vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Chinese Tributary System
The traditional Chinese international structure was different from many other systems developed in other parts of the world . First , it was premised on the belief that China was the cultural center of the world and that foreigners were `` less civilized '' or `` barbarians . '' Second , since the Chinese state was considered the center of all humankind , most other foreign rulers were expected to recognize the prominence of the Chinese court . In the Qing period , countries wanting to trade with China had to send `` tribute '' missions that acknowledged China 's cultural superiority and nominal suzerainty by the ritual of ke - tou , or kow - tow , which consisted of three kneelings , each involving three prostrations before the emperor . In return , they could trade for a specified number of days at border points designated by Beijing .
Arizona Robbins
Robbins ranked seventh in a top ten list of gay characters on TV compiled by Jane Boursaw of TV Squad . Boursaw wrote : `` She 's a mix of ironies - a pediatrician who glides around the hospital on wheelies , impulsively kisses Callie , then tells her she does n't have time to teach a newbie how to be gay . Still , she 's more interesting than the other gays on this show , which are dwindling in numbers since Erica left for parts unknown . '' Commenting on Hahn 's abrupt departure from the show , Dorothy Snarker , writing for LGBT website AfterEllen.com observed of Robbins and Torres ' relationship : `` I ( ... ) ca n't help but be wary of how the Grey 's writers will handle this relationship . Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far . But it 's not how the romance starts , but what happens next that really matters . '' AfterEllen.com also included Robbins in their poll of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking her at No. 3 and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters , placing her at No. 2 .
Heat
In this definition , for the sake of conceptual rigour , the quantity of energy transferred as heat is not specified directly in terms of the non-adiabatic process . It is defined through knowledge of precisely two variables , the change of internal energy and the amount of adiabatic work done , for the combined process of change from the reference state O to the arbitrary state Y . It is important that this does not explicitly involve the amount of energy transferred in the non-adiabatic component of the combined process . It is assumed here that the amount of energy required to pass from state O to state Y , the change of internal energy , is known , independently of the combined process , by a determination through a purely adiabatic process , like that for the determination of the internal energy of state X above . The rigour that is prized in this definition is that there is one and only one kind of energy transfer admitted as fundamental : energy transferred as work . Energy transfer as heat is considered as a derived quantity . The uniqueness of work in this scheme is considered to guarantee rigor and purity of conception . The conceptual purity of this definition , based on the concept of energy transferred as work as an ideal notion , relies on the idea that some frictionless and otherwise non-dissipative processes of energy transfer can be realized in physical actuality . The second law of thermodynamics , on the other hand , assures us that such processes are not found in nature .
History of the telescope
The twentieth century saw the construction of telescopes which could produce images using wavelengths other than visible light starting in 1931 when Karl Jansky discovered astronomical objects gave off radio emissions ; this prompted a new era of observational astronomy after World War II , with telescopes being developed for other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma - rays .
Gun laws in the District of Columbia
Following the Heller decision , the Council of the District of Columbia enacted a set of rules regulating the possession of handguns and long guns in citizens ' homes . Reductions were made to the DC laws in 2012 and 2015 under threat of lawsuits from gun owners and prospective gun owners . On September 18 , 2015 , a federal appeals court struck down some parts of the District 's gun registration law as unconstitutional , while upholding other parts of the law .
British Empire
The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies . British attention soon turned towards Asia , Africa , and the Pacific . After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) , Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century . Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ( `` British Peace '' ) , a period of relative peace in Europe and the world ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman . In the early 19th century , the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain ; so that by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 , the country was described as the `` workshop of the world '' . The British Empire expanded to include most of India , large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world . Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its own colonies , its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions , such as Asia and Latin America .
Rheum
In infants , the tear ducts ( that drain the tears ) occasionally fail to open , resulting in the overflow of tears onto the cheeks ( epiphora ) and rheum deposition on the surrounding skin .
Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
USAF Aeromedical Evacuation units from 43d Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron , Pope AFB and 433 Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron , Lackland AFB arrive Louis Armstrong Airport . These teams begin to work with State Disaster Medical Assistance ( DMAT ) teams to move nursing home patients that had sheltered the storm in the airport and those injured during the storm to Medical care in San Antonio Texas .
Pi
Euler started using the single - letter form beginning with his 1727 Essay Explaining The Properties Of Air , though he used π = 6.28 ... , the ratio of radius to periphery , in this and some later writing . Euler first used π = 3.14 ... in his 1736 work Mechanica , and continued in his widely - read 1748 work Introductio in analysin infinitorum ( he wrote : `` for the sake of brevity we will write this number as π ; thus π is equal to half the circumference of a circle of radius 1 '' ) . Because Euler corresponded heavily with other mathematicians in Europe , the use of the Greek letter spread rapidly , and the practice was universally adopted thereafter in the Western world .
Brown bear
Attacks on humans are considered extremely rare in the former Soviet Union , though exceptions exist in districts where they are not as often pursued by hunters . Siberian bears , for example , tend to be much bolder toward humans than their shyer , more persecuted European counterparts . The delineation in Eurasia between areas where aggressiveness of bears tends to increase is the Ural Mountains , although the bears of eastern Europe are somewhat more aggressive than those of western Europe . In 2008 , a platinum mining compound in the Olyotorsky district of northern Kamchatka was besieged by a group of 30 bears , who killed two guards and prevented workers from leaving their homes . Ten people a year on average are killed by brown bears in Russia , more than all the other parts of brown bear 's international range combined , although Russia also holds more brown bears than all other parts of the world combined . In Scandinavia , only three fatal attacks were recorded in the 20th century . A
United States home front during World War II
Women also joined the workforce to replace men who had joined the forces , though in fewer numbers . Roosevelt stated that the efforts of civilians at home to support the war through personal sacrifice was as critical to winning the war as the efforts of the soldiers themselves . `` Rosie the Riveter '' became the symbol of women laboring in manufacturing . The war effort brought about significant changes in the role of women in society as a whole . When the male breadwinner returned , wives could stop working . At the end of the war , most of the munitions - making jobs ended . Many factories were closed ; others retooled for civilian production . In some jobs women were replaced by returning veterans who did not lose seniority because they were in service . However the number of women at work in 1946 was 87 % of the number in 1944 , leaving 13 % who lost or quit their jobs . Many women working in machinery factories and more were taken out of the work force . Many of these former factory workers found other work at kitchens , being teachers , etc .
Human skin color
Albinism is more common in some parts of the world than in others , but it is estimated that 1 in 70 humans carry the gene for OCA . The most severe type of albinism is OCA1A , which is characterized by complete , lifelong loss of melanin production , other forms of OCA1B , OCA2 , OCA3 , OCA4 , show some form of melanin accumulation and are less severe . The four known types of OCA are caused by mutations in the TYR , OCA2 , TYRP1 , and SLC45A2 genes .
Dust Bowl
In 1935 , many families were forced to leave their farms and travel to other areas seeking work because of the drought ( which at that time had already lasted four years ) . The abandonment of homesteads and financial ruin resulting from catastrophic topsoil loss led to widespread hunger and poverty . Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the displaced from Texas , Oklahoma , and the surrounding Great Plains to adjacent regions . More than 500,000 Americans were left homeless . Over 350 houses had to be torn down after one storm alone . The severe drought and dust storms had left many homeless ; others had their mortgages foreclosed by banks , or felt they had no choice but to abandon their farms in search of work . Many Americans migrated west looking for work . Parents packed up `` jalopies '' with their families and a few personal belongings , and headed west in search of work . Some residents of the Plains , especially in Kansas and Oklahoma , fell ill and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition . ``
Spanish language
Ustedes functions as formal and informal second person plural in over 90 % of the Spanish - speaking world , including all of Hispanic America , the Canary Islands , and some regions of Andalusia . In Seville , Huelva , Cadiz , and other parts of western Andalusia , the familiar form is constructed as ustedes vais , using the traditional second - person plural form of the verb . Most of Spain maintains the formal / familiar distinction with ustedes and vosotros respectively . Usted
Climate of the United Kingdom
Parts of England are surprisingly dry , which is contrary to the stereotypical view -- London receives just below 650 millimetres ( 25.6 in ) per annum , which is less than Rome , Sydney , or New York City . In East Anglia it typically rains on about 113 days per year . Most of the south , south - east and East Anglia receive less than 700 millimetres ( 27.6 in ) of rain per year . The English counties of Essex , Cambridgeshire - as well as parts of North Yorkshire , the East Riding of Yorkshire , Suffolk and Norfolk - are amongst the driest in the UK , with an average annual rainfall of around 600 millimetres ( 23.6 in ) . This is due to a mild rainshadow effect , due to mountainous parts of the South West , Wales and Cumbria blocking the moist airflow across the country to the east . In some years rainfall totals in Essex and South Suffolk can be below 450 millimetres ( 17.7 in ) ( especially areas around Colchester , Clacton and Ipswich ) - less than the average annual rainfall in Jerusalem , Beirut and even some semi-arid parts of the world .
How to Train Your Dragon
How to Train Your Dragon is a series of twelve children 's books written by British author Cressida Cowell . The books are set in a fictional Viking world and focus on the experiences of protagonist Hiccup as he overcomes great obstacles on his journey of Becoming a Hero the Hard Way . The books were published by Hodder Children 's Books in the UK and by Little , Brown and Company in the US . The first book was published in 2003 and the last one in 2015 . As of 2015 , the series has sold more than seven million copies around the world .
Convicts in Australia
Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison . Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict Establishment , the colony 's convict prison , and misbehaviour was punished by stints there . The majority , however , were stationed in other parts of the colony . Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia , there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony , so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas . Initially , most offenders were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system , including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself .
Hurricane Katrina
All three coastal counties of the state were severely affected by the storm . Katrina 's surge was the most extensive , as well as the highest , in the documented history of the United States ; large portions of Hancock , Harrison and Jackson counties were inundated by the storm surge , in all three cases affecting most of the populated areas . Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County , destroying the coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland , much of Bay St. Louis , and flowed up the Jourdan River , flooding Diamondhead and Kiln . In Harrison County , Pass Christian was completely inundated , along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast , which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport ; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville , which borders Back Bay . Biloxi , on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast , was particularly hard hit , especially the low - lying Point Cadet area . In Jackson County , storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary , with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half . Remarkably , over 90 % of Pascagoula , the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi , and about 75 miles ( 120 km ) east of Katrina 's landfall near the Louisiana - Mississippi border , was flooded from surge at the height of the storm . Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed , and St. Martin was hard hit ; Ocean Springs , Moss Point , Gautier and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage .
Treaty of Waitangi
The short - term effect of the Treaty was to prevent the sale of Māori land to anyone other than the Crown . This was intended to protect Māori from the kinds of shady land purchases which had alienated indigenous peoples in other parts of the world from their land with minimal compensation . However , before the Treaty had been finalised the New Zealand Company had made several hasty land deals and shipped settlers from Great Britain to New Zealand , hoping the British would be forced to accept its land claims as a fait accompli , in which it was largely successful .
Angela Montenegro
Angela contemplates leaving the Jeffersonian at one point , under the assumption that her work does not contribute to cases in a meaningful way . She was also unsure of her ability to handle the graphic violence she was exposed to regularly at the lab . However , Dr. Goodman , the director of the Jeffersonian , spoke of the vital importance of her work in adding an element of humanity to the victims , returning their identity . This line of reasoning persuades her to remain at the lab .
Microphone
Dynamic microphones use the same dynamic principle as in a loudspeaker , only reversed . A small movable induction coil , positioned in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet , is attached to the diaphragm . When sound enters through the windscreen of the microphone , the sound wave moves the diaphragm . When the diaphragm vibrates , the coil moves in the magnetic field , producing a varying current in the coil through electromagnetic induction . A single dynamic membrane does not respond linearly to all audio frequencies . For this reason , some microphones utilize multiple membranes for the different parts of the audio spectrum and then combine the resulting signals . Combining the multiple signals correctly is difficult ; designs that do this are rare , and tend to be expensive . On the other hand , there are several designs that are more specifically aimed towards isolated parts of the audio spectrum . The AKG D 112 , for example , is designed for bass response rather than treble . In audio engineering several kinds of microphones are often used at the same time to get the best results .
Ashoka
According to the Mahavamsa , in the 17th year of Ashoka 's reign , at the end of the Third Buddhist Council , Ashoka sent Buddhist missionaries to nine parts of the world to propagate Buddhism . Geographical
Nervous system
In insects , many neurons have cell bodies that are positioned at the edge of the brain and are electrically passive -- the cell bodies serve only to provide metabolic support and do not participate in signalling . A protoplasmic fiber runs from the cell body and branches profusely , with some parts transmitting signals and other parts receiving signals . Thus , most parts of the insect brain have passive cell bodies arranged around the periphery , while the neural signal processing takes place in a tangle of protoplasmic fibers called neuropil , in the interior . ``
Mexico City
Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City ; however , the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher `` since most people are reluctant to report crime '' . Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011 , Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country . Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force . Mexico City has one of the world 's highest police officer - to - resident ratios , with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens . Since 1997 the prison population has increased by more than 500 % . Political scientist Markus - Michael Müller argues that mostly informal street vendors are hit by these measures . He sees punishment `` related to the growing politicisation of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalisation of the people living at the margins of urban society , in particular those who work in the city 's informal economy . ''
Early world maps
Surviving texts of Ptolemy 's Geography , first composed c. 150 , note that he continued the use of Marinus 's equirectangular projection for its regional maps while finding it inappropriate for maps of the entire known world . Instead , in Book VII of his work , he outlines three separate projections of increasing difficulty and fidelity . Ptolemy followed Marinus in underestimating the circumference of the world ; combined with accurate absolute distances , this led him to also overestimate the length of the Mediterranean Sea in terms of degrees . His prime meridian at the Fortunate Isles was therefore around 10 actual degrees further west of Alexandria than intended , a mistake that was corrected by Al - Khwārizmī following the translation of Syriac editions of Ptolemy into Arabic in the 9th century . The oldest surviving manuscripts of the work date to Maximus Planudes 's restoration of the text a little before 1300 at Chora Monastery in Constantinople ( Istanbul ) ; surviving manuscripts from this era seem to preserve separate recensions of the text which diverged as early as the 2nd or 4th century . A passage in some of the recensions credits an Agathodaemon with drafting a world map , but no maps seem to have survived to be used by Planude 's monks . Instead , he commissioned new world maps calculated from Ptolemy 's thousands of coordinates and drafted according to the text 's 1st and 2nd projections , along with the equirectangular regional maps . A copy was translated into Latin by Jacobus Angelus at Florence around 1406 and soon supplemented with maps on the 1st projection . Maps using the 2nd projection were not made in Western Europe until Nicolaus Germanus 's 1466 edition . Ptolemy 's 3rd ( and hardest ) projection does not seem to have been used at all before new discoveries expanded the known world beyond the point where it provided a useful format .
Great Depression
Between 1933 and 1939 , federal expenditure tripled , and Roosevelt 's critics charged that he was turning America into a socialist state . The Great Depression was a main factor in the implementation of social democracy and planned economies in European countries after World War II ( see Marshall Plan ) . Keynesianism generally remained the most influential economic school in the United States and in parts of Europe until the periods between the 1970s and the 1980s , when Milton Friedman and other neoliberal economists formulated and propagated the newly created theories of neoliberalism and incorporated them into the Chicago School of Economics as an alternative approach to the study of economics . Neoliberalism went on to challenge the dominance of the Keynesian school of Economics in the mainstream academia and policy - making in the United States , having reached its peak in popularity in the election of the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the United States , and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom .
Political compass
The politicalcompass.org website does not reveal the people behind it , beyond the fact that it seems to be based in the United Kingdom . At the bottom of any page on the website , it is stated that the political compass 's copyright belongs to an organisation named `` Pace News Limited '' . Pace News Limited is a company registered in New Zealand whose director is Wayne Brittenden . According to The New York Times , the site is the work of Wayne Brittenden , a political journalist . According to Tom Utley , writing in The Daily Telegraph , the site is connected to One World Action , a charity founded by Glenys Kinnock . An early version of the site was published on One World Action 's web server .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
Orange juice prices also increased due to the threat of the storm in Florida , which produces more than 75 % of orange crops in the United States . On August 25 , Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for the state of Florida ahead of Tropical Storm Isaac . Amtrak suspended the Silver Meteor and Silver Star train service from Orlando to Miami on Sunday , August 26 . In the Florida Keys , officials canceled airplane flights and bus routes . The port at Key West was closed during the storm , as were all parks and beaches in the Keys . Emergency shelters were opened , and daily garbage pickup was canceled . Louisiana
History of the United Kingdom
Britain 's control over its Empire loosened during the interwar period . Nationalism strengthened in other parts of the empire , particularly in India and in Egypt .