vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American Equal Rights Association
Lucretia Mott , the president of the AERA , was an abolitionist who was prevented from participating in the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 because she was a woman . She was the main attraction and one of the organizers of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention . Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention as an observer , accompanying her husband Henry B. Stanton , who had worked as an agent of the American Anti-Slavery Society . There she and Mott became friends and vowed to organize a women 's rights convention in the United States . Stanton was an organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments . Lucy Stone was a pioneering worker for women 's rights and an organizer of the first National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . She became a paid representative of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1848 under an arrangement by which she could also lecture on women 's rights but without pay . Susan B. Anthony became a paid representative of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1856 with the understanding that she would also continue to campaign for women 's rights . Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave and abolitionist leader who played a pivotal role in the Seneca Falls women 's rights convention . He and Anthony both lived in Rochester , NY , and were family friends . Abby Kelley Foster and her husband Stephen Symonds Foster were abolitionists who had encouraged Anthony to become active in the Anti-Slavery Society . Henry Blackwell , who was married to Lucy Stone , worked against slavery and for women 's rights .
SpongeBob SquarePants
Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors , which Kenny describes as `` getting more unusual '' . Kenny said , `` That 's another thing that 's given SpongeBob its special feel . Everybody 's in the same room , doing it old radio - show style . It 's how the stuff we like was recorded '' . Series writer Jay Lender said , `` The recording sessions were always fun ... '' For the first three seasons , Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on the record studio , and they directed the actors . Andrea Romano became the voice director in the fourth season , and Tom Kenny took over the role during the ninth . Wednesday is recording day , the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999 . Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said , `` I loved Wednesdays '' .
How Far I'll Go
In June 2017 , a Māori - language version of the movie , featuring four voice - actors from the original English cast , was announced . Three weeks later , New Zealander Jaedyn Randell was introduced as Moana 's singing voice . The movie was released in September 2017 .
The Wiggles characters
The Wiggles characters are a group of characters who perform with The Wiggles , the Australian children 's music group . Aside from the four Wiggles , four secondary characters , along with a troupe of singers , actors , and dancers , appear in their television series , videos , and live concerts . These characters were developed in the 1990s and were originally played by group members and by Anthony Field 's brother Paul , the band 's manager . Later in the group 's history , the characters were played by hired actors dressed in the characters ' costumes .
Quakers
Some orthodox Quakers in America disliked the move towards evangelical Christianity and saw it as a dilution of Friends ' traditional orthodox Christian belief in being inwardly led by the Holy Spirit . These Friends were led by John Wilbur who was expelled from his yearly meeting in 1842 . He and his supporters formed their own Conservative Friends Yearly Meeting . In the UK in 1868 some Friends broke away from London Yearly Meeting for the same reason . They formed a separate body of Friends called Fritchley General Meeting , which remained distinct and separate from London Yearly Meeting until 1968 . Similar Christian splits took place in Canada . The Yearly Meetings that supported John Wilbur 's religious beliefs were known as Conservative Friends .
Demand curve
PED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable , Q , to changes in the price variable , P. Elasticity answers the question of how much the quantity will change in percentage terms for a 1 % change in the price , and is thus important in determining how revenue will change .
Zimbabwe
By 2005 , the purchasing power of the average Zimbabwean had dropped to the same levels in real terms as 1953 . In 2005 , the government , led by central bank governor Gideon Gono , started making overtures that white farmers could come back . There were 400 to 500 still left in the country , but much of the land that had been confiscated was no longer productive . By 2016 there were about 300 farms owned by white farmers left out of the original 4,500 . The farms left were either too remote or their owners had paid for protection or collaborated with the regime .
The Three Stooges
In 1952 , the Stooges lost some key players at Columbia Pictures . The studio decided to downsize its short - subject division , resulting in producer Hugh McCollum being discharged and director Edward Bernds resigning out of loyalty to McCollum . Bernds had been contemplating his resignation for some time , as he and Jules White were often at odds . Screenwriter Elwood Ullman followed suit , leaving only White to both produce and direct the Stooges ' remaining Columbia comedies . Not long after , the quality of the team 's output markedly declined with White now assuming complete control over production . DVD Talk critic Stuart Galbraith IV commented that `` the Stooges ' shorts became increasingly mechanical ... and frequently substituted violent sight gags for story and characterization . '' Production was also significantly faster , with the former four - day filming schedules now tightened to two or three days . In another cost - cutting measure , White would create a `` new '' Stooge short by borrowing footage from old ones , setting it in a slightly different storyline and filming a few new scenes often with the same actors in the same costumes . White was initially very subtle when recycling older footage : he would reuse only a single sequence of old film , re-edited so cleverly that it was not easy to detect . The later shorts were cheaper and the recycling more obvious , with as much as 75 % of the running time consisting of old footage . White came to rely so much on older material that he could film the `` new '' shorts in a single day . New footage filmed in order to link older material suffered from White 's wooden directing style and penchant for telling his actors how to act . Shemp , in particular , disliked working with White after 1952 .
Starbucks
In October 2012 , Starbucks faced criticism after a Reuters investigation found that the company reportedly paid only £ 8.6 million in corporation tax in the UK over 14 years , despite generating over £ 3 billion in sales -- this included no tax payments on £ 1.3 billion of sales in the three years prior to 2012 . It is alleged that Starbucks was able to do this by charging high licensing fees to the UK branch of the business , allowing them to declare a £ 33 million loss in 2011 . The UK subsidiary pays patent fees to the US subsidiary , purchases coffee beans from the Netherlands subsidiary ( where corporation tax is lower than in the UK ) , and uses the Swiss subsidiary for other `` miscellaneous services '' . A YouGov survey suggested that Starbucks ' brand image was substantially weakened by the controversy surrounding how much tax it pays in the UK several weeks after the allegations surfaced .
Causes of the Great Depression
The debtor nations put strong pressure on the U.S. in the 1920s to forgive the debts , or at least reduce them . The American government refused . Instead , U.S. banks began making large loans to the nations of Europe . Thus , debts ( and reparations ) were being paid only by augmenting old debts and piling up new ones . In the late 1920s , and particularly after the American economy began to weaken after 1929 , the European nations found it much more difficult to borrow money from the U.S. At the same time , high U.S. tariffs were making it much more difficult for them to sell their goods in U.S. markets . Without any source of revenue from foreign exchange to repay their loans , they began to default .
Bank of America
On September 14 , the judge rejected the settlement and told the parties to prepare for trial to begin no later than February 1 , 2010 . The judge focused much of his criticism on the fact that the fine in the case would be paid by the bank 's shareholders , who were the ones that were supposed to have been injured by the lack of disclosure . He wrote , `` It is quite something else for the very management that is accused of having lied to its shareholders to determine how much of those victims ' money should be used to make the case against the management go away , '' ... `` The proposed settlement , '' the judge continued , `` suggests a rather cynical relationship between the parties : the S.E.C. gets to claim that it is exposing wrongdoing on the part of the Bank of America in a high - profile merger ; the bank 's management gets to claim that they have been coerced into an onerous settlement by overzealous regulators . And all this is done at the expense , not only of the shareholders , but also of the truth . ''
Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series
Weta created numerous pieces of prosthetics , and would have to monitor them on set too . They created 1800 Orc body suits to go with 10,000 Orc heads , lasting six days and one day respectively . Weta also spent a year creating Hobbit feet that would look like furry feet yet act as shoes for actors . In total , 1800 pairs were used by the four lead actors during production . Actors would also go in for face casts to create pointed ears and false noses . Most extensive was John Rhys - Davies as Gimli , who would spend four - and - a-half hours in the morning to apply Dwarven prosthetics . Gino Acevedo also worked on created realistic skin tones for the actors , such as Bernard Hill 's possessed Théoden and a younger Bilbo . Peter ( s ) King and Owen also led the make - up department in making numerous wigs and creating general dirt on the actors . As well as applying make - up , at the end of the day there was an hour of carefully removing the make - up and prosthetics . As well as the prosthetics , there were also numerous corpses of actors and horses .
Canada–United States relations
After 1850 , the pace of industrialization and urbanization was much faster in the United States , drawing a wide range of immigrants from the North . By 1870 , 1 / 6 of all the people born in Canada had moved to the United States , with the highest concentrations in New England , which was the destination of Francophone emigrants from Quebec and Anglophone emigrants from the Maritimes . It was common for people to move back and forth across the border , such as seasonal lumberjacks , entrepreneurs looking for larger markets , and families looking for jobs in the textile mills that paid much higher wages than in Canada .
Industrial Revolution
Women 's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women . Taking a pessimistic side , Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England , it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance . Clark argues that in 16th century England , women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture . The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms , and in some trades and landed estates . Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands . However , Clark argues , as capitalism expanded in the 17th century , there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home , and the wife reduced to unpaid household work . Middle - and upper - class women were confined to an idle domestic existence , supervising servants ; lower - class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs . Capitalism , therefore , had a negative effect on powerful women .
Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)
When casting the many characters of Pride and Prejudice , the producer Sue Birtwistle and director Simon Langton were looking for actors with wit , charm and charisma , who could play the Regency period . Their choices for the protagonists , 20 - year - old Elizabeth Bennet and 28 - year - old Mr Darcy , determined the other actors cast . Hundreds of actresses between 15 and 28 auditioned , and those with the right presence were screen - tested , performing several prepared scenes in period costumes and makeup in a television studio . Straight offers were made to several established actors .
Causes of the French Revolution
Peasants and nobles alike were required to pay one - tenth of their income or produce to the church ( the tithe ) . Peasants paid a land tax to the state ( the taille ) , a 5 % property tax ( the vingtième ) . All paid a tax on the number of people in the family ( capitation ) , depending on the status of the taxpayer ( from poor to prince ) . Further royal and seigneurial obligations might be paid in several ways : in labor ( the corvée ) , in kind , or , rarely , in coin . Peasants were also obligated to their landlords for : rent in cash ( the cens ) , a payment related to their amount of annual production ( the champart ) , and taxes on the use of the nobles ' mills , wine - presses , and bakeries ( the banalités ) . In good times , the taxes were burdensome ; in harsh times , they were devastating . After a less - than - fulsome harvest , people would starve to death during the winter .
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Casting began around August 2013 , with Abrams meeting with potential actors for script readings and screen tests . Open auditions were held in the UK , Ireland , and the United States in November 2013 for the roles of Rachel and Thomas . Casting began in earnest in January 2014 , because of changes to the script by Kasdan and Abrams . Screen tests with actors continued until at least three weeks before the official announcement on April 29 , 2014 , with final casting decisions made only a few weeks prior . Actors testing had strict non-disclosure agreements , preventing them , their agents or publicists from commenting on their potential involvement .
Gilligan's Island
The pilot featured seven characters ( as in the series ) , but only four of the characters -- and their associated actors -- were carried forward into the series : Gilligan ( Denver ) , the Skipper ( Hale ) , and the two Howells ( Backus and Schafer ) . As it happens , only these four characters / actors were featured in the opening theme song `` cast list '' used in the pilot , with the remaining three characters only mentioned as `` the other tourists '' , although the earlier part of the song gave brief descriptions of all passengers .
Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might
Other English dubs were also made by French company AB Groupe and Malaysian company Speedy Video . These dubs , which are notorious for poor voice acting , were never released in North America . While the Malaysian dub 's cast remains unknown , it has recently been discovered that English - speaking actors living in France were involved in the AB Groupe dub ( see above ) . Some of these voice actors were also speculated to have dubbed animated shows produced in France , such as Code Lyoko and Chris Colorado . Other actors such as Christine Flowers , Matthew Géczy , Mirabelle Kirkland , Barbara Scaff and Allan Wenger were also thought to have taken part in this particular dub , but they have since been ruled out .
Sales taxes in the United States
Michigan has a 6 % sales tax ( raised from 4 % in 1994 ) . Michigan has a use tax of 6 % , which is a tax that is applied to items that were brought into Michigan but not bought there , and of which taxes were not paid to the state in which the item was bought in . The tax is supposed to be paid when filing a resident 's annual income tax .
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
Until the film 's production , many special effects in the film industry were achieved using miniature models , matte paintings , and on - set visual effects -- although other films had made extensive use of CGI . Knoll previewed 3,500 storyboards for the film ; Lucas accompanied him to explain factors of the shots that would be practical and those which would be created through visual effects . Knoll later said that on hearing the explanations of the storyboards , he did not know how to accomplish what he had seen . The result was a mixture of original techniques and the newest digital techniques to make it difficult for the viewer to guess which technique was being used . Knoll and his visual effects team wrote new computer software , including cloth simulators to allow a realistic depiction of the digital characters ' clothing , to create certain shots . Another goal was to create computer - generated characters that could act seamlessly with live - action actors . While filming scenes with CGI characters , Lucas would block the characters using their corresponding voice actors on - set . The voice actors were then removed and the live - action actors would perform the same scene alone . A CGI character would later be added into the shot to complete the conversation . Lucas also used CGI to correct the physical presence of actors in certain scenes . Practical models were used when their visuals helped with miniature sceneries for backgrounds , set extensions , and model vehicles that would be scanned to create the digital models or filmed to represent spaceships and podraces .
Quakers
Following the Christian revivals in the mid-19th century , Friends in Great Britain wanted to start missionary activity overseas . The first missionaries were sent to Benares ( Varanasi ) , in India , in 1866 . The Friends Foreign Mission Association was formed in 1868 , and sent missionaries to Madhya Pradesh , India , forming what is now Mid-India Yearly Meeting ; and later to Madagascar from 1867 , China from 1896 , Sri Lanka from 1896 , and Pemba Island from 1897 . The Friends Syrian Mission was established in 1874 , which among other institutions ran the Ramallah Friends Schools , which still exist today . Swiss missionary Theophilus Waldmeier founded Brummana High School in Lebanon in 1873 . Evangelical Friends Churches from Ohio Yearly Meeting sent missionaries to India in 1896 , forming what is now Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting . Cleveland Friends went to Mombasa , Kenya , and started what was the most successful Friends ' mission . Christian Quakerism spread within Kenya and to Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and Rwanda .
Romare Bearden
A mural by Romare Bearden in the Gateway Center subway station in Pittsburgh is worth $15 million , more than the cash - strapped transit agency expected , raising questions about how it should be cared for once it is removed before the station is demolished . `` We did not expect it to be that much , '' Port Authority of Allegheny County spokeswoman Judi McNeil said . `` We do n't have the wherewithal to be a caretaker of such a valuable piece . '' It would cost the agency more than $100,000 a year to insure the 60 - foot - by - 13 - foot tile mural , McNeil said . Bearden was paid $90,000 for the project , titled `` Pittsburgh Recollections . '' It was installed in 1984 .
John C. Calhoun
I take higher ground . I hold that in the present state of civilization , where two races of different origin , and distinguished by color , and other physical differences , as well as intellectual , are brought together , the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two , is , instead of an evil , a good -- a positive good ... I may say with truth , that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer , and so little exacted from him , or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age . Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europe -- look at the sick , and the old and infirm slave , on one hand , in the midst of his family and friends , under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress , and compare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse ... I hold then , that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not , in point of fact , live on the labor of the other .
Siege
However , few rulers paid any attention to his theories . A few towns in Italy began building in the new style late in the 1480s , but it was only with the French invasion of the Italian peninsula in 1494 -- 95 that the new fortifications were built on a large scale . Charles VIII invaded Italy with an army of 18,000 men and a horse - drawn siege - train . As a result , he could defeat virtually any city or state , no matter how well defended . In a panic , military strategy was completely rethought throughout the Italian states of the time , with a strong emphasis on the new fortifications that could withstand a modern siege .
Quakers
Universalist Friends affirm religious pluralism , that there are many different paths to God and that understandings of the divine reached through non-Christian religious experiences are as valid as Christian understandings . This group was founded in the late 1970s by John Linton . Linton had worshipped God with the Delhi Worship Group in India ( an independent meeting not affiliated to any yearly meeting or wider Quaker group ) with Christians , Muslims and Hindus worshipping together . Following a move to Great Britain , he founded the Quaker Universalist Fellowship in 1978 . Later his views spread to the US where the Quaker Universalist Fellowship was founded in 1983 . Most of the Friends who joined these two fellowships were Liberal Friends from Britain Yearly Meeting in the United Kingdom , and Liberal Friends from Friends General Conference in the United States . Interest in Quaker Universalism is low among Friends from other Yearly meetings . The views of the Universalists provoked controversy between themselves and Christian Quakers within Britain Yearly Meeting , and within Friends General Conference , during the 1980s . Despite the label , Quaker `` Universalists '' are not necessarily Christian Universalists , embracing the doctrine of universal reconciliation .
Actor
To act on stage , actors need to learn the stage directions that appear in the script , such as `` Stage Left '' and `` Stage Right '' . These directions are based on the actor 's point of view as he or she stands on the stage facing the audience . Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions `` Upstage '' ( away from the audience ) and `` Downstage '' ( towards the audience ) Theatre actors need to learn blocking , which is `` ... where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play '' . Most scripts specify some blocking . The Director also gives instructions on blocking , such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop .