vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Apothecaries' system
The civil weight systems were generally very similar to the apothecaries ' system , and since the libbra ( or the libbra sottile , where different systems were in use for light and heavy goods ) generally had a suitable weight for an apothecaries ' pound it was often used for this purpose . Extreme cases were Rome and Genoa , where the same system was used for everything , including medicine . On the other hand , there were relatively large differences even between two cities in the same state . E.g. Bologna ( in the Papal States ) had an apothecaries ' pound that was less than the local civil pound , and 4 % lighter than the pound used in Rome .
Cash register
An early mechanical cash register was invented by James Ritty and John Birch following the American Civil War . James was the owner of a saloon in Dayton , Ohio , USA , and wanted to stop employees from pilfering his profits . The Ritty Model I was invented in 1879 after seeing a tool that counted the revolutions of the propeller on a steamship . With the help of James ' brother John Ritty , they patented it in 1883 . It was called Ritty 's Incorruptible Cashier and it was invented for the purpose to stop cashiers of pilfering and eliminating employee theft or embezzlement .
Tokyo Godfathers
Hana , Miyuki , and Gin are taken to the hospital . Miyuki hands Gin his cigarettes and drops the old man 's small red bag on the floor , revealing a winning lottery ticket . Kiyoko 's real parents want to ask the trio to become her godparents . When a police inspector introduces them to the trio , the inspector is revealed to be Miyuki 's father .
Wales
Male voice choirs emerged in the 19th century and continue today . Originally these choirs where formed as the tenor and bass sections of chapel choirs , and embraced the popular secular hymns of the day . Many of the historic choirs survive in modern Wales , singing a mixture of traditional and popular songs . Drama
Incandescent light bulb
Vacuum , used in small lamps . Provides best thermal insulation of the filament but does not protect against its evaporation . Used also in larger lamps where the outer bulb surface temperature has to be limited . Argon ( 93 % ) and nitrogen ( 7 % ) , where argon is used for its inertness , low thermal conductivity and low cost , and the nitrogen is added to increase the breakdown voltage and prevent arcing between parts of the filament Nitrogen , used in some higher - power lamps , e.g. projection lamps , and where higher breakdown voltage is needed due to proximity of filament parts or lead - in wires Krypton , which is more advantageous than argon due to its higher atomic weight and lower thermal conductivity ( which also allows use of smaller bulbs ) , but its use is hindered by much higher cost , confining it mostly to smaller - size bulbs . Krypton mixed with xenon , where xenon improves the gas properties further due to its higher atomic weight . Its use is however limited by its very high cost . The improvements by using xenon are modest in comparison to its cost . Hydrogen , in special flashing lamps where rapid filament cooling is required ; its high thermal conductivity is exploited here .
The Dark Is Rising Sequence
Nearly all the locations mentioned in the books are based on real places . Over Sea , Under Stone and Greenwitch are set in Trewissick , which is based on a village in southern Cornwall called Mevagissey which Susan Cooper used to visit as a child . The Dark Is Rising is set in the part of Buckinghamshire where Cooper grew up : Huntercombe is based on the small village of Dorney , and the Great Hall is Dorney Court . The Welsh setting in The Grey King and Silver on the Tree is the area around Aberdyfi , the village where Cooper 's grandmother was born and where her parents lived .
French horn
Single horns use a single set of tubes connected to the valves . This allows for simplicity of use and a much lighter weight . They are usually in the keys of F or B ♭ , although many F horns have longer slides to tune them to E ♭ , and almost all B ♭ horns have a valve to put them in the key of A . The problem with single horns is the inevitable choice between accuracy or tone -- while the F horn has the `` typical '' horn sound , above third - space C accuracy is a concern for the majority of players because , by its nature , one plays high in the horn 's harmonic series where the overtones are closer together . This led to the development of the B ♭ horn , which , although easier to play accurately , has a less desirable sound in the mid and especially the low register where it is not able to play all of the notes . The solution has been the development of the double horn , which combines the two into one horn with a single lead pipe and bell . Both main types of single horns are still used today as student models because they are cheaper and lighter than double horns . In addition , the single B ♭ horns are sometimes used in solo and chamber performances and the single F survives orchestrally as the Vienna horn . Additionally , single F alto and B ♭ alto descants are used in the performance of some baroque horn concertos and F , B ♭ and F alto singles are occasionally used by jazz performers .
Quito
The long triangular La Alameda is located at the beginning of street Guayaquil , where the historic centre begins . It has an impressive monument of Simón Bolívar at the apex . There are several other interesting monuments in this park . In the centre of the park is the Quito Observatory , which was opened by President García Moreno in 1873 and is the oldest observatory in Latin America . It is used for both meteorology and astronomy . At the north end of the park are two ornamental lakes , where rowboats can be rented .
Kerosene heater
The wicks require routine maintenance . With fiberglass wicks , the kerosene heater is placed outdoors and allowed to operate until it runs out of fuel . Tar and other leftover deposits on the wick are burned off . This should be done at least once a week if operated 24hr a day . With cotton wicks , the heater must never be run dry to clean the wick . Cleaning is instead accomplished with a paper towel , wiping down the top of the wick to remove any residue . The wick will eventually deteriorate to the point where it will need to be replaced .
Algiers Motel incident
In 1968 , Cahalan filed suit to close down the Algiers Motel but was unsuccessful . It re-opened as `` The Desert Inn '' . The motel and manor house were demolished in 1979 . This was done as part of the `` New Center '' urban renewal project sponsored in part by General Motors . The Motel was located at 8301 Woodward Avenue , between Woodward and Virginia Park in the geographic center of Detroit . The open space where the motel and the manor house stood is known today as Virginia Park .
Three wise monkeys
Mahatma Gandhi 's one notable exception to his lifestyle of non-possession was a small statue of the three monkeys - Bapu , Ketan and Bandar . Today , a larger representation of the three monkeys is prominently displayed at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad , Gujarat , where Gandhi lived from 1915 to 1930 and from where he departed on his famous salt march . Gandhi 's statue also inspired a 2008 artwork by Subodh Gupta , Gandhi 's Three Monkeys .
Matterhorn
Whymper and party left Zermatt early in the morning of July 13 , 1865 , heading to the foot of the Hörnli ridge , which they reached 6 hours later ( approximately where the Hörnli Hut is situated today ) . Meanwhile Carrel and six other Italian guides also began their ascent of the Italian ridge .
Automated teller machine
Wetzel was recognised by the United States Patent Office as having invented the ATM in the form of U.S. Patent # 3,761,682 ; the application had been filed in October 1971 and the patent was granted in 1973 . However , the U.S. patent record cites at least three previous applications from Docutel , all relevant to the development of the ATM and where Wetzel does not figure , namely US Patent # 3,662,343 , U.S. Patent # 3651976 and U.S. Patent # 3 , 68,569 . These patents are all credited to Kenneth S. Goldstein , MR Karecki , TR Barnes , GR Chastian and John D. White .
Culture of El Salvador
In El Salvador , there are different costumes used mostly in religious or other festivals , although in some of the older towns , they are still worn regularly . In female clothing , it is common to see elements like a scapular , a shawl , and a cotton headscarf with different coloured adornments . These can be worn with a skirt and a blouse , or with a dress . The normal footwear is sandals . With male clothing , it is common to see a cotton suit or a cotton shirt , worn with modern jeans , sandals or boots , and a cowboy hat . However , these are rural fashions , and there can be many variations depending on the area .
Continuous monitoring
To be effective , those involved in the organizational governance process must take an enterprise wide view of where the organization has been , where it is and where it could and should be going . This enterprise wide view also must include consideration of the global , national and local economies , the strengths and weaknesses of the organization 's culture , and how the organization approaches managing risk .
The Devil Wears Prada (film)
The McGraw - Hill building on Sixth Avenue was used for the exteriors and lobby of Elias - Clarke 's headquarters . The Runway offices are partially corridors in the neighboring Fox building and partially sets . The Elias - Clarke cafeteria is the one at the Reuters office in Manhattan . Nate and Andy 's apartment is on the Lower East Side . Andy gets on the subway at the Spring Street station and gets off at 51st Street , both on the Lexington Avenue Line . Bubby 's , the restaurant Nate works at ( and where Andrea , Doug and Lily eat dinner on occasion ) is in TriBeCa . The Smith & Wollensky steakhouse and its kitchen were used . The Calvin Klein showroom is used in the deleted scenes . Holt 's studio is a loft used by an actual designer . The American Museum of Natural History was used for the exterior of the museum benefit , while the lobby of one of the Foley Square courthouses is used for the interior . The Priestly townhouse is on the Upper East Side and belongs to a friend of Finerman 's . It had to be dressed on short notice after another one could not be used . Christian gives Andy the unpublished Harry Potter manuscript at the St. Regis Hotel 's King Cole Bar . The Amtrak train the twins are taking is going up the Hudson River at Haverstraw Bay . Streep exits her limousine , supposedly in Paris , at 77th Street and Central Park West . The New York Mirror newsroom where Andrea gets hired at the end of the film is that of the now - defunct New York Sun . The café where Andy apologizes to Nate was the Mayrose at 920 Broadway ( near the Flatiron Building ) , which has since closed . On its site is a Flying Tiger Copenhagen store . Paris
PageRank
Other link - based ranking algorithms for Web pages include the HITS algorithm invented by Jon Kleinberg ( used by Teoma and now Ask.com ) , the IBM CLEVER project , the TrustRank algorithm and the hummingbird algorithm .
War Eagle
Auburn 's third eagle arrived in Auburn in November 1960 after being captured by a cotton farmer in Curry Station , Talladega County , Alabama who found the bird caught between two rows of cotton . The eagle was sent to Auburn by the Talladega County Agent along with a load of turkeys . It was first taken to the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity house where it refused a cold chicken leg but made fast work of a live chicken . After a short stay in one of the Wildlife Department 's animal pens , the eagle was moved into a cage built by the Auburn 's Delta Chapter of Alpha Phi Omega fraternity . This would begin a 40 - year period where Alpha Phi Omega was the bird 's primary caretaker .
Pendulum
From the first scientific investigations of the pendulum around 1602 by Galileo Galilei , the regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping , and was the world 's most accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930s . The pendulum clock invented by Christian Huygens in 1658 became the world 's standard timekeeper , used in homes and offices for 270 years , and achieved accuracy of about one second per year before it was superseded as a time standard by the quartz clock in the 1930s . Pendulums are also used in scientific instruments such as accelerometers and seismometers . Historically they were used as gravimeters to measure the acceleration of gravity in geophysical surveys , and even as a standard of length . The word `` pendulum '' is new Latin , from the Latin pendulus , meaning ' hanging ' .
Bradford
A major employer was Titus Salt who in 1833 took over the running of his father 's woollen business specialising in fabrics combining alpaca , mohair , cotton and silk . By 1850 he had five mills . However , because of the polluted environment and squalid conditions for his workers Salt left Bradford and transferred his business to Salts Mill in Saltaire in 1850 , where in 1853 he began to build the workers ' village which has become a UNESCO World Heritage site .
Ojibwe
These 15 major divisions developed into the following Ojibwe Bands and First Nations of today . Bands are listed under their respective tribes where possible . See also the listing of Saulteaux communities .
Computer
Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use . The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī in the early 11th century . The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus . A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy . An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear - wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in 1235 . Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe , an early fixed - wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear - wheels , circa 1000 AD .
Jamestown, Virginia
May 13 was the opening day of the festival , which began with a procession which marched to the graveyard of the old church , where the attending bishop delivered the prayer . The procession then moved to the Travis mansion , where the celebrants dined and danced in the mansion that evening . Also during the festivities , students of the College of William and Mary gave orations . An old barn on the island was used as a temporary theater , where a company of players from Norfolk performed . Attending were many dignitaries , politicians , and historians . The celebration concluded on May 14 with a dinner and toast at the Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg .
Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series
Several liberties were taken in adapting Tolkien 's weaponry and armour to the screen . While plate armour is used in the films , it is unmentioned in any of the author 's writings ( except for vambraces ) , where scale and especially mail predominate . Some swords , like the broken royal sword Narsil , are also interpreted as two - handed longswords . These design choices help evoke the Late Medieval and Renaissance periods , whereas Tolkien 's original atmosphere is generally more akin to the Early Medieval period . In a private letter he compared Middle - earth clothing and war gear to that of Dark Age Europe and the Bayeux Tapestry . Weta also invented Elvish inscriptions for weapons like the spear Aeglos and the swords Sting and Narsil . In some cases Tolkien writes about runes on sword blades but does not give them in detail . The Elves use curved swords , whereas the author mostly assigns such swords to Orcs and enemy Men ( he writes about one Elf bearing a curved sword in very early writings ) . The designers went so far as to invent new weapons , such as the Elvish sword Hadhafang , used by Arwen ; while the design is original the name is derived from Tolkien 's `` Etymologies '' in The Lost Road .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss .
Indigenous Australian art
Many of the centres operate online art galleries where local and international visitors can purchase works directly from the communities without the need of going through an intermediary . The cooperatives reflect the diversity of art across Indigenous Australia from the north west region where ochre is significantly used ; to the tropical north where the use of cross-hatching prevails ; to the Papunya style of art from the central desert cooperatives . Art is increasingly becoming a significant source of income and livelihood for some of these communities .
Metrication in the United States
Accurate sound level measurement devices were not invented until after the microphone or for that matter after the proliferation of the SI system in physics and internationally . Hence , although certain information on sound pressure can theoretically be evaluated in terms of pounds per square inch ( PSI ) , this is virtually never done . Instead , the internationally used decibel ( dB ) scale is most common . In some cases where there 's a desire for a non-logarithmic scale , the decibel - related sone scale is used . For example , appliance noise level is usually rated in terms of sone output . Hearing protection must be labeled in terms of decibel reduction with more detailed charts displaying decibel reduction at given hertz frequencies .
Early world maps
the third island is where `` the winged bird ends not his flight , '' i.e. , can not reach . on the fourth island `` the light is brighter than that of sunset or stars '' : it lay in the northwest , and after sunset in summer was practically in semi-obscurity . The fifth island , due north , lay in complete darkness , a land `` where one sees nothing , '' and `` the sun is not visible . '' the sixth island , `` where a horned bull dwells and attacks the newcomer '' the seventh island lay in the east and is `` where the morning dawns . ''
Pendulum
The timekeeping accuracy of the pendulum was exceeded by the quartz crystal oscillator , invented in 1921 , and quartz clocks , invented in 1927 , replaced pendulum clocks as the world 's best timekeepers . Pendulum clocks were used as time standards until World War 2 , although the French Time Service continued using them in their official time standard ensemble until 1954 . Pendulum gravimeters were superseded by `` free fall '' gravimeters in the 1950s , but pendulum instruments continued to be used into the 1970s . Clock
Culture of El Salvador
El Salvador is a hammock cultured country , and a large producer and exporter of hammocks . The valley in which San Salvador City sits upon is dubbed `` The Valley of the Hammocks '' because the Native Americans , used hammocks to repel constant earthquakes . Later , the colonizing Spaniards used the term as an allusion of earthquakes constantly rocking the valley where San Salvador City is , like a hammock . Hammocks are a big part of Salvadoran culture and are often used for afternoon naps . Hammocks swing from doorways , inside living rooms , on porches , in outdoor courtyards , and from trees . Just about everywhere a hammock can be seen hung in all social classes of Salvadoran homes . It is completely socially acceptable to lay around in a hammock all day in this Central American country , that hammocks can be seen from the most humble rural home , to the most prestigious city hotel chains , where there are the colorful and comfortable hammocks . To honor such a pleasure craft , the municipality of `` Concepcion Quezaltepeque '' celebrates its traditional Hammocks Festival , where artisans produce and sell hammocks as a tradition that is celebrated every year , between the first and second weekend of November , it is `` The Festival of the Hammocks '' . Hammocks are sold in every corner in towns and cities .
Coffee
In 1672 an Armenian named Pascal established a coffee stall in Paris that was ultimately unsuccessful and the city had to wait until 1689 for its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cutò opened the Café Procope . This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment ; Voltaire , Rousseau , and Denis Diderot frequented it , and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie , the first modern encyclopedia . America had its first coffeehouse in Boston , in 1676 . Coffee , tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns ; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston , where John Adams , James Otis , and Paul Revere planned rebellion . First
Missouri Compromise
Missouri statehood confronted Southern Jeffersonians with the prospect of applying the egalitarian principles espoused by the Revolutionary generation . This would require halting the spread of slavery westward , and confine the institution to where it already existed . Faced with a population of 1.5 million slaves , and the lucrative production of cotton , the South would abandon hopes for containment . Slaveholders in the 16th Congress , in an effort to come to grips with this paradox , would resort to a theory that called for extending slavery geographically so as to encourage its decline : `` diffusion '' .
Early world maps
Marinus of Tyre 's world maps were the first in the Roman Empire to show China . Around 120 CE , Marinus wrote that the habitable world was bounded on the west by the Fortunate Islands . The text of his geographical treatise however is lost . He also invented the equirectangular projection , which is still used in map creation today . A few of Marinus ' opinions are reported by Ptolemy . Marinus was of the opinion that the Okeanos was separated into an eastern and a western part by the continents ( Europe , Asia and Africa ) . He thought that the inhabited world stretched in latitude from Thule ( Shetland ) to Agisymba ( Tropic of Capricorn ) and in longitude from the Isles of the Blessed to Shera ( China ) . Marinus also coined the term Antarctic , referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle . His chief legacy is that he first assigned to each place a proper latitude and longitude ; he used a `` Meridian of the Isles of the Blessed ( Canary Islands or Cape Verde Islands ) '' as the zero meridian .
England at the FIFA World Cup
Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw .