vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Barbados
Due to the increased implementation of slave codes , which created differential treatment between Africans and the white workers and ruling planter class , the island became increasingly unattractive to poor whites . Black or slave codes were implemented in 1661 , 1676 , 1682 , and 1688 . In response to these codes , several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time , but none succeeded . Nevertheless , poor whites who had or acquired the means to emigrate often did so . Planters expanded their importation of African slaves to cultivate sugar cane . One early advocate of slave rights in Barbados was the visiting Quaker preacher Alice Curwen in 1677 : `` For I am perswaded , that if they whom thou call'st thy Slaves , be Upright - hearted to God , the Lord God Almighty will set them Free in a way that thou knowest not ; for there is none set free but in Christ Jesus , for all other Freedom will prove but a Bondage . ''
Missouri Compromise
The debate over admission of Missouri also raised the issue of sectional balance , for the country was equally divided between slave and free states with eleven each . To admit Missouri as a slave state would tip the balance in the Senate ( made up of two senators per state ) in favor of the slave states . For this reason , northern states wanted Maine admitted as a free state . Maine was admitted in 1820 and Missouri in 1821 , but no further states were added until 1836 , when Arkansas was admitted .
Founding Fathers of the United States
Franklin , though he was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society originally owned slaves whom he later manumitted . While serving in the Rhode Island Assembly , Stephen Hopkins introduced one of the earliest anti-slavery laws in the colonies , and John Jay would try unsuccessfully to abolish slavery as early as 1777 in the State of New York . He nonetheless founded the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , for which Hamilton became an officer . They and other members of the Society founded the African Free School in New York City , to educate the children of free blacks and slaves . When Jay was governor of New York in 1798 , he helped secure -- an signed into law an abolition law ; fully ending forced labor as of 1827 . He freed his own slaves in 1798 . Alexander Hamilton opposed slavery , as his experiences in life left him very familiar with slavery and its effect on slaves and on slaveholders , although he did negotiate slave transactions for his wife 's family , the Schuylers . John Adams , Samuel Adams , and Thomas Paine never owned slaves .
New Spain
The most important commodity for Oaxaca was cochineal red dye . Cochineal 's commodity chain is an interesting one , with indigenous peasants in the remote areas of Oaxaca ultimately linked to Amsterdam and London commodity exchanges and the European production of luxury cloth . The most extensive scholarly work on Oaxaca 's eighteenth - century economy deals with the nexus between the local crown officials ( alcaldes mayores ) , merchant investors ( aviadores ) , the repartimiento ( forced labor ) , and indigenous products , particularly cochineal . The rich , color - fast red dye produced from insects , was harvested from nopal cacti . Cochineal was a high value , low volume product that became the second most valuable Mexican export after silver . Although it could be produced elsewhere in central and southern Mexico , its main region of production was Oaxaca . For the indigenous in Oaxaca , cochineal was the only one `` with which the ( tributaries ) maintain themselves and pay their debts '' but it also had other advantages for them . Producing cochineal was time - consuming labor , but it was not particularly difficult and could be done by the elderly , women , and children . It was also important to households and communities because it initially did not require the indigenous to displace their existing crops or migrate elsewhere .
Atlantic slave trade
There were over 173 city - states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853 when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade . Of those 173 , no fewer than 68 could be deemed nation states with political and military infrastructures that enabled them to dominate their neighbours . Nearly every present - day nation had a pre-colonial predecessor , sometimes an African Empire with which European traders had to barter . Ethnic
One Thousand and One Nights
An example of the murder mystery and suspense thriller genres in the collection , with multiple plot twists and detective fiction elements was `` The Three Apples '' , also known as Hikayat al - sabiyya ' l - maqtula ( `` The Tale of the Murdered Young Woman '' ) , one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand and One Nights . In this tale , Harun al - Rashid comes to possess a chest , which , when opened , contains the body of a young woman . Harun gives his vizier , Ja'far , three days to find the culprit or be executed . At the end of three days , when Ja'far is about to be executed for his failure , two men come forward , both claiming to be the murderer . As they tell their story it transpires that , although the younger of them , the woman 's husband , was responsible for her death , some of the blame attaches to a slave , who had taken one of the apples mentioned in the title and caused the woman 's murder . Harun then gives Ja'far three more days to find the guilty slave . When he yet again fails to find the culprit , and bids his family goodbye before his execution , he discovers by chance his daughter has the apple , which she obtained from Ja'far's own slave , Rayhan . Thus the mystery is solved .
Atlantic slave trade
Before the arrival of the Portuguese , slavery had already existed in Kongo . Afonso believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law . When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally enslaved persons to sell , he wrote to King João III in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice .
History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
The final decades of this era saw a worsening economic situation for many Plebeians . The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms , which often caused those farms to fall into a state of disrepair . This situation was made worse during the Second Punic War , when Hannibal fought the Romans throughout Italy , and the Romans adopted a strategy of attrition and guerrilla warfare in response . When the soldiers returned from the battlefield , they often had to sell their farms to pay their debts , and the landed aristocracy quickly bought these farms at discounted prices . The wars had also brought to Rome a great surplus of inexpensive slave labor , which the landed aristocrats used to staff their new farms . Soon the masses of unemployed Plebeians began to flood into Rome , and into the ranks of the legislative assemblies .
United States
A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery , and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions .
History of Arkansas
Similar to slaves , women were often brought along to the frontier with men looking to make a living in the Arkansas delta . These women were transported from their social circles in town to an isolated frontier homestead and a hardscrabble existence . Although the Victorian ideals of men and women maintaining different spheres of influence still held strong in communities , the system broke down on the frontier when survival took priority over the social contract . Women were often tasked with maintaining the property 's day - to - day operations while their husbands were away conducting business . This included dealing with slave overseers or the farm 's labor itself . This break from Victorian principles often went unacknowledged by frontier men and women , however .
New Spain
Puebla built a significant manufacturing sector , mainly in textile production in workshops ( obrajes ) , supplying New Spain and markets as far away as Guatemala and Peru . Transatlantic ties between a particular Spanish town , Brihuega , and Puebla demonstrate the close connection between the two settlements . The take - off for Puebla 's manufacturing sector did not simply coincide with immigration from Brihuega but was crucial to `` shaping and driving Puebla 's economic development , especially in the manufacturing sector . '' Brihuega immigrants not only came to Mexico with expertise in textile production , but the transplanted briocenses provided capital to create large - scale obrajes . Although obrajes in Brihuega were small - scale enterprises , quite a number of them in Puebla employed up to 100 workers . Supplies of wool , water for fulling mills , and labor ( free indigenous , incarcerated Indians , black slaves ) were available . Although much of Puebla 's textile output was rough cloth , it also produced higher quality dyed cloth with cochineal from Oaxaca and indigo from Guatemala . But by the eighteenth century , Querétaro had displaced Puebla as the mainstay of woolen textile production .
Fair trade
1 . Public statement of the need for and terms of an action plan -- The cocoa industry acknowledged the problem of forced child labor and will commit `` significant resources '' to address the problem . 2 . Formation of multi-sectoral advisory groups -- By 1 October 2001 , an advisory group will be formed to research labor practices . By 1 December 2001 , industry will form an advisory group and formulate appropriate remedies to address the worst forms of child labor . 3 . Signed joint statement on child labor to be witnessed at the ILO -- By 1 December 2001 , a statement must be made recognizing the need to end the worst forms of child labor and identify developmental alternatives for the children removed from labor . 4 . Memorandum of cooperation -- By 1 May 2002 , Establish a joint action program of research , information exchange , and action to enforce standards to eliminate the worst forms of child labor . Establish a monitor and compliance with the standards . 5 . Establish a joint foundation -- By 1 July 2002 , industry will form a foundation to oversee efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor . It will perform field projects and be a clearinghouse on best practices . 6 . Building toward credible standards -- By 1 July 2005 , the industry will develop and implement industry - wide standards of public certification that cocoa has been grown without any of the worst forms of child labor .
Cross of Gold speech
Implementation of the Bland -- Allison Act did not end calls for free silver . The 1880s saw a steep decline in the prices of grain and other agricultural commodities . Silver advocates argued that this dropoff , which caused the price of grain to fall below its cost of production , was caused by the failure of the government to adequately increase the money supply , which had remained steady on a per capita basis . Advocates of the gold standard attributed the decline to advances in production and transportation . The late 19th century saw divergent views in economics as the laissez - faire orthodoxy was questioned by younger economists , and both sides found ample support for their views from theorists .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . Front
Atlantic slave trade
In the Americas , slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family . New World slaves were considered the property of their owners , and slaves convicted of revolt or murder were executed .
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
In 2008 , an all - black production directed by Debbie Allen opened on Broadway . Terrence Howard made his Broadway debut as Brick , with James Earl Jones as Big Daddy , Phylicia Rashad as Big Mama , Anika Noni Rose as Maggie and Lisa Arrindell Anderson as Mae . In November 2009 , the production moved to London 's West End , where Adrian Lester played Brick and Sanaa Lathan played Maggie . The West End Production received the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play .
Missouri Compromise
Northern representatives outnumbered the South in House membership 105 to 81 . When each of the restrictionist provisions were put to the vote , they passed along sectional lines : 87 to 76 in favor of prohibition on further slave migration into Missouri ( Table 1 ) and 82 to 78 in favor of emancipating slave offspring at age twenty - five .
Olive oil extraction
Expensive More technical labor required High energy consumption Pomace may end up moist Greater amount of vegetable water to be disposed of Reduced antioxidants due to added water Subject to wear from rocks , grit
United States home front during World War II
Greater wartime production created millions of new jobs , while the draft reduced the number of young men available for civilian jobs . So great was the demand for labor that millions of retired people , housewives , and students entered the labor force , lured by patriotism and wages . The shortage of grocery clerks caused retailers to convert from service at the counter to self - service . With new shorter women clerks replacing taller men , some stores lowered shelves to 5 feet 8 inches ( 1.73 m ) . Before the war most groceries , dry cleaners , drugstores , and department stores offered home delivery service . The labor shortage and gasoline and tire rationing caused most retailers to stop delivery . They found that requiring customers to buy their products in person increased sales .
Labor history of the United States
A statistical analysis of the AFL and CIO national and local leaders in 1945 shows that opportunity for advancement in the labor movement was wide open . In contrast with other elites , the labor leaders did not come from established WASP families with rich , well - educated backgrounds . Indeed , they closely resembled the overall national population of adult men , with fewer from the South and from farm backgrounds . The union leaders were heavily Democratic . The newer CIO had a younger leadership , and one more involved with third parties , and less involved with local civic activities . Otherwise the AFL and CIO leaders were quite similar in background .
Emancipation Proclamation
The United States Constitution of 1787 did not use the word `` slavery '' but included several provisions about unfree persons . The Three - Fifths Compromise ( in Article I , Section 2 ) allocated Congressional representation based `` on the whole Number of free Persons '' and `` three fifths of all other Persons '' . Under the Fugitive Slave Clause ( Article IV , Section 2 ) , `` ( n ) o person held to service or labour in one state '' would be freed by escaping to another . Article I , Section 9 allowed Congress to pass legislation to outlaw the `` Importation of Persons '' , but not until 1808 . However , for purposes of the Fifth Amendment -- which states that , `` No person shall ... be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law '' -- slaves were understood as property . Although abolitionists used the Fifth Amendment to argue against slavery , it became part of the legal basis for treating slaves as property with Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) . Socially , slavery was also supported in law and in practice by a pervasive culture of white supremacy . Nonetheless , between 1777 and 1804 , every Northern state provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery , except the border states of Maryland and Delaware . Maryland did not abolish slavery until 1864 , and Delaware was one of the last states to hold onto slavery ; it was still legal in Delaware when the thirteenth amendment was issued . No Southern state did so , and the slave population of the South continued to grow , peaking at almost 4 million people at the beginning of the American Civil War , in which most slave states sought to break away from the United States .
Civilian Conservation Corps
He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals , housing , uniforms , and medical care for working in the national forests and other government properties . The Emergency Conservation Work ( ECW ) Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31 . Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5 , 1933 which established the CCC organization and appointed a director , Robert Fechner , a former labor union official who served until 1939 . The organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency . The order indicated that the program was to be supervised jointly by four government departments : Labor , which recruited the young men , War , which operated the camps , and Agriculture and Interior , which organized and supervised the work projects . A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative from each of the supervising departments . In addition , the Office of Education and Veterans Administration participated in the program . To end the opposition from labor unions ( which wanted no training programs started when so many of their men were unemployed ) Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner , vice president of the American Machinists Union , as director of the corps . William Green , head of the American Federation of Labor , was taken to the first camp to demonstrate that there would be no job training involved beyond simple manual labor .
History of women in the United States
The composition of the marital status of women who went to work changed considerably over the course of the war . One in every ten married women entered the labor force during the war , and they represented more than three million of the new female workers , while 2.89 million were single and the rest widowed or divorced . For the first time in the nation 's history there were more married women than single women in the female labor force . In 1944 , thirty - seven percent of all adult women were reported in the labor force , but nearly fifty percent of all women were actually employed at some time during that year at the height of wartime production . In the same year the unemployment rate hit an all - time historical low of 1.2 % .
Economy of Nazi Germany
In German - occupied Poland , the network of slave labor camps contained 457 complexes with dozens of subsidiary camps scattered over a broad area . At the Gross - Rosen concentration camp ( to which Polish nationals were brought in from the annexed part of Poland ) the number of subcamps was ninety seven ( 97 ) . Under Auschwitz , Birkenau , and Auschwitz III ( Monowitz ) with thousands of prisoners each , the number of satellite camps was forty - eight ( 48 ) . Stutthof concentration camp had forty ( 40 ) subcamps officially and as many as 105 subcamps in operation , some as far as Elbląg , Bydgoszcz and Toruń , 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) from the main camp . The Deutsche Reichsbahn acquired new infrastructure in Poland worth in excess of 8,278,600,000 złoty , including some of the largest locomotive factories in Europe , the H. Cegielski -- Poznań renamed DWM , and Fablok in Chrzanów renamed Oberschlesische Lokomotivwerke Krenau as well as the locomotive parts factory Babcock - Zieleniewski in Sosnowiec renamed Ferrum AG later tasked with making parts to V - 1 i V - 2 rockets also . Under the new management , formerly Polish companies began producing German engines BR44 , BR50 and BR86 as early as 1940 with the use of slave labor .
United States home front during World War II
The composition of the marital status of women who went to work changed considerably over the course of the war . One in every ten married women entered the labor force during the war , and they represented more than three million of the new female workers , while 2.89 million were single and the rest widowed or divorced . For the first time in the nation 's history there were more married women than single women in the female labor force . In 1944 , thirty - seven percent of all adult women were reported in the labor force , but nearly fifty percent of all women were actually employed at some time during that year at the height of wartime production . In the same year the unemployment rate hit an all - time historical low of 1.2 % .
Mass production
However , mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a design or production process after a production line is implemented . Also , all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar , and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy . However , some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary . The starter cost for the machinery can be expensive so the producer must be sure it sells or the producers will lose a lot of money .
Field of Dreams
Robinson and the producers did not originally consider Kevin Costner for the part of Ray because they did not think that he would want to follow Bull Durham with another baseball film . He , however , did end up reading the script and became interested in the project , stating that he felt it would be `` this generation 's It 's a Wonderful Life '' . Since Robinson 's directing debut In the Mood had been a commercial failure , Costner also said that he would help him with the production . Amy Madigan , a fan of the book , joined the cast as Ray 's wife , Annie . In the book , the writer Ray seeks out is real - life author J.D. Salinger . When Salinger threatened the production with a lawsuit if his name was used , Robinson decided to rewrite the character as reclusive Terence Mann . He wrote with James Earl Jones in mind because he thought it would be fun to see Ray trying to kidnap such a big man . Robinson had originally envisioned Shoeless Joe Jackson as being played by an actor in his 40s , someone who would be older than Costner and who could thereby act as a father surrogate . Ray Liotta did not fit that criterion , but Robinson thought he would be a better fit for the part because he had the `` sense of danger '' and ambiguity which Robinson wanted in the character . Burt Lancaster had originally turned down the part of Moonlight Graham , but changed his mind after a friend , who was also a baseball fan , told him that he had to work on the film .
Japanese cuisine
Sake is brewed in a highly labor - intensive process more similar to beer production than winemaking , hence , the common description of sake as rice `` wine '' is misleading . Sake is made with , by legal definition , strictly just four ingredients : special rice , water , koji , and special yeast .