vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Italian language
Regional differences can be recognized by various factors : the openness of vowels , the length of the consonants , and influence of the local language ( for example , in informal situations the contraction annà replaces andare in the area of Rome for the infinitive `` to go '' ; and nare is what Venetians say for the infinitive `` to go '' ) .
Plastic bottle
There is ongoing concern as to the use of plastics in consumer food packaging solutions , environmental impact of the disposal of these products , as well as concerns regarding consumer safety . Karin Michaels , Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School , suggests that toxins leaching from plastics might be related to disorders such as infertility and cancer in humans .
Telephone number
In the middle 20th century in North America when a call could not be completed , for example because the phone number was not assigned , had been disconnected , or was experiencing technical difficulties , the call was routed to an intercept operator who informed the caller . In the 1970s this service was converted to Automatic Intercept Systems which automatically choose and present an appropriate intercept message . Disconnected numbers are reassigned to new users after the rate of calls to them declines .
Ganesha
The family includes his brother , the god of war , Kartikeya , who is also called Skanda and Murugan . Regional differences dictate the order of their births . In northern India , Skanda is generally said to be the elder , while in the south , Ganesha is considered the firstborn . In northern India , Skanda was an important martial deity from about 500 BCE to about 600 CE , after which worship of him declined significantly . As Skanda fell , Ganesha rose . Several stories tell of sibling rivalry between the brothers and may reflect sectarian tensions .
Maya civilization
Although Maya cities shared many common features , there was considerable variation in architectural style . Such styles were influenced by locally available construction materials , climate , topography , and local preferences . In the Late Classic , these local differences developed into distinctive regional architectural styles . Central
Trail of Tears
The sparsely inhabited Cherokee lands were highly attractive to Georgian farmers experiencing population pressure , and illegal settlements resulted . Long - simmering tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia , in 1829 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush , the second gold rush in U.S. history . Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands , and pressure mounted to fulfill the Compact of 1802 in which the US Government promised to extinguish Indian land claims in the state of Georgia .
United States congressional committee
Subcommittees are formed by most committees to share specific tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committee . Subcommittees are responsible to , and work within the guidelines established by , their parent committees . In particular , standing committees usually create subcommittees with legislative jurisdiction to consider and report bills . They may assign their subcommittees such specific tasks as the initial consideration of measures and oversight of laws and programs in the subcommittees ' areas . Committee of the Whole -- used by the House of Representatives , but not the modern Senate Conference committee -- are joint , ad hoc groups formed to work out the differences between similar bills from both houses .
Dipping tobacco
Fat cuts are a little longer , flatter , and softer than long cut . Mid cuts are comparable to small granules at about 1 mm cubed . Mid cuts are extremely rare ; the original version of Copenhagen Black is the only dip marketed as a mid cut that has made it to the market . However , many consider some products marketed as long cuts to be mid cuts , notably Copenhagen Long Cut Original . ReadyCut is a cut produced only by Skoal ( introduced in 2012 ) which consists of a compressed cube of long cut . As it gets moist from saliva in the mouth , it automatically conforms to the user 's mouth . Wide cut is a new cut introduced by Grizzly in select markets . It consists of wider strands than long cut . Grizzly Wide Cut Wintergreen is the only wide cut available .
Big Five personality traits
Moreover , the fact that the Big Five model was based on lexical hypothesis , ( i.e. on the verbal descriptors of individual differences ) indicated strong methodological flaws in this model , especially related to its main factors , Extraversion and Neuroticism . First , there is a natural pro-social bias of language in people 's verbal evaluations . After all , language is an invention of group dynamics that was developed to facilitate socialization , the exchange of information and to synchronize group activity . This social function of language therefore creates a sociability bias in verbal descriptors of human behaviour : there are more words related to social than physical or even mental aspects of behavior . The sheer number of such descriptors will cause them to group into a largest factor in any language , and such grouping has nothing to do with the way that core systems of individual differences are set up . Second , there is also a negativity bias in emotionality ( i.e. most emotions have negative affectivity ) , and there are more words in language to describe negative rather than positive emotions . Such asymmetry in emotional valence creates another bias in language . Experiments using the lexical hypothesis approach indeed demonstrated that the use of lexical material skews the resulting dimensionality according to a sociability bias of language and a negativity bias of emotionality , grouping all evaluations around these two dimensions . This means that the two largest dimensions in the Big Five model might be just an artifact of the lexical approach that this model employed .
Ancient Egypt
The Egyptian language is a northern Afro - Asiatic language closely related to the Berber and Semitic languages . It has the second longest history of any language ( after Sumerian ) , having been written from c. 3200 BC to the Middle Ages and remaining as a spoken language for longer . The phases of ancient Egyptian are Old Egyptian , Middle Egyptian ( Classical Egyptian ) , Late Egyptian , Demotic and Coptic . Egyptian writings do not show dialect differences before Coptic , but it was probably spoken in regional dialects around Memphis and later Thebes .
Acts of the Apostles
As the second part of the two - part work Luke -- Acts , Acts has significant links to the Gospel of Luke . Major turning points in the structure of Acts , for example , find parallels in Luke : the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple , Jesus 's forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts , the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis ( the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles ) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands , and so on ( see Gospel of Luke ) . These parallels continue through both books . There are also differences between Luke and Acts , amounting at times to outright contradiction . For example , the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday , immediately after the Resurrection , while Acts 1 puts it forty days later . There are similar conflicts over the theology . While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke -- Acts , these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature .
Two-party system
In contrast , a voting system that allows only a single winner for each possible legislative seat is sometimes termed a plurality voting system or single - winner voting system and is usually described under the heading of a winner - takes - all arrangement . Each voter can cast a single vote for any candidate within any given legislative district , but the candidate with the most votes wins the seat , although variants , such as requiring a majority , are sometimes used . What happens is that in a general election , a party that consistently comes in third in every district is unlikely to win any legislative seats even if there is a significant proportion of the electorate favoring its positions . This arrangement strongly favors large and well -- organized political parties that are able to appeal to voters in many districts and hence win many seats , and discourages smaller or regional parties . Politically oriented people consider their only realistic way to capture political power is to run under the auspices of the two dominant parties .
Migration in China
From 1949 to 1985 , the net migration rate for China was 0.24 , compared with world average of 1.84 from 1950 to 1990 . Since the mid-1980s , rural to urban migration became a constant social phenomenon . Zhao and Sicular report that the number of rural - urban migration doubled between the late 1980s and the mid 1990s . In 1989 , there were 8.9 million migrants and in 1994 the number increased to 23.0 millions . In 2006 it was estimated that China was experiencing a -- 0.39 per 1,000 population net migration rate . According to National Bureau of Statistics , there were 252.78 million migrant workers in China in 2011 .
Elk
Elk were long believed to belong to a subspecies of the European red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) , but evidence from many mitochondrial DNA genetic studies beginning in 1998 shows that the two are distinct species . Key morphological differences that distinguish C. canadensis from C. elaphus are the former 's wider rump patch and paler - hued antlers .
Catalonia
After the end of Franco 's dictatorship , the newly established self - governing democratic institutions in Catalonia embarked on a long - term language policy to increase the use of Catalan and has , since 1983 , enforced laws which attempt to protect and extend the use of Catalan . This policy , known as the `` linguistic normalisation '' ( normalització lingüística in Catalan , normalización lingüística in Spanish ) has been supported by the vast majority of Catalan political parties through the last thirty years . Some groups consider these efforts a way to discourage the use of Spanish , whereas some others , including the Catalan government and the European Union consider the policies respectful , or even as an example which `` should be disseminated throughout the Union '' .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
With the use of PET in the study of late learners , regional cerebral blood flow ( rCBF ) distribution has been found to be comparable between L1 and L2 . Repetition of words engages overlapping neural structures across both languages ; whereas , differences in neural activation are only observed in the left putamen when individuals repeat words in their second language . The putamen , therefore , plays a critical role because the articulation process places greater demand on brain resources , when one is producing a second language learned late in life .
Liz Parker
`` Liz is very interested in learning . She is very innocent , somewhat naive , but with the ability to read what is right or wrong . She has a big crush on this guy but she knows they ca n't be together because of the circumstances , but she still hopes . She 's experiencing a whole lot of new things in her life , so it 's exciting to see how she deals with that . '' --
Name change
Converts to Islamic faith may choose a new name ; although it is not required , it may in some cases be preferable for personal reasons or because the name is of uncertain Islamicity ( e.g. the person converting has a theophoric name in another religion , such as Christopher or Ganesh ) . Boxer Cassius Clay 's adoption of the name Muhammad Ali is a well - known example , as is Cat Stevens ' change to Yusuf Islam and Malcolm Little 's adoption of the name Malcolm X and later El - Hajj Malik El - Shabazz . On the other hand , converts may choose to keep their names , as did Dave Chappelle . Women do not normally take their husbands ' surnames as their own . Their maiden name continues to be their surname even after marriage . Sometimes their husbands first name becomes their surname , similar to the case of surname chains indicating someone 's chain of fathers . In Islamic tradition , there are two kinds of surname .
IronPython
There are some differences between the Python reference implementation CPython and IronPython . Some projects built on top of IronPython are known not to work under CPython . Conversely , CPython applications that depend on extensions to the language that are implemented in C ( e.g. NumPy ) are not compatible with IronPython .
House of Commons of Canada
Seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory . However , some ridings are more populous than others , and the Canadian constitution contains some special provisions regarding provincial representation . As a result , there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to population .
Relative deprivation
Consider the following examples : in 1905 cars were a luxury , hence an individual unable to afford one would not feel or be viewed as deprived . In 2010 , when cars are common in most societies , an individual unable to afford one is much more likely to feel deprived . In another example , mobile phones are common today , and many people may feel that they deserve to have one . Fifty years ago , when there were no mobile phones , such a sentiment would obviously not exist .
Tropical cyclone
There are six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers ( RSMCs ) worldwide . These organizations are designated by the World Meteorological Organization and are responsible for tracking and issuing bulletins , warnings , and advisories about tropical cyclones in their designated areas of responsibility . In addition , there are six Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers ( TCWCs ) that provide information to smaller regions .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Persistent poverty is the effects of experiencing low income for long periods of time . In 2014 , 6.5 % of the United Kingdom 's population was classified as being in persistent poverty ; that equates to approximately 3.9 million people . The UK 's poverty rate overall in 2014 was the 12th highest amongst all European nations at 16.8 % , however ; it has the third - lowest persistent poverty rate . Income tends to be measured before or after housing costs are accounted for ( BHC or AHC ) . Poverty levels tend to be higher after housing costs are accounted for because the poorer households need to spend a higher percentage of their income on housing . In 2014 - 2015 , 13.5 million people were in relative low income AHC ( an increase of 300,000 from the year before ) and 12.9 million people were in absolute low income AHC ( a decrease of 700,000 from the year before ) . Relative low income means that people live in households with income below 60 % of the median in a specified year . Absolute income means that people live in households with income below 60 % of the median income in some base year . In 2016 , the incomes of poor households are extremely sensitive to the activity in the labor market . When any downturn in the labor market occurs , the poorest people in the UK are increasingly more vulnerable and at greater risk . Median income ( overall ) has moved 2 % above pre-crisis ( 2007 - 2008 ) levels . During the recovery period , inequality in workers ' earnings has decreased . There has been strong employment growth along with weak earnings growth which have kept inequality low for several years .
Catalonia
There are two publicly owned railway companies operating in Catalonia : the Catalan FGC that operates commuter and regional services , and the Spanish national RENFE that operates long - distance and high - speed rail services ( AVE and Avant ) and the main commuter and regional service Rodalies de Catalunya , administered by the Catalan government since 2010 .
Population pyramid
The Middle East and North Africa are currently experiencing a prominent youth bulge . `` Across the Middle East , countries have experienced a pronounced increase in the size of their youth populations over recent decades , both in total numbers and as a percentage of the total population . Today , the nearly 111 million individuals aging between 15 to 29 living across the region make up nearly 27 percent of the region 's population . '' Structural changes in service provision , especially health care , beginning in the 1960s created the conditions for a demographic explosion , which has resulted in a population consisting primarily of younger people . It is estimated that around 65 % of the regional population is under the age of 30 .
Think globally, act locally
`` Think globally , act locally '' urges people to consider the health of the entire planet and to take action in their own communities and cities . Long before governments began enforcing environmental laws , individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them . These efforts are referred to as grassroots efforts . They occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers .
New Year
The widespread official adoption of the Gregorian calendar and marking January 1 as the beginning of a new year is almost global now . Regional or local use of other calendars continue , along with the cultural and religious practices that accompany them . In Latin America , various native cultures continue the observation of traditions according to their own calendars . Israel , China , India and other countries , continue to celebrate New Year on different dates .
Fair trade
In 2006 , Italian lawmakers started debating how to introduce a law on fair trade in Parliament . A consultation process involving a wide range of stakeholders was launched in early October . A common definition of fair trade was most notably developed . However , its adoption is still pending as the efforts were stalled by the 2008 Italian political crisis .
History of hip-hop dance
The Electric Boogaloos are another funk styles crew founded in Fresno in 1977 by Sam `` Boogaloo Sam '' Solomon , Nate `` Slide '' Johnson , and Joe `` Robot Joe '' Thomas . Their name was originally The Electric Boogaloo Lockers , but they dropped `` Lockers '' the following year at the urging of their manager Jeff Kutash after the group moved from Fresno to Long Beach . Boogaloo Sam is widely credited with developing popping and boogaloo . However , there is disagreement as to whether he created the dances himself or borrowed moves from other street dancers . What is not contested is how influential he and his crew were in exposing popping and boogaloo to mainstream audiences .
Caste system in India
Ghurye added , in 1932 , that the colonial construction of caste led to the livening up , divisions and lobbying to the British officials for favourable caste classification in India for economic opportunities , and this had added new complexities to the concept of caste . Graham Chapman and others have reiterated the complexity , and they note that there are differences between theoretical constructs and the practical reality . Modern
Elections in Canada
Prior to the adoption of the minimum of 36 days in law , there were six elections that lasted shorter periods of time . The last of these was the 1904 election which occurred many decades before the minimum was imposed .
Naming in the United States
Research suggests that American parents are more likely to use established , historical names for boys and are much more likely to name boys after relatives and ancestors . Boys ' names , on average , are more traditional than girls ' names , and are less likely to be currently fashionable . This trend holds true across racial lines . There is a much quicker turnover within girls ' names than boys ' . Parents of girls are much more likely to demonstrate their creativity in the naming of their daughters than their sons . In Alice Rossi 's 1965 study of naming conventions , she theorizes that the gender differences in naming strategies exist because of the perceived roles of men and women in society . `` Women play the more crucial role in family and kin activities , while men are the symbolic carriers of temporal continuity of the family . ''
Actor
Thanks to advances in digital recording and Internet distribution , radio drama is experiencing a revival .
Working memory
Individual differences in working - memory capacity are to some extent heritable ; that is , about half of the variation between individuals is related to differences in their genes . The genetic component of variability of working - memory capacity is largely shared with that of fluid intelligence .
Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty
The `` Archie Marries Valerie '' storyline was similar to the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline , but had some major differences . For instance , Valerie was the one who walked up Memory Lane instead of Archie and she could see the future in portals rather than actually experiencing it . She sees a future in where she marries Archie , then they both quit their respective bands due to their touring schedules keeping them apart , and later have a little girl named Star who is gifted with her parents ' musical talent . However , she decides to stop watching it after she sees that they can not get a moment 's peace due to Star becoming an object of attention for the media . Then she witness glimpses of other futures and in each one Archie is married to a different woman . Some of these futures had Archie being married to Cheryl Blossom , Sabrina Spellman , and even Josie . Seeing these futures Valerie runs out of Memory Lane and happily reunites with Archie .
Caesarean section
The rate has risen to 46 % in China and to levels of 25 % and above in many Asian , European and Latin American countries . The rate has increased in the United States , to 33 % of all births in 2012 , up from 21 % in 1996 . Across Europe , there are differences between countries : in Italy the Caesarean section rate is 40 % , while in the Nordic countries it is 14 % . In Brazil and Iran the Caesarean section rate is greater than 40 % .
The dress
Neuroscientists Bevil Conway and Jay Neitz believe that the differences in opinions are a result of how the human brain perceives colour , and chromatic adaptation . Conway believes that it has a connection to how the brain processes the various hues of a daylight sky : `` your visual system is looking at this thing , and you 're trying to discount the chromatic bias of the daylight axis ... people either discount the blue side , in which case they end up seeing white and gold , or discount the gold side , in which case they end up with blue and black . '' Neitz said :
Relative deprivation
Consider also this quotation from Karl Marx : `` A house may be large or small ; as long as the neighboring houses are likewise small , it satisfies all social requirement for a residence . But let there arise next to the little house a palace , and the little house shrinks to a hut . The little house now makes it clear that its inmate has no social position at all to maintain , or but a very insignificant one ; and however high it may shoot up in the course of civilization , if the neighboring palace rises in equal or even in greater measure , the occupant of the relatively little house will always find himself more uncomfortable , more dissatisfied , more cramped within his four walls . ''