vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation .
Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy , and the only federation in Southeast Asia . The system of government is closely modelled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system , a legacy of British colonial rule . The head of state is the Yang di - Pertuan Agong , commonly referred to as the King . The King is elected to a five - year term by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states ; the other four states , which have titular Governors , do not participate in the selection . By informal agreement the position is systematically rotated among the nine , and has been held by Muhammad V of Kelantan since December 2016 . The King 's role has been largely ceremonial since changes to the constitution in 1994 , picking ministers and members of the upper house .
United States Declaration of Independence
Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The
Law
The head of state is apart from the executive , and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation . Examples include the President of Germany ( appointed by members of federal and state legislatures ) , the Queen of the United Kingdom ( an hereditary office ) , and the President of Austria ( elected by popular vote ) . The other important model is the presidential system , found in the United States and in Brazil . In presidential systems , the executive acts as both head of state and head of government , and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet . Under a presidential system , the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable .
2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Jump up ^ The spring Martinsville race was postponed from Sunday to Monday due to snow . Jump up ^ The spring Bristol race started Sunday and ended Monday due to rain .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Parkway Drive had pulled out of Leeds due to ' family issues ' , this meant that Skindred played for a full hour while a new band called Judas played the rest of the time slot . A $ AP Rocky pulled out of Leeds festival at the last possible moment due to travel problems . He was however capable to perform at Reading . Fetty Wap was due to play on the NME stage , but had to pull out from doctors orders due to a severe ear infection . HAIM were supposed to play on the NME stage but cancelled their European tour to focus on finishing their second album . G - Eazy who was one of the headliners for the Radio 1Xtra stage pulled out of the festival for unforeseen circumstances , and was replaced by Wiley . Travis Scott was also a headliner for the Radio 1Xtra stage , cancelled all remaining UK tour shows also due to unforeseen circumstances , he was replaced by Stormzy .
Solar cell
Solar cell production in the U.S. has suffered due to the global financial crisis , but recovered partly due to the falling price of quality silicon .
Socioeconomic status
There is debate regarding the cause of the SES Gradient . Researchers see a definite link between economic status and mortality due to the greater economic resources of the wealthy , but they find little correlation due to social status differences .
LASIK
Complications due to LASIK have been classified as those that occur due to preoperative , intraoperative , early postoperative , or late postoperative sources : According to the UK National Health Service complications occur in fewer than 5 % of cases .
Concordat of Worms
The reign of Henry IV showed the weakness of the German monarchy . The ruler was dependent upon the good will of the great men , the nobility of his land . These were technically royal officials and hereditary princes . He was also dependent on the resources of the churches . Henry IV alienated the Church of Rome and many of the magnates in his own kingdom . Many of these spent years in open or subversive rebellion . Henry failed to create a proper bureaucracy to replace his disobedient vassals . The magnates became increasingly independent , and the Church withdrew support . Henry IV spent the last years of his life desperately grasping to keep his throne . It was a greatly diminished kingdom .
Southern Ocean
Due to the Coriolis effect acting to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and the resulting Ekman transport away from the centres of the Weddell Gyre , these regions are very productive due to upwelling of cold , nutrient rich water .
Species
A phylogenetic or cladistic species is an evolutionarily divergent lineage , one that has maintained its hereditary integrity through time and space . A cladistic species is the smallest group of populations that can be distinguished by a unique set of morphological or genetic traits . Molecular markers may be used to determine genetic similarities in the nuclear or mitochondrial DNA of various species . For example , in a study done on fungi , studying the nucleotide characters using cladistic species produced the most accurate results in recognising the numerous fungi species of all the concepts studied .
Nairobi
Nairobi is also home to the East African School of Media Studies due to its large media focus .
Chola dynasty
Before the reign of Rajaraja Chola I huge parts of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and local princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers . Thereafter , until the reign of Vikrama Chola in 1133 CE when the Chola power was at its peak , these hereditary lords and local princes virtually vanished from the Chola records and were either replaced or turned into dependent officials . Through these dependent officials the administration was improved and the Chola kings were able to exercise a closer control over the different parts of the empire . There was an expansion of the administrative structure , particularly from the reign of Rajaraja Chola I onwards . The government at this time had a large land revenue department , consisting of several tiers , which was largely concerned with maintaining accounts . The assessment and collection of revenue were undertaken by corporate bodies such as the ur , nadu , sabha , nagaram and sometimes by local chieftains who passed the revenue to the centre . During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I , the state initiated a massive project of land survey and assessment and there was a reorganisation of the empire into units known as valanadus .
Cross River gorilla
The Cross River gorilla is critically endangered due to the combined threat of hunters and infection with ebola . Even if the rate of ebola mortality along with hunting the promise of these gorillas making a fast recovery is virtually non-existent . The reproduction rate of the Cross River gorilla is low and is estimated to take 75 years to fully recover the population . They are also threatened by loss of habitat due to mining , agriculture , and timber usage .
Avocado
Certain cultivars , such as the ' Hass ' , have a tendency to bear well only in alternate years . After a season with a low yield , due to factors such as cold ( which the avocado does not tolerate well ) , the trees tend to produce abundantly the next season . In addition , due to environmental circumstances during some years , seedless avocados may appear on the trees . Known in the avocado industry as `` cukes '' , they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Miike Snow pulled out for undisclosed reasons , with The Joy Formidable replacing them . Fight Like Apes and Alberta Cross pulled out of their slots due to undisclosed reasons . RX Bandits pulled out due to ' unavoidable family circumstances with Cerebral Ballzy replacing them . Crime In Stereo pulled out due to the band splitting up , with Random Hand replacing them .
Adam and Eve
Based on the Christian doctrine of the Fall of man , came the doctrine of original sin . St Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) , working with a Latin translation of the Epistle to the Romans , interpreted the Apostle Paul as having said that Adam 's sin was hereditary : `` Death passed upon ( i.e. , spread to ) all men because of Adam , ( in whom ) all sinned '' , Romans 5 : 12 Original sin became a concept that man is born into a condition of sinfulness and must await redemption . This doctrine became a cornerstone of Western Christian theological tradition , however , not shared by Judaism or the Orthodox churches .
Spider
Spiders have been the focus of stories and mythologies of various cultures for centuries . They have symbolized patience due to their hunting technique of setting webs and waiting for prey , as well as mischief and malice due to their venomous bites . The Italian tarantella is a dance to rid the young woman of the lustful effects of a spider bite .
World War I
With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices
Original sin
Original sin , therefore , seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature , diffused into all parts of the soul , which first makes us liable to God 's wrath , then also brings forth in us those works which Scripture calls `` works of the flesh '' ( Gal 5 : 19 ) . And that is properly what Paul often calls sin . The works that come forth from it -- such as adulteries , fornications , thefts , hatreds , murders , carousings -- he accordingly calls `` fruits of sin '' ( Gal 5 : 19 -- 21 ) , although they are also commonly called `` sins '' in Scripture , and even by Paul himself .
Magnetic field
In the Amperian loop model , the magnetization is due to combining many tiny Amperian loops to form a resultant current called bound current . This bound current , then , is the source of the magnetic B field due to the magnet . ( See Magnetic dipoles below and magnetic poles vs. atomic currents for more information . ) Given the definition of the magnetic dipole , the magnetization field follows a similar law to that of Ampere 's law :
India
Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy . The Indian caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent . Social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups , often termed as jātis , or `` castes '' . India declared untouchability to be illegal in 1947 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives . At the workplace in urban India and in international or leading Indian companies , the caste related identification has pretty much lost its importance .
Thermal expansion
Thermometers are another application of thermal expansion -- most contain a liquid ( usually mercury or alcohol ) which is constrained to flow in only one direction ( along the tube ) due to changes in volume brought about by changes in temperature . A bi-metal mechanical thermometer uses a bimetallic strip and bends due to the differing thermal expansion of the two metals .
Yemen
Yemeni ethnic groups are predominantly Arabs , followed by Afro - Arabs , South Asians and Europeans . When the former states of North and South Yemen were established , most resident minority groups departed . Yemen is a largely tribal society . In the northern , mountainous parts of the country , there are 400 Zaidi tribes . There are also hereditary caste groups in urban areas such as Al - Akhdam . There are also Yemenis of Persian origin . According to Muqaddasi , Persians formed the majority of Aden 's population in the 10th century .
The impact of geography on colonial America
The Middle Colonies were in the prime location for the growth of grains . A predominate feature of the region is the Coastal Plain . This region had humid summers and temperate winters which is prime conditions for agriculture . Due to the climate of temperate summers , the grains were allowed to grow for longer periods of time . In the north , the winters were much too harsh to grow these grains . These grains were then exported to other Colonies due to its prime location to the ocean . The climate was prime for these grains which is a direct correlation to how geography relates to trade goods in the Middle Eastern Colonies .
416 Fire
By the evening of June 3 , the fire had grown to 2,255 acres ( 913 ha ) and was 10 percent contained . It expanded Hermosa Creek , prompting officials to issue pre-evacuation orders to the community of Hermosa . The next day , the fire showed significant activity due to winds . Highway 550 was again closed due to heavy smoke and fire teams focused on building defensible spaces around buildings and using controlled burns as needed . The fire is at 10 percent containment .
Murti
`` It is much more difficult to focus on God as the unmanifested than God with form , due to human beings having the need to perceive via the senses . ''
House sparrow
The eggs are white , bluish white , or greenish white , spotted with brown or grey . Subelliptical in shape , they range from 20 to 22 mm ( 0.79 to 0.87 in ) in length and 14 to 16 mm ( 0.55 to 0.63 in ) in width , have an average mass of 2.9 g ( 0.10 oz ) , and an average surface area of 9.18 cm ( 1.423 in ) . Eggs from the tropical subspecies are distinctly smaller . Eggs begin to develop with the deposition of yolk in the ovary a few days before ovulation . In the day between ovulation and laying , egg white forms , followed by eggshell . Eggs laid later in a clutch are larger , as are those laid by larger females , and egg size is hereditary . Eggs decrease slightly in size from laying to hatching . The yolk comprises 25 % of the egg , the egg white 68 % , and the shell 7 % . Eggs are watery , being 79 % liquid , and otherwise mostly protein .
Great Depression in the United States
Whether this caused the Great Depression is still heavily debated due to many other attributing factors . However , it is evident that the banking system suffered massive reductions across the country due to the lack of consumer confidence . As withdraw requests would exceed cash availability banks began conducting steed discount sales such as fire sales and short sales . Due to the inability to immediately determine current value worth these fire sales and short sales would result in massive losses when recuperating any possible revenue for outstanding and defaulted loans . This would allow healthy banks to take advantage of the struggling units forcing additional losses resulting in banks not being able to deliver on depositor demands and creating a failing cycle that would become wide spread . Investment would continue to stay low through the next half decade as the private sector would horde savings due to uncertainty of the future . The federal government would run additional policy changes such as the Check tax , monetary restrictions ( including reduction of money supply by burning ) , High Wage Policy , and The New Deal through the Hoover and Roosevelt administration .
André DiMera
Jump up ^ The marriage is considered to be invalid due to André pretending to be Tony . Jump up ^ Whenever the name Tony appears in quotations marks -- `` Tony '' -- it is referring to André masquerading as Tony .
History of women in the United States
In 2009 , due to the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd , Jr . Hate Crimes Prevention Act being signed into law , the definition of federal hate crime was expanded to include those violent crimes in which the victim is selected due to their actual or perceived gender and / or gender identity ; previously federal hate crimes were defined as only those violent crimes where the victim is selected due to their race , color , religion , or national origin . Furthermore , the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd , Jr . Hate Crimes Prevention Act requires the Federal Bureau of Investigation to track statistics on hate crimes based on gender and gender identity ( statistics for the other groups were already tracked ) .
Cornwallis in India
John Shore ( who went on to succeed Cornwallis as Governor - General ) and Charles Grant , two men he came to trust implicitly , were the most important contributors to what is now called the Permanent Settlement . The essence of the arrangement they came up with in the summer of 1789 was that the zamindars would effectively become hereditary landholders , paying the company tax based on the value of the land . Shore and Cornwallis disagreed on the term of the scheme , with Shore arguing for a ten - year time limit on the arrangement , while Cornwallis argued for a truly permanent scheme . Cornwallis prevailed , noting that many of the company 's English revenue collectors , as well as others knowledgeable of company finance and taxation , supported permanency . In 1790 the proposal was sent to London , where the company directors approved the plan in 1792 . Cornwallis began implementing the regulations in 1793 .
Medical diagnosis
Amsterdam criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis ACR criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus Centor criteria for strep throat
Indigenous Australians
Each of these indicators is expected to underestimate the true prevalence of disease in the population due to reduced levels of diagnosis .
Five Nights at Freddy's
In the first three main games , the location in which the player character is based in closes down shortly after the end of the game . In the first Five Nights at Freddy 's , the location is said to close by the year 's end , due to a `` tragedy that took place there many years ago '' . The location of Five Nights at Freddy 's 2 closes down due to malfunctions of the animatronics . Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 's location closed down after it was unexpectedly burnt down . In Sister Location 's case , the location in which the game 's story is centered around , `` Circus Baby 's Pizza World '' , was closed down prior to the game , apparently due to gas leaks .
Big Ben
Due to changes in ground conditions since construction , the tower leans slightly to the north - west , by roughly 230 millimetres ( 9.1 in ) over 55 m height , giving an inclination of approximately ​ ⁄ . This includes a planned maximum of 22 mm increased tilt due to tunnelling for the Jubilee line extension . It leans by about 500 millimetres ( 20 in ) at the finial . Experts believe the tower 's lean will not be a problem for another 4,000 to 10,000 years . Due to thermal effects it oscillates annually by a few millimetres east and west .
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)
Jump up ^ These were 2002 for War Emblem , 2003 for Funny Cide and 2004 for Smarty Jones . Jump up ^ The 1890 Preakness Stakes was held at Morris Park Racecourse in The Bronx , New York . ^ Jump up to : From 1894 to 1908 , the Preakness Stakes were held at Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island , New York . ^ Jump up to : In 1917 and 1922 , the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were held on the same day . ^ Jump up to : The 1918 Preakness Stakes was held in two divisions due to a large field . War Cloud won one and Jack Hare , Jr. the other . ^ Jump up to : Due to reconstruction at Belmont Park , the Belmont Stakes were held at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens , New York from 1963 to 1967 . Jump up ^ Dancer 's Image was disqualified as the winner of the 1968 Kentucky Derby due to a post-race failed drug test . Jump up ^ I 'll Have Another was scratched the afternoon prior to the Belmont due to tendonitis and was unable to attempt to win the race .
Thermal expansion
Absorption or desorption of water ( or other solvents ) can change the size of many common materials ; many organic materials change size much more due to this effect than due to thermal expansion . Common plastics exposed to water can , in the long term , expand by many percent .
Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series
Due to Jackson 's requirement of realism , the costumers took great pains to make costumes look `` lived in '' , wearing away colour , stuffing pockets and dirtying costumes for the likes of Gandalf and Aragorn due to their terrain crossing nature . Like armour , there would also be acid etching and some overdyeing of colours . Dickson decided to give the Hobbits shorts due to their bare feet , and specifically worked on long sleeves for the Elves for a gliding impression . Dickson also took great pains to distinguish the Gondorians ( silvers and black ) and the Rohirrim ( brown and green ) .
Exoplanet
The darkest known planet in terms of geometric albedo is TrES - 2b , a hot Jupiter that reflects less than 1 % of the light from its star , making it less reflective than coal or black acrylic paint . Hot Jupiters are expected to be quite dark due to sodium and potassium in their atmospheres but it is not known why TrES - 2b is so dark -- it could be due to an unknown chemical compound .
Planck's law
The absorption coefficient α is the fractional change in the intensity of the light beam as it travels the distance ds , and has units of length . It is composed of two parts , the decrease due to absorption and the increase due to stimulated emission . Stimulated emission is emission by the material body which is caused by and is proportional to the incoming radiation . It is included in the absorption term because , like absorption , it is proportional to the intensity of the incoming radiation . Since the amount of absorption will generally vary linearly as the density ρ of the material , we may define a `` mass absorption coefficient '' κ = α / ρ which is a property of the material itself . The change in intensity of a light beam due to absorption as it traverses a small distance ds will then be
Flint water crisis
On March 2 , House Democratic leader Tim Greimel called on Governor Snyder to resign , due to his `` negligence and indifference '' in his handling of the Flint water crisis . Also on that date , State Democratic Party Chairman Brandon Dillon called for Michigan Treasurer Nick Khouri to resign due to his role in a loan agreement from April 2015 that blocked Flint from switching back to the Detroit system .