vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
List of highest-grossing films
Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation , several attempts have been made . Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses , and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations , both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list . Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film , with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion . Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially : its owner , Turner Entertainment , estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007 , a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate ; other estimates fall either side of this amount , with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010 , while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006 . Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used : Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion , while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices . The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars ; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels , while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion .
Copper in architecture
Adhesives can be used in certain applications . Relatively thin sheet alloys can be bonded to plywood or certain types of foam which act as rigid insulation .
Medieval household
In England , the semi-royal household of Edward of Carnarvon , later Edward II when Prince of Wales , is the earliest for which detailed knowledge can be obtained from sources .
Quasar
Like all ( unobscured ) active galaxies , quasars can be strong X-ray sources . Radio - loud quasars can also produce X-rays and gamma rays by inverse Compton scattering of lower - energy photons by the radio - emitting electrons in the jet .
Transamination
Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism of PLP dependent enzyme catalyzed transamination . Aminotransferase reaction occurs in two stages consisting of three steps : Transimination , Tautomerisation and Hydolysis . In the first stage , alpha amino group of the aminoacid is transferred to PLP yielding an alpha ketoacid and PMP . In the second stage of the reaction , in which the amino group of PMP is transferred to a different alpha Ketoacid to yield a new alpha amino acid and PLP . The product of transamination reactions depend on the availability of α - keto acids . The products usually are either alanine , aspartate or glutamate , since their corresponding alpha - keto acids are produced through metabolism of fuels . Being a major degradative aminoacid pathway , lysine , proline and threonine are the only three amino acids that do not always undergo transamination and rather use respective dehydrogenase . Alternative Mechanism A second type of transamination reaction can be described as a nucleophilic substitution of one amine or amide anion on an amine or ammonium salt . For example , the attack of a primary amine by a primary amide anion can be used to prepare secondary amines : RNH + R'NH → RR'NH + NH Symmetric secondary amines can be prepared using Raney nickel ( 2RNH → R NH + NH ) . And finally , quaternary ammonium salts can be dealkylated using ethanolamine : R N + NH CH CH OH → R N + RN H CH CH OH Aminonaphthalenes also undergo transaminations .
Romanticism
The period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought . Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place `` roughly between 1770 and 1848 '' , and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found . In English literature , M.H. Abrams placed it between 1789 , or 1798 , this latter a very typical view , and about 1830 , perhaps a little later than some other critics . Others have proposed 1780 -- 1830 . In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different ; musical Romanticism , for example , is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910 , but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss are described stylistically as `` Late Romantic '' and were composed in 1946 -- 48 . However , in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850 , or earlier .
Renaissance
In architecture , the huge profits of the spice trade financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century , the Manueline , incorporating maritime elements . The primary painters were Nuno Gonçalves , Gregório Lopes and Vasco Fernandes . In music , Pedro de Escobar and Duarte Lobo produced four songbooks , including the Cancioneiro de Elvas . In literature , Sá de Miranda introduced Italian forms of verse . Bernardim Ribeiro developed pastoral romance , plays by Gil Vicente fused it with popular culture , reporting the changing times , and Luís de Camões inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem Os Lusíadas . Travel literature especially flourished : João de Barros , Castanheda , António Galvão , Gaspar Correia , Duarte Barbosa , and Fernão Mendes Pinto , among others , described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press . After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500 , Amerigo Vespucci coined the term New World , in his letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de ' Medici .
Cell division
The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell 's genome . Before division can occur , the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated , and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells . A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between generations .
Tucker bag
A tucker bag is a traditional food or dinner storage bag used in the Australian outback . Typically a tucker bag was carried by a swagman or bushman . In its basic design a tucker bag is a pouch or bag with a single entry typically closed with a hoden . Tucker bags can come in a variety of sizes and in its larger form can be used for carrying other utensils and sleeping gear other than food . In this way the tucker bag can be regarded as an early form of backpack . Common materials used to make tucker bags were leather or oilskin .
Doki Doki Literature Club!
Doki Doki Literature Club ! is a visual novel , as such , the majority of the gameplay consists of the player reading the game 's story with little impact on what direction the plot takes . At certain points in the game the player is prompted to make decisions which may affect how the story progresses . The game also features a poetry writing mechanic as part of the Literature Club . The player is given a list of various words to select from that will make up their poem . Each girl in the Literature Club has different word preferences , and will react when the player picks a word that they like . Additional scenes can be unlocked for each girl if the player writes poems targeted at that girl 's tastes , and chooses the correct dialogue options . Which scenes the player has viewed during their playthrough will determine what ending the story has . At one point in the game , the player is forced to access the game 's files and delete a specific file to progress further .
Seat belt laws in the United States
In 15 of the 50 states , the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense , which means that a police officer can not stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt . ( One exception to this is Colorado , where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine . ) If a driver commits a primary violation ( e.g. , for speeding ) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt . In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense ; in many it was later changed to a primary offense : California was the first state to do this , in 1993 . Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws , all but 8 , Connecticut , Hawaii , Iowa , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , Oregon , and Texas , originally had only secondary enforcement laws .
Maldives
Jan S Hogendorn , Grossman Professor of Economics , theorises that the name Maldives derives from the Sanskrit mālādvīpa ( मालाद्वीप ) , meaning `` garland of islands '' . In Tamil , `` Garland of Islands '' can be translated as Malai Theevu ( மாலைத்தீவு ) . In Malayalam , `` Garland of Islands '' can be translated as Maladweepu ( മാലദ്വീപ് ) . In Kannada , `` Garland of Islands '' can be translated as Maaledweepa ( ಮಾಲೆದ್ವೀಪ ) . None of these names is mentioned in any literature , but classical Sanskrit texts dating back to the Vedic period mention the `` Hundred Thousand Islands '' ( Lakshadweepa ) , a generic name which would include not only the Maldives , but also the Laccadives , Aminidivi Islands , Minicoy , and the Chagos island groups .
Big Apple
Today the name enjoys exclusive ubiquity in literature and speech referring to New York City , and is used with regularity by journalists and news - headline writers across the English - speaking world .
Waste minimisation
The most environmentally resourceful , economically efficient , and cost effective way to manage waste is to not have to address the problem in the first place . Waste minimisation should be seen as a primary focus for most waste management strategies . Proper waste management can require a significant amount of time and resources ; therefore , it is important to understand the benefits of waste minimisation and how it can be implemented in all sectors of the economy , in an effective , safe and sustainable manner .
Drink can
In Europe the standard can used to be 330 ml but since the 1990s the 250 ml size has slowly become about just as common . In European countries the 500 ml can size is second standard . It 's often used for beer , cider and energy drinks .
Avocado
Avocado is a primary ingredient in avocado soup . Avocado slices are frequently added to hamburgers , tortas , hot dogs , and carne asada . Avocado can be combined with eggs ( in scrambled eggs , tortillas , or omelettes ) , and is a key ingredient in California rolls and other makizushi ( `` maki '' , or rolled sushi ) .
Water fluoridation
A 2000 UK systematic review ( York ) found that water fluoridation was associated with a decreased proportion of children with cavities of 15 % and with a decrease in decayed , missing , and filled primary teeth ( average decreases was 2.25 teeth ) . The review found that the evidence was of moderate quality : few studies attempted to reduce observer bias , control for confounding factors , report variance measures , or use appropriate analysis . Although no major differences between natural and artificial fluoridation were apparent , the evidence was inadequate for a conclusion about any differences . A 2007 Australian systematic review used the same inclusion criteria as York 's , plus one additional study . This did not affect the York conclusions . A 2011 European Commission systematic review based its efficacy on York 's review conclusion . A 2015 Cochrane systematic review estimated a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35 % in baby teeth and 26 % in permanent teeth . The evidence was of poor quality .
Spanish language
Despite American administration after the defeat of Spain in the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , the usage of Spanish continued in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American rule . Gradually , however , the American government began increasingly promoting the use of English , and it characterized Spanish as a negative influence of the past . Eventually , by the 1920s , English became the primary language of administration and education . But despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers , Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines when it became independent in 1946 , alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Early
Primary color
The opponent process is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner . The theory states that every color can be described as a mix along the three axes of red vs. green , blue vs. yellow and white vs. black . The six colors from the pairs might be called `` psychological primary colors '' , because any other color could be described in terms of some combination of these pairs . Although there is a great deal of evidence for opponency in the form of neural mechanisms , there is currently no clear mapping of the psychological primaries to neural substrates .
List of multilingual countries and regions
Belize : English , Spanish and Mayan languages have some official usage , although the legacy of British rule emphasised English to be most commonly used for official purposes though the majority are Hispanophone . Guatemala has one official language which is Spanish , however , there are 23 distinct Mayan languages . Maya , Garifuna and Xincan languages are recognized to be essential elements of the national identity . Honduras : Spanish is the official language , despite Afro - Caribbean English , Garifuna and indigenous languages can be found in the rural outskirts of the country . In Nicaragua , even while Spanish is the official language spoken broadwide ( almost 95 % , according to some sources ) , there are other de facto languages such as Creole , Miskitu , Rama and Mayangna ( Sumu ) in their own linguistic communities . According to the Constitution , the languages of the Atlantic Coasts should be used officially in cases established by law .
Automated teller machine
Card cloning and skimming can be detected by the implementation of magnetic card reader heads and firmware that can read a signature embedded in all magnetic stripes during the card production process . This signature , known as a `` MagnePrint '' or `` BluPrint '' , can be used in conjunction with common two - factor authentication schemes used in ATM , debit / retail point - of - sale and prepaid card applications .
Wind turbine
Energy harnessed by wind turbines is intermittent , and is not a `` dispatchable '' source of power ; its availability is based on whether the wind is blowing , not whether electricity is needed . Turbines can be placed on ridges or bluffs to maximize the access of wind they have , but this also limits the locations where they can be placed . In this way , wind energy is not a particularly reliable source of energy . However , it can form part of the energy mix , which also includes power from other sources . Notably , the relative available output from wind and solar sources is often inversely proportional ( balancing ) . Technology is also being developed to store excess energy , which can then make up for any deficits in supplies .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
According to a December 2013 report , TEPCO estimated for Unit 1 that `` the decay heat must have decreased enough , the molten fuel can be assumed to remain in PCV ( primary container vessel ) '' .
Carambola
The juice from carambolas is also used in iced drinks , particularly the juice of the sour varieties . In the Philippines they can be used as seasoning . In India , the juice is bottled for drinking .
Ultraviolet
Incandescent lamps have been used as ultraviolet sources with a filter coating on the bulb which absorbs most visible light . Halogen lamps with fused quartz envelopes are used as inexpensive UV light sources in the near UV range , from 400 to 300 nm , in some scientific instruments . Due to its black - body spectrum a filament light bulb is a very inefficient ultraviolet source , emitting only a fraction of a percent of its energy as UV .
Geologic time scale
The primary defined divisions of time are eons , in sequence the Hadean , the Archean , the Proterozoic and the Phanerozoic . The first three of these can be referred to collectively as the Precambrian supereon . Eons are divided into eras , which are in turn divided into periods , epochs and ages .
Child care
Pre-school is often the term used to refer to child care centers that care primarily for 3 and 4 - year old children . Preschool can be based in a center , family child care home or a public school . Older children , in their turn , in most countries are cared in an educational setting , usually a primary school environment . The children are supervised by a teacher all day long , who is responsible for their physical , intellectual , emotional and social development . In this regard , most western countries have compulsory education during which the great majority of children are at school starting from five or six years of age . The school will act in loco parentis meaning `` in lieu of parent supervision . '' In many locales , government is responsible for monitoring the quality of care . Staff
South Africa
Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton , who published the acclaimed novel Cry , the Beloved Country in 1948 . Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991 . Her most famous novel , July 's People , was released in 1981 . J.M. Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature , in 2003 . When awarding the prize , the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee `` in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider '' .
Ultraviolet
UV is an investigative tool at the crime scene helpful in locating and identifying bodily fluids such as semen , blood , and saliva . For example , ejaculated fluids or saliva can be detected by high - power UV sources , irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface the fluid is deposited upon . UV - Vis microspectroscopy is also used to analyze trace evidence , such as textile fibers and paint chips , as well as questioned documents .
Copper in architecture
Structural considerations play an important role in the proper design of copper applications . The primary concern is about thermal effects : movement and stresses related to temperature variations . Thermal effects can be accommodated by preventing movement and resisting cumulative stresses or by allowing movement at predetermined locations , thereby relieving anticipated thermal stresses . Statue
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Type II cells occur in a ratio of about 1 to 4 with type I cells . Their long bodies usually occur in close association with type I cells , though they do not entirely encase type I cells . They lack the vesicles of type I cells used in neurotransmitter communication , but studies indicate they function as chemoreceptor stem cells and can respond to prolonged exposure to hypoxia by proliferating into type I cells themselves . They may also bolster rapid communication among type I cells by amplifying release of one of the primary neurotransmitters in chemoreceptive signaling , ATP .
Ellipsis
In some Linux distributions , it can be inserted with AltGr + . , or alternatively Compose ... sequence can be used .
Ancient Greece
The Hellenistic period saw the literary epicentre of the Greek world move from Athens , where it had been in the classical period , to Alexandria . At the same time , other Hellenistic kings such as the Antigonids and the Attalids were patrons of scholarship and literature , turning Pella and Pergamon respectively into cultural centres . It was thanks to this cultural patronage by Hellenistic kings , and especially the Museum at Alexandria , which ensured that so much ancient Greek literature has survived . The Library of Alexandria , part of the Museum , had the previously - unenvisaged aim of collecting together copies of all known authors in Greek . Almost all of the surviving non-technical Hellenistic literature is poetry , and Hellenistic poetry tended to be highly intellectual , blending different genres and traditions , and avoiding linear narratives . The Hellenistic period also saw a shift in the ways literature was consumed -- while in the archaic and classical periods literature had typically been experienced in public performance , in the Hellenistic period it was more commonly read privately . At the same time , Hellenistic poets began to write for private , rather than public , consumption .
Doctor (title)
The usage of Doctor ( ดอกเตอร์ ) or Dr ( ดร . ) has been borrowed from English . It can be seen as a title in academic circles and in the mass media . In contrast to other academic titles ( Professor , Associate Professor and Assistant Professor ) , the use of Doctor as a title has not been recognized by the Royal Institute of Thailand . Therefore , this title , in theory , can not be used officially . For example , in court of justice where strictly formal Thai language is used , Dr can not be mentioned as a person 's title .
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
UV - visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV - visible optics , white light sources , a monochromator , and a sensitive detector such as a charge - coupled device ( CCD ) or photomultiplier tube ( PMT ) . As only a single optical path is available , these are single beam instruments . Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV - visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron - scale sampling areas . The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution . As such , they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers , microscopic paint chips and the color of glass fragments . They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the vitrinite reflectance . Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited . In the semiconductor industry , they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic . A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer . The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the interference pattern of the spectra . In addition , ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness , along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials . A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes .
Water fluoridation
Dental caries remains a major public health concern in most industrialized countries , affecting 60 -- 90 % of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults . Water fluoridation reduces cavities in children , while efficacy in adults is less clear . A Cochrane review estimates a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35 % in baby teeth and 26 % in permanent teeth . The evidence quality was poor . Most European countries have experienced substantial declines in tooth decay without its use . Recent studies suggest that water fluoridation , particularly in industrialized nations , may be unnecessary because topical fluorides ( such as in toothpaste ) are widely used , and caries rates have become low .