vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Geography of Chicago
One special feature of the Chicago area was the now - vanished Mud Lake in the Des Plaines River watershed . During heavy periods of rain or when the Des Plaines overflowed its banks due to downstream ice dams in the early spring , the river would flow through Mud Lake to the South Branch of the Chicago River , forming a favorite portage for early traders and creating the path of the future I&M and Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canals . When the city we know today was initially founded in the 1830s , the land was swampy and most of the early building began on low dunes around the Chicago River 's mouth . Indeed , Chicago 's low lying geography , which ultimately became crucial to its boom town development ( as the site of the Chicago Portage and canal ) , could not initially attract substantial early settlement because the tall grass prairie around its lake and river systems was underlain by hard packed glacial clay , making much of the area forbidding wetlands . Thus , the paradox of Chicago 's development as a city in the 19th century became taking advantage of this geography , but also overcoming its limitations .
Lake Michigan
The Chicago city waterfront is composed of parks , beaches , harbors and marinas , and residential developments connected by the Chicago Lakefront Trail . Where there are no beaches or marinas , stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion . The Chicago lakefront is quite walkable ; it is possible to stroll past parks , beaches , and marinas for about 24 miles ( 39 km ) between the city 's southern and northern limits along the lake .
Southwestern United States
In 1825 , Arizona was visited by its first non-Spanish Europeans , English trappers . In 1836 , the Republic of Texas , which contained the easternmost of the Southwest United States , won its independence from Mexico . In 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States , and immediately became a state , bypassing the usual territory phase . The new state still contained portions of what would eventually become parts of other states . In 1846 , the Southwest became embroiled in the Mexican -- American War , partly as a result of the United States ' annexation of Texas . On August 18 , 1846 , an American force captured Santa Fe , New Mexico . On December 16 of the same year , American forces captured Tucson , Arizona , marking the end of hostilities in the Southwest United States . When the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2 , 1848 , the United States gained control of all of present - day California , Nevada and Utah , as well as the majority of Arizona , and parts of New Mexico and Colorado ( the rest of present - day Colorado , and most of New Mexico had been gained by the United States in their annexation of the Republic of Texas ) . The final portion of the Southwestern United States came about through the acquisition of the southernmost parts of Arizona and New Mexico through the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 .
Houston Astros
57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 .
Kyrie Irving
In 2016 , Irving helped Team USA win the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics . With the win , he became just the fourth member of Team USA to capture the NBA championship and an Olympic gold medal in the same year , joining LeBron James , Michael Jordan , and Scottie Pippen .
2017 World Series
With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League .
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
For some time , Louis XVI delayed signing the Civil Constitution , saying that he needed `` official word from Rome '' before doing so . Pope Pius VI broke the logjam on 9 July 1790 , writing a letter to Louis rejecting the arrangement . On 28 July , 6 September , and 16 December 1790 , Louis XVI wrote letters to Pius VI , complaining that the National Assembly was forcing him to publicly accept the Civil Constitution , and suggesting that Pius VI appease them by accepting a few selected articles too . On 10 July , Pius VI wrote to Louis XVI , indicating to the king that the Church could not accept any of the provisions of the Constitution . The Constitution attempted to change the internal government of the Church , and no political regime had the right to unilaterally change the internal structure of the Church . On 17 August , Pius VI wrote to Louis XVI of his intent to consult with the cardinals about this , but on 10 October Cardinal Rochefoucauld , the Archbishop of Aix , and 30 of France 's 131 bishops sent their negative evaluation of the main points of the Civil Constitution to the Pope . Only four bishops actively dissented . On 30 October , the same 30 bishops restated their view to the public , signing a document known as the Exposition of Principles ( `` Exposition des principes sur la constitution civile du clergé '' ) , written by Jean de Dieu - Raymond de Cucé de Boisgelin
Civilian Conservation Corps
Conservation Legacy is a non-profit employment , job training , and education organization with locations across the United States including Arizona Conservation Corps in Tucson and Flagstaff , AZ , Southwest Conservation Corps in Durango and Salida , Colorado , and Southeast Conservation Corps in Chattanooga , TN . Conservation Legacy also operates an AmeriCorps VISTA team serving to improve the environment and economies of historic mining communities in the American West and Appalachia . Conservation Legacy also hosts the Environmental Stewards Program - providing internships with federal , state , municipal and NGO land management agencies nationwide . Conservation Legacy formed as a merger of the Southwest Youth Corps , San Luis Valley Youth Corps , The Youth Corps of Southern Arizona , and Coconino Rural Environmental Corps .
Kansas City Chiefs
In 2003 , Kansas City began the season with nine consecutive victories , a franchise record . They finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record and the team 's offense led the NFL in several categories under the direction of USA Today 's Offensive Coach of the Year honoree , Al Saunders . Running back Priest Holmes surpassed Marshall Faulk 's single - season touchdown record by scoring his 27th rushing touchdown against the Chicago Bears in the team 's regular season finale . The team clinched the second seed in the 2004 NFL playoffs and hosted the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Playoffs . In a game where neither team punted , the Chiefs lost the shoot - out 38 -- 31 . It was the third time in nine seasons that the Chiefs went 8 -- 0 at home in the regular season , only to lose their post-season opener at Arrowhead .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
On September 3 , 2013 , the Pirates defeated the Milwaukee Brewers 4 - 3 in Milwaukee to win their 81st game of the season , clinching their first non-losing season since 1992 . Then , following a four - game losing streak , the Pirates defeated the Texas Rangers 1 - 0 on September 9 for their 82nd win , clinching their first winning season in 21 years . 14 days later , due to a combination of a Pirates win and a Nationals ' loss to the St. Louis Cardinals , the Pirates headed to postseason play for the first time in twenty - one seasons . By finishing the season with a three - game sweep of the Cincinnati Reds , their chief competition for the NL Wild Card , the Pirates hosted and won their first home playoff game since 1992 in the National League Wild Card Game on October 1 , 2013 with a score of 6 - 2 .
Michael Jordan
In the 1993 -- 94 season , the Bulls achieved a 55 -- 27 record without Jordan in the lineup , and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs . The 1994 -- 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier . Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs , Chicago was 31 -- 31 at one point in mid-March . The team received help , however , when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls .
Northern cardinal
The northern cardinal is a mid-sized songbird with a body length of 21 -- 23.5 cm ( 8.3 -- 9.3 in ) and a wingspan of 25 -- 31 cm ( 9.8 -- 12.2 in ) . The adult weighs from 33.6 -- 65 g ( 1.19 -- 2.29 oz ) , with an average 44.8 g ( 1.58 oz ) . The male averages slightly larger than the female . The adult male is a brilliant crimson red color with a black face mask over the eyes , extending to the upper chest . The color becomes duller and darker on the back and wings . The female is fawn , with mostly grayish - brown tones and a slight reddish tint on the wings , the crest , and the tail feathers . The face mask of the female is gray to black and is less defined than that of the male . Both sexes possess prominent raised crests and bright coral - colored beaks . The beak is cone - shaped and strong . Young birds , both male and female , show coloring similar to the adult female until the fall , when they molt and grow adult feathers . They are brown above and red - brown below , with brick - colored crest , forehead , wings , and tail . The legs and feet are a dark pink - brown . The iris of the eye is brown . The plumage color of the males is produced from carotenoid pigments in the diet . Coloration is produced from both red pigments and yellow carotenoid pigments . Northern cardinal males normally metabolize carotenoid pigments to create plumage pigmentation of a color different from the ingested pigment . When fed only yellow pigments , males become a pale red color . A few `` yellow morph '' cardinals lack the enzyme to do this conversion . Their beak and feathers ( except for black face mask ) are yellow . Sightings are rare .
History of the Miami Marlins
The offseason after their second World Series title , the Marlins made a questionable cost - cutting move as Derrek Lee was traded to Chicago Cubs for Hee - seop Choi and pitcher Mike Nannini . The Marlins also lost key parts of their second championship team , Ugueth Urbina and Iván Rodríguez left via free agency ( signed by the Detroit Tigers ) . Marlins third base coach Ozzie Guillén also departed to be manager of the Chicago White Sox . The Marlins did get good news though as Dontrelle Willis was named NL Rookie of the Year and Jack McKeon named Manager of the Year . They also signed Mike Lowell to a new four - year contract .
Arizona
In the 1960s , retirement communities were developed . These were special age - restricted subdivisions catering exclusively to the needs of senior citizens ; they attracted many retirees who wanted to escape the harsh winters of the Midwest and the Northeast . Sun City , established by developer Del Webb and opened in 1960 , was one of the first such communities . Green Valley , south of Tucson , was another such community , designed as a retirement subdivision for Arizona 's teachers . Many senior citizens from across the U.S. and Canada come to Arizona each winter and stay only during the winter months ; they are referred to as snowbirds .
Red vs. Blue
Red vs. Blue centers on the Red and Blue Teams , two groups of soldiers engaged in a supposed civil war . Originally , each team occupies a small base in a box canyon known as Blood Gulch . According to Simmons , one of the Red Team soldiers , each team 's base exists only in response to the other team 's base . It is later revealed that there is no actual civil war ; both the Red and Blue armies are under the same command , Project Freelancer , and only exist as training simulations for Freelancer Agents . Although both teams generally dislike each other and have standing orders to defeat their opponents and capture their flag , neither team is usually motivated to fight the other ( except for Sarge , the head of Red Team ) .
Chance the Rapper
His younger brother , Taylor Bennett , is also a rapper . Both Taylor and Chancelor began rapping at the same time and have a similar style . Both the rappers also draw inspiration from Chicago native Kanye West .
Arizona
Arizona politics are dominated by a longstanding rivalry between its two largest counties , Maricopa and Pima -- home to Phoenix and Tucson , respectively . The two counties have almost 75 percent of the state 's population and cast almost 80 percent of the state 's vote . They also elect a substantial majority of the state legislature .
Arizona
The Arizona Court of Appeals , further divided into two divisions , is the intermediate court in the state . Division One is based in Phoenix , consists of sixteen judges , and has jurisdiction in the Western and Northern regions of the state , along with the greater Phoenix area . Division Two is based in Tucson , consists of six judges , and has jurisdiction over the Southern regions of the state , including the Tucson area . Judges are selected in a method similar to the one used for state supreme court justices .
Call of Duty: Black Ops III
The Player wakes up only to be told by Dr. Salim that they are dead , and that the Player must recount their memories . The Player tells Dr. Salim that they are a Deadkiller who was sent to investigate the disappearance of Taylor 's Deadkiller team . However , upon investigating , the Player and Hendricks discover that Taylor 's team has used their DNI connections to disable the Quarantine Zone defenses all over the world . Teaming up with Rachel Kane , the Player and Hendricks chase Taylor 's team all from Singapore to Egypt , eventually being forced to kill the entire team . However , Hendricks is infected by the same virus that turned Taylor and his team mad , and heads for Zurich . The Player discovers that Dr. Salim is in fact Deimos , the demigod responsible for unleashing the undead plague on humanity . Deimos had entered the Player 's mind when they interfaced with Hall , and attempts to manipulate them into opening a portal to his home dimension , Malus . The Player is then contacted by another demigod , Dolos , who is sympathetic to humanity and seeks to kill Deimos , her brother . Dolos transports both the Player and Deimos to Malus , where Deimos is vulnerable . Under Dolos ' guidance , the Player kills Deimos , ending the undead plague on Earth , but trapping the Player in Malus . Dolos then explains to the Player that her true plans are to kill every other demigod and supernatural being that can challenge her , and the Player agrees to help her .
Great Chicago Fire
On that hot , dry , and windy autumn day , three other major fires occurred along the shores of Lake Michigan at the same time as the Great Chicago Fire . Some 250 miles ( 400 km ) to the north , the Peshtigo Fire consumed the town of Peshtigo , Wisconsin , along with a dozen other villages . It killed 1,200 to 2,500 people and charred approximately 1.5 million acres ( 6,000 km2 ) . The Peshtigo Fire remains the deadliest in American history but the remoteness of the region meant it was little noticed at the time , due to the fact that one of the first things that burned were the telegraph lines to Green Bay .
Bradford
The Bradford Dragons are the city 's basketball team , competing in the second tier English Basketball League Division 1 . The team are coached by Chris Mellor and play their home games at Bradford College . The team are having a strong season , and are on courseto reach the post season playoffs .
Illinois
By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in the state , including Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures . Chicago , the center of the Chicago Metropolitan Area , became a global alpha - level city .
Chicago Bears logos, uniforms, and mascots
The change in their logo from the black bear was due to the addition of logos on helmets , which pro football teams started adding in the late 1950s and early 1960s . Unlike some NFL franchises that have had many different looks over time , the Bears have kept the wishbone ' C ' for over 40 years . The Bears ' C ' logo first appeared on the helmets in 1962 . ( The `` C '' is in the same font as the `` C '' long worn on the Cincinnati Reds ' baseball caps , as well as very closely resembling and likely copying the University of Chicago Maroons `` C '' logo introduced in 1898 ) . The logo changed from white to a white - bordered orange logo eleven years later , and has remained unchanged ever since .
Concordat of Worms
The Church endeavoured to become disengaged from the German control . An example of this secular politicisation is seen when Conrad II , Holy Roman Emperor supported Pope Benedict IX , the most corrupt of any of the popes of the era . It took more than a century to end this manipulation , and was never complete . In the process , the whole Church emerged freed from the grip of all lay lords . This was known as the Gregorian Reform , which takes its name from Pope Gregory VII , ( 1073 -- 85 ) . It was merely the latest and most visible of reforms that tended to move the Church back to its roots . It was a question of restoring the autonomy and power of the priestly class in the face of increasing control by the warrior class . The clergy was forced to renew and define itself . There was a battle against simony . The roadmap to celibacy was drawn , if not immediately enacted . Monarchs were excluded from selecting popes . This had been decreed by Pope Nicholas II in 1059 . Afterwards , only cardinals could elect the pope . Gregorian Reform reiterated this notion . There was to be no more lay interference in the selection of clergy . The aim was to deprive emperors and their under - lords the right to nominate and invest bishops . The effect was to deprive lay kings power over the Church and increase both spiritual and temporal power in the Vatican and the bishops .
American Indian Wars
According to Michno , more conflicts with Native Americans occurred in the states bordering Mexico than in the interior states . Arizona ranked highest , with 310 known battles fought within the state 's boundaries between Americans and the natives . Also , when determining how many deaths resulted from the wars , in each of the American states , Arizona again ranked highest . At least 4,340 people were killed , including both the settlers and the Indians , over twice as many as occurred in Texas , the second highest - ranking state . Most of the deaths in Arizona were caused by the Apache . Michno also says that fifty - one percent of the Indian war battles between 1850 and 1890 took place in Arizona , Texas and New Mexico , as well as thirty - seven percent of the casualties in the country west of the Mississippi River .
Southwestern United States
Amphibians include numerous toads and frogs in the American Southwest . Toads which can be found in the region include : the Great Plains toad ( Anaxyrus cognatus ) ; the green toad ( Anaxyrus debilis ) ; the Arizona toad ( Anaxyrus microscaphus ) ; the New Mexico spadefoot ( Spea multiplicata stagnalis ) ; and the Colorado River toad ( Incilius alvarius ) , also known as the Sonoran Desert toad . Frog representation includes : western barking frog ( Craugastor augusti ) ; the canyon tree frog ( Hyla arenicolor ) ; the Arizona treefrog ( Hyla wrightorum ) ; the western chorus frog ( Pseudacris triseriata ) ; Chiricahua leopard frog ( Lithobates chiricahuensis ) ; and the relict leopard frog ( Lithobates onca ) . There are quite a few salamanders throughout the region , including : the Arizona tiger salamander ( Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum ) and the painted ensatina ( Ensatina eschscholtzii picta ) .
Arizona
Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states . Arizona is the sixth largest state by area , ranked after New Mexico and before Nevada . Of the state 's 113,998 square miles ( 295,000 km ) , approximately 15 % is privately owned . The remaining area is public forest and park land , state trust land and Native American reservations .
No-hitter
No team has thrown no - hitters in consecutive games , although it has happened once on consecutive days : On May 5 , 1917 , Ernie Koob of the St. Louis Browns no - hit the Chicago White Sox , and teammate Bob Groom repeated the feat in the second game of a doubleheader the following day .
Michael Jordan
Jordan kept busy over the next few years . He stayed in shape , played golf in celebrity charity tournaments , and spent time with his family in Chicago . He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles . Since 2004 , Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports , a professional closed - course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association ( AMA ) until the end of the 2013 season . In 2006 , Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago 's Hales Franciscan High School . The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America .
Arizona
The Arizona Legislature is bicameral ( like the legislature of every other state except Nebraska ) and consists of a thirty - member Senate and a 60 - member House of Representatives . Each of the thirty legislative districts has one senator and two representatives . Legislators are elected for two - year terms .
Arizona
Arizona 's population grew tremendously with residential and business development after World War II , aided by the widespread use of air conditioning , which made the intensely hot summers more comfortable . According to the Arizona Blue Book ( published by the Arizona Secretary of State 's office each year ) , the state population in 1910 was 294,353 . By 1970 , it was 1,752,122 . The percentage growth each decade averaged about 20 % in the earlier decades , and about 60 % each decade thereafter .
History of the Cleveland Browns
The team improved the following year , ending with a 9 -- 5 record but missing the playoffs . The highlight of that season was an 18 -- 16 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 10 . Kicker Don Cockroft booted four field goals , while defensive end Joe `` Turkey '' Jones ' pile - driving sack of quarterback Terry Bradshaw added fuel to the heated rivalry between the teams . While Gregg won the NFL 's Coach of the Year award for turning the Browns around as Sipe became the starting quarterback , by the beginning of the 1977 season the same kind of friction that dogged Paul Brown 's relationship with Modell was surfacing between the owner and the hotheaded Gregg . Cleveland got off to a strong start that year , but Sipe hurt his shoulder and elbow in a November 13 game against the Steelers , and backup Dave Mays took the reins . With Mays as the quarterback -- Modell traded Phipps to the Chicago Bears for a couple of draft picks -- Cleveland slipped to 6 -- 7 going into the final game of the season and Modell asked Gregg to resign .