Artamis ) to ἄρταμος , artamos , i.e. `` butcher '' or , like Plato did in Cratylus , to ἀρτεμής , artemḗs , i.e. `` safe '' , `` unharmed '' , `` uninjured '' , `` pure '' , `` the stainless maiden '' .
Ghostface (Scream)
The knife used by Ghostface in the films is a custom prop knife based on the Buck 120 Hunting Knife that has since been discontinued by Buck . The knife blades are made of aluminium or chrome - paint - coated plastic with a rubber handle depending on the scenario for which they are needed . The handle is black with a silver , metal - appearance for the tip . The Buck 120 knife was chosen as the model for the Ghostface weapon because of the large blade it features , though the Buck 120 itself was discontinued due to customer complaints that the blade length was deemed `` too big '' for gutting animals .
Hindu temple
Ancient builders of Hindu temples created manuals of architecture , called Vastu - Sastra ( literally `` science '' of dwelling ; vas - tu is a composite Sanskrit word ; vas means `` reside '' , tu means `` you '' ) ; these contain Vastu - Vidya ( literally , knowledge of dwelling ) . There exist many Vastu - Sastras on the art of building temples , such as one by Thakkura Pheru , describing where and how temples should be built . By the 6th century AD , Sanskrit manuals for constructing palatial temples were in circulation in India . Vastu - Sastra manuals included chapters on home construction , town planning , and how efficient villages , towns and kingdoms integrated temples , water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature . While it is unclear , states Barnett , as to whether these temple and town planning texts were theoretical studies and if or when they were properly implemented in practice , the manuals suggest that town planning and Hindu temples were conceived as ideals of art and integral part of Hindu social and spiritual life . Ancient
Led Zeppelin
In November 1968 , Grant secured a $143,000 advance contract from Atlantic Records , which was then the biggest deal of its kind for a new band . Atlantic were a label with a catalogue of mainly blues , soul , and jazz artists , but in the late 1960s they began to take an interest in British progressive rock acts . Record executives signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them . Under the terms of their contract , the band had autonomy in deciding when they would release albums and tour , and had the final say over the contents and design of each album . They would also decide how to promote each release and which tracks to release as singles . They formed their own company , Superhype , to handle all publishing rights .
Pre-Columbian era
Between 2000 and 300 BCE , complex cultures began to form in Mesoamerica . Some matured into advanced pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Teotihuacan , Maya , Zapotec , Mixtec , Huastec , Purepecha , Toltec , and Mexica / Aztecs . The Mexica civilization is also known as the Aztec Triple Alliance , since they were three smaller kingdoms loosely united together .
Pope
The term `` pontiff '' is derived from the Latin : pontifex , which literally means `` bridge builder '' ( pons + facere ) and which designated a member of the principal college of priests in ancient Rome . The Latin word was translated into ancient Greek variously : as Ancient Greek : ἱεροδιδάσκαλος , Ancient Greek : ἱερονόμος , Ancient Greek : ἱεροφύλαξ , Ancient Greek : ἱεροφάντης ( hierophant ) , or Ancient Greek : ἀρχιερεύς ( archiereus , high priest ) The head of the college was known as the Pontifex Maximus ( the greatest pontiff ) .
Mesopotamia
Ancient Mesopotamian religion was the first recorded . Mesopotamians believed that the world was a flat disc , surrounded by a huge , holed space , and above that , heaven . They also believed that water was everywhere , the top , bottom and sides , and that the universe was born from this enormous sea . In addition , Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic . Although the beliefs described above were held in common among Mesopotamians , there were also regional variations . The Sumerian word for universe is an - ki , which refers to the god An and the goddess Ki . Their son was Enlil , the air god . They believed that Enlil was the most powerful god . He was the chief god of the pantheon . The Sumerians also posed philosophical questions , such as : Who are we ? , Where are we ? , How did we get here ? . They attributed answers to these questions to explanations provided by their gods .
Coordinated Universal Time
It is not possible to compute the exact time interval elapsed between two UTC timestamps without consulting a table that describes how many leap seconds occurred during that interval . By extension , it is not possible to compute the duration of a time interval that ends in the future and may encompass an unknown number of leap seconds ( for example , the number of TAI seconds between `` now '' and 2099 - 12 - 31 23 : 59 : 59 ) . Therefore , many scientific applications that require precise measurement of long ( multi-year ) intervals use TAI instead . TAI is also commonly used by systems that can not handle leap seconds . GPS time always remains exactly 19 seconds behind TAI ( neither system is affected by the leap seconds introduced in UTC ) .
Ancient Egyptian deities
Modern knowledge of Ancient Egyptian beliefs about their deities is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by their scribes and priests . These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate . Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed . Commoner perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests . The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the deities and their actions , for literal truth . Overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition , however . The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the deities and their nature .
Hoover Dam
At Kaufmann 's request , Denver artist Allen Tupper True was hired to handle the design and decoration of the walls and floors of the new dam . True 's design scheme incorporated motifs of the Navajo and Pueblo tribes of the region . Although some initially were opposed to these designs , True was given the go - ahead and was officially appointed consulting artist . With the assistance of the National Laboratory of Anthropology , True researched authentic decorative motifs from Indian sand paintings , textiles , baskets and ceramics . The images and colors are based on Native American visions of rain , lightning , water , clouds , and local animals -- lizards , serpents , birds -- and on the Southwestern landscape of stepped mesas . In these works , which are integrated into the walkways and interior halls of the dam , True also reflected on the machinery of the operation , making the symbolic patterns appear both ancient and modern . Tile
Alien vs. Predator (film)
Early reports claimed the story was about humans who tried to lure Predators with Alien eggs , although the idea was scrapped . Influenced by the work of Erich von Däniken , Anderson researched von Däniken 's theories on how he believed early civilisations were able to construct massive pyramids with the help of aliens , an idea drawn from Aztec mythology . Anderson wove these ideas into Alien vs. Predator , describing a scenario in which Predators taught ancient humans to build pyramids and used Earth for rite of passage rituals every 100 years in which they would hunt Aliens . To explain how these ancient civilisations `` disappeared without a trace '' , Anderson came up with the idea that the Predators , if overwhelmed by the Aliens , would use their self - destruct weapons to kill everything in the area . H.P. Lovecraft 's novella At the Mountains of Madness ( 1931 ) served as an inspiration for the film , and several elements of the Aliens vs. Predator comic series were included . Anderson 's initial script called for five Predators to appear in the film , although the number was later reduced to three .
History of Texas
the Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region , centered west of Texas ; the Mound Builders of the Mississippi culture which spread throughout the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries ; the Caddo nation are considered among its descendants ; the civilizations of Mesoamerica , centered south of Texas . The influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries .
Pre-Columbian era
These indigenous civilizations are credited with many inventions : building pyramid - temples , mathematics , astronomy , medicine , writing , highly accurate calendars , fine arts , intensive agriculture , engineering , an abacus calculator , and complex theology . They also invented the wheel , but it was used solely as a toy . In addition , they used native copper , silver and gold for metalworking .
Nubia
Nubia ( / ˈnuːbiə , ˈnjuː - / ) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between Aswan in southern Egypt and Khartoum in central Sudan . It was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa , with a history that can be traced from at least 2500 BC onward ( Kerma culture ) , and was home to several empires , most prominently the kingdom of Kush , which for a while even ruled over Egypt . Its collapse in the 4th century AD after more than 1000 years of existence was precipitated by an invasion by Ethiopia 's Kingdom of Aksum and saw the rise of three Christian kingdoms , Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , the last two again lasting 1000 years . Their eventual decline initiated not only the partition of Nubia into the northern half conquered by the Ottomans and the southern half by the Sennar sultanate in the 16th century , but also a rapid Islamization and partial Arabization of the Nubian people . Nubia was again united under the Khedivate of Egypt in the 19th century . Today , Nubia is split between Egypt and Sudan .
Egocentrism
Baron and Hanna looked at 152 participants and tested to see how the presence of depression affected egocentrism . They tested adults between the ages of 18 and 25 and found that the participants who suffered from depression showed higher levels of egocentrism than those who did not .
Ancient Egypt
Much of the economy was centrally organized and strictly controlled . Although the ancient Egyptians did not use coinage until the Late period , they did use a type of money - barter system , with standard sacks of grain and the deben , a weight of roughly 91 grams ( 3 oz ) of copper or silver , forming a common denominator . Workers were paid in grain ; a simple laborer might earn 51⁄2 sacks ( 200 kg or 400 lb ) of grain per month , while a foreman might earn 71⁄2 sacks ( 250 kg or 550 lb ) . Prices were fixed across the country and recorded in lists to facilitate trading ; for example a shirt cost five copper deben , while a cow cost 140 deben . Grain could be traded for other goods , according to the fixed price list . During the fifth century BC coined money was introduced into Egypt from abroad . At first the coins were used as standardized pieces of precious metal rather than true money , but in the following centuries international traders came to rely on coinage .
Hibachi
As with other braziers , charcoal often sits on a layer of ash . To handle the charcoal , most often a pair of metal chopsticks are used , similar to Western fire irons and tongs , called hibashi ( 火箸 , fire chopsticks ) .
Test probe
A typical voltmeter probe consists of a single wire test lead that has on one end a connector that fits the voltmeter and on the other end a rigid , tubular plastic section that comprises both a handle and probe body . The handle allows a person to hold and guide the probe without influencing the measurement ( by becoming part of the electric circuit ) or being exposed to dangerous voltages that might cause electric shock . Within the probe body , the wire is connected to a rigid , pointed metal tip that contacts the DUT . Some probes allow an alligator clip to be attached to the tip , thus enabling the probe to be attached to the DUT so that it need not be held in place .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
I still disagree , although perhaps the vernacular has changed since the ' 80s . I think the axe handle in the picture might have skewed the poll . - Hephæstos § 04 : 11 , 16 Feb 2004 ( UTC )
Pi
Ancient civilizations required fairly accurate computed values for π for practical reasons , including the Egyptians and Babylonians . Around 250 BC the Greek mathematician Archimedes created an algorithm for calculating it . It was approximated to seven digits , using geometrical techniques , in Chinese mathematics , and to about five digits in Indian mathematics in the 5th century AD . The historically first exact formula for π , based on infinite series , was not available until a millennium later , when in the 14th century the Madhava -- Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics . In the 20th and 21st centuries , mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that , when combined with increasing computational power , extended the decimal representation of π to many trillions of digits after the decimal point . Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of π , and many substantially fewer , so the primary motivation for these computations is the quest to find more efficient algorithms for calculating lengthy numeric series , as well as the desire to break records . The extensive calculations involved have also been used to test supercomputers and high - precision multiplication algorithms .
Modern history
In Africa and the Ottoman Empire , the Muslim expansion took place in North and East Africa . In West Africa , various native nations existed . The Indian Empires and civilizations of Southeast Asia were a vital link in the spice trade . On the Indian subcontinent , the Great Mughal Empire existed . The archipelagic empires , the Sultanate of Malacca and later the Sultanate of Johor , controlled the southern areas .