vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Irma
On the morning of September 6 , Irma 's center crossed the island of Saint Martin while the storm was at peak intensity , sweeping away entire structures , submerging roads and cars , and triggering an island - wide blackout . Irma 's extreme winds ripped trees out of the ground and sent vehicles and debris from damaged structures scattered across the territory . On the French side of Saint - Martin , entire marinas around Marigot were left in ruins , littered with the stranded remnants of boats that had smashed into each other . A hotel caught on fire , but dangerous conditions and impassable roads prevented firefighters from putting out the blaze . Another hotel lost nearly all of its ground floor . Media images depicted devastated room interiors with furniture hurled around after the winds had shattered their windows . Irma killed four people on the French side of the island and injured 50 others , one of whom was in critical condition . As many as 95 % of the buildings there were damaged to some degree ; 60 % of those were totally uninhabitable . Estimates from CEDIM indicate a minimum of $950 million worth of economic losses . Total loses exceeded € 3.5 billion ( $4.07 billion USD ) .
Ancient Roman architecture
In Sicily truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC. Their potential was fully realized in the Roman period , which saw trussed roofs over 30 wide spanning the rectangular spaces of monumental public buildings such as temples , basilicas , and later churches . Such spans were three times as wide as the widest prop - and - lintel roofs and only surpassed by the largest Roman domes .
Hurricane Gloria
High waves washed away 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) of a fishing pier in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The rainfall caused minor flooding , and high tides flooded coastal portions of the Hampton Roads region . There was minor damage to trees , roofs , and signs in southeastern Virginia . The center of Gloria passed about 30 mi ( 48 km ) offshore eastern Maryland . In Ocean City , waves of 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) severely damaged the boardwalk , washing sand and debris a block inland . Downed trees left about 150,000 people in Maryland . High winds forced the Chesapeake Bay Bridge to close , and there was little damage outside of eastern Maryland . High waves in Delaware eroded beaches , wrecked dunes , and damaged oceanfront buildings and boardwalks . Storm flooding closed several highways , including Delaware Route 1 . Damage was heaviest in Sussex County , although the storm damaged corn and soybean crops in northern Delaware . Monetary damage totaled over $500,000 in the state . In neighboring Pennsylvania , wind gusts reached 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) in Allentown , which knocked down many trees and left thousands without power . Heavy rainfall flooded many streams , which closed or damaged several highways , bridges , and rail lines . About 3,000 houses were flooded , forcing thousands to evacuate .
Quito
Between 2003 and 2004 , the ecologically friendly bus lines of the Metrobus ( Ecovia ) were constructed , traversing the city from the north to the south . Many avenues and roads were extended and enlarged , depressed passages were constructed , and roads were restructured geometrically to increase the flow of traffic . A new subway system is currently under construction .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
As Titanic broke apart , many objects and pieces of hull were scattered across the sea bed . There are two debris fields in the vicinity of the wreck , each between 2,000 -- 2,600 ft ( 610 -- 790 m ) long , trailing in a south - westerly direction from the bow and stern . They cover an area of about 2 square miles ( 5.2 km ) . Most of the debris is concentrated near the stern section of Titanic . It consists of thousands of objects from the interior of the ship , ranging from tons of coal spilled from ruptured bunkers to suitcases , clothes , corked wine bottles ( many still intact despite the pressure ) , bathtubs , windows , washbasins , jugs , bowls , hand mirrors and numerous other personal effects . The debris field also includes numerous pieces of the ship itself , with the largest pieces of debris in the vicinity of the partially disintegrated stern section .
Great Expectations
As I looked along the clustered roofs , with Church towers and spires shooting into the unusually clear air , the sun rose up , and a veil seemed to be drawn from the river , and millions of sparkles burst out upon its waters . From me too , a veil seemed to be drawn , and I felt strong and well . Magwitch
Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Florida
Sustained - hurricane force winds and gusts up 101 mph ( 163 km / h ) lashed West Palm Beach . In downtown West Palm Beach , a large construction crane fell and broke water and gas lines , causing water and gas to spew into the streets . The Comeau Building , which survived the 1928 hurricane , lost some windows and a section of its roof . Debris from the roof littered Clematis Street and crushed a parked car . The Palm Beach County Courthouse and Board of County Commissioners building suffered only broken windows . A portion of the roof at the police department was peeled off . At city hall , windows were broken and four out of the five floors sustained damage . A total of 20 city - owned buildings were impacted structurally , with an overall loss of about $12.3 million . At the Carefree Theatre , a theatre that screened foreign films and hosted small concerts , suffered extensive roof damage . The Carefree Theatre was moved into a former church building in 2007 and renamed The Theatre , but closed in 2008 . A roof leak at St. Mary 's Medical Center forced staff to evacuate patients to other rooms . The 1515 Tower , which was abandoned due to heavy impact by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in 2004 , suffered further damage during Wilma . In February 2010 , the high - rise was demolished by explosives and was the third tallest building in the United States to be imploded . Along the Intracoastal Waterway , many boats capsized or crashed into the seawall . On U.S. Route 1 between Belvedere Road and State Road 80 ( Southern Boulevard ) , several stores in the Antique Row section had broken windows , interior damage , and rain - soaked merchandise and furniture .
Great Chicago Fire
The fire 's spread was aided by the city 's use of wood as the predominant building material in a style called balloon frame . More than two thirds of the structures in Chicago at the time of the fire were made entirely of wood , with most of the houses and buildings being topped with highly flammable tar or shingle roofs . All of the city 's sidewalks and many roads were also made of wood . Compounding this problem , Chicago had received only 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) of rain from July 4 to October 9 , causing severe drought conditions before the fire , while strong southwest winds helped to carry flying embers towards the heart of the city .
Arctic fox
Breeding usually takes place in April and May , and the gestation period is about 52 days . Litters may contain as many as 25 ( the largest litter size in the order Carnivora ) . The young emerge from the den when 3 to 4 weeks old and are weaned by 9 weeks of age .
Taxation in the United States
Fees are often imposed by governments for use of certain facilities or services . Such fees are generally imposed at the time of use . Multi-use permits may be available . For example , fees are imposed for use of national or state parks , for requesting and obtaining certain rulings from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , for the use of certain highways ( called `` tolls '' or toll roads ) , for parking on public streets , and for the use of public transit .
Joshua Tree National Park
Animals that thrive in Joshua Tree often have special adaptations for dealing with limited water and high summer temperatures . The smaller mammals and all reptiles take refuge from the heat underground . Desert mammals make more efficient use of their bodies ' water supply than does the human body . Reptiles are physiologically adapted to getting along with little water , and birds can fly to water sources when they need to drink . Nevertheless , the springs and seeps in the park are necessary to the survival of many animals .
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team inquired `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Ballard realized that looking for the wreck itself using sonar was unlikely to be successful and adopted a different tactic , drawing on the experience of the surveys of Thresher and Scorpion ; he would look for the debris field instead , using Argo 's cameras rather than sonar . Whereas sonar could not distinguish man - made debris on the sea bed from natural objects , cameras could . The debris field would also be a far bigger target , stretching a mile ( 1.6 km ) or longer , whereas Titanic itself was only 90 feet ( 27 m ) wide . The search required round - the - clock towing of Argo back and forth above the sea bed , with shifts of watchers aboard the research vessel Knorr looking at the camera pictures for any sign of debris . After a week of fruitless searching , at 12.48 am on Sunday 1 September 1985 pieces of debris began to appear on Knorr 's screens . One of them was identified as a boiler , identical to those shown in pictures from 1911 . The following day , the main part of the wreck was found and Argo sent back the first pictures of Titanic since her sinking 73 years before . The discovery made headlines around the world .
Industrial Revolution
Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes , but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads . Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust . New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf , Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam , with the first ' macadamised ' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate , Bristol in 1816 . The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country . Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow , broad wheeled , carts hauled by teams of horses . Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse . Stage coaches carried the rich , and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts . Railways
Battle of Hampton Roads
The battle began when the large and unwieldy CSS Virginia steamed into Hampton Roads on the morning of March 8 , 1862 . Captain Buchanan intended to attack as soon as possible . Virginia was accompanied from her moorings on the Elizabeth River by Raleigh and Beaufort , and was joined at Hampton Roads by the James River Squadron , Patrick Henry , Jamestown , and Teaser . When they were passing the Union batteries at Newport News , Patrick Henry was temporarily disabled by a shot in her boiler that killed four of her crew . After repairs , she returned and rejoined the others .
Watchman (law enforcement)
The streets in London were dark and had a shortage of and poor quality artificial light . It had been recognized for centuries that the coming of darkness to the unlit streets of a town brought a heightened threat of danger , and that the night provided cover to the disorderly and immoral , and to those bent on robbery or burglary or who in other ways threatened physical harm to people in the streets and in their houses .
Lake District
Some valleys which are not penetrated by A roads are served by B roads . The B5289 serves Lorton Vale and Buttermere and links via the Honister Pass with Borrowdale . The B5292 ascends the Whinlatter Pass from Lorton Vale before dropping down to Braithwaite near Keswick . The B5322 serves the valley of St John 's in the Vale whilst Great Langdale is served by the B5343 . Other valleys such as Little Langdale , Eskdale and Dunnerdale are served by minor roads . The last of these is connected with the first two by the Wrynose and Hardknott passes respectively ; both of these passes are known for their steep gradients and are together one of the most popular climbs in the United Kingdom for cycling enthusiasts . A minor road through the Newlands Valley connects via Newlands Hause with the B5289 at Buttermere . Wasdale is served by a cul - de-sac minor road , as are Longsleddale and the valleys at Haweswater and Kentmere . There are networks of minor roads in the lower - lying southern part of the area , connecting numerous communities between Kendal , Windermere and Coniston . Railways
Moss
Mosses are also found in cracks between paving stones in damp city streets , and on roofs . Some species adapted to disturbed , sunny areas are well adapted to urban conditions and are commonly found in cities . Examples would be Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus , a garden weed in Vancouver and Seattle areas ; Bryum argenteum , the cosmopolitan sidewalk moss , and Ceratodon purpureus , red roof moss , another cosmopolitan species . A few species are wholly aquatic , such as Fontinalis antipyretica , common water moss ; and others such as Sphagnum inhabit bogs , marshes and very slow - moving waterways . Such aquatic or semi-aquatic mosses can greatly exceed the normal range of lengths seen in terrestrial mosses . Individual plants 20 -- 30 cm ( 8 -- 12 in ) or more long are common in Sphagnum species for example .
Battle of Hampton Roads
Forts Monroe and Wool gave the Union forces control of the entrance to Hampton Roads . The blockade , initiated on April 30 , 1861 , cut off Norfolk and Richmond from the sea almost completely . To further the blockade , the Union Navy stationed some of its most powerful warships in the roadstead . There , they were under the shelter of the shore - based guns of Fort Monroe and the batteries at Hampton and Newport News and out of the range of the guns at Sewell 's Point and Craney Island . For most of the first year of the war , the Confederacy could do little to oppose or dislodge them .
History of Wells Fargo
Until 1876 , both banking and express operations of Wells Fargo in San Francisco were carried on in the same building at the northeast corner of California and Montgomery Streets . In 1876 the locations were separated , with the banking department moving to a building at the northeast corner of California and Sansome Streets . The bank moved in 1891 to the corner of Sansome and Market Streets , where it remained until 1905 .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque has expanded greatly in area since the mid-1940s . During those years of expansion , the planning of the newer areas has considered that people drive rather than walk . The pre-1940s parts of Albuquerque are quite different in style and scale from the post 1940s areas . These older areas include the North Valley , the South Valley , various neighborhoods near downtown , and Corrales . The newer areas generally feature four to six lane roads in a 1 mile ( 1.61 km ) grid . Each 1 square mile ( 2.59 km2 ) is divided into four 160 - acre ( 0.65 km ) neighborhoods by smaller roads set 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) between major roads . When driving along major roads in the newer sections of Albuquerque , one sees strip malls , signs , and cinderblock walls . The upside of this planning style is that neighborhoods are shielded from the worst of the noise and lights on the major roads . The downside is that it is virtually impossible to go anywhere from home without driving . Tallest
HMHS Britannic
The forecastle machinery and the two cargo cranes in the forward well deck are well preserved . The foremast is bent and lies on the sea floor near the wreck with the crow 's nest still attached on it . The bell was not found . Funnel # 1 was found a few metres from the Boat Deck . The other three funnels were found in the debris field ( located off the stern ) . Pieces of coal lie beside the wreck . The wreck of Britannic is in excellent condition , and the only signs of deterioration are the children 's playroom and some of the captain 's quarters , but the rest of the ship is in outstanding shape . The wreck lies in shallow enough water that scuba divers trained in technical diving can explore it , but it is listed as a British war grave and any expedition must be approved by both the British and Greek governments .
Moss
Mosses are sometimes used in green roofs . Advantages of mosses over higher plants in green roofs include reduced weight loads , increased water absorption , no fertilizer requirements , and high drought tolerance . Since mosses do not have true roots , they require less planting medium than higher plants with extensive root systems . With proper species selection for the local climate , mosses in green roofs require no irrigation once established and are low maintenance .
British Army during World War I
Twenty - one companies were eventually formed and were employed digging subways , cable trenches , Sapping , dugouts as well as offensive or defensive mining . At the end of the war , Engineers were directly responsible for maintaining buildings and designing the infantry front - line fortifications and artillery positions , the telephones , wireless and other signalling equipment , railways , roads , water supply , bridges and transport . They also operated the railways and inland waterways .
Chernobyl disaster
It is likely that intense alpha radiation hydrolysed the water , generating a low - pH hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) solution akin to an oxidizing acid . Conversion of bubbler pool water to H O is confirmed by the presence in the Chernobyl lavas of studtite and metastudtite , the only minerals that contain peroxide . Debris
Republic of Ireland
Motorways , national primary roads and national secondary roads are managed by the National Roads Authority , while regional roads and local roads are managed by the local authorities in each of their respective areas . The road network is primarily focused on the capital , but motorways have been extended to other cities as part of the Transport 21 capital investment programme , as a result motorways have been completed between Dublin and a number of other major Irish cities including Cork , Limerick , Waterford and Galway .
Vedaranyam March
During the march , Rajagopalachari and the marchers highlighted the importance of Civil Disobedience Movement as well as khadi and social issues like caste discrimination . They socialised with the untouchables and refrained from entering the temples in which the former were denied entry . They also swept the streets of the villages and spoke up for the unity of Hindus and Muslims .
Siege of Sarajevo
On 2 May 1992 , Bosnian Serb forces established a total blockade of the city . They blocked the major access roads , cutting supplies of food and medicine , and also cut off the city 's utilities ( e.g. , water , electricity and heating ) . Although they possessed superior weaponry they were greatly outnumbered by ARBiH soldiers who were defending the city . After numerous JNA armored columns failed to take the city , the Serbs began to concentrate their efforts on weakening it by using continual bombardment from at least 200 reinforced positions and bunkers in the surrounding hills .
Indian general election, 2014
Important issues during the campaign included high inflation , lack of jobs , economic slow down , corruption , security and terrorism , religious division and communalism , and infrastructure such as roads , electricity and water . In another survey by Zee News for about 14 % of people , corruption is the main issue in the election . Economy
Respiratory system
Plants use carbon dioxide gas in the process of photosynthesis , and exhale oxygen gas as waste . The chemical equation of photosynthesis is 6 CO ( carbon dioxide ) and 6 H O ( water ) , which in the presence of sunlight makes C H O ( glucose ) and 6 O ( oxygen ) . Photosynthesis uses electrons on the carbon atoms as the repository for the energy obtained from sunlight . Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis . It reclaims the energy to power chemical reactions in cells . In so doing the carbon atoms and their electrons are combined with oxygen forming CO which is easily removed from both the cells and the organism . Plants use both processes , photosynthesis to capture the energy and oxidative metabolism to use it .
Maldives
Other environmental issues include bad waste disposal and beach theft . Although the Maldives are kept relatively pristine and little litter can be found on the islands , no good waste disposal sites exist . Most trash from Male and other resorts is simply dumped at Thilafushi .
Catalonia
The development of these infrastructures , resulting from the topography and history of the Catalan territory , responds strongly to the administrative and political organization of this autonomous community . Roads
Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Florida
Wilma produced minor wind damage in Brevard County , with trees and power lines down and damage to roofs and out buildings . Some areas received as much as 10 to 13 in ( 250 to 330 mm ) of rain , flooding about 200 homes in Cocoa . Total crop damage including citrus equals $3 million . Six tornadoes touched - down in the county . The first tornado , which effected Cocoa and Rockledge , destroyed a porch at a restaurant and damaged the roof of an apartment building . It also destroyed transformers along State Road 520 after crossing the Intracoastal Waterway . The next tornado was spawned near Melbourne Beach and removed the second floor of beachfront house . The third tornado damaged trees and power lines in Palm Bay . A fourth tornado in West Melbourne destroyed a large portion of an apartment roof , flipped - over a car and damaged two others . It also felled fences and trees . The fifth tornado , spawned in Floridana Beach , destroyed a home along State Road A1A and littered the home 's debris across that roadway . The sixth and final tornado damaged an apartment an apartment complex in Melbourne near the intersection of Route 192 and John Rodes Boulevard .
Venezuela
Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise , for the site conforms to the opinion of the holy and wise theologians whom I have mentioned . And likewise , the ( other ) signs conform very well , for I have never read or heard of such a large quantity of fresh water being inside and in such close proximity to salt water ; the very mild temperateness also corroborates this ; and if the water of which I speak does not proceed from Paradise then it is an even greater marvel , because I do not believe such a large and deep river has ever been known to exist in this world .
Watchman (law enforcement)
The principal task of the watch in 1660 and for long after continued to be the control of the streets at night imposing a form of moral or social curfew that aimed to prevent those without legitimate reason to be abroad from wandering the streets at night . That task was becoming increasingly difficult in the 17th century because of the growth of the population and variety of ways in which the social and cultural life was being transformed . The shape of the urban day was being altered after the Restoration by the development of shops , taverns and coffee - houses , theatres , the opera and other places of entertainment . All these placed remained open in the evening and extended their hours of business and pleasure into the night .