vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Islamic architecture
Following the Arab conquest and acquaintance with the civilization of Iran and Rome , the mosques were created by the `` new Muslims '' by the influence of architecture , and most importantly the `` architects '' of these civilizations , and they were the first seeds of `` Islamic architecture '' In their lands . Considering the rules such as the reverence of the building of the palace in Islam , the denial of aristocracy and lavishness , the denial of the separation of the leaders of the Islamic society from the people and so on , and comparing it with the common architecture of all the era of the caliphate from the third cleric of Uthman to the Ottoman Empire , it suggests that the building of the palace ( due to the respect for its construction ) has spread over the course of all periods in the field of Islamic architecture , and if we really want to look at them religiously , such buildings as Qasr al - Humra in Spain , Akhidar palace in Syria and all palaces should not be Considered religious and Islamic architecture , while each of these monuments is a symbol of Heng Islamic architecture is considered to be the Islamic architecture ; perhaps this definition , which we do not have as an `` Islamic architecture '' but which has the `` Muslim Architecture '' , can be considered as an end to this discussion ( Sadeq Rashidi Fard - Newspaper EBTEKAR , may 5 , 2015 ) .
Concordat of Worms
Following efforts by Lamberto Scannabecchi ( later Pope Honorius II ) and the Diet of Würzburg ( 1121 ) in 1122 , Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V entered into an agreement that effectively ended the Investiture Controversy . By the terms of the agreement , the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor 's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties , free of bribes , thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire . Beyond the borders of Germany , in Burgundy and Italy , the Emperor was to forward the symbols of authority within six months . Callixtus ' reference to the feudal homage due the emperor on appointment is guarded : `` shall do unto thee for these what he rightfully should '' was the wording of the privilegium granted by Callixtus . The Emperor 's right to a substantial imbursement on the election of a bishop or abbot was specifically denied .
Allegory of the Cave
Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives , facing a blank wall . The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them , and give names to these shadows . The shadows are the prisoners ' reality . Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are not reality at all , for he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the manufactured reality that is the shadows seen by the prisoners . The inmates of this place do not even desire to leave their prison , for they know no better life . The prisoners manage to break their bonds one day , and discover that their reality was not what they thought it was . They discovered the sun , which Plato uses as an analogy for the fire that man can not see behind . Like the fire that cast light on the walls of the cave , the human condition is forever bound to the impressions that are received through the senses . Even if these interpretations ( or , in Kantian terminology , intuitions ) are an absurd misrepresentation of reality , we can not somehow break free from the bonds of our human condition -- we can not free ourselves from phenomenal state just as the prisoners could not free themselves from their chains . If , however , we were to miraculously escape our bondage , we would find a world that we could not understand -- the sun is incomprehensible for someone who has never seen it . In other words , we would encounter another `` realm '' , a place incomprehensible because , theoretically , it is the source of a higher reality than the one we have always known ; it is the realm of pure Form , pure fact .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
I have summoned you together for the last time . The vision we have cherished of a free and independent country , has vanished , and that country is now the spoil of a conqueror . I disband your organization in preference to surrendering it to our enemies . I am no longer your commander . After association of more than two eventful years , I part from you with a just pride , in the fame of your achievements , and grateful recollections of your generous kindness to myself . And now at this moment of bidding you a final adieu accept the assurance of my unchanging confidence and regard . Farewell .
Louisiana Purchase
The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorely on the U.S. On this subject the Secretary of State has written to you fully . Yet I can not forbear recurring to it personally , so deep is the impression it makes in my mind . It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S. and will form a new epoch in our political course . Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have any conflict of right , and the most points of a communion of interests . From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend , as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference . Her growth therefore we viewed as our own , her misfortunes ours . There is on the globe one single spot , the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy . It is New Orleans , through which the produce of three - eighths of our territory must pass to market , and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants . France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance . Spain might have retained it quietly for years . Her pacific dispositions , her feeble state , would induce her to increase our facilities there , so that her possession of the place would be hardly felt by us , and it would not perhaps be very long before some circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of something of more worth to her . Not so can it ever be in the hands of France . The impetuosity of her temper , the energy and restlessness of her character , placed in a point of eternal friction with us ...
Where Are Ü Now
From May 29 to May 31 , 2015 , there was an event held at the Jack Ü headquarters for fans to customize the photo - shoots for the `` Where Are Ü Now '' music video with crayons and colored pastels . Two teasers for the video were released on June 26 , 2015 , with Samsung+ debuting the video on June 27 , 2015 , and YouTube and Vevo on June 29 , 2015 . According to the duo in a post on YouTube , `` We are being overwhelmed , in a good way , by the success of ' Where Are Ü Now ' with Justin Bieber , so with the video we wanted to just take it back to the beginning of the record and essentially create an ode to our fans . Doing what we do , it 's entirely all about the fans . We walk a fine line by being ' famous ' and in the public eye but we are only here because of you , the fans . Justin wrote this record during a tough time in his life and it comes to us that sometimes , as artists , we are also just objects and we have to take that as much as we have to use that to create . We all do this for you , respect that you put us here and it 's Ü that made the video . ''
Education in India
The Government of India is aware of the plight of higher education sector and has been trying to bring reforms , however , 15 bills are still awaiting discussion and approval in the Parliament . One of the most talked about bill is Foreign Universities Bill , which is supposed to facilitate entry of foreign universities to establish campuses in India . The bill is still under discussion and even if it gets passed , its feasibility and effectiveness is questionable as it misses the context , diversity and segment of international foreign institutions interested in India . One of the approaches to make internationalisation of Indian higher education effective is to develop a coherent and comprehensive policy which aims at infusing excellence , bringing institutional diversity and aids in capacity building . The
History of wolves in Yellowstone
Although wolves within the park boundaries were still fully protected , wolves that ventured outside the boundaries of the park in Idaho or Montana could now be legally hunted . During these hunts , Montana hunters legally killed a number of wolves in the Absaroka - Beartooth Wilderness known to frequent the northeast corner of the park .
Original sin
In the works of John Cassian ( c. 360 -- 435 ) , Conference XIII recounts how the wise monk Chaeremon , of whom he is writing , responded to puzzlement caused by his own statement that `` man even though he strive with all his might for a good result , yet can not become master of what is good unless he has acquired it simply by the gift of Divine bounty and not by the efforts of his own toil '' ( chapter 1 ) . In chapter 11 , Cassian presents Chaeremon as speaking of the cases of Paul the persecutor and Matthew the publican as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of free will is in our own power '' , and the cases of Zaccheus and the good thief on the cross as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of our free will is always due to the inspiration of the grace of God '' , and as concluding : `` These two then ; viz. , the grace of God and free will seem opposed to each other , but really are in harmony , and we gather from the system of goodness that we ought to have both alike , lest if we withdraw one of them from man , we may seem to have broken the rule of the Church 's faith : for when God sees us inclined to will what is good , He meets , guides , and strengthens us : for ' At the voice of thy cry , as soon as He shall hear , He will answer thee ' ; and : ' Call upon Me ' , He says , ' in the day of tribulation and I will deliver thee , and thou shalt glorify Me ' . And again , if He finds that we are unwilling or have grown cold , He stirs our hearts with salutary exhortations , by which a good will is either renewed or formed in us . ''
Cousin marriage
O Prophet , indeed We have made lawful to you your wives to whom you have given their due compensation and those your right hand possesses from what Allah has returned to you ( of captives ) and the daughters of your paternal uncles and the daughters of your paternal aunts and the daughters of your maternal uncles and the daughters of your maternal aunts who emigrated with you and a believing woman if she gives herself to the Prophet ( and ) if the Prophet wishes to marry her , ( this is ) only for you , excluding the ( other ) believers . We certainly know what We have made obligatory upon them concerning their wives and those their right hands possess , ( but this is for you ) in order that there will be upon you no discomfort . And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful .
Elf (Middle-earth)
According to Tom Shippey , the theme of diminishment from semi-divine Elf to diminutive Fairy resurfaces in The Lord of the Rings in the dialogue of Galadriel . `` Yet if you succeed , then our power is diminished , and Lothlórien will fade , and the tides of Time will sweep it away . We must depart into the West , or dwindle to a rustic folk of dell and cave , slowly to forget and to be forgotten . ''
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
In 280 BC , Pyrrhus embarked on a campaign in Magna Graecia ( i.e. southern Italy ) against the Roman Republic known as the Pyrrhic War , followed by his invasion of Sicily . Ptolemy Keraunos secured his position on the Macedonian throne by giving Pyrrhus five thousand soldiers and twenty war elephants for this endeavor . Pyrrhus returned to Epirus in 275 BC after the ultimate failure of both campaigns , which contributed to the rise of Rome because Greek cities in southern Italy such as Tarentum now became Roman allies . Pyrrhus invaded Macedonia in 274 BC , defeating the largely mercenary army of Antigonus II at the 274 BC Battle of Aous and driving him out of Macedonia , forcing him to seek refuge with his naval fleet in the Aegean . Ancient
American Equal Rights Association
The History of Woman Suffrage stated the conclusions drawn by the wing of the movement associated with Anthony and Stanton : `` Our liberal men counseled us to silence during the war , and we were silent on our own wrongs ; they counseled us again to silence in Kansas and New York , lest we should defeat ' negro suffrage , ' and threatened if we were not , we might fight the battle alone . We chose the latter , and were defeated . But standing alone we learned our power ... woman must lead the way to her own enfranchisement . ''
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Aetius campaigned vigorously , somewhat stabilizing the situation in Gaul and in Hispania . He relied heavily on his forces of Huns . With a ferocity celebrated centuries later in the Nibelungenlied , the Huns slaughtered many Burgundians on the middle Rhine , re-establishing the survivors as Roman allies , the first Kingdom of the Burgundians . This may have returned some sort of Roman authority to Trier . Eastern troops reinforced Carthage , temporarily halting the Vandals , who in 435 agreed to limit themselves to Numidia and leave the most fertile parts of North Africa in peace . Aetius concentrated his limited military resources to defeat the Visigoths again , and his diplomacy restored a degree of order to Hispania . However , his general Litorius was badly defeated by the Visigoths at Toulouse , and a new Suevic king , Rechiar , began vigorous assaults on what remained of Roman Hispania . At one point Rechiar even allied with Bagaudae . These were Romans not under imperial control ; some of their reasons for rebellion may be indicated by the remarks of a Roman captive under Attila who was happy in his lot , giving a lively account of
History of the United States Constitution
The Convention found it more difficult to give expression to the will of the people in new states . What state might be `` lawfully arising '' outside the boundaries of the existing thirteen states ? The new government was like the old , to be made up of pre-existing states . Now there was to be admission of new states . Regular order would provide new states by state legislatures for Kentucky , Tennessee and Maine . But the Articles Congress had by its Northwest Ordnance presented the Convention with a new issue . Settlers in the Northwest Territory might one day constitute themselves into `` no more than five '' states . More difficult still , most delegates anticipated adding alien peoples of Canada , Louisiana and Florida to United States territory . Generally in American history , European citizens of empire were given U.S. citizenship on territorial acquisition . Should they become states ?
Mail order
The first Littlewoods catalogue was published in May 1932 with 168 pages . The motto of the catalogue was , `` We hoist our Flag in the Port of Supply , and right away we sail to the Ports of Demand -- the Homes of the People . We intend to help the homely folk of this country help them to obtain some of the profits made by manufacturing and trading ... to save money on things they must have . This Catalogue is our Ship ... staffed by an All - British crew ... You wo n't find sleepy , old - fashioned goods carried in the LITTLEWOODS ship . Only the newest of the new goods -- honest , British - made merchandise . ''
History of the Roman Empire
The year 307 saw the return of Maximian to the rank of Augustus alongside his son Maxentius , creating a total of six rulers of the Empire . Galerius and Severus campaigned against them in Italy . Severus was killed under command of Maxentius on September 16 , 307 . The two Augusti of Italy also managed to ally themselves with Constantine by having Constantine marry Fausta , the daughter of Maximian and sister of Maxentius . At the end of 307 , the Empire had four Augusti ( Maximian , Galerius , Constantine and Maxentius ) and a sole Caesar .
Welsh language
In November 2008 , the Welsh language was used at a meeting of the European Union 's Council of Ministers for the first time . The Heritage Minister Alun Ffred Jones addressed his audience in Welsh and his words were interpreted into the EU 's 23 official languages . The official use of the language followed years of campaigning . Jones said `` In the UK we have one of the world 's major languages , English , as the mother tongue of many . But there is a diversity of languages within our islands . I am proud to be speaking to you in one of the oldest of these , Welsh , the language of Wales . '' He described the breakthrough as `` more than ( merely ) symbolic '' saying `` Welsh might be one of the oldest languages to be used in the UK , but it remains one of the most vibrant . Our literature , our arts , our festivals , our great tradition of song all find expression through our language . And this is a powerful demonstration of how our culture , the very essence of who we are , is expressed through language . ''
The Star-Spangled Banner
O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover
Las Meninas
We can not take in all the figures of the painting in one glance . Not only do the life - size proportions of the painting preclude such an appreciation , but also the fact that the heads of the figures are turned in different directions means that our gaze is deflected . The painting communicates through images which , in order to be understood , must thus be considered in sequence , one after the other , in the context of a history that is still unfolding . It is a history that is still unframed , even in this painting composed of frames within frames .
Slope
By moving the two points closer together so that Δy and Δx decrease , the secant line more closely approximates a tangent line to the curve , and as such the slope of the secant approaches that of the tangent . Using differential calculus , we can determine the limit , or the value that Δy / Δx approaches as Δy and Δx get closer to zero ; it follows that this limit is the exact slope of the tangent . If y is dependent on x , then it is sufficient to take the limit where only Δx approaches zero . Therefore , the slope of the tangent is the limit of Δy / Δx as Δx approaches zero , or dy / dx . We call this limit the derivative .
Romance languages
British and African Romance -- the forms of Vulgar Latin used in southeastern Britain and the Roman province of Africa , where it had been spoken by much of the urban population -- disappeared in the Middle Ages ( as did Pannonian Romance in what is now Hungary , and Moselle Romance in Germany ) . But the Germanic tribes that had penetrated Roman Italy , Gaul , and Hispania eventually adopted Latin / Romance and the remnants of the culture of ancient Rome alongside existing inhabitants of those regions , and so Latin remained the dominant language there . In part due to regional dialects of the Latin language and local environments , several languages evolved from it .
Surrender of Japan
After pondering deeply the general trends of the world and the actual conditions obtaining in Our Empire today , We have decided to effect a settlement of the present situation by resorting to an extraordinary measure .
Nominative determinism
Another aspect of naming was the importance attached to the wider meaning contained in a name . In 17th - century England it was believed that choosing a name for a child should be done carefully . Children should live according to the message contained in , or the meaning of their names . In 1652 William Jenkyn , an English clergyman , argued that first names should be `` as a thread tyed about the finger to make us mindful of the errand we came into the world to do for our Master '' . In 1623 , at a time when Puritan names such as Faith , Fortitude and Grace were appearing for the first time , English historian William Camden wrote that names should be chosen with `` good and gracious significations '' , as they might inspire the bearer to good actions . With the rise of the British Empire the English naming system and English surnames spread across large portions of the globe .
Middle Ages
In 376 , the Goths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens ( r . 364 -- 378 ) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans . The settlement did not go smoothly , and when Roman officials mishandled the situation , the Goths began to raid and plunder . Valens , attempting to put down the disorder , was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378 . As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north , internal divisions within the empire , especially within the Christian Church , caused problems . In 400 , the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and , although briefly forced back from Italy , in 410 sacked the city of Rome . In 406 the Alans , Vandals , and Suevi crossed into Gaul ; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern - day Spain . The Migration Period began , when various peoples , initially largely Germanic peoples , moved across Europe . The Franks , Alemanni , and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes settled in Britain , and the Vandals went on to cross the strait of Gibraltar after which they conquered the province of Africa . In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire ; their king Attila ( r . 434 -- 453 ) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447 , Gaul in 451 , and Italy in 452 . The Hunnic threat remained until Attila 's death in 453 , when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart . These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire .