vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Law
In common law legal systems , decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as `` law '' on equal footing with statutes adopted through the legislative process and with regulations issued by the executive branch . The `` doctrine of precedent '' , or stare decisis ( Latin for `` to stand by decisions '' ) means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts , and future decisions of the same court , to assure that similar cases reach similar results . In contrast , in `` civil law '' systems , legislative statutes are typically more detailed , and judicial decisions are shorter and less detailed , because the judge or barrister is only writing to decide the single case , rather than to set out reasoning that will guide future courts .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
Discretionary spending is spending that is not mandated on a multi-year basis by existing legislation , and thus must be determined anew in each year 's budget . Discretionary spending is used to fund the Cabinet Departments ( e.g. , the Department of Education ) and Agencies ( e.g. , the Environmental Protection Agency ) , although these are often the recipients of some mandatory funding as well . Discretionary budget authority is established annually by Congress , as opposed to mandatory spending that is required by laws that span multiple years , such as Social Security or Medicare .
Humanism
During the French Revolution , and soon after , in Germany ( by the Left Hegelians ) , humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind , without attention to the transcendent or supernatural . The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late - nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . It is similar to Protestantism , although centered on human needs , interests , and abilities rather than the supernatural . In the Anglophone world , such modern , organized forms of humanism , which are rooted in the 18th - century Enlightenment , have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts .
Audit committee
Boards of Directors and their committees rely on management to run the daily operations of the business . The Board 's role is better described as oversight or monitoring , rather than execution . Responsibilities of the audit committee typically include :
Spark plug
`` Indexing '' of plugs upon installation involves installing the spark plug so that the open area of its gap , not shrouded by the ground electrode , faces the center of the combustion chamber rather than one of its walls . The theory holds that this will maximize the exposure of the fuel - air mixture to the spark , also ensuring that every combustion chamber is even in layout and therefore resulting in better ignition . Indexing is accomplished by marking the location of the gap on the outside of the plug , installing it , and noting the direction in which the mark faces . Then the plug is removed and washers are added to change the orientation of the tightened plug . This must be done individually for each plug , as the orientation of the gap with respect to the threads of the shell is random . Some plugs are made with a non-random orientation of the gap and are usually marked as such by a suffix to the model number ; typically these are specified by manufacturers of very small engines where the spark plug tip and electrodes form a significantly large part of the shape of the combustion chamber . The Honda Insight has indexed spark plugs from factory , with four different part numbers available corresponding to the different degrees of indexing to achieve most efficient combustion and maximal fuel efficiency .
Romance languages
The main tense and mood distinctions that were made in classical Latin are generally still present in the modern Romance languages , though many are now expressed through compound rather than simple verbs . The passive voice , which was mostly synthetic in classical Latin , has been completely replaced with compound forms .
Public administration
The more specific term `` public management '' refers to ordinary , routine or typical management that aims to achieve public good . In some definitions , `` public management '' refers to private sector , market - driven perspective on the operation of government . This typically involves putting senior executives on performance contracts , rather than tenured positions , instituting pay - for - performance systems for executives , creating revenue - generating agencies and so on . This latter view is often called `` new public management '' ( NPM ) by its advocates . New Public Management represents a reform attempt that emphasizes the professional nature of public administration . NPM advocates aim to replace the academic , moral or disciplinary emphasis of traditional public administration with a professional focus . Some theorists advocate a `` bright line '' differentiation of the professional field from related academic disciplines like political science and sociology ; it remains interdisciplinary in nature .
Child care
In Canada , the workforce is predominantly female ( 95 % ) and low paid , averaging only 60 % of average workforce wage . Many employees are at local minimum wage and are typically paid by the hour rather than salaried . In the United States , `` child care worker '' is the fifth most female - dominated occupation ( 95.5 % female in 1999 ) . In the US , staffing requirements vary from state to state .
Mains electricity
Electronic appliances ( such as those in the televisions , computer and related equipment categories above , representing 9 % of the total ) , typically use an AC to DC converter or AC adapter to power the device . This is often capable of operation over the approximate range of 100 V to 250 V and at 50 Hz to 60 Hz . The other categories are typically AC applications and usually have much more restricted input ranges . A study by the Building Research Establishment in the UK states that `` The existing 230 V system is well suited to the future of electricity whether through design or Darwinian processes . Any current perceived weakness is generally a result of cost reduction and market forces rather than any fundamental technical difficulties . Questions as to whether there are alternatives to the existing 230 V AC system are often overshadowed by legacy issues , the future smart agenda and cost in all but specific situations . Where opportunities do exist they are often for specific parts of the overall load and often small parts in terms of total demand . ''
The Three Stooges
Beginning in the 1980s , the Stooges finally began to receive critical recognition . The release of nearly all their films on DVD by 2010 has allowed critics of Joe Besser and Joe DeRita -- often the recipients of significant fan backlash -- to appreciate the unique style of comedy that both men brought to the Stooges . In addition , the DVD market has allowed fans to view the entire Stooge film corpus as distinct periods in their long , distinguished career rather than unfairly comparing one Stooge to another ( the Curly vs. Shemp debate continues to this day ) .
Bachelor's degree
Traditionally the B.D. was in fact a graduate degree rather than a first degree , and typically emphasised academic theology , biblical languages etc . This has become a less common arrangement , but a B.D. takes precedence over a Ph. D. in Cambridge University 's order of seniority .
Rainbow
The circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs are two related optical phenomena similar in appearance to a rainbow , but unlike the latter , their origin lies in light refraction through hexagonal ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets . This means that they are not rainbows , but members of the large family of halos .
United States Congress
Nevertheless , incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers . They raise more money because donors expect incumbents to win , they give their funds to them rather than challengers , and donations are vital for winning elections . One critic compared being elected to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university . Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . After each ten - year census , states are allocated representatives based on population , and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party . As a result , reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent , causing some critics to accuse them of being a privileged class . Academics such as Princeton 's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering . Both senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges called franking privileges . Expensive
Thirteen Colonies
Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies , except that lord proprietors appointed the governor rather than the king . They were set up after the English Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty . Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies .
Taxation in the United States
Some types of business expenses are deductible over a period of years rather than when incurred . These include the cost of long lived assets such as buildings and equipment . The cost of such assets is recovered through deductions for depreciation or amortization .
Federal Reserve System
was purchased by Borrower on or after September 19 , 2008 from a registered investment company that held itself out as a money market mutual fund ; was purchased by Borrower at the Fund 's acquisition cost as adjusted for amortization of premium or accretion of discount on the ABCP through the date of its purchase by Borrower ; was rated at the time pledged to FRBB , not lower than A1 , F1 , or P1 by at least two major rating agencies or , if rated by only one major rating agency , the ABCP must have been rated within the top rating category by that agency ; was issued by an entity organized under the laws of the United States or a political subdivision thereof under a program that was in existence on September 18 , 2008 ; and had stated maturity that did not exceed 120 days if the Borrower was a bank or 270 days for non-bank Borrowers . Commercial
History of mobile phones
Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS , demand outstripped capacity . In agreement with state regulatory agencies , AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide . In New York City , for example , 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call .
Tariff
Nobel laureate Maurice Allais argued that : First , most of the trade contraction occurred between January 1930 and July 1932 , before most protectionist measures were introduced , except for the limited measures applied by the United States in the summer of 1930 . It was therefore the collapse of international liquidity that caused the contraction of trade ( 8 ) , not customs tariffs . Second , domestic output in the major industrialized countries fell faster than international trade contracted , so it was not the contraction in foreign trade that caused the depression , but rather the reverse ( it was the fall in domestic demand in the countries that caused the contraction in foreign trade ) . This indicates that it is the domestic growth of countries that generate foreign trade , not the reverse . So protecting domestic production through tariffs is more important than safeguarding foreign trade . Maurice Allais concludes that higher trade barriers were a means of protecting domestic demand from external shocks , deflation , and deregulation of competition in the global labour market .
Avocado
Avocados are commercially valuable and are cultivated in tropical and Mediterranean climates throughout the world . They have a green - skinned , fleshy body that may be pear - shaped , egg - shaped , or spherical . Commercially , they ripen after harvesting . Avocado trees are partially self - pollinating and are often propagated through grafting to maintain a predictable quality and quantity of the fruit .
Triangle
Some individually necessary and sufficient conditions for a pair of triangles to be congruent are :
Gene
The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA , a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA , but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose . RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine . RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single - stranded . Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three - nucleotide sequences called codons , which serve as the `` words '' in the genetic `` language '' . The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids . The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms .
Night vision
Nocturnal mammals have rods with unique properties that make enhanced night vision possible . The nuclear pattern of their rods changes shortly after birth to become inverted . In contrast to conventional rods , inverted rods have heterochromatin in the center of their nuclei and euchromatin and other transcription factors along the border . In addition , the outer layer of cells in the retina ( the outer nuclear layer ) in nocturnal mammals is thick due to the millions of rods present to process the lower light intensities . The anatomy of this layer in nocturnal mammals is such that the rod nuclei , from individual cells , are physically stacked such that light will pass through eight to ten nuclei before reaching the photoreceptor portion of the cells . Rather than being scattered , the light is passed to each nucleus individually , by a strong lensing effect due to the nuclear inversion , passing out of the stack of nuclei , and into the stack of ten photorecepting outer segments . The net effect of this anatomical change is to multiply the light sensitivity of the retina by a factor of eight to ten with no loss of focus .
Compact Cassette
Tape length usually is measured in minutes of total playing time . The most popular varieties are C46 ( 23 minutes per side ) , C60 ( 30 minutes per side ) , C90 , and C120 . The C46 and C60 lengths typically are 15 to 16 micrometers ( 0.59 to 0.63 mils ) thick , but C90s are 10 to 11 μm ( 0.39 to 0.43 mils ) and ( the less common ) C120s are just 6 μm ( 0.24 mils ) thick , rendering them more susceptible to stretching or breakage . BASF declared the C60 with 88 meters ( 289 feet ) . Some vendors are more generous than others , providing 132 or 135 meters ( 433 or 443 feet ) rather than 129 meters ( 423 feet ) of tape for a C90 cassette . Even C180 tapes were available at one time , but these were extremely thin and fragile and suffered from such effects as print - through , which made them unsuitable for general use . 150 minute length is still available from Maxell ( UR 150 ) , Sony ( CDixI 150 ) and TDK ( TDK AE 150 ) .
Iran hostage crisis
Supporters of the takeover stated that their motivation was fear of another American - backed coup against their popular revolution . They claimed that in 1953 , the American Embassy had acted as a `` den of spies '' from which the coup was organized . Documents were later found in the embassy suggesting that some staff members had been working with American intelligence agencies . After the Shah entered the United States , Ayatollah Khomeini called for street demonstrations .
Spider
In spiders , the cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small , cylindrical pedicel , which enables the abdomen to move independently when producing silk . The upper surface of the cephalothorax is covered by a single , convex carapace , while the underside is covered by two rather flat plates . The abdomen is soft and egg - shaped . It shows no sign of segmentation , except that the primitive Mesothelae , whose living members are the Liphistiidae , have segmented plates on the upper surface .
Great Depression
These reforms , together with several other relief and recovery measures , are called the First New Deal . Economic stimulus was attempted through a new alphabet soup of agencies set up in 1933 and 1934 and previously extant agencies such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation . By 1935 , the `` Second New Deal '' added Social Security ( which was later considerably extended through the Fair Deal ) , a jobs program for the unemployed ( the Works Progress Administration , WPA ) and , through the National Labor Relations Board , a strong stimulus to the growth of labor unions . In 1929 , federal expenditures constituted only 3 % of the GDP . The national debt as a proportion of GNP rose under Hoover from 20 % to 40 % . Roosevelt kept it at 40 % until the war began , when it soared to 128 % .
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other . But this opposition is better termed complementary in nature rather than antagonistic . For an analogy , one may think of the sympathetic division as the accelerator and the parasympathetic division as the brake . The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses . The parasympathetic division functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction . The sympathetic system is often considered the `` fight or flight '' system , while the parasympathetic system is often considered the `` rest and digest '' or `` feed and breed '' system .
Medical diagnosis
Clinical decision support systems are interactive computer programs designed to assist health professionals with decision - making tasks . The clinician interacts with the software utilizing both the clinician 's knowledge and the software to make a better analysis of the patients data than either human or software could make on their own . Typically the system makes suggestions for the clinician to look through and the clinician picks useful information and removes erroneous suggestions .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
On 26 April 2015 , international aid agencies and governments mobilized rescue workers and aid for the earthquake . They faced challenges in both getting assistance to Nepal and ferrying people to remote areas as the country had few helicopters . Relief efforts were also hampered by Nepalese government insistence on routing aid through the Prime Minister 's Disaster Relief Fund and its National Emergency Operation Center . After concerns were raised , it was clarified that `` Non-profits '' or NGOs already in the country could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the official fund . Aid mismatch and supply of `` leftovers '' by donors , aid diversion in Nepal , mistrust over control of the distribution of funds and supplies , congestion and customs delays at Kathmandu 's airport and border check posts were also reported . On 3 May 2015 , restrictions were placed on heavy aircraft flying in aid supplies after new cracks were noticed on the runway at the Tribhuvan airport ( KTM ) , Nepal 's only wide - body jet airport .
Yosemite National Park
While some locations in Yosemite require hiking , other locations can be reached via automobile transportation . Driving locations also allow guests to observe the night sky in locations other than their campsite or lodge . All of the roads in Yosemite are scenic , but the most famous is the Tioga Road , typically open from late May or early June through November .
Foreign policy of the United States
The United States has many important allies in the Greater Middle East region . These allies are Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Morocco , Jordan , Afghanistan , Israel , Egypt , Kuwait , Bahrain and Qatar . Israel and Egypt are leading recipients of United States foreign aid , receiving $2.775 billion and 1.75 billion in 2010 . Turkey is an ally of the United States through its membership in NATO , while all of the other countries except Saudi Arabia and Qatar are major non-NATO allies .
Spider
The oldest known exclusively terrestrial arachnid is the trigonotarbid Palaeotarbus jerami , from about 420 million years ago in the Silurian period , and had a triangular cephalothorax and segmented abdomen , as well as eight legs and a pair of pedipalps . Attercopus fimbriunguis , from 386 million years ago in the Devonian period , bears the earliest known silk - producing spigots , and was therefore hailed as a spider at the time of its discovery . However , these spigots may have been mounted on the underside of the abdomen rather than on spinnerets , which are modified appendages and whose mobility is important in the building of webs . Hence Attercopus and the similar Permian arachnid Permarachne may not have been true spiders , and probably used silk for lining nests or producing egg - cases rather than for building webs . The largest known fossil spider as of 2011 is the araneid Nephila jurassica , from about 165 million years ago , recorded from Daohuogo , Inner Mongolia in China . Its body length is almost 25 mm , ( i.e. , almost one inch ) .
International System of Units
During the first half of the 19th century there was little consistency in the choice of preferred multiples of the base units : typically the myriametre ( 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 metres ) was in widespread use in both France and parts of Germany , while the kilogram ( 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 grams ) rather than the myriagram was used for mass .
Justice of the peace
The justice of the peace typically presides over a court that hears misdemeanor cases , traffic violations , and other petty criminal infractions . The justice of the peace may also have authority over cases involving small debts , landlord and tenant disputes , or other small claims court proceedings . Proceedings before justices of the peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts . In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a justice of the peace may have the right to a trial de novo before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered .
Victoria Cross
It is a tradition within the Australian Army for soldiers ' recreational clubs on military bases to be named after a particular recipient of the Victoria Cross . Australia has a unique means of remembering recipients of the Victoria Cross . Remembrance Drive is a path through city streets and highways linking Sydney and Canberra . Trees were planted in February 1954 by Queen Elizabeth II in a park near Sydney Harbour and at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , marking either end of the route , with various plantations along the roadsides in memory of the fallen . Beginning in 1995 , 23 rest stop memorials named for Australian recipients of the VC from World War II onwards have been sited along the route , providing picnic facilities and public amenities to encourage drivers to take a break on long drives . 23 of the 26 memorial sites have been dedicated , with a further three reserved for the surviving VC recipients , including two of the newer Victoria Cross for Australia awards . Edward Kenna , VC , was honoured with the most recent rest stop on 16 August 2012 , having died in 2009 .
Evolution of fish
The agnathans as a whole are paraphyletic , because most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group of gnathostomes . Recent molecular data , both from rRNA and from mtDNA strongly supports the theory that living agnathans , known as cyclostomes , are monophyletic . In phylogenetic taxonomy , the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks , but illustrated as a nested `` family tree '' known as a cladogram . Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another , rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone . This nesting pattern is often combined with traditional taxonomy , in a practice known as evolutionary taxonomy . Evolution