vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Climate of Salt Lake City
The phenomena El Niño and La Niña also affect precipitation along the Great Basin , bringing occasional cycles of drought and flooding . The largest recent flood in Salt Lake City occurred in 1983 . Triggered by a powerful El Niño , an exceptionally large snowpack caused flooding and massive damage . City Creek burst from its underground diversion and flooded the city . Some streets , such as State Street and 1300 South , were converted into makeshift rivers to accommodate the overflowing creek . Some flooding also occurred in 1987 , when the Great Salt Lake reached its all - time maximum water level . A 2010 study indicates that this record event occurred during an overlapping period of three prominent climate cycles that are unique in the region .
Soil respiration
A major component of soil respiration is from the decomposition of litter which releases CO to the environment while simultaneously immobilizing or mineralizing nutrients . During decomposition , nutrients , such as nitrogen , are immobilized by microbes for their own growth . As these microbes are ingested or die , nitrogen is added to the soil . Nitrogen is also mineralized from the degradation of proteins and nucleic acids in litter . This mineralized nitrogen is also added to the soil . Due to these processes , the rate of nitrogen added to the soil is coupled with rates of microbial respiration . Studies have shown that rates of soil respiration were associated with rates of microbial turnover and nitrogen mineralization . Alterations of the global cycles can further act to change the climate of the planet .
Battle of Towton
The battle took place on a plateau between the villages of Saxton ( to the south ) and Towton ( to the north ) . The region was agricultural land , with plenty of wide open areas and small roads on which to manoeuvre the armies . Two roads ran through the area : the Old London Road , which connected Towton to the English capital , and a direct road between Saxton and Towton . The steeply banked Cock Beck flowed in an S - shaped course around the plateau from the north to west . The plateau was bisected by the Towton Dale , which ran from the west and extended into the North Acres in the east . Woodlands were scattered along the beck ; Renshaw Woods lined the river on the north - western side of the plateau , and south of Towton Dale , Castle Hill Wood grew on the west side of the plateau at a bend in the beck . The area to the north - east of this forest would be known as Bloody Meadow after the battle .
Atlantic Ocean
The North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) is a complex of four water masses , two that form by deep convection in the open ocean -- Classical and Upper Labrador Sea Water -- and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland - Iceland - Scotland sill -- Denmark Strait and Iceland - Scotland Overflow Water . Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses , especially Antarctic Bottom Water and Mediterranean Overflow Water . The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe . Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past . Since man - made substances were introduced into the environment , the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from nuclear weapon tests in the 1960s and CFCs .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
A large V - shaped section of the ship just aft of midships , running from the keel upwards through Number 1 Boiler Room and upwards to cover the area under the third and fourth funnels , was believed to have disintegrated entirely when the ship broke up . This was one of the weakest parts of the ship as a result of the presence of two large open spaces -- the forward end of the engine room and the aft First Class passenger staircase . The rest of this part of the ship are scattered across the seabed at distances of 130 to 260 feet ( 40 to 79 m ) from the main part of the stern . During the 2010 expedition to map the wreck site , a major chunk of the deck house ( the base of the third funnel ) along with pieces of the third funnel was found . This showed that instead of simply disintegrating into a mass of debris , large sections of the ship broke off in chunks and that the ship broke in half between the second and third funnels , not the third and fourth funnels . Five of the boilers from Number 1 Boiler Room came loose during its disintegration and landed in the debris field around the stern . Experts believe that this tight cluster of the boilers marks the hypocenter of where the ship broke up 12,000 feet above . The rest of the boilers are still presumably located in the bow section .
Society of the United States
This settlement resulted in the formation of what is today considered the `` General American '' culture , although , according to Fischer , it is really just a regional American culture , even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast . Finally , Irish , Scottish and English settlers from the borderlands of Britain and Ireland migrated to Appalachia between 1717 - 1775 . They formed the regional culture of the Upland South , which has since spread west to such areas as West Texas and parts of the U.S. Southwest . Fischer says that the modern U.S. is composed only of regional cultures , with characteristics determined by the place of departure and time of arrival of these four distinct founding populations .
Hurricane Gloria
It is believed peak gusts reached 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) in eastern Long Island . Weather forecasters believe that damage across parts of Long Island indicated winds in the Category Three range , as evidence of the damage received at MacArthur Airport . Gloria 's high winds caused significant damage across Long Island and southeastern New York . The area hit the worst was eastern Long Island , where high wind gusts blew thousands of trees into buildings and across roads . The broadcast tower of WBLI - FM toppled on Bald Hill in Farmingville . In addition , the winds ripped roofs off of many buildings , including hangars at the MacArthur Airport , a hangar at the Bayport Aerodrome and the roof of the Islip Police Station . Prolonged exposure to high winds and waves led to moderate beach erosion , washing away several piers and docks . The storm surge , though relatively weak , destroyed 48 houses on the ocean side of the island . Gloria 's high winds left 683,000 people in New York without power , with some lacking electricity for over eleven days .
Mustang
By the 1950s , the mustang population dropped to an estimated 25,000 horses . Abuses linked to certain capture methods , including hunting from airplanes and poisoning water holes , led to the first federal free - roaming horse protection law in 1959 . This statute , titled `` Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt certain wild horses or burros ; pollution of watering holes '' popularly known as the `` Wild Horse Annie Act '' , prohibited the use of motor vehicles for capturing free - roaming horses and burros . Protection was increased further by the Wild and Free - Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 ( WFRHABA ) .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Three investigations into the Fukushima disaster showed the man - made nature of the catastrophe and its roots in regulatory capture associated with a `` network of corruption , collusion , and nepotism . '' Regulatory capture refers to the `` situation where regulators charged with promoting the public interest defer to the wishes and advance the agenda of the industry or sector they ostensibly regulate . '' Those with a vested interest in specific policy or regulatory outcomes lobby regulators and influence their choices and actions . Regulatory capture explains why some of the risks of operating nuclear power reactors in Japan were systematically downplayed and mismanaged so as to compromise operational safety .
Mycenaean Greece
At the end of the Shaft Grave era , a new and more imposing type of elite burial emerged , the Tholos : large circular burial chambers with high vaulted roofs and a straight entry passage lined with stone .
Water in California
The California Water Wars , a struggle between Los Angeles and certain parties within the Owens Valley , for water rights is but one of examples of the alleged wrongdoings of municipalities and people in securing adequate water supplies . The city of Los Angeles bought 300,000 acres ( 1,200 km ) of land from residents of the Owens Valley and the water rights attached with them , for a fair price . The diverting of this water from the valley , transformed it from an agricultural valley into a dust bowl .
History of Manila
Mexican Independence in 1821 necessitated direct rule from Spain . Under direct Spanish rule , banking , industry and education flourished more than it had in the previous two centuries . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 helped to facilitate direct trade and communications with Spain . Construction of bridges , roads and railways , and the expansion of the ports came to symbolize the rapid development .
Hydrothermal vent
The water that issues from seafloor hydrothermal vents consists mostly of sea water drawn into the hydrothermal system close to the volcanic edifice through faults and porous sediments or volcanic strata , plus some magmatic water released by the upwelling magma . In terrestrial hydrothermal systems , the majority of water circulated within the fumarole and geyser systems is meteoric water plus ground water that has percolated down into the thermal system from the surface , but it also commonly contains some portion of metamorphic water , magmatic water , and sedimentary formational brine that is released by the magma . The proportion of each varies from location to location .
Kargil War
The terrain of Kashmir is mountainous and at high altitudes ; even the best roads , such as National Highway 1D from Leh to Srinagar , are only two lanes . The rough terrain and narrow roads slowed down traffic , and the high altitude , which affected the ability of aircraft to carry loads , made control of NH 1D ( the actual stretch of the highway which was under Pakistani fire ) a priority for India . From their observation posts , the Pakistani forces had a clear line - of - sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on NH 1D , inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians . This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was the main logistical and supply route . The Pakistani shelling of the arterial road posed the threat of Leh being cut off , though an alternative ( and longer ) road to Leh existed via Himachal Pradesh . Indian
Flint water crisis
Actress Drew Sidora donated 50,000 bottles of water through her charity Dream Makers and with her mother 's Church Journey to The Cross Ministries and Drew personally drove the water to Flint from Chicago and spoke at a local church and handed out the water to residents .
God of War (2018 video game)
He researched the character and Carson 's performance , but decided not to imitate it . Since Santa Monica were going in a new direction , he decided to start fresh and go from there . Judge was thrown off when he first read the script , stating it `` was a real script '' , and not just `` a way to get into battles . '' He said `` it was really this great story of this relationship and this crazy mythology . '' While Judge did all of Kratos ' motion capture for the cinematic scenes , stuntman Eric Jacobus did all of Kratos ' combat motion capture ; Jacobus was found by God of War 's animators on YouTube . Instead of going directly to Santa Monica to audition , Jacobus recorded an audition tape and they immediately hired him .
Fuel cell
Solid - oxide fuel cells produce heat from the recombination of the oxygen and hydrogen . The ceramic can run as hot as 800 degrees Celsius . This heat can be captured and used to heat water in a micro combined heat and power ( m - CHP ) application . When the heat is captured , total efficiency can reach 80 -- 90 % at the unit , but does not consider production and distribution losses . CHP units are being developed today for the European home market .
Desert
People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy .
Waltzing Matilda
A bold fusilier came marching back through Rochester Off from the wars in the north country , And he sang as he marched Through the crowded streets of Rochester , Who 'll be a soldier for Marlboro and me ?
Windsor Castle
Many of the changes under Victoria were to the surrounding parklands and buildings . The Royal Dairy at Frogmore was rebuilt in a Tudorbethan style in 1853 ; George III 's Dairy rebuilt in a Renaissance style in 1859 ; the Georgian Flemish Farm rebuilt , and the Norfolk Farm renovated . The Long Walk was planted with fresh trees to replace the diseased stock . The Windsor Castle and Town Approaches Act , passed by Parliament in 1848 , permitted the closing and re-routing of the old roads which previously ran through the park from Windsor to Datchet and Old Windsor . These changes allowed the Royal Family to undertake the enclosure of a large area of parkland to form the private `` Home Park '' with no public roads passing through it . The Queen granted additional rights for public access to the remainder of the park as part of this arrangement .
Lead poisoning
Recommended steps by individuals to reduce the blood lead levels of children include increasing their frequency of hand washing and their intake of calcium and iron , discouraging them from putting their hands to their mouths , vacuuming frequently , and eliminating the presence of lead - containing objects such as blinds and jewellery in the house . In houses with lead pipes or plumbing solder , these can be replaced . Less permanent but cheaper methods include running water in the morning to flush out the most contaminated water , or adjusting the water 's chemistry to prevent corrosion of pipes . Lead testing kits are commercially available for detecting the presence of lead in the household . As hot water is more likely than cold water to contain higher amounts of lead , use only cold water from the tap for drinking , cooking , and for making baby formula . Since most of the lead in household water usually comes from plumbing in the house and not from the local water supply , using cold water can avoid lead exposure . Measures such as dust control and household education do not appear to be effective in changing children 's blood levels .
Channel Tunnel
The Quaternary undersea valley Fosse Dangaered , and Castle Hill landslip at the English portal , caused concerns . Identified by the 1964 -- 65 geophysical survey , the Fosse Dangaered is an infilled valley system extending 80 metres ( 262 ft ) below the seabed , 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) south of the tunnel route in mid-channel . A 1986 survey showed that a tributary crossed the path of the tunnel , and so the tunnel route was made as far north and deep as possible . The English terminal had to be located in the Castle Hill landslip , which consists of displaced and tipping blocks of lower chalk , glauconitic marl and gault debris . Thus the area was stabilised by buttressing and inserting drainage adits . The service tunnel acted as a pilot preceding the main ones , so that the geology , areas of crushed rock , and zones of high water inflow could be predicted . Exploratory probing took place in the service tunnel , in the form of extensive forward probing , vertical downward probes and sideways probing .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
A column of fire that appeared from midnight until dawn , and seemed to rain fire in the year 1517 ( 12 - House ) Fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli A lightning bolt destroying the straw temple of Xiuhtecuhtli The appearance of fire , or comets , streaming across the sky in threes during the day The `` boiling deep , '' and water flooding , of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan A woman , Cihuatcoatl , weeping in the middle of the night for them ( the Aztecs ) to `` flee far away from this city '' A two headed man , tlacantzolli , running through the streets Montezuma II saw the stars of mamalhuatztli , and images of fighting men riding `` on the backs of animals resembling deer '' , in a mirror on the crown of a bird caught by fishermen
Bird ringing
Bird ringing or bird banding is the attachment of a small , individually numbered metal or plastic tag to the leg or wing of a wild bird to enable individual identification . This helps in keeping track of the movements of the bird and its life history . It is common to take measurements and examine conditions of feather molt , subcutaneous fat , age indications and sex during capture for ringing . The subsequent recapture or recovery of the bird can provide information on migration , longevity , mortality , population , territoriality , feeding behavior , and other aspects that are studied by ornithologists . Other methods of marking birds may also be used to allow for field based identification that does not require capture .
Salt Lake City
In addition to larger centers like Sugar House and Downtown , Salt Lake City contains several smaller neighborhoods , each named after the closest major intersection . Two examples are the 9th and 9th ( at the intersection of 900 East and 900 South Streets ) and 15th & 15th ( at the intersection of 1500 East and 1500 South Streets ) neighborhoods . These areas are home to foot - traffic friendly , amenities - based businesses such as art galleries , clothing retail , salons , restaurants and coffee shops . During the summer of 2007 , 9th and 9th saw sidewalk and street improvements as well as an art installation by Troy Pillow of Seattle , Washington inspired by the 9 Muses of Greek myth , thanks in part to a monetary grant from Salt Lake City .
Western Front (World War I)
The French deployed five armies on the frontier . The French Plan XVII was intended to bring about the capture of Alsace - Lorraine . On 7 August , the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar . The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg - Morhange in Lorraine . In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan , the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French . The French Third and Fourth Armies advanced toward the Saar River and attempted to capture Saarburg , attacking Briey and Neufchateau but were repulsed . The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement on 7 August but German reserve forces engaged them in the Battle of Mulhouse and forced a French retreat .
Corazon Aquino
Ordinary Filipinos throughout the country wore either yellow shirts or held masses for Aquino as their way of paying tribute to the woman who once led them in a revolution that changed the course of their country 's history . Yellow Ribbons , which were once used during Aquino 's battle with Marcos , were tied along major national roads and streets as a sign of solidarity and support for the now deceased Aquino and her grieving family . In popular social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter , Filipinos posted yellow ribbons in their accounts as a tribute to the former Philippine leader . Following her death , Filipino Catholics called on the Church to have Aquino canonized and declared as a saint . During her lifetime , Aquino was known and praised for her strong spirituality and sincere devotion to the Catholic faith . Days after her funeral , the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( BSP ) announced that it supported calls to put the former President on the 500 - Peso banknote alongside her husband , Ninoy Aquino . International
New Spain
In the late eighteenth century the crown devoted some resources to the study and remedy the problem of poor roads . The Camino Real ( royal road ) between the port of Veracruz and the capital had some short sections paved and bridges constructed . The construction was done despite protests from some Indian villages when the infrastructure improvements , which sometimes included rerouting the road through communal lands . The Spanish crown finally decided that road improvement was in the interests of the state for military purposes , as well as for fomenting commerce , agriculture , and industry , but the lack of state involvement in the development of physical infrastructure was to have lasting effects constraining development until the late nineteenth century . Despite some improvements , the roads still made transit difficult , particularly for heavy military equipment .
Lake District
Besides these , a few A roads penetrate the area itself , notably the A591 which runs north - westwards from Kendal to Windermere and then on to Keswick . It continues up the east side of Bassenthwaite Lake . `` The A591 , Grasmere , Lake District '' was short - listed in the 2011 Google Street View awards in the Most Romantic Street category . The A593 and A5084 link the Ambleside and Coniston areas with the A590 to the south whilst the A592 and A5074 similarly link Windermere with the A590 . The A592 also continues northwards from Windermere to Ullswater and Penrith by way of the Kirkstone Pass .
Recycling
Industrialization spurred demand for affordable materials ; aside from rags , ferrous scrap metals were coveted as they were cheaper to acquire than virgin ore . Railroads both purchased and sold scrap metal in the 19th century , and the growing steel and automobile industries purchased scrap in the early 20th century . Many secondary goods were collected , processed and sold by peddlers who scoured dumps and city streets for discarded machinery , pots , pans , and other sources of metal . By World War I , thousands of such peddlers roamed the streets of American cities , taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer materials back into industrial production .
Islamic architecture
Most mosques have certain aspects in common with each other however as with other regions Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture in its style . China is renowned for its beautiful mosques , which resemble temples . However , in western China the mosques resemble those of the Arab World , with tall , slender minarets , curvy arches and dome shaped roofs . In northwest China where the Chinese Hui have built their mosques , there is a combination of eastern and western styles . The mosques have flared Buddhist style roofs set in walled courtyards entered through archways with miniature domes and minarets .