vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Latin America
Losing most of its North American colonies at the end of the 18th century left Great Britain in need of new markets to supply resources in the early 19th century . In order to solve this problem , Great Britain turned to the Spanish colonies in South America for resources and markets . In 1806 a small British force surprise attacked the capitol of the viceroyalty in Río de la Plata . As a result , the local garrison protecting the capitol was destroyed in an attempt to defend against the British conquest . The British were able to capture large amounts of precious metals , before a French naval force intervened on behalf of the Spanish King and took down the invading force . However , this caused much turmoil in the area as militia took control of the area from the viceroy . The next year the British attacked once again with a much larger force attempting to reach and conquer Montevideo . They failed to reach Montevideo but succeeded in establishing an alliance with the locals . As a result , the British were able to take control of the Indian markets .
Israel
Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel . Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs , and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan . India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military , technological and cultural partnership with the country since then . According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , India is the most pro-Israel country in the world . India is the largest customer of the Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second - largest military partner of India after Russia . Ethiopia is Israel 's main ally in Africa due to common political , religious and security interests . Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews live in Israel .
Greco-Persian Wars
Seeking to secure his empire from further revolts and from the interference of the mainland Greeks , Darius embarked on a scheme to conquer Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria for the burning of Sardis . The first Persian invasion of Greece began in 492 BC , with the Persian general Mardonius successfully re-subjugating Thrace and conquering Macedon before several mishaps forced an early end to the rest of the campaign . In 490 BC a second force was sent to Greece , this time across the Aegean Sea , under the command of Datis and Artaphernes . This expedition subjugated the Cyclades , before besieging , capturing and razing Eretria . However , while en route to attack Athens , the Persian force was decisively defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon , ending Persian efforts for the time being .
Israel
Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state . The country 's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry the right to Israeli citizenship . Retention of Israel 's population since 1948 is about even or greater , when compared to other countries with mass immigration . Jewish emigration from Israel ( called yerida in Hebrew ) , primarily to the United States and Canada , is described by demographers as modest , but is often cited by Israeli government ministries as a major threat to Israel 's future .
Israel
In 1260 , control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt . The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power , Cairo and Damascus , and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities . Jerusalem , although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219 , also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al - Aqsa Mosque compound on the Temple Mount . In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering , which previously would be able to enter it for a fee . The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967 . Jews
Greco-Persian Wars
Darius then began to plan to completely conquer Greece , but died in 486 BC and responsibility for the conquest passed to his son Xerxes . In 480 BC , Xerxes personally led the second Persian invasion of Greece with one of the largest ancient armies ever assembled . Victory over the allied Greek states at the famous Battle of Thermopylae allowed the Persians to torch an evacuated Athens and overrun most of Greece . However , while seeking to destroy the combined Greek fleet , the Persians suffered a severe defeat at the Battle of Salamis . The following year , the confederated Greeks went on the offensive , defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea , and ending the invasion of Greece by the Achaemenid Empire .
Israel
Since 1964 , Arab countries , concerned over Israeli plans to divert waters of the Jordan River into the coastal plain , had been trying to divert the headwaters to deprive Israel of water resources , provoking tensions between Israel on the one hand , and Syria and Lebanon on the other . Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel , and called for its destruction . By 1966 , Israeli - Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces . In May 1967 , Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel , expelled UN peacekeepers , stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957 , and blocked Israel 's access to the Red Sea . Other Arab states mobilized their forces . Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli and , on 5 June , launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt . Jordan , Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel . In a Six - Day War , Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank , defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula , and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights . Jerusalem 's boundaries were enlarged , incorporating East Jerusalem , and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories .
Israel
On 14 May 1948 , the day before the expiration of the British Mandate , David Ben - Gurion , the head of the Jewish Agency , declared `` the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz - Israel , to be known as the State of Israel . '' The only reference in the text of the Declaration to the borders of the new state is the use of the term Eretz - Israel ( `` Land of Israel '' ) . The following day , the armies of four Arab countries -- Egypt , Syria , Transjordan and Iraq -- entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine , launching the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War ; contingents from Yemen , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war . The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception , and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea . According to Benny Morris , Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews . The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed . Raising
Israel
In 1967 , as a result of the Six - Day War , Israel captured and occupied the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights . Israel also captured the Sinai Peninsula , but returned it to Egypt as part of the 1979 Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty . Between 1982 and 2000 , Israel occupied part of southern Lebanon , in what was known as the Security Belt . Since Israel 's capture of these territories , Israeli settlements and military installations have been built within each of them , except Lebanon . Israel has applied civilian law to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem and granted their inhabitants permanent residency status and the ability to apply for citizenship . The West Bank , outside of the Israeli settlements within the territory , has remained under direct military rule , and Palestinians in this area can not become Israeli citizens . Israel withdrew its military forces and dismantled the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip as part of its disengagement from Gaza though it continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters .
Balkan Wars
In January , after a successful coup by young army officers , the Ottoman Empire decided to continue the war . After a failed Ottoman counter-attack in the Western - Thracian front , Bulgarian forces , with the help of the Serbian Army , managed to conquer Adrianople , while Greek forces managed to take Ioannina after defeating the Ottomans in the battle of Bizani . In the joint Serbian - Montenegrin theater of operation , the Montenegrin army besieged and captured the Shkodra , ending the Ottoman presence in Europe west of the Çatalca line after nearly 500 years . The war ended officially with the Treaty of London on 30 ( 17 ) May 1913 .
Israel
Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons as well as chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction . Israel has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities . The Israeli Navy 's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles , offering second - strike capability . Since the Gulf War in 1991 , when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles , all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room , Merkhav Mugan , impermeable to chemical and biological substances .
Italian nationalism
In these years , one of the most prominent political figures was Francesco Crispi , whose actions as prime minister were characterised by a nationalism that often appeared as a form of obsession for the national unity and defence from hostile foreign countries . Italy managed to colonize the East African coast of Eritrea and Somalia , but failed to conquer Ethiopia with 15,000 Italians dying in the war and being forced to retreat . Then , Italy waged war with the Ottoman Empire from 1911 to 1912 and gained Libya and the Dodecanese Islands from Turkey . However , these attempts to gain popular support from the public failed , and rebellions and violent protests became so intense that many observers believed that the young Kingdom of Italy would not survive .
Peninsular War
In 1812 , when Napoleon set out with a massive army on what proved to be a disastrous campaign to conquer Russia , a combined allied army under Wellesley pushed into Spain , defeating the French at Salamanca and taking Madrid . In the following year Wellington scored a decisive victory over King Joseph 's army at Vitoria . Pursued by the armies of Britain , Spain and Portugal , Marshal Jean - de-Dieu Soult , no longer able to get sufficient support from a depleted France , led the exhausted and demoralized French forces in a fighting withdrawal across the Pyrenees during the winter of 1813 -- 1814 .
History of the Roman Empire
Claudius was a younger brother of Germanicus , and had long been considered a weakling and a fool by the rest of his family . The Praetorian Guard , however , acclaimed him as emperor . Claudius was neither paranoid like his uncle Tiberius , nor insane like his nephew Caligula , and was therefore able to administer the Empire with reasonable ability . He improved the bureaucracy and streamlined the citizenship and senatorial rolls . He ordered the construction of a winter port at Ostia Antica for Rome , thereby providing a place for grain from other parts of the Empire to be brought in inclement weather .
Israel
Between 1985 and 2015 , Israel sent 24 delegations of IDF search and rescue unit , the Home Front Command , to 22 countries . In Haiti , immediately following the 2010 earthquake , Israel was the first country to set up a field hospital capable of performing surgical operations . Israel sent over 200 medical doctors and personnel to start treating injured Haitians at the scene . At the conclusion of its humanitarian mission 11 days later , the Israeli delegation had treated more than 1,110 patients , conducted 319 successful surgeries , delivered 16 births and rescued or assisted in the rescue of four individuals . Despite radiation concerns , Israel was one of the first countries to send a medical delegation to Japan following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster . Israel dispatched a medical team to the tsunami - stricken city of Kurihara in 2011 . A medical clinic run by an IDF team of some 50 members featured pediatric , surgical , maternity and gynecological , and otolaryngology wards , together with an optometry department , a laboratory , a pharmacy and an intensive care unit . After treating 200 patients in two weeks , the departing emergency team donated its equipment to the Japanese .
Israel (name)
Jacob 's descendants came to be known as the Israelites , eventually forming the tribes of Israel and ultimately the kingdom of Israel , whence came the name of modern - day State of Israel .
Israel
In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron 's Space Competitiveness Index . The Israel Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals , and have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial , research and spy satellites . Some of Israel 's satellites are ranked among the world 's most advanced space systems . Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low Earth orbit . It was first launched in 1988 , making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability . In 2003 , Ilan Ramon became Israel 's first astronaut , serving as payload specialist of STS - 107 , the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia .
Western Roman Empire
After a violent struggle with several rivals , and against Placidia 's wish , Aetius rose to the rank of magister militum . Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire 's military situation somewhat , relying heavily on his Hunnic allies . With their help Aetius undertook extensive campaigns in Gaul , defeating the Visigoths in 437 and 438 but suffering a defeat himself in 439 , ending the conflicts in a status quo with a treaty .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Cortés was able to pacify the country , after the natives realized the Spaniards put `` an end to the rape and robbery that the Mexicans practised . '' Finally , Xicotencatl the Elder , baptized as Don Lorenzo de Vargas , agreed to support Cortés ' expedition against Texcoco . He sent more than ten thousand warriors under the command of Chichimecatecle as Cortés marched on the day after Christmas 1520 . Siege
Israel
Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991 , Turkey has cooperated with the Jewish state since its recognition of Israel in 1949 . Turkey 's ties to the other Muslim - majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel . Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008 -- 09 Gaza War and Israel 's raid of the Gaza flotilla . Relations between Greece and Israel have improved since 1995 due to the decline of Israeli - Turkish relations . The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010 , the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece 's Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base . The joint Cyprus - Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the Leviathan gas field are an important factor for Greece , given its strong links with Cyprus . Cooperation in the world 's longest sub-sea electric power cable , the EuroAsia Interconnector , has strengthened relations between Cyprus and Israel .
Peloponnesian War
Sparta and its allies , with the exception of Corinth , were almost exclusively land - based powers , able to summon large land armies which were very nearly unbeatable ( thanks to the legendary Spartan forces ) . The Athenian Empire , although based in the peninsula of Attica , spread out across the islands of the Aegean Sea ; Athens drew its immense wealth from tribute paid from these islands . Athens maintained its empire through naval power . Thus , the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles .
Paul Revere
Contrary to popular belief , Revere and Dawes were not the only riders ; however , they were the only two to be noted in the poem . Samuel Prescott and Israel Bissell were also tasked to undertake the mission , Israel Bissell being the person to ride the farthest distance of all .
Israel
The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin 's Likud party took control from the Labor Party . Later that year , Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state . In the two years that followed , Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords ( 1978 ) and the Israel -- Egypt Peace Treaty ( 1979 ) . In return , Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Additionally , the Tlaxcala saw a `` radiance that shone in the east every morning three hours before sunrise '' , and a `` whirlwind of dust '' from the volcano Matlalcueye . According to Diaz , `` These Caciques also told us of a tradition they had heard from their ancestors , that one of the idols which they particularly worshipped had prophesied the coming of men from distant lands in the direction of the sunrise , who would conquer them and rule them . ''
Conquistador
An expedition commanded by Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama , reaching Inca territory by 1526 . After one more expedition in 1529 , Pizarro received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy . The approval read : `` In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas . Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in New Castile '' The Viceroyalty of Peru was established in 1542 , encompassing all Spanish holdings in South America .
History of McDonald's
Much of the growth of the 1990s came outside the US , with international units increasing from about 3,600 in 1991 to more than 11,000 by 1998 . The number of countries with McDonald 's outlets nearly doubled from 59 in 1991 to 114 in late 1998 . In 1993 , a new region was added to the empire when the first McDonald 's in the Middle East opened in Tel Aviv , Israel . As the company entered new markets , it showed increasing flexibility with respect to local food preferences and customs . In Israel , for example , the first kosher McDonald 's opened in a Jerusalem suburb in 1995 . In Arab countries the restaurant chain used `` Halal '' menus , which complied with Islamic laws for food preparation . In 1996 McDonald 's entered India for the first time , where it offered a Big Mac made with lamb called the Maharaja Mac . That same year the first McSki - Thru opened in Lindvallen , Sweden .
Book of Enoch
This part of the book can be taken to be the kingdom splitting into the northern and southern tribes , that is , Israel and Judah , eventually leading to Israel falling to the Assyrians in 721 BC and Judah falling to the Babylonians a little over a century later 587 BC . `` And He gave them over into the hands of the lions and tigers , and wolves and hyenas , and into the hand of the foxes , and to all the wild beasts , and those wild beasts began to tear in pieces those sheep '' ; God abandons Israel for they have abandoned him .
Israel
Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee Field of Anemone coronaria , national flower of Israel Makhtesh Ramon , a type of crater unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula Snow in Galilee Flowers of Israel
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The first source of tension in relations between Israel and the Soviet Union occurred on February 9 , 1953 ( four weeks before the death of Joseph Stalin ) , when the USSR severed relations with Israel . The USSR used a bomb incident against the Soviet Legation in Tel Aviv as an excuse to end relations and claimed that the government was responsible . The Israeli government received this news with shock and concern . This was the first breach in diplomatic relations that Israel had experienced with a superpower . There is a general consensus that Israeli charges against the USSR Doctors ' Plot and public want for improvement for the Soviet Jews were deciding factors . Without Israel 's fierce hostility to the false allegations of the Doctors ' Plot , the Soviet Union most likely would not have ended relations . After the rupture , Israel continued to speak out against the Doctors ' Plot , and successfully attracted international attention .
British Empire
By the turn of the 20th century , fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war . Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy , Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 , respectively .
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
During this early period , before the Ottomans were able to establish a centralized system of government in the middle of the fifteenth century , the rulers ' powers were `` far more circumscribed , and depended heavily upon coalitions of support and alliances reached '' among various power - holders within the empire , including Turkic tribal leaders and Balkan allies and vassals .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
When Cortés left Tenochtitlan to return to the coast and deal with the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez , Pedro de Alvarado was left in charge . Alvarado allowed a significant Aztec feast to be celebrated in Tenochtitlan and on the pattern of the earlier massacre in Cholula , closed off the square and massacred the celebrating Aztec noblemen . The biography of Cortés by Francisco López de Gómara contains a description of the massacre . The Alvarado massacre at the Main Temple of Tenochtitlan precipitated rebellion by the population of the city . When Moctezuma , now seen as a mere puppet of the invading Spaniards , attempted to calm the outraged populace , he was killed by a projectile . Cortés had returned to Tenochtitlan and his men fled the capital city during the Noche Triste in June , 1520 . The Spanish , Tlaxcalans and reinforcements returned a year later on August 13 , 1521 to a civilization that had been wiped out by famine and smallpox . This made it easier to conquer the remaining Aztecs .
Vision (Marvel Comics)
A bloodthirsty and arrogant version of Vision was a member of the Exiles ' counterpart Weapon X . This Vision was very single minded in completing their murderous missions . He had a habit of pointing out to his teammates that he would survive many attacks that could kill them . He was able to single - handedly hold off the entire Exiles himself before being incapacitated and damaged by advanced Nimrod Sentinels on a parallel Earth dominated by the mutant hunting robots . Despite the damage inflicted by the Sentinels he continued to serve on several more Weapon X missions . Ultimately Vision was blasted into pieces by King Hyperion when he refused to join Hyperion in his plan to conquer one of the many parallel earths . Although briefly left alive in pieces Vision was finally killed when a huge asteroid , launched by that world 's Magneto , struck the Earth and destroyed both the planet and Vision .