vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ottoman–German alliance
On the eve of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire was in ruinous shape . As a result of successive wars fought in this period , territories were lost , the economy was in shambles and people were demoralized and tired . What the Empire needed was time to recover and to carry out reforms ; however , there was no time , because the world was sliding into war and the Ottoman Empire was highly unlikely to manage to remain outside the coming conflict . Since staying neutral and focusing on recovery did not appear to be possible , the Empire had to ally with one or the other camp , because , after the Italo - Turkish War and Balkan Wars , it was completely out of resources . There were not adequate quantities of weaponry and machinery left ; and neither did the Empire have the financial means to purchase new ones . The only option for the Sublime Porte was to establish an alliance with a European power ; and at first it did not really matter which one that would be . As Talat Paşa , the Minister of Interior , wrote in his memoirs : `` Turkey needed to join one of the country groups so that it could organize its domestic administration , strengthen and maintain its commerce and industry , expand its railroads , in short to survive and to preserve its existence . ''
Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
At 11 : 00 PM EDT ( 0300 UTC ) , the National Hurricane Center announced that the center of the remnant low of what was Hurricane Katrina has been completely absorbed by a frontal boundary in southeastern Canada , with no discernible circulation . The remnants of the hurricane caused roads in northern Quebec to be rutted and eroded by heavy rainfall , isolating the north shore communities for several days .
Spanish language
The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language . According to a popular anecdote , when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work , and he answered that language is the instrument of empire . In his introduction to the grammar , dated 18 August 1492 , Nebrija wrote that `` ... language was always the companion of empire . ''
Traditionalist Catholicism
The SSJK opposes the removal of the stations of the cross , the rosary and the monstrance from the liturgy and parishes of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . They also reject the replacement of the UGCC 's liturgical language , Old Church Slavonic , with the vernacular Ukrainian language . In his memoir Persecuted Tradition , Fr . Kovpak also cites numerous examples of the UGCC turning away Orthodox clergy and laity who wish to convert to Eastern Catholicism . In many cases , he alleges , this is because the converts are not ethnically Ukrainian .
History of the Roman Empire
In 386 Maximus and Victor finally received official recognition by Theodosius but not by Valentinian . In 387 , Maximus apparently decided to rid himself of his Italian rival . He crossed the Alps into the valley of the Po and threatened Milan . Valentinian and his mother fled to Thessaloniki from where they sought the support of Theodosius . Theodosius indeed campaigned west in 388 and was victorious against Maximus . Maximus himself was captured and executed in Aquileia on July 28 , 388 . Magister militum Arbogast was sent to Trier with orders to also kill Flavius Victor . Theodosius restored Valentinian to power and through his influence had him converted to Orthodox Catholicism . Theodosius continued supporting Valentinian and protecting him from a variety of usurpations .
Timeline of the Ottoman Empire
The battle is also significant in Ottoman history as being the only time a Sultan has been captured in person . 1402 - 13 Ottoman Interregnum or Ottoman Civil War . This process Bayezid I 1402 at the Battle of Ankara , Turco - Mongol warlord Tamerlane defeated as a result of falling prisoner appeared . Crumbling Ottoman unity , the year in 1413 was restored by Mehmed I . 1413 July 5 Battle of Çamurlu . Mehmed I accession to the throne . 1422 Siege of Constantinople ( 1422 ) . The first comprehensive siege of Constantinople by the Ottomans . 1427 - 28 Germiyanids was conquered by the Ottomans . 1432 March 30 Mehmed the Conqueror 's birth . 1443 - 44 Crusade of Varna . 1444 November 10 Battle of Varna . Morea and Bulgaria were connected to the Ottoman State . This began to increase the authority of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans . 1448 October 17 -- 20 Battle of Kosovo II . Balkans fully entered the Ottoman domination .
History of West Africa
Conversion to Islam was a gradual process . The power of the mansa depended on upholding traditional beliefs and a spiritual foundation of power . Sundiata initially kept Islam at bay . Later mansas were devout Muslims but still acknowledged traditional deities and took part in traditional rituals and festivals , which were important to the Mande . Islam became a court religion under Sundiata 's son Uli I ( 1225 -- 1270 ) . Mansa Uli made a pilgrimage to Mecca , becoming recognised within the Muslim world . The court was staffed with literate Muslims as secretaries and accountants . Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta left vivid descriptions of the empire .
Traditionalist Catholicism
Many traditionalists further believe that errors have crept into the presentation and understanding of Catholic teachings since the time of the Council . They attribute the blame for this to liberal interpretations of the documents produced by the Second Vatican Council , to harmful post-conciliar pastoral decisions , to the text of the conciliar documents themselves , or to some combination of these .
Iowa-class battleship
After the surrender of the Empire of Japan , construction on Illinois and Kentucky stopped . Illinois was eventually scrapped , but Kentucky 's construction had advanced enough that several plans were proposed to complete Kentucky as a guided missile battleship ( BBG ) by removing the aft turret and installing a missile system . A similar conversion had already been performed on the battleship Mississippi ( BB - 41 / AG - 128 ) to test the RIM - 2 Terrier missile after World War II . One such proposal came from Rear Admiral W.K. Mendenhall , Chairman of the Ship ( s ) Characteristics Board ( SCB ) ; Mendehall proposed a plan that called for $15 -- 30 million to be spent to allow Kentucky to be completed as a guided - missile battleship ( BBG ) carrying eight SSM - N - 8 Regulus II guided missiles with a range of 1,000 nautical miles ( 1,900 km ; 1,200 mi ) . He also suggested Terrier or RIM - 8 Talos launchers to supplement the AA guns and proposed nuclear ( instead of conventional ) shells for the 16 - inch guns . This never materialized , and Kentucky was ultimately sold for scrap in 1958 , although her bow was used to repair her sister Wisconsin after a collision on 6 May 1956 , earning her the nickname WisKy .
Maldives
Compared to the other areas of South Asia , the conversion of the Maldives to Islam happened relatively late . Arab Traders had converted populations in the Malabar Coast since the 7th century , and Muhammad Bin Qāsim had converted large swathes of Sindh to Islam at about the same time . The Maldives remained a Buddhist kingdom for another five hundred years after the conversion of Malabar Coast and Sindh -- perhaps as the south - westernmost Buddhist country . Arabic became the prime language of administration ( instead of the Persian and Urdu ) , and the Maliki school of jurisprudence was introduced , both hinting at direct contacts with the core of the Arab world .
Real estate contract
The buyer ( s ) signing the real estate contract are liable ( legally responsible ) for providing the promised consideration for the real estate , which is typically money in the amount of the purchase price . However , the details about the type of ownership may not be specified in the contract . Sometimes , signing buyer ( s ) may direct a lawyer preparing the deed separately what type of ownership to list on the deed and may decide to add a joint owner ( s ) , such as a spouse , to the deed . For example , types of joint ownership ( title ) may include tenancy in common , joint tenancy with right of survivorship , or joint tenancy by the entireties . Another possibility is ownership in trust instead of direct ownership .
Ashoka
Ashoka 's military power was strong , but after his conversion to Buddhism , he maintained friendly relations with three major Tamil kingdoms in the South -- namely , Cheras , Cholas and Pandyas -- the post-Alexandrian empire , Tamraparni , and Suvarnabhumi . His edicts state that he made provisions for medical treatment of humans and animals in his own kingdom as well as in these neighbouring states . He also had wells dug and trees planted along the roads for the benefit of the common people .
Three-phase electric power
Inspection of a phasor diagram , or conversion from phasor notation to complex notation , illuminates how the difference between two line - to - neutral voltages yields a line - to - line voltage that is greater by a factor of 3 . As a delta configuration connects a load across phases of a transformer , it delivers the line - to - line voltage difference , which is 3 times greater than the line - to - neutral voltage delivered to a load in the wye configuration . As the power transferred is V / Z , the impedance in the delta configuration must be 3 times what it would be in a wye configuration for the same power to be transferred .
Sinner's prayer
Evidence presented to advocate baptism being necessary for salvation includes the conversion of Saul of Tarsus ( the Apostle Paul ) . After Christ had told Saul to enter Damascus where Saul would be told what he `` must '' do , Saul was blind for three days and was praying during this time . Ananias arrived , cured Paul of his blindness and baptized Saul .
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
The early Ottoman state 's expansion was fueled by the military activity of frontier warriors ( Turkish : gazi ) , of whom the Ottoman ruler was initially merely primus inter pares . Much of the state 's centralization was carried out in opposition to these frontier warriors , who resented Ottoman efforts to control them . Ultimately , the Ottomans were successfully able to harness the military power of the gazis in order to conquer an empire , while increasingly subordinating those warriors to their will .
The Twelve Spies
God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to conquer the land with its indigenous Canaanite nations . Moses instructed the spies to report back on the agriculture and lay of the land . However , during their tour , the spies saw fortified cities and resident giants , which frightened them and led them to believe that the Israelites would not be able to conquer the land as God had promised . Ten of the spies decided to bring back an unbalanced report , emphasizing the difficulty of the task before them .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
In 1529 , Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called Peru .
Yemen
Realizing how rich the Tahiride realm was , they decided to conquer it . The Mamluk army , with the support of forces loyal to Zaydi Imam Al - Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad - Din , conquered the entire realm of the Tahiride , but failed to capture Aden in 1517 . The Mamluk victory was short - lived . The Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt , hanging the last Mamluk Sultan in Cairo . The Ottomans had not decided to conquer Yemen until 1538 . The Zaydi highland tribes emerged as national heroes by offering a stiff , vigorous resistance to the Turkish occupation .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
The fall of Tenochtitlan usually is referred to as the main episode in the process of the conquest of Mesoamerica . However , this process was much more complex and took longer than the three years that it took Cortés to conquer Tenochtitlan . It took almost 60 years of wars for the Spaniards to suppress the resistance of the Indian population of Mesoamerica .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Cortés learned of an indigenous settlement called Cempoala and marched his forces there . On their arrival in Cempoala , they were greeted by 20 dignitaries and cheering townsfolk . Cortés quickly persuaded the Totonac chiefs to rebel against the Aztecs , taking prisoner five of Moctezuma 's tax collectors . The Totonacs also helped Cortés build the town of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz , which was the starting point for his attempt to conquer the Aztec Empire .
Siege
The castles that in earlier years had been formidable obstacles were easily breached by the new weapons . For example , in Spain , the newly equipped army of Ferdinand and Isabella was able to conquer Moorish strongholds in Granada in 1482 -- 92 that had held out for centuries before the invention of cannons .
Yemen
The Ayyubids failed to capture the Zaydis stronghold in northern Yemen . In 1191 , Zaydis of Shibam Kawkaban rebelled and killed 700 Ayyubid soldiers . Imam Abdullah bin Hamza proclaimed the imamate in 1197 and fought al - Mu'izz Ismail , the Ayyubid Sultan of Yemen . Imam Abdullah was defeated at first , but was able to conquer Sana'a and Dhamar in 1198 al - Mu'izz Ismail was assassinated in 1202 .
Balkan Wars
Throughout the 19th century , the Great Powers shared different aims over the `` Eastern Question '' and the integrity of the Ottoman Empire . Russia wanted access to the `` warm waters '' of the Mediterranean from the Black Sea ; it pursued a pan-Slavic foreign policy and therefore supported Bulgaria and Serbia . Britain wished to deny Russia access to the `` warm waters '' and supported the integrity of the Ottoman Empire , although it also supported a limited expansion of Greece as a backup plan in case integrity of the Empire was no longer possible . France wished to strengthen its position in the region , especially in the Levant ( today 's Lebanon , Syria , the Palestinian territories and Israel ) .
Silk Road
Under its strong integrating dynamics on the one hand and the impacts of change it transmitted on the other , tribal societies previously living in isolation along the Silk Road , and pastoralists who were of barbarian cultural development , were drawn to the riches and opportunities of the civilisations connected by the routes , taking on the trades of marauders or mercenaries . Many barbarian tribes became skilled warriors able to conquer rich cities and fertile lands and to forge strong military empires . Map
Incandescent light bulb
In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp , historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison . They conclude that Edison 's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors : an effective incandescent material , a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve ( by use of the Sprengel pump ) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable .
Mali Empire
Following this period , a period of weak emperors , conflicts and disunity began in Mali . Ibn Khaldun died in 1406 , and following his death , there was no continuous record of events in the Mali Empire . It is known from the Tarikh al - Sudan that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century . The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples of the Gambia were still subject to the mansa of Mali . Upon Leo Africanus 's visit at the beginning of the 16th century , his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size . However , from 1507 , neighbouring states such as Diara , Great Fulo and the Songhay Empire were eroding the extreme territories of Mali . In 1542 the Songhay invaded the capital city of Niani , but were unsuccessful in conquering the empire . During the 17th century , the Mali empire faced incursions from the Bamana Empire . After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana , in 1670 Bamana sacked and burned Niani , and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist , being replaced by independent chiefdoms . The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba , where they became provincial chiefs .
Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might
He roamed the universe under the planet trade organization , but went defunct after discovering the Tree of Might seeds , which are capable of taking away the planets energy to supply power to the fruit it grows , able to enhance one 's own strength exponentially . He quickly assembled the Turles Crusher Corps , a band of rebels who had terrorized several planets before , and began to conquer planets for himself before along with his squad of henchmen , make their way toward Earth to check up on the Saiyan , Kakarot ( Goku ) .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
On April 7 , 1967 , Syria executed terrorist attacks on Israel . The attacks were directed at an Israeli tractor working land in the demilitarized area on the Syrian -- Israeli border . Syria and Israel exchanged fire all day . At the end of the battle , Israel had shot down seven Soviet - made Syrian aircraft . This was the first air battle between the two nations . The USSR supported Syrian attacks and blamed the violent acts on Israel . Syria did not hesitate to act because it believed that the other Arab states would support it and Israel was not capable of defeating it . In the UAR , the USSR motivated Nasser to have the UN forces leave Sinai and Gaza Strip and to blockade the Straits of Tiran . Like Nasser , the USSR did n't believe that Israel would start a war on its own . Even if Israel did attack , it was unlikely that Israel would be capable of defeating the Arab states . Syria believed that , with the help of the UAR , it could beat Israel . On May 11 , the USSR warned the UAR that Israel troops were gathering on the border with Syria and that an invasion was planned for May 18 to May 22 . At this time , the USSR also began to publish accusations against Israel in order to cement the defensive unity of the UAR and Syria .
Book of Numbers
The Israelites then set out to conquer the land , but almost immediately they refuse to enter it , and Yahweh condemns the whole generation who left Egypt to die in the wilderness . The message is clear : failure was not due to any fault in the preparation , because Yahweh had foreseen everything , but to Israel 's sin of unfaithfulness . In the final section , the Israelites of the new generation follow Yahweh 's instructions as given through Moses and are successful in all they attempt . The last five chapters are exclusively concerned with land : instructions for the extermination of the Canaanites , the demarcation of the boundaries of the land , how the land is to be divided , holy cities for the Levites and `` cities of refuge '' , the problem of pollution of the land by blood , and regulations for inheritance when a male heir is lacking .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union 's foreign policy in the Middle East was contradictory . While the USSR first supported Israel , this relationship soon disintegrated as the Soviet Union felt threatened by Israel 's need for security from the United States . The USSR turned to other Arab states in order to gain influence in the Arab world and to eliminate Western influence . The USSR viewed the Arab states as more important than Israel because they could help the USSR achieve its goal of spreading Communist influence . The USSR chose to support Egypt and Syria with arms in order to demonstrate its domination . The Soviet Union manipulated the Arab states against Israel in order to increase their dependence on the Soviet Union and to discourage Western powers from assisting Israel . The USSR hoped to be the only superpower influence in the Middle East .
Israel
The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively . The name `` Israel '' ( Standard Yisraʾel , Isrāʾīl ; Septuagint Greek : Ἰσραήλ Israēl ; ' El ( God ) persists / rules ' , though after Hosea 12 : 4 often interpreted as `` struggle with God '' ) in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who , according to the Hebrew Bible , was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord . Jacob 's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites , also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel . Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations , lasting 430 years , until Moses , a great - great grandson of Jacob , led the Israelites back into Canaan during the `` Exodus '' . The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word `` Israel '' as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt ( dated to the late 13th century BCE ) .
Israel
In 1992 , Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel 's neighbors . The following year , Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel , and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO , signed the Oslo Accords , which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . The PLO also recognized Israel 's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism . In 1994 , the Israel -- Jordan peace treaty was signed , making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel . Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints , and the deterioration of economic conditions . Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks . In November 1995 , while leaving a peace rally , Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir , a far - right - wing Jew who opposed the Accords . The
Israel
Meanwhile , Begin 's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank , increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area . The Basic Law : Jerusalem , Capital of Israel , passed in 1980 , was believed by some to reaffirm Israel 's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree , and reignited international controversy over the status of the city . No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein . The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank , and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem , are illegal and have no validity . In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights , although annexation was not recognized internationally . Israel 's population diversity expanded in the 1980s and 1990s . Several waves of Ethiopian Jews immigrated to Israel since the 1980s , while between 1990 and 1994 , immigration from the post-Soviet states increased Israel 's population by twelve percent .
Mali Empire
In the early 15th century , Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas . One of these was Dioma , an area south of Niani populated by Fula Wassoulounké . Two noble brothers from Niani , of unknown lineage , went to Dioma with an army and drove out the Fula Wassoulounké . The oldest brother , Sérébandjougou Keita , was crowned Mansa Foamed or Mansa Musa Keita III . His reign saw the first in a string of many great losses to Mali . In 1430 , the Tuareg seized Timbuktu . Three years later , Oualata also fell into their hands . Ouali