vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Axis powers
Germany justified its war against Poland on the issues of German minority within Poland and Polish opposition to the incorporation of the ethnically German - majority Free City of Danzig into Germany . While Hitler and the Nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying Poland and were hostile to Poles , after gaining power until February 1939 Hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards Poland , and signed a 10 - year Non-Aggression Pact in 1934 , revealing his plans to only to his closest associates . Relations between Germany and Poland altered from the early to the late 1930s , as Germany sought rapprochement with Poland to avoid the risk of Poland entering the Soviet sphere of influence , and appealed to anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland . The Soviet Union in turn at this time competed with Germany for influence in Poland . At the same time Germany was preparing for a war with Poland and was secretly preparing the German minority in Poland for a war . And since 1935 weapons were being smuggled and gathered in frontier Polish regions by German intelligence . In November 1938 , Germany organized German paramilitary units in the Polish region of Pomerania that were trained to engage in diversion , sabotage as well as murder and ethnic cleansing upon a German invasion of Poland . At the end of 1938 one of the first editions of Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen was printed by the Nazis , containing several thousand names of Poles targeted for execution and imprisonment after an invasion of Poland From late 1938 to early 1939 , Germany in talks with Poland suggested that as reward for Poland transferring territories in Pomerania to Germany that Poland could annex Ukrainian territories from the Soviet Union after a war with Soviet Union . In January 1939 , Ribbentrop held negotiations with Józef Beck , the Polish minister of foreign affairs ; and Edward Rydz - Śmigły , the commander - in - chief of the Polish Army ; in which Ribbentrop urged them to have Poland enter the Anti-Comintern Pact and work together with Germany for a mutual war in the East , whereby Poland would take Slovakia and Ukraine . Ribbentrop in private discussion with German officials stated that he hoped that by offering Poland large new territories in the Soviet Union , that Germany would gain not only from Polish cooperation in a war with the Soviet Union , but also that Poland would cooperate by transferring the Polish Corridor to Germany in exchange for these gains , because though it would lose access to the Baltic Sea , it would gain access to the Black Sea via Ukraine .
Alaska
More than 300 small volcanic islands make up this chain , which stretches over 1,200 miles ( 1,900 km ) into the Pacific Ocean . Some of these islands fall in the Eastern Hemisphere , but the International Date Line was drawn west of 180 ° to keep the whole state , and thus the entire North American continent , within the same legal day . Two of the islands , Attu and Kiska , were occupied by Japanese forces during World War II .
New Spain
After the conquest of central Mexico , there were only two major Indian revolts challenging Spanish rule . In the Mixtón war in 1541 , the viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza led an army against an uprising by Caxcanes . In the 1680 Pueblo revolt , Indians in 24 settlements in New Mexico expelled the Spanish , who left for Texas , an exile lasting a decade . The Chichimeca war lasted over fifty years , 1550 - 1606 , between the Spanish and various indigenous groups of northern New Spain , particularly in silver mining regions and the transportation trunk lines . Non-sedentary or semi-sedentary Northern Indians were difficult to control once they acquired the mobility of the horse . In 1616 , the Tepehuan revolted against the Spanish , but it was relatively quickly suppressed . The Tarahumara Indians were in revolt in the mountains of Chihuahua for several years . In 1670 Chichimecas invaded Durango , and the governor , Francisco González , abandoned its defense .
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) and colloquially Great Britain ( GB ) or simply Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍ -- ‌the Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242,500 square kilometres ( 93,600 sq mi ) , the United Kingdom is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .
We will bury you
Khrushchev 's phrase was used as the title of Jan Šejna 's book on communist Cold War strategies and of a comic book . The phrase also appears in Sting 's song `` Russians '' . It provided the title to a 1962 documentary We 'll Bury You released by Columbia Pictures . The quote , paraphrased as `` We will bury them ! '' , was used as a taunt in the video game Command & Conquer : Red Alert 2 , in which the Soviet Union wages World War III against the Western Allies . This event inspired a card in favor of the U.S.S.R. in the Cold War themed boardgame Twilight Struggle . In issue # 12 of Brian K. Vaughan 's `` Y : The Last Man , '' a Russian character shouts the phrase when she believes she 's being attacked by enemies . This is also referenced by a worm in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode entitled `` Rock - a-Bye Bivalve ''
Cold War
By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making accommodations in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , inaugurating a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower .
United Nations
The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April -- June 1945 in San Francisco , and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the conference ; this charter took effect on 24 October 1945 , and the UN began operation . The UN 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo , as well as approving the creation of the Israeli state in 1947 . The organization 's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s , and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping . After the end of the Cold War , the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was among the first group of nations to recognize the Yemen Arab Republic following its independence from Britain in 1962 . On December 27 , 1962 , two treaties were concluded between the two countries , for setting up a study for economic projects and using soil and ground waters . In 1963 , the Soviet government appointed the first ambassador to the Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ) in Sana'a . In September 1963 , Russians finished constructing Arrahaba International Airport . On March 21 , 1964 , President of YAR Abdullah Assalal paid the first visit to Moscow . The visit resulted in signing a friendship treaty between the two countries in addition to conducting economic and military relations .
History of the United States (1945–64)
The Cold War reached its most dangerous point during the Kennedy administration in the Cuban Missile Crisis , a tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba . The crisis began on October 16 , 1962 , and lasted for thirteen days . It was the moment when the Cold War was closest to exploding into a devastating nuclear exchange between the two superpower nations . Kennedy decided not to invade or bomb Cuba but to institute a naval blockade of the island . The crisis ended in a compromise , with the Soviets removing their missiles publicly , and the United States secretly removing its nuclear missiles in Turkey . In Moscow , Communist leaders removed Nikita Khrushchev because of his reckless behavior .
Climate of the Arctic
Annual precipitation totals in the Canadian Archipelago increase dramatically from north to south . The northern islands receive similar amounts , with a similar annual cycle , to the central Arctic Basin . Over Baffin Island and the smaller islands around it , annual totals increase from just over 200 mm ( 8 inches ) in the north to about 500 mm ( 20 inches ) in the south , where cyclones from the North Atlantic are more frequent ( Serreze and Hurst 2000 ) .
Soviet Union in World War II
Stalin 's shortcomings as a strategist are frequently noted regarding the massive Soviet loss of life and early Soviet defeats . An example of it is the summer offensive of 1942 , which led to even more losses by the Red Army and the recapture of initiative by the Germans . Stalin eventually recognised his lack of know - how and relied on his professional generals to conduct the war .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
Thus , Nixon ( or his successor Gerald Ford ) was unable to fulfill his promises to Thieu . At the same time , aid to North Vietnam from the Soviet Union increased . With the U.S. no longer heavily involved , both the U.S. and the Soviet Union no longer saw the war as significant to their relations . The balance of power shifted decisively in North Vietnam 's favor , and the North subsequently launched a major military offensive , the Ho Chi Minh Campaign , against the South that culminated in the surrender of the Republic of Vietnam to PAVN forces on April 30 , 1975 .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Munich Agreement of 1938 , the first stage in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia , gave rise to Soviet fears that they were likely to be abandoned in a possible war with Germany . In the face of continually dragging and seemingly hopeless negotiations with Britain and France , a new cynicism and hardness entered Soviet foreign relations when Litvinov was replaced by Vyacheslav Molotov in May 1939 .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States reached an all - time high during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis , in which Soviet missiles were placed on the island of Cuba well within range of US territory . This was retrospectively viewed as the closest the world ever came to a nuclear war . After the crisis was resolved , relations with the United States gradually eased into the 1970s .
Ryukyu Islands
The Ōsumi and Tokara Islands , the northernmost of the islands , fall under the cultural sphere of the Kyushu region of Japan ; the people are ethnically Japanese and speak a variation of the Kagoshima dialect of Japanese . The Amami , Okinawa , Miyako , and Yaeyama Islands have a native population collectively called the Ryukyuan people , named for the former Ryukyu Kingdom that ruled them . The varied Ryukyuan languages are traditionally spoken on these islands , and the major islands have their own distinct languages . In modern times , the Japanese language is the primary language of the islands , with the Okinawan Japanese dialect prevalently spoken . The outlying Daitō Islands were uninhabited until the Meiji period , when their development was started mainly by people from the Izu Islands south of Tokyo , with the people there speaking the Hachijō language .
Cold War
The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) .
Operation Barbarossa
Operationally , German forces achieved major victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union , mainly in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , and inflicted , as well as sustained , heavy casualties . Despite these Axis successes , the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back . The Red Army absorbed the Wehrmacht 's strongest blows and forced the unprepared Germans into a war of attrition . The Wehrmacht would never again mount a simultaneous offensive along the entire strategic Soviet -- Axis front . The failure of the operation drove Hitler to demand further operations of increasingly limited scope inside the Soviet Union , such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943 -- all of which eventually failed .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The Battle of Leyte Gulf in 23 -- 26 October 1944 , was a decisive American victory that sank virtually the entire remaining Japanese fleet in arguably the largest naval battle in history . Although the Japanese came surprisingly close to inflicting a major defeat on the Americans , at the last minute the Japanese panicked and lost . The battle was a complex overlapping series of engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte , which the U.S. Army had just invaded . The army forces were highly vulnerable to naval attack , and the Japanese goal was to inflict massive destruction . Two American fleets were involved , the Seventh and Third , but they were independent and did not communicate well so the Japanese with a trick maneuver slipped between the two American fleets and almost reached the beaches . However the Japanese communication system was even worse , and the Japanese army and navy did not cooperate , and the three Japanese fleets were each destroyed .
Iowa-class battleship
When brought into service during the final years of World War II , the Iowa - class battleships were assigned to operate in the Pacific Theatre of World War II . By this point in the war , aircraft carriers had displaced battleships as the primary striking arm of both the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy . As a result of this shift in tactics , U.S. fast battleships of all classes were relegated to the secondary role of carrier escorts and assigned to the Fast Carrier Task Force to provide anti-aircraft screening for U.S. aircraft carriers and perform shore bombardment . Three were recalled to service in the 1950s with the outbreak of the Korean War , and provided naval artillery support for U.N. forces for the entire duration of the war before being returned to mothballs in 1955 after hostilities ceased . In 1968 , to help alleviate U.S. air losses over North Vietnam , New Jersey was summoned to Vietnam , but was decommissioned a year after arriving . All four returned in the 1980s during the drive for a 600 - ship Navy to counter the new Soviet Kirov - class battlecruisers , only to be retired after the collapse of the Soviet Union on the grounds that they were too expensive to maintain .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Many Western analysts have examined the way Soviet behavior in various regions and countries supported the general goals of Soviet foreign policy . These analysts have assessed Soviet behavior in the 1970s and 1980s as placing primary emphasis on relations with the United States , which was considered the foremost threat to the national security of the Soviet Union . Second priority was given to relations with Eastern Europe ( the other members of the Warsaw Pact ) and Western Europe ( the European members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- NATO ) . Third priority was given to the littoral or propinquitous states along the southern border of the Soviet Union : Turkey ( a NATO member ) , Iran , Afghanistan , People 's Republic of China , Mongolia , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) , and Japan . Regions near to , but not bordering , the Soviet Union were assigned fourth priority . These included the Middle East and North Africa , South Asia , and Southeast Asia . Last priority was given to sub-Saharan Africa , the islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans , and Latin America , except insofar as these regions either provided opportunities for strategic basing or bordered on strategic naval straits or sea lanes . In general , Soviet foreign policy was most concerned with superpower relations ( and , more broadly , relations between the members of NATO and the Warsaw Pact ) , but during the 1980s Soviet leaders pursued improved relations with all regions of the world as part of its foreign policy objectives .
State Anthem of the Soviet Union
With the process of de-Stalinization after Stalin 's death , the lyrics referring to him were considered unacceptable , and from 1953 -- 1977 the anthem was performed without lyrics . A notable exception took place at the 1976 Canada Cup ice hockey tournament , where singer Roger Doucet insisted on performing the anthem with lyrics after consultations with Russian studies scholars from Université de Montréal and Soviet team officials . In 1977 , to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution , revised lyrics , earlier written in 1970 by original author Sergey Mikhalkov , were adopted . The varying refrains were replaced by a uniform refrain following all stanzas ; the line praising Stalin was dropped , as were the lines referring to the Great Patriotic War . A notable change in the lyrics was the replacement of a line referencing the Flag of the Soviet Union to one mentioning the Bolshevik Party in the form of `` Partiya Lenina '' ( The party of Lenin ) . These lyrics were also present in the original Bolshevik party anthem at the same location within the melody , followed by the lyrics `` Partiya Stalina '' ( The party of Stalin ) .
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
Despite Soviet attempts to appease Castro , Cuban - Soviet relations were still marred by a number of difficulties . Castro increased contacts with the People 's Republic of China , exploiting the growing Sino - Soviet dispute and proclaiming his intention to remain neutral and maintain fraternal relations with all socialist states . The Sino - Soviet split also impacted on Castro 's relationship with Che Guevara , who took a more Maoist view following ideological conflict between the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China . In 1966 , Guevara left for Bolivia in an ill - fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country 's government .
Bangladesh Liberation War
The war changed the geopolitical landscape of South Asia , with the emergence of Bangladesh as the seventh-most populous country in the world . Due to complex regional alliances , the war was a major episode in Cold War tensions involving the United States , the Soviet Union and the People 's Republic of China . The majority of member states in the United Nations recognised Bangladesh as a sovereign nation in 1972 .
Republican Party (United States)
Representing the fast - growing Western states , Lincoln won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency . The party took on the mission of preserving the Union and destroying slavery during the American Civil War and over Reconstruction . In the election of 1864 , it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The general foreign policy goals of the Soviet Union were formalized in a party program ratified by delegates to the Twenty - Seventh Party Congress in February -- March 1986 . According to the program , `` the main goals and guidelines of the CPSU 's international policy '' included ensuring favorable external conditions conducive to building communism in the Soviet Union ; eliminating the threat of world war ; disarmament ; strengthening the `` world socialist system '' ; developing `` equal and friendly '' relations with `` liberated '' ( Third World ) countries ; peaceful coexistence with the capitalist countries ; and solidarity with communist and revolutionary - democratic parties , the international workers ' movement , and national liberation struggles .
Income inequality in the United States
Historically , discussions of income inequality and capital vs. labor debates have sometimes included the language of class warfare , from President Theodore Roosevelt ( referring to the leaders of big corporations as `` malefactors of great wealth '' ) , to President Franklin Roosevelt ( `` economic royalists ... are unanimous in their hate for me -- and I welcome their hatred '' ) , to more the recent `` 1 % versus the 99 % '' issue and the question of which political party better represents the interests of the middle class .