vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Allostasis
Organisms are designed to be efficient Efficiency requires reciprocal trade - offs Efficiency also requires being able to predict future needs Such prediction requires each sensor to adapt to the expected range of input Prediction also demands that each effector adapt its output to the expected range of demand Predictive regulation depends on behavior whilst neural mechanisms also adapt .
Demand curve
Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets , and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price ( the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy , also known as market clearing price ) and the equilibrium quantity ( the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus / excess supply or shortage / excess demand ) of that market . In a monopolistic market , the demand curve facing the monopolist is simply the market demand curve .
Demand curve
The demand curve usually slopes downwards from left to right ; that is , it has a negative association . The negative slope is often referred to as the `` law of demand '' , which means people will buy more of a service , product , or resource as its price falls . The demand curve is related to the marginal utility curve , since the price one is willing to pay depends on the utility . However , the demand directly depends on the income of an individual while the utility does not . Thus it may change indirectly due to change in demand for other commodities .
New Orleans Pelicans
On February 1 , 2018 , the Pelicans acquired Nikola Mirotić in a trade with the Chicago Bulls . Though the trade wen through this tme , another trade for Mirotić to the Pelicans was cancelled when New Orleans did n't want to pay for Mirotić 's 2019 - team - option contract Mirotić signed with the Bulls during the off - season of 2017 . The Pelicans received Mirotić and a 2018 second - round pick for veterans Ömer Aşık , Jameer Nelson , and Tony Allen . Mirotić demanded a trade when former team mate Bobby Portis punched Mirotić in the face during an off - season practice . At the time , Mirotić was the Bulls ' leading scorer , and DeMarcus Cousins was injured . Mirotić , recently , has been extremely efficient for the Pelicans .
Labor history of the United States
The labor history of the United States describes the history of organized labor , US labor law , and more general history of working people , in the United States . Beginning in the 1930s , unions became important components of the Democratic Party . However , some historians have not understood why no Labor Party emerged in the United States , in contrast to Western Europe .
Democracy
The United Kingdom 's Slave Trade Act 1807 banned the trade across the British Empire , which was enforced internationally by the Royal Navy under treaties Britain negotiated with other nations . As the voting franchise in the U.K. was increased , it also was made more uniform in a series of reforms beginning with the Reform Act 1832 , although the United Kingdom did not manage to become a complete democracy well into the 20th century . In 1833 , the United Kingdom passed the Slavery Abolition Act which took effect across the British Empire .
IS–LM model
By itself , the IS -- LM model is used to study the short run when prices are fixed or sticky and no inflation is taken into consideration . But in practice the main role of the model is as a sub-model of larger models ( especially the Aggregate Demand - Aggregate Supply model -- the AD -- AS model ) which allow for a flexible price level . In the aggregate demand - aggregate supply model , each point on the aggregate demand curve is an outcome of the IS -- LM model for aggregate demand Y based on a particular price level . Starting from one point on the aggregate demand curve , at a particular price level and a quantity of aggregate demand implied by the IS -- LM model for that price level , if one considers a higher potential price level , in the IS -- LM model the real money supply M / P will be lower and hence the LM curve will be shifted higher , leading to lower aggregate demand ; hence at the higher price level the level of aggregate demand is lower , so the aggregate demand curve is negatively sloped .
Fair trade
According to EFTA , the defining characteristic of alternative trading organizations is that of equal partnership and respect -- partnership between the developing region producers and importers , shops , labelling organizations , and consumers . Alternative trade `` humanizes '' the trade process -- making the producer - consumer chain as short as possible so that consumers become aware of the culture , identity , and conditions in which producers live . All actors are committed to the principle of alternative trade , the need for advocacy in their working relations and the importance of awareness - raising and advocacy work . Examples of such organisations are Ten Thousand Villages , Greenheart Shop , Equal Exchange and SERRV International in the US and Equal Exchange Trading , Traidcraft , Oxfam Trading , Twin Trading and Alter Eco in Europe as well as Siem Fair Trade Fashion in Australia .
Public administration
This grassroots demand may have come from the comparative knowledge that concluded `` In the United States , residential and commercial buildings combined now use 71 % of all electricity produced and account for 79 % of all electricity expenditures . Annual CO emission attributed to electricity consumption in these U.S. buildings constitute 43 % of the country 's annual total CO emission , which is approximately equivalent to the total CO emission of Japan , France , and the United Kingdom combined . These levels support the claim of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that energy use in buildings offer more potential for reducing carbon emission than any other single sector in the United States and abroad . '' . This example compares CO emission in the United States to other countries and through the buildings sector ; the US could cut down on CO2 emission . The field of comparative public administration is often misunderstood for the definition itself is complex and requires layers of understanding . The field will require many more years of collaborative research before it becomes a widely recognized academic study .
Economy of Mexico
The economy contains rapidly developing modern industrial and service sectors , with increasing private ownership . Recent administrations have expanded competition in ports , railroads , telecommunications , electricity generation , natural gas distribution and airports , with the aim of upgrading infrastructure . As an export - oriented economy , more than 90 % of Mexican trade is under free trade agreements ( FTAs ) with more than 40 countries , including the European Union , Japan , Israel , and much of Central and South America . The most influential FTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , which came into effect in 1994 , and was signed in 1992 by the governments of the United States , Canada and Mexico . In 2006 , trade with Mexico 's two northern partners accounted for almost 90 % of its exports and 55 % of its imports . Recently , the Congress of the Union approved important tax , pension and judicial reforms , and reform to the oil industry is currently being debated . Mexico had 15 companies in the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world 's largest companies in 2016 .
Aggregate demand
In macroeconomics , aggregate demand ( AD ) or domestic final demand ( DFD ) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time . It specifies the amounts of goods and services that will be purchased at all possible price levels . This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country . It is often called effective demand , though at other times this term is distinguished .
Edible bird's nest
The nests were formerly harvested from caves , principally the enormous limestone caves at Gomantong and Niah in Borneo . With the escalation in demand these sources have been supplanted since the late 1990s by purpose - built nesting houses , usually reinforced concrete structures following the design of the Southeast Asian shop - house ( `` rumah toko '' / `` ruko '' ) . These nesting houses are normally found in urban areas near the sea , since the birds have a propensity to flock in such places . This has become an extraordinary industry , mainly based on a series of towns in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra , which have been completely transformed by the activity . From there the nests are mostly exported to the markets in Hong Kong , which has become the centre of the world trade , though most of the final consumers are from mainland China . It has been estimated that the products now account for 0.5 % of the Indonesian GDP , equivalent to about a quarter of the country 's fishing industry . The entire global industry is an estimated US $5 billion .
Law of demand
Changes in demand is depicted graphically by a shift in the demand curve . On the other hand , `` quantity demanded '' refers to the quantity of goods consumers want for a given price , conditional on the other determinants . `` Changes in quantity demanded '' is depicted graphically by a movement along the demand curve .
Cinema of the Philippines
Although the Philippines never became a center for feature film production under the Japanese , it was a strategically important market for Japan . First , unlike Manchuria , where the Japanese literally had to construct a film industry , the Philippines already had many large , well - equipped motion picture theaters that were well - stocked with significant Hollywood product . Many confiscated films were exported back to Japan to train its filmmakers . Production facilities were better in the Philippines than any other market in the Japanese empire with the exception of Shanghai . This was another reason why such Japanese film companies as the Nanyo Film Association ( 南洋 映画 協会 ) and Film Distributors ( 映画 配給 者 ) each established branch offices in Manila in 1942 . Further , due to the long period of American influence , the local film community boasted a significant number of people who had worked in Hollywood during the silent era and had considerable experience .
Forestry in India
Engage the tribal communities in a constructive way . Instead of criminalising their skills at finding , recognising , attracting and capturing birds , India should offer them employment to re-apply their skills through scientific management , protection and wildlife preservation . Allow captive and humane breeding of certain species of birds , to satisfy the market demand for pet birds . Better and continuous enforcement to prevent trapping practices , stop trading and end smuggling of wild birds of India through neighboring countries that have not banned trading of wild birds . Education and continued media exposure of the ecological and environmental harm done by wild bird trade , in order to reduce the demand for trapped wild birds as pets .
Law of demand
The law of demand was documented as early as 1892 by economist Alfred Marshall . Due to the law 's general agreement with observation , economists have come to accept the validity of the law under most situations . Furthermore , researchers found that the success of the law of demand extends to animals such as rats , under laboratory settings .
Super Bowl XLIV
An E * TRADE advertisement , continuing their theme of talking babies on a Web cam , featured a boyfriend - stealing , `` milkaholic '' baby girl named `` Lindsay . '' Actress Lindsay Lohan , who has a history of alcoholism and was noted for having tried in the early 2000s ( decade ) to date popular young men who were already dating other women , attempted to sue E * TRADE over the advertisement , seeking US $100,000,000 in damages , under the impression that the advertisement defamed her via subliminal messaging and violated her personality rights . E * TRADE denied the allegations and stated the name `` Lindsay '' came from a member of the accounting staff . Lohan and E * TRADE settled the lawsuit in September 2010 ; the terms were confidential . International
Foreign trade of the United States
US exported $1.44 trillion to other countries in 2014 US exports of goods by country in 2004 ( does not include exports of services ) US imports of goods by country in 2004 ( does not include imports of services ) US imported $2.13 trillion from other countries in 2014
Foreign trade of the United States
These issues have raised concerns among economists and unfunded liabilities were mentioned as a serious problem facing the United States in the President 's 2006 State of the Union address . On June 26 , 2009 , Jeff Immelt , the CEO of General Electric , called for the U.S. to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20 % of the workforce , commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand . U.S.
Loggerhead sea turtle
Loggerhead sea turtles are classified as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species , making international trade illegal . In the United States , the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service classify them as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act . Loggerheads are listed as endangered under both Australia 's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Queensland 's Nature Conservation Act 1992 . The Convention on Migratory Species works for the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles on the Atlantic coast of Africa , as well as in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia . Throughout Japan , the Sea Turtle Association of Japan aids in the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles . Greece 's ARCHELON works for their conservation . The Marine Research Foundation works for loggerhead conservation in Oman . Annex 2 of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena Convention , which deals with pollution that could harm marine ecosystems , also protects them . Conservation organizations worldwide have worked with the shrimp trawling industry to develop turtle exclusion devices ( TEDs ) to exclude even the largest turtles . TEDs are mandatory for all shrimp trawlers .
Demand curve
Changes in disposable income , the magnitude of the shift also being related to the income elasticity of demand . Changes in tastes and preferences -- tastes and preferences are assumed to be fixed in the short - run . This assumption of fixed preferences is a necessary condition for aggregation of individual demand curves to derive market demand . Changes in expectations . Changes in the prices of related goods ( substitutes and complements ) Population size and composition N.B. Whilst variations in the price of the actual product affects the overall quantity demanded , economists do not consider price to affect the demand curve .
Stepfamily
In her book , Stepmonster : A New Look at Why Real Stepmothers Think , Feel , and Act the Way We Do , social researcher Wednesday Martin takes an anthropological approach to examining stepfamily dynamics . The Daily Mail said that Stepmonster `` in the US , has become widely regarded as the ' go to ' source for stepmothers , stepchildren , and therapists . ''
Economy of New Zealand
In the 21st century , Asian economies have been developing rapidly providing significant demand for New Zealand 's exports . New Zealand trades with Taiwan , Hong Kong , Malaysia , Indonesia , Singapore , Thailand , India and the Philippines and this now accounts for around 16 % of total exports . New Zealand initiated a free trade agreement with Singapore in September 2000 which was extended in 2005 to include Chile and Brunei and is now known as the P4 agreement .
Construction of the World Trade Center
The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high - rise buildings , except for underground spaces . In accordance with building codes , sprinklers were originally installed only in the underground parking structures of the World Trade Center . Following a major fire in February 1975 , the Port Authority decided to start installing sprinklers throughout the buildings . By 1993 , nearly all of the South Tower and 85 percent of the North Tower had sprinklers installed and the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001 .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
The 1940 Summer Olympics were scheduled to be held in Tokyo , Japan , but were cancelled due to the outbreak of the Second Sino - Japanese War . The government of Japan had abandoned its support for the 1940 Games in July 1938 . The IOC then awarded the Games to Helsinki , Finland , the runner - up in the original bidding process , but the Games were not held due to the Winter War . Ultimately , the Olympic Games were suspended indefinitely following the outbreak of World War II and did not resume until the London Games of 1948 .
Trinity
Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew 28 : 19 , Cappadocian Fathers such as Basil the Great argued from other verses such as `` But Peter said , ' Ananias , why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land ? While it remained unsold , did it not remain your own ? And after it was sold , was it not at your disposal ? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart ? You have not lied to men but to God . ' ''
Atlantic slave trade
According to John K. Thornton , Europeans usually bought enslaved people who were captured in endemic warfare between African states . Some Africans had made a business out of capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groups or war captives and selling them . A reminder of this practice is documented in the Slave Trade Debates of England in the early 19th century : `` All the old writers ... concur in stating not only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves , but that they are fomented by Europeans , with a view to that object . '' People living around the Niger River were transported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in exchange for muskets and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol . However , the European demand for slaves provided a large new market for the already existing trade . While those held in slavery in their own region of Africa might hope to escape , those shipped away had little chance of returning to Africa .
Call of Duty: WWII
The PlayStation 4 version sold 168,234 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , making it the best - selling game of the week .
Australian Army during World War II
Prior to the end of the war on 15 August 1945 , the Australian military was preparing to contribute forces to the invasion of Japan . Australia 's participation in this operation would have involved elements of all three services fighting as part of Commonwealth forces . It was planned to form a new 10th Division from existing AIF personnel which would form part of the Commonwealth Corps with British , Canadian and New Zealand units . The corps ' organisation was to be identical to that of a US Army corps , and it would have participated in the invasion of the Japanese home island of Honshū which was scheduled for March 1946 under Operation Coronet . Planning for operations against Japan ceased in August 1945 when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Japanese field commanders subsequently surrendered to Allied forces across the Pacific Theatre and Australian forces accepted the surrender of their Japanese opponents at ceremonies conducted at Morotai , several locations in Borneo , Timor , Wewak , Rabaul , Bougainville and Nauru . Following the surrender the Australian Army faced a number of immediate operational and administrative issues , including the need to maintain security in the areas it occupied , the disarming and administration of surrendered Japanese forces in these areas , organising the return of approximately 177,000 soldiers ( including prisoners of war ) to Australia , the demobilisation and discharge of the bulk of the soldiers serving in the Army , and the raising of an occupation force for service in Japan .
Christmas traditions
The first recorded Christmas in Japan was a Mass held by Jesuit Missionaries in Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1552 . Some believe that unrecorded celebrations were held before this date , starting in 1549 when Saint Francis Xavier arrived in Japan . Christianity was banned throughout Japan in 1612 . However , a small enclave of Kakure Kirishitan ( `` hidden Christians '' ) continued to practice underground over the next 250 years .
Dylan and Cole Sprouse
In 2012 , Dylan and Cole were officially appointed as the International Ambassadors of the Koyamada Foundation . They traveled to Japan with Shin Koyamada to empower the youth of Japan to better themselves and rebuild Japan as a society as well as to deepen the friendly relations and brotherhood between the youth of Japan and America in August 2013 .
Blood Sweat & Tears (song)
In Japan , the Korean version charted 18 in Billboard Japan Hot 100 , and selling 4,156 On May 10 , 2017 , the Japanese version was released , selling 144,234 in the first day , and charting first on Oricon daily chart , and 223,082 according to SoundScan Japan . The song charted 1st on Oricon weekly single chart , Billboard Japan Hot 100 , & top singles sales , selling 310,276 copies in the first week according to SoundScan Japan .
Fuel cell
By May 2017 , there were 91 hydrogen fueling stations in Japan . As of 2016 , Norway planned to build a network of hydrogen stations between the major cities , starting in 2017 .
Surrender of Japan
`` We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces , and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action . The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction . ''
Xbox 360 controller
White controllers were bundled with the Arcade and Pro consoles ; also sold separately . Black controllers came with the Elite to match the case ; also sold separately . Dark Blue controllers were released in October 2007 ( US only ) Light Blue controllers were released in October 2007 ( Europe and Japan only ) Pink controllers were also released in October 2007 . Black S and White S controllers are bundled with Xbox 360 S consoles . These differ from their original counterparts in that they are completely one color , rather than with grey accents . The guide button has a mirror like finish , and the analog sticks and D - pad are color matched . The bottom edge of this controller also features a gloss finish to match the Xbox 360 S 250 GB case design . `` S '' controllers also replace the Microsoft branding above the charging port with an Xbox 360 logo .