vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cherokee
The Cherokee allied with the U.S. against the nativist and pro-British Red Stick faction of the Upper Creek in the Creek War during the War of 1812 . Cherokee warriors led by Major Ridge played a major role in General Andrew Jackson 's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend . Major Ridge moved his family to Rome , Georgia , where he built a substantial house , developed a large plantation and ran a ferry on the Oostanaula River . Although he never learned English , he sent his son and nephews to New England to be educated in mission schools . His interpreter and protégé Chief John Ross , the descendant of several generations of Cherokee women and Scots fur - traders , built a plantation and operated a trading firm and a ferry at Ross ' Landing ( Chattanooga , Tennessee ) . During this period , divisions arose between the acculturated elite and the great majority of Cherokee , who clung to traditional ways of life .
Mali Empire
The Sudano - Sahelian influence was particularly widely incorporated during the rule of Mansa Musa I , who constructed many architectural projects , including the Great Mosque of Gao and Royal Palace in Timbuktu , which was built with the assistance of Ishaak al - Tuedjin , an architect brought by Musa from his pilgrimage to Mecca .
Great Depression in the United States
One visible effect of the depression was the advent of Hoovervilles , which were ramshackle assemblages on vacant lots of cardboard boxes , tents , and small rickety wooden sheds built by homeless people . Residents lived in the shacks and begged for food or went to soup kitchens. The term was coined by Charles Michelson , publicity chief of the Democratic National Committee , who referred sardonically to President Herbert Hoover whose policies he blamed for the depression .
First Battle of Bull Run
`` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . Bee was shot through the stomach shortly after speaking and died the next day , thus it is unclear exactly what he meant , moreover none of his subordinates wrote reports of the battle . Col. States Rights Gist , serving as Bee 's aide - de-camp , took command of the brigade . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! ''
List of Game of Thrones characters
Tormund Giantsbane ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles , `` Giantsbane '' being foremost . Loud and gregarious , he is one of Mance 's top generals , fierce and terrible in combat . Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte . Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night 's Watch . He later leads the attack on Mole 's Town . When the army reaches Castle Black , he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne , but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning . After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon , Jon briefly approaches him , and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him , citing Ygritte 's apparent desire to kill him as proof . He is later present at Mance 's execution , and is visibly saddened at his friend 's death . He is eventually freed by Jon , who he accompanies to Hardhome , where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night 's Watch in the battle against their common enemy . As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers , Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon . He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings . In season 6 , after hearing of Jon 's murder , he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible , and later witnesses Jon 's resurrection and execution of the mutineers . From there on , Tormund becomes one of Jon 's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton . In the ensuing battle , he fights and kills Smalljon Umber , and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead . He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North . In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall , expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point .
List of Game of Thrones characters
Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos ' actions as treason , but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night 's Watch , detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers . Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre 's request , as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night 's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers . In season 4 , Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry ( as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry 's blood ) and failing to find him a suitable army , but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night 's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder . Despite the Iron Bank 's reluctance to back Stannis , Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan . Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold . He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . In season 5 , Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton . Davos is aware that the Night 's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win . He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis 's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution . Later , Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis , to help him take Winterfell . As the army becomes snowbound , he is returned to the Wall on Stannis ' command , sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen , where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days .
Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
Brutus summoned the comitia curiata , an organization of patrician families used mainly to ratify the decrees of the king and began to harangue them in one of the more noted and effective speeches of ancient Rome . He began by revealing that his pose as fool was a sham designed to protect him against an evil king . He leveled a number of charges against the king and his family : the outrage against Lucretia , whom everyone could see on the dais , the king 's tyranny , the forced labor of the plebeians in the ditches and sewers of Rome . He pointed out that Superbus had come to rule by the murder of Servius Tullius , his wife 's father , next - to - the - last king of Rome . He `` solemnly invoked the gods as the avengers of murdered parents . '' The king 's wife , Tullia , was in fact in Rome and probably was a witness to the proceedings from her palace near the forum . Seeing herself the target of so much animosity she fled from the palace in fear of her life and proceeded to the camp at Ardea .
Spartan army
The letter lambda ( Λ ) , standing for Laconia or Lacedaemon , which was painted on the Spartans ' shields , was first adopted in the 420s BC , and quickly became a widely known Spartan symbol . Military families passed on their shields to each generation as family heirlooms . The technical evolution and design of Spartan shields evolved from bashing and shield wall tactics , and were of such great importance in the Spartan army that while losing a sword and a spear was an exception , to lose a shield was a sign of disgrace . Not only does it protect the user , but it also protects the whole phalanx formation . To come home without the shield was the mark of a deserter ; rhipsaspia or `` dropping the shield '' , was a synonym for desertion in the field . Mothers bidding farewell to their sons would encourage them to come back with their shields , often saying goodbyes like `` Son , either with this or on this '' ( Ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς ) .
United States v. Alvarez
When balanced against the Government 's need to protect the value of the Medal , the plurality said that `` the link between the Government 's interest in protecting the integrity of the military honors system and the Act 's restriction on the false claims of liars like respondent has not been shown . '' Additionally , Kennedy wrote that ' counter-speech ' was a sufficient solution to the problem : `` It is a fair assumption that any true holders of the Medal who had heard of Alvarez 's false claims would have been fully vindicated by the community 's expression of outrage ... Truth needs neither handcuffs nor a badge for its vindication . ''
Jessica Jones
After her ordeal at the hands of the Purple Man , Jessica was given a degree of psionic protection by Jean Grey of the X-Men . This psionic protection was sufficient to protect Jessica against a second attack by the Purple Man , though she had to `` trigger '' this resistance on her own .
Hellenistic period
One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes . With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean , Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period . It became a center of culture and commerce , its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the Mediterranean . After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes ( 305 - 304 BC ) , the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory . They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy , by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms .
Greco-Persian Wars
Xerxes 's estimated time of arrival at Thermopylae coincided with both the Olympic Games and the festival of Carneia . For the Spartans , warfare during these periods was considered sacrilegious . Despite the uncomfortable timing , the Spartans considered the threat so grave that they dispatched their king Leonidas I with his personal bodyguard ( the Hippeis ) of 300 men . The customary elite young men in the Hippeis were replaced by veterans who already had children . Leonidas was supported by contingents from the Allied Peloponnesian cities , and other forces that the Allies picked up on the way to Thermopylae . The Allies proceeded to occupy the pass , rebuilt the wall the Phocians had built at the narrowest point of the pass , and waited for Xerxes 's arrival . The
Great Depression
China was largely unaffected by the Depression , mainly by having stuck to the Silver standard . However , the U.S. silver purchase act of 1934 created an intolerable demand on China 's silver coins , and so in the end the silver standard was officially abandoned in 1935 in favor of the four Chinese national banks ' `` legal note '' issues . China and the British colony of Hong Kong , which followed suit in this regard in September 1935 , would be the last to abandon the silver standard . In addition , the Nationalist Government also acted energetically to modernize the legal and penal systems , stabilize prices , amortize debts , reform the banking and currency systems , build railroads and highways , improve public health facilities , legislate against traffic in narcotics and augment industrial and agricultural production . On November 3 , 1935 , the government instituted the fiat currency ( fapi ) reform , immediately stabilizing prices and also raising revenues for the government .
Spanish Inquisition
On that day , Ripoll was hanged in Valencia , for having taught deist principles . This execution occurred against the backdrop of a European - wide scandal concerning the despotic attitudes still prevailing in Spain . Finally , on 15 July 1834 , the Spanish Inquisition was definitively abolished by a Royal Decree signed by regent Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies , Ferdinand VII 's liberal widow , during the minority of Isabella II and with the approval of the President of the Cabinet Francisco Martínez de la Rosa . ( It is possible that something similar to the Inquisition acted during the 1833 -- 1839 First Carlist War , in the zones dominated by the Carlists , since one of the government measures praised by Conde de Molina Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbon was the re-implementation of the Inquisition to protect the Church ) . During the Carlist Wars it was the conservatives who fought the liberals who wanted to reduce the Church 's power , amongst other reforms to liberalize the economy . It can be added that Franco during the Spanish Civil War is alleged to have stated that he would attempt to reintroduce it , possibly as a sop to Vatican approval of his coup .
History of the Knights Templar
The Templars , though relatively small in number , routinely joined other armies in key battles . They would be the force that would ram through the enemy 's front lines at the beginning of a battle , or the fighters that would protect the army from the rear . They fought alongside King Louis VII of France , and King Richard I of England . In addition to battles in Palestine , members of the Order also fought in the Spanish and Portuguese Reconquista .
Qing dynasty
There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China proper , so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols . More importantly , they added Han Chinese to the Eight Banners . The Manchus had to create an entire `` Jiu Han jun '' ( Old Han Army ) due to the massive number of Han Chinese soldiers who were absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection . Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Manchus , so the Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641 , and the swelling of Han Chinese numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 to all Eight Han Banners being created . Armies of defected Ming Han Chinese conquered southern China for the Qing .
Peninsular War
At daylight on 7 October 1813 Wellington crossed the Bidassoa in seven columns , attacked the entire French position , which stretched in two heavily entrenched lines from north of the Irun - Bayonne road , along mountain spurs to the Great Rhune 2,800 feet ( 850 m ) high . The decisive movement was a passage in strength near Fuenterrabia to the astonishment of the enemy , who in view of the width of the river and the shifting sands , had thought the crossing impossible at that point . The French right was then rolled back , and Soult was unable to reinforce his right in time to retrieve the day . His works fell in succession after hard fighting , and he withdrew towards the river Nivelle . The losses were about -- Allies , 1,600 ; French , 1,400 . The passage of the Bidassoa `` was a general 's not a soldier 's battle '' .
Tower of London
A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower , as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle . At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north - west corner . Brass Mount , the bastion in the north - east corner , was a later addition . The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843 . Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period , there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ) . A new 50 - metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today . With the addition of a new curtain wall , the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south - west corner of the external wall circuit . The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s . The Lion Tower itself no longer survives . Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames . In this wall , he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water-gate . The building is unique in England , and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris . The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered . There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor . Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown , although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower .
History of Vietnam
Professor Liam Kelley ( Le Minh Khai ) suggested that the `` north '' in Bình Ngô đại cáo referred to the Ming collaborationist Hanoi scholars while the south referred to Thanh Hóa , the base of Lê Lợi since the text referred to `` Dai Viet '' and did not introduce China before mentioning north . cited John Whitmore and challenged the claim that `` Ngô '' referred to Ming dynasty China but instead referred to the Chinese settled Red River Delta area of Vietnam . It was English and French foreign languages translations which bowdlerized `` south '' into `` Vietnam '' and `` north '' into China even though people today have no true idea of what south and north referred to in the original text . He believes that it was the Ming collaborationist scholars of Hanoi who were referred to as the `` Ngô '' and that it was not a term used for Chinese as is currently though in Vietnam , and that the Bình Ngô đại cáo not directed at China . In the 20th century for propaganda purposes against French colonialism , the development of the new genre of `` resistance literature '' spurred a change in how `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' was looked at . Kelley suggested that the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' drew on a previous Ming text . North and South in Bình Ngô đại cáo might have referred to internal divisions in Vietnam ( Hanoi vs Thanh Hoa ) rather than China vs Vietnam . The Hồ dynasty 's rule and Vietnamese who worked with the Ming were attacked in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' by Lê Lợi . The `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' criticized a people called `` Ngô '' in Vietnam , and it did not refer to the Ming Chinese . It saidthat Song dynasty clothing was worn by the Tran and Ming while it slammed and criticized Mongol Yuan customs followed by the Ngô .
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
A month later , Harry leaves the Dursleys ' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King 's Cross railway station . There he meets the Weasley family , who show him how to pass through the magic wall to Platform 93⁄4 , where the train that will take them to Hogwarts is waiting . While on the train , Harry meets two fellow first years , Ron Weasley , who immediately becomes his friend , and Hermione Granger , with whom the ice is a bit slower to break . Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first - year , Draco Malfoy . Draco offers to advise Harry , but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of `` friendship '' .
Yemen
The Sabaean Kingdom came into existence from at least the 11th century BC . The four major kingdoms or tribal confederations in South Arabia were : Saba , Hadramout , Qataban , and Ma'in . Saba is thought to be biblical Sheba and was the most prominent federation . The Sabaean rulers adopted the title Mukarrib generally thought to mean unifier , or a priest - king , or the head of confederation of South Arabian kingdoms , the ' king of the kings ' . The role of the Mukarrib was to bring the various tribes under the kingdom and preside over them all . The Sabaens built the Great Dam of Marib around 940 BC . The dam was built to withstand the seasonal flash floods surging down the valley .
History of Native Americans in the United States
The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side , Metacomet ( also known as Metacom or Pometacom ) who was known to the English as King Philip . He was the last Massasoit ( Great Leader ) of the Pokanoket Tribe / Pokanoket Federation and Wampanoag Nation . Upon their loss to the Colonists , many managed to flee to the North to continue their fight against the British ( Massachusetts Bay Colony ) by joining with the Abanaki Tribes and Wabanaki Federation .
List of rulers of Númenor
Ar - Pharazôn the Golden ( S.A. 3118 -- 3319 , r . S.A. 3255 -- 3319 ) , Tar - Calion in Quenya , was the twenty - fifth and last king of Númenor . Ar - Pharazôn was the nephew of King Tar - Palantir and took to wife Tar - Palantir 's daughter , Míriel ( against her will as well as Númenórean law ) . Ar - Pharazôn was the most powerful of all the kings of Númenor . With a great fleet he landed at Umbar , marched on Mordor and took Sauron as a prisoner back to Númenor . Sauron eventually corrupted Ar - Pharazôn , and the king built the `` greatest armament that the world had seen '' to attack Valinor in S.A. 3310 and broke the Ban of the Valar . The King himself perished in the cataclysm that followed , although in the Akallabêth account of this it states that `` Ar - Pharazôn and his mortal warriors who had set foot on Aman were buried by falling hills , imprisoned in the Caves of the Forgotten until the Last Battle and Day of Doom . ''
Clint Eastwood
In 1973 , Eastwood directed his first western , High Plains Drifter , in which he also starred . The film had a moral and supernatural theme , later emulated in Pale Rider . The plot follows a mysterious stranger ( Eastwood ) who arrives in a brooding Western town where the people hire him to protect them against three soon - to - be-released felons . There remains confusion during the film as to whether the stranger is the brother of the deputy , whom the felons lynched and murdered , or his ghost . Holes in the plot were filled with black humor and allegory , influenced by Leone . The revisionist film received a mixed reception , but was a major box office success . A number of critics thought Eastwood 's directing was `` as derivative as it was expressive , '' with Arthur Knight of the Saturday Review remarking that Eastwood had `` ... absorbed the approaches of Siegel and Leone and fused them with his own paranoid vision of society . '' John Wayne , who had declined a role in the film , sent a letter to Eastwood soon after the film 's release in which he complained that , `` The townspeople did not represent the true spirit of the American pioneer , the spirit that made America great . '' Directing