vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Origin of language
Grammaticalization theorists picture early language as simple , perhaps consisting only of nouns . Even under that extreme theoretical assumption , however , it is difficult to imagine what would realistically have prevented people from using , say , ' spear ' as if it were a verb ( ' Spear that pig ! ' ) . Irrespective of the niceties of grammar as professional linguists understand it , people in real life would surely have used their nouns as verbs or their verbs as nouns as occasion demanded . In short , while a noun - only language might seem theoretically possible , grammaticalization theory indicates that it can not have remained fixed in that state for any length of time .
History of United States prison systems
Reflecting changing criminal dockets in the Southern courts , about half of prisoners in the lease system served sentences for property crime . Rehabilitation played no real role in the system . Whatever onus for reform there was fell on the shoulders of chaplains , Edward L. Ayers relates . As Warden J.H. Bankhead of the Alabama penitentiary observed in the 1870s : `` ( O ) ur system is a better training school for criminals than any of the dens of iniquity that exist in our large cities ... You may as well expect to instill decent habits into a hog as to reform a criminal whose habits and surroundings are as filthy as a pig 's . ''
Caesarean section
Caesarean section usually resulted in the death of the mother . In an account from the 1580s , in Siegershausen , Switzerland , Jakob Nufer a pig gelder , is supposed to have performed the operation on his wife after a prolonged labour . However , there is also some basis for supposing that Jewish women regularly survived the operation in Roman times . For most of the time since the 16th century , the procedure had a high mortality rate . However , it was long considered an extreme measure , performed only when the mother was already dead or considered to be beyond help . In Great Britain and Ireland , the mortality rate in 1865 was 85 % . Key steps in reducing mortality were :
Griot
Ba Cissoko ( Guinea ) Djeli Moussa Diawara or Jali Musa Jawara ( Guinea ) Mory Kante N'Faly Kouyate ( Guinea )
Zootopia
Shakira as Gazelle , a Thomson 's gazelle who is a famous pop star . Shakira also voices Gazelle in the Spanish dub . Raymond S. Persi as Flash , the `` fastest '' three - toed sloth in the DMV ( short for Department of Mammal Vehicles ) . Persi also voices Officer Higgins , a hippopotamus who is an elite member of the Zootopia Police Department 's 1st Precinct . Maurice LaMarche as Mr. Big , an Arctic shrew who is the most fearsome crime boss in Tundratown and is served by a group of polar bears . Phil Johnston as Gideon Grey , a red fox from Bunnyburrow who used to bully the young rabbits and sheep when he was young . As an adult , he has made amends with those he picked on and became a much - respected baker . Johnston also voices an angry offscreen character who states that his taxes pay Judy 's salary upon being given a parking ticket by her . Fuschia ! as Major Friedkin , a polar bear who works at the Zootopia Police Academy as drill instructor . John DiMaggio as Jerry Jumbeaux Jr. , an ill - tempered African elephant who owns an ice cream parlor called Jumbeaux 's Café which is frequented by elephants and other larger mammals . DiMaggio also voices Woolter and Jesse ( a pun on the show Breaking Bad 's main protagonists ) , two tough rams who are Doug 's assistants ; a moose that gets a parking ticket from Judy ; and the pig reporter who asks Judy `` Why ? Why is this happening ? '' Katie Lowes as Dr. Madge Honey Badger , a honey badger who helps Mayor Lionheart find the source of the `` savaged animals '' . Gita Reddy as Nangi , an Indian elephant who works as a yoga instructor at Mystic Springs Oasis . Jesse Corti as Manchas , a black jaguar from Zootopia 's Rainforest District who is a chauffeur for Zootopia 's biggest limo company and is the personal chauffeur to Mr. Big . Tom Lister Jr. as Finnick , a fennec fox who is Nick 's partner in crime .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
Colonists near the shores in New England often dined on fish , crustaceans and other sea animals . Colonists ate large quantities of turtle , a delicacy also exportable to Europe . Cod was enjoyed in both fresh and salted form , salted cod being suitable for long - term storage . Lobsters proliferated in the waters as well , and were commonplace in the New England diet . Some complained about dining on lobster and codfish too often and they were even used as pig fodder . The highest quality cod was usually dried and salted , however , and exported to the Mediterranean in exchange for fruits not grown in American colonies . Grown
Algiers Motel incident
The 12th Street Riot began in the early morning hours of Sunday , July 23 , 1967 . The Detroit police department at the time was 93 % white , of whom 45 % working in black neighborhoods were considered to be `` extremely anti-Negro '' and an additional 34 % were `` prejudiced '' . The riot began after police raided a black - owned business that hosted a `` blind pig '' or illegal bar , during a party to celebrate the safe return of two black Vietnam War veterans . Police had expected a small number of patrons ; however , there were 85 or more patrons inside . As the dozens of patrons at the party were being loaded into police vans , a mob of people formed around the vans . One of the sons of the blind pig 's owner jumped on the roof of a car and threw a bottle at the police , thus starting the riot , and the mob began throwing rocks and bottles at the police . Numerous businesses were looted or burnt down as the riot spread to other districts of Detroit . At first , police officers were ordered to hold back from responding to the rioting , to prevent an escalation in violence . A curfew was imposed and many people in Detroit stayed home or took shelter . Firefighters were held back from the fires by looters throwing objects at them or by snipers . National Guardsmen were activated by the Michigan government and were patrolling the streets and guarding several large businesses . State Troopers and US Army personnel would also be activated to quell the rioting .
Why Don't We
The band has currently been working with YouTube vlogger and friend , Logan Paul . Logan has currently directed three music videos for Why Do n't We , one involving their collaboration `` Help Me Help You . '' The band has made various appearances on Logan Paul 's daily vlogs . They have also helped Logan Paul on a diss track about Jake Paul called `` The Fall of Jake Paul '' . On November 23 , 2017 , they released a holiday EP called A Why Do n't We Christmas .
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film)
While fighting , Darcy stabs Wickham 's chest , revealing him to have been undead all along , staying civilized by consuming pig brains . Elizabeth saves Darcy from being killed by Wickham . As the two ride across the bridge , the army destroys it to keep the zombies from crossing over from London . Darcy is injured in the explosion and Elizabeth tearfully admits her love for him . After Darcy recovers , he proposes to Elizabeth again and this time , she agrees . The two have a joint wedding with Bingley and Jane . In a mid-credits scene , Wickham leads a horde of zombies toward the wedding celebration with the Four Horsemen of the Zombie Apocalypse riding behind him .
Romance languages
The plural of masculine nouns in these dialects ends in - os , which does not trigger metaphony , unlike in the singular ( vs. Italian plural - i , which does trigger metaphony ) . Sardinian has allophonic raising of mid vowels / ɛ ɔ / to ( eo ) before final / i / or / u / . This has been phonemicized in the Campidanese dialect as a result of the raising of final / eo / to / iu / . Raising of / ɔ / to / o / occurs sporadically in Portuguese in the masculine singular , e.g. porco / ˈporku / `` pig '' vs. porcos / ˈpɔrkus / `` pig '' . It is thought that Galician - Portuguese at one point had singular / u / vs. plural / os / , exactly as in modern Astur - Leonese . In all of the Western Romance languages , final / i / ( primarily occurring in the first - person singular of the preterite ) raised mid-high / eo / to / iu / , e.g. Portuguese fiz `` I did '' ( < * fidzi < * fedzi < Latin fēcī ) vs. fez `` he did '' ( < * fedze < Latin fēcit ) . Old Spanish similarly had fize `` I did '' vs. fezo `` he did '' ( - o by analogy with amó `` he loved '' ) , but subsequently generalized stressed / i / , producing modern hice `` I did '' vs. hizo `` he did '' . The same thing happened prehistorically in Old French , yielding fis `` I did '' , fist `` he did '' ( < * feist < Latin fēcit ) . Diphthongization
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Plumpton Friday 8 August Plumpton Saturday 9 August Afternoon Plumpton Saturday 9 August Evening Plumpton Sunday 10 August Afternoon Plumpton Sunday 10 August Evening Pink Floyd Soft Machine East of Eden Blossom Toes Keith Tippett Jazz Group Junior 's Eyes The Village Bonzo Dog Band Roy Harper The Strawbs Breakthru ' Jigsaw Peter Hammill The Who Chicken Shack Fat Mattress John Surman Aynsley Dunbar Yes The Spirit of John Morgan King Crimson Idle Race The Groundhogs Dry Ice The Wallace Collection Pentangle Long John Baldry Ron Geesin Jo - Ann Kelly Magna Carta Noel Murphy The Nice The Family London Cast of ' Hair ' Chris Barber Keef Hartley Eclection Blodwyn Pig Circus Hard Meat Steamhammer Babylon Cuby 's Blues Band
List of The League of Gentlemen characters
Edward and Tulip `` Tubbs '' Tattsyrup , played by Reece Shearsmith and Steve Pemberton respectively , are a married couple ( as well as brother and sister ) who are the proprietors of Royston Vasey 's local shop ( which they inherited from their mother and has apparently been in the Tattsyrup family for generations ) , located on the top of a hill some distance away from the town . Both have distinctly pig noses ( in live shows , the actors simply hold their noses up with tape ) . Despite being complete outsiders to most of the other action in the show , they have become , arguably , the most popular and identifiable characters .
Angela Montenegro
After Brennan 's intern , Wendell Bray , gives Angela $45 to help save a baby pig , the two kiss and begin a relationship . Their relationship continued throughout part of Season 5 . After they had been dating for a few months , Angela took a pregnancy test which came up positive . This test is later revealed , by a second test that Dr. Saroyan had run , to be a false positive . When Wendell found out , he told her that he would have supported her in her choices because it was his duty . This caused Angela to realize that while Wendell is a good guy , he was not `` ( her ) guy '' and subsequently ended their relationship . The break - up was mutual and amicable .
Bessemer process
This process was refined in the 18th century with the introduction of Benjamin Huntsman 's crucible steel - making techniques , which added an additional three hours firing time and required additional large quantities of coke . In making crucible steel , the blister steel bars were broken into pieces and melted in small crucibles , each containing 20 kg or so . This produced higher quality crucible steel but increased the cost . The Bessemer process reduced the time needed to make steel of this quality to about half an hour while requiring only the coke needed initially to melt the pig iron . The earliest Bessemer converters produced steel for £ 7 a long ton , although it initially sold for around £ 40 a ton .
Lord of the Flies (1990 film)
Meanwhile , Simon finds the pig 's head on the stick . He then uses a glow stick to explore the cave and discovers the corpse of Capt . Benson . Simon realizes Capt . Benson was what the boys thought was the monster and runs to the beach in an attempt to alert the boys of his discovery , but his waving of the glow stick frightens the other boys , who mistake him for the monster and stab him to death with their spears . The following morning , Ralph blames himself and Piggy for not stopping the hunters from killing Simon . Meanwhile , Jack tells his gang that the `` monster '' can come in any different form .
List of Disney animated universe characters
Character Original voice actor Animated debut Oaken Chris Williams Frozen The Octopus Frank Welker Return to Never Land Olaf Josh Gad Frozen Oliver Joey Lawrence Oliver & Company Olivia Flaversham Susanne Pollatschek Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective Ollie the Pig Charlie Dell Home on the Range Onus Corey Burton Treasure Planet Orange Bird June Foray Foods and Fun : A Nutrition Adventure Orddu Eda Reiss Merin Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron Orgoch Billie Hayes Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron Orville Jim Jordan Rescuers ! The Rescuers Orwen Adele Malis - Morey Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Frank Welker Trolley Troubles Otto J. Pat O'Malley Robin Hood Owl Hal Smith Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
GEICO advertising campaigns
( Cuts to a pig named Maxwell riding in the back seat of an SUV holding pinwheels , yelling `` wee wee wee '' out the window , before being dropped off at his house by his friend 's exasperated mother . ) ( See section Maxwell the Pig ) Does it take two to tango ? : ( Cuts to a man and woman dancing the tango while another man tries to dance with them . ) What , do you live under a rock ? : ( Cuts to a man living underground who moves a rock so he can raise his head above ground to see outside , and then gets excited when he sees a GEICO billboard and invites his friend Rick to move his own rock and take a peek . ) Does the buck stop here ? ; ( The camera zooms out as a deer walks onto the soundstage and stops next to McGlone , who then shrugs his shoulders . ) Do dogs chase cats ? : ( Cuts to a dog and cat engaged in a Bullitt - style car chase . ) Would Foghorn Leghorn make a really bad book narrator ? : ( Cuts to a recording studio where Foghorn is reading A Tale of Two Cities -- his ad - libbing and talking over the director cause an exasperated Henery Hawk to get up from the control panel and whack him with a club . ) Is the pen mightier than the sword ? : ( Cuts to a ninja menacingly demonstrating his swordsmanship to his opponent , who countermaneuvers by using a pen to sign for the delivery of his new taser , with which he promptly dispatches the ninja . ) Do people use smartphones to do dumb things ? : ( Cuts to three office workers using very silly smartphone apps to help celebrate the end of the workweek . )
Brittany
Brittany , apart from some areas such as Lorient , Nantes and Saint - Nazaire , has never been heavily industrialised . Today , fishing and agriculture remain important activities . Brittany has more than 40,000 agricultural exploitations , mostly oriented towards cattle , pig and poultry breeding , and cereals and vegetables production . The number of exploitations tends to diminish , but as a result , they are merged into very large estates . Brittany is the first producer in France for vegetables ( green beans , onions , artichokes , potatoes , tomatoes ... ) . Cereals are mostly grown for cattle feeding . Wine , especially muscadet , is made in a small region south of Nantes . Brittany is the first region in France for fishing . The activity employs around 9,000 people , and more than 60 firms work in fish and seafood processing . A
Industrial Revolution
Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost . Puddling was a means of decarburizing pig iron by slow oxidation as the iron was manually stirred using a long rod . The decarburized iron , having a higher melting point than cast iron , was raked into globs by the puddler . When the glob was large enough the puddler would remove it . Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work . Few puddlers lived to be 40 . Puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace , allowing coal or coke to be used as fuel . The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel . Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs , it was never successfully mechanised .
Jack the Giant Slayer
Jack follows the giant to their stronghold , where the two - headed giant leader , Fallon , has killed Crawe . Jack finds Isabelle and Elmont imprisoned there . As the giants prepare to kill their remaining prisoners , Roderick walks in and enslaves the giants with the crown . He tells the giants they will attack Cloister at dawn and gives them permission to eat Isabelle and Elmont . Jack rescues Isabelle and Elmont as one of the giants prepares to cook Elmont as a pig - in - a-blanket . The trio makes for the beanstalk , where Jack causes the giant guarding the beanstalk to fall off the realm 's edge . Seeing the giant 's body , Brahmwell orders the beanstalk cut down to avoid an invasion by the giants .
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film)
The Bennets are visited by the overbearing Parson Collins , who proposes to Elizabeth but states that she must give up her life as a warrior , something she refuses to do . Elizabeth meets a charming soldier named Wickham and arranges to meet him at another ball . She travels with him to a church that is filled with zombies who feed on pig brains instead of human brains , keeping their behaviour relatively normal . Wickham believes that with these new civilised zombies , humans can co-exist with them . He asks Elizabeth to elope but she backs off . Elizabeth learns that Darcy convinced the Bingleys to leave to keep Bingley away from Jane . When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth , having fallen in love with her , she expresses outrage at his actions and fights him .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
The new dynasty was more nationalist , friendlier to Russia and less friendly to Austria - Hungary . Over the next decade , disputes between Serbia and its neighbors erupted , as Serbia moved to build its power and gradually reclaim its 14th century empire . These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria - Hungary beginning in 1906 ( commonly referred to as the `` Pig War '' ) ; the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 , in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria - Hungary 's annexation of Bosnia - Herzegovina ( ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909 ) ; and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912 -- 1913 , in which Serbia conquered Macedonia and Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire and drove out Bulgaria . Gavrilo
List of Disney animated universe characters
Character Original voice actor Animated debut Fa Li Freda Foh Shen Mulan Fa Zhou Soon - Tek Oh Mulan Fagin Dom DeLuise Oliver & Company Fairy Godmother Verna Felton Russi Taylor Cinderella Fairy Mary Jane Horrocks Disney Fairies Faline Cammie King Ann Gillis Bambi Fall - Apart Rabbit Frank Welker Bonkers Faloo Carla Meyer Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under Fat Cat Jim Cummings Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers Father Wolf Ben Wright Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book Fauna Barbara Jo Allen Sleeping Beauty Fawn America Ferrera Disney Fairies Felicia the Cat Frank Welker Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective Fenton Crackshell ( Gizmoduck ) Hamilton Camp DuckTales Fenton Q. Harcourt David Ogden Stiers Atlantis : The Lost Empire Ferdie Fieldmouse None Mickey 's Steam Roller Ferdinand the Bull Milt Kahl Silly Symphonies Fflewddur Fflam Nigel Hawthorne Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron Fidget Candy Candido Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective Fiddler Pig Mary Moder Three Little Pigs Fife the Piccolo Paul Reubens Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Fifer Pig Dorothy Compton Three Little Pigs Fifi the Featherduster Kimmy Robertson Beauty and the Beast Figaro the Cat Mel Blanc Pinocchio Figment Dave Goelz Journey into Imagination with Figment Finnick Tommy `` Tiny '' Lister Jr . Zootopia First Ancestor Fa George Takei Mulan Firebird ! The Firebird Hugo Weaving Fantasia 2000 Fish Out of Water Dan Molina Chicken Little Fix - It Felix , Jr . Jack McBrayer Wreck - It Ralph Flaps the Vulture Chad Stuart Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book Flash Slothmore Raymond S. Persi Zootopia Flintheart Glomgold Hal Smith DuckTales Flit Frank Welker Pocahontas Flora Verna Felton Sleeping Beauty Flotsam and Jetsam Paddi Edwards Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid Flounder Jason Marin Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid Flower Stan Alexander Sterling Holloway Bambi Flunkey the Baboon Leo De Lyon Jungle Book I , The !
Sing (2016 American film)
Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include : housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; punk - rock porcupine Ash ; a trio of frogs ; and a camel named Pete . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dancing routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 , money he does not have , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute , but agrees to see a private screening of the show .
Holes (novel)
Desperate to impress Myra and her father , Elya goes to his friend Madame Zeroni for help . She warns him that Myra is not intelligent and will not be a good wife , and advises him to move to America , as her son has . She gives him a tiny piglet , telling him to carry the piglet up a mountain every day , and let it drink from a stream while singing to it . Each day the water will make it grow bigger , and Elya will grow stronger . On the last day , after he carries the pig one last time , he must carry Madame Zeroni herself up the mountain to do the same , as he will then be strong enough to carry her . However , Zeroni warns him that if Elya does not carry her up the mountain , his family will be cursed .
John Lennon
In 1973 , Lennon contributed a limerick called `` Why Make It Sad To Be Gay ? '' to Len Richmond 's The Gay Liberation Book .
America's Cup
It was originally known as the `` R.Y.S. £ 100 Cup '' , standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or `` sovereigns '' in value . The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved as the `` 100 Guinea Cup '' by the America syndicate , but was also referred to as the `` Queen 's Cup '' ( a guinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling , now £ 1.05 ) . Today , the trophy is officially known as the `` America 's Cup '' after the 1851 winning yacht , and is affectionately called the `` Auld Mug '' by the sailing community . It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it , and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names .
Spanish Inquisition
Author Toby Green notes that the great unchecked power given to inquisitors meant that they were `` widely seen as above the law '' and sometimes had motives for imprisoning and sometimes executing alleged offenders other than for the purpose of punishing religious nonconformity . Among the `` litany of complaints '' against Juan de Mañozca -- who was one of the first inquisitors of Cartagena , Colombia in 1609 and made chief inquisitor of Mexico in 1643 -- was that he `` made a habit of hauling market traders before ( him and a colleague ) and seizing whatever took their fancy , throwing them into the inquisitorial jail if they did not comply . '' When a butcher in a house next door to Mañozca 's disturbed him by killing a pig , Mañozca had the butcher 's butler and servants arrested and interned in the inquisitorial jail .