vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Early Nationalists
Demand for simultaneous Indian Civil Service examinations in England and India . Complete separation of the executive and the judiciary . They made this demand to protect Indians from arbitrary acts by the police and the bureaucracy . Increase in the powers of the municipal bodies and reduction of official control over them . Repeal of the Arms Act and Licence Act . Wider employment of Indians in the higher grades of administrative services . Spread of primary education among the masses . Improvement of the police system to make it honest , efficient and popular .
Eukaryote
There are also smaller groups of eukaryotes whose position is uncertain or seems to fall outside the major groups -- in particular , Haptophyta , Cryptophyta , Centrohelida , Telonemia , Picozoa , Apusomonadida , Ancyromonadida , Breviatea , and the genus Collodictyon . Overall , it seems that , although progress has been made , there are still very significant uncertainties in the evolutionary history and classification of eukaryotes . As Roger & Simpson said in 2009 `` with the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life , we should proceed with caution . ''
Kargil War
The war is one of the most recent examples of high - altitude warfare in mountainous terrain , which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides . It is also one of the very few instances of direct , conventional warfare between nuclear states ( i.e. , those possessing nuclear weapons ) . India had conducted its first successful test in 1974 ; Pakistan , which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time , conducted its first known tests in 1998 , just two weeks after a second series of tests by India .
Education in India
According to the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) total enrollment in Science , Medicine , Agriculture and Engineering crossed 65 lakh in 2010 . The number of women choosing engineering has more than doubled since 2001 .
Caste system in India
The origin of caste system of modern form , in the Bengal region of India , may be traceable to this period , states Richard Eaton . The medieval era Islamic Sultanates in India utilised social stratification to rule and collect tax revenue from non-Muslims . Eaton states that , `` Looking at Bengal 's Hindu society as a whole , it seems likely that the caste system -- far from being the ancient and unchanging essence of Indian civilisation as supposed by generations of Orientalists -- emerged into something resembling its modern form only in the period 1200 -- 1500 '' .
Education in India
In India 's higher education system , a significant number of seats are reserved under affirmative action policies for the historically disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes . In universities , colleges , and similar institutions affiliated to the federal government , there is a maximum 50 % of reservations applicable to these disadvantaged groups , at the state level it can vary . Maharashtra had 73 % reservation in 2014 , which is the highest percentage of reservations in India .
Hellenistic period
After Demetrius ' death , civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I ( from c. 180 / 175 BC ) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo - Greek king ( who did not rule from Bactria ) . Large numbers of his coins have been found in India , and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab . Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II , likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 ( or 165 ) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo - Greek kings , Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism , and seems to have been a great patron of the religion ; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as ' Milinda ' . He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab , though these conquests were rather ephemeral .
Environmental issues in India
The Supreme Court of India which is in New Delhi gave a significant verdict on noise pollution in 2005 . Unnecessary honking of vehicles makes for a high decibel level of noise in cities . The use of loudspeakers for political purposes and for sermons by temples and mosques makes noise pollution in residential areas worse .
Jacobin
With Robespierre and other leading Montagnards and Jacobins being executed in July 1794 , Montagnards and Girondins as groups seem to have ceased to play a significant role in French history : historians make no more mention of them . Also the Jacobin Club seems not to have played a decisive role any longer .
Red panda
The primary threats to red pandas are direct harvest from the wild , live or dead , competition with domestic livestock resulting in habitat degradation , and deforestation resulting in habitat loss or fragmentation . The relative importance of these factors is different in each region , and is not well understood . For instance , in India , the biggest threat seems to be habitat loss followed by poaching , while in China , the biggest threat seems to be hunting and poaching . A 40 % decrease in red panda populations has been reported in China over the last 50 years , and populations in western Himalayan areas are considered to be lower .
Plant breeding
Plant breeding of hybrid crops has become extremely popular worldwide in an effort to combat the harsh environment . With long periods of drought and lack of water or nitrogen stress tolerance has become a significant part of agriculture . Plant breeders have focused on identifying crops which will ensure crops perform under these conditions ; a way to achieve this is finding strains of the crop that is resistance to drought conditions with low nitrogen . It is evident from this that plant breeding is vital for future agriculture to survive as it enables farmers to produce stress resistant crops hence improving food security . In countries that experience harsh winters such as Iceland , Germany and further east in Europe , plant breeders are involved in breeding for tolerance to frost , continuous snow - cover , frost - drought ( desiccation from wind and solar radiation under frost ) and high moisture levels in soil in winter .
T-bone steak
There is little agreement among experts on how large the tenderloin must be to differentiate a T - bone steak from porterhouse . The U.S. Department of Agriculture 's Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications state that the tenderloin of a porterhouse must be at least 1.25 inches ( 32 mm ) thick at its widest , while that of a T - bone must be at least 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) . However , steaks with a large tenderloin are often called a `` T - bone '' in restaurants and steakhouses despite technically being porterhouse .
Soil erosion
Intensive agriculture , deforestation , roads , anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion . However , there are many prevention and remediation practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils .
Caste system in India
While legal codes and state administration were emerging in India , with the rising power of the colonial Europeans , Dirks states that the late 18th - century British writings on India say little about caste system in India , and predominantly discuss territorial conquest , alliances , warfare and diplomacy in India . Colin Mackenzie , a British social historian of this time , collected vast numbers of texts on Indian religions , culture , traditions and local histories from south India and Deccan region , but his collection and writings have very little on caste system in 18th - century India .
Slash-and-burn
Slash - and - burn agriculture , or fire -- fallow cultivation , is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden . ( Preparing fields by deforestation is called assarting . ) In subsistence agriculture , slash - and - burn typically uses little technology . It is often applied in shifting cultivation agriculture ( such as in the Amazon rainforest ) and in transhumance livestock herding .
Lion
The Asiatic lion population is geographically isolated , which can lead to inbreeding , and consequently , reduced genetic diversity . It is listed as Endangered . In contrast to lion populations in Africa , the one in India has risen over the years . In India , the last refuge of the Asiatic lion is the 1,412 km ( 545 sq mi ) Gir Forest National Park , and surrounding areas , which had approximately 180 lions in 1974 and about 400 in 2010 . As in Africa , numerous human habitations are close by with the resultant problems between lions , livestock , locals and wildlife officials . The establishment of a second independent Asiatic lion population was planned at the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . But now , the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project seems unlikely to be implemented .
Caste system in India
Caste system in Jainism has existed for centuries , primarily in terms of endogamy , although , per Paul Dundas , in modern times the system does not play a significant role . This is contradicted by Carrithers and Humphreys who describe the major Jain castes in Rajasthan with their social rank .
List of My Little Pony (1986) characters
Voiced by : Danny DeVito King Hugo ( Also referred as The Grundle King ) is the leader of the Grundles . He seems to be rather ugly but sweet , sometimes speaks in rhymes , and is not very smart , but has a kind heart . He and the rest of the Grundles used to live in Grundleland before Hydia smoozed it and now reside in the remains of Dream Castle .
Climate of India
1 ) The first , a tropical semi-arid steppe climate , ( Hot semi-arid climate ) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills . The region , which includes Karnataka , inland Tamil Nadu , western Andhra Pradesh , and central Maharashtra , gets between 400 -- 750 millimetres ( 15.7 -- 29.5 in ) annually . It is drought - prone , as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon . Karnataka is divided into three zones -- coastal , north interior and south interior . Of these , the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm per annum , far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm ( 45 in ) . In contrast to norm , Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India . North of the Krishna River , the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall ; to the south , significant post-monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November . In December , the coldest month , temperatures still average around 20 -- 24 ° C ( 68 -- 75 ° F ) . The months between March to May are hot and dry ; mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 ° C , with 320 millimetres ( 13 in ) precipitation . Hence , without artificial irrigation , this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture . The
Jury trial
The jury found no place in the 1950 Indian Constitution , and it was ignored in many Indian states . The Law Commission recommended its abolition in 1958 in its 14th Report . Jury trials were abolished in India by a very discrete process during the 1960s , finishing with the 1973 Code of Criminal Procedure , which is still in force today .
Diary of an Oxygen Thief
The `` Oxygen Thief '' in the title refers to narrator 's low self - esteem . Because of his sense of self - loathing he seems to go through life unworthy of the very air he breathes .
Climate of India
In northwestern India region , virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November , resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings ; as in much of the Deccan Plateau , they register at 16 -- 20 ° C ( 61 -- 68 ° F ) . However , from January to February , `` western disturbances '' bring heavy bursts of rain and snow . These extra-tropical low - pressure systems originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea . They are carried towards India by the subtropical westerlies , which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India 's range of latitude . Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas , they are unable to proceed further , and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas .
History of India
The Rajput Chauhan dynasty established its control over Delhi and Ajmer in the 10th century . The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Prithviraj Chauhan . His reign marked one of the most significant moments in Indian history ; his battles with Muslim Sultan , Muhammad Ghori . In the First Battle of Tarain , Ghori was defeated with heavy losses . However , the Second Battle of Tarain saw the Rajput army eventually defeated , laying the foundation of Muslim rule in mainland India .
Thar Desert
About 75 % of the Thar Desert is located within India , with the remaining 25 % in Pakistan . In India , it covers about 150,000 km ( 58,000 sq mi ) , and the remaining 50,000 km ( 19,000 sq mi ) of the desert is within Pakistan . The Thar desert forms approximately 5 % of the total geographic area of India . More than 60 % of the desert lies in the state of Rajasthan , and extends into Gujarat , Punjab , and Haryana . The desert comprises a very dry part , the Marusthali region in the west , and a semidesert region in the east with fewer sand dunes and slightly more precipitation .
History of chemistry
After the Bronze Age , the history of metallurgy was marked by armies seeking better weaponry . Countries in Eurasia prospered when they made the superior alloys , which , in turn , made better armor and better weapons . This often determined the outcomes of battles . Significant progress in metallurgy and alchemy was made in ancient India .
Neolithic Revolution
Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals happened in separate locations worldwide , starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene around 12,500 years ago . It was the world 's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture . The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available , with a switch to agriculture which led to a downturn in human nutrition .
Michigan
Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall Research & development ( R&D ) expenditures in the US . The state 's leading research institutions include the University of Michigan , Michigan State University and Wayne State University which are important partners in the state 's economy and the state 's University Research Corridor . Michigan 's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year . Agriculture also serves a significant role , making the state a leading grower of fruit in the US , including blueberries , cherries , apples , grapes and peaches .
Malthusianism
Malthusianism became a less common intellectual tradition as the 19th century advanced , mostly as a result of technological increases , the opening of new territory to agriculture , and increasing international trade . Although a `` conservationist '' movement in the United States concerned itself with resource depletion and natural protection in the first half of the twentieth century , Desrochers and Hoffbauer write , `` It is probably fair to say ... that it was not until the publication of Osborn 's and Vogt 's books ( 1948 ) that a Malthusian revival took hold of a significant segment of the American population '' .
Chola dynasty
During the Chola period several guilds , communities and castes emerged . The guild was one of the most significant institutions of south India and merchants organised themselves into guilds . The best known of these were the Manigramam and Ayyavole guilds though other guilds such as Anjuvannam and Valanjiyar were also in existence . The farmers occupied one of the highest positions in society . These were the Vellalar community who formed the nobility or the landed aristocracy of the country and who were economically a powerful group . The Vellalar community was the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola rulers , providing the courtiers , most of the army officers , the lower ranks of the bureaucracy and the upper layer of the peasantry . The Vellalar were also sent to northern Sri Lanka by the Chola rulers as settlers . The Ulavar community were working in the field which was associated with agriculture and the peasants were known as Kalamar .
Kargil War
The Kargil War was significant for the impact and influence of the mass media on public opinion in both nations . Coming at a time of exploding growth in electronic journalism in India , the Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on TV , and many websites provided in - depth analysis of the war . The conflict became the first `` live '' war in South Asia and it was given such detailed media coverage that one effect was the drumming up of jingoistic feelings .
Climate of India
The northeast monsoon , which begins in September , lasts through the post-monsoon seasons , and only ends in March . It carries winds that have already lost their moisture out to the ocean ( opposite from the summer monsoon ) . They cross India diagonally from northeast to southwest . However , the large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal into India 's eastern coast means that the flows are humidified before reaching Cape Comorin and rest of Tamil Nadu , meaning that the state , and also some parts of Kerala , experience significant precipitation in the post-monsoon and winter periods . However , parts of West Bengal , Orissa , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the north - east monsoon .
Economy of Mexico
Agriculture as a percentage of total GDP has been steadily declining , and now resembles that of developed nations in that it plays a smaller role in the economy . In 2006 , agriculture accounted for 3.9 % of GDP , down from 7 % in 1990 , and 25 % in 1970 . Given the historic structure of ejidos , it employs a considerably high percentage of the work force : 18 % in 2003 , mostly of which grows basic crops for subsistence , compared to 2 -- 5 % in developed nations in which production is highly mechanized . History
History of agriculture
For most of its history , agriculture has been organic , without synthetic fertilisers or pesticides , and without GMOs . With the advent of chemical agriculture , Rudolf Steiner called for farming without synthetic pesticides , and his Agriculture Course of 1924 laid the foundation for biodynamic agriculture . Lord Northbourne developed these ideas and presented his manifesto of organic farming in 1940 . This became a worldwide movement , and organic farming is now practiced in most countries .
Chinese Buddhism
Various legends tell of the presence of Buddhism in Chinese soil in very ancient times . Nonetheless , the scholarly consensus is that Buddhism first came to China in the first century CE during the Han dynasty , through missionaries from India .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
Collectivization sought to modernize Soviet agriculture , consolidating the land into parcels that could be farmed by modern equipment using the latest scientific methods of agriculture . It was often claimed that an American Fordson tractor ( called `` Фордзон '' in Russian ) was the best propaganda in favor of collectivization . The Communist Party , which adopted the plan in 1929 , predicted an increase of 330 % in industrial production , and an increase of 50 % in agricultural production .
Boston Tea Party
Colonial merchants , some of them smugglers , played a significant role in the protests . Because the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper , it threatened to put smugglers of Dutch tea out of business . Legitimate tea importers who had not been named as consignees by the East India Company were also threatened with financial ruin by the Tea Act . Another major concern for merchants was that the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade , and it was feared that this government - created monopoly might be extended in the future to include other goods .
Easter Island
Easter Island has suffered from heavy soil erosion in recent centuries , perhaps aggravated by agriculture and massive deforestation . This process seems to have been gradual and may have been aggravated by sheep farming throughout most of the 20th century . Jakob Roggeveen reported that Easter Island was exceptionally fertile . `` Fowls are the only animals they keep . They cultivate bananas , sugar cane , and above all sweet potatoes . '' In 1786 Jean - François de La Pérouse visited Easter Island and his gardener declared that `` three days ' work a year '' would be enough to support the population .
Great Depression in the United States
Industries that suffered the most included construction , agriculture as dust - bowl conditions persisted in the agricultural heartland , shipping , mining , and logging as well as durable goods like automobiles and appliances that could be postponed . The economy reached bottom in the winter of 1932 -- 33 ; then came four years of very rapid growth until 1937 , when the Recession of 1937 brought back 1934 levels of unemployment . USA
Plant breeding
Currently , few breeding programs are directed at organic agriculture and until recently those that did address this sector have generally relied on indirect selection ( i.e. selection in conventional environments for traits considered important for organic agriculture ) . However , because the difference between organic and conventional environments is large , a given genotype may perform very differently in each environment due to an interaction between genes and the environment ( see gene - environment interaction ) . If this interaction is severe enough , an important trait required for the organic environment may not be revealed in the conventional environment , which can result in the selection of poorly adapted individuals . To ensure the most adapted varieties are identified , advocates of organic breeding now promote the use of direct selection ( i.e. selection in the target environment ) for many agronomic traits .
Early world maps
Around 550 Cosmas Indicopleustes wrote the copiously illustrated Christian Topography , a work partly based on his personal experiences as a merchant on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean in the early 6th century . Though his cosmogony is refuted by modern science , he has given a historic description of India and Sri Lanka during of the 6th century , which is invaluable to historians . Cosmas seems to have personally visited the Kingdom of Axum in modern Ethiopia and Eritrea , as well as India and Sri Lanka . In 522 CE , he visited the Malabar Coast ( South India ) . A major feature of his Topography is Cosmas ' worldview that the world is flat , and that the heavens form the shape of a box with a curved lid , a view he took from unconventional interpretations of Christian scripture . Cosmas aimed to prove that pre-Christian geographers had been wrong in asserting that the earth was spherical and that it was in fact modelled on the tabernacle , the house of worship described to Moses by God during the Jewish Exodus from Egypt . From
Boston Tea Party
Until 1767 , the East India Company paid an ad valorem tax of about 25 % on tea that it imported into Great Britain . Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain . These high taxes , combined with the fact that tea imported into the Dutch Republic was not taxed by the Dutch government , meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices . The biggest market for illicit tea was England -- by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £ 400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain -- but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities .