vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Exploration of Mars
The USSR intended to have the first artificial satellite of Mars beating the planned American Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 Mars orbiters . In May 1971 , one day after Mariner 8 malfunctioned at launch and failed to reach orbit , Cosmos 419 ( Mars 1971C ) , a heavy probe of the Soviet Mars program M - 71 , also failed to launch . This spacecraft was designed as an orbiter only , while the next two probes of project M - 71 , Mars 2 and Mars 3 , were multipurpose combinations of an orbiter and a lander with small skis - walking rovers that would be the first planet rovers outside the Moon . They were successfully launched in mid-May 1971 and reached Mars about seven months later . On November 27 , 1971 the lander of Mars 2 crash - landed due to an on - board computer malfunction and became the first man - made object to reach the surface of Mars . On 2 December 1971 , the Mars 3 lander became the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing , but its transmission was interrupted after 14.5 seconds .
Exploration of Mars
NASA 's MAVEN is an orbiter mission to study the upper atmosphere of Mars . It will also serve as a communications relay satellite for robotic landers and rovers on the surface of Mars . MAVEN was launched 18 November 2013 and reached Mars on 22 September 2014 . Mars
Mars
Impact glass , formed by the impact of meteors , which on Earth can preserve signs of life , has been found on the surface of the impact craters on Mars . Likewise , the glass in impact craters on Mars could have preserved signs of life if life existed at the site .
Exploration of Mars
The primary scientific objectives of the lander mission were to search for biosignatures and observe meteorologic , seismic and magnetic properties of Mars . The results of the biological experiments on board the Viking landers remain inconclusive , with a reanalysis of the Viking data published in 2012 suggesting signs of microbial life on Mars .
Exploration of Mars
Starting in 1960 , the Soviets launched a series of probes to Mars including the first intended flybys and hard ( impact ) landing ( Mars 1962B ) . The first successful fly - by of Mars was on 14 -- 15 July 1965 , by NASA 's Mariner 4 . On November 14 , 1971 Mariner 9 became the first space probe to orbit another planet when it entered into orbit around Mars . The amount of data returned by probes increased dramatically as technology improved .
Exploration of Mars
The first to contact the surface were two Soviet probes : Mars 2 lander on November 27 and Mars 3 lander on December 2 , 1971 -- Mars 2 failed during descent and Mars 3 about twenty seconds after the first Martian soft landing . Mars 6 failed during descent but did return some corrupted atmospheric data in 1974 . The 1975 NASA launches of the Viking program consisted of two orbiters , each with a lander that successfully soft landed in 1976 . Viking 1 remained operational for six years , Viking 2 for three . The Viking landers relayed the first color panoramas of Mars .
Mars
In recent decades , the high - resolution mapping of the surface of Mars , culminating in Mars Global Surveyor , revealed no artifacts of habitation by `` intelligent '' life , but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland . Reminiscent of the canali controversy , these speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the spacecraft images , such as ' pyramids ' and the ' Face on Mars ' . Planetary astronomer Carl Sagan wrote :
Exploration of Mars
The Mars Science Laboratory mission was launched on November 26 , 2011 and it delivered the Curiosity rover , on the surface of Mars on August 6 , 2012 UTC . It is larger and more advanced than the Mars Exploration Rovers , with a velocity of up to 90 meters per hour ( 295 feet per hour ) . Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make - up of rocks at a distance of 7 meters .
Exploration of Mars
Mars Pathfinder was a U.S. spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars on July 4 , 1997 . It consisted of a lander and a small 10.6 kilograms ( 23 lb ) wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner , which was the first rover to operate on the surface of Mars . In addition to scientific objectives , the Mars Pathfinder mission was also a `` proof - of - concept '' for various technologies , such as an airbag landing system and automated obstacle avoidance , both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rovers . Mars
Exploration of Mars
Mars 1962A was a Mars fly - by mission , launched on October 24 , 1962 and Mars 1962B an intended first Mars lander mission , launched in late December of the same year ( 1962 ) . Both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans - Mars trajectory . The
Mars
Various phenomena seen from Earth have also been observed from Mars , such as meteors and auroras . The apparent sizes of the moons Phobos and Deimos are sufficiently smaller than that of the Sun ; thus , their partial `` eclipses '' of the Sun are best considered transits ( see transit of Deimos and Phobos from Mars ) . Transits of Mercury and Venus have been observed from Mars . A transit of Earth will be seen from Mars on November 10 , 2084 .
Exploration of Mars
Following the 1993 failure of the Mars Observer orbiter , the NASA Mars Global Surveyor achieved Mars orbit in 1997 . This mission was a complete success , having finished its primary mapping mission in early 2001 . Contact was lost with the probe in November 2006 during its third extended program , spending exactly 10 operational years in space . The NASA Mars Pathfinder , carrying a robotic exploration vehicle Sojourner , landed in the Ares Vallis on Mars in the summer of 1997 , returning many images .
Exploration of Mars
Vesta -- the multiaimed Soviet mission , developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991 -- 1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding , included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them . Mars Aerostat -- Russian / French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission , originally planned for the 1992 launch window , postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled . Mars Together , combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s . To be launched by a Molinya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander . Mars Environmental Survey -- set of 16 landers planned for 1999 -- 2009 Mars - 98 -- Russian mission including an orbiter , lander , and rover , planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failured Mars 96 mission and cancelled due to lack of funding 2000s
Exploration of Mars
The orbiter entered Mars orbit on December 25 , 2003 , and Beagle 2 entered Mars ' atmosphere the same day . However , attempts to contact the lander failed . Communications attempts continued throughout January , but Beagle 2 was declared lost in mid-February , and a joint inquiry was launched by the UK and ESA . The Mars Express Orbiter confirmed the presence of water ice and carbon dioxide ice at the planet 's south pole , while NASA had previously confirmed their presence at the north pole of Mars .
Exploration of Mars
On June 2 , 2003 , the European Space Agency 's Mars Express set off from Baikonur Cosmodrome to Mars . The Mars Express craft consists of the Mars Express Orbiter and the stationary lander Beagle 2 . The lander carried a digging device and the smallest mass spectrometer created to date , as well as a range of other devices , on a robotic arm in order to accurately analyze soil beneath the dusty surface to look for biosignatures and biomolecules .
Exploration of Mars
The Mars Express mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) reached Mars in 2003 . It carried the Beagle 2 lander , which was not heard from after being released and was declared lost in February 2004 . Beagle 2 was located in January 2015 by HiRise camera on NASA 's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) having landed safely but failed to fully deploy its solar panels and antenna . In early 2004 the Mars Express Planetary Fourier Spectrometer team announced the orbiter had detected methane in the Martian atmosphere . ESA announced in June 2006 the discovery of aurorae on Mars .
Call of Duty: World at War
A character can be positioned in one of three stances : standing , crouching , or prone ; each affecting the character 's rate of movement , accuracy , and stealth . Using cover helps the player avoid enemy fire or recover health after taking significant damage , as there are no armor or health powerups . When the character has taken damage , the edges of the screen glow red and the character 's heartbeat increases . If the character stays out of fire , the character can recover . When the character is within the blast radius of a live grenade , a marker indicates the direction of the grenade , helping the player in deciding whether to flee or throw it back at the enemy .
Exploration of Mars
Name Estimated launch Elements Notes ExoMars 2020 Surface platform Meteorological tests , and deployment of rover . Rover Search for the existence of past or present life on Mars . Mars 2020 2020 Rover Astrobiology objectives ; rover is based on the Curiosity rover . Mars Hope 2020 Orbiter Atmospheric studies ; would become the first Arab probe to Mars . Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover 2020 Orbiter , rover Technology demonstration ; science Mars Orbiter Mission 2 2022 Orbiter To be launched launched with a GSLV III . Proposals
Exploration of Mars
NASAs human Mars exploration plans have evolved through the NASA Mars Design Reference Missions , a series of design studies for human exploration of Mars .
Exploration of Mars
Following the success of Global Surveyor and Pathfinder , another spate of failures occurred in 1998 and 1999 , with the Japanese Nozomi orbiter and NASA 's Mars Climate Orbiter , Mars Polar Lander , and Deep Space 2 penetrators all suffering various fatal errors . The Mars Climate Orbiter was noted for mixing up U.S. customary units with metric units , causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars ' atmosphere .
Mars
Mars 's equator is defined by its rotation , but the location of its Prime Meridian was specified , as was Earth 's ( at Greenwich ) , by choice of an arbitrary point ; Mädler and Beer selected a line for their first maps of Mars in 1830 . After the spacecraft Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972 , a small crater ( later called Airy - 0 ) , located in the Sinus Meridiani ( `` Middle Bay '' or `` Meridian Bay '' ) , was chosen for the definition of 0.0 ° longitude to coincide with the original selection .
Mars
Although Mars has no evidence of a structured global magnetic field , observations show that parts of the planet 's crust have been magnetized , suggesting that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have occurred in the past . This paleomagnetism of magnetically susceptible minerals is similar to the alternating bands found on Earth 's ocean floors . One theory , published in 1999 and re-examined in October 2005 ( with the help of the Mars Global Surveyor ) , is that these bands suggest plate tectonic activity on Mars four billion years ago , before the planetary dynamo ceased to function and the planet 's magnetic field faded .
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
After the funeral of his grandmother who was killed in Berlin by an enemy bombing , Ralf tells Bruno and Gretel that Elsa , their mother , suggests that they go to live with a relative because it is not safe there . In truth , Elsa suggests this because she does not want her children living with their murderous father . Shmuel has problems of his own ; his father has gone missing after those with whom he participated in a march did not return to the camp . Bruno decides to redeem himself by helping Shmuel find his father . The next day , Bruno , who is due to leave that afternoon , dons a striped prisoners ' outfit and a cap to cover his unshaven head , and digs under the fence to join Shmuel in the search . Bruno soon discovers the true nature of the camp after seeing the many sick and weak - looking Jews , much to his shock . While searching , the boys are taken on a march with other inmates by Sonderkommandos .
Exploration of Mars
The Finnish - Russian Mars MetNet concept would use multiple small meteorological stations on Mars to establish a widespread observation network to investigate the planet 's atmospheric structure , physics and meteorology . The MetNet precursor or demonstrator was considered for a piggyback launch on Fobos - Grunt , and on the two proposed to fly on the 2016 and 2020 ExoMars spacecraft . The Mars - Grunt is a Russian mission concept to bring a sample of Martian soil to Earth . A ESA - NASA team produced a three - launch architecture concept for a Mars sample return , which uses a rover to cache small samples , a Mars ascent stage to send it into orbit , and an orbiter to rendezvous with it above Mars and take it to Earth . Solar - electric propulsion could allow a one launch sample return instead of three . The Mars Scout Program 's SCIM would involve a probe grazing the upper atmosphere of Mars to collect dust and air for return to Earth . On 10 Nov 2014 , China unveiled a prototype model of a Mars rover based on its lunar rover Yutu at an annual air show at Zhuhai . The CASC also said that a mission including an orbiter , lander and the rover ( 2020 Chinese Mars Mission ) will be sent in 2020 . Japan is working on a mission concept called MELOS rover that would look for biosignatures of extant life on Mars .
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
Bruno and Gretel get a private tutor , Herr Liszt , who pushes an agenda of antisemitism and nationalist propaganda . As a result , Gretel becomes extremely fanatical in her support for the Third Reich , to the point of covering her bedroom wall with Nazi propaganda posters and portraits of Adolf Hitler . Bruno is confused as the Jews he has seen , in particular the family 's Jewish servant Pavel , do not resemble the caricatures in Liszt 's teachings .
Exploration of Mars
In 1969 , and as part of the Mars probe program , the Soviet Union prepared two identical 5 - ton orbiters called M - 69 , dubbed by NASA as Mars 1969A and Mars 1969B . Both probes were lost in launch - related complications with the newly developed Proton rocket . 1970s
Exploration of Mars
Mars Direct , a low - cost human mission proposed by Robert Zubrin , founder of the Mars Society , would use heavy - lift Saturn V class rockets , such as the Ares V , to skip orbital construction , LEO rendezvous , and lunar fuel depots . A modified proposal , called `` Mars to Stay '' , involves not returning the first immigrant explorers immediately , if ever ( see Colonization of Mars ) .
Friedrich Engels
The book created a controversy with much of the press and caused Bruno Bauer to attempt refuting the book in an article published in Wigand 's ( de ) Vierteljahrsschrift in 1845 . Bauer claimed that Marx and Engels misunderstood what he was trying to say . Marx later replied to his response with his own article published in the journal Gesellschaftsspiegel ( de ) in January 1846 . Marx also discussed the argument in chapter 2 of The German Ideology .
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
One day , Bruno disobeys his parents and sneaks off into the woods , eventually arriving at an electric barbed wire fence surrounding a camp . He befriends a boy his own age named Shmuel . The pair 's lack of knowledge on the true nature of the camp is revealed : Bruno thinks that the striped uniforms that Shmuel , Pavel , and the other prisoners wear are pyjamas and Shmuel believes his grandparents died from an illness during their journey to the camp . Bruno starts meeting Shmuel regularly , sneaking him food and playing board games with him . He eventually learns that Shmuel is a Jew and was brought to the camp with his father and mother . Prisoner
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
At the house , Gretel and Elsa discover Bruno 's disappearance . After they discover the open window he went through , Elsa bursts into Ralf 's meeting to alert him that Bruno is missing . Ralf and his men mount a search . Led by a dog tracking Bruno 's scent they find his discarded clothing outside the fence . Elsa and Gretel are following along behind . They enter the camp , looking for him ; Bruno , Shmuel and the other inmates are stopped inside a changing room and are told to remove their clothes for a `` shower '' . They are packed into a gas chamber , where Bruno and Shmuel hold each other 's hands . A Schutzstaffel soldier pours some Zyklon B pellets inside , and the prisoners start panicking , yelling and banging on the metal door . When Ralf realises that a gassing is taking place , he cries out his son 's name , and Elsa and Gretel fall to their knees in despair and mourn Bruno . The film ends by showing the closed door of the now - silent gas chamber , indicating that all prisoners , including Bruno and Shmuel , are dead .
Exploration of Mars
The Viking program launched Viking 1 and 2 spacecraft to Mars in 1975 ; The program consisted of two orbiters and two landers -- these were the first two spacecraft to successfully land and operate on Mars .
Mars, Incorporated
Mars , Incorporated has developed a reputation across its leading markets to be an excellent training ground for managers . In the United Kingdom , for instance , many CEOs of large companies learned their trade at Mars , Inc. , including former Mars executives Allan Leighton , the former appointed CEO of the supermarket chain Asda and then the British postal service Royal Mail , and Justin King , former CEO of the retailer Sainsbury 's . Recently , the company caught on to that and re-branded their employer brand `` Mars -- The Ultimate Business School '' .
Exploration of Mars
The following entails a brief overview of Mars exploration , oriented towards orbiters and flybys ; see also Mars landing and Mars rover . Early
Exploration of Mars
The Soviet probes Phobos 1 and 2 were sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and its two moons , with a focus on Phobos . Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars . Phobos 2 , while successfully photographing Mars and Phobos , failed before it was set to release two landers to the surface of Phobos .
Air Jordan
The `` Jordan Son of Mars '' is an Air Jordan hybrid shoe , that released in the Summer of 2012 . It borrows prominent design elements from the Air Jordan III , IV , V , VI , and XX . It also retains a strap across the shoe laces , that is a custom modification with a design that seems to be elephant print but is instead a series of relevant icons , etc . The Jordan Son Of Mars was birthed from the Spizike , which was originally inspired by all the Jordan shoes made in collaboration with famous urban director Spike Lee . Son of Mars is a sneaker directly influenced by Spike Lee 's longtime involvement with the brand , as the shoe pieces together models in which Spike ( or Mars Blackmon rather ) had a hand in launching .
Mars
Mariner 9 and Viking allowed better maps of Mars to be made using the data from these missions , and another major leap forward was the Mars Global Surveyor mission , launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006 , that allowed complete , extremely detailed maps of the Martian topography , magnetic field and surface minerals to be obtained . These maps are available online ; for example , at Google Mars . Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express continued exploring with new instruments , and supporting lander missions . NASA provides two online tools : Mars Trek , which provides visualizations of the planet using data from 50 years of exploration , and Experience Curiosity , which simulates traveling on Mars in 3 - D with Curiosity .
Mars
On March 18 , 2015 , NASA reported the detection of an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of Mars .
Exploration of Mars
Just a few years later in 1992 Mars Observer , launched by NASA , failed as it approached Mars . Mars 96 , an orbiter launched on November 16 , 1996 by Russia failed , when the planned second burn of the Block D - 2 fourth stage did not occur .
Exploration of Mars
In August 2012 , NASA selected InSight , a $425 million lander mission , with a drill and seismometer to determine the interior structure of Mars . Two flyby CubeSats called MarCO were launched with InSight to provide real - time telemetry during the entry and landing of InSight . The CubeSats separated from the Atlas V booster 1.5 hours after launch and are traveling their own trajectories to Mars . The mission was launched on 5 May 2018 and is expected to reach Mars on 26 November 2018 .
Exploration of Mars
The NASA Dawn spacecraft used the gravity of Mars in 2009 to change direction and velocity on its way to Vesta , and tested out Dawn 's cameras and other instruments on Mars . Fobos
Exploration of Mars
The Mars 1M programs ( sometimes dubbed Marsnik in Western media ) was the first Soviet unmanned spacecraft interplanetary exploration program , which consisted of two flyby probes launched towards Mars in October 1960 , Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B ( also known as Korabl 4 and Korabl 5 respectively ) . After launch , the third stage pumps on both launchers were unable to develop enough pressure to commence ignition , so Earth parking orbit was not achieved . The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry .
Exploration of Mars
Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander -- October 2001 -- Mars lander ( refurbished , became Phoenix lander ) Kitty Hawk -- Mars airplane micromission , proposed for December 17 , 2003 , the centennial of the Wright brothers ' first flight . Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project . NetLander -- 2007 or 2009 -- Mars netlanders Beagle 3 -- 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life , past or present . Mars Telecommunications Orbiter -- September 2009 -- Mars orbiter for telecommunications 2010s
Mars
As Mars approaches opposition , it begins a period of retrograde motion , which means it will appear to move backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars . The duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days , and Mars reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion .
Mars
Ammonia was tentatively detected on Mars by the Mars Express satellite , but with its relatively short lifetime , it is not clear what produced it . Ammonia is not stable in the Martian atmosphere and breaks down after a few hours . One possible source is volcanic activity .
Exploration of Mars
The Mars 2 and 3 orbiters sent back a relatively large volume of data covering the period from December 1971 to March 1972 , although transmissions continued through to August . By 22 August 1972 , after sending back data and a total of 60 pictures , Mars 2 and 3 concluded their missions . The images and data enabled creation of surface relief maps , and gave information on the Martian gravity and magnetic fields .
Exploration of Mars
The NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission with its rover named Curiosity , was launched on November 26 , 2011 , and landed on Mars on August 6 , 2012 on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater . The rover carries instruments designed to look for past or present conditions relevant to the past or present habitability of Mars . MAVEN