vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Primary color
A set of primary colors is , most tangibly , a set of real colorants or colored lights that can be combined in varying amounts to produce a gamut of colors . This is the essential method used in applications that are intended to elicit the perception of diverse sets of color , e.g. electronic displays , color printing , and paintings . Perceptions associated with a given combination of primary colors are predicted by applying the appropriate mixing model ( additive , subtractive , additive averaging etc . ) that embodies the underlying physics of how light interacts with the media and ultimately the retina .
Environmental policy of the United States
Critics of environmental legislation argue that the gains made in environmental protection come at too great a cost . The overall cost of environmental regulation in the United States is estimated to be about 2 % of the gross domestic product - similar to many other countries , but calculating the cost is challenging both conceptually ( deciding what costs are included ) and practically ( with data from a broad range of sources ) . In 1994 , almost $122 billion was spent on pollution abatement and control . $35 billion of that has been in direct government spending , $65 billion was spent by business , and $22 billion was spent by individuals .
A Tale of Two Cities
Other sources are The French Revolution : A History by Thomas Carlyle ( especially important for the novel 's rhetoric and symbolism ) ; Zanoni by Edward Bulwer - Lytton ; The Castle Spector by Matthew Lewis ; Travels in France by Arthur Young ; and Tableau de Paris by Louis - Sébastien Mercier . Dickens also used material from an account of imprisonment during the Terror by Beaumarchais , and records of the trial of a French spy published in The Annual Register .
Primary election
The Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) proposed a new schedule and a new rule set for the 2008 Presidential primary elections . Among the changes : the primary election cycle would start nearly a year earlier than in previous cycles , states from the West and the South would be included in the earlier part of the schedule , and candidates who run in primary elections not held in accordance with the DNC 's proposed schedule ( as the DNC does not have any direct control over each state 's official election schedules ) would be penalized by being stripped of delegates won in offending states . The New York Times called the move , `` the biggest shift in the way Democrats have nominated their presidential candidates in 30 years . ''
Primary election
In 2017 , the Party of Growth holds the primaries for the nomination of candidates for the presidential election . These are the first presidential primaries in the history of Russia . However , voting for candidates will take place via the Internet within three months , and , according to the spokesman of the party , the results of the primaries will not be mandatory for the nomination of the candidate and the party convention may nominate another candidate who does not even participate in the primaries , or even not nominate candidates and support President Vladimir Putin , if he decides to be re-elected .
Seat belt laws in the United States
Age 16 + in front seats ; age 8 - 15 in all seats $10 for age 16 + ; $50 for age 8 - 15 76.0 % Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $20 78.9 % Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1993 Age 18 + in front seats $25 84.1 % Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $25 93.2 % New Hampshire None , Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2 % New Jersey Primary Enforcement March 1 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $46 per person 93.7 % New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 18 + in all seats $25 89.8 % New York Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1984 Age 16 + in front seats ; under 16 in all seats $50 ( $135 Actual after surcharges ) 89.8 % North Carolina Primary Enforcement , Secondary for Backseat October 1 , 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat ; $10 for rear seat 89.7 % North Dakota Secondary Enforcement July 14 , 1994 Age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $20 for age 18 + ; $25 + 1 point on license for under 18 74.8 % Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6 , 1986 Age 15 + in front seat ; 8 -- 14 in all seats $30 for driver ; $20 for passenger 83.8 % Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1 , 1987 Age 13 + in front seats $20 85.9 % Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7 , 1990
Primary election
Closed primary . ( synonyms : internal primaries , party primaries ) In the case of closed primaries , internal primaries , or party primaries , only party members can vote . Open primary . All voters can take part in an open primary and may cast votes on a ballot of any party . The party may require them to express their support to the party 's values and pay a small contribution to the costs of the primary .
History of wolves in Yellowstone
The Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan represents a `` road map '' to recovery ' of the gray wolf in ' the Rocky Mountains . The primary goal of the plan is to remove the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf from the endangered and threatened species list by securing and maintaining a minimum of 10 breeding pairs of wolves in each of the three recovery areas for a minimum of three successive years . --
Romanesque art
Figurative sculpture was based on two other sources in particular , manuscript illumination and small - scale sculpture in ivory and metal . The extensive friezes sculpted on Armenian and Syriac churches have been proposed as another likely influence . These sources together produced a distinct style which can be recognised across Europe , although the most spectacular sculptural projects are concentrated in South - Western France , Northern Spain and Italy . Man
United States presidential primary
The staggered nature of the presidential primary season allows candidates to concentrate their resources in each area of the country one at a time instead of campaigning in every state simultaneously . In some of the less populous states , this allows campaigning to take place on a much more personal scale . However , the overall results of the primary season may not be representative of the U.S. electorate as a whole : voters in Iowa , New Hampshire and other less populous states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses in late - January / February usually have a major impact on the races , while voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries in June generally end up having no say because the races are usually over by then . As a result , more states vie for earlier primaries , known as `` front - loading '' , to claim a greater influence in the process . The national parties have used penalties and awarded bonus delegates in efforts to stagger the system over broadly a 90 - day window . Where state legislatures set the primary or caucus date , sometimes the out - party in that state has endured penalties in the number of delegates it can send to the national convention .
Official bilingualism in Canada
Section 23 provides a limited right to receive publicly funded primary and secondary - schooling in the two official languages when they are `` in a minority situation '' -- in other words , to English - language schooling in Quebec , and to French - language schooling in the rest of the country . Asymmetrical
Binary star
A study of fourteen previously known planetary systems found three of these systems to be binary systems . All planets were found to be in S - type orbits around the primary star . In these three cases the secondary star was much dimmer than the primary and so was not previously detected . This discovery resulted in a recalculation of parameters for both the planet and the primary star .
Copper in architecture
Since scrap copper retains much of its primary value , copper 's life cycle costs are reduced when accounting for its salvage value . For more information , see Recyclability section in this article .
Primary election
Oregon was the first American state in which a binding primary election was conducted entirely via the internet . The election was held by the Independent Party of Oregon in July , 2010 .
Elections in the United States
In partisan elections , candidates are chosen by primary elections ( abbreviated to `` primaries '' ) and caucuses in the states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands .
Education in ancient Rome
Education in ancient Rome progressed from an informal , familial system of education in the early Republic to a tuition - based system during the late Republic and the Empire . The Roman education system was based on the Greek system -- and many of the private tutors in the Roman system were Greek slaves or freedmen . The educational methodology and curriculum used in Rome was copied in its provinces , and provided a basis for education systems throughout later Western civilization . Organized education remained relatively rare , and there are few primary sources or accounts of the Roman educational process until the 2nd century AD . Due to the extensive power wielded by the paterfamilias over Roman families , the level and quality of education provided to Roman children varied drastically from family to family ; nevertheless , Roman popular morality came eventually to expect fathers to have their children educated to some extent , and a complete advanced education was expected of any Roman who wished to enter politics .
Mars
The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods , but the following are the three primary periods :
Ground tissue
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular . It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls . 1 ) Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and usually remain alive after they become mature . Parenchyma forms the `` filler '' tissue in the soft parts of plants. usually present in cortex , pericycle , pith , and medullary rays in primary stem and root . 2 ) Collenchyma cells have thin primary walls with some areas of secondary thickening . Collenchyma provides extra structural support , particularly in regions of new growth . 3 ) Sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature . Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant .
Elections in the United States
The primary and caucus season in Presidential elections lasts from the Iowa caucus in January to the last primaries in June . Front - loading - when larger numbers of contests take place in the opening weeks of the season -- can have an effect on the nomination process , potentially reducing the number of realistic candidates , as fund - raisers and donors quickly abandon those they see as untenable . However , it is not the case that the successful candidate is always the candidate that does the best in the early primaries . There is also a period dubbed the `` invisible primary '' that takes place before the primary season , when candidates attempt to solicit media coverage and funding well before the real primary season begins .
Conic section
In the notation used here , A and B are polynomial coefficients , in contrast to some sources that denote the semimajor and semiminor axes as A and B . Invariants
Cardinal direction
Particular colors are associated in some traditions with the cardinal points . These are typically `` natural colors '' of human perception rather than optical primary colors .
Ultraviolet
UV fluorescent dyes that glow in the primary colors are used in paints , papers , and textiles either to enhance color under daylight illumination or to provide special effects when lit with UV lamps . Blacklight paints that contain dyes that glow under UV are used in a number of art and aesthetic applications . A
Analects
His primary goal in educating his students was to produce ethically well - cultivated men who would carry themselves with gravity , speak correctly , and demonstrate consummate integrity in all things ( Analects 12.11 ; see also 13.3 ) . He was willing to teach anyone regardless of social class , as long as they were sincere , eager , and tireless to learn ( Analects 7.7 ; 15.38 ) . He is traditionally credited with teaching three thousand students , though only seventy are said to have mastered what he taught . He taught practical skills , but regarded moral self - cultivation as his most important subject .
Primary election
Of note regarding the DNC 's proposed 2008 Presidential primary election schedule is that it contrasted with the Republican National Committee 's ( RNC ) rules regarding Presidential primary elections . `` No presidential primary , caucus , convention , or other meeting may be held for the purpose of voting for a presidential candidate and / or selecting delegates or alternate delegates to the national convention , prior to the first Tuesday of February in the year in which the national convention is held . '' In 2020 , this date is February 4 .
United States presidential primary
Nearly all states have a binding primary or caucus , in which the results of the election depending on state law or party rules legally bind some or all of the delegates to vote for a particular candidate at the national convention , for a certain number of ballots or until the candidate releases the delegates . Some binding primaries are winner - take - all contests , in which all of a state 's delegates are required to vote for the same candidate . In a proportional vote , a state 's delegation is allocated in proportion to the candidates ' percent of the popular vote in a congressional district . In many of those states that have proportional vote primaries , a candidate must meet a certain threshold in the popular vote to be given delegates .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
The Pirates originally played in Recreation ( Union ) and Exposition Parks , all in what was then Allegheny City . Allegheny City was annexed by Pittsburgh in December 1907 . Accordingly , the Pirates did not play their first major league game in Pittsburgh until 1908 -- over 25 years after their founding .
History of Native Americans in the United States
Estimating the number of Native Americans living in what is today the United States of America before the arrival of the European explorers and settlers has been the subject of much debate . While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in North America before Columbus , estimates range from a low of 2.1 million ( Ubelaker 1976 ) to 7 million people ( Russell Thornton ) to a high of 18 million ( Dobyns 1983 ) . A low estimate of around 1 million was first posited by the anthropologist James Mooney in the 1890s , by calculating population density of each culture area based on its carrying capacity . In 1965 , the American anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns published studies estimating the original population to have been 10 to 12 million . By 1983 , he increased his estimates to 18 million . Historian David Henige criticized higher estimates such as those of Dobyns ' , writing that many population figures are the result of arbitrary formulas selectively applied to numbers from unreliable historical sources . By 1800 , the Native population of the present - day United States had declined to approximately 600,000 , and only 250,000 Native Americans remained in the 1890s . A
Casualties of the Iraq War
In 2007 , a Iraqi Society of Psychiatrists and WHO study found that 70 % of 10,000 primary school students in the Sha'ab section of north Baghdad are suffering from trauma - related symptoms .
United States presidential primary
In the interregional primary plan , the country is divided into geographical regions . On each primary date from March to June , one state from each of six regions votes . Each election date would contain a wide variety of perspectives . The order of the states in each region is set by a lottery . In a 24 - year cycle , every state would have a chance to be among the first primary states . The primary criticism of this plan is that travel costs would be quite high : in each round , candidates would essentially have to cover the entire country to campaign effectively . Contrary to most reform plans , this would reduce the ability of lesser - funded candidates to build up from small contests to large ones .
The Left Hand of Darkness
A prominent theme in the novel is social relations in a society where gender is irrelevant ; in Le Guin 's words , she `` eliminated gender , to find out what was left '' . In her 1976 essay `` Is Gender Necessary ? '' Le Guin wrote that the theme of gender was only secondary to the novel 's primary theme of loyalty and betrayal . Le Guin revisited this essay in 1988 , and stated that gender was central to the novel ; her earlier essay had described gender as a peripheral theme because of the defensiveness she felt over using masculine pronouns for her characters .
Spanish Inquisition
The Spanish Inquisition is often cited in popular literature and history as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression . Various modern historians have questioned whether earlier accounts about the scope and brutality of the Spanish Inquisition were exaggerated during the waves of anti-Catholicism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . The two most significant and extensively cited sources of this revised analysis of the historiography of the inquisitorial proceedings are Inquisition ( 1988 ) by Edward Peters and The Spanish Inquisition : An Historical Revision ( 1997 ) by Henry Kamen .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Congolese National Police ( PNC ) are the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
Osage Nation
The Osage appealed to Congress for support to create their own government and membership rules . In 2004 , President George W. Bush signed Public Law 108 - 431 , `` An Act to Reaffirm the Inherent Sovereign Rights of the Osage Tribe to Determine Its Membership and Form a Government . '' From 2004 to 2006 , the Osage Government Reform Commission formed and worked to develop a new government . It explored `` sharply differing visions arose of the new government 's goals , the Nation 's own history , and what it means to be Osage . The primary debates were focused on biology , culture , natural resources , and sovereignty . ''
Romanesque art
With the fall of the Roman Empire , the tradition of carving large works in stone and sculpting figures in bronze died out , as it effectively did ( for religious reasons ) in the Byzantine world . Some life - size sculpture was evidently done in stucco or plaster , but surviving examples are understandably rare . The best - known surviving large sculptural work of Proto - Romanesque Europe is the life - size wooden Crucifix commissioned by Archbishop Gero of Cologne in about 960 -- 65 , apparently the prototype of what became a popular form . These were later set up on a beam below the chancel arch , known in English as a rood , from the twelfth century accompanied by figures of the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist to the sides . During the 11th and 12th centuries , figurative sculpture strongly revived , and architectural reliefs are a hallmark of the later Romanesque period . Sources
Colonial history of the United States
The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years ' War . Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies , but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe . One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France , especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley .
Ryukyuan religion
In the Okinawan language , shiji means the ability to sense , communicate with , and direct the power of ancestors gods . Although men may display some of these abilities and often assist in rituals , women are the primary interlocutors between humans and spirits or gods in the Ryukyuan religion , therefore are highly respected .
United States presidential primary
Since the 1970s , states have held increasingly early primaries to maximize their leverage ( see Front - loading and compression below ) . In reaction to these moves , both the Democratic and Republican National Committees imposed a timing tier system of scheduling rules , stripping states of delegates if they move their primaries early , such as the case in both the Florida Democratic primary and the Florida Republican primary in 2008 .
United States presidential primary
There are several proposals for reforming the primary system . Some have called for a single nationwide primary to be held on one day . Others point out that requiring candidates to campaign in every state simultaneously would exacerbate the purported problem of campaigns being dominated by the candidates who raise the most money . The following proposals attempt to return the primary system to a more relaxed schedule , and would help less - funded candidates by lowering the cost of entry .
Primary election
Because many Washington residents were disappointed over the loss of their blanket primary , which the Washington State Grange helped institute in 1935 , the Grange filed Initiative 872 in 2004 to establish a blanket primary for partisan races , thereby allowing voters to once again cross party lines in the primary election . The two candidates with the most votes then advance to the general election , regardless of their party affiliation . Supporters claimed it would bring back voter choice ; opponents said it would exclude third parties and independents from general election ballots , could result in Democratic or Republican - only races in certain districts , and would in fact reduce voter choice . The initiative was put to a public vote in November 2004 and passed . On July 15 , 2005 , the initiative was found unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington . The U.S. Supreme Court heard the Grange 's appeal of the case in October 2007 . In March 2008 , the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Grange - sponsored Top 2 primary , citing a lack of compelling evidence to overturn the voter - approved initiative .
History of the telescope
In 1636 Marin Mersenne proposed a telescope consisting of a paraboloidal primary mirror and a paraboloidal secondary mirror bouncing the image through a hole in the primary , solving the problem of viewing the image . James Gregory went into further detail in his book Optica Promota ( 1663 ) , pointing out that a reflecting telescope with a mirror that was shaped like the part of a conic section , would correct spherical aberration as well as the chromatic aberration seen in refractors . The design he came up with bears his name : the `` Gregorian telescope '' ; but according to his own confession , Gregory had no practical skill and he could find no optician capable of realizing his ideas and after some fruitless attempts , was obliged to abandon all hope of bringing his telescope into practical use . Light
Primary color
Red , green , and blue light are the ideal primaries for additive color mixing since primary lights with those hues provide the largest triangular chromaticity gamuts . Small red , green , and blue elements in electronic displays mix additively from an appropriate viewing distance to synthesize compelling colored images .