vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ashoka
Recently scholarly analysis determined that the three major foci of debate regarding Ashoka involve the nature of the Maurya empire ; the extent and impact of Ashoka 's pacifism ; and what is referred to in the Inscriptions as dhamma or dharma , which connotes goodness , virtue , and charity . Some historians have argued that Ashoka 's pacifism undermined the `` military backbone '' of the Maurya empire , while others have suggested that the extent and impact of his pacifism have been `` grossly exaggerated '' . The dhamma of the Edicts has been understood as concurrently a Buddhist lay ethic , a set of politico - moral ideas , a `` sort of universal religion '' , or as an Ashokan innovation . On the other hand , it has also been interpreted as an essentially political ideology that sought to knit together a vast and diverse empire . Scholars are still attempting to analyse both the expressed and implied political ideas of the Edicts ( particularly in regard to imperial vision ) , and make inferences pertaining to how that vision was grappling with problems and political realities of a `` virtually subcontinental , and culturally and economically highly variegated , 3rd century BCE Indian empire . Nonetheless , it remains clear that Ashoka 's Inscriptions represent the earliest corpus of royal inscriptions in the Indian subcontinent , and therefore prove to be a very important innovation in royal practices . ''
French Revolution
From the social point of view , the Revolution consisted in the suppression of what was called the feudal system , in the emancipation of the individual , in greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth , the establishment of equality , the simplification of life ... The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity . '' Religion
Mali Empire
From 1389 onwards Mali gained a host of mansas of obscure origins . This is the least known period in Mali 's imperial history . What is evident is that there is no steady lineage governing the empire . The other characteristic of this era is the gradual loss of its northern and eastern possessions to the rising Songhai Empire and the movement of the Mali 's economic focus from the trans - Saharan trade routes to the burgeoning commerce along the coast . Sandaki
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Inca Empire Inca society Education Religion Mythology Architecture Engineering Roads Army Agriculture Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire ( Civil War Spanish conquest ) Neo-Inca State
The Left Hand of Darkness
The book features two major religions : the Handdara , an informal system reminiscent of Taoism and Buddhism , and the Yomeshta or Meshe 's cult , a close - to - monotheistic religion based on the idea of absolute knowledge of the entirety of time attained in one visionary instant by Meshe , who was originally a Foreteller of the Handdara , when attempting to answer the question : `` What is the meaning of life ? '' The Handdara is the more ancient , and dominant in Karhide , while Yomesh is the official religion in Orgoreyn . The differences between them underlie political distinctions between the countries and cultural distinctions between their inhabitants . Estraven is revealed to be an adept of the Handdara .
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
After the defeat at Ankara followed a time of total chaos in the Empire . Mongols roamed free in Anatolia and the political power of the sultan was broken . After Beyazid was captured , his remaining sons , Suleiman Çelebi , İsa Çelebi , Mehmed Çelebi , and Musa Çelebi fought each other in what became known as the Ottoman Interregnum .
Book of Revelation
Book of Revelation is the only book of the New Testament that is not read during services by the Byzantine Rite Churches although in the Western Rite Orthodox Parishes , which are under the same bishops as the Byzantine Rite , it is read . Esoteric
History of India
The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor , Kujula Kadphises , about the middle of the 1st century CE . They came of an Indo - European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi , a branch of which was known as the Kushans . By the time of his grandson , Kanishka the Great , the empire spread to encompass much of Afghanistan , and then the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi ( Benares ) .
Aztec religion
Aztec civilization Aztec society Nahuatl language Religion Mythology Calendar Medicine Human sacrifice Tenochtitlan Templo Mayor Aztec history Aztlán Warfare Codices Aztec writing Aztec Empire Tlaxcallan Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Moctezuma II Hernán Cortés
Relationship between religion and science
It was in the 17th century that the concept of `` religion '' received its modern shape despite the fact that ancient texts like the Bible , the Quran , and other sacred texts did not have a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written . In the 19th century , Max Müller noted that what is called ancient religion today , would have been called `` law '' in antiquity . For example , there is no precise equivalent of `` religion '' in Hebrew , and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious , national , racial , or ethnic identities . The Sanskrit word `` dharma '' , sometimes translated as `` religion '' , also means law or duty . Throughout classical South Asia , the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions . Medieval Japan at first had a similar union between `` imperial law '' and universal or `` Buddha law '' , but these later became independent sources of power . Throughout its long history , Japan had no concept of `` religion '' since there was no corresponding Japanese word , nor anything close to its meaning , but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding , among other things , freedom of religion , the country had to contend with this Western idea .
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Orhan married Theodora , the daughter of Byzantine prince John VI Cantacuzenus . In 1346 Orhan openly supported John VI in the overthrowing of the emperor John V Palaeologus . When John VI became co-emperor ( 1347 -- 1354 ) he allowed Orhan to raid the peninsula of Gallipoli which gained the Ottomans their first stronghold in Europe . Orhan decided to pursue war against Europe , Anatolian Turks were settled in and around Gallipoli to secure it as a springboard for military operations in Thrace against the Byzantines and Bulgarians . Most of eastern Thrace was overrun by Ottoman forces within a decade and permanently brought under Orhan 's control by means of heavy colonization . The initial Thracian conquests placed the Ottomans strategically astride all of the major overland communication routes linking Constantinople to the Balkans ' frontiers , facilitating their expanded military operations . ln addition , control of the highways in Thrace isolated Byzantium from direct overland contact with any of its potential allies in the Balkans or in Western Europe . Byzantine Emperor John V was forced to sign an unfavorable treaty with Orhan in 1356 that recognized his Thracian losses .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler , Túpac Inca , and the grandson of Pachacuti , the Emperor who , by conquest , had commenced the dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around Cuzco . On his accession to the throne , Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest , taking Inca armies north into what is today Ecuador . While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign , by the time of his death , his legitimacy was as unquestioned as was the primacy of Inca power .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Cholula was one of the most important cities of Mesoamerica , the second largest , and probably the most sacred . Its huge pyramid ( larger in volume than the great pyramids of Egypt ) made it one of the most prestigious places of the Aztec religion . However , it appears that Cortés perceived Cholula more as a military threat to his rear guard as he marched to Tenochtitlan than a religious center . He sent emissaries ahead to try a diplomatic solution to enter the city .
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Following Nikopol , Bayezid contented himself with raiding Hungary , Wallachia , and Bosnia . He conquered most of Albania and forced the remaining northern Albanian lords into vassalage . A new , halfhearted siege of Constantinople was undertaken but lifted in 1397 after Emperor Manuel II , Bayezid 's vassal , agreed that the sultan should confirm all future Byzantine emperors . Soon thereafter Bayezid was called back to Anatolia to deal with continuing problems with the Ottomans ' Turkish rivals and never returned to the Balkans . Ankara
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Murad 's first major offensive was the conquest of the Byzantine city of Adrianople in 1362 . He renamed it to Edirne and made it his new capital in 1363 . By transferring his capital from Bursa in Anatolia to that newly won city in Thrace , Murad signaled his intentions to continue Ottoman expansion in Southeast Europe . Before the conquest of Edirne , most Christian Europeans regarded the Ottoman presence in Thrace as merely the latest unpleasant episode in a long string of chaotic events in the Balkans . After Murad I designated Edirne as his capital , they realized that the Ottomans intended to remain in Europe .
Modern history
Ultimately , World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars , which was modified by the mid-19th century 's nationalistic revolutions . The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later . More immediate to the time , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia . The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations . The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey . The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine ( which was later divided into two regions : Palestine and Transjordan ) . Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen . Revolutions
Byzantine law
a ) The canons ratifying the doctrinal decisions of the first six ecumenical councils along with the teachings of the Fathers of the Church .
Iliad
In Greek Gods Human Lives : What We Can Learn From Myths , Mary Lefkowitz discusses the relevance of divine action in the Iliad , attempting to answer the question of whether or not divine intervention is a discrete occurrence ( for its own sake ) , or if such godly behaviors are mere human character metaphors . The intellectual interest of Classic - era authors , such as Thucydides and Plato , was limited to their utility as `` a way of talking about human life rather than a description or a truth '' , because , if the gods remain religious figures , rather than human metaphors , their `` existence '' -- without the foundation of either dogma or a bible of faiths -- then allowed Greek culture the intellectual breadth and freedom to conjure gods fitting any religious function they required as a people . The religion had no founder and was not the creation of an inspired teacher which were popular origins of existing religions in the world . The individuals were free to believe what they wanted , as the Greek religion was created out of a consensus of the people . These beliefs coincide to the thoughts about the gods in polytheistic Greek religion . In the article `` Greek Religion '' A.W.H. Adkins , agrees with this by saying , `` The early Greeks personalized every aspect of their world , natural and cultural , and their experiences in it . The earth , the sea , the mountains , the rivers , custom - law ( themis ) , and one 's share in society and its goods were all seen in personal as well as naturalistic terms . '' As a result of this thinking , each god or goddess in Polytheistic Greek religion is attributed to an aspect of the human world . For example , Poseidon is the god of the sea , Aphrodite is the goddess of beauty , Ares is the god of war , and so on and so forth for many other gods . This is how Greek culture was defined as many Athenians felt the presence of their gods through divine intervention in significant events in their lives . Oftentimes they found these events to be mysterious and inexplicable .
History of India
They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation . They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east . Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power . Under the Cholas , the South India reached new heights of excellence in art , religion and literature . In all of these spheres , the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas . Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India . Western
Crusades
As the Ottomans pressed westward , Sultan Murad II destroyed the last Papal - funded Crusade at Varna on the Black Sea in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition . In 1453 they extinguished most of the remains of the Byzantine Empire with the capture of Constantinople . John Hunyadi and Giovanni da Capistrano organised a 1456 Crusade to oppose the Ottoman Empire and lift its Siege of Belgrade . Æneas Sylvius and John of Capistrano preached the Crusade , the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance , and a league was formed between Venice , Florence , and Milan , but nothing eventually came of it . In April 1487 Pope Innocent VIII called for a Crusade against the Waldensians of Savoy , the Piedmont , and the Dauphiné in southern France and northern Italy because they were unorthodox and heretical . The only efforts undertaken were in the Dauphiné , resulting in little change . Venice was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the Mediterranean , but it pursued the `` Crusade '' mostly for its commercial interests , leading to the protracted Ottoman -- Venetian Wars , which continued , with interruptions , until 1718 . The end of the Crusading in terms of at least nominal efforts by Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion , came in the 16th century , when the Franco - Imperial wars assumed continental proportions . Francis I of France sought allies from all quarters , including from German Protestant princes and Muslims . Amongst these , he entered into one of the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire with Suleiman the Magnificent while making common cause with Hayreddin Barbarossa and a number of the Sultan 's North African vassals .
Siege
The greatest advantage of cannons over other siege weapons was the ability to fire a heavier projectile , farther , faster , and more often than previous weapons . They could also fire projectiles in a straight line , so that they could destroy the bases of high walls . Thus , ' old fashioned ' walls -- that is , high and , relatively , thin -- were excellent targets , and , over time , easily demolished . In 1453 , the great walls of Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire , were broken through in just six weeks by the 62 cannons of Mehmed II 's army . Late
Mali Empire
There were 21 known mansas of the Mali Empire after Mari Djata I , and probably about two or three more yet to be revealed . The names of these rulers come down through history via the djelis and modern descendants of the Keita dynasty residing in Kangaba . What separates these rulers from the founder , other than the latter 's historic role in establishing the state , is their transformation of the Manden Kurufaba into a Manden Empire . Not content to rule fellow Manding subjects unified by the victory of Mari Djata I , these mansas would conquer and annex Fula , Wolof , Bamana , Songhai , Tuareg and countless other peoples into an immense empire .
Philippines
The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon , Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization . In 1543 , Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain . With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City , in 1565 , the first Hispanic settlement in the archipelago was established . The Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years . This resulted in Catholicism becoming the dominant religion . During this time , Manila became the western hub of the trans - Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
The reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great witnessed the demise of Classical Greece and the birth of Hellenistic civilization , following the spread of Greek culture to the Near East during and after Alexander 's conquests . Macedonians then migrated to Egypt and parts of Asia , but the intensive colonization of foreign lands sapped the available manpower in Macedonia proper , weakening the kingdom in its fight with other Hellenistic powers and contributing to its downfall and conquest by the Romans . However , the diffusion of Greek culture and language cemented by Alexander 's conquests in West Asia and North Africa served as a `` precondition '' for the later Roman expansion into these territories and entire basis for the Byzantine Empire , according to Errington . The
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Mehmed moved the capital from Bursa to Adrianople . He faced a delicate political situation in the Balkans . His Bulgarian , Serbian , Wallachian , and Byzantine vassals were virtually independent . The Albanian tribes were uniting into a single state , and Bosnia remained completely independent , as did Moldavia . Hungary retained territorial ambitions in the Balkans , and Venice held numerous Balkan coastal possessions . Prior to Bayezid 's death , Ottoman control of the Balkans appeared a certainty . At the end of the interregnum , that certainty seemed open to question .
Aztec religion
The nature of Teotl is a key element in the understanding of the fall of the Aztec empire , because it seems that the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II and the Aztecs in general referred to Cortés and the conquistadors as `` Teotl '' -- it has been widely believed that this means that they believed them to be gods , but a better understanding of `` Teotl '' might suggest that they were merely seen as `` mysterious '' and `` inexplicable '' .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Franz Ferdinand was an advocate of increased federalism and widely believed to favor trialism , under which Austria - Hungary would be reorganized by combining the Slavic lands within the Austro - Hungarian empire into a third crown . A Slavic kingdom could have been a bulwark against Serb irredentism , and Franz Ferdinand was therefore perceived as a threat by those same irredentists . Princip later stated to the court that preventing Franz Ferdinand 's planned reforms was one of his motivations .
Czechoslovakia
The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century , when philologists and educators , influenced by Romanticism , promoted the Czech language and pride in the Czech people . Nationalism became a mass movement in the second half of the 19th century . Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule , Czech leaders such as historian František Palacký ( 1798 -- 1876 ) founded many patriotic , self - help organizations which provided a chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life prior to independence . Palacký supported Austro - Slavism and worked for a reorganized and federal Austrian Empire , which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats .
New Jersey
American forces under Washington met the forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778 . Washington attempted to take the British column by surprise ; when the British army attempted to flank the Americans , the Americans retreated in disorder . The ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges .
Corazon Aquino
Aquino promulgated two landmark legal codes , namely , the Family Code of 1987 , which reformed the civil law on family relations , and the Administrative Code of 1987 , which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government . Another landmark law that was enacted during her tenure was the 1991 Local Government Code , which devolved national government powers to local government units ( LGUs ) . The new Code enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of a share in the national revenue . Aquino closed down the Marcos - dominated Batasang Pambansa to prevent the new Marcos loyalist opposition from undermining her democratic reforms and reorganized the membership of the Supreme Court to restore its independence .
Book of Enoch
The Greek text was known to , and quoted , both positively and negatively , by many Church Fathers : references can be found in Justin Martyr , Minucius Felix , Irenaeus , Origen , Cyprian , Hippolytus , Commodianus , Lactantius and Cassian . After Cassian and before the modern `` rediscovery '' , some excerpts are given in the Byzantine Empire by the 8th - century monk George Syncellus in his chronography , and in the 9th century , it is listed as an apocryphon of the New Testament by Patriarch Nicephorus .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
The Army of the Philippines included naval and air assets directly reporting to Army headquarters , and the Philippine Constabulary , later part of the ground forces proper as a division . In 1938 the Constabulary Division was separated from the army and reorganized into a national police force .
Malayan Union
The Malayan Union was a union of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca . It was the successor to British Malaya and was conceived to unify the Malay Peninsula under a single government to simplify administration . Following opposition by the ethnic Malays , the union was reorganized as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 .
Yosemite National Park
Yosemite 's first concession was established in 1884 when John Degnan and his wife established a bakery and store . In 1916 , the National Park Service granted a 20 - year concession to the Desmond Park Service Company . It bought out or built hotels , stores , camps , a dairy , a garage , and other park services . Desmond changed its name to the Yosemite National Park Company in December 1917 and was reorganized in 1920 .
Bemidji, Minnesota
Bemidji Township was surveyed in 1874 and organized in 1896 twenty - four days after the village of Bemidji was chartered and is the oldest township in the county . In 1897 , the county attorney declared the original Bemidji township organization illegal ( no reason given ) and the township reorganized June 26 , 1897 .