vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Territorial evolution of the United States
Date Event Change Map August 23 , 1784 A region in central North Carolina , unhappy with the state 's governance over the area , declared independence from the state as the State of Frankland . The government of Frankland held some control over the area , and petitioned for statehood , receiving support from seven of the nine states required , but would only last a few years . Unofficial change : November 1 , 1784 The Congress of the Confederation moved for a short time to Trenton . January 11 , 1785 The Congress of the Confederation moved to New York , and would settle there for five years . April 19 , 1785 The federal government accepted the cession from Massachusetts of its extreme western claim , which consisted of a strip of land west of Lake Huron and the Detroit River , bounded on the north by a line extending west from roughly halfway north through New Hampshire , and on the south by a line extending from the southern border of Massachusetts ' western half . The claim was never seriously enforced . Change on paper only : June 1785 The State of Frankland was renamed the State of Franklin , to encourage Benjamin Franklin to endorse the state , though he declined . Unofficial change : September 13 , 1786 Connecticut surrendered its western claim to the federal government except for its Western Reserve , though it is unclear how much control they held over the ceded region ; like the claim to Pennsylvania , this was a western extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost points . Change on paper only : December 16 , 1786 Massachusetts surrendered its claim to western New York , though it is unclear if Massachusetts ever held control over the region , as the claim was to the `` soil , not the sovereignty '' . This land , which was the area west of a north - south line 82 miles west of where the Delaware River entered New York , was later known as the Phelps and Gorham Purchase . It is likely that Massachusetts also claimed the Erie Triangle , but since this treaty was directly with New York , and New York had already ceded it to the federal government , it is not marked as being ceded by Massachusetts on the map . Change on paper only : July 13 , 1787 The Territory Northwest of the Ohio River , ceded earlier by Virginia , was organized and commonly became known as the Northwest Territory .
Territorial evolution of the United States
As the result of a survey , the southern border terminus was moved about 3.8 miles to the east , which changed the border up to the then - northwest corner of Alabama 's Washington County . The date when this happened is unclear ; the sources available give either an unpublished report dated May 29 , 1820 , or the completion of the demarcation of the new line on July 19 , 1820 . Change on paper only : December 19 , 1820 Alabama redefined some county borders , ending its erroneous overlap of Mississippi created on February 6 , 1818 . Change on paper only : February 22 , 1821 The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain took effect . The many changes included : The border with the holdings of Spain was concretely defined ; previously , it had been the watershed of the Mississippi River and , for Oregon Country , the Columbia River , whereas now it followed specific rivers and parallels . The new border was defined as , starting in the south : The Sabine River to the 32nd parallel north , then north to the Red River of the South , following that to the 100th meridian west , then north to the Arkansas River to its source , then north from there to the 42nd parallel north and west to the ocean . The new border placed the `` Neutral Ground '' in Louisiana . Florida was ceded to the United States , although the formal transfer would not happen until July . Arkansas Territory had created Miller County south of the Red River , and this area was now on the Spanish side of the border . However , as this was a change made solely by the territory , and not by the federal government , in this map it is considered a domestic dispute . With Spanish West Florida being ceded , the dispute between it and Alabama , Louisiana , and Mississippi was resolved . Disputes : July 10 , 1821 East Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . July 17 , 1821 West Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . August 10 , 1821 The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted as the twenty - fourth state , Missouri , the rest becoming unorganized territory . It was defined as the area south of a line west from the Des Moines Rapids , and east of a line south from the mouth of the Kansas River . March 30 , 1822 The former East Florida and West Florida were organized as Florida Territory .
London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)
The original stonework was used to clad a new concrete structure . The reconstruction took slightly over three years and was completed in late 1971 . The bridge was not reconstructed over a river , but rather it was rebuilt on land in a position between the main part of the city and Pittsburgh Point , at that time a peninsula jutting into Lake Havasu . Once completed , the Bridgewater Channel Canal was dredged under the bridge and flooded , separating Pittsburgh Point from the city , creating an island . As a result , the bridge now traverses a navigable shortcut between the Thompson Bay part of Lake Havasu south of Pittsburgh Point , and the remainder of Lake Havasu to the north . London
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City 's surface street system is laid out on a simple grid pattern . Road names are numbered with a north , south , east , or west designation , with the grid originating at the southeast corner of Temple Square downtown . One of the visions of Brigham Young and the early settlers was to create wide , spacious streets , which characterizes downtown . The grid pattern remains fairly intact in the city , except on the East Bench , where geography makes it impossible . The entire Salt Lake Valley is laid out on the same numbered grid system , although it becomes increasingly irregular further into the suburbs . Many streets carry both a name and a grid coordinate . Usually both can be used as an address . US - 89 enters the city from the northwest and travels the length of the valley as State Street ( with the exception of northern Salt Lake City ) .
Materials management
There are no standards for materials management that are practiced from company to company . Most companies use ERP systems such as ARA5 , SAP , Oracle , BPCS , MAPICS , IFS and other systems to manage materials control . Small companies that do not have or can not afford ERP systems use a form of spreadsheet application to manage materials . Some other construction projects use barcode and GPS materials management systems like Track'em .
Endocrine system
The human endocrine system consists of several systems that operate via feedback loops . Several important feedback systems are mediated via the hypothalamus and pituitary .
Three-phase electric power
The symmetric three - phase systems described here are simply referred to as three - phase systems because , although it is possible to design and implement asymmetric three - phase power systems ( i.e. , with unequal voltages or phase shifts ) , they are not used in practice because they lack the most important advantages of symmetric systems .
Republic
In other states the legislature is dominant and the presidential role is almost purely ceremonial and apolitical , such as in Germany and India . These states are parliamentary republics and operate similarly to constitutional monarchies with parliamentary systems where the power of the monarch is also greatly circumscribed . In parliamentary systems the head of government , most often titled prime minister , exercises the most real political power . Semi-presidential systems have a president as an active head of state , but also have a head of government with important powers .
Cross River gorilla
The habitats of the cross river gorilla are negatively affected by the drastic deforestation and fragmentation of the land . These unfortunate events leave the gorilla species with few options for survival . As a result of deforestation and fragmentation , there are drastic reductions in carrying capacity , in other words , the size of the territories these animals inhabit has been significantly reduced . Because the population of humans living in this area is high , the amount of resources available to the cross river gorillas ' is limited . Even though this decrease in the availability of land may appear to be a problem , research studies have found that an adequate amount of rainforest still remains that is suitable and comfortable for this species . If , however , human pressures and activities towards deforestation continue , these territories will continue to diminish and ultimately will not exist . Additional examples of human activity that threaten cross river gorillas and , of course , other species , are hunting , logging , agriculture , fuel wood harvesting , clearance of lands for plantation and exploitation of natural resources . Gorillas and other primates are only a small part of the larger ecosystem and thus , they rely on many aspects of their habitat for survival . Furthermore , also because of their body size , they lack ability to adapt to new environment and they have a rather slow reproductive rate . Even though there is somewhat of a limited research on cross river gorillas , there is enough to conclude that these animals are currently able to sustain survival . What is still under debate is the total number of cross river gorillas that exist .
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
In addition to the accounts provided by Sahagún and Durán , there are other important texts to be considered .
Tilted block faulting
Core complexes containing rotational fault blocks occur throughout the world . There are excellent examples in the Southwestern United States , including Arizona and Baja California . The more than 25 metamorphic core complexes in this region were formed during crustal extension during the mid-Cenozoic era . Block faulting of this nature is common in extensional settings and has been found to be an important part of physical geological models from sites around the globe , including Europe and China . Due to the availability and applicability of the systems , interest in core complexes and rotational extension systems remains high .
Automated teller machine
There is a computer industry security view that general public desktop operating systems ( os ) have greater risks as operating systems for cash dispensing machines than other types of operating systems like ( secure ) real - time operating systems ( RTOS ) . RISKS Digest has many articles about ATM operating system vulnerabilities .
Small intestine
The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level , but there are some important differences . The parts of the intestine are as follows :
Fox River (Wisconsin)
Prior to European settlement in the late 17th century , the shores of the Fox River and Green Bay were home to roughly half the estimated 25,000 Native Americans who lived in what is today Wisconsin . The first Europeans to reach the Fox were French , beginning with explorer Jean Nicolet in 1634 . In 1673 explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet canoed up the river as far as Portage . Here they made the short portage from the Fox to the Wisconsin River and then canoed on toward the Mississippi River . They established an important water route between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River known as the Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway . It was likely long used by Native Americans prior to European encounter , as they had extensive cross-country trading routes related to the Mississippi River .
Binary star
Binary star systems are very important in astrophysics because calculations of their orbits allow the masses of their component stars to be directly determined , which in turn allows other stellar parameters , such as radius and density , to be indirectly estimated . This also determines an empirical mass - luminosity relationship ( MLR ) from which the masses of single stars can be estimated .
Kenya
The Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service ( KUCCPS ) , formerly the Joint Admissions Board ( JAB ) , is responsible for selecting students joining the public universities . Other than the public schools , there are many private schools , mainly in urban areas . Similarly , there are a number of international schools catering to various overseas educational systems .
High-voltage direct current
DC filters are required only for HVDC transmission systems involving overhead lines . Voltage distortion is not a problem in its own right , since consumers do not connect directly to the DC terminals of the system , so the main design criterion for the DC filters is to ensure that the harmonic currents flowing in the DC lines do not induce interference in nearby open - wire telephone lines . With the rise in digital mobile telecommunication systems , which are much less susceptible to interference , DC filters are becoming less important for HVDC systems . Filters
Ghaggar-Hakra River
There are no Harappan sites on the present Yamuna river . There are however Painted Gray Ware ( 1000 - 600 BC ) sites along the Yamuna channel , showing that the river must have then flowed in the present channel . The sparse distribution of the Painted Gray Ware sites in the Ghaggar river valley indicates that during this period the Ghaggar river had already dried up .
Wireless security
Wireless networks are very common , both for organizations and individuals . Many laptop computers have wireless cards pre-installed . The ability to enter a network while mobile has great benefits . However , wireless networking is prone to some security issues . Hackers have found wireless networks relatively easy to break into , and even use wireless technology to hack into wired networks . As a result , it is very important that enterprises define effective wireless security policies that guard against unauthorized access to important resources . Wireless Intrusion Prevention Systems ( WIPS ) or Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems ( WIDS ) are commonly used to enforce wireless security policies .
Wireless security
Many laptop computers have wireless cards pre-installed . The ability to enter a network while mobile has great benefits . However , wireless networking is prone to some security issues . Hackers have found wireless networks relatively easy to break into , and even use wireless technology to hack into wired networks . As a result , it is very important that enterprises define effective wireless security policies that guard against unauthorized access to important resources . Wireless Intrusion Prevention Systems ( WIPS ) or Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems ( WIDS ) are commonly used to enforce wireless security policies . Security
Godavari River
There are 4 bridges spanning the river between East Godavari and West Godavari districts .
Soil respiration
Closed mode systems , by definition , are closed without a vent . When making measurements , closed systems take a CO measurement of ambient air just after the soil sample chamber is sealed . This becomes the CO reference . The system continues to take measurements at regular intervals over the next few minutes until a final CO concentration is recorded at a predetermined end time over time . Closed systems have the advantages that they are used by more researchers , and they provide wind proof results . Since there is no vent , wind is not an issue . When using a closed mode system , it is important that the experimental design include a maximum measuring time for two reasons : First ; if the measuring time is too long , an unacceptable positive partial CO pressure can build up in the chamber limiting the amount of additional CO from entering the chamber , causing a measuring artifact . The second reason is that if a chamber that is closed for too long , it can modify ambient conditions and cause measuring artifacts . Finding the optimal measuring time range is important . Tests on the soil in question can confirm the best time solution , and eliminate the partial CO pressure buildup from being a significant issue .
Cross River gorilla
In 2008 , the government of Cameroon created the Takamanda National Park on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon as an attempt to protect these gorillas . The park now forms part of an important trans - boundary protected area with Nigeria 's Cross River National Park , safeguarding an estimated 115 gorillas -- a third of the Cross River gorilla population -- along with other rare species . The hope is that the gorillas should be able to move between the Takamanda reserve in Cameroon over the border to Nigeria 's Cross River National Park .
Indus River
The traditional source of the river is the Senge Khabab or `` Lion 's Mouth '' , a perennial spring , not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens . There are several other tributaries nearby , which may possibly form a longer stream than Senge Khabab , but unlike the Senge Khabab , are all dependent on snowmelt . The Zanskar River , which flows into the Indus in Ladakh , has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point .
Indus River
In Pakistan currently there are three barrages on the Indus : Guddu barrage , Sukkur Barrage , and Kotri barrage ( also called Ghulam Muhammad barrage ) . There are some bridges on river Indus , such as , Dadu Moro Bridge , Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge , Thatta - Sujawal bridge , Jhirk - Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot - Ghotki bridge .
Binary star
Because a large proportion of stars exist in binary systems , binaries are particularly important to our understanding of the processes by which stars form . In particular , the period and masses of the binary tell us about the amount of angular momentum in the system . Because this is a conserved quantity in physics , binaries give us important clues about the conditions under which the stars were formed .
Public opinion
This concept came about through the process of urbanization and other political and social forces . For the first time , it became important what people thought , as forms of political contention changed .
Narmada River
Below Makrai , the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state . The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits , hardened mud , gravels of nodular limestone and sand . The width of the river spans from about 1.5 km ( 0.9 mi ) at Makrai to 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km ( 13.0 mi ) at the Gulf of Cambay . An old channel of the river , 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) to 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) south from the present one , is very clear below Bharuch . The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course . The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat , opposite each other and form a Triveni ( confluence of three rivers ) on the Narmada . The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance . Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet .
Elements of music
One aspect that is important to bear in mind when examining multi-cultural associations , is that an English - language word , not a universal concept , is the object of scrutiny . For this reason it is important to approach apparently equivalent words in other languages with caution . Based on the many disparate definitions that can be found just in English language dictionaries ( Google.com.au 2015 ; Dictionary.com 2015 ; Merriam-webster.com 2015 ; Music & 1991 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 ) , it seems there is no agreement on what the word `` Music '' means in English , let alone determining a potentially equivalent word from another culture .
New Jersey
NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state . The Hudson - Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen , through Hoboken and Jersey City . The Newark Light Rail is partially underground , and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city . The River Line connects Trenton and Camden .
Logic
A formal system is an organization of terms used for the analysis of deduction . It consists of an alphabet , a language over the alphabet to construct sentences , and a rule for deriving sentences . Among the important properties that logical systems can have are :
Law
Many Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession , but some still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts . In China and other developing countries there are not sufficient professionally trained people to staff the existing judicial systems , and , accordingly , formal standards are more relaxed .
Oncogene
There are several systems for classifying oncogenes , but there is not yet a widely accepted standard . They are sometimes grouped both spatially ( moving from outside the cell inwards ) and chronologically ( parallelling the `` normal '' process of signal transduction ) . There are several categories that are commonly used :
Ring size
There are several systems for denoting the sizes of jewellery rings in use around the world :
Waikato River
The section of the river that flows through Hamilton has the most diverse river traffic with many schools and clubs using rowing skiffs . Rowing races are also held on the river . Jet skis are confined to the city margins because of their noise . Power boats regularly use the river , including manufacturers and boating shops testing and demonstrating boats , especially in summer . In addition there are numerous kayaks and a few waka .
Philippines
There are many active volcanoes such as the Mayon Volcano , Mount Pinatubo , and Taal Volcano . The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Not all notable geographic features are so violent or destructive . A more serene legacy of the geological disturbances is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River , the area represents a habitat for biodiversity conservation , the site also contains a full mountain - to - the - sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia .
Operating system
In modern operating systems , memory which is accessed less frequently can be temporarily stored on disk or other media to make that space available for use by other programs . This is called swapping , as an area of memory can be used by multiple programs , and what that memory area contains can be swapped or exchanged on demand .
Two-party system
Most Latin American countries also have presidential systems very similar to the US often with winner takes all systems . Due to the common accumulation of power in the Presidential office both the official party and the main opposition became important political protagonists causing historically two - party systems . Some of the first manifestations of this particularity was with the liberals and conservatives that often fought for power in all Latin America causing the first two - party systems in most Latin American countries which often lead to civil wars in place like Colombia , Ecuador , Mexico , Venezuela , the Central American Republic and Peru , with fights focusing specially on opposing / defending the privileges of the Catholic Church and the creole aristocracy . Other examples of primitive two - party systems included the Pelucones vs Pipiolos in Chile , Federals vs Unitarians in Argentina , Colorados vs Liberals in Paraguay and Colorados vs Nationals in Uruguay .