vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fingerprint
Human fingerprints are detailed , nearly unique , difficult to alter , and durable over the life of an individual , making them suitable as long - term markers of human identity . They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity , or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves , as in the aftermath of a natural disaster . Fingerprint analysis , in use since the early 20th century , has led to many crimes being solved . This means that many criminals consider gloves essential . In 2015 , the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
Research generally supports the belief that language comprehension in the bilingual brain is malleable . Listening to stories in L1 and L2 results in largely dissimilar patterns of neural activity in low proficiency bilinguals -- regardless of age of acquisition . Some researchers propose that the amount to which one masters L2 is accountable for the measured differences between groups of early and late learners . Specifically , in terms of auditory language comprehension for proficient bilinguals who have acquired L2 after ten years of age ( late learners ) , the activated neural areas are similar for both languages . However , as already noted , there are fewer individuals becoming highly proficient at later ages of acquisition .
Flag of the United States
Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912 , there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton , although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs . Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns , rectangular and circular .
Gun laws in California
Residents of California purchasing long guns in other states are subject to the same requirements as for purchasing firearms in - state , if the buyer returns to California with the weapons in possession . For example , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada would be required to go through a registered FFL in Nevada to have the weapon shipped to an FFL in California , who would then complete the DROS and administer the 10 - day waiting period . However , a California resident would not be subject to California law for long guns purchased out - of - state and are never brought into California . In other words , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada , for example , and stores the weapon at the home of a family member or friend in Nevada , would not be violating California law , as long the weapon never enters the state . Such would also be the case for a California resident purchasing a California - defined assault weapon in another state where such weapons are legal , and the weapon is never brought into California ; no violation of California law will have occurred . The California Department of Justice has been known to conduct sting operations by sending undercover agents to gun stores and gun shows in neighboring states to observe California residents purchasing firearms at such venues , and then tracking buyers back into California , where they are then arrested and prosecuted . The differences in gun laws and gun control philosophy between California and neighboring states has been a source of heated arguments between political figures in California who mostly support strict limitations on gun ownership and usage , and politicians in Arizona and Nevada who mostly favor individual gun rights .
History of Antarctica
In 1991 a convention among member nations of the Antarctic Treaty on how to regulate mining and drilling was proposed . Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke and French Prime Minister Michel Rocard led a response to this convention that resulted in the adoption of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty , now known as the Madrid Protocol . All mineral extraction was banned for 50 years and the Antarctic was set aside as a `` natural reserve , devoted to peace and science '' .
Flag of Puerto Rico
Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City . Marín has since been credited by some with the flag 's design . There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin . The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following :
Cluedo
Parker Brothers and Waddingtons each produced their own unique editions between 1949 and 1992 . Hasbro purchased both companies in the early 1990s and continued to produce unique editions for each market until 2002 / 2003 when the current edition of Clue / Cluedo was first released . At this time , Hasbro produced a unified product across markets . The game was then localized with regional differences in spelling and naming conventions .
Society of the United States
There are four major regional dialects in the United States : northeastern , south , inland north , and midwestern . The Midwestern accent ( considered the `` standard accent '' in the United States , and analogous in some respects to the received pronunciation elsewhere in the English - speaking world ) extends from what were once the `` Middle Colonies '' across the Midwest to the Pacific states .
Aihole
Gary Tartakov links the temples at Aihole to 2nd century CE style and arts found in the Ajanta Caves , adding that while the Ajanta and Aihole monuments share some organizational features , there are distinct differences that suggest a `` leap in time '' and parallel developments in cave - based Ajanta and Aihole stone temple designs .
Economy of Scotland
According to Eurostat figures ( 2013 ) there are huge regional disparities in the UK with GDP per capita ranging from € 15,000 in West Wales to € 179,800 in Inner - London West . The average GDP per capita in the South East England region ( excludes London ) is € 34,200 with no local government area showing a GDP per capita of less than € 20,000 . Equally , there are 21 areas in the rest of the UK where the GDP per person is under € 20,000 : 4.5 million ( 8.5 % of English ) live in these deprived English districts .
Bachelor's degree
Polytechnical schools ( polytechnics ) in Nigeria are not considered universities . They are mandated to educate technicians of high calibre ; they offer the OND ( ordinary national diploma ) and the HND ( higher national diploma ) . The polytechnics focus very strongly on practical technical training . The B.Sc. and HND are compared in engineering circles but there are significant differences in training philosophies .
Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic
There are reports that , in 1936 , a ham radio operator named Gordon Cosgrave claimed to be receiving long delayed echo SOS messages from the Carpathia and Titanic 24 years after their transmission .
List of Game of Thrones characters
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Stress (linguistics)
There are various ways in which stress manifests itself in the speech stream , and these depend to some extent on which language is being spoken . Stressed syllables are often louder than non-stressed syllables , and may have a higher or lower pitch . They may also sometimes be pronounced longer . There are sometimes differences in place or manner of articulation -- in particular , vowels in unstressed syllables may have a more central ( or `` neutral '' ) articulation , while those in stressed syllables have a more peripheral articulation . Stress may be realized to varying degrees on different words in a sentence ; sometimes the difference between the acoustic signals of stressed and unstressed syllables are minimal .
List of smoking bans in the United States
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Mercury in fish
Economically , there does not seem to be a difference in mercury exposure based on socioeconomic bracket and the ability to buy fish from the market . One study shows `` no significant differences in mercury levels in tuna , bluefish , and flounder as a function of type of store or economic neighborhood '' . By
Labor history of the United States
The AFL was growing rapidly , from 2.1 million members in 1933 to 3.4 million in 1936 . But it was experiencing severe internal stresses regarding how to organize new members . Traditionally , the AFL organized unions by craft rather than industry , where electricians or stationary engineers would form their own skill - oriented unions , rather than join a large automobile - making union . Most AFL leaders , including president William Green , were reluctant to shift from the organization 's longstanding craft unionism and started to clash with other leaders within the organization , such as John L. Lewis .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
In 1965 , the then Federation of British Industry informed the British Government that its members favoured the adoption of the metric system . The Board of Trade , on behalf of the Government , agreed to support a ten - year metrication programme There would be minimal legislation as the programme was to be voluntary and costs were to be borne where they fell .
Adolescence
A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy . This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy , finding , for instance , that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent . It is , therefore , clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy , and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents . In sub-Saharan African youth , the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development . Rather , African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent .
Clay
Although many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay , clays are distinguished from other fine - grained soils by differences in size and mineralogy . Silts , which are fine - grained soils that do not include clay minerals , tend to have larger particle sizes than clays . There is , however , some overlap in particle size and other physical properties . The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline . Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 μm ( clays being finer than silts ) , sedimentologists often use 4 -- 5 μm , and colloid chemists use 1 μm . Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil , as measured by the soils ' Atterberg limits . ISO 14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger .
Bangladesh–India relations
Bangladesh Cabinet has approved a revised trade deal with India under which the two nations would be able to use each other 's land and water routes for sending goods to a third country , removing a long - standing barrier in regional trade . Under the deal India would also be able to send goods to Myanmar through Bangladesh . It incorporated a provision that the deal would be renewed automatically after five years if either of the countries did not have any objection .
International Financial Reporting Standards
The AASB continues to mirror changes made by the IASB as local pronouncements . In addition , over recent years , the AASB has issued so - called ' Amending Standards ' to reverse some of the initial changes made to the IFRS text for local terminology differences , to reinstate options and eliminate some Australian - specific disclosure . There are some calls for Australia to simply adopt IFRS without ' Australianising ' them and this has resulted in the AASB itself looking at alternative ways of adopting IFRS in Australia .
Caesarean section
General anesthesia may be necessary because of specific risks to mother or child . Patients with heavy , uncontrolled bleeding may not tolerate the hemodynamic effects of regional anesthesia . General anesthesia is also preferred in very urgent cases , such as severe fetal distress , when there is no time to perform a regional anesthesia .
Working memory
Anders Ericsson and Walter Kintsch have introduced the notion of `` long - term working memory '' , which they define as a set of `` retrieval structures '' in long - term memory that enable seamless access to the information relevant for everyday tasks . In this way , parts of long - term memory effectively function as working memory . In a similar vein , Cowan does not regard working memory as a separate system from long - term memory . Representations in working memory are a subset of representations in long - term memory . Working memory is organized into two embedded levels . The first consists of long - term memory representations that are activated . There can be many of these -- there is theoretically no limit to the activation of representations in long - term memory . The second level is called the focus of attention . The focus is regarded as having a limited capacity and holds up to four of the activated representations .
Book of Enoch
The relation between 1 Enoch and the Essenes was noted even before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls . While there is consensus to consider the sections of the Book of Enoch found in Qumran as texts used by the Essenes , the same is not so clear for the Enochic texts not found in Qumran ( mainly the Book of Parables ) : it was proposed to consider these parts as expression of the mainstream , but not - Qumranic , essenic movement . The main peculiar aspects of the not - Qumranic units of 1 Enoch are the following :
Great Barrier Reef
There are two steps to this process . The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five ( currently ) different marine regions . The second step is to identify marine reserves ( protected areas or marine parks ) to be added to Australia 's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas . Like protected areas on land , marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come . Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called `` Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas '' , also known as just `` the Guidelines '' . These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the `` Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters '' . These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data .
HTML
To understand the subtle differences between HTML and XHTML , consider the transformation of a valid and well - formed XHTML 1.0 document that adheres to Appendix C ( see below ) into a valid HTML 4.01 document . To make this translation requires the following steps :
Incredibles 2
One advantage that Pixar had with Incredibles 2 was the advancement of technology the company had seen since the original film and a team of much more experienced animators . Producer John Walker said , `` I think that one of the things that excited Brad and Ralph Eggleston , the production designer , was the fact that the technology existed now to finally realize the designs in the way that they had hoped to realize them in 2004 . There were no notions of , ' Well , we do n't know how to do long hair , we do n't know how to do humans , we do n't know how to do muscles . ' Everybody knows how to do it . It 's just now about doing it quickly . '' Because Pixar no longer used the same systems from the first movie , all the characters had to be created from scratch on the computer again . The studio also used physically - based human eye models for the characters for the first time , even if the eyes are larger and more stylized than in real humans .
Charles Dickens
Dickens was eventually sent to the Wellington House Academy in Camden Town , where he remained until March 1827 , having spent about two years there . He did not consider it to be a good school : `` Much of the haphazard , desultory teaching , poor discipline punctuated by the headmaster 's sadistic brutality , the seedy ushers and general run - down atmosphere , are embodied in Mr. Creakle 's Establishment in David Copperfield . ''
Big Five personality traits
There are debates between researchers of temperament and researchers of personality as to whether or not biologically - based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality . The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals ( such as animals or young infants ) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio - cultural concept . For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality . Some researchers argue that temperaments and personality traits are age - specific manifestations of virtually the same latent qualities . Some believe that early childhood temperaments may become adolescent and adult personality traits as individuals ' basic genetic characteristics actively , reactively , and passively interact with their changing environments .
Spanish language
Judaeo - Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim ( immigrants to Israel ) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren . However , it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities , especially in music . In the case of the Latin American communities , the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian .
Zihuatanejo
To the south of Zihuatanejo Bay , there are a number of beaches and a lagoon on the way to the regional airport . Playa Larga ( Long Beach ) , Playa Blanca ( White Beach ) and Las Pozas ( The Wells ) are parts of the same long stretch of white sand that runs from Zihuatanejo Bay , past the airport and down to Barra de Potosí . Total length of these beaches in about fifteen kilometers ( 9.3 mi ) . Swimming is strongly not encouraged off any of these beaches as they face open ocean and have heavy undertows riptides and current . Behind the beaches are coconut groves , small huts and mango trees . Cacti grow on the hillsides , sometimes down to the beach itself . Actitivies that are recommended for this area include whale watching from December to February and dolphin watching all year round , both of which can be done from the beach . There is horseback riding on the beaches and into the adjoining hills . The beach is dotted with open - air restaurants with roofs thatched with palm fronds , tree branches and flower . Volleyball net and soccer posts are set up in front of many of the restaurants as well .
Demographics of Mexico
Intense population growth in the Northern states , especially in the US - Mexican border , changed the country 's demographic profile in the second half of the 20th century , as the 1967 US - Mexico maquiladora agreement through which all products manufactured in the border cities could be imported duty - free to the US . Since the adoption of NAFTA in 1994 , however , which allows all products to be imported duty free regardless of their origin within Mexico , non-border maquiladora share of exports has increased while that of border cities has decreased , allowing for the growth of middle - size cities in different regions in Mexico . This has also led to decentralization and growth of other metropolitan areas that conform regional centers of economic growth , like Monterrey , Guadalajara , Puebla , San Luis Potosí , León and Torreón .
List of multilingual countries and regions
India : There are 23 official languages in the states and territories of India ( Including Hindi and English , the languages with official use in the whole federation ) . The largest , Hindi , is spoken natively by 40 % of the population . English is also widely used , although mainly in urban parts of the country . A large number of students with a high - school education would generally be bilingual -- speaking their own native language , in addition to English , with varying fluency , possibly Hindi as well , the languages being compulsorily ( in select states ) taught in most schools and colleges . see Languages of India Pakistan . The national language is Urdu ; English was allowed to be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu There are many regional languages and dialects ( the latter are often unintelligible from other dialects of the `` same language '' ) . Many high - school and college educated Pakistanis are trilingual , being able to speak English and Urdu as well as their own regional language with varying fluency . Sri Lanka . Sinhala and Tamil are official languages . English is referred to as the link language in the constitution .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
A hung parliament may also lead to the formation of a coalition government in which two or more parties negotiate a joint programme to command a majority in the Commons . Coalitions have also been formed during times of national crisis such as war . Under such circumstances , the parties agree to temporarily set aside their political differences and to unite to face the national crisis . Coalitions are rare : since 1721 , there have been fewer than a dozen .
Tariff
So if trade were not balanced in itself and if there were no adjustment mechanism , there would be no reason to achieve a comparative advantage . However , trade imbalances are the norm and balanced trade is in practice only an exception . In addition , financial crises such as the Asian crisis of the 1990s show that balance of payments imbalances are rarely benign and do not self - regulate . There is no adjustment mechanism in practice . Comparative advantages do not turn into price differences and therefore can not explain international trade flows .
Eukaryotic DNA replication
There are several histone chaperones that are known to be involved in nucleosome assembly after replication . The FACT complex has been found to interact with DNA polymerase α - primase complex , and the subunits of the FACT complex interacted genetically with replication factors . The FACT complex is a heterodimer that does not hydrolyze ATP , but is able to facilitate `` loosening '' of histones in nucleosomes , but how the FACT complex is able to relieve the tight association of histones for DNA removal remains unanswered .