vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States Declaration of Independence
Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony .
Australian Army during World War II
A 3,000 - strong Army unit , as well as several Australian warships and aircraft from a number of RAAF squadrons participated in the unsuccessful defence of Java when the Japanese invaded the island in March 1942 . An Army force made up of elements from the 7th Division also formed part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian Command ( ABDACOM ) land forces on Java but saw little action before it surrendered at Bandung on 12 March after the Dutch forces on the island began to capitulate . Following the conquest of the NEI , the Japanese Navy 's main aircraft carrier force raided the Indian Ocean , attacking Ceylon in early April . The two Australian Army brigades stationed at Ceylon at the time of the raid were placed on alert to repel a potential invasion but did not see action as this did not eventuate .
History of Arkansas
When Congress voted to approve Augustus Garland as governor a year after a corrupt 1874 election , Arkansas and other Southern states began to envision a revolution in which the old Confederate states could update their economies using Northern capital and industry to replace plantation agriculture . Contemporary Arkansans also believed cultural and social change could come with this transition . Although changes did take place , the state suffered from agrarian revolt , segregation , resistance to change and disfranchisement instead of benefiting from a new diversified economy .
Mexico City
The Grito de Dolores ( `` Cry of Dolores '' ) , also known as El Grito de la Independencia ( `` Cry of Independence '' ) , marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence . The Battle of Guanajuato , the first major engagement of the insurgency , occurred four days later . After a decade of war , Mexico 's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27 , 1821 . Unrest followed for the next several decades , as different factions fought for control of Mexico .
United Kingdom
The 2008 global financial crisis severely affected the UK economy . The coalition government of 2010 introduced austerity measures intended to tackle the substantial public deficits which resulted . In 2014 the Scottish Government held a referendum on Scottish independence , with 55 % of voters rejecting the independence proposal and opting to remain within the United Kingdom . In 2016 , the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union . The legal process of leaving the EU began on 29 March 2017 , with the UK 's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon , formally notifying the EU of the UK 's intention to leave . The article stipulates that the negotiations to leave will last at least two years . The UK remains a full member of the EU during this time .
British Empire
Most of the UK 's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation , established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government , but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members . Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s , but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence . The British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain , while Guyana achieved independence in 1966 . Britain 's last colony on the American mainland , British Honduras , became a self - governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973 , achieving full independence in 1981 . A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved .
Constitution of India
Constitution of India The original text of the Preamble Ratified 26 November 1949 Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 67 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Purpose To replace the Indian Independence Act
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912 , which provided for Philippine independence after eight years , but later changed their views , opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence . The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States , since they feared that too - rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands . The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence . Busy
King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
The 7th Battalion served with the 71st Independent Infantry Brigade before being sent to form part of the Gibraltar garrison , with the 2nd Gibraltar Brigade , in June 1942 . In March 1943 , the battalion was sent to India where it joined 150th Indian Training Brigade but it did not see action against the Japanese . The battalion was disbanded after the war in 1947 .
American Revolution
At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes :
Cherry blossom
The most popular variety of cherry blossom in Japan is the Somei Yoshino . Its flowers are nearly pure white , tinged with the palest pink , especially near the stem . They bloom and usually fall within a week , before the leaves come out . Therefore , the trees look nearly white from top to bottom . The variety takes its name from the village of Somei ( now part of Toshima in Tokyo ) . It was developed in the mid - to late - 19th century at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period . The Somei Yoshino is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often depict the variety in the Edo period or earlier ; such depictions are anachronisms .
History of women in the United States
The best known Indian woman after Pocahontas was Sacagawea ( 1788 - 1812 ) , who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 -- 1806 ) overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back . The two captains hired her husband , a fur trapper , as an interpreter , with the understanding that she would come along to interpret the Shoshone language , which she did . Sacagawea was only about 16 and delivered a son on the trip . Her role has been greatly exaggerated , in large part because writers wanted to use her as an Indian endorsement if Manifest Destiny .
Portuguese Mozambique
As one of the objectives of the MFA , all the Portuguese overseas territories in Africa were offered independence . FRELIMO took complete control of the Mozambican territory after a transition period , as agreed in the Lusaka Accord which recognized Mozambique 's right to independence and the terms of the transfer of power .
Subhas Chandra Bose
His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor Oaten ( who had manhandled some Indian students ) for the latter 's anti-India comments . He was expelled although he appealed that he only witnessed the assault and did not actually participate in it . He later joined the Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta and passed his B.A. in 1918 in philosophy . Bose left India in 1919 for England with a promise to his father that he would appear in the Indian Civil Services ( ICS ) examination . He went to study in Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge and matriculated on 19 November 1919 . He came fourth in the ICS examination and was selected , but he did not want to work under an alien government which would mean serving the British . As he stood on the verge of taking the plunge by resigning from the Indian Civil Service in 1921 , he wrote to his elder brother Sarat Chandra Bose : `` Only on the soil of sacrifice and suffering can we raise our national edifice . ''
Trail of Tears
While retaining their tribal governance , which included a constitution or official council in tribes such as the Iroquois and Cherokee , many portions of the southeastern Indian nations had become partially or completely economically integrated into the economy of the region . This included the plantation economy in states such as Georgia , and the possession of slaves . These slaves were also forcibly relocated during the process of removal . A similar process had occurred earlier in the territories controlled by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in what is now upstate New York prior to the British invasion and subsequent U.S. annexation of the Iroquois nation .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
After the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation of the Philippines during World War II , the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military recaptured the Philippines in 1945 . According to the terms of the Philippine Independence Act , the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 .
United States Declaration of Independence
The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence .
Ganesh Chaturthi
It is unclear when the festival started , it may have South Indian origins , but historical evidence suggests it became a major social and public event with sponsorship of Shivaji after Mughal - Maratha wars , and again in the 19th century after public appeal by Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak , who championed it as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892 .
New Spain
At the local level there were over two hundred districts , in both Indian and Spanish areas , which were headed by either a corregidor ( also known as an alcalde mayor ) or a cabildo ( town council ) , both of which had judicial and administrative powers . In the late 18th century the Bourbon dynasty began phasing out the corregidores and introduced intendants , whose broad fiscal powers cut into the authority of the viceroys , governors and cabildos . Despite their late creation , these intendancies so affected the formation of regional identity that they became the basis for the nations of Central America and the first Mexican states after independence .
United States Declaration of Independence
John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved .
Transport between India and Pakistan
In 2003 , after a ceasefire in Kashmir improved bilateral relations , the two governments worked on the proposal for a bus connecting the city of Srinagar in Indian Kashmir to the city of Muzaffarabad in Pakistani Kashmir . The official agreement was promulgated on February 16 , 2005 when the then - Indian Minister of External Affairs K. Natwar Singh visited Pakistani President Pervez Musharaff in Rawalpindi , Pakistan . The decision was announced along with agreements on establishing the Thar Express train service . The bus runs a distance of 183 kilometres and was officially launched on April 7 , 2005 and was flagged - off by the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh . The service was suspended for some time after 2005 Kashmir earthquake due to aftereffect of road damage .
Kargil War
After the war , the Indian government severed ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness . India increased its defence budget as it sought to acquire more state of the art equipment . Media reported about military procurement irregularities and criticism of intelligence agencies like Research and Analysis Wing , which failed to predict the intrusions or the identity / number of infiltrators during the war . An internal assessment report by the armed forces , published in an Indian magazine , showed several other failings , including `` a sense of complacency '' and being `` unprepared for a conventional war '' on the presumption that nuclearism would sustain peace . It also highlighted the lapses in command and control , the insufficient troop levels and the dearth of large - calibre guns like the Bofors . In 2006 , retired Air Chief Marshal , A. Y . Tipnis , alleged that the Indian Army did not fully inform the government about the intrusions , adding that the army chief Ved Prakash Malik , was initially reluctant to use the full strike capability of the Indian Air Force , instead requesting only helicopter gunship support . Soon after the conflict , India also decided to complete the project , previously stalled by Pakistan , to fence the entire LOC .
United States Declaration of Independence
Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . ''
Mercantilism
Keynes and other economists of the 20th century also realized that the balance of payments is an important concern . Keynes also supported government intervention in the economy as necessity , as did mercantilism .
Partition of India
The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League , the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey . Since the Turkish Sultan , or Khalifah , had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca , Medina , and Jerusalem , and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey , doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the `` religious neutrality '' of the British , doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the reunification of Bengal in 1911 , a decision that was seen as ill - disposed to Muslims . In the Lucknow Pact , the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self - government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters ; in return , the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council . In 1916 , the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 members and did not yet have its wider following among Indian Muslims of later years ; in the League itself , the pact did not have unanimous backing , having largely been negotiated by a group of `` Young Party '' Muslims from the United Provinces ( UP ) , most prominently , two brothers Mohammad and Shaukat Ali , who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause ; however , it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement . In later years , as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded , it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority élites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal ; nonetheless , at the time , the `` Lucknow Pact '' , was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen so by the British .
American Indian Wars
As in the Revolution and the Northwest Indian War , the British abandoned their Indian allies to the Americans after the War of 1812 . This proved to be a major turning point in the Indian Wars , marking the last time that Native Americans would turn to a foreign power for assistance against the United States .
Cherry blossom
Many of the varieties that have been cultivated for ornamental use do not produce fruit . Edible cherries generally come from cultivars of the related species Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus .
Confederate States of America
Confederate supporters in the trans - Mississippi west also claimed portions of United States Indian Territory after the United States evacuated the federal forts and installations . Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the Civil War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy ; troops and one general were enlisted from each tribe . On July 12 , 1861 , the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian nations . After several battles Union armies took control of the territory .
American Revolution
The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 .
United States Declaration of Independence
The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Neill was killed in action at Lucknow on 26 September and was never called to account for his punitive measures , though contemporary British sources lionised him and his `` gallant blue caps '' . When the British retook Cawnpore , the soldiers took their sepoy prisoners to the Bibighar and forced them to lick the bloodstains from the walls and floor . They then hanged or `` blew from the cannon '' , the traditional Mughal punishment for mutiny , the majority of the sepoy prisoners . Although some claimed the sepoys took no actual part in the killings themselves , they did not act to stop it and this was acknowledged by Captain Thompson after the British departed Cawnpore for a second time .
Black-eyed pea
The blossom produces nectar plentifully , and large areas can be a source of honey . Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators , care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations .
Paul Revere
Revere 's father died in 1754 , when Paul was legally too young to officially be the master of the family silver shop . In February 1756 , during the French and Indian War ( the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War ) , he enlisted in the provincial army . Possibly he made this decision because of the weak economy , since army service promised consistent pay . Commissioned a second lieutenant in a provincial artillery regiment , he spent the summer at Fort William Henry at the southern end of Lake George in New York as part of an abortive plan for the capture of Fort St. Frédéric . He did not stay long in the army , but returned to Boston and assumed control of the silver shop in his own name . On August 4 , 1757 , he married Sarah Orne ( 1736 -- 1773 ) ; their first child was born eight months later . He and Sarah had eight children , but two died young , and only one , Mary , survived her father .
Great Depression
Spain had a relatively isolated economy , with high protective tariffs and was not one of the main countries affected by the Depression . The banking system held up well , as did agriculture .
Cherry blossom
Vancouver , British Columbia is famous for its thousands of cherry trees ( estimated 50,000 ) lining many streets and in many parks , including Queen Elizabeth Park and Stanley Park . Vancouver holds the Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival every year . With multiple varieties and a temperate climate , they begin to bloom in February yearly and peak in April .
New Deal
The idea was to give farmers a `` fair exchange value '' for their products in relation to the general economy ( `` parity level '' ) . Farm incomes and the income for the general population recovered fast since the beginning of 1933 . Food prices remained still well below the 1929 peak . The AAA established an important and long - lasting federal role in the planning on the entire agricultural sector of the economy and was the first program on such a scale on behalf of the troubled agricultural economy . The original AAA did not provide for any sharecroppers or tenants or farm laborers who might become unemployed , but there were other New Deal programs especially for them .
Trail of Tears
After the War of 1812 , some Muscogee leaders such as William McIntosh signed treaties that ceded more land to Georgia . The 1814 signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson signaled the end for the Creek Nation and for all Indians in the South . Friendly Creek leaders , like Selocta and Big Warrior , addressed Sharp Knife ( the Indian nickname for Andrew Jackson ) and reminded him that they keep the peace . Nevertheless , Jackson retorted that they did not `` cut ( Tecumseh 's ) throat '' when they had the chance , so they must now cede Creek lands . Jackson also ignored Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent that restored sovereignty to Indians and their nations .