vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Territorial evolution of the United States
June 9 , 1800 Connecticut ceded its Western Reserve to the federal government , which assigned it to the Northwest Territory . The act doing so was passed in Congress on April 28 , 1800 , and Connecticut approved it on this date . July 4 , 1800 Indiana Territory was organized from the Northwest Territory , west of a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery , and a line north from there . November 17 , 1800 The Congress of the United States moved to Washington in the District of Columbia , now built and ready to be the capital . This was two weeks before the December 1 date established in the Residence Act ; President John Adams urged Congress to move early in hopes of securing enough Southern votes to be re-elected , though this failed . January 1 , 1801 The Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland , renaming itself the United Kingdom . February 27 , 1801 The District of Columbia was organized . no change to map April 26 , 1802 Georgia ceded its western half , known as the Yazoo Lands , to the federal government ; this region was west of the Chattahoochie River up to its great bend ( near West Point ) , then a line from there towards and past Nickajack . At the same time , the federal government ceded to Georgia the eastern portion of the land previously ceded by South Carolina , though in reality Georgia technically already held title to the land , as the description of the earlier cession was based on an erroneous understanding of geography . March 1 , 1803 The southern half of the Northwest Territory , along with a thin sliver of Indiana Territory , was admitted as the seventeenth state , Ohio . The remainder of the Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory . The western border was a line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River to a point east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan . The federal description then said it should go east from there , whereas the Ohio Constitution stated it should intersect with the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay , essentially the western tip of Lake Erie . The confusion caused by these varying descriptions of the state 's borders , combined with inaccurate knowledge of geography , as no one at the time knew just how far south Lake Michigan extended , would lead to the conflict over the Toledo Strip .
Colombo
Colombo 's geography is a mix of land and water . The city has many canals and , in the heart of the city , the 65 - hectare ( 160 - acre ) Beira Lake . The lake is one of the most distinctive landmarks of Colombo , and was used for centuries by colonists to defend the city . It remains a popular attraction , hosting regattas , and theatrical events on its shores . The Northern and North - Eastern border of the city of Colombo is formed by the Kelani River , which meets the sea in a part of the city known as the Modera ( mōdara in Sinhala ) which means river delta .
Marble Falls, Texas
Marble Falls is located in southern Burnet County at 30 ° 34 ′ N 98 ° 17 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 30.567 ° N 98.283 ° W ﻿ / 30.567 ; - 98.283 ( 30.5741 , - 98.2782 ) , on the banks of Lake Marble Falls . According to the Handbook of Texas website , the former falls were flooded by the lake , which was created by a shelf of limestone running diagonally across the Colorado River from northeast to southwest . The upper layer of limestone , brownish on the exterior but a deep blue inside , was so hard and cherty it was mistaken for marble . The falls were actually three distinct formations at the head of a canyon 1.25 miles ( 2.01 km ) long , with a drop of some 50 feet ( 15 m ) through the limestone strata . The natural lake and waterfall were covered when the Colorado River was dammed with the completion of Max Starcke Dam in 1951 . A photo of the falls as they once existed can be seen at the website for the Wallace Guest House , a local bed and breakfast . Lake Marble Falls sits between Lake Lyndon B. Johnson to the north and Lake Travis to the south . The falls for which the city is named are now underwater but are revealed every few years when the lake is lowered .
Ojibwe
At a later time , one of these miigis appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy . It said that if the Anishinaabeg did not move further west , they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new pale - skinned settlers who would arrive soon in the east . Their migration path would be symbolized by a series of smaller Turtle Islands , which was confirmed with miigis shells ( i.e. , cowry shells ) . After receiving assurance from their `` Allied Brothers '' ( i.e. , Mi'kmaq ) and `` Father '' ( i.e. , Abenaki ) of their safety to move inland , the Anishinaabeg gradually migrated west along the Saint Lawrence River to the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing , and then to the Great Lakes .
1960 Valdivia earthquake
One landslide caused destruction and alarm following its blockage of the outflow of Riñihue Lake ( see `` Riñihuazo '' section below ) . About 100 km ( 62 mi ) south of Riñihue Lake , landslides in the mountains around Golgol River caused the river to dam up ; when it burst through the earthen dam , it created a flood down to Puyehue Lake . The Golgol landslides destroyed parts of international Route 215 - CH , which connects to Bariloche in Argentina through Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass .
Lake Kariba
Gamefish , particularly tigerfish , which was among the indigenous species of the Zambezi river system , now thrive on the kapenta , which in turn encourages tourism . Both Zambia and Zimbabwe are now attempting to develop the tourism industry along their respective coasts of Lake Kariba .
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City has many informal neighborhoods . The eastern portion of the city is less affordable than its western counterpart . This is a result of the railroad being built in the western half as well as panoramic views from inclined ground in the eastern portion . Housing is more economically diverse on the west side , which results in demographic differences . Interstate 15 was also built in a north - south line , further dividing east and west sides of the city .
Geography of West Bengal
Rarh is the region that intervenes between the Vajjabhumi and the Ganges Delta . Parts of the districts Murshidabad , Birbhum , Bankura , Purba Bardhaman , Paschim Bardhaman , Purba Medinipur and Paschim Medinipur constitute this region . The region is about 50 to 100 m above the sea level . This region is believed to be created from the soil from the Deccan plateau . The area is formed by the silt brought by the tributaries of Bhagirathi , Mayurakshi River , Ajay River , Damodar and Rupnarayan River which flow over the western plateau region made up of laterite soil make the soil of the area red in colour . The land slope is from west to the south - east and formation of natural levees along the river banks is a common phenomenon .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Albertine Rift plays a key role in shaping the Congo 's geography . Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous , but due to the rift 's tectonic activity , this area also experiences volcanic activity , occasionally with loss of life . The geologic activity in this area also created the famous African Great Lakes , three of which lie on the Congo 's eastern frontier : Lake Albert ( known during the Mobutu era as Lake Mobutu Sese Seko ) , Lake Kivu ( Unknown until late 1712 ) , Lake Edward ( known during the Amin era as Lake Idi Amin Dada ) , and Lake Tanganyika . Lake Edward and Lake Albert are connected by the Semliki River .
Lake District
The third group to the west of the Duddon includes Harter Fell and the long ridge leading over Whitfell to Black Combe and the sea . The south of this region consists of lower forests and knolls , with Kirkby Moor on the southern boundary . The southwestern Lake District ends near the Furness peninsula and Barrow - in - Furness , a town which many Lake District residents rely on for basic amenities . Southeastern
Operation Barbarossa
Germany had pressured Finland to enlarge its offensive activities in Karelia to aid the Germans in their Leningrad operation . Finnish attacks on Leningrad itself remained limited . Finland stopped its advance just short of Leningrad and had no intentions to attack the city . The situation was different in eastern Karelia . The Finnish government agreed to restart its offensive into Soviet Karelia to reach Lake Onega and the Svir River . On 4 September this new drive was launched on a broad front . Albeit reinforced by fresh reserve troops , heavy losses elsewhere on the front meant that the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army were not able to resist the Finnish advance . Olonets was taken on 5 September . On 7 September , Finnish forward units reached the Svir River . Petrozavodsk , the capital city of the region fell on 1 October . From there the Army of Karelia moved north along the shores of Lake Onega to secure the remaining area west of Lake Onega , while simultaneously establishing a defensive position along the Svir River . Slowed by winter 's onset they nevertheless continued to advance slowly during the following weeks . Medvezhyegorsk was captured on 5 December and Poventsa fell the next day . On 7 December Finland called a stop to all offensive operations , going onto the defensive .
Territorial evolution of the United States
Disputes : December 10 , 1810 Armed forces led by William C.C. Claiborne took possession of the portion of West Florida west of the Pearl River , following a proclamation on October 27 , 1810 , by President James Madison to do so . The United States had considered the region part of the Louisiana Purchase , including the area which had revolted against Spanish Florida and formed the Republic of West Florida . Madison 's proclamation stated that it was to be `` taken as part '' of Orleans Territory . The land west of Mobile Bay to the Pearl River was occupied and annexed de facto by the military in 1811 . Disputes : April 30 , 1812 Most of Orleans Territory was admitted as the eighteenth state , Louisiana . It was defined as the portion of the territory east of a line north from where the Sabine River crosses the 32nd parallel north , and west of the Mississippi and Iberville Rivers . The remainder presumably became unorganized territory , as it had no definition for a while . May 14 , 1812 The claimed portion of West Florida east of the Pearl River was assigned to Mississippi Territory , though the area around Mobile Bay remained under the control of Spanish Florida . The United States militarily occupied Mobile and the surrounding area up to the Perdido River in April 1813 . June 4 , 1812 Since its name was now shared with the state of Louisiana , Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory . August 4 , 1812 The remaining claimed portion of West Florida was added to Louisiana , following the assent of that state to an act passed by Congress on April 14 , 1812 . August 16 , 1812 During the War of 1812 , the garrison at Fort Detroit surrendered , leading the United Kingdom to occupy Detroit , the capital and population center of Michigan Territory . Disputes : September 29 , 1813 Fort Detroit was recaptured by American forces following the Battle of Lake Erie , regaining control over Michigan Territory . Disputes : August 24 , 1814 British forces capture and burn Washington , but are forced to withdraw the next day . The functions of the capital were only momentarily suspended , though President James Madison took refuge in Brookville , Maryland . no change to map December 11 , 1816 The southern part of Indiana Territory , along with small parts of Illinois Territory and Michigan Territory , were admitted as the nineteenth state , Indiana .
Zebra mussel
From their first appearance in American waters in 1988 , zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways , including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region , the Mississippi , Hudson , St. Lawrence , Ohio , Cumberland , Missouri , Tennessee , Huron , Colorado , and Arkansas Rivers , and 11 lakes and 5 river basins in Texas . Today , the invasion continues . For instance , in 2009 , the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires . That same year the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels have been found in Pelican Lake , Minnesota . This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin , which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba . In 2013 , their presence in Manitoba 's Lake Winnipeg was confirmed and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded . New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake Winnipeg in 2015 and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015 . Large number were seen at Grand Beach ( Manitoba ) in 2017
Nile
Riverboat on the Nile , Egypt 1900 Marsh along the Nile A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda Murchison Falls in Uganda , between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga The Nile in Luxor The river Nile flows through Cairo , here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today .
Adams–Onís Treaty
South of the 32nd parallel north , the Spanish Empire and the United States settled for the U.S. claim along the Sabine River . Between the meridians 94 ° 2 ′ 45 '' and 100 ° west , the parties settled on the Spanish claim along the Red River . West of the 100th meridian west , the parties settled on the Spanish claim along the Arkansas River . From the source of the Arkansas River in the Rocky Mountains , the parties settled on a border due north along that meridian ( 106 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W ) to the 42nd parallel north , thence west along the 42nd parallel to the Pacific Ocean .
War of the Austrian Succession
While the Battle of Dettingen and Russian Botta plot were capturing all the attention during the summer of 1743 , negotiations between the British , the Austrians and Sardinians were proceeding quietly in the city of Worms . The Austrians were desperately afraid that Frederick II would soon be invading the Austrian domains again . Thus , the Austrians sought a separate peace with Sardinia in Italy . Under the terms of the Treaty of Worms , which was signed on 13 September 1743 , the Austrian Habsburgs surrendered all territory in Italy located west of the Ticino River and Lake Maggiore to Sardinia . Additionally some lands south of the Po River were also given to Sardinia . In exchange , Sardinia renounced its claim to Milan , guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction and agreed to provide 40,000 troops for a joint Italian army to fight the Bourbons .
Mississippi River
Article 8 of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) states , `` The navigation of the river Mississippi , from its source to the ocean , shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States '' . With this treaty , which ended the American Revolutionary War , Britain also ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain the Bahamas , which Spain had occupied during the war . In 1800 , under duress from Napoleon of France , Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France . When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803 , a dispute arose again between Spain and the U.S. on which parts of West Florida exactly had Spain ceded to France , which would in turn decide which parts of West Florida were now U.S. property versus Spanish property . These aspirations ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney 's Treaty in 1795 .
First Transcontinental Railroad
After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails .
Pecatonica River
It rises in the hills of southwest Wisconsin , in southwest Iowa County , 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of Cobb . It flows south , then southeast , past Calamine and Darlington . In southeast Lafayette County it receives the East Branch Pecatonica River , approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the state line . It flows south - southeast into Illinois , past Freeport , where it turns east , then east - northeast , receiving the Sugar River near Shirland in northern Winnebago County , 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of the state line . It joins the Rock at Rockton , approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of Rockford .
Ojibwe
Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of Lake Superior , which the French colonists called Sault Ste . Marie for its rapids , the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs . Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux . This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west . Ojibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas .
River delta
A Gilbert delta ( named after Grove Karl Gilbert ) is a specific type of delta formed from coarse sediments , as opposed to gently - sloping muddy deltas such as that of the Mississippi . For example , a mountain river depositing sediment into a freshwater lake would form this kind of delta . While some authors describe both lacustrine and marine locations of Gilbert deltas , others note that their formation is more characteristic of the freshwater lakes , where it is easier for the river water to mix with the lakewater faster ( as opposed to the case of a river falling into the sea or a salt lake , where less dense fresh water brought by the river stays on top longer ) .
Fynbos
The Lowland Fynbos and Renosterveld experiences regular winter rainfall , especially to the west of Cape Agulhas . The ecoregion has been subdivided into 9 areas : the West Coast Forelands from the Cape Flats to the Olifants River ( Western Cape ) ; the Warm Bokkeveld basin around the town of Ceres ; the Elgin Valley around the town of Elgin ; the sandy Agulhas Plain on the coast ; the Breede River valley around the town of Worcester ; the South Coast Forelands from Caledon west to Mossel Bay ; the south - eastern end of the Little Karoo ; Langkloof valley ; and the Southeastern Coast Forelands west from Tsitsikamma to Port Elizabeth .
History of advertising
The start in 1994 of the North American Free Trade Agreement had a dramatic impact on the adveritising industry in Mexico , with its 130 full service agencies and 270 smaller operations under the auspisces of the Mexican Association of Advertising Agencies . The flood of American brand - name products greatly expanded the scope of the advertising indfustry , and the Mexican agencies faced new competition from branch offices of international firms .
Southwestern United States
In 1869 , John Wesley Powell led a 3 - month expedition which explored the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River . In 1875 , he would publish a book describing his explorations , Report of the Exploration of the Columbia River of the West and Its Tributaries , which was later republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons .
Lake District
The Lake District is home to a range of bird species , and the RSPB maintain a reserve in Haweswater . England 's only nesting pair of golden eagles can be found in the Lake District . The female golden eagle has not been seen since 2004 although the male still remains . Conservationists believe he is now the only resident golden eagle in England . Following recolonisation attempts , a pair of ospreys nested in the Lake District for the first time in over 150 years near Bassenthwaite Lake during 2001 . Ospreys now frequently migrate north from Africa in the spring to nest in the Lake District , and a total of 23 chicks have fledged in The Lakes since 2001 . Another bird species which has had recolonisation attempts is the red kite which , as of 2012 , have a population of approximately 90 in the dense forest areas near Grizedale . Conservationists hope the reintroduction will create a large red kite population in the Lake District and in North West England where the red kite population is low . Other bird species resident to the Lake District include the buzzard , dipper , peregrine and raven . Seasonal birds include the ring ouzel and the redstart .
Colonial history of the United States
In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection .
Thirteen Colonies
In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection .
History of Wells Fargo
Of the branch banks , that at Carson City was sold to the Bullion & Exchange Bank there in 1891 ; the Virginia City Bank was sold to Isaias W. Hellman 's Nevada Bank in 1891 ; and the Salt Lake City Bank was sold to the Walker Brothers there in 1894 . The New York City branch remained until the Wells Fargo & Company bank merged with Hellman 's bank in 1905 .
Geography of West Bengal
Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is situated on the north - western side of the state . This region belongs to the Eastern Himalaya range . The whole of the Darjeeling district except the Siliguri division and a narrow part in the northern part of Jalpaiguri district constitutes the region . It starts abruptly up from the Terai region . The deep gorge of Teesta River has divided this mountainous region into two parts : the Singalila and Darjeeling ranges run from north to south in the western part . The Singalila range is located along the border of Darjeeling and Nepal ; it has four important peaks -- Sandakfu , Falut , Sabargam and Tonglu . Among the Himalayan ranges of this region , Singalila range hosts Sandakfu which at 3,636 metres ( 11,929 ft ) is the highest point of West Bengal. Also to mention Sandakfu & Phalut are the only place in West Bengal from where Mt . Everest is visible . Two high peaks , Tiger Hill and Ghoom are seen near the town of Darjeeling . Many ranges branch off in different directions from Tiger Hill . Durpindara is an important mountain in the eastern part of the mountainous region . A few hills also occur in the Terai or Dooars region at the foot of the Himalayas . Some remnants of the Siwaliks can be seen in the Jalpaiguri district , where they are known as the Buxa - Jayanti Hills .
Arashiyama
The Togetsukyō is a bridge across the river . The river shown in the photograph changes names on either side of this bridge . West of the bridge it is the Hozu River and east of the bridge it is the Katsura River .