vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Western Roman Empire
Though acting as a subordinate in domestic affairs , Theodoric acted increasingly independent in his foreign policies . Seeking to counterbalance the influence of the Empire in the East , Theodoric married his daughters to the Visigothic king Alaric II and the Burgundian prince Sigismund , his sister Amalfrida was married to the Vandal king Thrasamund and he married Audofleda , sister of the Frankish king Clovis I , himself . Through these alliances and occasional conflicts , the territory controlled by Theoderic in the early sixth century nearly constituted a restored Western Roman Empire . Ruler of Italy since 493 , Theodoric became king of the Visigoths in 511 and exerted hegemony over the Vandals in North Africa between 521 and 523 . As such , his rule extended throughout the western Mediterranean . The Western imperial regalia , housed in Constantinople since the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 , were returned to Ravenna by Emperor Anastasius in 497 . Theoderic , by now Western Emperor in all but name , could however not assume an imperial title not only because the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished but also due to his `` barbarian '' heritage , which like that of Ricimer before him would have barred him from assuming the throne .
Social media
According to writer Christine Rosen in `` Virtual Friendship , and the New Narcissism , '' many social media sites encourage status - seeking . According to Rosen , the practice and definition of `` friendship '' changes in virtuality . Friendship `` in these virtual spaces is thoroughly different from real - world friendship . In its traditional sense , friendship is a relationship which , broadly speaking , involves the sharing of mutual interests , reciprocity , trust , and the revelation of intimate details over time and within specific social ( and cultural ) contexts . Because friendship depends on mutual revelations that are concealed from the rest of the world , it can only flourish within the boundaries of privacy ; the idea of public friendship is an oxymoron . '' Rosen also cites Brigham Young University researchers who `` recently surveyed 184 users of social networking sites and found that heavy users ' feel less socially involved with the community around them . ' '' Critic Nicholas G. Carr in `` Is Google Making Us Stupid ? '' questions how technology affects cognition and memory . `` The kind of deep reading that a sequence of printed pages promotes is valuable not just for the knowledge we acquire from the author 's words but for the intellectual vibrations those words set off within our own minds . In the quiet spaces opened up by the sustained , undistracted reading of a book , or by any other act of contemplation , for that matter , we make our own associations , draw our own inferences and analogies , foster our own ideas ... If we lose those quiet spaces , or fill them up with `` content , '' we will sacrifice something important not only in our selves but in our culture . ''
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The first war ended in 1851 , but would resume in 1864 . During this interlude , Ernest fervently opposed the marriage of his nephew Albert Edward , Prince of Wales ( ' Bertie ' ) , to Princess Alexandra of Denmark , a daughter of the future Christian IX of Denmark ( and therefore an enemy of the German states ) . He believed that such a match flew in the face of German interests . Albert replied angrily `` What has that got to do with you ? ... Vicky has racked her brains to help us to find someone , but in vain ... We have no ( other reasonable ) choice '' . Albert agreed there were going to be problems with the match , but as he could find no alternative bride , he wrote to Ernest that keeping the affair a private matter ( and outside the realm of government ) was `` the only way to prevent a break with Prussia and the only way to keep the game in our own hands , impose the conditions that we think necessary , and as far as we can , take off its political edge '' . Albert also warned his son of Ernest 's endeavors to interfere with the match , commenting , `` Your uncle ... will try his hand at this work . Your best defence will be not to enter on the subject , should he broach it '' .
Habeas corpus
We command you , that the body of A.B. in Our prison under your custody detained , as it is said , together with the day and cause of his taking and detention , by whatever name the said A.B. may be known therein , you have at our Court ... to undergo and to receive that which our Court shall then and there consider and order in that behalf . Hereof in no way fail , at your peril . And have you then there this writ .
Utilitarianism
In all determinations of morality , this circumstance of public utility is ever principally in view ; and wherever disputes arise , either in philosophy or common life , concerning the bounds of duty , the question can not , by any means , be decided with greater certainty , than by ascertaining , on any side , the true interests of mankind . If any false opinion , embraced from appearances , has been found to prevail ; as soon as farther experience and sounder reasoning have given us juster notions of human affairs , we retract our first sentiment , and adjust anew the boundaries of moral good and evil .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Hitler 's views on economics , beyond his early belief that the economy was of secondary importance , are a matter of debate . On the one hand , he proclaimed in one of his speeches that `` If we are socialists , then we must definitely be anti-semites -- and the opposite , in that case , is Materialism and Mammonism , which we seek to oppose ... How , as a socialist , can you not be an anti-semite ? '' but he was clear to point out that his interpretation of socialism `` has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism , '' saying that `` Marxism is anti-property ; true Socialism is not . '' At a later time , Hitler said : `` Socialism ! That is an unfortunate word altogether ... What does socialism really mean ? If people have something to eat and their pleasures , then they have their socialism . '' The term that Hitler later wished he had used for his political party name was `` social revolutionary . '' In private , Hitler also said that `` I absolutely insist on protecting private property ... we must encourage private initiative '' . On yet another occasion he qualified that statement by saying that the government should have the power to regulate the use of private property for the good of the nation . Shortly after coming to power , Hitler told a confidant : `` There is no license any more , no private sphere where the individual belongs to himself . That is socialism , not such trivial matters as the possibility of privately owning the means of production . Such things mean nothing if I subject people to a kind of discipline they ca n't escape ... What need have we to socialize banks and factories ? We socialize human beings '' . He clearly believed that the lack of a precise economic programme was one of the Nazi Party 's strengths , saying : `` The basic feature of our economic theory is that we have no theory at all . '' While not espousing a specific economic philosophy , Hitler employed anti-semitic themes to attack economic systems in other countries , associating ethnic Jews with both communism ( `` Jewish Bolsheviks '' ) and capitalism , both of which he opposed .
We will bury you
Khrushchev was known for his emotional public image . His daughter admitted that `` he was known for strong language , interrupting speakers , banging his fists on the table in protest , pounding his feet , even whistling '' . She called such behavior a `` manner , which suited his goal ... to be different from the hypocrites of the West , with their appropriate words but calculated deeds '' . Mikhail Gorbachev suggested in his book Perestroika and New Thinking for our Country and the World that the image used by Khrushchev was inspired by the acute discussions among Soviet agrarian scientists in the 1930s , nicknamed `` who will bury whom '' , the bitterness of which must be understood in the political context of the times .
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
Newton concludes : `` If the ancient churches in debating and deciding the greatest mysteries of religion , knew nothing of these two texts , I understand not , why we should be so fond of them now the debates are over . '' With minor exceptions , it was only in the nineteenth century that Bible translations appeared changing these passages . Modern versions of the Bible from the Critical Text usually omit the addition to 1 John 5 : 7 , but some place it in a footnote , with a comment indicating that `` it is not found in the earliest manuscripts '' . Modern translations of 1 Timothy 3 : 16 following the Critical Text now typically replace `` God '' with `` He '' or `` He who '' , while the literal Emphasized has `` who '' . A number of papers in the years following responded to Newton , notably John Berriman in 1741 , who had seen at least some of Newton 's text prior to publication . Later , Frederick Nolan in 1815 , Ebenezer Henderson in 1830 and John William Burgon in the Revision Revised in 1883 all contributed substantially to the verse discussion .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Dear Sir -- Our earnest solicitude for the success of the Great Southern Rights movement to secure an immediate release from the overwhelming dangers that imperil our political and social safety , will we trust , be a sufficient apology for the results which we beg to impose on you . The sentiment of the Southern heart is overwhelming in favor of the movement . Light only is wanted that men many see their way clearly and the prayer of every true patriot will eventually be realized . Tennessee will be a unit . Although the time be so very short , this object may yet be accomplished , if a few men only , ( the more the better , however ) in each county , will devote their entire energies to it during the canvass for Delegates . We earnestly beg your attention , therefore , to the following suggestions :
Society of the United States
In the context of election to public office , the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant . Although they make enormous contributions to our society , corporations are not actually members of it . They can not vote or run for office . Because they may be managed and controlled by nonresidents , their interests may conflict in fundamental respects with the interests of eligible voters . The financial resources , legal structure , and instrumental orientation of corporations raise legitimate concerns about their role in the electoral process . Our lawmakers have a compelling constitutional basis , if not also a democratic duty , to take measures designed to guard against the potentially deleterious effects of corporate spending in local and national races .
Ear
Injury to the ears has been present since Roman times as a method of reprimand or punishment - `` In Roman times , when a dispute arose that could not be settled amicably , the injured party cited the name of the person thought to be responsible before the Praetor ; if the offender did not appear within the specified time limit , the complainant summoned witnesses to make statements . If they refused , as often happened , the injured party was allowed to drag them by the ear and to pinch them hard if they resisted . Hence the French expression `` se faire tirer l'oreille '' , of which the literal meaning is `` to have one 's ear pulled '' and the figurative meaning `` to take a lot of persuading '' . We use the expression `` to tweak ( or pull ) someone 's ears '' to mean `` inflict a punishment '' . ''
Dust Bowl
Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats . Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity . If there had been no Government program , if the old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934 , that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle , immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the farm , and if the old order had been in effect those years , we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face today . Our program -- we can prove it -- saved the lives of millions of head of livestock . They are still on the range , and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat . ''
First they came ...
When Pastor Niemöller was put in a concentration camp we wrote the year 1937 ; when the concentration camp was opened we wrote the year 1933 , and the people who were put in the camps then were Communists . Who cared about them ? We knew it , it was printed in the newspapers . Who raised their voice , maybe the Confessing Church ? We thought : Communists , those opponents of religion , those enemies of Christians - `` should I be my brother 's keeper ? '' Then they got rid of the sick , the so - called incurables . - I remember a conversation I had with a person who claimed to be a Christian . He said : Perhaps it 's right , these incurably sick people just cost the state money , they are just a burden to themselves and to others . Is n't it best for all concerned if they are taken out of the middle ( of society ) ? -- Only then did the church as such take note . Then we started talking , until our voices were again silenced in public . Can we say , we are n't guilty / responsible ? The persecution of the Jews , the way we treated the occupied countries , or the things in Greece , in Poland , in Czechoslovakia or in Holland , that were written in the newspapers I believe , we Confessing - Church - Christians have every reason to say : mea culpa , mea culpa ! We can talk ourselves out of it with the excuse that it would have cost me my head if I had spoken out .
Sugar Act
For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands ? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of ? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves -- It strikes our British Privileges , which as we have never forfeited them , we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain : If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid , are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves ?
Irrational number
Now we multiply this equation by 10 where r is the length of the repetend . This has the effect of moving the decimal point to be in front of the `` next '' repetend . In our example , multiply by 10 :
Italian Empire
Italy 's search for colonies continued until February 1886 , when , by secret agreement with Britain , it annexed the port of Massawa in Eritrea on the Red Sea from the crumbling Egyptian Empire . Italian annexation of Massawa denied the Ethiopian Empire of Yohannes IV an outlet to the sea and prevented any expansion of French Somaliland . At the same time , Italy occupied territory on the south side of the horn of Africa , forming what would become Italian Somaliland . However , Italy coveted Ethiopia itself and , in 1887 , Italian Prime Minister Agostino Depretis ordered an invasion . This invasion was halted after the loss of five hundred Italian troops at the Battle of Dogali . Depretis 's successor , Prime Minister Francesco Crispi signed the Treaty of Wuchale in 1889 with Menelik II , the new emperor . This treaty ceded Ethiopian territory around Massawa to Italy to form the colony of Eritrea , and -- at least , according to the Italian version of the treaty -- made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate . Relations between Italy and Menelik deteriorated over the next few years until the First Italo - Ethiopian War broke out in 1895 , when Crispi ordered Italian troops into the country . Outnumbered and poorly equipped , the result was a humiliating defeat for Italy at the hands of Ethiopian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 .
United States Declaration of Independence
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 .
Marshall Plan
The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of products is based is in danger of breaking down ... Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned , the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all . It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health to the world , without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace . Our policy is not directed against any country , but against hunger , poverty , desperation and chaos . Any government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on the part of the USA . Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist .
Humanism
There is one short rule that should regulate human relationships . All that you see , both divine and human , is one . We are parts of the same great body . Nature created us from the same source and to the same end . She imbued us with mutual affection and sociability , she taught us to be fair and just , to suffer injury rather than to inflict it . She bid us extend our hands to all in need of help . Let that well - known line be in our heart and on our lips : Homo sum , humani nihil a me alienum puto . ''
Stamp Act 1765
For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands ? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of ? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves -- It strikes our British Privileges , which as we have never forfeited them , we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain : If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid , are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves .
The Beatles
Sgt . Pepper was the first major pop / rock LP to include its complete lyrics , which appeared on the back cover . Those lyrics were the subject of critical analysis ; for instance , in late 1967 the album was the subject of a scholarly inquiry by American literary critic and professor of English Richard Poirier , who observed that his students were `` listening to the group 's music with a degree of engagement that he , as a teacher of literature , could only envy '' . Poirier identified what he termed its `` mixed allusiveness '' : `` It 's unwise ever to assume that they 're doing only one thing or expressing themselves in only one style ... one kind of feeling about a subject is n't enough ... any single induced feeling must often exist within the context of seemingly contradictory alternatives . '' McCartney said at the time : `` We write songs . We know what we mean by them . But in a week someone else says something about it , and you ca n't deny it ... You put your own meaning at your own level to our songs . '' The album 's elaborate cover also attracted considerable interest and study . A collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth , it depicted the group as the fictional band referred to in the album 's title track standing in front of a crowd of famous people . The heavy moustaches worn by the group reflected the growing influence of hippie style , while cultural historian Jonathan Harris describes their `` brightly coloured parodies of military uniforms '' as a knowingly `` anti-authoritarian and anti-establishment '' display . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked it number one on its list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Brian
Medieval music
The flowering of the Notre Dame school of polyphony from around 1150 to 1250 corresponded to the equally impressive achievements in Gothic architecture : indeed the centre of activity was at the cathedral of Notre Dame itself . Sometimes the music of this period is called the Parisian school , or Parisian organum , and represents the beginning of what is conventionally known as Ars antiqua . This was the period in which rhythmic notation first appeared in western music , mainly a context - based method of rhythmic notation known as the rhythmic modes .
Habeas corpus
We command you that you have the body of C.C.W. detained in our prison under your custody , as it is said , together with the day and cause of his being taken and detained , by whatsoever name he may be called or known , in our Court before us , at Westminster , on the 18th day of January next , to undergo and receive all and singular such matters and things which our said Court shall then and there consider of in this behalf ; and have there then this Writ .
We will bury you
Some authors suggest that an alternative translation is `` We shall be present at your funeral '' or `` We shall outlive you '' . Authors have suggested the phrase , in conjunction with Khrushchev 's overhead hand clasp gesture meant that Russia would take care of the funeral arrangements for capitalism after its demise . In an article in The New York Times in 2018 , translator Mark Polizzotti suggested that the phrase was mistranslated at the time and should properly have been translated as `` We will outlast you , '' which gives an entirely different context to Krushchev 's statement .
Pottery of ancient Greece
Interest in Greek art lagged behind the revival of classical scholarship during the Renaissance and revived in the academic circle round Nicholas Poussin in Rome in the 1630s . Though modest collections of vases recovered from ancient tombs in Italy were made in the 15th and 16th centuries these were regarded as Etruscan . It is possible that Lorenzo de Medici bought several Attic vases directly from Greece ; however the connection between them and the examples excavated in central Italy was not made until much later . Winckelmann 's Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums of 1764 first refuted the Etruscan origin of what we now know to be Greek pottery yet Sir William Hamilton 's two collections , one lost at sea the other now in the British Museum , were still published as `` Etruscan vases '' ; it would take until 1837 with Stackelberg 's Gräber der Hellenen to conclusively end the controversy .