vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American Revolutionary War
In 1775 , the standing British Army , exclusive of militia , comprised 45,123 men worldwide , made up of 38,254 infantry and 6,869 cavalry . The Army had approximately eighteen regiments of foot , some 8,500 men , stationed in North America . Standing armies had played a key role in the purge of the Long Parliament in 1648 , the maintenance of a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell , and the overthrow of James II , and , as such , the Army had been deliberately kept small in peacetime to prevent abuses of power by the King . Despite this , eighteenth century armies were not easy guests , and were regarded with scorn and contempt by the press and public of the New and Old World alike , derided as enemies of liberty . An expression ran in the Navy ; `` A messmate before a shipmate , a shipmate before a stranger , a stranger before a dog , a dog before a soldier '' . Press
Red light camera
Red light camera usage is widespread in a number of countries worldwide . Netherlands - based Gatso presented red light cameras to the market in 1965 , and red light cameras were used for traffic enforcement in Israel as early as 1969 . In the early 1970s , red light cameras were used for traffic enforcement in at least one jurisdiction in Europe . Australia began to use them on a wide scale in the 1980s . As of July 21 , 2010 , expansion of red light camera usage in Australia is ongoing . In some areas of Australia , where the red light cameras are used , there is an online system to check the photograph taken of your vehicle if you receive a ticket . Singapore also began use of red light cameras in the 1980s , and installed the first camera systems during five years , starting in August 1986 . In Canada , by 1998 , red light cameras were in use in British Columbia and due to be implemented in Manitoba . In Alberta , red light cameras were installed in 1999 in Edmonton and in 2001 in Calgary . The UK first installed cameras in the 1990s , with the earliest locations including eight rail crossings in Scotland where there was greatest demand for enforcement of traffic signals due to fatalities .
John Lennon
Participants in a 2002 BBC poll voted him eighth of `` 100 Greatest Britons '' . Between 2003 and 2008 , Rolling Stone recognised Lennon in several reviews of artists and music , ranking him fifth of `` 100 Greatest Singers of All Time '' and 38th of `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , and his albums John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band and Imagine , 22nd and 76th respectively of `` Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) with the other Beatles in 1965 ( returned in 1969 ) . Lennon was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 .
God of War (2005 video game)
The demo of God of War , entitled God of War : The Hydra Battle , was released on January 1 , 2005 . It featured Kratos battling various opponents and ended with a portion of the Hydra battle that opens the main game . The game was released on March 22 in North America , July 8 in the United Kingdom , and November 17 in Japan . By the end of July , it was the sixth - best - selling game of 2005 up to that point . In 2006 , it became available in the PlayStation 2 lineup of Greatest Hits . By July 2006 , the game had sold 1 million copies and earned $43 million in the United States alone . Next Generation ranked it as the 50th highest - selling game launched for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country . In June 2012 , Sony reported that the game sold more than 4.6 million copies worldwide .
2018 Formula One World Championship
A new cockpit protection device -- commonly known as the `` halo '' -- became mandatory starting in 2018 . The introduction of the halo in Formula One was the first stage of a planned roll - out that would see the device adopted in all FIA - sanctioned open - wheel racing series by 2020 .
Band on the Run
Band on the Run was eventually certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ; it would go on to sell 6 million copies worldwide and become EMI 's top selling album of the 1970s in the UK . Its continued success through 1974 was also beneficial in allowing Wings to recruit a new guitarist and drummer , and to integrate them into the band before beginning new recordings .
Zimbabwe
The country also has a well - developed education system , with one in eleven adults holding a tertiary degree . Given the country 's solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources , Zimbabwe has the potential to figure among the countries leading growth in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020 . Scientific
Albuquerque, New Mexico
The Tanoan and Keresan peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European settlers arrived in what is now Albuquerque . Petroglyphs carved into basalt in the west part of the city bear testimony to early Native American presence in the area , now preserved in the Petroglyph National Monument .
Ryukyuan religion
Whereas the noro is the official spiritual guide of the whole community , the yuta deals personally with families and individual paying clients to determine what spiritual circumstances have brought about or will bring about good or ill . They also see , channel , and communicate with the spirits of the dead in order to find out what is necessary to establish harmony in the lives of their clients . Because of this ability to interact with ancestors and solve daily problems , the yuta is probably the most influential of the kaminchu today , someone to be respected and somewhat feared . The yuta ability to channel the spirits of the recently dead , kuchiyose or migusou , is especially painful to her ; however , this is one of their most common activities , as it is messages from and needs of the most recently dead that are often of greatest concern .
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Monty Python and the Holy Grail grossed more than any British film exhibited in the US in 1975 . The film received a 97 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes . In the US , the film was selected as the second best comedy of all time in the ABC special Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time ; in the UK , readers of Total Film magazine ranked the film the fifth greatest comedy film of all time , and a similar poll of Channel 4 viewers placed the film sixth ( 2000 ) .
2 Fast 2 Furious
2 Fast 2 Furious earned $50,472,480 in its U.S. opening in 3,408 theaters , ranking first for the weekend . In its 133 days in release , the film reached a peak release of 3,418 theaters in the U.S. and earned $127,154,901 domestically . The film had the 15th largest domestic gross of 2003 and the 16th largest worldwide gross of 2003 ; combined with the foreign gross of $109,195,760 , the film earned $236,350,661 worldwide .
Metrication in the United States
In science , metric use is essentially universal , though additional specialized units are often used for specific purposes in various disciplines ( such as the parsec and light year in astronomy ) , consistent with worldwide use .
Descriptive psychology
`` Consider the excellent example of an absurd world captured in the following suicide note : ' Imagine a happy group of morons who are engaged in work . They are carrying bricks in an open field . As soon as they have stacked all the bricks at one end of the field , they proceed to transport them to the opposite end . This continues without stop and every day of every year they are busy doing the same thing . One day one of the morons stops long enough to ask himself what he is doing . He wonders what purpose there is in carrying the bricks . And from that point on , he is not quite as content with his occupation as he had been before . I am the moron who wonders why he is carrying the bricks . ' ''
Renaissance
The greatest monument of this style in the territory of the former Duchy of Pomerania is the Ducal Castle in Szczecin .
Victoria Cross
A total of 1,358 Victoria Crosses have been awarded since 1856 to 1,355 men . There are several statistics related to the greatest number of VCs awarded in individual battles or wars . The greatest number of Victoria Crosses awarded for a single day was 24 for deeds performed during the Indian Mutiny on 16 November 1857 , 23 for deeds at Lucknow and one by Francis David Millet Brown for action at Narnoul , south of Delhi . The greatest number won by a single unit during a single action is seven , to the 2nd / 24th Foot , for the defence of Rorke 's Drift , 22 -- 23 January 1879 , during the Zulu War . The greatest number won in a single conflict is 628 , being for the First World War . There are five living holders of the VC -- one RAF ( WW2 ) , three British Army ( Confrontation , Iraq and Afghanistan ) and one Australian Army ( Vietnam ) . Eight of the then - twelve surviving holders of the Victoria Cross attended the 150th Anniversary service of remembrance at Westminster Abbey on 26 June 2006 . In the 1990s , Australia and New Zealand created their own highest award with both named in honour of the British Victoria Cross . There are three living recipients of the Victoria Cross for Australia and one living recipient of the Victoria Cross for New Zealand .
Buckingham Palace
Before Prince Albert 's death , the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments , and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace . The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions . Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England . Strauss 's `` Alice Polka '' was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen 's daughter , Princess Alice . Under Victoria , Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls , in addition to the usual royal ceremonies , investitures and presentations .
Starbucks
Bill Sleeth , Starbucks ' vice president of global design , has overseen efforts to make a neighborhood feel for new stores , saying `` What you do n't want is a customer walking into a store in downtown Seattle , walking into a store in the suburbs of Seattle and then going into a store in San Jose , and seeing the same store . '' Sleeth said `` The customers were saying , ' Everywhere I go , there you are , ' and not in a good way . We were pretty ubiquitous . '' As part of a change in compact direction , Starbucks management wanted to transition from the singular brand worldwide to focusing on locally relevant design for each store .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
The Resolution Foundation claims that the incomes of the poorest 10 % in the UK will fall by 3 % in real terms by 2020 due to government policies on tax and welfare . The lowest third of incomes will suffer falls in income over the coming years . Incomes will fall because many welfare benefits that poorer people receive have been frozen in cash terms and with inflation cash will be worth steadily less . Relative
Grand juries in the United States
Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel in the grand jury room , nor do they have a Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses . Additionally , individuals in grand jury proceedings can be charged with holding the court in contempt ( punishable with incarceration for the remaining term of the grand jury ) if they refuse to appear before the jury . Media coverage is not allowed . Furthermore , all evidence is presented by a prosecutor in a cloak of secrecy , as the prosecutor , grand jurors , and the grand jury stenographer are prohibited from disclosing what happened before the grand jury unless ordered to do so in a judicial proceeding .
Social media
Social media as an open forum gives a voice to those who have previously not had the ability to be heard . In 2015 , some countries were still becoming equipped with Internet accessibility and other technologies . Social media is giving everyone a voice to speak out against government regimes . In 2014 , the rural areas in Paraguay were only just receiving access to social media , such as Facebook . In congruence with the users worldwide , teens and young adults in Paraguay are drawn to Facebook and others types of social media as a means to self - express . Social media is becoming a main conduit for social mobilization and government critiques because , `` the government ca n't control what we say on the Internet . ''
Rick Grimes
In the seventh season , Zack Handlen for The A.V. Club was critical of the morality of Rick and Tara raiding Oceanside . He assessed , `` ... we are forcibly reminded of The Walking Dead 's greatest weakness : Rick Must Always Be Right ( except when he 's trying to fight against his destiny as a leader ) . The people of Oceanside almost immediately lose what little distinctive identity they once had , falling in line like they were just waiting for some bearded dude to show up and start ordering them around , and there 's no acknowledgement of the weirdness of this , of how close Rick 's tactics are to the very man he 's trying to destroy '' .
History of Pennsylvania
The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest .
Aerosmith
`` Dream On '' , `` Toys in the Attic '' , and `` Walk This Way '' ( with Run - D.M.C. ) are all listed in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . In 1993 , `` Rolling Stone 's list of the `` Top 100 Music Videos '' included `` Walk This Way '' ( with Run - D.M.C. ) at number 11 and `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' at number 95 . In 1999 , MTV 's `` 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made '' included `` Walk This Way '' ( with Run - D.M.C. ) at number 5 and `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' at number 48 . In 2000 , VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Rock Songs '' included `` Walk This Way '' at number 35 and `` Dream On '' at number 47 . In 2000 , Aerosmith were ranked number 11 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' . In 2001 , `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' included `` Walk This Way '' ( with Run - D.M.C. ) at number 11 , `` Crazy '' at number 23 , and `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' at number 48 . In 2003 , Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time included Rocks at number 176 and Toys in the Attic at number 228 . In 2004 , Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time included `` Dream On '' at number 172 , `` Walk This Way '' ( with Run - D.M.C. ) at number 287 , `` Walk This Way '' ( original ) at number 336 , and `` Sweet Emotion '' at number 408 . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked Aerosmith number 57 on their list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . In 2008 , Rolling Stone ranked the original version of `` Walk This Way '' at number 34 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time . In 2013 , Ultimate Classic Rock website ranked `` Sweet Emotion '' number 1 in their Top 100 Classic Rock Songs chart .
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
The Two Towers opened in theaters on 18 December 2002 . It made $64.2 million in its opening weekend in the U.S. and Canada . The movie went on to gross $342,551,365 in North America and $583,495,746 internationally for a worldwide total of $926,047,111 against a budget of $94 million . It was the highest - grossing film of 2002 worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 57 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run .
Avengers: Infinity War
Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23 , 2018 in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on April 27 , 2018 , in IMAX and 3D . The film received praise for the performances of the cast ( particularly Brolin 's ) , visual effects , emotional weight of the story , and action sequences . It became the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion worldwide , making it the fourth highest - grossing film of all time and in the United States and Canada , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 . In its opening weekend , it grossed $641 million worldwide and $258 million domestically , setting the records for the highest - grossing openings for both . Infinity War became the fastest film in history to reach a worldwide gross of $1 billion , doing so in 11 days , and the second fastest film to reach $2 billion worldwide in 48 days , behind Avatar ( 2009 ) . The untitled sequel is set to be released on May 3 , 2019 .
History of India
The Maurya Empire ( 322 -- 185 BCE ) was the first empire to unify India into one state , and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent . At its greatest extent , the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam . To the west , it reached beyond modern Pakistan , to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan . The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya assisted by Chanakya ( Kautilya ) in Magadha ( in modern Bihar ) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty . Chandragupta 's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BCE . By the time he died in c. 272 BCE , a large part of the subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty . However , the region of Kalinga ( around modern day Odisha ) remained outside Mauryan control , perhaps interfering with their trade with the south .
History of coal mining
In modern times coal is still considered a strategic resource for Poland 's economy , as it covers roughly 65 % of energetic needs . Before and after World War II Poland has been one of the major coal producers worldwide , usually listed among the five largest . However , after 1989 the coal production is in decline , with the overall production for 1994 reaching 132 million metric tons , 112 million metric tons in 1999 and 104 million metric tons in 2002 .
Avengers: Infinity War
A week before the film 's release , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was lit up each night for the film , counting down to its release . Marvel also featured tie - in events across seven of their mobile games to promote the film . In early May 2018 , Marvel and Epic Games announced the `` Infinity Gauntlet Limited Time Mashup '' mode for Fortnite Battle Royale , where players can find the Infinity Gauntlet hidden on the game map and become Thanos with added abilities . The Russo brothers were fans of Fortnite and approached Donald Mustard , the worldwide creative director of Epic Games , about the potential for a crossover between the properties . On November 20 , 2018 , Little , Brown and Company will publish Marvel 's Avengers : Infinity War : Thanos -- Titan Consumed , written by Barry Lyga . Despite not existing within Marvel Studios ' MCU canon , the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film . Lyga noted he spoke with Marvel Studios to get an `` outline of who Thanos is and what he means to the movies '' , and `` was given great latitude and a free hand ( in some areas of the story ) , while in others I had to tip - toe very carefully through the MCU '' .
Great Depression
The collapse of the Soviet Union , and the breakdown of economic ties which followed , led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the standards of living in the 1990s in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc , which was even worse than the Great Depression . Even before Russia 's financial crisis of 1998 , Russia 's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s , and some populations are still poorer as of 2009 than they were in 1989 , including Moldova , Central Asia , and the Caucasus .
The Fast and the Furious
In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively , and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment . It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment .
List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
Year Nominee / work Award Result 1995 Michael Jackson International Humanitarian Award Won 2001 Thriller 100 Greatest Artists Albums # 23 2001 Off the Wall 100 Greatest Albums # 36 2002 / 2003 Michael Jackson 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Artists of All Time # 40 2011 Michael Jackson 100 Greatest Artists of All Time # 2 2001 Thriller 100 Greatest Artists Albums # 23 2001 Off the Wall 100 Greatest Albums # 36 2009 Michael Jackson Dangles Baby 100 Most Shocking Music Moments # 59 2009 Michael Jackson 2005 trial 100 Most Shocking Music Moments # 30 2009 Death of Michael Jackson 100 Most Shocking Music Moments # 1 2006 Billie Jean 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's # 4 2006 Beat It 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's # 21 2005 Jackson Five 100 Greatest Kid Stars # 11 2003 Michael Jackson 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons # 10 2003 Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough 100 Greatest Dance Songs # 16 2003 Billie Jean 100 Greatest Dance Songs # 28 2003 ABC 100 Greatest Dance Songs # 95 2003 Jackson Five 50 Greatest Teen Idols # 7 2003 Billie Jean 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years # 2 2003 Beat It 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years # 40 2003 Thriller Premiers On TV 100 Greatest Moments That Rocked TV # 9 2003 Michael Jackson debuts The Moonwalk on Motown 25 100 Greatest Moments That Rocked TV # 2 2003 Michael Jackson lends his voice to The Simpsons 100 Greatest Moments That Rocked TV # 9 1998 Michael Jackson 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Artists of All Time # 40 1998 Jackson Five 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Artists of All Time # 44 2001 Thriller 100 Greatest Music Videos # 1 2001 Scream 100 Greatest Music Videos # 9 2001 Beat It 100 Greatest Music Videos # 21 2001 Billie Jean 100 Greatest Music Videos # 34 2001 Black Or White 100 Greatest Music Videos # 38 2009 Bad 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation # 43 1998 Michael Jackson 's Pepsi Commercial 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV # 63 1998 Black Or White 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV # 47 1998 Michael Jackson Primetime Interview With Diane Sawyer 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV # 40 1998 Jackson Five Debut with Diana Ross 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV # 24 1998 Thriller Worldwide Preimer On MTV 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV # 11 1998 Michael Jackson Performs The Moonwalk In 1983 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV # 5
The Honeymooners
In 1997 , the episodes `` The $99,000 Answer '' and `` TV or Not TV '' were respectively ranked # 6 and # 26 on `` TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . In 1999 , TV Guide published a list titled `` TV 's 100 Greatest Characters Ever ! '' Ed Norton was # 20 , and Ralph Kramden was # 2 . In 2002 , The Honeymooners was listed at # 3 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . On June 1 , 2007 , FOX aired a TV 's Funniest Moments special , in which a clip from the episode `` The $99,000 Answer '' was on the list . In the clip , Ralph lamely identifies the composer of `` Swanee River '' as being `` Ed Norton '' . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Honeymooners # 13 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time . The instrument used for Visible / Infrared Imaging by NASA on the New Horizons space probe was named after Ralph Kramden , in parallel to the Alice instrument ( naming not related to the TV show ) that was used on the Rosetta Mission
Pro Football Hall of Fame
In July 2017 , Hall of Fame President David Baker announced an $800 million expansion project leading up to the NFL 's 100th season in 2020 .