vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Chernobyl disaster
As the plumes and subsequent fallout continued to be generated , the evacuation zone was increased from 10 to 30 km about one week after the accident . A further 68,000 were evacuated , including from the town of Chernobyl itself . The surveying and detection of isolated fallout hotspots outside this zone over the following year eventually resulted in 135,000 long - term evacuees in total , accepting to be moved . The near tripling in the total number of permanently resettled to some 350,000 over the decades , 1986 to 2000 , from the most severely contaminated areas , is regarded as largely political in nature , with the majority of the rest evacuated in an effort to redeem loss in trust in the government , which was most common around 1990 . Many thousands of these evacuees would have been `` better off staying home . '' Risk analysis in 2007 , supported by DNA biomarkers , has determined that the `` people still living unofficially in the abandoned lands around Chernobyl '' have a lower risk of dying as a result of the elevated doses of radiation in the rural areas than `` if they were exposed to the air pollution health risk in a large city such as nearby Kiev . ''
Killing Season (film)
Killing Season was released in the United States on July 12 , 2013 , to both the home screen and in cinemas . Boyd van Hoeij of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film would be better off as a `` small - screen item '' . The film has received almost exclusively negative reviews from critics , and as of November 2016 holds a 11 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , out of 19 reviews counted . Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News awarded the film one out of five stars , panning Travolta 's character 's Serbian accent . David DeWitt of The New York Times stated that `` ( i ) t 's not worthless , but it 's not good . As a genre film , it 's too ambitious ; as an art film , it 's too obvious . ''
Siege
An important element of strategy for the besieging army was whether or not to allow the encamped city to surrender . Usually , it was preferable to graciously allow a surrender , both to save on casualties , and to set an example for future defending cities . A city that was allowed to surrender with minimal loss of life was much better off than a city that held out for a long time and was brutally butchered at the end . Moreover , if an attacking army had a reputation of killing and pillaging regardless of a surrender , then other cities ' defensive efforts would be redoubled . Usually , a city would surrender ( with no honour lost ) when its inner lines of defence were reached by the attacker . In case of refusal , however , the inner lines would have to be stormed by the attacker and the attacking troops would be seen to be justified in sacking the city .
History of women in the United States
One of the most controversial developments in American women 's lives has been the legalization of abortion . In 1973 in the Supreme Court case Roe v Wade , the Supreme Court ruled that it is an illegal violation of privacy to outlaw or regulate any aspect of abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy , and that government can only enact abortion regulations reasonably related to maternal health in the second and third trimesters , and can enact abortion laws protecting the life of the fetus only in the third trimester . Furthermore , even in the third trimester , an exception has to be made to protect the life of the mother . This ruling has been extremely controversial from the moment it was made . Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington had brought the lawsuit that led to Roe v Wade on behalf of a pregnant woman , Dallas area resident Norma L. McCorvey ( `` Jane Roe '' ) , claiming a Texas law criminalizing most abortions violated Roe 's constitutional rights . The Texas law banned all abortions except those necessary to save the life of the mother , and Roe claimed that while her life was not endangered , she could not afford to travel out of state and had a right to terminate her pregnancy in a safe medical environment .
Mali Empire
Modern oral traditions also related that the Mandinka kingdoms of Mali or Manden had already existed several centuries before Sundiata 's unification as a small state just to the south of the Soninké empire of Wagadou , better known as the Ghana Empire . This area was composed of mountains , savannah and forest providing ideal protection and resources for the population of hunters . Those not living in the mountains formed small city - states such as Toron , Ka - Ba and Niani . Through the oral tradition of griots , the Keita dynasty , from which nearly every Mali emperor came , traces its lineage back to Lawalo , one of the sons of Bilal , the faithful muezzin of Islam 's prophet Muhammad , who was said to have migrated into Mali and his descendants established the ruling Keita dynasty through Maghan Kon Fatta , father of Sundiata Keita .
Criticism of democracy
Such a system could result in a wealth disparity or racial discrimination . Fierlbeck ( 1998 ) points out that such a result is not necessarily due to a failing in the democratic process , but rather , `` because democracy is responsive to the desires of a large middle class increasingly willing to disregard the muted voices of economically marginalized groups within its own borders . '' The will of the democratic majority may not always be in the best interest of all citizens .
Division of the assembly
The voice vote is held as in the British House of Commons . If a Member objects , then the division bells are rung throughout the Parliamentary estate . When not less than four minutes have elapsed since the question was first put , the Speaker orders that the doors to the Chamber be locked , and directs that the Ayes proceed to the right side of the Chamber , and that the Noes proceed to the left . Members then take seats on the appropriate side of the Chamber , rather than entering a lobby , and then the Speaker appoints tellers for each side , unless fewer than five Members are seated on one side , in which case the Speaker calls off the division and declares the result for the side with the greater number of Members . If the division is still on , the tellers count and record the names of the Members . The Speaker announces the result , but does not vote unless there is an equality of votes .
Surrender of Japan
The Committee 's mandate did not include the use of the bomb -- its use upon completion was presumed . Following a protest by scientists involved in the project , in the form of the Franck Report , the Committee re-examined the use of the bomb . In a June 21 meeting , it reaffirmed that there was no alternative .
Akbar
Akbar was not tall but powerfully built and very agile . He was also noted for various acts of courage . One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years of age . Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who , along with her cubs , came out from the shrubbery across his path . When the tigress charged the emperor , he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow . His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal .
Lithuania
The second Soviet occupation was accompanied by the armed resistance of the Lithuanian population , which took place in 1944 - 1953 . It sought to restore an independent state of Lithuania , to consolidate democracy by destroying communism in the country , returning national values and the freedom of religion . People from all walks of life , different age groups and education joined the resistance . The government classified them as bandits . The Soviet occupation made them to go to the forests and fight against the new system with a gun in their hands .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
During World War II , Alfred Rosenberg , in his capacity as the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories , issued a series of posters announcing the end of the Soviet collective farms in areas of the USSR under German occupation . He also issued an Agrarian Law in February 1942 , annulling all Soviet legislation on farming , restoring family farms for those willing to collaborate with the occupiers . But decollectivization conflicted with the wider demands of wartime food production , and Hermann Göring demanded that the kolkhoz be retained , save for a change of name . Hitler himself denounced the redistribution of land as ' stupid . ' In the end , the German occupation authorities retained most of the kolkhozes and simply renamed them `` community farms '' ( Russian : obshchinnye khoziaystva , a throwback to the traditional Russian commune ) . German propaganda described this as a preparatory step toward ultimate dissolution of the kolkhozes into private farms , which would be granted to peasants who had loyally delivered compulsory quotas of farm produce to the Germans . By 1943 , the German occupation authorities had converted 30 % of the kolkhozes into German - sponsored `` agricultural cooperatives '' , but as yet had made no conversions to private farms .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
In November 2010 , Japan agreed to return some 1,000 cultural objects to South Korea that were plundered during its colonial occupation from 1910 - 45 . The collection includes a collection of royal books called Uigwe from the Joseon Dynasty ( 1392 - 1910 ) .
Lithuania
As the front was heading towards west , in July -- October 1944 the USSR took over Lithuania again . The second Soviet occupation commenced . The massive deportations to Siberia were resumed and lasted until the death of Stalin in 1953 . All Lithuanian national symbols were banned . People were persecuted for using them . Under the pretext of Lithuania 's economic recovery , the Moscow authorities encouraged the migration of workers and other specialists to Lithuania with intention to further integrate Lithuania into the Soviet Union and develop country 's industry . At the same time , Lithuanians were lured to work in the USSR by promising them all the privileges of settling in a new place . Members
Casualties of the Iraq War
An independent UK / US group , the IBC project compiles reported Iraqi civilian deaths resulting from the invasion and occupation , including those caused directly by coalition military action , the Iraqi insurgency , and those resulting from excess crime . The IBC maintains that the occupying authority has a responsibility to prevent these deaths under international law . The IBC project attributed the majority of civilians death from 2003 to 2011 to unknown actors .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Norman Naimark writes in The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 that although the exact number of women and girls who were raped by members of the Red Army in the months preceding and years following the capitulation will never be known , their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands , quite possibly as high as the 2,000,000 victims estimate made by Barbara Johr , in `` Befreier und Befreite '' . Many of these victims were raped repeatedly . Naimark states that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days , it inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation ( the German Democratic Republic ) . Naimark concludes `` The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation , through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949 , until -- one could argue -- the present . '' Some of the victims had been raped as many as 60 to 70 times .
Confederate States of America
Rich men 's sons were appointed to the socially outcast `` overseer '' occupation , but the measure was received in the country with `` universal odium '' . The legislative vehicle was the controversial Twenty Negro Law that specifically exempted one white overseer or owner for every plantation with at least 20 slaves . Backpedalling six months later , Congress provided overseers under 45 could be exempted only if they held the occupation before the first Conscription Act . The number of officials under state exemptions appointed by state Governor patronage expanded significantly . By law , substitutes could not be subject to conscription , but instead of adding to Confederate manpower , unit officers in the field reported that over-50 and under - 17 - year - old substitutes made up to 90 % of the desertions .
Pandora
Hesiod goes on to lament that men who try to avoid the evil of women by avoiding marriage will fare no better ( 604 -- 7 ) :
Southern United States
Southern public schools in the past ranked in the lower half of some national surveys . When allowance for race is considered , a 2007 US Government list of test scores often shows white fourth and eighth graders performing better than average for reading and math ; while black fourth and eighth graders also performed better than average . This comparison does not hold across the board . Mississippi scores lower than average no matter how the statistics are compared . However , newer data suggests that education in the south is on par with the nation , with 72 % of high schoolers graduating compared to 73 % nationwide .
Spanish–American War
On August 7 , the American invasion force started to leave Cuba . The evacuation was not total . The US Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation . The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease ; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed `` Immunes '' . Still , when the Ninth left , 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease .
Allies of World War II
The United Nations began growing immediately after their formation . In 1942 , Mexico , the Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration . The African nation had been restored in its independence by British forces after the Italian defeat on Amba Alagi in 1941 , while the Philippines , still dependent on Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition , was allowed to join on 10 June despite their occupation by Japan .
Space Race
Eisenhower ordered project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned . The December 6 , 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , broadcast live in front of a US television audience . It was a monumental failure , exploding a few seconds after launch , and it became an international joke . The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik , Stayputnik , Kaputnik , and Dudnik . In the United Nations , the Russian delegate offered the US representative aid `` under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations . '' Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun 's Redstone team get the go - ahead to launch their Jupiter - C rocket as soon as they could . In Britain , the US 's Western Cold War ally , the reaction was mixed : some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first , while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring . William
Treaty of Versailles
In late 1918 , America , Belgian , British , and French troops entered the Rhineland to enforce the armistice . Prior to the treaty , the occupation force stood at roughly 740,000 men . Following the signing of the peace treaty , the numbers drastically decreased and by 1926 the occupation force numbered only 76,000 men . As part of the 1929 negotiations that would become the Young Plan , Stresemann and Aristide Briand negotiated the early withdrawal of Allied forces from the Rhineland . On 30 June 1930 , after speeches and the lowering of flags , the last troops of the Anglo - French - Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
Aboriginal reactions to the sudden arrival of British settlers were varied , but often hostile when the presence of the colonisers led to competition over resources , and to the occupation by the British of Aboriginal lands . European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations , and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources led to starvation . By contrast with New Zealand , where the Treaty of Waitangi was seen to legitimise British settlement , no treaty was signed with Aborigines , who never authorised British colonisation .
Gold standard
For example , Germany had gone off the gold standard in 1914 , and could not effectively return to it because War reparations had cost it much of its gold reserves . During the Occupation of the Ruhr the German central bank ( Reichsbank ) issued enormous sums of non-convertible marks to support workers who were on strike against the French occupation and to buy foreign currency for reparations ; this led to the German hyperinflation of the early 1920s and the decimation of the German middle class .
Libya
From 1943 to 1951 , Libya was under Allied occupation . The British military administered the two former Italian Libyan provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaïca , while the French administered the province of Fezzan . In 1944 , Idris returned from exile in Cairo but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal of some aspects of foreign control in 1947 . Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies , Italy relinquished all claims to Libya .
Axis powers
When the Fascist regime of Italy fell , in September 1943 Albania fell under German occupation . In
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Because news of the city 's capture did n't reach Europe until after the Treaty of Paris , no provision was made regarding its status . During the siege , the Spanish lieutenant governor had agreed to a four million payment in silver dollars to the British known as the Manila Ransom in exchange for sparing the city but the full amount was never paid when word of what had happened in the Philippines reached Europe . The Spanish government demanded compensation for crimes committed against the residents of Manila during the occupation and the controversy over the ransom demanded by the British and the compensation demanded by the Spanish lasted many years . The twenty month occupation of Manila ended in 1764 .
Military history of Australia during World War I
Following the capture of German possessions in the region , the AN&MEF provided occupation forces for the duration of the war . On 9 January 1915 , Holmes handed over command of the AN&MEF to Brigadier General Sir Samuel Pethebridge , the former Secretary of the Department of Defence . Holmes returned to Australia and re-enlisted in the AIF , as did most of his men . They were replaced by the 3rd Battalion , known as the `` Tropical Force '' because it had been specially enlisted for service in the tropics . Pethebridge established the administrative structures that remained through the period of military occupation . Although required by international law to follow the German forms of government , the territory gradually acquired the appearance of a British colony .
Economy of New Zealand
The CER also creates a free labour market which allows New Zealand and Australian citizens to live and work freely in each other 's country together with mutual recognition of professional qualifications . This means individuals who are registered to practise an occupation in one country can register to practise an equivalent occupation in the other country . Banking regulation and supervision are co-ordinated through the Trans - Tasman Council on Banking Supervision and there are also ongoing discussions about co-ordinating Australian and New Zealand business law .
Eduard Khil
Eduard Khil Eduard Khil receiving a 4th class Order For Merit to the Fatherland in 2009 Native name Эдуард Анатольевич Хиль Eduard Anatolyevich Khil ( 1934 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1934 Smolensk , Western Oblast , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union 4 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) ( aged 77 ) Saint Petersburg , Russia Resting place Smolensky Cemetery , Saint Petersburg Occupation Singer Years active 1955 -- 2012 Awards
Axis powers
The relationship between Finland and Germany more closely resembled an alliance during the six weeks of the Ryti - Ribbentrop Agreement , which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support , as the Soviet offensive coordinated with D - Day threatened Finland with complete occupation . The agreement , signed by President Risto Ryti but never ratified by the Finnish Parliament , bound Finland not to seek a separate peace .
Spanish–American War
The US had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines . On August 14 , 1899 , Spanish Captain - General Jaudenes formally capitulated and US Generally Merritt formally accepted the surrender and declared the establishment of a US military government in occupation . That same day , the Schurman Commission recommended that the US retain control of the Philippines , possibly granting independence in the future . On December 10 , 1898 , the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . Armed conflict broke out between US forces and the Filipinos when US troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war , resulting in the Philippine -- American War .
History of Manila
The mainly general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was withdrawn and retreated to the military stations in Ermita , Manila . On December 24 , 1941 , they are closed down following the arrival and occupation of the capital city by the Japanese Imperial forces , who took control of the main general headquarters of the Commonwealth Army on January 3 , 1942 . Following the Japanese Occupation , the general headquarters and military camps and bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army are used around the provinces of the Philippine Archipelago from Luzon , Visayas and a Mindanao from January 3 , 1942 to June 30 , 1946 has openly the service and began the local military conflicts against the Japanese Occupation in this country .
Marshall Plan
With a communist insurgency threatening Greece , and Britain financially unable to continue its aid , the President announced his Truman Doctrine on March 12 , 1947 , `` to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures '' , with an aid request for consideration and decision , concerning Greece and Turkey . Also in March 1947 , former US President Herbert Hoover , in one of his reports from Germany , argued for a change in US occupation policy , among other things stating :
History of Palau
Under the Spanish administration , Palau underwent its first forms of extreme foreign influence . Catholicism is the most highlighted amongst all these forms , having been introduced to the native population and accepted rather easily , despite the fact that Palauans were ardent followers of their traditional faith . Elements from the Spanish language were also integrated into the Palauan lexicon ; the Palauan word for hammer , `` martiliong '' , is derived from the Spanish martillo . Even with these forms of influence , Palau has predominantly very little influence from the Spanish occupation compared to other islands within the region , such as Guam . This is partly due to the reason that , aside from Spanish Jesuit missionaries , Spain had very little economic and colonization activity on the islands .
Korean War
The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as president on 20 July 1948 . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established on 15 August 1948 . In the Soviet Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a communist government led by Kim Il - sung .