vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Oliver Twist
The novel refers to Fagin 257 times in the first 38 chapters as `` the Jew '' , while the ethnicity or religion of the other characters is rarely mentioned . In 1854 , The Jewish Chronicle asked why `` Jews alone should be excluded from the ' sympathizing heart ' of this great author and powerful friend of the oppressed . '' Dickens ( who had extensive knowledge of London street life and child exploitation ) explained that he had made Fagin Jewish because `` it unfortunately was true , of the time to which the story refers , that that class of criminal almost invariably was a Jew . '' Dickens commented that by calling Fagin a Jew he had meant no imputation against the Jewish faith , saying in a letter , `` I have no feeling towards the Jews but a friendly one . I always speak well of them , whether in public or private , and bear my testimony ( as I ought to do ) to their perfect good faith in such transactions as I have ever had with them . '' Eliza Davis , whose husband had purchased Dickens 's home in 1860 when he had put it up for sale , wrote to Dickens in protest at his portrayal of Fagin , arguing that he had `` encouraged a vile prejudice against the despised Hebrew '' , and that he had done a great wrong to the Jewish people . While Dickens first reacted defensively upon receiving Davis 's letter , he then halted the printing of Oliver Twist , and changed the text for the parts of the book that had not been set , which explains why after the first 38 chapters Fagin is barely called `` the Jew '' at all in the next 179 references to him .
Congressional Baseball Game
In the late 1960s , Sears , Roebuck and Company established and sponsored a post-game reception for members of Congress and their staffs . Member attendance was very low until 1972 when the management of the event was taken over by Sears ' Washington office Public Information officer , Larry Horist . He established the Most Valuable Player awards to be voted by each team and presented by the Speaker of the House and the Majority Leader of the Senate . In addition , Horist obtained photos of the players in their hometown uniforms and produced thousands of baseball cards packaged in gum wrappers . A limited number of autographed master sheets of the cards occasionally appear for sale on Internet auction sites . The cards included such personalities as Senator Eugene McCarthy ( D - MN ) , Barry Goldwater , Jr . ( R - AZ ) , and professional player `` Vinegar Bend '' Mizell ( R - NC ) . The cards received notable publicity in the Washington Post and were accepted as part of the permanent collection of the Baseball Hall of Fame .
History of the San Diego Chargers
In New England , the Chargers won their first game under Coryell 's coaching . When they returned , San Diego was still recovering from the recent PSA Flight 182 . The Chargers ' defeating Denver in San Diego was morale boosting for the city . Coryell coached the team in his `` Air Coryell '' offense : Fouts threw to a trio of receivers ( Charlie Joiner , John Jefferson and tight end Kellen Winslow ) . The Chargers won nine games and lost seven , thus missing the playoffs .
Non-commissioned officer
( hide ) Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned and Non-commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet General of the Army or Field marshal Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or Brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or First lieutenant Flying officer Ensign Second lieutenant Pilot officer Midshipman Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or Chief petty officer Warrant officer or Sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal Corporal Seaman Private or Trooper Aircraftman Talk View
Australian Army during World War II
Nearly 29,000 Australians were taken prisoner by the Axis during the war , the bulk of them members of the Australian Army . During the fighting in the Middle East and Greece , 7,116 Australian soldiers were taken prisoner by German and Italian forces . Of these men , 3,109 were captured at Crete and 2,065 on the mainland of Greece . Most of the other POWs were members of the 9th Division captured during the retreat from Cyrenaica in early 1941 , the siege of Tobruk or the fighting near El Alamein in mid-1942 . Like other western Allied POWs , the Australians were held in permanent camps in Italy and Germany and were generally treated in accordance with the Geneva Conventions . As the war neared its end the Germans moved many prisoners towards the interior of the country to prevent them from being liberated by the advancing Allied armies . These movements were often made through forced marches in harsh weather and resulted in many deaths . As the war drew to a close , a unit designated the AIF Reception Group ( United Kingdom ) was established near Eastbourne in England to provide accommodation and support for the POWs once they were released . By August 1945 all the former Australian POWs in Europe had embarked on ships bound for Australia . While Australian prisoners suffered a higher death rate in German and Italian captivity than their counterparts in World War I , it was much lower than the rate suffered under Japanese internment .
The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)
Australian duo Air Supply covered `` The Power of Love '' for their 1985 eponymous album . Since the song was sung by Russell Hitchcock , the gender roles were reversed in the lyrics ( `` I 'm your lady and you are my man '' became `` You are my lady and I am your man '' ) . It was released as a single in July 1985 in the United States , and later in Canada and New Zealand . Their version was titled `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' so as not to be confused with `` The Power of Love '' by Huey Lewis and the News which was on the charts at the same time . Air Supply 's version was a moderate success in New Zealand and Canada , reaching the top 40 in both countries in late 1985 . In the US , it peaked at number 68 . This cover was featured in the 2017 film Death Note .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
In 1969 , investigative journalist Seymour Hersh exposed the My Lai massacre in print , and the Haeberle photos were released to the world media . The Pentagon launched an investigation headed by General William R. Peers to look into the allegations . After a flurry of activity , the Peers Commission issued its report . It declared that `` an atmosphere of atrocity '' surrounded the event , concluding that a massacre had taken place and the crime had been covered up by the commander of the Americal Division and his executive officer . Perhaps 400 Vietnamese civilians , mostly old men , women , and children had been killed by Charlie company . Several men were charged in the killings , but only Calley was convicted . He was given a life sentence by a court - martial in 1970 , but after numerous appeals he was finally set free ; he had served just over three years of house arrest .
Northern cardinal
During winter , both male and female will fluff up their down feathers in order to trap warm air next to their body and keeping cold air from reaching their body . The down feathers are small and hairlike at the base of each flight feather . The legs and feet of almost all birds are thin and lack feathers , and so are vulnerable to rapid heat loss . Therefore , many take turns tucking one leg at a time into their body to keep them warm while still using the other to stand .
Private (rank)
( hide ) Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned and Non-commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet General of the Army or Field marshal Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or Brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or First lieutenant Flying officer Ensign Second lieutenant Pilot officer Midshipman Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or Chief petty officer Warrant officer or Sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal Corporal Seaman Private or Trooper Aircraftman Talk View
Poverty in the United Kingdom
According to this definition , between 2 - 5 million Britons were trapped in poverty . In addition , some 2.6 million people were in receipt of Supplementary Benefits and therefore living on the poverty line . This meant that at least 10 % of the population were in poverty at his time . Bad housing conditions also constituted a major cause of poverty in the postwar era . In the early Sixties , it was estimated that three million families lived in `` slums , near slums on grossly overcrowded conditions , '' while a 1967 housing survey of England and Wales found that 11.7 % of all dwellings were unfit .
Electromagnet
The magnetic field created by an electromagnet is proportional to both the number of turns in the winding , N , and the current in the wire , I , hence this product , NI , in ampere - turns , is given the name magnetomotive force . For an electromagnet with a single magnetic circuit , of which length L of the magnetic field path is in the core material and length L is in air gaps , Ampere 's Law reduces to :
Yahweh
The Hebrew Bible gives the impression that the Jerusalem temple was always meant to be the central or even sole temple of Yahweh , but this was not the case : the earliest known Israelite place of worship is a 12th - century open - air altar in the hills of Samaria featuring a bronze bull reminiscent of Canaanite `` Bull - El '' ( El in the form of a bull ) , and the archaeological remains of further temples have been found at Dan on Israel 's northern border and at Arad in the Negev and Beersheba , both in the territory of Judah . Shiloh , Bethel , Gilgal , Mizpah , Ramah and Dan were also major sites for festivals , sacrifices , the making of vows , private rituals , and the adjudication of legal disputes .
Air Jordan
Air Jordan 2012 offers six customization configurations . Two interchangeable sleeves and three insoles adapt to different playing styles . The Deluxe model was launched on February 8 , while the customization Flight models were released on February 25 , 2012 . It was the final Air Jordan model to be named after the year it was released as the numbered system returned in 2013 with the Air Jordan XX8 .
Air New Zealand
In August 2015 , Air New Zealand released a Men in Black themed in - flight safety video . The video featured a parody of the song `` Men in Black '' performed by Stan Walker and New Zealand national rugby union team ( ALL Blacks ) member Israel Dagg with appearances by All Blacks members Richie McCaw , Dan Carter , Kieran Read , Keven Mealamu and Sam Whitelock ; All Blacks coach Steve Hansen ; former international rugby players Martin Johnson , David Campese and Agustín Pichot ; Rip Torn reprising his role as Agent Zed from the first two Men in Black films ; and Frank the Pug .
Edward O'Hare
O'Hare's most famous flight occurred during the Pacific War on February 20 , 1942 . LT O'Hare and his wingman were the only U.S. Navy fighters available in the air when a second wave of Japanese bombers were attacking his aircraft carrier Lexington .
Alan Shepard
Project Gemini followed on from Project Mercury , taking its name from the fact that it carried two men instead of just one . After the Mercury - Atlas 10 mission was cancelled , Shepard was designated as the commander of the first manned Gemini mission , with Thomas P. Stafford chosen as his pilot . In late 1963 , Shepard began to experience episodes of extreme dizziness and nausea , accompanied by a loud , clanging noise in the left ear . He tried to keep it secret , fearing that he would lose his flight status , but was aware that if an episode occurred in the air or in space it could be fatal . Following an episode during a lecture in Houston , where he had recently moved from Virginia Beach , Virginia , Shepard was forced to confess his ailment to Slayton , who was now Director Flight Operations , and seek help from NASA 's doctors .
Guns N' Roses
In November 2002 , the band 's first North American tour since 1993 was organized to support Chinese Democracy , with CKY and Mix Master Mike joining . However , the opening show in Vancouver was canceled by the venue when Rose failed to turn up . According to Guns ' management , `` Axl 's flight from L.A. had been delayed by mechanical troubles '' . A riot ensued . This tour was met with mixed results . Some concerts did not sell well , while shows in larger markets such as New York City sold out in minutes . Due to a second riot by fans in Philadelphia when the band failed to show up again , tour promoter Clear Channel canceled the remainder of the tour . Rose later mentioned in 2006 , `` There are reasons that I have not spoken more about ( cancelled shows in Vancouver and Philadelphia ) that have been extremely complicated and are not legally resolved behind the scenes to this day and could have possibly jeopardized the future of Guns N ' Roses . '' Rose then apologized to the city of Philadelphia when playing there in 2012 , adding `` I 'm not saying I 'm innocent '' . Guns
Space Shuttle retirement
In August 2011 the NASA Inspector General released an audit of the display selection process ; it highlighted issues which led to the final decision . The Museum of Flight in Seattle , Washington , March Field Air Museum , Riverside , California , Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum , McMinnville , Oregon , National Museum of the U.S. Air Force , Dayton , Ohio , San Diego Air and Space Museum , San Diego , Space Center Houston , Houston , Texas , Tulsa Air and Space Museum & Planetarium , Tulsa , Oklahoma and U.S. Space and Rocket Center , Huntsville , Alabama scored poorly on international access . Additionally Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History and the Bush Library at Texas A&M , in College Station , Texas scored poorly on museum attendance , regional population and was the only facility found to pose a significant risk in transporting an orbiter there . Overall , the California Science Center scored first and Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History scored last . The two most controversial locations which were not awarded an orbiter , Space Center Houston and National Museum of the U.S. Air Force , finished 2nd to last and near the middle of the list respectively . The report noted a scoring error , which if corrected would have placed the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in a tie with the Intrepid Museum and Kennedy Visitor Complex ( just below the California Science Center ) , although due to funding concerns the same decisions would have been made .
Respiratory system
During exhalation the external oblique muscle which is attached to the sternum and vertebral ribs anteriorly , and to the pelvis ( pubis and ilium in Fig. 17 ) posteriorly ( forming part of the abdominal wall ) reverses the inhalatory movement , while compressing the abdominal contents , thus increasing the pressure in all the air sacs . Air is therefore expelled from the respiratory system in the act of exhalation . Fig.
Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Florida
In Boca Raton , the Boca Raton Airport suffered extensive damage , including the collapse of two hangars , planes that had flipped over , and hangar doors which had blown in . The airport reported nearly $12 million in damage . At a high school , two masonry block walls of the school 's $8.6 million theater were ripped apart . An elementary school almost completely lost its roof . Additionally , the gymnasium at Florida Atlantic University suffered severe roof damage . The Boca Raton News , a local community newspaper that circulated until 2009 , suspended publication for almost a week due to damage and lack of electricity at its headquarters . The West Boca Medical Center was structurally damaged and the steeple of a church collapsed . Twenty - five businesses were destroyed , while several along Northwest Second Avenue sustained roof damage . About 1,889 homes in the city suffered losses , while the demolition of 8 others occurred . Damage in the city alone total approximately $60.8 million .
Sacramento International Airport
During the 1980s continued development at SMF added : the in - flight catering facility ( 1980 ) , an FAA Flight Inspection Field Office ( 1985 ) , a second air cargo facility ( 1985 ) and the east runway ( 1987 ) . The east runway 's opening was celebrated by the landing of a Concorde SST . America West Airlines , Continental Airlines , Morris Air , Northwest Airlines and American Eagle Airlines joined the original carriers at Sacramento Metropolitan Airport during this time .
Shotgun
Brenneke and Foster type slugs have the same basic configuration as normal slugs , but have increased accuracy . The hollowed rear of the Foster slug improves accuracy by placing more mass in the front of the projectile , therefore inhibiting the `` tumble '' that normal slugs may generate . The Brenneke slug takes this concept a bit further , with the addition of a wad that stays connected to the projectile after discharge , increasing accuracy . Both slugs are commonly found with fins or rib , which are meant to allow the projectile to safely squeeze down during passage through chokes , but they do not increase stability in flight .
White Rabbit
In his article `` Alice on the Stage '' Carroll wrote `` And the White Rabbit , what of him ? Was he framed on the `` Alice '' lines , or meant as a contrast ? As a contrast , distinctly . For her ' youth ' , ' audacity ' , ' vigour ' , and ' swift directness of purpose ' , read ' elderly ' , ' timid ' , ' feeble ' , and ' nervously shilly - shallying ' , and you will get something of what I meant him to be . I think the White Rabbit should wear spectacles . I 'm sure his voice should quaver , and his knees quiver , and his whole air suggest a total inability to say ' Boo ' to a goose ! ''
History of the San Diego Chargers
During the 1996 season , running back Rodney Culver was killed in the crash of ValuJet Flight 592 in the Florida Everglades . Linebacker David Griggs had been killed in a single motor vehicle accident in Davie , Florida , eleven months earlier .
Interstate 405 (California)
Researchers at the University of California , Los Angeles used the closure of I - 405 to study particulate matter air pollution . The researchers took air samples before , during , and after the closure . The researchers found an 83 % reduction in ultrafine particles , 55 % reduction in fine particle matter , and 62 % less black carbon .
Western Front (World War I)
Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to 5 -- 6 kilometres ( 3 -- 4 mi ) to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive . He also kept tight control of the main reserve , feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going . In preparation for their attack , the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress . In the opening phase , they swept the air space of French aircraft , which allowed German artillery - observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference . In May , the French countered by deploying escadrilles de chasse with superior Nieuport fighters and the air over Verdun turned into a battlefield as both sides fought for air superiority .
Dutch colonization of the Americas
The Dutch West Indian Company built a fort in 1616 on the Essequibo River . The Dutch traded with the Indian peoples and , as in Suriname , established sugar plantations worked by African slaves . While the coast remained under Dutch control , the English established plantations west of the Suriname River . Conflict between the two countries meant parts of the region changed hands a number of times , but by 1796 Britain had control of the region . The Netherlands ceded the colonies of Essequibo , Demerara , and Berbice to Britain in 1814 .
Military history of the United States during World War II
In reality , the day bombing was `` precision bombing '' only in the sense that most bombs fell somewhere near a specific designated target such as a railway yard . Conventionally , the air forces designated as `` the target area '' a circle having a radius of 1000 feet around the aiming point of attack . While accuracy improved during the war , Survey studies show that , in the over-all , only about 20 % of the bombs aimed at precision targets fell within this target area . In the fall of 1944 , only seven percent of all bombs dropped by the Eighth Air Force hit within 1,000 feet of their aim point . The only offensive ordnance possessed by the USAAF that was guidable , the VB - 1 Azon , saw very limited service in both Europe and in the CBI Theater late in the war .
Edward O'Hare
A few years later , Colonel Robert R. McCormick , publisher of the Chicago Tribune , suggested that the name of Chicago 's Orchard Depot Airport be changed as a tribute to Butch O'Hare . On September 19 , 1949 , the Chicago , Illinois airport was renamed O'Hare International Airport to honor O'Hare's bravery . The airport displays a Grumman F4F - 3 museum aircraft replicating the one flown by Butch O'Hare during his Medal of Honor flight . The Grumman F4F - 3 Wildcat on display was recovered virtually intact from the bottom of Lake Michigan , where it sank after a training accident in 1943 when it went off the training aircraft carrier USS Wolverine ( IX - 64 ) . In 2001 , the Air Classics Museum remodeled the aircraft to replicate the F4F - 3 Wildcat that O'Hare flew on his Medal of Honor flight . The restored Wildcat is exhibited in the west end of Terminal 2 behind the security checkpoint to honor O'Hare International Airport 's namesake .
Scottish Premier League
After widespread cost - cutting measures , the finances of SPL clubs began to show signs of improvement . Both Motherwell and Dundee came out of administration in April and August 2004 respectively , while Livingston ended its 15 - month spell in administration in May 2005 . The 2006 report on SPL finances by PWC revealed operating profits of £ 2.8 million among SPL clubs , the first collective operating profit made by Scotland 's top - flight clubs in over a decade . Seven of the SPL 's 12 clubs had a wage turnover ratio of less than 60 % .
Atlanta
Atlanta has a network of freeways that radiate out from the city , and automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in the region . Three major interstate highways converge in Atlanta : I - 20 ( east - west ) , I - 75 ( northwest - southeast ) , and I - 85 ( northeast - southwest ) . The latter two combine in the middle of the city to form the Downtown Connector ( I - 75 / 85 ) , which carries more than 340,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most congested segments of interstate highway in the United States . Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285 , a beltway locally known as `` the Perimeter '' that has come to mark the boundary between `` Inside the Perimeter '' ( ITP ) , the city and close - in suburbs , and `` Outside the Perimeter '' ( OTP ) , the outer suburbs and exurbs . The heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation in Atlanta has resulted in traffic , commute , and air pollution rates that rank among the worst in the country .