vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Causes of World War II
The Austrian government resisted as long as possible , but had no outside support and finally gave in to Hitler 's fiery demands . No fighting occurred as most Austrians were enthusiastic , and Austria was fully absorbed as part of Germany . Outside powers did nothing . Italy had little reason for continued opposition to Germany , and was if anything drawn in closer to the Nazis .
Peninsular War
After this there was a period of comparative inaction , though during it the French were driven from the bridges at Urdains and Cambo - les - Bains . The weather had become bad , and the Nive unfordable ; but there were additional and serious causes of delay . The Portuguese and Spanish authorities were neglecting the payment and supply of their troops . Wellington had also difficulties of a similar kind with his own government , and also the Spanish soldiers , in revenge for many French outrages , had become guilty of grave excesses in France , so that Wellington took the extreme step of sending 25,000 of them back to Spain and resigning the command of their army ( though his resignation was subsequently withdrawn ) . So great was the tension at this crisis that a rupture with Spain seemed possible , but this did not happen .
Axis powers
A diplomatic crisis erupted following Hitler demanding that the Free City of Danzig be annexed to Germany , as it was led by a Nazi government seeking annexation to Germany . Germany used legal precedents to justify its intervention against Poland and annexation of the Free City of Danzig ( led by a local Nazi government that sought incorporation into Germany ) in 1939 . Germany noted one such violation as being in 1933 when Poland sent additional troops into the city in violation of the limit of Polish troops admissible to Danzig as agreed to by treaty . Hitler believed that Poland could be pressured to cede claimed territory through diplomatic means combined with the threat of military force , and believed that Germany could gain such concessions from Poland without provoking a war with Britain or France . Hitler believed that Britain 's guarantee of military support to Poland was a bluff , and with a German - Soviet agreement on both countries recognizing their mutual interests involving Poland . The Soviet Union had diplomatic grievances with Poland since the Soviet - Polish War of 1919 -- 1921 in which the Soviets agreed that North - eastern Poland , Western Belarus and Western Ukraine will become part of restored Polish state after intense fighting in those years over the territories , and the Soviet Union sought to regain those territories .
Elizabethan government
A strict aristocracy helped Elizabeth maintain the dominance of her reign . She also has thousands of guards enforcing the city and the castle in case of any riots . If riots were to happen , there would be fireballs made of rock strewn and shot at the rioters .
United States presidential inauguration
From 1929 through 1949 , the official medal was struck by the U.S. Mint . This changed in 1953 when the Medallic Art Company was chosen to strike Walker Hancock 's portrait of President Eisenhower . The official medals have been struck by private mints ever since . The Smithsonian Institution and The George Washington University hold the two most complete collections of presidential medals in the United States .
World War I
In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe . Ottoman
Romance languages
French , Italian , Portuguese , Spanish , and Romanian are also official languages of the European Union . Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , Romanian , and Catalan are the official languages of the Latin Union ; and French and Spanish are two of the six official languages of the United Nations . Outside Europe , French , Portuguese and Spanish are spoken and enjoy official status in various countries that emerged from the respective colonial empires . Spanish is an official language in nine countries of South America , home to about half that continent 's population ; in six countries of Central America ( all except Belize ) ; and in Mexico . In the Caribbean , it is official in Cuba , the Dominican Republic , and Puerto Rico . In all these countries , Latin American Spanish is the vernacular language of the majority of the population , giving Spanish the most native speakers of any Romance language . In Africa it is an official language of Equatorial Guinea .
One World Trade Center
Before the World Trade Center site was fully completed , the plaza was not completely opened to the public , as the original World Trade Center plaza was . The initial stage of the opening process began on Thursday , May 15 , 2014 , when the `` Interim Operating Period '' of the National September 11 Memorial ended . During this period , all visitors were required to undergo airport style security screening , as part of the `` Interim Operating Period '' , which was expected to end on December 31 , 2013 . However , screening did not fully end until the official dedication and opening of the museum on May 21 , 2014 , after which visitors were allowed to use the plaza without needing passes . Incidents
Governor General of Canada
This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada , and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867 . The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch -- amongst other things , granting Royal Assent , issuing Orders - in - Council , and taking advice from the Canadian privy council . However , the governor still remained not a viceroy , in the true sense of the word , being still a representative of and liaison to the British government -- the Queen in her British council of ministers -- who answered to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London and who , as a British observer of Canadian politics , held well into the First World War a suite of offices in the East Block of Parliament Hill . But , the new position of Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom , created in 1880 , began to take over the governor general 's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments , leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch . As such , the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality ; a skill that was put to the test when the Marquess of Lorne disagreed with his Canadian prime minister , John A. Macdonald , over the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de St - Just . On the advice of the Colonial Secretary , and to avoid conflict with the cabinet of Canada , the Marquess did eventually concede , and released St - Just from duty . The Governor General of Canada was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve the Dominion 's first cabinet crisis , wherein Prime Minister Macdonald died , leaving the Lord Stanley of Preston to select a new prime minister .
And Then There Were None (miniseries)
Writer Sarah Phelps told the BBC that she was shocked by the starkness and brutality of the novel . Comparing the novel to Christie 's other work , she stated , `` Within the Marple and Poirot stories somebody is there to unravel the mystery , and that gives you a sense of safety and security , of predicting what is going to happen next ... In this book that does n't happen -- no one is going to come to save you , absolutely nobody is coming to help or rescue or interpret '' .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
The murder of the heir to the Austro - Hungarian Empire and his wife produced widespread shock across European royal houses , and there was initially much sympathy for the Austrian position . Ordinary people did not really care about what happened , and on the evening of the assassination the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened. . Within two days of the assassination , Austria - Hungary and Germany advised Serbia that it should open an investigation , but Secretary General to the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Slavko Gruic , replied `` Nothing had been done so far and the matter did not concern the Serbian Government . '' An angry exchange followed between the Austrian Chargé d'Affaires at Belgrade and Gruic .
Nation state
According to Philip G. Roeder , Moldova is an example of a Soviet era `` segment - state '' ( Moldavian SSR ) , where the `` nation - state project of the segment - state trumped the nation - state project of prior statehood . In Moldova , despite strong agitation from university faculty and students for reunification with Romania , the nation - state project forged within the Moldavian SSR trumped the project for a return to the interwar nation - state project of Greater Romania . '' See Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova for further details .
Treaty of Versailles
The British Second Army , with some 275,000 veteran soldiers , entered Germany in late 1918 . In March 1919 , this force became the British Army of the Rhine ( BAOR ) . The total number of troops committed to the occupation rapidly dwindled as veteran soldiers were demobilized , and were replaced by inexperienced men who had finished basic training following the cessation of hostilities . By 1920 , the BAOR consisted of only 40,594 men and the following year had been further reduced to 12,421 . The size of the BAOR fluctuated over the following years , but never rose above 9,000 men . The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles , on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations . A complete withdrawal was considered , but rejected in order to maintain a presence to continue acting as a check on French ambitions and prevent the establishment of an autonomous Rhineland Republic .
Munich Agreement
On 12 September , Hitler made a speech at a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg on the Sudeten crisis in which he condemned the actions of the government of Czechoslovakia . Hitler denounced Czechoslovakia as being a fraudulent state that was in violation of international law 's emphasis of national self - determination , claiming it was a Czech hegemony where neither the Germans , the Slovaks , the Hungarians , the Ukrainians , nor the Poles of the country actually wanted to be in a union with the Czechs . Hitler accused Czechoslovakia 's President Edvard Beneš of seeking to gradually exterminate the Sudeten Germans , claiming that since Czechoslovakia 's creation over 600,000 Germans were intentionally forced out of their homes under the threat of starvation if they did not leave . He claimed that Beneš ' government was persecuting Germans along with Hungarians , Poles , and Slovaks , and accused Beneš of threatening these nationalities with being branded traitors if they were not loyal to the country . He claimed that he , as the head of state of Germany , would support the right of the self - determination of fellow Germans in the Sudetenland . He condemned Beneš for his government 's recent execution of several German protesters . He accused Beneš of being belligerent and threatening behaviour towards Germany which , if war broke out , would result in Beneš forcing Sudeten Germans to fight against their will against Germans from Germany . Hitler accused the government of Czechoslovakia of being a client regime of France , claiming that the French Minister of Aviation Pierre Cot had said `` We need this state as a base from which to drop bombs with greater ease to destroy Germany 's economy and its industry '' . Chamberlain
Maryland Toleration Act
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England , when the Catholic King James II of England was deposed and the Protestant William III ascended the throne , a rebellion of Maryland Puritan Protestants overthrew Calvert 's rule . They quickly rescinded the Toleration Act and banned public practice of Catholicism , and it would never be reinstated under colonial rule . In fact , the colony established the Church of England as its official church in 1702 and explicitly barred Catholics from voting in 1718 . The Calvert family regained control over the colony in 1715 , but only after Benedict Calvert converted to Protestantism . His political control remained tenses enough that he did not risk an attempt to reinstate protections for Catholics . It took until the era of the American Revolution for religious tolerance or freedom to again become the practice in Maryland .
Star of David
It has been an official member of the International Committee of the Red Cross since June 2006 . According to the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Magen David Adom was boycotted by the International Committee of the Red Cross , which refused to grant the organization membership because `` it was ( ... ) argued that having an emblem used by only one country was contrary to the principles of universality . '' Other commentators said the ICRC did not recognize the medical and humanitarian use of this Jewish symbol , a Red Shield , alongside the Christian cross and the Muslim crescent .
Treaty of Versailles
German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty , by failing to meet disarmament deadlines , refusing Allied officials access to military facilities , and maintaining and hiding weapon production . As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside of Germany , companies moved to the Netherlands , Switzerland , and Sweden . Bofors was bought by Krupp , and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons . The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union , via the Genoa Conference and Treaty of Rapallo , was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles . Publicly , these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation . However , secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union . Furthermore , it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation , chemical and tank warfare . In 1923 , the British newspaper The Times made several claims about the state of the German Armed Forces : that it had equipment for 800,000 men , was transferring army staff to civilian positions in order to obscure their real duties , and warned of the militarization of the German police force by the exploitation the Krümper system .
Axis powers
However at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany : that Italy `` must ... tow them , not be towed by them '' . Italian foreign minister Dino Grandi in the early 1930s stressed the importance of `` decisive weight '' , involving Italy 's relations between France and Germany , in which he recognized that Italy was not yet a major power , but perceived that Italy did have strong enough influence to alter the political situation in Europe by placing the weight of its support onto one side or another . However Grandi stressed that Italy must seek to avoid becoming a `` slave of the rule of three '' in order to pursue its interests , arguing that although substantial Italo - French tensions existed , Italy would not unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with Germany , just as it would neither unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with France over conceivable Italo - German tensions . Grandi 's attempts to maintain a diplomatic balance between France and Germany were challenged in 1932 by pressure from the French , who had begun to prepare an alliance with Britain and the United States against the threat of a revanchist Germany . The French government warned Italy that it had to choose whether to be on the side of the pro-Versailles powers or that of the anti-Versailles revanchists . Grandi responded that Italy would be willing to offer France support against Germany if France gave Italy its mandate over Cameroon and allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia . France refused Italy 's proposed exchange for support , as it believed Italy 's demands were unacceptable and the threat from Germany was not yet immediate .
Official bilingualism in Canada
Canada adopted its first Official Languages Act in 1969 , in response to the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism . The current Official Languages Act was adopted in 1988 to improve the 1969 law 's efforts to address two basic policy objectives : ( 1 ) to specify the powers , duties and functions of federal institutions relevant to official languages ; ( 2 ) to support the development of linguistic minority communities . As well , following the adoption in 1982 of the Charter of Rights , it was necessary to create a legislative framework within which the Government of Canada could respect its new constitutional obligations regarding the official languages .
Lead poisoning
In 17th - century Germany , the physician Eberhard Gockel discovered lead - contaminated wine to be the cause of an epidemic of colic . He had noticed that monks who did not drink wine were healthy , while wine drinkers developed colic , and traced the cause to sugar of lead , made by simmering litharge with vinegar . As a result , Eberhard Ludwig , Duke of Württemberg issued an edict in 1696 banning the adulteration of wines with litharge .
Appeasement
When the German Empire and Austro - Hungarian Empire were broken up in 1918 , Austria was left as a rump state with the temporary adopted name Deutschösterreich ( `` German - Austria '' ) , with the vast majority of the Austrian Germans wanting to join Germany . However , the victors ' agreements of World War I ( Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint - Germain ) strictly forbade union between Austria and Germany , as well as the name `` German - Austria '' , which reverted to `` Austria '' after the emergence of the First Republic of Austria in September 1919 . The constitutions of both the Weimar Republic and the First Austrian Republic included the aim of unification , which was supported by democratic parties . However , the rise of Hitler dampened the enthusiasm of the Austrian government for such a plan . Hitler , an Austrian by birth , had been a pan-German from a very young age and had promoted a Pan-German vision of a Greater German Reich from the beginning of his career in politics . He said in Mein Kampf ( 1924 ) that he would attempt a union of his birth country Austria with Germany , by any means possible and by force if necessary . By early 1938 , Hitler had consolidated his power in Germany and was ready to implement this long - held plan .
World War II
At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism .
A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall
`` No , it 's not atomic rain , it 's just a hard rain . It is n't the fallout rain . I mean some sort of end that 's just got ta happen ... In the last verse , when I say , ' the pellets of poison are flooding the waters , ' that means all the lies that people get told on their radios and in their newspapers . ''
Kenya
The colonial history of Kenya dates from the establishment of a German protectorate over the Sultan of Zanzibar 's coastal possessions in 1885 , followed by the arrival of the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1888 . Imperial rivalry was prevented when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890 . This was followed by the building of the Kenya -- Uganda railway passing through the country .
Official bilingualism in Canada
The issue of proportional hiring and promotion of speakers of both official languages has been an issue in Canadian politics since before Confederation . Members of each linguistic group have complained of injustice when their group have been represented , in public service hiring and promotion , in numbers less than would be justified by their proportion of the national population . For the greater part of Canada 's history , French - speakers were underrepresented , and English - speakers were overrepresented in the ranks of the public service , and the disproportion became more pronounced in the more senior ranks of public servants . However , this trend has reversed itself in recent decades .
Axis powers
Following the German invasion of Greece and the flight of the Greek government to Crete and then Egypt , the Hellenic State was formed in May 1941 as a puppet state of both Italy and Germany . Initially , Italy had wished to annex Greece , but was pressured by Germany to avoid civil unrest such as had occurred in Bulgarian - annexed areas . The result was Italy accepting the creation of a puppet regime with the support of Germany . Italy had been assured by Hitler of a primary role in Greece . Most of the country was held by Italian forces , but strategic locations ( Central Macedonia , the islands of the northeastern Aegean , most of Crete , and parts of Attica ) were held by the Germans , who seized most of the country 's economic assets and effectively controlled the collaborationist government . The puppet regime never commanded any real authority , and did not gain the allegiance of the people . It was somewhat successful in preventing secessionist movements like the Vlach `` Roman Legion '' from establishing themselves . By mid-1943 , the Greek Resistance had liberated large parts of the mountainous interior ( `` Free Greece '' ) , setting up a separate administration there . After the Italian armistice , the Italian occupation zone was taken over by the German armed forces , who remained in charge of the country until their withdrawal in autumn 1944 . In some Aegean islands , German garrisons were left behind , and surrendered only after the end of the war .
When Calls the Heart
Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher .
Axis powers
Germany and the Soviet Union in 1940 were in dispute over their respective influences in the Balkans , Bulgaria , the Danube and the Turkish Straits . The Soviet seizure of Bessarabia from Romania in June 1940 placed the Soviet -- Romanian frontier dangerously close to Romania 's oil fields in Ploiești that Germany needed oil trade from to support its war effort . When negotiations with Molotov led to no resolution , Hitler determined that Britain was only continuing to fight in hope of Soviet intervention and therefore the defeat of the Soviet Union would result in the defeat of Britain and in July 1940 began planning for a possible invasion of the Soviet Union .
Flag of the United States
Though not part of the official Flag Code , according to military custom , flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use . To properly fold the flag :