vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Thermal expansion
For small and same rise in temperature the increase in volume ( real expansion ) of liquid is equal to the sum of apparent increase in volume ( apparent expansion ) of liquid and the increase in volume of the containing vessel . Thus a liquid has two coefficients of expansion .
Command-line interface
The default VAX / VMS command shell , using the DCL language , has been ported to Windows systems at least three times , including PC - DCL and Acceler8 DCL Lite . Unix command shells have been ported to VMS and DOS / Windows 95 and Windows NT types of operating systems . COMMAND.COM and Windows NT cmd. exe have been ported to Windows CE and presumably works on Microsoft Windows NT Embedded 4.0 Windows Resource Kit and Windows Services for Unix include Korn and the Bourne shells along with a Perl interpreter ( Services of Unix contains Active State ActivePerl in later versions and Interix for versions 1 and 2 and a shell compiled by Microsoft ) IBM OS / 2 has the cmd. exe processor . This copies the COMMAND.COM commands , with extensions to REXX . cmd. exe and COMMAND.COM are part of the Windows NT stream of operating systems . Yet another cmd. exe is a stripped - down shell for Windows CE 3.0 . An MS - DOS type interpreter called PocketDOS has been ported to Windows CE machines ; the most recent release is almost identical to MS - DOS 6.22 and can also run Windows 1 , 2 , and 3.0 , QBasic and other development tools , 4NT and 4DOS . The latest release includes several shells , namely MS - DOS 6.22 , PC DOS 7 , DR DOS 3. xx , and others PocketConsole is a Windows NT 4.0 shell for Windows CE that is much like 4NT . Windows users have a CLI environment named Windows Command Prompt , which might use the CScript interface to alternate programs . PowerShell provides a command - line interface , but its applets are not written in Shell script . Implementations of the Unix shell are also available as part of the POSIX sub-system , Cygwin , MKS Toolkit , UWIN , Hamilton C shell and other software packages . Available shells for these interoperability tools include csh , ksh , sh , bash , rsh , tclsh and less commonly zsh , ysh , psh COMMAND.COM ( 4DOS ) , Windows NT cmd. exe ( 4NT , TCC ) , and OS / 2 cmd.
Xenon
Xenon has atomic number 54 ; that is , its nucleus contains 54 protons . At standard temperature and pressure , pure xenon gas has a density of 5.761 kg / m , about 4.5 times the density of the Earth 's atmosphere at sea level , 1.217 kg / m . As a liquid , xenon has a density of up to 3.100 g / mL , with the density maximum occurring at the triple point . Liquid xenon has a high polarizability due to its large atomic volume , and thus is an excellent solvent . It can dissolve hydrocarbons , biological molecules , and even water . Under the same conditions , the density of solid xenon , 3.640 g / cm , is greater than the average density of granite , 2.75 g / cm . Under gigapascals of pressure , xenon forms a metallic phase .
Penny board
Penny trucks are made from high quality cast aluminium . The purpose of the trucks is to connect the board 's wheels and bearings to the deck . The trucks are composed of two parts ; the baseplate , which is screwed to the top part of the deck , and the hanger , which the axle runs through . Between the baseplate and the hanger are bushings ( also commonly referred to as rubbers or grommets or cushions ) which function as a cushion for the truck when it turns . The stiffer the bushings , the more resistant the Penny board will be to turning . The softer the bushings , the easier it is to turn . A kingpin bolt holds these parts together , and fits inside the bushings . By tightening or loosening the kingpin nut , the trucks can be adjusted loosely for better turning , and tightened for more stability .
Economy of Scotland
The total value of international exports from Scotland in 2014 ( excluding oil and gas ) was estimated at £ 27.5 billion . The top five exporting industries in 2014 were food and drink ( £ 4.8 billion ) , legal , accounting , management , architecture , engineering , technical testing and analysis activities ( £ 2.3 billion ) , manufacture of refined petroleum and chemical products ( £ 2.1 billion ) , mining and quarrying ( £ 1.9 billion ) and wholesale and retail trade ( £ 1.8 billion ) . The total value of exports from Scotland to the rest of the UK in 2014 ( excluding oil and gas ) was estimated at £ 48.5 billion .
Federal Reserve System
In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 , Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system . The act subjects all depository institutions , not just member commercial banks , to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services . The Federal Reserve plays a role in the nation 's retail and wholesale payments systems by providing financial services to depository institutions . Retail payments are generally for relatively small - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's retail clients‍ -- ‌individuals and smaller businesses . The Reserve Banks ' retail services include distributing currency and coin , collecting checks , and electronically transferring funds through the automated clearinghouse system . By contrast , wholesale payments are generally for large - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's large corporate customers or counterparties , including other financial institutions . The Reserve Banks ' wholesale services include electronically transferring funds through the Fedwire Funds Service and transferring securities issued by the U.S. government , its agencies , and certain other entities through the Fedwire Securities Service .
List of smoking bans in the United States
District - wide smoking ban : Effective January 2007 , smoking is banned in bars , restaurants , and other public places in the District of Columbia ; exempts outdoor areas , designated hotel / motel rooms , retail tobacco stores , cigar bars , hookah bars , and businesses that can show they receive 10 % or more of their annual revenue from tobacco sales , excluding cigarette machines .
Arizona Public Service
The holding company , Pinnacle West Capital , through its APS utility sells wholesale and retail power to the wider western United States and also provides energy - related services . Through another major subsidiary , Pinnacle West also developed and managed real estate in Arizona . Pinnacle West left the real estate business in 2010 .
Starbucks
In April 2003 , Starbucks completed the purchase of Seattle 's Best Coffee and Torrefazione Italia from AFC Enterprises for $72 m . The deal only gained 150 stores for Starbucks , but according to the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , the wholesale business was more significant . In September 2006 , rival Diedrich Coffee announced that it would sell most of its company - owned retail stores to Starbucks . This sale included the company - owned locations of the Oregon - based Coffee People chain . Starbucks converted the Diedrich Coffee and Coffee People locations to Starbucks , although the Portland International Airport Coffee People locations were excluded from the sale .
Times Square
Even excluding residents from the visitor count , Times Square is the world 's second most visited tourist attraction , behind the Las Vegas Strip . The high level of pedestrian traffic has resulted in $4.8 billion in annual retail , entertainment and hotel sales , with 22 cents out of every dollar spent by visitors in New York City being spent within Times Square .
Migration in China
Rural - urban migrant workers have a significant presence in China 's labor force . By 2006 , migrant workers comprised 40 % of the total urban labor force . According to data from National Bureau of Statistics , in 2009 nearly 39.1 % of them worked in manufacturing , about 17.3 % in construction and more than 7.8 % in wholesale and retail . In addition , the number of the migrants who were employed in the tertiary sector of the economy was increasing , which indicated a new trend of employment choice . A report from International Labour Organization in 2006 states that there were also 80 million workers working in the informal sector and it was estimated that between two - thirds and three - quarters of all new employment is in the informal economy . In the informal economy , many rural migrants are engaged in low - paying and temporary jobs such as sanitation workers and porters . Zhu addresses that they are not `` employed '' in the informal sector , but they `` have access only '' to the informal sector .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
The BSI , after consultations with the engineering industry , had set a target of 75 % of the industry being metric by the end of 1975 . This target was not reached , one of the principal reasons being that other sectors , especially the retail sector , were lagging in reaching their targets .
List of smoking bans in the United States
Statewide smoking ban excluding bars : On July 1 , 2003 , smoking was banned statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Florida , exempting private residences , retail tobacco shops , designated smoking rooms in hotels / motels , stand - alone bars with no more than 10 % of revenue from food sales , rooms used for quit - smoking programs and medical research , and designated smoking areas in customs transit areas under the authority of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking . See
I Want to Hold Your Hand
In the United Kingdom , `` She Loves You '' ( released in August ) had shot back to the number 1 position in November following blanket media coverage of the Beatles ( described as Beatlemania ) . Mark Lewisohn later wrote : `` ' She Loves You ' had already sold an industry - boggling three quarters of a million before these fresh converts were pushing it into seven figures . And at this very moment , just four weeks before Christmas , with everyone connected to the music and relevant retail industries already lying prone in paroxysms of unimaginable delight , EMI pulled the trigger and released ' I Want to Hold Your Hand ' . And then it was bloody pandemonium . ''
Mass production
Standard Oil , the major oil company in the 19th century , was vertically integrated partly because there was no demand for unrefined crude oil , but kerosene and some other products were in great demand . The other reason was that Standard Oil monopolized the oil industry . The major oil companies were , and many still are , vertically integrated , from production to refining and with their own retail stations , although some sold off their retail operations . Some oil companies also have chemical divisions .
United States
In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world .
Recycling
Although many government programs are concentrated on recycling at home , 64 % of waste in the United Kingdom is generated by industry . The focus of many recycling programs done by industry is the cost -- effectiveness of recycling . The ubiquitous nature of cardboard packaging makes cardboard a commonly recycled waste product by companies that deal heavily in packaged goods , like retail stores , warehouses , and distributors of goods . Other industries deal in niche or specialized products , depending on the nature of the waste materials that are present .
Mail order
By creating a direct marketing industry through the mail order catalogue , Pryce Pryce - Jones and Aaron Montgomery Ward enabled the creation of a powerful global network that came to include everything from mail order , to telemarketing and social media . Mail order changed the worldwide marketplace by introducing the concept of privacy and individuality into the retail industry . Today , the mail order catalogue industry is worth approximately 100 billion dollars and generates over 2 trillion in incremental sales . Moores
Cytosol
Although the cytoskeleton is not part of the cytosol , the presence of this network of filaments restricts the diffusion of large particles in the cell . For example , in several studies tracer particles larger than about 25 nanometres ( about the size of a ribosome ) were excluded from parts of the cytosol around the edges of the cell and next to the nucleus . These `` excluding compartments '' may contain a much denser meshwork of actin fibres than the remainder of the cytosol . These microdomains could influence the distribution of large structures such as ribosomes and organelles within the cytosol by excluding them from some areas and concentrating them in others .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
The failure to appoint the Metrication Board at the start of the metrication programme meant that industry had to take the lead in a programme that affected everybody and did not have the machinery to implement metrication in , especially , the retail sector . The failure of government to provide funding -- much of the initial work was funded by industry itself . The failure to provide a `` champion '' for metrication -- such a role fell outside the remit of the Metrication Board . The belief that the programme could be accomplished purely by voluntary means -- both reports highlighted the need for appropriate legislation to keep the programme on track .
Supreme Court of India
On 12 January 2018 , four senior most supreme court judges ( excluding CJI ) conducted a press meeting in an unprecedented event to express their anguish against the Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) for acting arbitrarily and not in a transparent and rational manner in allocation of cases to the benches or the judges . They informed that they had no other way , after exhausting all the internal procedures including a joint letter addressed to CJI , other than informing the citizens of India the sad situation prevailing in the apex court of India by conducting a press conference . This is a glaring misuse of an independent institution / organ of the Indian constitution like supreme court whose responsibility is to strive and animate in rendering social , economic and political justice as stated in the Preamble to the Constitution of India and Article 38 ( 1 ) of Directive Principles .
Biomass
In Vermont in 2017 , biomass cost $85 per megawatt , and wholesale electricity was about $25 a megawatt , making biomass more expensive , particularly when compared to fracked natural gas .
The Bronx
The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market , in the West Bronx , is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space , built on a 17 acres ( 7 ha ) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market , a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention , south of Yankee Stadium . The $500 million shopping center , which was completed in 2009 , saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings , one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market . The two main buildings are linked by a six - level garage for 2,600 cars . The center has earned itself a LEED `` Silver '' designation in its design .
Natural gas
In the United States , retail sales are often in units of therms ( th ) ; 1 therm = 100,000 BTU . Gas sales to domestic consumers are often in units of 100 standard cubic feet ( scf ) . Gas meters measure the volume of gas used , and this is converted to therms by multiplying the volume by the energy content of the gas used during that period , which varies slightly over time . The typical annual consumption of a single family residence is 1,000 therms or one Residential Customer Equivalent ( RCE ) . Wholesale transactions are generally done in decatherms ( Dth ) , thousand decatherms ( MDth ) , or million decatherms ( MMDth ) . A million decatherms is a trillion BTU , roughly a billion cubic feet of natural gas .
History of Native Americans in the United States
I rejoice , brothers , to hear you propose to become cultivators of the earth for the maintenance of your families . Be assured you will support them better and with less labor , by raising stock and bread , and by spinning and weaving clothes , than by hunting . A little land cultivated , and a little labor , will procure more provisions than the most successful hunt ; and a woman will clothe more by spinning and weaving , than a man by hunting . Compared with you , we are but as of yesterday in this land . Yet see how much more we have multiplied by industry , and the exercise of that reason which you possess in common with us . Follow then our example , brethren , and we will aid you with great pleasure ... --
Sales taxes in the United States
Sales tax is calculated by multiplying the purchase price by the applicable tax rate . Tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction and range from less than 1 % to over 10 % . Sales tax is collected by the seller at the time of sale . Use tax is self assessed by a buyer who has not paid sales tax on a taxable purchase . Unlike the value added tax , a sales tax is imposed only at the retail level . In cases where items are sold at retail more than once , such as used cars , the sales tax can be charged on the same item indefinitely .
Federalism in India
In the case of a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state , Article 356 brings about state emergency which dissolves the state government and results in President 's rule during which the Union Government can make laws for a state . There is no emergency at the centre which can dissolve the Union government unlike Government of India Act 1935 . Misuse of Article 356 was rampant in the decades following the adoption of the new constitution especially during the prime ministry of Indira Gandhi . In 1991 , Supreme court passed a landmark judgement which acknowledged misuse of the article and laid down principles for the Union government to follow before the state emergency can be invoked .
Polaris Consulting & Services Limited
Polaris Enterprise Solutions Limited ( PESL ) - a 100 % subsidiary of Polaris Financial Technology incorporated in India , is a leading technology provider in Retail , Manufacturing , Logistics & Distribution , Telecom & Media and Travel Industry . NMS Works Software Private Limited ( NMS ) - NMS is primarily engaged in the business of designing network management in Telecommunication and Internet Services . Sonali Polaris FT Limited - Polaris FT has entered into a JV agreement with Sonali Bank to implement online real time core banking solution for Sonali bank and Bangladesh commerce bank , and offer services to other banks and financial institutions in Bangladesh . Accordingly , the Company has incorporated a subsidiary company with 51 % holding , named Sonali Polaris FT limited in terms of the JV agreement .
Amazon Web Services
In November 2010 , it was reported that all of Amazon. com 's retail sites had been completely moved under the AWS umbrella . Prior to 2012 , AWS was considered a part of Amazon.com and so its revenue was not delineated in Amazon financial statements . In that year industry watchers for the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over $1.5 billion .
Price controls
States have sometimes chosen to implement their own control policies . California controls the prices of electricity within the state , which conservative economist Thomas Sowell blames for the occasional electricity shortages the state experiences . Sowell said in 2001 , `` Since the utility companies have been paying more for electricity than they were allowed to charge their customers , they were operating in the red and the financial markets are downgrading their bonds . '' California 's price - setting board agreed to raise rates but not as much as the companies were paying on the wholesale market for their electricity . Economist Lawrence Makovich contended , `` We 've already seen in California that price caps on retail rates increased demand and made the shortage worse and price caps also forced the largest utility , Pacific Gas and Electric , into bankruptcy in four months . '' While some charged that electricity providers had in past years charged above - market rates , in 2002 the San Francisco Chronicle reported that before the blackouts , many energy providers left the state because they could make a greater profit in other Western states . The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission stepped in and set price caps for each megawatt of power bought after lifting the caps to avoid rolling blackouts six months previously .
Retail design
Retail design first began to grow in the middle of the 19th century , with stores such as Bon Marche and Printemps in Paris , `` followed by Marshall Fields in Chicago , Selfridges in London and Macy 's in New York . '' These early retail design stores were swiftly continued with an innovation called the chain store .
List of alcohol laws of the United States
21 % ABV cap on wine . Some counties have more restrictive off - premises hours . The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets ; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission . Normal proof spirits ( > 21 % ABV ) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores . Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits ( diluted by water to 21 % ABV ) under a more readily obtained permit . No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty - one years of age , except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales , and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel , restaurant , club , or night club ... Beverages with less than 0.5 % ABV can be sold / given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes , or the underage person is accompanied by a parent , spouse who is not an underage person , or legal guardian . Oklahoma No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 10 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 3.2 % only No 21 4.0 % ABV / 3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores , Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays . As of 2007 , liquor stores are now open on election days . State law prohibits public intoxication , many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication . Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor , all of which is state - owned prior to sale to consumers , is sold in private liquor stores . These stores are approved by Oregon 's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state 's behalf .
Pub
In Ireland , pubs are known for their atmosphere or `` craic '' . In Irish , a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne ( `` tavernhouse '' ) or teach óil ( `` drinkinghouse '' ) . Live music , either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music , is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland . Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers . A side effect of `` The Troubles '' was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the ' English style ' in the 1950s and 1960s . New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs .