vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
St Paul's Cathedral
In 2007 , the Dean and Chapter commissioned public artist Martin Firrell to create a major public artwork to mark the 300th anniversary of the topping - out of Wren 's building . The Question Mark Inside consisted of digital text projections to the cathedral dome , West Front and inside onto the Whispering Gallery . The text was based on blog contributions by the general public as well as interviews conducted by the artist and on the artist 's own views . The project presented a stream of possible answers to the question : ' What makes life meaningful and purposeful , and what does St Paul 's mean in that contemporary context ? ' The Question Mark Inside opened on 8 November 2008 and ran for eight nights .
Color television
The human eye 's detection system in the retina consists primarily of two types of light detectors , rod cells that capture light , dark , and shapes / figures , and the cone cells that detect color . A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones , which are divided among three groups that are sensitive to red , green , and blue light . This means that the eye has far more resolution in brightness , or `` luminance '' , than in color . However , post-processing in the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high - resolution color image .
History of calendars
The Greeks , as early as the time of Homer , appear to have been familiar with the division of the year into the twelve lunar months but no intercalary month Embolimos or day is then mentioned . Independent of the division of a month into days , it was divided into periods according to the increase and decrease of the moon . Thus , the first day or new moon was called Noumenia . The month in which the year began , as well as the names of the months , differed among the states , and in some parts even no names existed for the months , as they were distinguished only numerically , as the first , second , third , fourth month , etc .
PageRank
Laura Granka discusses PageRank by describing how the pages are not simply ranked via popularity as they contain a reliability that gives them a trustworthy quality . This has led to a development of behavior that is directly linked to PageRank . PageRank is viewed as the definitive rank of products and businesses and thus , can manipulate thinking . The information that is available to individuals is what shapes thinking and ideology and PageRank is the device that displays this information . The results shown are the forum to which information is delivered to the public and these results have a societal impact as they will affect how a person thinks and acts .
Warsaw
The Saxon Garden , covering an area of 15.5 ha , was formally a royal garden . There are over 100 different species of trees and the avenues are a place to sit and relax . At the east end of the park , the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated . In the 19th century the Krasiński Palace Garden was remodelled by Franciszek Szanior . Within the central area of the park one can still find old trees dating from that period : maidenhair tree , black walnut , Turkish hazel and Caucasian wingnut trees . With its benches , flower carpets , a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids , the Krasiński Palace Garden is a popular strolling destination for the Varsovians . The Monument of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising is also situated here . Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 ha . The unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture ( pavilions , sculptures , bridges , water cascades , ponds ) and vegetation ( domestic and foreign species of trees and bushes ) . What makes this park different from other green spaces in Warsaw is the presence of peacocks and pheasants , which can be seen here walking around freely , and royal carp in the pond . Wilanów Palace Park dates back to the second half of the 17th century . It covers an area of 43 ha . Its central French - styled area corresponds to the ancient , Baroque forms of the palace . The eastern section of the park , closest to the Palace , is the two - level garden with a terrace facing the pond . The park around the Królikarnia Palace is situated on the old escarpment of the Vistula . The park has lanes running on a few levels deep into the ravines on both sides of the palace . Saxon
Islamic Golden Age
Islamic art makes use of geometric patterns and symmetries in many of its art forms , notably in girih tilings . These are formed using a set of five tile shapes , namely a regular decagon , an elongated hexagon , a bow tie , a rhombus , and a regular pentagon . All the sides of these tiles have the same length ; and all their angles are multiples of 36 ° ( π / 5 radians ) , offering fivefold and tenfold symmetries . The tiles are decorated with strapwork lines ( girih ) , generally more visible than the tile boundaries . In 2007 , the physicists Peter Lu and Paul Steinhardt argued that girih from the 15th century resembled quasicrystalline Penrose tilings . Elaborate geometric zellige tilework is a distinctive element in Moroccan architecture . Muqarnas vaults are three - dimensional but were designed in two dimensions with drawings of geometrical cells .
List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni , an extinct hermit crab which existed during the Albian or Cenomanian of what is now Spain , is named after Michael Jackson . A crator on moon previously known as Posidonius J ( located at Lake of Dreams ) has been renamed after Michael Jackson by The Lunar Republic Society .
Emblem of Sri Lanka
The crest is the Dharmachakra , symbolizing the country 's foremost place for Buddhism and just rule . Traditional Sinhalese heraldic symbols for the sun and the moon form the supporters . Sun and Moon , and Lion depicting Lord Buddha is given less prominence than cart wheel of English Buddhism , so it is in great discordance with National Scriptures .
Wingdings
This font contains many largely recognized shapes and gestures as well as some recognized world symbols , such as the Star of David , the symbols of the zodiac , index or manicle signs , hand gestures , and obscure ampersands . Mosaic
Alice Springs
Located just south of the Tropic of Capricorn , the town of Alice Springs straddles the usually dry Todd River on the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges . Alice Springs is located in Central Australia , also called the Red Centre , an arid environment consisting of several different deserts . Under the Köppen climate classification , Alice Springs has a Hot desert climate ( BWh ) . The annual average rainfall is 285.9 millimetres ( 11.3 in ) which would make it a semi-arid climate except that its high evapotranspiration , or its aridity , makes it a desert climate .
Moon landing
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed .
Alan Shepard
In 1994 , he published a book with two journalists , Jay Barbree and Howard Benedict , called Moon Shot : The Inside Story of America 's Race to the Moon . Fellow Mercury astronaut Deke Slayton is also named as an author . The book included a composite photograph showing Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon . There are no still images of this event ; the only record is TV footage . The book was turned into a TV miniseries in 1994 .
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
The k - space formalism also makes it very easy to compare different scanning techniques . In single - shot EPI , all of k - space is scanned in a single shot , following either a sinusoidal or zig - zag trajectory . Since alternating lines of k - space are scanned in opposite directions , this must be taken into account in the reconstruction . Multi-shot EPI and fast spin echo techniques acquire only part of k - space per excitation . In each shot , a different interleaved segment is acquired , and the shots are repeated until k - space is sufficiently well - covered . Since the data at the center of k - space represent lower spatial frequencies than the data at the edges of k - space , the T value for the center of k - space determines the image 's T contrast .
Reuleaux triangle
Among all shapes of constant width that avoid all points of an integer lattice , the one with the largest width is a Reuleaux triangle . It has one of its axes of symmetry parallel to the coordinate axes on a half - integer line . Its width , approximately 1.545 , is the root of a degree - 6 polynomial with integer coefficients .
Results of the War of 1812
Some in Washington had expected the largely American population of Upper Canada to throw off the `` British yoke '' , but that did not happen . After 1815 , British officials , Anglican clergy and Canadians loyal to the Empire tried to spot and root out American ideals , such as democracy and republicanism . Thus , the British and Loyalist elite were able to set the different colonies , of what would later become Canada , on a different course from that of their former enemy . Canada discouraged further American immigration .
Scientific method
Psychologist Kevin Dunbar says the process of discovery often starts with researchers finding bugs in their experiments . These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method . Eventually , the researcher decides the error is too persistent and systematic to be a coincidence . The highly controlled , cautious and curious aspects of the scientific method are thus what make it well suited for identifying such persistent systematic errors . At this point , the researcher will begin to think of theoretical explanations for the error , often seeking the help of colleagues across different domains of expertise .
Hot air balloon
Besides special shapes , possibly for marketing purposes , there are several variations on the traditional `` inverted tear drop '' shape . The simplest , often used by home builders , is a hemisphere on top of a truncated cone . More - sophisticated designs attempt to minimize the circumferential stress on the fabric , with different degrees of success depending on whether they take fabric weight and varying air density into account . This shape may be referred to as `` natural '' . Finally , some specialized balloons are designed to minimize aerodynamic drag ( in the vertical direction ) to improve flight performance in competitions .
History of chemistry
There was also no agreed - upon scientific method for making experiments reproducible . Indeed , many alchemists included in their methods irrelevant information such as the timing of the tides or the phases of the moon . The esoteric nature and codified vocabulary of alchemy appeared to be more useful in concealing the fact that they could not be sure of very much at all . As early as the 14th century , cracks seemed to grow in the facade of alchemy ; and people became sceptical . Clearly , there needed to be a scientific method where experiments can be repeated by other people , and results needed to be reported in a clear language that laid out both what is known and unknown .
History of Calvinism
The Reformed faith took different shapes in different parts of Europe . In France , groups of Christians influenced by Protestant writers ( who became known as Huguenots ) formed secretly and started underground churches and informal Bible reading groups . Ministers were dispatched from Geneva and other Swiss cities along with a massive outpouring of propaganda which assured the Reformed nature of the French Reformation . Calvin also aided in the creation of the French Confession of Faith in 1559 . The French Protestants did gain some notable allies , including Renée of France , daughter of King Louis XII , as well as Queen Jeanne III of Navarre and her son , Henry ( who later converted to Roman Catholicism upon ascending the throne of France ) . The newly formed churches developed a presbyterial system of church government with national and regional synods . The network of synods proved helpful in mobilizing Reformed Christians to military resistance during the French Wars of Religion between Protestants and Catholics from 1562 to 1598 . Calvin 's successor in Geneva Theodore Beza also argued in his Right of Magistrates that armed resistance against tyrannical rulers was justified , which contradicted Calvin 's earlier insistence on civil obedience and emboldened Huguenots to fight . The wars of religion left the French Reformed church between one - third and one - half the size of that at which it began with limited freedom to practice their religion , though intermittent conflicts continued . Unlike in the Genevan model and many other early Reformed churches , the Reformed Church in France remained relatively independent of the state .
List of Indian folk dances
The Karma Naach folk dance of the Sambalpuri is performed during the period of worship of the god or goddess of fate ( Karam Devta or Karamsani Devi ) , whom the people consider the cause of good and bad fortune . The worship lasts for several days from Bhadra Shukla Ekadasi , the eleventh day of the full moon in the month of Bhadra .
Medjugorje
`` This is a phenomenon . And what confirms the authenticity of the place is the large amount of charitable institutions that exist around the sanctuary . And another aspect as well : the great effort that is being made at the level of Christian formation . Each year , they organize conferences at different levels , for various audiences , '' such as for priests , doctors , parents , young people and couples . `` The decree of the former episcopal conference of what used to be Yugoslavia , which , before the Balkan war , advised against pilgrimages in Medjugorje organized by bishops , is no longer relevant , '' he said .
The Shining (film)
For the international versions of the film , Kubrick shot different takes of Wendy reading the typewriter pages in different languages . For each language , a suitable idiom was used : German ( Was du heute kannst besorgen , das verschiebe nicht auf morgen -- `` Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today '' ) , Italian ( Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca -- `` The morning has gold in its mouth '' ) , French ( Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' -- `` One ' here you go ' is worth more than two ' you 'll have it ' '' , the equivalent of `` A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush '' ) , Spanish ( No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano -- `` No matter how early you get up , you ca n't make the sun rise any sooner . '' ) These alternate shots were not included with the DVD release , where only the English phrase `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was used .
Sensory processing
It has been believed for some time that inputs from different sensory organs are processed in different areas in the brain . The communication within and among these specialized areas of the brain is known as functional integration . Newer research has shown that these different regions of the brain may not be solely responsible for only one sensory modality , but could use multiple inputs to perceive what the body senses about its environment . Multisensory integration is necessary for almost every activity that we perform because the combination of multiple sensory inputs is essential for us to comprehend our surroundings .
Historian
Schneider uses the concept of the `` objective historian '' to suggest that this could be an aid in assessing what makes an historian suitable as an expert witnesses under the Daubert standard in the United States . Schneider proposed this , because , in her opinion , Irving could have passed the standard Daubert tests unless a court was given `` a great deal of assistance from historians '' .
Plate tectonics
Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth 's lithosphere has greater mechanical strength than the underlying asthenosphere . Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection ; that is , the slow creeping motion of Earth 's solid mantle . Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from spreading ridges due to variations in topography ( the ridge is a topographic high ) and density changes in the crust ( density increases as newly formed crust cools and moves away from the ridge ) . At subduction zones the relatively cold , dense crust is `` pulled '' or sinks down into the mantle over the downward convecting limb of a mantle cell . Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by tidal forces of the Sun and Moon . The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear , and still the subject of much debate .
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights
`` To describe the new civil rights , I return to the source of my argument . What most excited me about gay civil rights was its universal resonance . Unlike other civil rights groups , gays must articulate invisible selves without the initial support of our immediate communities . That makes the gay project of self - elaboration emblematic of the search for authenticity all of us engage in as human beings , it is work each of us must do for ourselves , and it is the most important work we can do . ''
Can't Help Falling in Love
The song appears on the soundtrack of the movie Sliver , the trailer for Fools Rush In , and an episode of Hindsight . In the US , and on the Sliver soundtrack , the song title was listed as `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love , '' rather than what appeared on the record sleeve . The single version of the song also has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody .
Social ecological model
Although this perspective is both logical and well grounded , the reality is different in most settings , and there is room for improvement everywhere . In politics : the act of politics is making decisions . A decision may be required of an individual , organization , community , or country . A decision a congressman makes affects anyone in his or her jurisdiction . If one makes the decision not to vote for the President of the United States , one has given oneself no voice in the election . If many other individuals choose not to voice their opinion and / or vote , they have inadvertently allowed a majority of others to make the decision for them . On the international level , if the leadership of the U.S. decides to occupy a foreign country it not only affects the leadership ; it also affects U.S. service members , their families , and the communities they come from . There are multiple cross-level and interactive effects of such a decision .
Jura Mountains
The name `` Jura '' is derived from juria , a Latinized form of a Celtic stem jor - `` forest '' . The mountain range gives its name to the French department of Jura , the Swiss Canton of Jura , the Jurassic period of the geologic timescale , and the Montes Jura of the Moon .
Bipolar junction transistor
Both types of BJT function by letting a small current input to the base control an amplified output from the collector . The result is that the transistor makes a good switch that is controlled by its base input . The BJT also makes a good amplifier , since it can multiply a weak input signal to about 100 times its original strength . Networks of transistors are used to make powerful amplifiers with many different applications . In the discussion below , focus is on the NPN bipolar transistor . In the NPN transistor in what is called active mode , the base -- emitter voltage V BE ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( BE ) ) ) and collector -- base voltage V CB ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( CB ) ) ) are positive , forward biasing the emitter -- base junction and reverse - biasing the collector -- base junction . In the active mode of operation , electrons are injected from the forward biased n - type emitter region into the p - type base where they diffuse as minority carriers to the reverse - biased n - type collector and are swept away by the electric field in the reverse - biased collector -- base junction . For a figure describing forward and reverse bias , see semiconductor diodes .
Sensory processing
In the 1930s , Dr. Wilder Penfield was conducting a very bizarre operation at the Montreal Neurological Institute . Dr. Penfield `` pioneered the incorporation of neurophysiological principles in the practice of neurosurgery . Dr. Penfield was interested in determining a solution to solve the epileptic seizure problems that his patients were having . He used an electrode to stimulate different regions of the brain 's cortex , and would ask his still conscious patient what he or she felt . This process led to the publication of his book , The Cerebral Cortex of Man . The `` mapping '' of the sensations his patients felt led Dr. Penfield to chart out the sensations that were triggered by stimulating different cortical regions . Mrs. H.P. Cantlie was the artist Dr. Penfield hired to illustrate his findings . The result was the conception of the first sensory Homunculus .
Migration in China
In addition to the issue of access to education , migrant children have to return to their places of their hukou origin to pass the examination for entry to a higher level of education . The entire school enrollment system in China is place - based and they can only pass certain examinations in their places of hukou origin . This leads to discrepancies between what migrant students have studied in urban areas and what they will be examined as textbooks in different cities and provinces can be quite different .
The Sound of Silence
The original recording of the song is in D ♯ minor , using the chords D ♯ m , C ♯ , B and F ♯ . Simon plays a guitar with a capo on the sixth fret , using the shapes for Am , G , F and C chords . The vocal span goes from C ♯ 3 to F ♯ 4 in the song .
Relationship between religion and science
As per Vedas , another explanation for the creation is based on the five elements : earth , water , fire , air and aether . The Hindu religion traces its beginnings to the sacred Vedas . Everything that is established in the Hindu faith such as the gods and goddesses , doctrines , chants , spiritual insights , etc. flow from the poetry of Vedic hymns . The Vedas offer an honor to the sun and moon , water and wind , and to the order in Nature that is universal . This naturalism is the beginning of what further becomes the connection between Hinduism and science .
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
In the 19th century , most sources for the lyrics do not include music , and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody .
Supply (economics)
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns ( LDMR ) shapes the SRMC curve . The LDMR states that as production increases eventually a point ( the point of diminishing marginal returns ) will be reached after which additional units of output resulting from fixed increments of the labor input will be successively smaller . That is , beyond the point of diminishing marginal returns the marginal product of labor will continually decrease and hence a continually higher selling price would be necessary to induce the firm to produce more and more output .
Smokey and the Bandit
Major portions of the audio ' background ' have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film . The updated version of the film features sounds inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film . The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place .