vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Citizenship
Canada departed from the principle of nationality being defined in terms of allegiance in 1921 . In 1935 the Irish Free State was the first to introduce its own citizenship . However , Irish citizens were still treated as subjects of the Crown , and they are still not regarded as foreign , even though Ireland is not a member of the Commonwealth . The Canadian Citizenship Act of 1947 provided for a distinct Canadian Citizenship , automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada , with some exceptions , and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen . The concept of Commonwealth citizenship was introduced in 1948 in the British Nationality Act 1948 . Other dominions adopted this principle such as New Zealand , by way of the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act of 1948 .
Friedrich Engels
In Manchester , Engels met Mary Burns , a fierce young working woman with radical opinions . They began a relationship that lasted 20 years until her death in 1863 . The two never married , as both were against the institution of marriage . While Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue , he considered the current state and church - regulated marriage as a form of class oppression . Burns guided Engels through Manchester and Salford , showing him the worst districts for his research .
Cousin marriage
Shaw and Saller propose in their thesis of low cousin marriage rates that as families from different regions were incorporated into the imperial Roman nobility , exogamy was necessary to accommodate them and to avoid destabilizing the Roman social structure . Their data from tombstones further indicate that in most of the western empire , parallel - cousin marriages were not widely practiced among commoners , either . Spain and Noricum were exceptions to this rule , but even there , the rates did not rise above 10 % . They further point out that since property belonging to the nobility was typically fragmented , keeping current assets in the family offered no advantage , compared with acquiring it by intermarriage . Jack Goody claimed that early Christian marriage rules forced a marked change from earlier norms to deny heirs to the wealthy and thus to increase the chance that those with wealth would will their property to the Church . Shaw and Saller , however , believe that the estates of aristocrats without heirs had previously been claimed by the emperor , and that the Church merely replaced the emperor . Their view is that the Christian injunctions against cousin marriage were due more to ideology than to any conscious desire to acquire wealth .
Cousin marriage
In the Mahabharata , one of the two great Hindu Epics , Arjuna took as his fourth wife his first and cross cousin Subhadra , the sister of Krishna . Arjuna had gone into exile alone after having disturbed Yudhishthira and Draupadi in their private quarters . It was during the last part of his exile , while staying at the Dvaraka residence of his cousins , that he fell in love with Subhadra . While eating at the home of Balarama , Arjuna was struck with Subhadra 's beauty and decided he would obtain her as his wife . Subhadra and Arjuna 's son was the tragic hero Abhimanyu . According to Andhra Pradesh oral tradition , Abhimanyu himself married his first cross-cousin Shashirekha , the daughter of Subhadra 's brother Balarama . Cross cousins marriages are evident from Arjuna 's marriage with Subhadra , Pradyumna 's ( Eldest son of Krishna ) marriage with Rukmi 's ( Brother of Rukmini ) daughter . Also Krishna married his cross cousin Mitravinda ( Daughter of Vasudeva 's sister Rajadhi who was Queen of Avanti ) and Bhadra ( Daughter of Vasudeva 's sister Shrutakirti who was the Queen of Kekaya Kingdom . )
Forrest Gump
It has been noted that while Gump follows a very conservative lifestyle , Jenny 's life is full of countercultural embrace , complete with drug usage , promiscuity , and antiwar rallies , and that their eventual marriage might be a kind of reconciliation . Jennifer Hyland Wang argued in a Cinema Journal article that Jenny 's death to an unnamed virus `` ... symbolizes the death of liberal America and the death of the protests that defined a decade ( 1960s ) . '' She also notes the film 's screenwriter , Eric Roth , when developing the screenplay from the novel , had `` ... transferred all of Gump 's flaws and most of the excesses committed by Americans in the 1960s and 1970s to her ( Jenny ) . ''
List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters
Simple Kaul has played the role of Gulabo . Jethalal along with friends went to Kashmir for celebrating last days of his bachelorhood . Due to immense craze for acting , Jethalal volunteered to appear for a marriage scene with Gulabo as her groom in a movie . Unfortunately , the movie never got released and Jethalal returned to Mumbai . However , Gulabo 's life was ruined due to this incident as she was forced to remain bachelor . Once again , the poor luck of Jethalal brought Gulabo to his doorsteps . She then claimed Jethalal as her legal husband . Jethalal then challenged the authenticity of this fake marriage in court . Sensing his defeat , Jethalal cunningly feigns renouncing public life and Gulabo admits the fact behind their fake marriage . She then tied nuptial knot with `` Pyare Mohan '' - the lawyer of Jethalal , thus bringing the track to an end .
Declaration of nullity
Worldwide , diocesan tribunals completed over 49 , 000 cases for nullity of marriage in 2006 . Over the past 30 years about 55 to 70 % of annulments have occurred in the United States . The growth in annulments has been substantial ; in the United States , 27,000 marriages were annulled in 2006 , compared to 338 in 1968 .
Society of the United States
As with other Western countries , the United States has now a substantial proportion of children born outside of marriage : in 2010 , 40.7 % of all births were to unmarried women .
Eastern Orthodox Church
With the exception of bishops , who remain celibate , the Orthodox Church has always allowed priests and deacons to be married , provided the marriage takes place before ordination . In general it is considered preferable for parish priests to be married as they often act as counsel to married couples and thus can draw on their own experience . Unmarried priests usually are monks and live in monasteries , though there are occasions when , because of a lack of married priests , a monk - priest is temporarily assigned to a parish .
Stepfamily
Although historically stepfamilies are built through the institution of marriage and are legally recognized , it is currently unclear if a stepfamily can be both established and recognized by less formal arrangements , such as when a man or woman with children cohabits with another man or woman outside of marriage . This relationship is becoming more common in all Western countries .
List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters
Aka Popu The role is played by Shyam Pathak . He is a 40 years old bachelor . The cynical nature of Popatlal often spoils his marriage aspirations . He is a crime reporter in the newspaper Toofan Express , which according to him is an international newspaper despite being low profile . Popatlal describes himself as ' The Golden Crow Award Winner ' senior young journalist . He is from Bhopal . Popatlal is very miser and stingy but always take a stand for society residents . However , he spends wholeheartedly when it comes to marriage proposals . He often indulges into fight with Bhide and Jethalal over petty issues . Popatlal is pessimist and often uses the word `` cancel '' and Duniya hila dunga ( he will shake the whole world ) whenever a person makes him angry on an issue specially regarding his marriage . Popatlal always carries his umbrella . All his endeavors to get married have so far failed miserably . He is often shown visiting marriage bureaus and giving advertisements . Several times his marriage has been called off due to poor luck . He was previously involved in brief relationship with Sapna , Bulbul , Kavita , Kalavati , Senorita , Koyal , Cary , etc . Popatlal is also a committee member of the society .
Chinese marriage
The above law about unilateral divorce was in force from Tang Dynasty up to its final abolition in the Republic of China 's Civil Code ( Part IV ) Section 5 , passed in 1930 .
Akbar
His next marriage took place in 1564 to the daughter of Miran Mubrak Shah , the ruler of Khandesh . In 1564 , he sent presents to the court with a request that his daughter be married by Akbar . Miran 's request was acceded and an order was issued . Itimad Khan was sent with Miran 's ambassadors , and when he came near the fort of Asir , which was Miran 's residence . Miran welcomed Itimad with honor , and despatched his daughter with Itimad . A large number of nobles accompanied her . The marriage took place in September 1564 when she reached Akbar 's court . As dowry , Mubarak Shah ceded Bijagarh and Handia to his imperial son - in - law .
How to Make an American Quilt
Main character . Following a proposal of marriage from her boyfriend Sam ( Dermot Mulroney ) , Finn decides to visit her great aunt and grandmother to finish her thesis and think over the proposal . At her grandmother 's house , a quilting group congregates , and she 's shocked and surprised to discover that the current quilt that they 're working on is a wedding gift for her when she gets married . The theme of the quilt is `` where love resides '' . As Finn is unsure whether she 's ready for marriage or whether he 's `` The One '' , the stories of the women in the quilting group open her eyes to the different kinds of love that exist . During her time at her grandmother 's house , she meets Leon ( Johnathon Schaech ) at the local pool and embarks on a brief affair with him . Eventually , wrapped in her quilt and following a crow ( reminiscent of Anna 's tale about her aunt ) , she comes across Sam and chooses to stay with him .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
The King invited Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace the following Monday ( 16 November ) and informed him that he intended to marry Simpson . Baldwin replied that such a marriage would not be acceptable to the people , stating : `` ... the Queen becomes the Queen of the country . Therefore in the choice of a Queen the voice of the people must be heard . '' Baldwin 's view was shared by the Australian High Commissioner in London , Stanley Bruce , who was also a former Prime Minister of Australia . On the same day that Hardinge wrote to the King , Bruce met Hardinge and then wrote to Baldwin , expressing horror at the idea of a marriage between the King and Simpson .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
As the church began openly practicing plural marriage under Brigham Young during the second half of the 19th century , the church became the target of nationwide criticism for that practice , as well as for the church 's theocratic aspirations in the Utah Territory . Beginning in 1857 , the church also came under significant media criticism after the Mountain Meadows massacre in southern Utah .
Women in Vietnam
The Woman 's Union of the 1930s pushed for women 's interests and managed to extend paid maternity leave for government employees . The Woman 's Union also received a governmental guarantee that they would be consulted before the government implemented any policies that could affect women 's health . The Woman 's Union is one of the few organizations that pushed for such change , and they experienced pushback on their efforts . The paid maternity leave for government employees , which was extended from three to six months , was changed back to three months a few years after its passing . Vietnam was slowly extending greater rights to females . In 1949 , the state of Vietnam was created during the first Indochina War , in which Vietnam attempted to gain independence from France . A move towards equality was evident in the original constitution of the 1949 Democratic Republic of Vietnam , which stated that `` women are equal to men in all respects . '' The Constitution also contained clauses calling for paid maternity leave and equal pay for equal work . The 1959 Marriage and Family Law made further progress as it worked on ending systems of concubines , child marriage and forced marriage . While these changes occurred in large part because socialist leaders wanted women to be able to work in the industrial and agricultural sectors , they did promote rapid change in women 's traditional roles . Under the socialist regime , both male and female literacy increased .
History of the Roman Empire
Theodosius was left a widower in 385 , following the sudden death of Aelia Flaccilla , his Augusta . He was remarried , to the sister of Valentinean II , Galla , and the marriage secured closer relations between the two legitimate Augusti .
Portia (The Merchant of Venice)
Portia is the heroine of William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . A rich , beautiful , and intelligent heiress , she is bound by the lottery set forth in her father 's will , which gives potential suitors the chance to choose between three caskets composed of gold , silver and lead . If they choose the right casket -- the casket containing Portia 's portrait and a scroll -- they win Portia 's hand in marriage . If they choose the wrong casket , they must leave and never seek another woman in marriage . Portia is glad when two suitors , one driven by greed and another by vanity , fail to choose correctly . She favours Bassanio , a young Venetian noble , but is not allowed to give him any clues to assist in his choice . Later in the play , she disguises herself as a man , then assumes the role of a lawyer 's apprentice ( named Balthazar ) whereby she saves the life of Bassanio 's friend , Antonio , in court .
Eastern Orthodox Church
Jesus said that `` when they rise from the dead , they neither marry nor are given in marriage , but are like angels in heaven '' ( Mk 12 : 25 ) . For the Orthodox Christian this passage should not be understood to imply that Christian marriage will not remain a reality in the Kingdom , but points to the fact that relations will not be `` fleshy '' , but `` spiritual '' . Love between wife and husband , as an icon of relationship between Christ and Church , is eternal .
Jane Eyre
It turns out that Jane 's uncle , Mr. John Eyre , is a friend of Mr. Mason 's and was visited by him soon after Mr. Eyre received Jane 's letter about her impending marriage . After the marriage ceremony is broken off , Mr. Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France , and live with him as husband and wife , even though they can not be married . Refusing to go against her principles , and despite her love for him , Jane leaves Thornfield in the middle of the night .
George Takei
On May 16 , 2008 , Takei announced that he and Brad Altman would be getting married . They were the first same - sex couple to apply for a marriage license in West Hollywood . On June 17 , shortly after Takei and Altman obtained their marriage license , they spread the news by holding a press conference outside the West Hollywood city auditorium . They were married on September 14 , 2008 , at the Democracy Forum of the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles , of which Takei is one of the founders and serves as a member of its board of trustees . Walter Koenig was his best man , and Nichelle Nichols , eschewing the title `` matron of honor '' , was `` best woman '' . Reverend William Briones of the Nishi Hongwanji Buddhist Temple of Los Angeles presided .
Chick-fil-A
Chick - fil - A has donated over $5 million , via WinShape , to groups that oppose same - sex marriage . Of this , more than $3 million was donated primarily to Christian organizations whose agendas included positions that oppose same - sex marriage , with the money donated between 2003 and 2009 . A total of $1.9 million was donated in 2010 to groups such as the Marriage & Family Foundation , Exodus International , and the Family Research Council ( FRC ) . That year , the FRC , which received $1,000 was listed as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . WinShape has also contributed to Christian groups including the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and Exodus International , the latter is noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy . In response , students at several colleges and universities worked to ban or remove the company 's restaurants from their campuses . On January 28 , 2013 , Shane L. Windmeyer , the leader of Campus Pride , suspended their campaign .
Prometheus
Other minor details attached to the myth include : the duration of Prometheus ' torment ; the origin of the eagle that ate the Titan 's liver ( found in Pseudo-Apollodorus and Hyginus ) ; Pandora 's marriage to Epimetheus ( found in Pseudo-Apollodorus ) ; myths surrounding the life of Prometheus ' son , Deucalion ( found in Ovid and Apollonius of Rhodes ) ; and Prometheus ' marginal role in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts ( found in Apollonius of Rhodes and Valerius Flaccus ) .
Cousin marriage
Andrey Korotayev claimed that Islamization was a strong and significant predictor of parallel cousin ( father 's brother 's daughter -- FBD ) marriage . He has shown that while a clear functional connection exists between Islam and FBD marriage , the prescription to marry a FBD does not appear to be sufficient to persuade people to actually marry thus , even if the marriage brings with it economic advantages . According to Korotayev , a systematic acceptance of parallel - cousin marriage took place when Islamization occurred together with Arabization .
Agatha Christie
The Christies divorced in 1928 , and Archie married Nancy Neele . Agatha retained custody of daughter Rosalind and the Christie name for her writing . During their marriage , she published six novels , a collection of short stories , and a number of short stories in magazines .
Pantheon, Rome
The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church . Masses are celebrated there on Sundays and holy days of obligation . Weddings are also held there from time to time .
Heat
According to Denbigh ( 1981 ) , the property of hotness is a concern of thermodynamics that should be defined without reference to the concept of heat . Consideration of hotness leads to the concept of empirical temperature . All physical systems are capable of heating or cooling others . With reference to hotness , the comparative terms hotter and colder are defined by the rule that heat flows from the hotter body to the colder .
Zimbabwe
Graduations , weddings , and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow , which will be barbecued or roasted by the family . Raw
United States presidential line of succession
Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) .
New Year
The Baloch Hindu people in Pakistan and India celebrate their new year called Bege Roch in the month of Daardans according to their Saaldar calendar . Tamil New Year ( Puthandu ) is celebrated in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu , on the first of Chithrai ( சித்திரை ) ( 13 or 14 or 15 April ) . In the temple city of Madurai , the Chithrai Thiruvizha is celebrated in the Meenakshi Temple . A huge exhibition is also held , called Chithrai Porutkaatchi . In some parts of Southern Tamil Nadu , it is also called Chithrai Vishu . The day is marked with a feast in Hindu homes and the entrance to the houses are decorated elaborately with kolams . Punjabi / Sikh Vaisakhi is celebrated on 14 April in Punjab according to their nanakshahi calendar . Nepal New Year is celebrated on the 1st of Baisakh Baisākh ( 12 -- 15 April ) in Nepal . Nepal follows Vikram Samvat ( विक्रम संवत् ) as an official calendar . ( Not to be confused with Nepal Era New year ) . The Dogra of Himachal Pradesh celebrate their new year Chaitti in the month of Chaitra . Maithili New Year ( Jude Sheetal ) Naya Barsha is also on the 1st of Baisakh Baisākh ( 12 -- 15 April ) of Vikram Samvat ( विक्रम संवत् ) , an official Hindu calendar of the Mithila region of Nepal and adjoining parts of India . Assamese New Year ( Rongali Bihu or Bohag Bihu ) is celebrated on 14 -- 15 April in the Indian state of Assam . Bengali New Year ( Bengali : পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or Bengali : বাংলা নববর্ষ Bangla Nôbobôrsho ) is celebrated on the 1st of Boishakh ( 14 -- 15 April ) in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Odia New Year ( Maghe Sankranti ) is celebrated on 14 April in the Indian state of Odisha . It is also called Vishuva Sankranti or Pana Sankranti .
Twelve Days of Christmas
New Year 's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before . In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church , it is the Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God , liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas . It has also been celebrated , and still is in some denominations , as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ , because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His Birth , inclusively counting the first day and last day . This day , or some day proximate to it , is also celebrated by the Pope and Roman Catholics as World Day of Peace .
One-drop rule
In 1865 , Florida passed an act that both outlawed miscegenation and defined the amount of Black ancestry needed to be legally defined as a `` person of color '' . The act stated that `` every person who shall have one - eighth or more of negro blood shall be deemed and held to be a person of color . '' ( This was the equivalent of one great - grandparent . ) Additionally , the act outlawed fornication , as well as the intermarrying of white females with men of color . However , the act permitted the continuation of marriages between white persons and persons of color that were established before the law was enacted .
Ryukyuan religion
Other classes of people wielding spiritual power in the Ryukyu Islands include the ukuri , or family priest / priestess ; the usagiyaa , a prayer specialist ( though lacking the power of the yuta or noro ) ; and `` book people '' ( shimuchi ) , various kinds of fortune - tellers that usually refer to charts and published interpretations of signs . Yuta and shimuchi may keep a suumun , a special box in which their fortune - telling guides are kept . Somewhat less important are Buddhist and Shinto clergy , who are generally only consulted for weddings , funerals , or on certain holidays associated with those religions ( such as solar New Year activities ) . In the case of weddings , even Christian clergy may be called upon to officiate . Viewing of or participation in rituals may be forbidden to outsiders .
Natural logarithm
How to establish this derivative of the natural logarithm depends on how it is defined firsthand . If the natural logarithm is defined as the integral
International Financial Reporting Standards
Remeasurements of defined benefit assets or liabilities ( as defined in the standard IAS 19 ) Increases or decreases in the fair value of financial assets classified as available for sale ( with the exception of impairment losses ) ( as defined in the standard IAS 39 ) Increases or decreases resulting from the application of a revaluation of property , plant and equipment or intangible assets Exchange differences resulting from the translation of foreign operations ( subsidiary , associate , joint arrangement or branch of a reporting entity , the activities of which are conducted in a country or currency other than those of the reporting entity ) according to the standard IAS 21 the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument in a cash flow hedge ( or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation , as this is accounted similarly ) that is determined to be an effective hedge