vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kerosene heater
When filling a kerosene heater , there is an opportunity for the fuel to vaporize and create an odour in the air . This is why it is important to fill the heater in a garage or outdoors . When a kerosene heater is first ignited , it takes a few seconds to a few minutes for the fuel to mix with the air in the perfect ratio for complete combustion . During that time , the fuel to air mixture is quite rich . This results in a small amount of unburned kerosene , thus creating an odour . A common strategy is to light the heater outdoors , on the patio for example , until the fumes dissipate , and then bring it indoors . Once the heater is burning normally , no additional odour is created . An improperly adjusted wick also causes smoke and odour . This is corrected by adjusting the wick - height . A wick with carbon build - up will also cause odour and should be replaced . Odour may also be apparent when the heater is extinguished . The wick holder remains quite warm , and as the wick continues to draw kerosene , it causes vaporization of the fuel which is detected as odour .
Hard disk drive
The HDD 's spindle system relies on air density inside the disk enclosure to support the heads at their proper flying height while the disk rotates . HDDs require a certain range of air densities to operate properly . The connection to the external environment and density occurs through a small hole in the enclosure ( about 0.5 mm in breadth ) , usually with a filter on the inside ( the breather filter ) . If the air density is too low , then there is not enough lift for the flying head , so the head gets too close to the disk , and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss . Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high - altitude operation , above about 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) . Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment . Breather holes can be seen on all disk drives -- they usually have a sticker next to them , warning the user not to cover the holes . The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too , being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters . This air passes through an internal recirculation ( or `` recirc '' ) filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture , any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure , and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation . Very high humidity present for extended periods of time can corrode the heads and platters .
Hot air balloon
1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash : On 4 13 August 1989 , two hot air balloons collided at Alice Springs , Northern Territory , Australia , causing one to fall , killing all 13 people on board . 2011 Somerset hot air balloon crash : On 1 January 2011 , a hot air balloon attempting a high - altitude flight crashed at Pratten 's Bowls Club in Westfield , Somerset , near Bath , England , killing both people on board . 2012 Carterton hot air balloon crash : On 7 January 2012 , a hot air balloon collided with a power line , caught fire and crashed at Carterton , North Island , New Zealand , killing all 11 people on board . 2012 Ljubljana Marshes hot air balloon crash : On 23 August 2012 , a storm blew a hot air balloon to the ground , causing it to catch fire on impact near Ljubljana , Slovenia . The crash killed 6 of the 32 people on board , and injured the other 26 . 2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash : On 26 February 2013 , a hot air balloon carrying foreign tourists ignited and crashed near the ancient city of Luxor , Egypt , killing 19 of the 21 people on board , making it the deadliest balloon accident in history . 2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash : On 30 July 2016 , a hot air balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed near Lockhart , Texas . There were no survivors .
Non-commissioned officer
`` ( a ) In relation to the Navy , a rating of warrant officer , chief petty officer , petty officer , or leading rank ; and includes -- ( i ) A non-commissioned officer of the Army or the Air Force attached to the Navy ; and ( ii ) A person duly attached or lent as a non-commissioned officer to or seconded for service or appointed for duty as a non-commissioned officer with the Navy : ( b ) In relation to the Army , a soldier above the rank of private but below the rank of officer cadet ; and includes a warrant officer ; and also includes -- ( i ) A non-commissioned officer of the Navy or the Air Force attached to the Army ; and ( ii ) A person duly attached or lent as a non-commissioned officer to or seconded for service or appointed for duty as a non-commissioned officer with the Army : ( c ) In relation to the Air Force , an airman above the rank of leading aircraftman but below the rank of officer cadet ; and includes a warrant officer ; and also includes -- ( i ) A non-commissioned officer of the Navy or the Army attached to the Air Force ; and ( ii ) A person duly attached or lent as a non-commissioned officer to or seconded for service or appointed for duty as a non-commissioned officer with the Air Force : '' -- Defence Act 1990 , Sect 2 ( Interpretation )
California Smog Check Program
For years , California has been asking the US EPA to approve a waiver allowing it to enforce its own greenhouse gas emission standards for new motor vehicles . A request was made in December 2005 , but denied in March 2008 under the Bush administration , when interpretations of the Clean Air Act found California did not have the need for special emission standards . However , shortly after taking office , president Obama asked the EPA to assess if it was appropriate to deny the waiver and subsequently allowed the waiver . US EPA 's interpretation of the Clean Air Act allows California to have its own vehicle emissions program and set greenhouse gas standards due to the state 's unique need .
Air New Zealand
The campaign featured more than ninety Air New Zealand staff , eight of whom were chosen for starring roles and who swapped their real uniforms for a body painted version . Chief Executive Officer Rob Fyfe made a cameo appearance in full body paint . The campaign was designed to differentiate Air New Zealand from low - cost competitors that levy additional charges if a passenger wants to check a bag or have refreshments . Air New Zealand has airfares that include baggage allowances and refreshments .
Selena Gomez
In 2009 , Gomez was part of Sears 's back - to - school fashion campaign and was featured in television commercials . She hosted the `` Sears Arrive Air Band Casting Call '' to select five winners for the first - ever `` Sears Air Band '' to perform at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . She also became the spokesperson for Borden Milk and was featured in campaign 's print ads and television commercials .
Air Jordan
The 2011 has a unique design along both sides of the shoe . It is a star - constellation pattern that also serves as breathing holes for the shoe to keep it well ventilated . It uses patent leather wrapped around the shoe . The shoes are hand burnished and crafted . A dress shoe that feels similar to the XI was reported to be the goal . o The Air Jordan 2011 was originally released in 2011 . It has not been retro - ed .
Metrication in the United States
The U.S. military uses metric measurements extensively to ensure interoperability with allied forces , particularly NATO Standardization Agreements ( STANAG ) . Ground forces have measured distances in `` klicks '' , slang for kilometers , since 1918 . Most military firearms are measured in metric units , beginning with the M - 14 which was introduced in 1957 , although there are a few legacy exceptions , such as . 50 - caliber guns . Aircraft ordnance is normally measured in pounds . Heavy weapon caliber is measured in millimeters . Military vehicles are generally built to metric standards . An exception is the U.S. Navy , whose guns are measured in inches and whose undersea fleet measures distances in terms of `` kiloyards '' ( equivalent to 914.4 m ) , depth as `` feet '' , and velocity , in some cases , as `` feet per second '' . The Navy and Air Force continue to measure distance in nautical miles and speed in knots ; these units are now accepted for use with SI by the BIPM . Furthermore , in military aviation NATO countries use feet for flight heights , as they do in the civilian aviation .
Thermal comfort
An extensive field study was carried out in naturally ventilated residential buildings in Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia . This investigation explored the sexes thermal sensitivity to the indoor environment in non air - conditioned residential buildings . Multiple hierarchical regression for categorical moderator was selected for data analysis ; the result showed that females were slightly more sensitive than males to the indoor air temperatures , whereas , under thermal neutrality , it was found that males and females have similar thermal sensation .
Global Positioning System
Navigation : Soldiers use GPS to find objectives , even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory , and to coordinate troop and supply movement . In the United States armed forces , commanders use the Commander 's Digital Assistant and lower ranks use the Soldier Digital Assistant . Target tracking : Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and air targets before flagging them as hostile . These weapon systems pass target coordinates to precision - guided munitions to allow them to engage targets accurately . Military aircraft , particularly in air - to - ground roles , use GPS to find targets . Missile and projectile guidance : GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including ICBMs , cruise missiles , precision - guided munitions and artillery shells . Embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000 g or about 118 km / s have been developed for use in 155 - millimeter ( 6.1 in ) howitzer shells . Search and rescue . Reconnaissance : Patrol movement can be managed more closely . GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of an optical sensor called a bhangmeter , an X-ray sensor , a dosimeter , and an electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) sensor ( W - sensor ) , that form a major portion of the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System . General William Shelton has stated that future satellites may drop this feature to save money .
Hammersmith & City line
Services are provided by seven - car S Stock , part of Bombardier 's Movia family , with air - conditioning as the sub-surface tunnels ( unlike those on the deep - level tube lines ) are able to disperse the exhausted hot air . These trains have regenerative brakes , returning around 20 per cent of their energy to the network . With a top speed of 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) , a 7 - car S Stock train has a capacity of 865 passengers , compared to 739 for the six - car C Stock train it replaced . With a length of 384 feet ( 117 m ) , S Stock trains are 79 feet ( 24 m ) longer than 305 - foot ( 93 m ) long C Stock trains and station platforms have been lengthened . Traction voltage was increased in 2017 , from the present nominal 630 V to 750 V to give better performance and allow the trains to return more energy to the network through their regenerative brakes .
Incandescent light bulb
The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime . Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting , an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive . Some types of lamp , including incandescent and fluorescent , emit less light as they age ; this may be an inconvenience , or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure . A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements , cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps ( taking into account effective lamp lifetime ) , cost of electricity used , effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems . When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings , the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building 's air conditioning system . During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted , although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system . Regardless , over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates .
Desert
Sand and dust storms are natural events that occur in arid regions where the land is not protected by a covering of vegetation . Dust storms usually start in desert margins rather than the deserts themselves where the finer materials have already been blown away . As a steady wind begins to blow , fine particles lying on the exposed ground begin to vibrate . At greater wind speeds , some particles are lifted into the air stream . When they land , they strike other particles which may be jerked into the air in their turn , starting a chain reaction . Once ejected , these particles move in one of three possible ways , depending on their size , shape and density ; suspension , saltation or creep . Suspension is only possible for particles less than 0.1 mm ( 0.004 in ) in diameter . In a dust storm , these fine particles are lifted up and wafted aloft to heights of up to 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) . They reduce visibility and can remain in the atmosphere for days on end , conveyed by the trade winds for distances of up to 6,000 km ( 3,700 mi ) . Denser clouds of dust can be formed in stronger winds , moving across the land with a billowing leading edge . The sunlight can be obliterated and it may become as dark as night at ground level . In a study of a dust storm in China in 2001 , it was estimated that 6.5 million tons of dust were involved , covering an area of 134,000,000 km ( 52,000,000 sq mi ) . The mean particle size was 1.44 μm . A much smaller scale , short - lived phenomenon can occur in calm conditions when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler , low - pressure air above forming a whirling column of particles , a dust devil . Wind
Sea breeze
A sea - breeze front is a weather front created by a sea breeze , also known as a convergence zone . The cold air from the sea meets the warmer air from the land and creates a boundary like a shallow cold front . When powerful this front creates cumulus clouds , and if the air is humid and unstable , the front can sometimes trigger thunderstorms . If the flow aloft is aligned with the direction of the sea breeze , places experiencing the sea breeze frontal passage will have benign , or fair , weather for the remainder of the day . At the front warm air continues to flow upward and cold air continually moves in to replace it and so the front moves progressively inland . Its speed depends on whether it is assisted or hampered by the prevailing wind , and the strength of the thermal contrast between land and sea . At night , the sea breeze usually changes to a land breeze , due to a reversal of the same mechanisms .
Canada–United States relations
Beginning in 1986 the Canadian government of Brian Mulroney began pressing the Reagan administration for an `` Acid Rain Treaty '' in order to do something about U.S. industrial air pollution causing acid rain in Canada . The Reagan administration was hesitant , and questioned the science behind Mulroney 's claims . However , Mulroney was able to prevail . The product was the signing and ratification of the Air Quality Agreement of 1991 by the first Bush administration . Under that treaty , the two governments consult semi-annually on trans - border air pollution , which has demonstrably reduced acid rain , and they have since signed an annex to the treaty dealing with ground level ozone in 2000 . Despite this , trans - border air pollution remains an issue , particularly in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence watershed during the summer . The main source of this trans - border pollution results from coal - fired power stations , most of them located in the Midwestern United States . As part of the negotiations to create NAFTA , Canada and the U.S. signed , along with Mexico , the North American Agreement On Environmental Cooperation which created the Commission for Environmental Cooperation which monitors environmental issues across the continent , publishing the North American Environmental Atlas as one aspect of its monitoring duties .
Air pollution in the United States
Some industries are lobbying to keep the current standards in place . Environmentalists and public health advocates are mobilizing to support the scientific recommendations .
Middle ear
The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid -- membrane waves within the cochlea .
Mexico City
The area receives about 820 millimeters ( 32.3 in ) of annual rainfall , which is concentrated from June through September / October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year . The area has two main seasons . The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea , the wettest month being July . The dry season runs from November to May , when the air is relatively drier , the driest month being December . This dry season is subdivided into a cold period and a warm period . The cold period spans from November to February , when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry . The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain to form .
Air pollution in the United States
Even though the mechanistic association between air pollution and infections is still unclear and require further research , some studies shows that the some air pollutants , including secondhand smoking , ozone ( O3 ) , particulate matter ( PM ) , and nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , may cause the infections . According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) , children have higher risk of lower respiratory tract infections , such as pneumonia and bronchitis , if their parents smoke . CPSC mentions that 150,000 to 300,000 children ( under 18 month ) are affected by the lower respiratory tract infections which leads to 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations each year based on the EPA estimation . Exposure to higher level NO2 or long term exposure to low level NO2 also leads to higher risk for infections .
Battle of Long Tan
Smith requested close air support , calling for the waiting aircraft to drop napalm across 11 Platoon 's eastern frontage . The Phantoms soon arrived , but the rain and low cloud obscured the coloured smoke the Australians had thrown to mark their position through the trees . Stanley was forced to halt the artillery while the aircraft flew overhead , but as Smith was unable to establish communications with the forward air observer he wanted the aircraft to move out of the area so it could resume firing . Townsend directed the aircraft to attack the forward slopes of Nui Dat 2 instead , believing the VC command element to be located there . The artillery began to fall again as the VC formed assault waves , preventing D Company being overrun . Major Harry Honnor -- officer commanding 161st Battery , RNZA attached to 6 RAR in direct support -- served as Townsend 's artillery advisor at Nui Dat and during the battle controlled the fires of the three field batteries , as well as directing the American medium artillery against depth targets . On the ground , Stanley called down the fire himself or relayed the direction of the assault , from which Honnor selected targets and ordered the fire , which was then adjusted by Stanley using sound ranging to bring it closer . Despite the rain and the soft ground reducing the impact of the artillery , its effectiveness was aided by otherwise favourable technical conditions . This included the location of the infantry between the guns and the assaulting VC , the convenient range of 5,000 to 6,000 metres ( 5,500 to 6,600 yd ) at which the engagement occurred , good communications afforded by the newly issued AN / PRC - 25 radios , the air burst effect created by rounds exploding in the trees , and the large supply of rounds stock - piled at Nui Dat .
MAP sensor
MAP sensor data can be converted to air mass data using the speed - density method . Engine speed ( RPM ) and air temperature are also necessary to complete the speed - density calculation . The MAP sensor can also be used in OBD II ( on - board diagnostics ) applications to test the EGR ( exhaust gas recirculation ) valve for functionality , an application typical in OBD II equipped General Motors engines .
White House
NASAMS ( Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System ) were used to guard air space over Washington , D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration . The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all airspace around the White House , which is strictly prohibited to aircraft .
Hurricane Katrina
The United States Coast Guard began pre-positioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists . On August 27 , it moved its personnel out of the New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation . Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center , in Mobile , staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida . All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29 . Air crews , many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane , began a round - the - clock rescue effort in New Orleans , and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines .
Air pollution in the United States
As a future direction of study , it plans to classify the inequality exists in African American , Hispanic , Asian , and other ethnic groups . Furthermore , the technique used in this research provided a way to assess environmental inequality and the results can be used to assist decision makers in efforts to address environmental inequality issues . Proposed
Manner of articulation
Flaps ( also called taps ) are similar to very brief stops . However , their articulation and behavior are distinct enough to be considered a separate manner , rather than just length . The main articulatory difference between flaps and stops is that , due to the greater length of stops compared to flaps , a build - up of air pressure occurs behind a stop which does not occur behind a flap . This means that when the stop is released , there is a burst of air as the pressure is relieved , while for flaps there is no such burst .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Boeing began work on pressurized long - range bombers in 1938 , in response to a United States Army Air Corps request . Boeing 's design study for the Model 334 was a pressurized derivative of the Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress with nosewheel undercarriage . Although the Air Corps did not have money to pursue the design , Boeing continued development with its own funds as a private venture . In April 1939 , Charles Lindbergh convinced general Henry H. Arnold to produce a new bomber in large numbers to counter the Nazi production . The Air Corps issued a formal specification for a so - called `` superbomber '' , capable of delivering 20,000 lb ( 9,100 kg ) of bombs to a target 2,667 mi ( 4,292 km ) away and capable of flying at a speed of 400 mph ( 640 km / h ) in December 1939 . Boeing 's previous private venture studies formed the starting point for its response to this specification .
French horn
Three valves control the flow of air in the single horn , which is tuned to F or less commonly B ♭ . The more common double horn has a fourth valve , usually operated by the thumb , which routes the air to one set of tubing tuned to F or another tuned to B ♭ . Triple horns with five valves are also made , tuned in F , B ♭ , and a descant E ♭ or F. Also common are descant doubles , which typically provide B ♭ and alto F branches . This configuration provides a high - range horn while avoiding the additional complexity and weight of a triple .
Air Jordan
The Air Jordan XV was originally released from 1999 to 2000 . It was retro - ed in 2007 , 2008 and 2016 - 2017 .