vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Axis powers
Slovakia was spared German military occupation until the Slovak National Uprising , which began on 29 August 1944 , and was almost immediately crushed by the Waffen SS and Slovak troops loyal to Josef Tiso .
Foreign policy of the United States
Professor Joshua Muravchik argued U.S. occupation was critical for Axis power democratization after World War II , but America 's failure to encourage democracy in the third world `` prove ... that U.S. military occupation is not a sufficient condition to make a country democratic . '' The success of democracy in former Axis countries such as Italy were seen as a result of high national per - capita income , although U.S. protection was seen as a key to stabilization and important for encouraging the transition to democracy . Steven Krasner agreed that there was a link between wealth and democracy ; when per - capita incomes of $6,000 were achieved in a democracy , there was little chance of that country ever reverting to an autocracy , according to an analysis of his research in the Los Angeles Times . Opinion
British Empire
In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III , linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean . Initially the Canal was opposed by the British ; but once opened , its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the `` jugular vein of the Empire '' . In 1875 , the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha 's 44 % shareholding in the Suez Canal for £ 4 million ( equivalent to £ 350 million in 2016 ) . Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway , it did give Britain leverage . Joint Anglo - French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882 . The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position , but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople , which made the Canal officially neutral territory .
Nubia
By the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom period , the Medjay were an elite paramilitary police force . No longer did the term refer to an ethnic group and , over time , the new meaning became synonymous with the policing occupation in general . Being an elite police force , the Medjay were often used to protect valuable areas , especially royal and religious complexes . Though they are most notable for their protection of the royal palaces and tombs in Thebes and the surrounding areas , the Medjay were known to have been used throughout Upper and Lower Egypt .
Allies of World War II
In 1944 , Liberia and France signed . The French situation was very confused . Free French forces were recognized only by Britain , while the United States considered Vichy France to be the legal government of the country until Operation Overlord , while also preparing US occupation francs . Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 ; the Prime Minister feared that after the war , Britain could remain the sole great Power in Europe facing the Communist threat , as it was in 1940 and 1941 against Nazism .
Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson This speculative portrait from Cyclopedia of Universal History is one of several used to represent Henry Hudson . c. 1565 -- 1570 Kingdom of England 1611 ( presumed ) Occupation Explorer , navigator , author
Chola dynasty
The Western Chalukya Empire under Satyashraya and Someshvara I tried to wriggle out of Chola domination from time to time , primarily due to the Chola influence in the Vengi kingdom . The Western Chalukyas mounted several unsuccessful attempts to engage the Chola emperors in war , and except for a brief occupation of Vengi territories between 1118 -- 1126 , all their other attempts ended in failure with successive Chola emperors routing the armies of the Chalukyas at various places in many wars . Virarajendra Chola defeated Someshvara II of the Western Chalukya Empire and made an alliance with Prince Vikramaditya VI . Cholas always successfully controlled the Chalukyas in the western Deccan by defeating them in war and levying tribute on them . Even under the emperors of the Cholas like Kulothunga I and Vikrama Chola , the wars against the Chalukyas were mainly fought in Chalukya territories in Karnataka or in the Telugu country like Vengi , Kakinada , Anantapur , or Gutti . Then the former feudatories like the Hoysalas , Yadvas , and Kakatiyas steadily increased their power and finally replaced the Chalukyas . With the occupation of Dharwar in North Central Karnataka by the Hoysalas under Vishnuvardhana , where he based himself with his son Narasimha I in - charge at the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra around 1149 , and with the Kalachuris occupying the Chalukyan capital for over 35 years from around 1150 -- 1151 , the Chalukya kingdom was already starting to dissolve .
Parthenon
The precise circumstances under which the Turks appropriated it for use as a mosque are unclear ; one account states that Mehmed II ordered its conversion as punishment for an Athenian plot against Ottoman rule . The apse became a mihrab , the tower previously constructed during the Roman Catholic occupation of the Parthenon was extended upwards to become a minaret , a minbar was installed , the Christian altar and iconostasis were removed , and the walls were whitewashed to cover icons of Christian saints and other Christian imagery .
Cali Cartel
With connections to British and Israeli mercenaries , allies among countries , countless spies and informants in the government , and its vast intelligence and surveillance network throughout the city of Santiago de Cali , the cartel was once renowned and compared to the Soviet KGB by the US Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , which called it , `` One of the most powerful crime syndicates in history '' , later dubbed `` The Cali KGB '' .
Georgia during Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson 's decision in August 1866 to restore the former Confederate states to the Union was criticized by the Radical Republicans in Congress , who , in March 1867 , passed the First Reconstruction Act , placing the South under military occupation . Georgia , along with Alabama and Florida , became part of the Third Military District , under the command of General John Pope . Radical Republicans also passed an ironclad oath which prevented ex-Confederates from voting or holding office , replacing them with a coalition of Freedmen , Carpetbaggers , and Scalawags , mostly former Whigs who had opposed secession . A
History of Native Americans in the United States
Indian activists from around the country joined them at Pine Ridge , and the occupation became a symbol of rising American Indian identity and power . Federal law enforcement officials and the national guard cordoned off the town , and the two sides had a standoff for 71 days . During much gunfire , one United States Marshal was wounded and paralyzed . In late April a Cherokee and local Lakota man were killed by gunfire ; the Lakota elders ended the occupation to ensure no more lives were lost .
Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania Lietuvos Respublika ( Lithuanian ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Tautiška giesmė National Hymn Location of Lithuania ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) -- ( Legend ) Location of Lithuania in the World Capital and largest city Vilnius 54 ° 41 ′ N 25 ° 19 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 54.683 ° N 25.317 ° E ﻿ / 54.683 ; 25.317 Official languages Lithuanian Ethnic groups ( 2015 ) 86.7 % Lithuanians 5.6 % Poles 4.8 % Russians 1.3 % Belarusians 0.7 % Ukrainians 0.9 % other Demonym Lithuanian Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Dalia Grybauskaitė Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis Seimas Speaker Viktoras Pranckietis Legislature Seimas Independence from Russia / Germany ( 1918 ) First mention of Lithuania 9 March 1009 Coronation of Mindaugas 6 July 1253 Union with Poland 2 February 1386 Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth created 1 July 1569 Partitions of the Commonwealth 24 October 1795 Independence declared 16 February 1918 1st Soviet occupation 15 June 1940 Nazi German occupation 22 June 1941 2nd Soviet occupation July 1944 Independence restored 11 March 1990 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union 6 September 1991 Admitted to the United Nations 17 September 1991 Admitted to NATO 29 March 2004 Area Total 65,300 km ( 25,200 sq mi ) ( 121st ) Water ( % ) 1.35 Population 2017 estimate 2,810,865 ( 137th ) Density 43 / km ( 111.4 / sq mi ) ( 173rd ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $95.591 billion Per capita $34,074 ( 41st ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $51.372 billion Per capita $18,312 ( 49th ) Gini ( 2015 ) 37.9 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.848 very high 37th Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Date format yyyy - mm - dd ( CE ) Drives on the right Calling code + 370 ISO 3166 code LT Internet TLD . lt Website www.lietuva.lt Also . eu , shared with other European Union member states .
Borneo
During World War II , Japanese forces gained control and occupied most areas of Borneo from 1941 -- 45 . In the first stage of the war , the British saw the Japanese advance to Borneo as motivated by political and territorial ambitions rather than economic factors . The occupation drove many people in the coastal towns to the interior , searching for food and escaping the Japanese . The Chinese residents in Borneo , especially with the Sino - Japanese War in Mainland China mostly resisted the Japanese occupation . Following the formation of resistance movements in northern Borneo such as the Jesselton Revolt , many innocent indigenous and Chinese people were executed by the Japanese for their alleged involvement .
Czechoslovakia
In 1968 , when the reformer Alexander Dubček was appointed to the key post of First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party , there was a brief period of liberalization known as the Prague Spring . In response , after failing to persuade the Czechoslovak leaders to change course , five other Eastern Bloc members of the Warsaw Pact invaded . Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia on the night of 20 -- 21 August 1968 . The General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Leonid Brezhnev viewed this intervention as vital for the preservation of the Soviet , socialist system and vowed to intervene in any state that sought to replace Marxism - Leninism with capitalism . In the week after the invasion there was a spontaneous campaign of civil resistance against the occupation . This resistance involved a wide range of acts of non-cooperation and defiance : this was followed by a period in which the Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership , having been forced in Moscow to make concessions to the Soviet Union , gradually put the brakes on their earlier liberal policies . In April 1969 Dubček was finally dismissed from the First Secretaryship of the Czechoslovak Communist Party . Meanwhile , one plank of the reform program had been carried out : in 1968 - 9 , Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic . The theory was that under the federation , social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state would be largely eliminated . A number of ministries , such as education , now became two formally equal bodies in the two formally equal republics . However , the centralised political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization .
Thebes, Egypt
During the Roman occupation ( 30 BC - 349 AD ) , the remaining communities clustered around the pylon of the Luxor temple . Thebes became part of the Roman province of Thebais , which later split into Thebais Superior , centered at the city , and Thebais Inferior , centered at Ptolemais Hermiou . A Roman legion was headquartered in Luxor temple at the time of Roman campaigns in Nubia . Building did not come to an abrupt stop , but the city continued to decline . In the first century AD , Strabo described Thebes as having been relegated to a mere village .
Sputnik crisis
A contributing factor to the Sputnik Crisis was that the Soviets had not released a photograph of the satellite for five days after the launch . Until this point , its appearance remained a mystery to Americans . Another factor was Sputnik 's weight of 184 pounds ( 83 kg ) , compared to United States ' plans to launch a satellite of 21.5 pounds ( 9.8 kg ) . The Soviet claim seemed outrageous to many American officials who doubted its accuracy . US rockets at the time produced 150,000 pounds - force ( 670,000 N ) of thrust and US officials presumed that the Soviet rocket that launched Sputnik into space had to have produced 200,000 pounds - force ( 890,000 N ) of thrust . In fact , the R - 7 rocket that launched Sputnik 1 into space produced almost 1,000,000 pounds - force ( 4,400,000 N ) of thrust . All these factors contributed to the American people 's perception that they were greatly behind the Soviets in the development of space technologies .
Thylakoid
The molecular mechanism of ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) generation in chloroplasts is similar to that in mitochondria and takes the required energy from the proton motive force ( PMF ) . However , chloroplasts rely more on the chemical potential of the PMF to generate the potential energy required for ATP synthesis . The PMF is the sum of a proton chemical potential ( given by the proton concentration gradient ) and a transmembrane electrical potential ( given by charge separation across the membrane ) . Compared to the inner membranes of mitochondria , which have a significantly higher membrane potential due to charge separation , thylakoid membranes lack a charge gradient . To compensate for this , the 10,000 fold proton concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane is much higher compared to a 10 fold gradient across the inner membrane of mitochondria . The resulting chemiosmotic potential between the lumen and stroma is high enough to drive ATP synthesis using the ATP synthase . As the protons travel back down the gradient through channels in ATP synthase , ADP + P are combined into ATP . In this manner , the light - dependent reactions are coupled to the synthesis of ATP via the proton gradient .
Nuclear fusion
The maximum value of < σv > / T is taken from a previous table . The `` penalty / bonus '' factor is that related to a non-hydrogenic reactant or a single - species reaction . The values in the column `` inverse reactivity '' are found by dividing 1.24 × 10 by the product of the second and third columns . It indicates the factor by which the other reactions occur more slowly than the - reaction under comparable conditions . The column `` Lawson criterion '' weights these results with E and gives an indication of how much more difficult it is to achieve ignition with these reactions , relative to the difficulty for the - reaction . The next - to - last column is labeled `` power density '' and weights the practical reactivity by E. The final column indicates how much lower the fusion power density of the other reactions is compared to the - reaction and can be considered a measure of the economic potential .
Iran crisis of 1946
Although the occupation of Iran was scheduled to end after the war at the Potsdam Conference following Germany 's surrender , Stalin objected to Churchill 's proposal for an early allied withdrawal from Iran ahead of the agreed - upon schedule set at the Teheran Conference . Following VJ Day in September 1945 , first the US and then the UK withdrew their forces within the treaty - stipulated period . The Soviets not only violated the March 2 withdrawal deadline ; in that time they had expanded their military presence southward . By mid-December 1945 , with the use of troops and secret police , they had set up two pro-Soviet `` People 's Democratic Republics '' within Iranian territory , the Azerbaijan People 's Republic headed by Sayyid Jafar Pishevari and the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad under President Pesheva Qazi Muhammad .
Women in Vietnam
Nationalist movements like the Lao Dong Party used the liberation of women to show where they planned to lead the country and emphasized the poor rights for women during colonial rule and under French influence . These nationalist movements stressed the idea that women were oppressed under the French occupation and espoused the idea that liberation for women could only come through a nationalist revolution . They recognized that gender equality was an issue that cut across social lines and could be used to build nationalist support . However , when the Party Central Committee was asked to rank the ten `` essential tasks of the revolution , '' it ranked equal rights for women as ninth and its stance on women 's rights was intentionally vague .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Estimates of the casualties from the conflict in Iraq ( beginning with the 2003 US invasion of Iraq , and the ensuing occupation and insurgency ) have come in many forms , and the accuracy of the information available on different types of Iraq War casualties varies greatly .
Ryukyu Islands
During the American occupation of Amami , the Japanese government objected to them being included under the name `` Ryukyu '' in English , because they worried that this might mean that the return of the Amami Islands to Japanese control would be delayed until the return of Okinawa . However , the American occupational government on Amami continued to be called the `` Provisional Government for the Northern Ryukyu Islands '' in English , though it was translated as Rinji Hokubu Nansei - shotō Seichō ( 臨時 北部 南西 諸島 政庁 , Provisional Government for the Northern Nansei Islands ) in Japanese .
Heat
In statistical mechanics , for a closed system ( no transfer of matter ) , heat is the energy transfer associated with a disordered , microscopic action on the system , associated with jumps in occupation numbers of the energy levels of the system , without change in the values of the energy levels themselves . It is possible for macroscopic thermodynamic work to alter the occupation numbers without change in the values of the system energy levels themselves , but what distinguishes transfer as heat is that the transfer is entirely due to disordered , microscopic action , including radiative transfer . A mathematical definition can be formulated for small increments of quasi-static adiabatic work in terms of the statistical distribution of an ensemble of microstates .
History of Maryland
A Union artillery garrison was placed on Federal Hill with express orders to destroy the city should Southern sympathizers overwhelm law and order there . Following the riot of 1861 , Union troops under the command of General Benjamin F. Butler occupied the hill in the middle of the night . Butler and his men erected a small fort , with cannon pointing towards the central business district . Their goal was to guarantee the allegiance of the city and the state of Maryland to the federal government under threat of force . This fort and the Union occupation persisted for the duration of the Civil War . A large flag , a few cannon , and a small Grand Army of the Republic monument remain to testify to this period of the hill 's history . John
Cinema of the Philippines
In 1944 , Toho Studios sent director Abe Yutaka to Manila to produce the first of what would be the only two feature films to be entirely shot on location by the Japanese . Ano hata o ute ( あの 旗 を 撃て ) aka Dawn of Freedom told the story of the Japanese victory at the Battle of Corregidor and the U.S. military 's hasty retreat from the islands . The film presented the Japanese as Asian liberators who came to free the Filipinos from decades of colonial oppression that began with the Spanish and continued with the Americans . The film was shot in Japanese , Tagalog , and English and was written for the screen by Tsutomo Sawamura , co-directed by Gerardo de Leon ( uncredited ) , and co-starred Fernando Po and Leopold Celecdo . The other Japanese - produced feature film shot in the Philippines was Tatlong Maria ( 1944 ) . At the same time , the comedy duo Pugo and Togo , popular for satirizing Japanese occupation in the Philippines , was renamed to Tuguing and Puguing because of Togo name 's closeness to Tojo , the name of the Prime Minister of Japan during the early 1940s . However , perhaps out of deference to the substantial local Japanese population , film censors were sensitive to Japanese complaints about negative representations of Japanese in U.S. films screened in the Philippines and aggressively cut scenes depicting Japanese soldiers committing atrocities in Thunder in the Orient ( 1939 ) and Fight For Peace ( 1939 ) years before Japanese military occupation .
2016 Railway Budget of India
There were no fare hikes . It was announced that the freight tariffs would be changed to make them more competitive to the cost of transport by road . The capital outlay for 2016 - 17 was set at ₹ 1.21 lakh crore ( US $18 billion ) , a 20 % increase from last year . The revenue from traffic was projected at ₹ 1.85 lakh crore ( US $27 billion ) .
History of New York (state)
Upstate did not fare as well as downstate ; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions . The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997 . City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area , but did not increase proportionately in population . High - tech industry grew in cities such as Corning and Rochester . Overall New York entered the new millennium `` in a position of economic strength and optimism '' .
List of The Big Bang Theory characters
Professor Bertram Kibbler ( Brian Posehn ) is an employee of the Caltech geology department who met Amy while she was working there in her own lab in `` The Occupation Recalibration '' . Bert keeps bringing Amy interesting and beautiful rocks every day . It takes Howard and Raj to point out that he likes her . Bert then asks her to a rock and mineral show which she declines because she has a boyfriend . When Bert starts talking about how no one wants to do anything with him , Amy in a fit of sympathy agrees to go . Unfortunately , Bert is taking it as a date . Raj and Howard offer to talk to him to let him down easy and they end up going with him to the show .
Congress of Vienna
During the wars , Portugal had lost its town of Olivença to Spain and moved to have it restored . Portugal is historically Britain 's oldest ally , and with British support succeeded in having the re-incorporation of Olivença decreed in Article 105 of the Final Act , which stated that the Congress `` understood the occupation of Olivença to be illegal and recognized Portugal 's rights '' . Portugal ratified the Final Act in 1815 but Spain would not sign , and this became the most important hold - out against the Congress of Vienna . Deciding in the end that it was better to become part of Europe than to stand alone , Spain finally accepted the Treaty on 7 May 1817 ; however , Olivença and its surroundings were never returned to Portuguese control and this question remains unresolved . Great Britain received parts of the West Indies at the expense of the Netherlands and Spain and kept the former Dutch colonies of Ceylon and the Cape Colony as well as Malta and Heligoland . Under the Treaty of Paris , Britain obtained a protectorate over the United States of the Ionian Islands and the Seychelles .