vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Forbidden City
The name `` Zijin Cheng '' is a name with significance on many levels . Zi , or `` Purple '' , refers to the North Star , which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star , and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor . The surrounding celestial region , the Ziwei Enclosure ( Chinese : 紫 微 垣 ; pinyin : Zǐwēiyuán ) , was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family . The Forbidden City , as the residence of the terrestrial emperor , was its earthly counterpart . Jin , or `` Forbidden '' , referred to the fact that no one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor 's permission . Cheng means a city .
Emperor of Japan
The current Emperor on the throne is typically referred to as Tennō Heika ( 天皇 陛下 , `` His ( Imperial ) Majesty the Emperor '' ) , Kinjō Heika ( 今 上 陛下 , `` His Current Majesty '' ) or simply Tennō , when speaking Japanese . The current Emperor will be renamed Daijō Tennō ( 太 上 天皇 , Retired Emperor ) , often shortened to Jōkō ( 上皇 ) , upon his planned retirement on 30 April 2019 , and renamed Heisei Tennō ( 平成 天皇 ) after his death and will then be referred to exclusively by that name in Japanese . In Japanese culture , it is considered a major faux pas to refer to a living Emperor by his posthumous name , although the posthumous name is the same as the era , which is used in official documents .
Samurai
Originally , the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles . In time they amassed enough manpower , resources and political backing , in the form of alliances with one another , to establish the first samurai - dominated government . As the power of these regional clans grew , their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara , Minamoto , or Taira clans . Though originally sent to provincial areas for fixed four - year terms as magistrates , the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended , and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle - and later - Heian period . Because of their rising military and economic power , the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the Imperial court . Their involvement in the Hōgen Rebellion in the late Heian period consolidated their power , which later pitted the rivalry of Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160 .
Seafloor spreading
In the half - space model , the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere temperature , due to thermal expansion . Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges . The source of the lithosphere has a half - plane shape ( x = 0 , z < 0 ) and a constant temperature T. Due to its continuous creation , the lithosphere at x > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity v , which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem . The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere ( z = 0 ) is a constant T = 0 . Thus at x = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . Finally , we assume the system is at a quasi-steady state , so that the temperature distribution is constant in time , i.e. T = T ( x , z ) .
Corrosion
where k is a constant , W is the weight loss of the metal in time t , A is the surface area of the metal exposed , and ρ is the density of the metal ( in g / cm3 ) .
Chipotle Mexican Grill
Chipotle 's menu consists of four items : burritos , bowls , tacos , and salads . The price of each item is based on the choice of chicken , pork carnitas , barbacoa , steak , tofu - based `` sofritas '' , , or vegetarian ( with guacamole , which would be at an extra charge otherwise ) . Additional optional toppings are offered free of charge , including : rice , beans , queso , four types of salsa , sour cream , cheese , and lettuce . When asked in 2007 about expanding the menu , Steve Ells said , `` ( I ) t 's important to keep the menu focused , because if you just do a few things , you can ensure that you do them better than anybody else . '' Chipotle also offers a children 's menu . Most restaurants sell beer and margaritas in addition to soft drinks and fruit drinks .
Forbidden City
The Palace of Heavenly Purity is a double - eaved building , and set on a single - level white marble platform . It is connected to the Gate of Heavenly Purity to its south by a raised walkway . In the Ming dynasty , it was the residence of the Emperor . However , beginning from the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty , the Emperor lived instead at the smaller Hall of Mental Cultivation ( N ) to the west , out of respect to the memory of the Kangxi Emperor . The Palace of Heavenly Purity then became the Emperor 's audience hall . A caisson is set into the roof , featuring a coiled dragon . Above the throne hangs a tablet reading `` Justice and Honour '' ( Chinese : 正 大 光 明 ; pinyin : zhèngdàguāngmíng ) .
Causes of the Great Depression
The U.S. economy during this period went through a number of cycles of boom and bust . The depressions often seemed to be set off by bank panics , the most significant occurring in 1873 , 1893 , 1901 , 1907 , and 1920 . Before the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve , the banking system had dealt with these crises in the U.S. ( such as in the Panic of 1907 ) by suspending the convertibility of deposits into currency . Starting in 1893 , there were growing efforts by financial institutions and business men to intervene during these crises , providing liquidity to banks that were suffering runs . During the banking panic of 1907 , an ad - hoc coalition assembled by J.P. Morgan successfully intervened in this way , thereby cutting off the panic , which was likely the reason why the depression that would normally have followed a banking panic did not happen this time . A call by some for a government version of this solution resulted in the establishment of the Federal Reserve .
Causes of the Great Depression
In his book The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money ( 1936 ) , British economist John Maynard Keynes introduced concepts that were intended to help explain the Great Depression . He argued that there are reasons why the self - correcting mechanisms that many economists claimed should work during a downturn might not work .
United States non-interventionism
After Tsar Alexander II put down the 1863 January Uprising in Poland , French Emperor Napoleon III asked the United States to `` join in a protest to the Tsar . '' Secretary of State William H. Seward declined , `` defending ' our policy of non-intervention -- straight , absolute , and peculiar as it may seem to other nations , ' '' and insisted that `` ( t ) he American people must be content to recommend the cause of human progress by the wisdom with which they should exercise the powers of self - government , forbearing at all times , and in every way , from foreign alliances , intervention , and interference . ''
Ezekiel Elliott
On August 11 , 2017 , the NFL suspended Elliott for the first six games of the 2017 season for violating the personal conduct policy . His suspension stemmed from accusations of domestic violence against his ex-girlfriend on five occasions in 2016 . NFL officials conducted a year - long investigation into the allegations , and though Elliott was never criminally charged , decided to suspend him . On August 16 , Elliott announced that he would appeal the suspension . Although the suspension was upheld on September 6 by a league - appointed arbitrator , on September 8 , a federal judge granted a request for injunction by the NFL Players Association ( NFLPA ) , putting the suspension on hold indefinitely .
Thymus
A rare population of hematopoietic progenitor cells enter the thymus from the blood , and expands by cell division to generate a large population of immature thymocytes . Immature thymocytes each make distinct T - cell receptors by a process of gene rearrangement . This process is error - prone , and some thymocytes fail to make functional T - cell receptors , whereas other thymocytes make T - cell receptors that are autoreactive . Immature thymocytes undergo a process of selection , based on the specificity of their T - cell receptors . This involves selection of T cells that are functional ( positive selection ) , and elimination of T cells that are autoreactive ( negative selection ) . The medulla of the thymus is the site of T Cell maturation .
Return of the Jedi
Vader takes Luke to the Death Star to meet the Emperor , intent on turning him to the dark side . The Emperor reveals that the Death Star is actually fully operational and the Rebel fleet will fall into a trap . On Endor , Han 's strike team is captured by Imperial forces , but a surprise counterattack by the Ewoks allows the Rebels to battle the Imperials . Meanwhile , Lando , piloting the Millennium Falcon , leads the Rebel fleet to the Death Star , only to find out that the shield is still active , and the Imperial fleet is waiting for them . The Emperor tempts Luke to give in to his anger , and Luke engages Vader in a lightsaber duel . Vader senses that Luke has a sister , and threatens to turn her to the dark side . Enraged , Luke attacks Vader and severs his prosthetic right hand . The Emperor entreats Luke to kill Vader and take his place , but Luke refuses , declaring himself a Jedi as his father had been . Furious , the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning . Unwilling to let his son die , Vader throws the Emperor down a reactor chute to his death , but in the process Vader is mortally electrocuted . At his last request , Luke removes the redeemed Anakin 's mask before he dies in Luke 's arms .
Qing dynasty
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir . As the Jurchens had traditionally `` elected '' their leader through a council of nobles , the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor . The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji 's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji ' half brother Dorgon . A compromise candidate in the person of Hong Taiji 's five - year - old son , Fulin , was installed as the Shunzhi Emperor , with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation .
History of the Roman Empire
Born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus , Alexander was adopted as heir apparent by his slightly older and very unpopular cousin , the Emperor Elagabalus at the urging of the influential and powerful Julia Maesa -- who was grandmother of both cousins and who had arranged for the emperor 's acclamation by the Third Legion . On March 6 , 222 , when Alexander was just fourteen , a rumor went around the city troops that Alexander had been killed , triggering a revolt of the guards that had sworn his safety from Elegabalus and his ascension as emperor . The eighteen - year - old Emperor Elagabalus and his mother were both taken from the palace , dragged through the streets , murdered and thrown in the river Tiber by the Praetorian Guard , who then proclaimed Alexander Severus as Augustus .
Atom
Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus . The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons . Protons and neutrons are called nucleons . More than 99.94 % of an atom 's mass is in the nucleus . The protons have a positive electric charge , the electrons have a negative electric charge , and the neutrons have no electric charge . If the number of protons and electrons are equal , that atom is electrically neutral . If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons , then it has an overall negative or positive charge , respectively , and it is called an ion .
Lagrangian mechanics
Now , if the condition δq ( t ) = δq ( t ) = 0 holds for all j , the terms not integrated are zero . If in addition the entire time integral of δL is zero , then because the δq are independent , and the only way for a definite integral to be zero is if the integrand equals zero , each of the coefficients of δq must also be zero . Then we obtain the equations of motion . This can be summarized by Hamilton 's principle ;
Lagrangian mechanics
which is a functional ; it takes in the Lagrangian function for all times between t and t and returns a scalar value . Its dimensions are the same as ( angular momentum ) , ( energy ) ( time ) , or ( length ) ( momentum ) . With this definition Hamilton 's principle is
Prime Minister of Russia
Until 1905 , the head of government was the Emperor . In the absence of the Emperor , the Ministers one by one , starting with the oldest in the rank , each for 4 sessions .
Battle of Gettysburg
Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg . Cavalry under Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden was entrusted to escort the miles - long wagon train of supplies and wounded men that Lee wanted to take back to Virginia with him , using the route through Cashtown and Hagerstown to Williamsport , Maryland . Meade 's army followed , although the pursuit was half - spirited . The recently rain - swollen Potomac trapped Lee 's army on the north bank of the river for a time , but when the Union troops finally caught up , the Confederates had forded the river . The rear - guard action at Falling Waters on July 14 added some more names to the long casualty lists , including General Pettigrew , who was mortally wounded . General James Kemper , severely wounded during Pickett 's charge , was captured during Lee 's retreat .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
In 1940 - 41 , most soldiers of the Philippine military were incorporated in the U.S. Army Forces Far East ( USAFFE ) , with MacArthur appointed as its commander . USAFFE made its last stand on Corregidor Island , after which Japanese forces were able to force all remaining Filipino and American troops to surrender . The establishment of the general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army are military station went to the province during occupation . Those who survived the invasion but escaped from the Japanese formed the basis of recognized guerrilla units and ongoing local military force of the Philippine Commonwealth Army that continued the fighting against the enemy all over the islands . The Philippine Constabulary went on active service under the Armed Forces of the Philippines during liberation . After Japan was defeated in World War II , the Philippines gained its independence in 1946 . ( This was its second independence after the Philippine Declaration of Independence in 1898 ) . In 1947 the modern AFP first emerged with the upgrade of the PAAC to the Philippine Air Force .
Xbox 360 controller
On August 31 , 2010 , Microsoft 's Larry Hryb ( a.k.a. Major Nelson ) revealed a new design of the Xbox 360 controller which is set to replace the Wireless controller bundled with the Play & Charge Kit . Among small changes such as the shape of the analog stick tops and grey - colored face buttons , the new controller features an adjustable directional pad which can be changed between a disc type D - pad or a plus shaped D - pad . The control pad was released in North America exclusively with Play & Charge Kits on November 9 , 2010 and was released in Europe during February 2011 .
Chemiosmosis
Δ G ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! G ) is the Gibbs free energy change per unit amount of cations transferred from P to N ; z ( \ displaystyle z ) is the charge number of the cation X z + ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) ; Δ ψ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ psi ) is the electric potential of N relative to P ; ( X z + ) P ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) _ ( \ text ( P ) ) ) and ( X z + ) N ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) _ ( \ text ( N ) ) ) are the cation concentrations at P and N , respectively ; F ( \ displaystyle F ) is the Faraday constant ; R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the gas constant ; and T ( \ displaystyle T ) is the temperature .
Heart
There are five prominent features on the ECG : the P wave ( atrial depolarisation ) , the QRS complex ( ventricular depolarisation ) and the T wave ( ventricular repolarisation ) . As the heart cells contract , they create a current that travels through the heart . A downward deflection on the ECG implies cells are becoming more positive in charge ( `` depolarising '' ) in the direction of that lead , whereas an upward inflection implies cells are becoming more negative ( `` repolarising '' ) in the direction of the lead . This depends on the position of the lead , so if a wave of depolarising moved from left to right , a lead on the left would show a negative deflection , and a lead on the right would show a positive deflection . The ECG is a useful tool in detecting rhythm disturbances and in detecting insufficient blood supply to the heart . Sometimes abnormalities are suspected , but not immediately visible on the ECG . Testing when exercising can be used to provoke an abnormality , or an ECG can be worn for a longer period such as a 24 - hour Holter monitor if a suspected rhythm abnormality is not present at the time of assessment . Imaging
Emperor of Japan
Over a thousand years ago , a tradition started that an Emperor should ascend relatively young . A dynast who had passed his toddler years was regarded suitable and old enough . Reaching the age of legal majority was not a requirement . Thus , a multitude of Japanese Emperors have ascended as children , as young as 6 or 8 years old . The high - priestly duties were deemed possible for a walking child . A reign of around ten years was regarded a sufficient service . Being a child was apparently a fine property , to better endure tedious duties and to tolerate subjugation to political power - brokers , as well as sometimes to cloak the truly powerful members of the imperial dynasty . Almost all Japanese empresses and dozens of Emperors abdicated , and lived the rest of their lives in pampered retirement , wielding influence behind the scenes . Several Emperors abdicated to their entitled retirement while still in their teens . These traditions show in Japanese folklore , theater , literature , and other forms of culture , where the Emperor is usually described or depicted as an adolescent .
Emperor of Japan
This restriction on brides for the Emperor and crown prince was made explicit in the Meiji - era Imperial House Law of 1889 . A clause stipulated that daughters of Sekke ( the five main branches of the higher Fujiwara ) and daughters of the imperial clan itself were primarily acceptable brides .
Emperor of Japan
Since the mid-nineteenth century , the Imperial Palace has been called Kyūjō ( 宮城 ) , later Kōkyo ( 皇居 ) , and is on the former site of Edo Castle in the heart of Tokyo ( the current capital of Japan ) . Earlier , Emperors resided in Kyoto ( the ancient capital ) for nearly eleven centuries . The Emperor 's Birthday ( December 23 ) is a national holiday .
Emperor of Japan
Before the Meiji Restoration , Japan had eleven reigns of reigning empresses , all of them daughters of the male line of the Imperial House . None ascended purely as a wife or as a widow of an Emperor . Imperial daughters and granddaughters , however , usually ascended the throne as a sort of a `` stop gap '' measure -- if a suitable male was not available or some imperial branches were in rivalry so that a compromise was needed . Over half of Japanese empresses and many Emperors abdicated once a suitable male descendant was considered to be old enough to rule ( just past toddlerhood , in some cases ) . Four empresses , Empress Suiko , Empress Kōgyoku ( also Empress Saimei ) , and Empress Jitō , as well as the mythical Empress Jingū , were widows of deceased Emperors and princesses of the blood imperial in their own right . One , Empress Genmei , was the widow of a crown prince and a princess of the blood imperial . The other four , Empress Genshō , Empress Kōken ( also Empress Shōtoku ) , Empress Meishō , and Empress Go - Sakuramachi , were unwed daughters of previous Emperors . None of these empresses married or gave birth after ascending the throne .
Emperor of Japan
As of 2017 , Akihito , the present Emperor , has an estimated net worth of US $40 million . The exact wealth and expenditures of the Emperor and the imperial family have remained a subject of speculation , and were largely withheld from the public until 2003 , when Mori Yohei , a former royal correspondent for the Mainichi Shimbun , obtained access to 200 documents through a recently passed public information law . Mori 's findings , which he published in a book , revealed details of the imperial family 's US $240 million civil list ( in 2003 values ) . Among other details , the book revealed the royal family employed a staff of over 1,000 people .
Surrender of Japan
At the suggestion of American psychological operations experts , B - 29s spent August 13 dropping leaflets over Japan , describing the Japanese offer of surrender and the Allied response . The leaflets had a profound effect on the Japanese decision - making process . As August 14 dawned , Suzuki , Kido , and the Emperor realized the day would end with either an acceptance of the American terms or a military coup .
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
In 1238 the bishop of Avignon obtained an important privilege from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II ( r . 1195 -- 1250 ) . Salt that was shipped on the Rhône and landed at Châteauneuf would not be subject to tax . As a result , the trade in salt became a considerable source of revenue for the village .
History of the Church of England
The first break with Rome ( subsequently reversed ) came when Pope Clement VII refused , over a period of years , to annul Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon , not purely as a matter of principle , but also because the Pope lived in fear of Catherine 's nephew , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , as a result of events in the Italian Wars .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Agreement in principle was quickly reached , but delivery of the weapons was delayed for more than a month . The assassins would meet with Ciganović and he would put them off . At one point , Ciganović told Grabež : `` Nothing doing , the old Emperor is ill and the Heir Apparent will not go to Bosnia . '' When Emperor Franz Joseph 's health recovered the operation was a `` go '' again . Tankosić gave the assassins one FN Model 1910 pistol . They practiced shooting a few rounds of scarce and expensive . 380 ACP pistol ammunition in a park near Belgrade .
Emperor of Japan
Regular ceremonies of the Emperor with a constitutional basis are the Imperial Investitures ( Shinninshiki ) in the Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Speech from the Throne ceremony in the House of Councillors in the National Diet Building . The latter ceremony opens ordinary and extra sessions of the Diet . Ordinary sessions are opened each January and also after new elections to the House of Representatives . Extra sessions usually convene in the autumn and are opened then .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Planning for the attack on Pearl Harbor had begun in very early 1941 , by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto . He finally won assent from the Naval High Command by , among other things , threatening to resign . The attack was approved in the summer at an Imperial Conference and again at a second Conference in the fall . Simultaneously over the year , pilots were trained , and ships prepared for its execution . Authority for the attack was granted at the second Imperial Conference if a diplomatic result satisfactory to Japan was not reached . After final approval by Emperor Hirohito the order to attack was issued at the beginning of December .
The dress
The dress itself , which was identified as a product of the retailer Roman Originals , experienced a major surge in sales as a result of the incident . The retailer also produced a one - off version of the dress in white and gold as a charity campaign .