vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lecy Goranson
Chalke played Becky for the remainder of the sixth season and all of the seventh season . When the show reached its eighth season , Goranson managed to schedule things so that she could work as Becky again , replacing Chalke . Goranson appeared continually at the beginning of season eight , but by mid-season she had scheduling conflicts again with school . On two occasions Goranson had to pull out of episodes in which the Becky character was necessary ; Darlene 's wedding and a family trip to Walt Disney World . Chalke was called back in to play Becky for these episodes . Toward the end of the season , Goranson was available again and she returned to play Becky . However , after the end of the eighth season , Goranson decided not to continue due to scheduling conflicts she had during the previous season . For the ninth and what would be the final season , Goranson did not return to the show , leaving the role to Chalke for the final season .
Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
Despite the variability , nearly all Presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one Justice . The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Andrew Johnson , and Jimmy Carter . Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term , although his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a Justice by a contraction in the size of the Supreme Court , which Congress may dictate . Jimmy Carter is the only President who completed at least one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency .
The Devil Wears Prada (film)
After touring some offices of real fashion magazines , Jess Gonchor gave the Runway offices a clean , white look meant to suggest a makeup compact ( `` the chaste beiges and whites of impervious authority , '' Denby called it ) . Miranda 's office bears some strong similarities to the real office of Anna Wintour , down to an octagonal mirror on the wall , photographs and a floral arrangement on the desk Gonchor later told Women 's Wear Daily that he had based the set on a photo of Wintour 's office he found online ; the similarity led Wintour to have her office redecorated after the movie 's release . The magazine itself is very similar to Vogue , and one of the covers on the wall of the office , showing three models , is a direct homage to the August 2004 cover of that magazine .
United States budget process
President Warren G. Harding brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 , which , for the first time , required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget , the forerunner of the Office of Management and Budget , to assist in the formulation of the budget . Initially the Bureau was within the U.S. Department of the Treasury , but in 1939 it was moved to the Executive Office of the President .
Human brain
At the beginning of the third week of development , the embryonic ectoderm forms a thickened strip called the neural plate . By the fourth week of development the neural plate has widened to give a broad cephalic end , a less broad middle part and a narrow caudal end . These swellings represent the beginnings of the forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain . Neural crest cells ( derived from the ectoderm ) populate the lateral edges of the plate at the neural folds . In the fourth week in the neurulation stage the neural plate folds and closes to form the neural tube , bringing together the neural crest cells at the neural crest . The neural crest runs the length of the tube with cranial neural crest cells at the cephalic end and caudal neural crest cells at the tail . Cells detach from the crest and migrate in a craniocaudal ( head to tail ) wave inside the tube . Cells at the cephalic end give rise to the brain , and cells at the caudal end give rise to the spinal cord .
Semicircular canals
It measures from 12 to 15 mm. , and its arch is directed horizontally backward and laterally ; thus each semicircular canal stands at right angles to the other two . Its ampullated end corresponds to the upper and lateral angle of the vestibule , just above the oval window , where it opens close to the ampullated end of the superior canal ; its opposite end opens at the upper and back part of the vestibule . The lateral canal of one ear is very nearly in the same plane as that of the other ; while the superior canal of one ear is nearly parallel to the posterior canal of the other .
English Reformation
The Church of England itself contained three groups . Those who believed the form of the church was just what it should be included leaders like John Jewel and Richard Hooker . A second group looked for opportunities to reintroduce some Roman Catholic practices . Under the Stuart kings they would have their chance . The third group , who came to be called Puritans , wanted to remove remaining traces of the old ways . The Stuart kings were to give them a rough passage . At the end of Elizabeth 's reign , the Church of England was firmly in place , but held the seeds of future conflict . Queen
Henry Clay
Henry Clay helped establish and became president in 1816 of the American Colonization Society , a group that wanted to establish a colony for free American blacks in Africa ; it founded Monrovia , in what became Liberia , for that purpose . The group was made up of both abolitionists from the North , who wanted to end slavery , and slaveholders , who wanted to deport free blacks to reduce what they considered a threat to the stability of slave society . On the `` amalgamation '' of the black and white races , Clay said that `` The God of Nature , by the differences of color and physical constitution , has decreed against it . '' Clay presided at the founding meeting of the ACS on December 21 , 1816 , at the Davis Hotel in Washington , D.C. Attendees included Robert Finley , James Monroe , Bushrod Washington , Andrew Jackson , Francis Scott Key , and Daniel Webster .
Pretty Little Liars (season 6)
After trying to escape the dollhouse in the season five finale , Charles punishes Emily , Hanna , Spencer , Aria , and Mona , subjecting them to various types of torture while Alison , Ezra , Caleb , and Toby try to find a way to help find the girls . Andrew becomes a suspect after being reported missing . Realizing what Charles is planning to do with Alison , the Liars hatch a plan to get out of the dollhouse by setting his vault on fire . The plan worked successfully , and the girls get out of the dollhouse where they are met by Alison , Ezra , Caleb , Toby , and the police . Andrew is arrested and accused of kidnapping the girls . However , the girls are far from okay , as they all suffer from PTSD from their time in captivity . Another girl , Sara Harvey , who went missing the same time Ali did , is found in the dollhouse , reportedly having been held there for two years . Unable to deal with her home life , she runs away and stays with Emily for a while . Meanwhile , Ali tries to get answers out of her dad about Charles DiLaurentis , but he insists there is no one of that name in their family ; however , Jason remembers Charles as his imaginary friend when he was a kid . Later , Andrew is released from police custody because of lack of evidence , and the Liars realize that he is n't Charles after all .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
Alexander Beetle is briefly mentioned on page 119 of Winnie - the - Pooh , and he appears to have become upset and hidden himself in a crack for two days , then went to live with his aunt . He is also the subject of a poem in Now We Are Six . Small ( short for Very Small Beetle ) is the subject of a search that Rabbit organizes to find him . Making his debut in My Friends Tigger & Pooh , he is the first new Milne character to appear in the Disney adaptations since the debut of Tigger in Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day . Henry Rush is a beetle . He had a brief mention in The House at Pooh Corner , and has been expanded in Return to the Hundred Acre Wood . He attended the Spelling Bee , kept score at the cricket game , and danced at the Harvest Festival . Late and Early are two friends mentioned briefly at the end of The House at Pooh Corner and expanded in Return to the Hundred Acre Wood . They attended Christopher Robin 's coming home party and received sugar mice . They also attended the Spelling Bee . Although it is never mentioned what species they are , illustrations point to them being mice . Smallest - of - All , or S. of A. for short , is mentioned near the end of The House at Pooh Corner and near the beginning of Return to the Hundred Acre Wood . He has a tendency to be unsure of what he sees . His species is never revealed . Rabbit 's family appears alongside Rabbit in the books . Many relatives appear in The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh episode `` Party Poohper '' and he occasionally mentions them at other times in the Disney adaptations .
Julian calendar
Caesar 's regulation of the civil year to accord with his revised measurement was proclaimed publicly by edict , and the arrangement might have continued to stand had not the correction itself of the calendar led the priests to introduce a new error of their own ; for they proceeded to insert the intercalary day , which represented the four quarter - days , at the beginning of each fourth year instead of at its end , although the intercalation ought to have been made at the end of each fourth year and before the beginning of the fifth .
Hyperinflation
One way to avoid the use of large numbers is by declaring a new unit of currency . ( As an example , instead of 10,000,000,000 dollars , a central bank might set 1 new dollar = 1,000,000,000 old dollars , so the new note would read `` 10 new dollars '' . ) A recent example of this is Turkey 's revaluation of the Lira on 1 January 2005 , when the old Turkish lira ( TRL ) was converted to the New Turkish lira ( TRY ) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish Lira . While this does not lessen the actual value of a currency , it is called redenomination or revaluation and also occasionally happens in countries with lower inflation rates . During hyperinflation , currency inflation happens so quickly that bills reach large numbers before revaluation .
United States Postal Service
The Post Office Department was enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson . As the Post Office expanded , difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation . The Post Office 's employees at that time were still subject to the so - called `` spoils '' system , where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage . These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery . This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883 , after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act .
War of 1812
The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Andrew Bennett , in 1994 , discussed the poem 's effectiveness : `` What is important and compelling in this poem is not so much what happens on the urn or in the poem , but the way that a response to an artwork both figures and prefigures its own critical response '' . In 1999 , Andrew Motion claimed that the poem `` tells a story that can not be developed . Celebrating the transcendent powers of art , it creates a sense of imminence , but also registers a feeling of frustration . '' Ayumi Mizukoshi , in 2001 , argued that early audiences did not support `` Ode to Psyche '' because it `` turned out to be too reflexive and internalised to be enjoyed as a mythological picture . For the same reason , the ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' drew neither attention nor admiration . Although the poet is gazing round the surface of the urn in each stanza , the poem can not readily be consumed as a series of ' idylls ' . ''
Vehicle insurance in the United States
Arizona Department of Transportation Research Project Manager John Semmens has recommended that car insurers issue license plates and be held responsible for the full cost of injuries and property damage caused by their licensees under the Disneyland model . Plates would expire at the end of the insurance coverage period , and licensees would need to return their plates to their insurance office to receive a refund on their premiums . Vehicles driving without insurance would thus be easy to spot because they would not have license plates , or the plates would be past the marked expiration date .
History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
In 342 BC , two significant laws were passed . One of these two laws made it illegal to hold more than one office at any given point in time , and the other law required an interval of ten years to pass before any magistrate could seek reelection to any office . As a result of these two laws , the military situation quickly became unmanageable . During this time period , Rome was expanding within Italy and beginning to take steps beyond Italy , and thus it became necessary for military commanders to hold office for several years at a time . This problem was resolved with the creation of the pro-magisterial offices , so that when an individual 's term in office ended , his command might be prorogued ( prorogatio imperii ) . In effect , when a magistrate 's term ended , his imperium was extended , and he usually held the title of either Proconsul or Propraetor . This constitutional device was not in harmony with the underlying genius of the Roman constitution , and its frequent usage eventually paved the way for the empire . In addition , during these years , the Plebeian Tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close . The senate realized the need to use Plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals , and so to win over the Tribunes , the senators gave the Tribunes a great deal of power , and unsurprisingly , the Tribunes began to feel obligated to the senate . As the Tribunes and the senators grew closer , Plebeian senators were often able to secure the Tribunate for members of their own families . In time , the Tribunate became a stepping stone to higher office .
Pretty Little Liars (season 6)
Emily is donating eggs to pay for school and loses her eggs when the clinic encounters a minor shutdown of its freezers ; Aria gets burned by a fire caused by a malfunction at Hanna 's bridal shower ; and Alison falls down a flight of stairs . The girls build a plan of attack , which offers Hanna as bait . After Ali sees what appears to be her dead mother and Detective Wilden , she starts to question her sanity and checks herself into the same hospital Charlotte attended . Spencer , Toby and Mona work together to catch Sara , but instead they find old medical records for a woman named Mary Drake , and she was the one who gave birth to Charles while a patient at the Radley ( now a hotel managed by Ashley Marin ) 25 years ago , the DiLaurentis family adopted Charles as she was unable to take care of him .
Tina Turner
In 1991 , Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Phil Spector later accepted on their behalf . That same year , the ex-couple signed away their rights to have their lives dramatized in the semi-autobiographical film What 's Love Got to Do with It , later released in 1993 and starring Angela Bassett as Tina and Laurence Fishburne as Ike , with the actors receiving Best Actress and Best Actor Academy Award nominations for their portrayals of the former husband - and - wife team . Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What 's Love Got to Do with It , re-recording songs from her Revue days and recording several newer songs , including what turned out to be her last Top 10 U.S. hit , `` I Do n't Wanna Fight '' . Other than helping Bassett with her wardrobe and teaching her dance steps as well as providing songs for the soundtrack , and appearing as herself at the end of the film , she refused to be involved fully in the film , telling an interviewer , `` Why would I want to see Ike Turner beat me up again ? I have n't dwelled on it ; it 's all in the past where it belongs . '' Following the film 's and soundtrack 's release , Turner embarked on her first US tour in seven years . Following the tour 's end , Turner moved to Switzerland and took a year off from the road at the end of the tour . Turner
White House
The East Wing , which contains additional office space , was added to the White House in 1942 . Among its uses , the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady , and the White House Social Office . Rosalynn Carter , in 1977 , was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the `` Office of the First Lady '' . The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies . The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center .
Ciompi Revolt
The Ciompi revolt developed in three stages ; reform in the months of May and June , the violent ' revolution ' of the revolt and fighting which occurred in mid-July , and the fall of the Ciompi 's short government in Florence - ' the reaction ' , which occurred at the end of August 1378 . These workers ' underrepresentation led to their exploitation , low wages , and lack of political clout . In June 1378 the city 's fourteen minor guilds demanded greater representation in civic office from elites -- the Signoria . These guildsmen still wanted to keep the Sotto posti , who were low wage textile workers with no guild representation , from forming their own guilds and being able to gain increased political power . To prevent this , the Signoria quadrupled the fee for admittance to the system . This action sparked indignation and turned the Sotto posti into opponents of the Signoria aligning them with the lower class Ciompi . On the 22 June the Ciompi took up arms for the first time but it was not until 21 July that they violently took over the city 's government and forced the Signoria to create three new guilds and grant them political office .
Magnetic domain
E is magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy : Due to its magnetic anisotropy , the crystal lattice is `` easy '' to magnetize in one direction , and `` hard '' to magnetize in others . This energy is minimized when the magnetization is along the `` easy '' crystal axis , so the magnetization of most of the domains in a crystal grain tend to be in either direction along the `` easy '' axis . Since the crystal lattice in separate grains of the material is usually oriented in different random directions , this causes the dominant domain magnetization in different grains to be pointed in different directions . E is Zeeman energy : This is energy which is added to or subtracted from the magnetostatic energy , due to the interaction between the magnetic material and an externally applied magnetic field . It is proportional to the negative of the cosine of the angle between the field and magnetization vectors . Domains with their magnetic field oriented parallel to the applied field reduce this energy , while domains with their magnetic field oriented opposite to the applied field increase this energy . So applying a magnetic field to a ferromagnetic material generally causes the domain walls to move so as to increase the size of domains lying mostly parallel to the field , at the cost of decreasing the size of domains opposing the field . This is what happens when ferromagnetic materials are `` magnetized '' . With a strong enough external field , the domains opposing the field will be swallowed up and disappear ; this is called saturation .
Atmosphere of Venus
Due to the lack of the intrinsic magnetic field on Venus , the solar wind penetrates relatively deep into the planetary exosphere and causes substantial atmosphere loss . The loss happens mainly via the magnetotail . Currently the main ion types being lost are O , H and He . The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen losses is around 2 ( i.e. almost stoichiometric ) indicating the ongoing loss of water .
Magic in Harry Potter
The portraits in the Headmaster 's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts , with the exception of Dolores Umbridge . They advise the Headmaster and are `` honour - bound to give service to the present headmaster '' ( according to Armando Dippet ) . Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most , as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death . The portrait of Snape was installed in the Headmaster 's Office at Harry 's request .
Texas annexation
The Benton proposal was intended to calm northern anti-slavery Democrats ( who wished to eliminate the Tyler - Calhoun treaty altogether , as it had been negotiated on behalf of the slavery expansionists ) , and allow the decision to devolve upon the soon - to - be-inaugurated Democratic President - elect James K. Polk . President - elect Polk had expressed his ardent wish that Texas annexation should be accomplished before he entered Washington in advance of his inauguration on March 4 , 1845 , the same day Congress would end its session . With his arrival in the capital , he discovered the Benton and Brown factions in the Senate `` paralyzed '' over the Texas annexation legislation . On the advice of his soon - to - be Secretary of the Treasury Robert J. Walker , Polk urged Senate Democrats to unite under a dual resolution that would include both the Benton and Brown versions of annexation , leaving enactment of the legislation to Polk 's discretion when he took office . In private and separate talks with supporters of both the Brown and Benton plans , Polk left each side with the `` impression he would administer their ( respective ) policy . Polk meant what he said to Southerners and meant to appear friendly to the Van Burenite faction . '' Polk 's handling of the matter had the effect of uniting Senate northern Democrats in favor of the dual alternative treaty bill .
Ribosome
In Figure 5 , both ribosomal subunits ( small and large ) assemble at the start codon ( towards the 5 ' end of the RNA ) . The ribosome uses RNA that matches the current codon ( triplet ) on the mRNA to append an amino acid to the polypeptide chain . This is done for each triplet on the RNA , while the ribosome moves towards the 3 ' end of the mRNA . Usually in bacterial cells , several ribosomes are working parallel on a single RNA , forming what is called a polyribosome or polysome .
Gerontocracy
On the other hand , gerontocracy may emerge in an institution not initially known for it , for instance the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith , a 24 - year - old man , who in 1835 constituted the first Quorum of the Twelve Apostles with members ranging in age from 23 to 35 : After the death of Smith , it was established in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) that succession to the church presidency derived from longest tenure in an office held for life , the hierarchy aged markedly , and with the growth of the church the age at which officials were named to the highest bodies continued to rise . Eight church presidents have held office past the age of 90 ( two not succeeding to that office until age 93 ) .