vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Limited government
In political philosophy , limited government is where the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power , or where governmental power is restricted by law , usually in a written constitution . It is a key concept in the history of liberalism . The United States Constitution presents an example of the federal government not possessing any power except what is delegated to it by the Constitution - with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically stating that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government is reserved for the people and the states . The Magna Carta and the United States Constitution also represents important milestones in the limiting of governmental power . The earliest use of the term limited government dates back to King James VI and I in the late 16th century . Limited government put into practice often involves the protection of individual liberty from government intrusion .
Australia Day
Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians ' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity , Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed `` it was important to recognise Australia 's indigenous people and culture '' as part of Australia Day celebrations . A similar proportion ( 89 % ) agreed that `` it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation '' . Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians , the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion .
Sustainability
A major driver of human impact on Earth systems is the destruction of biophysical resources , and especially , the Earth 's ecosystems . The environmental impact of a community or of humankind as a whole depends both on population and impact per person , which in turn depends in complex ways on what resources are being used , whether or not those resources are renewable , and the scale of the human activity relative to the carrying capacity of the ecosystems involved . Careful resource management can be applied at many scales , from economic sectors like agriculture , manufacturing and industry , to work organizations , the consumption patterns of households and individuals and to the resource demands of individual goods and services .
Jack the Giant Slayer
Singer stated that he had to tone down the special effects to keep the film age - appropriate for children . He said , `` This movie probably has a bigger on - screen body count than any movie I 've done before . It 's done in a way that 's fun , but it was a challenge to get away with that without it becoming upsetting to people ... It was about creating a tone like Raiders of the Lost Ark or Star Wars that allows you to get away with a lot of stuff because it feels like a movie . ''
Adolescence
Egocentrism in adolescents forms a self - conscious desire to feel important in their peer groups and enjoy social acceptance . Unlike the conflicting aspects of self - concept , identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals . Everyone has a self - concept , whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity . Erikson 's theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs . He described the resolution of this process as a stage of `` identity achievement '' but also stressed that the identity challenge `` is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time '' . Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership . `` Clothes help teens explore new identities , separate from parents , and bond with peers . '' Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers `` finding their selves '' ; Fashion is always evolving , which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers . Adolescents attempt to define their identity by consciously styling themselves in different manners to find what best suits them . Trial and error in matching both their perceived image and the image others respond to and see , allows for the adolescent to grasp an understanding of who they are Just as fashion is evolving to influence adolescents so is the media . `` Modern life takes place amidst a never - ending barrage of flesh on screens , pages , and billboards . '' This barrage consciously or subconsciously registers into the mind causing issues with self - image a factor that contributes to an adolescence sense of identity . Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual 's progress along these stages . His questions are divided into three categories : occupation , ideology , and interpersonal relationships . Answers are scored based on extent to which the individual has explored and the degree to which he has made commitments . The result is classification of the individual into a ) identity diffusion in which all children begin , b ) Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives , c ) Moratorium , or the process of exploration , or d ) Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments .
Big Five personality traits
Research designed to investigate the individual effects of Big Five personality traits on work performance via worker completed surveys and supervisor ratings of work performance has implicated individual traits in several different work roles performances . A `` work role '' is defined as the responsibilities an individual has while they are working . Nine work roles have been identified , which can be classified in three broader categories : proficiency ( the ability of a worker to effectively perform their work duties ) , adaptivity ( a workers ability to change working strategies in response to changing work environments ) , and proactivity ( extent to which a worker will spontaneously put forth effort to change the work environment ) . These three categories of behavior can then be directed towards three different levels : either the individual , team , or organizational level leading to the nine different work role performance possibilities .
Philosophical skepticism
Immanuel Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) tried to provide a ground for empirical science against David Hume 's skeptical treatment of the notion of cause and effect . Hume ( 1711 -- 1776 ) argued that for the notion of cause and effect no analysis is possible which is also acceptable to the empiricist program primarily outlined by John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) . But , Kant 's attempt to give a ground to knowledge in the empirical sciences at the same time cut off the possibility of knowledge of any other knowledge , especially what Kant called `` metaphysical knowledge '' . So , for Kant , empirical science was legitimate , but metaphysics and philosophy was mostly illegitimate . The most important exception to this demarcation of the legitimate from the illegitimate was ethics , the principles of which Kant argued can be known by pure reason without appeal to the principles required for empirical knowledge . Thus , with respect to metaphysics and philosophy in general ( ethics being the exception ) , Kant was a skeptic . This skepticism as well as the explicit skepticism of G.E. Schulze gave rise to a robust discussion of skepticism in classical German philosophy , especially by Hegel . Kant 's idea was that the real world ( the noumenon or thing - in - itself ) was inaccessible to human reason ( though the empirical world of nature can be known to human understanding ) and therefore we can never know anything about the ultimate reality of the world . Hegel argued against Kant that although Kant was right that using what Hegel called `` finite '' concepts of `` the understanding '' precluded knowledge of reality , we were not constrained to use only `` finite '' concepts and could actually acquire knowledge of reality using `` infinite concepts '' that arise from self - consciousness .
Kitchen cabinet
Most large - scale cabinet makers apply one or two coats of primer before the paint as well as a protective coat of lacquer afterwards . Stain is a water or thinner based dye that allows for the grain of the wood to show through . When it comes to application there are two main categories of staining . wiping stains and spray stains . Wiping stains are sprayed on to the Wood and then wiped off whereas the spray stain is left to dry without wiping . One thing to keep in mind when it comes to staining it would is that the color of the wood also affects the end result . For example , a stain on oak will not be the same color as the same stain on Maple .
Soul Surfer (film)
Bethany decides to surprise Sarah by joining the youth group on another mission trip to help the people of Phuket , Thailand who were devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . Despite her recent tragedy , she joins her youth group to help the Thai children get over their fear of the ocean . They are understandably afraid of the water , including a little boy . She decides to go into it with a surfboard , hoping this will coax him into it . It works , and the realization that she can use her gift to inspire people motivates her to take up surfing again .
English contract law
Whether or not a contract is terminated , every breach of a substantially performed contract gives rise to the right to a remedy . A court 's power to award remedies is the final sanction against non-performance and , unless the defendant is insolvent , the objective is to achieve full compensation for the innocent party as if the contract were performed . This measure of the remedy to protect `` expectations '' forms a principal distinction between contracts as obligations from torts or unjust enrichment . In cases where performance is defective , the courts generally award money for the cost of curing the defect , unless the sum would be disproportionate and another sum would adequately achieve the same compensatory objective . In Ruxley Electronics Ltd v Forsyth although a £ 17,797 swimming pool was built 18 inches too shallow , the land 's market value was exactly the same . The House of Lords ' solution , rather than awarding the cost of rebuilding it at £ 21,560 and rather than reject any award at all , was to reflect the forgone `` consumer surplus '' or the `` loss of amenity '' with an award of £ 2,500 . Greater recognition of benefits in contracts other than purely financial ones has also been seen in cases concerning contracts where pleasure , enjoyment , relaxation or the avoidance of stress are construed as being `` important terms '' . In Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd Lord Denning MR held that a council worker could get not just his money back , but also a small sum to reflect his disappointment after his dream - holiday to the Swiss Alps , contrary to the promises in Swan Tours ' travel brochure , proved a boring disaster , complete with sub-standard yodelling . And in Farley v Skinner the House of Lords held that a homebuyer close to Gatwick airport could recover money for lack of peaceful enjoyment , and the disruption of what would otherwise be his `` quiet contemplative breakfast '' from the house surveyor who assured there would be no noise . The market value of the property was unchanged , but ensuring peace and quiet had been an important term in their agreement . The courts have , however , remained reluctant to allow recovery for disappointment over any breach of contract , particularly in employment where a flood of people might claim damages for stress and upset after a wrongful dismissal . The
South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut
South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut is a cautionary tale on the dangers of censorship . It uses the execution of Terrance and Phillip as the Seventh Sign in a parody of the Apocalypse . Cartman 's use of foul language helps to avert the disaster . Parents and `` lazy child rearing '' come in for particularly sharp criticism . On their way to see Terrance and Phillip , the boys sing that `` movies teach us what our parents do n't have time to say ! '' During `` Blame Canada '' a couple are seen abandoning their baby in their enthusiasm to join Mothers Against Canada . The song ends with : `` We must blame them and cause a fuss / Before somebody thinks of blaming us ! '' Much of the film 's satire and many of the songs are concerned with the refusal of people to accept responsibility for failure and their tendency to look for scapegoats ( Some of the songs are also parodies of musical theatre , but this is usually secondary to furthering the satire ) . Movies , government , society , foreigners , and Satan are all blamed leading Kyle to remark : `` whenever I get in trouble , you go off and blame everybody else . But I 'm the one to blame . Deal with me . '' The movie is also self - reflective in nature . The enthusiasm the kids display for seeing the Terrance and Phillip movie reflects the creators ' anticipation of the real world enthusiasm many people , including those under age , would experience to see the movie .
Serial killer
Family interaction also plays an important role in a child 's growth and development . `` The quality of their attachments to parents and other members of the family is critical to how these children relate to and value other members of society . '' Wilson and Seaman ( 1990 ) conducted a study on incarcerated serial killers , and what they felt was the most influential factor that contributed to their homicidal activity . Almost all of the serial killers in the study had experienced some sort of environmental problems during their childhood , such as a broken home caused by divorce , or a lack of discipline in the home . It was common for the serial killers to come from a family that had experienced divorce , separation , or the lack of a parent . Furthermore , nearly half of the serial killers had experienced some type of physical or sexual abuse , and even more had experienced emotional neglect . When a parent has a drug or alcohol problem , the attention in the household is on the parents rather than the child . This neglect of the child leads to the lowering of their self - esteem and helps develop a fantasy world in which they are in control . Hickey 's Trauma Control Model supports how the neglect from parents can facilitate deviant behavior , especially if the child sees substance abuse in action . This then leads to disposition ( the inability to attach ) , which can further lead to homicidal behavior , unless the child finds a way to develop substantial relationships and fight the label they receive . If a child receives no support from those around him or her , then he or she is unlikely to recover from the traumatic event in a positive way . As stated by E.E. Maccoby , `` the family has continued to be seen as a major -- perhaps the major -- arena for socialization '' . Chromosomal
Law
One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour . In The Concept of Law Hart argued law is a `` system of rules '' ; Austin said law was `` the command of a sovereign , backed by the threat of a sanction '' ; Dworkin describes law as an `` interpretive concept '' to achieve justice in his text titled Law 's Empire ; and Raz argues law is an `` authority '' to mediate people 's interests . Holmes said `` The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact , and nothing more pretentious , are what I mean by the law . '' In his Treatise on Law Aquinas argues that law is a rational ordering of things which concern the common good that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community . This definition has both positivist and naturalist elements .
Book of Enoch
It was no longer possible to claim that the core of the Book of Enoch was composed in the wake of the Maccabean Revolt as a reaction to Hellenization . Scholars thus had to look for the origins of the Qumranic sections of 1 Enoch in the previous historical period , and the comparison with traditional material of such a time showed that these sections do not draw exclusively on categories and ideas prominent in the Hebrew Bible . Some scholars speak even of an `` Enochic Judaism '' from which the writers of Qumran scrolls were descended . Margaret Barker argues , `` Enoch is the writing of a very conservative group whose roots go right back to the time of the First Temple '' . The main peculiar aspects of the Enochic Judaism are the following :
Ashoka
However , the edicts alone strongly indicate that he was a Buddhist . In one edict he belittles rituals , and he banned Vedic animal sacrifices ; these strongly suggest that he at least did not look to the Vedic tradition for guidance . Furthermore , many edicts are expressed to Buddhists alone ; in one , Ashoka declares himself to be an `` upasaka '' , and in another he demonstrates a close familiarity with Buddhist texts . He erected rock pillars at Buddhist holy sites , but did not do so for the sites of other religions . He also used the word `` dhamma '' to refer to qualities of the heart that underlie moral action ; this was an exclusively Buddhist use of the word . However , he used the word more in the spirit than as a strict code of conduct . Romila Thappar writes , `` His dhamma did not derive from divine inspiration , even if its observance promised heaven . It was more in keeping with the ethic conditioned by the logic of given situations . His logic of Dhamma was intended to influence the conduct of categories of people , in relation to each other . Especially where they involved unequal relationships . '' Finally , he promotes ideals that correspond to the first three steps of the Buddha 's graduated discourse .
English contract law
Once an offer is made , the general rule is the offeree must communicate her acceptance in order to have a binding agreement . Notification of acceptance must actually reach a point where the offeror could reasonably be expected to know , although if the recipient is at fault , for instance , by not putting enough ink in their fax machine for a message arriving in office hours to be printed , the recipient will still be bound . This goes for all methods of communication , whether oral , by phone , through telex , fax or email , except for the post . Acceptance by letter takes place when the letter is put in the postbox . The postal exception is a product of history , and does not exist in most countries . It only exists in English law so long as it is reasonable to use the post for a reply ( e.g. not in response to an email ) , and its operation would not create manifest inconvenience and absurdity ( e.g. the letter goes missing ) . In all cases it is possible for the negotiating parties to stipulate a prescribed mode of acceptance . It is not possible for an offeror to impose an obligation on the offeree to reject the offer without her consent . However , it is clear that people can accept through silence , firstly , by demonstrating through their conduct that they accept . In Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Company , although the Metropolitan Railway Company had never returned a letter from Mr Brogden formalising a long term supply arrangement for Mr Brogden 's coal , they had conducted themselves for two years as if it were in effect , and Mr Brogden was bound . Secondly , the offeror may waive the need for communication of acceptance , either expressly , or implicitly , as in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company . Here a quack medicine company advertised its `` smoke ball '' , stating that if a customer found it did not cure them of the flu after using it thrice daily for two weeks , they would get £ 100 . After noting the advertisement was serious enough to be an offer , not mere puff or an invitation to treat , the Court of Appeal held the accepting party only needed to use the smokeball as prescribed to get the £ 100 .
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
Since its inception , the Stanford -- Binet has been revised several times . Currently , the test is in its fifth edition , which is called the Stanford -- Binet Intelligence Scales , Fifth Edition , or SB5 . According to the publisher 's website , `` The SB5 was normed on a stratified random sample of 4,800 individuals that matches the 2000 U.S. Census '' . By administering the Stanford -- Binet test to large numbers of individuals selected at random from different parts of the United States , it has been found that the scores approximate a normal distribution . The revised edition of the Stanford -- Binet over time has devised substantial changes in the way the tests are presented . The test has improved when looking at the introduction of a more parallel form and more demonstrative standards . For one , a non-verbal IQ component is included in the present day tests whereas in the past , there was only a verbal component . In fact , it now has equal balance of verbal and non-verbal content in the tests . It is also more animated than the other tests , providing the test - takers with more colourful artwork , toys and manipulatives . This allows the test to have a higher range in the age of the test takers . This test is purportedly useful in assessing the intellectual capabilities of people ranging from young children all the way to young adults . However , the test has come under criticism for not being able to compare people of different age categories , since each category gets a different set of tests . Furthermore , very young children tend to do poorly on the test due to the fact that they lack the ability to concentrate long enough to finish it .
Preamble to the United States Constitution
Additionally , when interpreting a legal document , courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating it ; as a result , the courts have cited the Preamble for evidence of the history , intent and meaning of the Constitution as it was understood by the Founders . Although revolutionary in some ways , the Constitution maintained many common law concepts ( such as habeas corpus , trial by jury , and sovereign immunity ) , and courts deem that the Founders ' perceptions of the legal system that the Constitution created ( i.e. , the interaction between what it changed and what it kept from the British legal system ) are uniquely important because of the authority `` the People '' invested them with to create it . Along with evidence of the understandings of the men who debated and drafted the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention , the courts are also interested in the way that government officials have put into practice the Constitution 's provisions , particularly early government officials , although the courts reserve to themselves the final authority to determine the Constitution 's meaning . However , this focus on historical understandings of the Constitution is sometimes in tension with the changed circumstances of modern society from the late 18th century society that drafted the Constitution ; courts have ruled that the Constitution must be interpreted in light of these changed circumstances . All of these considerations of the political theory behind the Constitution have prompted the Supreme Court to articulate a variety of special rules of construction and principles for interpreting it . For example , the Court 's rendering of the purposes behind the Constitution have led it to express a preference for broad interpretations of individual freedoms .