vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cold War
By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union .
Referendums in the United Kingdom
The voters were asked to vote `` Yes '' or `` No '' on the question : `` Do you think the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? '' Of the 68 counting areas in the counties and administrative regions of the UK who voted `` Yes '' , only the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides voted `` No '' . In line with the outcome of the vote , the United Kingdom remained a member of the European Communities which would later become the European Union .
Space Race
With the Cold War as an engine for change in the ideological competition between the United States and the Soviet Union , a coherent space policy began to take shape in the United States during the late 1950s . Korolev took inspiration from the competition as well , achieving many firsts to counter the possibility that the United States might prevail .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union emerged from World War II devastated in human and economic terms , but much enlarged in area . Militarily it was one of the two major world powers , a position maintained for four decades through its hegemony in Eastern Europe ( see Eastern Bloc ) , military strength , involvement in many countries through local Communist parties , and scientific research especially into space technology and weaponry . The Union 's effort to extend its influence or control over many states and peoples resulted in the formation of a world socialist system of states . Established in 1949 as an economic bloc of communist countries led by Moscow , the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( COMECON ) served as a framework for cooperation among the planned economies of the Soviet Union , its allies in Eastern Europe and , later , Soviet allies in the Third World . The military counterpart to the Comecon was the Warsaw Pact .
Soviet Union in World War II
Stalin soon quickly made himself a Marshal of the Soviet Union , then country 's highest military rank and Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces aside from being Premier and General - Secretary of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union that made him the leader of the nation , as well as the People 's Commissar for Defence , which is equivalent to the U.S. Secretary of War at that time and the U.K. Minister of Defence and formed the State Defense Committee to coordinate military operations with himself also as Chairman . He chaired the Stavka , the highest defense organisation of the country . Meanwhile , Marshal Georgy Zhukov was named to be the Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces . Soviet
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
In 1967 , the Soviet Union immediately recognized South Yemen after it gained independence from Britain . In 1969 , South Yemen became the first and only avowedly Communist nation in the Middle East . Unaccepted by Muslim nations in the region , South Yemen relied on aid from Communist nations and allowed the Soviets to keep naval bases in the country . In 1972 , after a war broke out between the two neighboring Yemen states , the Yemen Arab Republic and South Yemen agreed to eventually unify . In October 1979 , the Soviet Union and South Yemen officially signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation . Despite the aid it now received from the United States following a brief spat with South Yemen between 1978 and 1979 , the Yemen Arab Republic would not break with the Soviets and later renewed its Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the USSR in October 1984 .
Axis powers
The August 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol ceding Bessarabia , and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union . On June 28 , 1940 , the Soviet Union occupied and annexed Bessarabia , as well as part of northern Romania and the Hertza region . On 30 August 1940 , Germany forced Romania to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award . Southern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria in September 1940 . In an effort to appease the Fascist elements within the country and obtain German protection , King Carol II appointed the General Ion Antonescu as Prime Minister on September 6 , 1940 .
Iran crisis of 1946
As of August 1941 , the United States was a neutral nation and had not yet entered as a belligerent in World War II . Therefore , the bloc known as ' The Allies ' were principally ( with Poland and France occupied by Germany in 1939 and 1940 , respectively ) the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , recently forming their alliance after the German invasion of territories of the Western Soviet Union in June 1941 . In August -- September 1941 , Pahlavi Iran had been jointly invaded and occupied by the Allied powers of the Soviet Red Army in the north and by the British in the centre and south . Iran was used by the Americans and the British as a transportation route to provide vital supplies to the Soviet Union 's war efforts .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
A secret protocol to the treaty reputedly detailed Soviet military obligations to Syria and gave the USSR to power to mandate the dispatch of Soviet troops to Syria in case of an Israeli invasion . Syrian defense minister Tlas warned in 1984 that the Soviet Union would dispatch two Soviet airborne divisions to Syria within eight hours in the event of a conflict with Israel . Tlas 's has also stated that the Soviet Union would use nuclear weapons to protect Syria . Tlas 's statements , however , were not endorsed by the Soviet Union . Syrian -- Soviet nuclear cooperation was limited to a February 1983 agreement for cooperation and exchange for peaceful purposes . In addition to the PLO , Syria and Iraq , the Soviet Union also developed good relations with Libya , the Yemen Arab Republic and South Yemen .
Horses in warfare
Several nations used horse units during World War II . The Polish army used cavalry to defend against the armies of Nazi Germany during the 1939 invasion . Both the Germans and the Soviet Union maintained cavalry units throughout the war , particularly on the Eastern Front . The British Army used horses early in the war , and the final British cavalry charge was on March 21 , 1942 , when the Burma Frontier Force encountered Japanese infantry in central Burma . The only American cavalry unit during World War II was the 26th Cavalry . They challenged the Japanese invaders of Luzon , holding off armoured and infantry regiments during the invasion of the Philippines , repelled a unit of tanks in Binalonan , and successfully held ground for the Allied armies ' retreat to Bataan .
Soviet Union in World War II
In November 1943 , Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran . Roosevelt told Stalin that he hoped that Britain and America opening a second front against Germany could initially draw 30 -- 40 German division from the Eastern Front . Stalin and Roosevelt , in effect , ganged up on Churchill by emphasising the importance of a cross-channel invasion of German - held northern France , while Churchill had always felt that Germany was more vulnerable in the `` soft underbelly '' of Italy ( which the Allies had already invaded ) and the Balkans . The parties later agreed that Britain and America would launch a cross-channel invasion of France in May 1944 , along with a separate invasion of Southern France . Stalin insisted that , after the war , the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact with Germany , which Churchill tabled .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
On June 5 , 1967 the Six - Day War commenced . Immediately , the Soviet Union went to the United Nations to stop the war and remove Israeli forces from the border . The USSR threatened to break off relations with Israel . The USSR never wanted a war to occur in the Middle East . By June 10 , the Soviet Union threatened to intervene militarily if Israel did not stop its advance towards Syria . Relations
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
There were three distinct phases in Soviet foreign policy between the conclusion of the Russian Civil War and the Nazi - Soviet Pact in 1939 , determined in part by political struggles within the USSR , and in part by dynamic developments in international relations and the effect these had on Soviet security .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
In December 1979 , relations between the Soviet Union and Iraq , though still very strong in private , soured greatly in public when Iraq condemned the Soviets ' invasion of Afghanistan . After Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980 , the Soviet Union , hoping to make Iran a new ally , cut off arms shipments to Iraq ( and to Iran ) as part of its efforts to induce a cease - fire . However , it also allowed Syria to continue to back Iran and ship Libyan and Eastern Bloc weapons to the country as well . While Khomeini was strongly anti-American and had demonstrated this sentiment by calling United States `` the Great Satan '' and taking US embassy workers hostage , he also strongly opposed the Soviet Union , labeling the Communist belief a threat to Islam ; and efforts by the Soviets to make Iran an ally further soured when Khomeini openly declared support the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet -- Afghan War and refused to crack down on pro-Afghan protesters who consistently attacked the USSR embassy in Tehran . In 1982 , when it became clear that Iran would not align with the USSR after the Khomeini regime gained the upper hand in the Iran -- Iraq War and invaded Iraqi territory , the Soviets resumed regular arm shipments to Iraq , but relations between the two nations were still politically strained and would not become strong in public again until early 1988 .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
By 1945 the USSR -- a founding member of the United Nations -- had become one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council , giving it the right to veto any of the Security Council 's resolutions ( see Soviet Union and the United Nations ) . During the Cold War , the Soviet Union vied with the United States of America for geopolitical influence ; this competition manifested itself in numerous treaties and pacts dealing with military alliances and trade agreements , and in proxy wars .
Foreign policy of the United States
After the war , the U.S. rose to become the dominant non-colonial economic power with broad influence in much of the world , with the key policies of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine . Almost immediately , however , the world witnessed division into broad two camps during the Cold War ; one side was led by the U.S. and the other by the Soviet Union , but this situation also led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement . This period lasted until almost the end of the 20th century and is thought to be both an ideological and power struggle between the two superpowers . A policy of containment was adopted to limit Soviet expansion , and a series of proxy wars were fought with mixed results . In 1991 , the Soviet Union dissolved into separate nations , and the Cold War formally ended as the United States gave separate diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation and other former Soviet states .
Conscription in the United States
Scattered opposition was encountered especially in the northern cities where African - Americans protested the system . The young Nation of Islam was at the forefront , with many Black Muslims jailed for refusing the draft , and their leader Elijah Muhammed was sentenced to federal prison for 5 years for inciting draft resistance . Organized draft resistance also developed in the Japanese American internment camps , where groups like the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee refused to serve unless they and their families were released . 300 Nisei men from eight of the ten War Relocation Authority camps were arrested and stood trial for felony draft evasion ; most were sentenced to federal prison . American Communists also opposed the war until Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 , whereupon they became supporters . Conscientious
Operation Barbarossa
In the middle of 1940 , following the rising tension between the Soviet Union and Germany over territories in the Balkans , an eventual invasion of the Soviet Union seemed to Hitler to be the only solution . While no concrete plans were made yet , Hitler told one of his generals in June that the victories in Western Europe finally freed his hands for his important real task : the showdown with Bolshevism . With the successful end to the campaign in France , General Erich Marcks was assigned to the working group drawing up the initial invasion plans of the Soviet Union . The first battle plans were entitled Operation Draft East ( but colloquially it was known as the Marcks Plan ) . His report advocated the A-A line to be the operational objective of any invasion of the Soviet Union . This goal would extend from the northern city of Arkhangelsk on the Arctic Sea through Gorky and Rostov to the port city of Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga on the Caspian Sea . The report concluded that this military border would reduce the threat to Germany ( and the Third Reich ) from attacks by enemy bombers .
Soviet Union in World War II
In the first three weeks of the invasion , as the Soviet Union tried to defend itself against large German advances , it suffered 750,000 casualties , and lost 10,000 tanks and 4,000 aircraft . In July 1941 , Stalin completely reorganised the Soviet military , placing himself directly in charge of several military organisations . This gave him complete control of his country 's entire war effort ; more control than any other leader in World War II .
Operation Barbarossa
In the two years leading up to the invasion , Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes . Nevertheless , the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 ( under the codename Operation Otto ) , which Adolf Hitler authorized on 18 December 1940 . Over the course of the operation , about four million Axis powers personnel , the largest invasion force in the history of warfare , invaded the western Soviet Union along a 2,900 - kilometer ( 1,800 mi ) front . In addition to troops , the Wehrmacht employed some 600,000 motor vehicles , and between 600,000 and 700,000 horses for non-combat operations . The offensive marked an escalation of the war , both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition .
Marshall Plan
Agreement was eventually reached and the Europeans sent a reconstruction plan to Washington , which was formulated and agreed upon by the Committee of European Economic Co-operation in 1947 . In the document the Europeans asked for $22 billion in aid . Truman cut this to $17 billion in the bill he put to Congress . On March 17 , 1948 , Truman addressed European security and condemned the Soviet Union before a hastily convened Joint Session of Congress . Attempting to contain spreading Soviet influence in Eastern Bloc , Truman asked Congress to restore a peacetime military draft and to swiftly pass the Economic Cooperation Act , the name given to the Marshall Plan . Of the Soviet Union Truman said , `` The situation in the world today is not primarily the result of the natural difficulties which follow a great war . It is chiefly due to the fact that one nation has not only refused to cooperate in the establishment of a just and honorable peace but -- even worse -- has actively sought to prevent it . ''
Australian Army during World War II
Despite Australian fears , the Japanese never intended to invade the Australian mainland . While an invasion was considered by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters in February 1942 , it was judged to be beyond the Japanese military 's capabilities and no planning or other preparations were undertaken . Instead , in March 1942 the Japanese military adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States by capturing Port Moresby in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Samoa and New Caledonia . Yet this plan was frustrated by the Japanese defeat in the Battle of the Coral Sea and was postponed indefinitely after the Battle of Midway . While these battles ended the threat to Australia , the Australian government continued to warn that an invasion was possible until mid-1943 . A series of Japanese air raids against northern Australia occurred during 1942 and 1943 , and while the main defence was provided by RAAF and Allied fighters , a number of Australian Army anti-aircraft batteries were also involved in dealing with this threat . A
World Snooker Championship
In October 1946 Joe Davis announced that he would `` retire '' from the World Championship . Davis had never lost a match in the championship from its inception in 1927 . He did not , in any other sense , retire from snooker , continuing to play in other tournaments and exhibition matches for many years . There were a record 20 entries for the 1947 championship . 13 had to play in a qualifying competition , the winner joining the other 7 in the quarter - finals . The semi-finals were completed by the middle of March but the two finalists , Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson , agreed to delay the final until the autumn so that it could be played at the rebuilt Thurston 's Hall , now renamed Leicester Square Hall . The final was again over 145 frames and was played from 13 to 25 October . Donaldson got off to a good start , leading 44 -- 28 after the first week and eventually taking a winning 73 -- 49 lead early on the 11th day . The first qualifying match for the 1948 championship started just 5 weeks later . Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson again reached the final . This time it was Davis who got off to a good start , leading 45 -- 27 after the first week . The second week was closer but Davis eventually took a winning 73 -- 49 lead on the 11th day . Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson met again in the 1949 final . Donaldson led 39 -- 33 after the first week but Davis pulled ahead on the second week and eventually took a winning 73 -- 58 lead .
Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine ( a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism ) was announced , and 1991 , the year the Soviet Union collapsed .
Operation Barbarossa
In the Soviet Union , speaking to his generals in December 1940 , Stalin mentioned Hitler 's references to an attack on the Soviet Union in Mein Kampf and Hitler 's belief that the Red Army would need four years to ready itself . Stalin declared `` we must be ready much earlier '' and `` we will try to delay the war for another two years '' . As early as August 1940 , British intelligence had received hints of German plans to attack the Soviets only a week after Hitler informally approved the plans for Barbarossa and warned the Soviet Union accordingly . But Stalin 's distrust of the British led him to ignore their warnings in the belief that they were a trick designed to bring the Soviet Union into the war on their side . In early 1941 , Stalin 's own intelligence services and American intelligence gave regular and repeated warnings of an impending German attack . Soviet spy Richard Sorge also gave Stalin the exact German launch date , but Sorge and other informers had previously given different invasion dates that passed peacefully before the actual invasion . Stalin acknowledged the possibility of an attack in general and therefore made significant preparations , but decided not to run the risk of provoking Hitler . Marshal
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
In the 1970s , the Soviet Union achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States , and surpassed it by the end of that decade with the deployment of the SS - 18 missile . It perceived its own involvement as essential to the solution of any major international problem . Meanwhile , the Cold War gave way to Détente and a more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer clearly split into two clearly opposed blocs . Less powerful countries had more room to assert their independence , and the two superpowers were partially able to recognize their common interest in trying to check the further spread and proliferation of nuclear weapons ( see SALT I , SALT II , Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ) . Leonid
Cold War
With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After
Technology during World War II
The strategic importance of the bomb , and its even more powerful fusion - based successors , did not become fully apparent until the United States lost its monopoly on the weapon in the post-war era . The Soviet Union developed and tested their first fire weapon in 1949 , based partially on information obtained from Soviet espionage in the United States . Competition between the two superpowers played a large part in the development of the Cold War . The strategic implications of such a massively destructive weapon still reverberate in the 21st century .
Emancipation Proclamation
Runaway slaves who had escaped to Union lines had previously been held by the Union Army as `` contraband of war '' under the Confiscation Acts ; when the proclamation took effect , they were told at midnight that they were free to leave . The Sea Islands off the coast of Georgia had been occupied by the Union Navy earlier in the war . The whites had fled to the mainland while the blacks stayed . An early program of Reconstruction was set up for the former slaves , including schools and training . Naval officers read the proclamation and told them they were free . Winslow
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
On 23 August 1968 Castro made a public gesture to the Soviet Union that reaffirmed their support in him . Two days after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to repress the Prague Spring , Castro took to the airwaves and publicly denounced the Czech `` rebellion '' . Castro warned the Cuban people about the Czechoslovakian ' counterrevolutionaries ' , who `` were moving Czechoslovakia towards capitalism and into the arms of imperialists '' . He called the leaders of the rebellion `` the agents of West Germany and fascist reactionary rabble . '' In return for his public backing of the invasion , at a time when many Soviet allies were deeming the invasion an infringement of Czechoslovakia 's sovereignty , the Soviets bailed out the Cuban economy with extra loans and an immediate increase in oil exports .