vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin are widely considered one of the most successful , innovative , and influential rock groups in history . They are one of the best - selling music artists in the history of audio recording ; various sources estimate the group 's record sales at 200 to 300 million units worldwide . With RIAA - certified sales of 111.5 million units , they are the second - best - selling band in the US . Each of their nine studio albums placed in the top 10 of the Billboard album chart and six reached the number - one spot . They achieved eight consecutive UK number - one albums . Rolling Stone magazine described them as `` the heaviest band of all time '' , `` the biggest band of the Seventies '' , and `` unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history '' . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 ; the museum 's biography of the band states that they were `` as influential '' during the 1970s as the Beatles were during the 1960s .
Greco-Persian Wars
Further scattered details can be found in Pausanias 's Description of Greece , while the Byzantine Suda dictionary of the 10th century AD preserves some anecdotes found nowhere else . Minor sources for the period include the works of Pompeius Trogus ( epitomized by Justinus ) , Cornelius Nepos and Ctesias of Cnidus ( epitomized by Photius ) , which are not in their original textual form . These works are not considered reliable ( especially Ctesias ) , and are not particularly useful for reconstructing the history of this period .
Karnataka
In March 2006 , Karnataka had 54,529 primary schools with 252,875 teachers and 8.495 million students , and 9498 secondary schools with 92,287 teachers and 1.384 million students . There are three kinds of schools in the state , viz. , government - run , private aided ( financial aid is provided by the government ) and private unaided ( no financial aid is provided ) . The primary languages of instruction in most schools are Kannada and English .
Angela Martin
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Holmes on Homes
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River Song (Doctor Who)
River , alongside Smith 's Eleventh Doctor , is one of two main playable characters in the PlayStation 3 Doctor Who console game The Eternity Clock . Kingston provided voice acting and motion capture physical acting for the character . In regard to River 's role in the narrative of the game , the game 's producer Simon Harris explains that she `` realises that what 's in her diary is not what she wrote and that actually the Eternity Clock is playing with her history , as well as the Earth 's history . ''
Elliot Stabler
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United States presidential primary
The primary and caucus system is the only method in which voters in Puerto Rico , Guam , and other U.S. territories can have a say in the presidential race . Under the U.S. Constitution , U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College , and thus voters residing in those areas are basically ineligible to vote in the general election . On the other hand , as stated above , the primaries and caucuses are non-governmental party affairs . Both the Democratic and Republican parties , as well as other third parties , have agreed to let these territories participate in the presidential nomination process . In the two major party 's rules , `` territories '' are referred to as `` states '' , which can be carried over in discussion and media implying there are more than 50 states .
Fahrenheit 451
Book - burning censorship , Bradbury would argue , was a side - effect of these two primary factors ; this is consistent with Captain Beatty 's speech to Montag about the history of the firemen . According to Bradbury , it is the people , not the state , who are the culprit in Fahrenheit 451 . Nevertheless , the role on censorship , state - based or otherwise , is still perhaps the most frequent theme explored in the work .
Primary election
Closed primary . People may vote in a party 's primary only if they are registered members of that party prior to election day . Independents can not participate . Note that because some political parties name themselves independent , the terms `` non-partisan '' or `` unaffiliated '' often replace `` independent '' when referring to those who are not affiliated with a political party . Eleven states -- Delaware , Florida , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , District of Columbia , Nebraska , New Mexico , New York , Pennsylvania , and Wyoming -- have closed primaries . Semi-closed . As in closed primaries , registered party members can vote only in their own party 's primary . Semi-closed systems , however , allow unaffiliated voters to participate as well . Depending on the state , independents either make their choice of party primary privately , inside the voting booth , or publicly , by registering with any party on Election Day . Fourteen states -- Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Iowa , Kansas , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Carolina , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Utah , and West Virginia -- have semi-closed primaries that allow voters to register or change party preference on election day . Open primary . A registered voter may vote in any party primary regardless of his or her own party affiliation . Eleven states - Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Hawaii , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , North Dakota , Vermont , and Wisconsin - have open primaries . When voters do not register with a party before the primary , it is called a pick - a-party primary because the voter can select which party 's primary he or she wishes to vote in on election day . Because of the open nature of this system , a practice known as raiding may occur . Raiding consists of voters of one party crossing over and voting in the primary of another party , effectively allowing a party to help choose its opposition 's candidate . The theory is that opposing party members vote for the weakest candidate of the opposite party in order to give their own party the advantage in the general election . An example of this can be seen in the 1998 Vermont senatorial primary with the nomination of Fred Tuttle as the Republican candidate in the general election . Semi-open .
History of United States foreign policy
Europe has a set of primary interests , which to us have none , or a very remote relation . Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies , the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns . Hence therefore it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves , by artificial ties , in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics , or the ordinary combinations & collisions of her friendships , or enmities . Our detached & distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course .
Nike, Inc.
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Voting rights in the United States
The Court has overseen operation of political party primaries to ensure open voting . While states were permitted to require voters to register for a political party 30 days before an election , or to require them to vote in only one party primary , the state could not prevent a voter from voting in a party primary if the voter has voted in another party 's primary in the last 23 months . The Court also ruled that a state may not mandate a `` closed primary '' system and bar independents from voting in a party 's primary against the wishes of the party . ( Tashijan v. Republican Party of Connecticut 479 U.S. 208 ( 1986 ) )
Ultraviolet
UVC LEDs are beginning to be used in disinfection and as line sources to replace deuterium lamps in liquid chromatography instruments .
Law
Later in the 20th century , H.L.A. Hart attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fictions in The Concept of Law . Hart argued law is a system of rules , divided into primary ( rules of conduct ) and secondary ones ( rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules ) . Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication ( to resolve legal disputes ) , rules of change ( allowing laws to be varied ) and the rule of recognition ( allowing laws to be identified as valid ) . Two of Hart 's students continued the debate : In his book Law 's Empire , Ronald Dworkin attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue . Dworkin argues that law is an `` interpretive concept '' , that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute , given their constitutional traditions . Joseph Raz , on the other hand , defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart 's `` soft social thesis '' approach in The Authority of Law . Raz argues that law is authority , identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning . In his view , any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to sociology , rather than jurisprudence .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Commercial whaling in the United States was the center of the world whaling industry during the 18th and 19th centuries and was most responsible for the severe depletion of a number of whale species . New Bedford , Massachusetts and Nantucket Island were the primary whaling centers in the 19th century . In 1857 , New Bedford had 329 registered whaling ships .
Primary election
Candidates for U.S. President who seek their party 's nomination participate in primary elections run by state governments , or caucuses run by the political parties . Unlike an election where the only participation is casting a ballot , a caucus is a gathering or `` meeting of party members designed to select candidates and propose policies . '' Both primaries and caucuses are used in the Presidential nomination process , beginning in January or February and culminating in the late - summer political party conventions . Candidates may earn convention delegates from each state primary or caucus . Sitting presidents generally do not face serious competition from their party .
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
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My Sister's Keeper (novel)
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Conquistador
The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many primary sources . Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as 1480 , thus explaining his wish in 1494 at the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas , to push the line of influence further west . Many historians suspect that the real documents would have been placed in the Library of Lisbon . Unfortunately , a fire following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed nearly all of the library 's records , but an extra copy available in Goa was transferred to Lisbon 's Tower of Tombo , during the following 100 years . The Corpo Cronológico ( Chronological Corpus ) , a collection of manuscripts on the Portuguese explorations and discoveries in Africa , Asia and Latin America , was inscribed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register in 2007 in recognition of its historical value `` for acquiring knowledge of the political , diplomatic , military , economic and religious history of numerous countries at the time of the Portuguese Discoveries . ''
Halloween
American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book - length history of Halloween in the US ; The Book of Hallowe'en ( 1919 ) , and references souling in the chapter `` Hallowe'en in America '' . In her book , Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic ; `` Americans have fostered them , and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas . All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries '' .
Environmental issues in Delhi
For traffic related sources , growth in vehicle numbers and mileage seems to outpace efforts to reduce emissions . A study by IIT Kanpur states that the two most consistent sources for PM10 and PM2. 5 are secondary particles and vehicles . Secondary particles themselves are generated by industry and vehicles . Road dust contributes significantly , esp in the summer . The EPCA report indicates that particles from coal and diesel are more harmful than wind blown dust .
History of Mexico
The dense and socially filled and politically complex civilizations of Mexico developed in the center and southern regions ( with the southern region extending into what is now Central America ) in what has come to be known as Mesoamerica . The civilizations that rose and declined over millennia were characterized by :
Seat belt laws in the United States
All ages in all seats $130 97.0 % Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement November 23 , 1987 Age 18 + in front seats ; age 8 - 17 in all seats $10 86.0 % Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18 , 1991 Age 8 + in all seats $75 78.0 % South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1989 Age 6 + in all seats $25 85.4 % South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1995 Age 18 + in front seats $25 74.5 % Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21 , 1986 Age 16 + in front seats $25 87.1 % Texas Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats ; age 8 + years in all seats $200 if under 17 ( driver ) ; $50 if over 15 ( driver or passenger ) 93.8 % Utah Primary Enforcement April 28 , 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0 % Vermont Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2 % Virginia Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 All drivers ; age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5 % Washington Primary Enforcement June 11 , 1986 Age 8 + in all seats $124 97.6 % West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1993 All ages in front seats ; 8 -- 17 in rear seats $25 82.1 % Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1987 Age 8 + in all seats $10 79.2 % Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8 , 1989 Age 9 + in all seats $25 for driver ; $10 for passenger 78.9 %
Education in Bangladesh
The low performance in primary education is also matter of concern . School drop - out rates and grade repetition rates are high . Poor school attendance and low contact time in school are factors contributing to low level of learning achievement .
National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)
Computers - Introduction of computers in schools is to move from a predetermined set of outcomes and skill sets to one that enables students to develop 16 explanatory reasoning and other higher - order skills . Enable students to access sources of knowledge , interpret them , and create knowledge rather than be passive users . Promote flexible models of curriculum transaction . Promote individual learning styles . Encourage use of flexible curriculum content , at least in primary education , and flexible models of evaluation .
History of Mexico
The miracle , moreover , was solidly rooted in government policy : 1 ) an emphasis on primary education that tripled the enrollment rate between 1929 and 1949 ; 2 ) high tariffs on imported domestic goods ; and 3 ) public investment in agriculture , energy , and transportation infrastructure . Starting in the 1940s , immigration into the cities swelled the country 's urban population . Students
History of Texas
In the aftermath of the Galveston disaster , action proceeded on building the Houston Ship Channel to create a more protected inland port . Houston quickly grew once the Channel was completed , and rapidly became the primary port in Texas . Railroads were constructed in a radial pattern to link Houston with other major cities such as Dallas - Fort Worth , San Antonio , and Austin .
Primary election
Closed primaries happen in many European countries , while open primaries have so far only occurred in the socialist and social - democratic parties in Greece and Italy , whereas the France 's Socialist Party organised the first open primary in France in October 2011 .
Mercury in fish
There are three types of mercury emission : anthropogenic , re-emission , and natural , including volcanoes and geothermal vents . Anthropogenic sources are responsible for 30 % of all emissions , while natural sources are responsible for 10 % , and re-emission accounts for the other 60 % . While re-emission accounts for the largest proportion of emissions , it is likely that the mercury emitted from these sources originally came from anthropogenic sources .
Office of Inspector General (United States)
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Solomon's Temple
The Temple of Solomon is considered to be built according to Phoenician design , and its description is considered the best description of what a Phoenician temple looked like . The detailed descriptions provided in the Tanakh are the sources for reconstructions of its appearance . Technical details are lacking , since the scribes who wrote the books were not architects or engineers . Nevertheless , the descriptions have inspired modern replicas of the temple and influenced later structures around the world .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
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Boötes
Traditionally known as Aulād al Dhiʼbah ( أولاد الضباع - aulād al dhiʼb ) , `` the Whelps of the Hyenas '' , Theta , Iota , Kappa and Lambda Boötis are a small group of stars in the far north of the constellation . The magnitude 4.05 Theta Boötis has a spectral type of F7 and an absolute magnitude of 3.8 . Iota Boötis is a triple star with a primary of magnitude 4.8 and spectral class of A7 , a secondary of magnitude 7.5 , and a tertiary of magnitude 12.6 . The primary is 97 light - years away . The primary and secondary stars are separated by 38.5 arcseconds , at an angle of 33 degrees . The primary and tertiary stars are separated by 86.7 arcseconds at an angle of 194 degrees . Both the primary and tertiary appear white in a telescope , but the secondary appears yellow - hued .
Primary election
In California , under Proposition 14 ( Top Two Candidates Open Primary Act ) , a voter - approved referendum , in all races except for that for U.S. President and county central committee offices , all candidates running in a primary election regardless of party will appear on a single primary election ballot and voters may vote for any candidate , with the top two vote - getters overall moving on to the general election regardless of party . The effect of this is that it will be possible for two Republicans or two Democrats to compete against each other in a general election if those candidates receive the most primary - election support .
Fire triangle
In the context of wildland fire , the fire triangle can be scaled up to apply to understand fire spread over landscapes ( scales of days and several km ) and recurrence of fire over time ( scales of decades and hundreds of km ) . Thus , while heat is important to ignite a flame , topography is important for aiding fire spread especially by preheating upslope fuels , and ignitions sources are important to help explain recurrence on longer time scales . Similarly , while oxygen is relevant to sustain a flame , weather and associated winds feed oxygen into a spreading fire , and the longer - term pattern of weather is summarized as climate . Lastly , fuels is the term to describe what burns in a single flame to the range of materials burnt in a spreading wildfire , but fuels vary over larger space and time scales in what is called vegetation .
United States presidential primary
The first binding event , in which a candidate can secure convention delegates , is traditionally the Iowa caucus , usually held in late January or early February of the presidential election year . It is generally followed by the New Hampshire primary , the first primary by tradition since 1920 and by New Hampshire state law . New Hampshire law states the primary shall be held `` on the Tuesday at least seven days immediately preceding the date on which any other state shall hold a similar election . '' The Iowa caucuses are not considered to be `` a similar election '' under New Hampshire 's law because the former uses caucuses instead of primary elections . Should any other state move its primary too close to New Hampshire 's , or before , the New Hampshire Secretary of State is required to reschedule the primary accordingly .
Education in Bangladesh
The Directorate of Primary Education ( DPE ) are responsible for conducting the two public examinations :
History of India
The Hindu epic Mahabharata calls Brihadratha the first ruler of Magadha . Early sources , from the Buddhist Pāli Canon , the Jain Agamas and the Hindu Puranas , mentions Magadha being ruled by the Haryanka dynasty for some 200 years , c. 600 BCE -- 413 BCE . King Bimbisara of the Haryanka dynasty led an active and expansive policy , conquering Anga in what is now West Bengal . The death of King Bimbisara was at the hands of his son , Prince Ajatashatru . During this period , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , lived much of his life in Magadha kingdom . He attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya , gave his first sermon in Sarnath and the first Buddhist council was held in Rajgriha . The Haryanka dynasty was overthrown by the Shishunaga dynasty . The last Shishunaga ruler , Kalasoka , was assassinated by Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE , the first of the so - called Nine Nandas , Mahapadma and his eight sons .