vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Atlantic slave trade
Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( hide ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day
Three-Fifths Compromise
Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day
Triangular trade
Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day See
Freedmen's Bureau
Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day
Trafficking of children
Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day
Marginal product of labor
The average product of labor is the total product of labor divided by the number of units of labor employed , or Q / L. The average product of labor is a common measure of labor productivity . The AP curve is shaped like an inverted `` u '' . At low production levels the AP tends to increase as additional labor is added . The primary reason for the increase is specialization and division of labor . At the point the AP reaches its maximum value AP equals the MP . Beyond this point the AP falls .
Founding Fathers of the United States
Slaves and slavery are mentioned only indirectly in the 1787 Constitution . For example , Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 prescribes that `` three fifths of all other Persons '' are to be counted for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and direct taxes . Additionally , in Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , slaves are referred to as `` persons held in service or labor '' . The Founding Fathers , however , did make important efforts to contain slavery . Many Northern states had adopted legislation to end or significantly reduce slavery during and after the American Revolution . In 1782 Virginia passed a manumission law that allowed slave owners to free their slaves by will or deed . As a result , thousands of slaves were manumitted in Virginia . Thomas Jefferson , in 1784 , proposed to ban slavery in all the Western Territories , which failed to pass Congress by one vote . Partially following Jefferson 's plan , Congress did ban slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , for lands north of the Ohio River .
Scientific management
With the division of labor that became commonplace as Taylorism was implemented in manufacturing , workers lost their sense of connection to the production of goods . Workers began to feel disenfranchised with the monotonous and unfulfilling work they were doing in factories . Before scientific management , workers felt a sense of pride when completing their good , which went away when workers only completed one part of production . `` The further ' progress ' of industrial development ... increased the anomic or forced division of labor , '' the opposite of what Taylor thought would be the effect . Partial adoption of Taylor 's principles by management seeking to boost efficiency , while ignoring principles such as fair pay and direct engagement by managers , led to further tensions and the rise of unions to represent workers needs .
Marginal product of labor
The marginal product of a factor of production is generally defined as the change in output associated with a change in that factor , holding other inputs into production constant .
Individualism
Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought which can be traced to the writings of Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production , either individually or collectively , with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market . Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual - credit bank which would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate only high enough to cover the costs of administration . Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value which holds that when labor or its product is sold , in exchange , it ought to receive goods or services embodying `` the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility '' . Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation , theft of labor , or usury .
History of Arkansas
The history of Arkansas began millennia ago when humans first crossed into North America . Many tribes used Arkansas as their hunting lands but the main tribe was the Quapaw who settled in Arkansas River delta upon moving south from Illinois . Early French explorers gave the territory its name , a corruption of Akansea , which is a phonetic spelling of the Illinois word for the Quapaw . This phonetic heritage explains why `` Arkansas '' is pronounced so differently than `` Kansas '' even though they share the same spelling . What began as a rough wilderness inhabited by trappers and hunters became incorporated into the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and became Arkansas Territory in 1819 . Upon gaining statehood in 1836 , Arkansas had begun to prosper under a plantation economy that was heavily reliant on slave labor . After the Civil War Arkansas was a poor rural state based on cotton . Prosperity returned in the 1940s . The state became famous for its political leadership , including President Bill Clinton ( Governor , 1979 − 81 and 1983 − 92 ) , and as the base for the Walmart corporation .
Returns to scale
where K and L are factors of production -- capital and labor , respectively .
Marginal product of labor
In continuous terms , the MP is the first derivative of the production function :
Labor history of the United States
By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft - Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers . What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft - Hartley , but the relative power of unions and management in the economic marketplace . Where unions were strong they usually managed all right ; when they were weak , new laws did them little additional harm .
Texas annexation
In the years following independence , the migration of white settlers and importation of black slave labor into the vast republic was deterred by Texas 's unresolved international status and the threat of renewed warfare with Mexico . American citizens who considered migrating to the new republic perceived that `` life and property were safer within the United States '' than in an independent Texas . The situation led to labor shortages , reduced tax revenue , large national debts and a diminished Texas militia .
Mass production
Standardized parts and sizes and factory production techniques were developed in pre-industrial times ; however , before the invention of machine tools the manufacture of precision parts , especially metal ones , was very labor - intensive . This
Atlantic slave trade
The Portuguese were the first to engage in the Atlantic slave trade in the 16th century . In 1526 , they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to Brazil , and other European countries soon followed . Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible , there to be sold to work on coffee , tobacco , cocoa , sugar and cotton plantations , gold and silver mines , rice fields , construction industry , cutting timber for ships , in skilled labour , and as domestic servants . The first Africans imported to the English colonies were classified as `` indentured servants '' , like workers coming from England , and also as `` apprentices for life '' . By the middle of the 17th century , slavery had hardened as a racial caste , with the slaves and their offspring being legally the property of their owners , and children born to slave mothers were also slaves . As property , the people were considered merchandise or units of labour , and were sold at markets with other goods and services .
French colonization of the Americas
A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic .
Henry Clay
Admission of California as a free state , ending the balance of free and slave states in the Senate . Organization of the Utah and New Mexico territories without any slavery provisions , giving the right to determine whether to allow slavery to the territorial populations . Prohibition of the slave trade , though not the ownership of slaves , in the District of Columbia . A more stringent Fugitive Slave Act . Establishment of boundaries for the state of Texas in exchange for federal payment of Texas 's ten million dollar debt . A declaration by Congress that it did not have the authority to interfere with the interstate slave trade .
Atlantic slave trade
Karl Marx in his influential economic history of capitalism Das Kapital wrote that `` ... the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black - skins , signaled the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production '' . He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the `` primitive accumulation '' of capital , the ' non-capitalist ' accumulation of wealth that preceded and created the financial conditions for Britain 's industrialisation .
American Revolution
Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts .
Pretty Little Liars (season 7)
Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 .
Marginal product of labor
The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production . Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs . Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input , capital , or rK , where r is the rental cost of capital and K is the quantity of capital . Variable costs ( VC ) are the costs of the variable input , labor , or wL , where w is the wage rate and L is the amount of labor employed . Thus , VC = wL . Marginal cost ( MC ) is the change in total cost per unit change in output or ∆ C / ∆ Q. In the short run , production can be varied only by changing the variable input . Thus only variable costs change as output increases : ∆ C = ∆ VC = ∆ ( wL ) . Marginal cost is ∆ ( Lw ) / ∆ Q. Now , ∆ L / ∆ Q is the reciprocal of the marginal product of labor ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) . Therefore , marginal cost is simply the wage rate w divided by the marginal product of labor