vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Ernest had suffered from a venereal disease in his late teens and early twenties , most likely as the consequence of living a wild , promiscuous lifestyle . These qualities he had inherited under the tutelage of his father , who took his sons to `` sample the pleasures '' of Paris and Berlin , to Albert 's `` horror and shame '' . Ernest had been so visibly deteriorating in appearance as a result that Sarah Lyttelton , a lady - in - waiting of Queen Victoria , observed at Windsor in 1839 that he was `` very thin and hollow - cheeked and pale , and no likeness to his brother , nor much beauty . But he has fine dark eyes and black hair , and light figure , and a great look of spirit and eagerness '' . Later that year , Albert counseled his brother against finding a wife until his ' condition ' was fully recovered . He further warned that continued promiscuity could leave Ernest incapable of fathering children . Some historians believe that while he himself was able to father other children , the disease rendered his young wife infertile .
Colleen Wing
She wields a 1,000 - year - old katana which she inherited from her grandfather . Colleen is also a seasoned private detective with excellent investigative skills .
Lyme disease
Before 1976 , the elements of B. burgdorferi sensu lato infection were called or known as tick - borne meningopolyneuritis , Garin - Bujadoux syndrome , Bannwarth syndrome , Afzelius ' disease , Montauk Knee or sheep tick fever . Since 1976 the disease is most often referred to as Lyme disease , Lyme borreliosis or simply borreliosis .
Sensitivity and specificity
A negative result in a test with high sensitivity is useful for ruling out disease . A high sensitivity test is reliable when its result is negative , since it rarely misdiagnoses those who have the disease . A test with 100 % sensitivity will recognize all patients with the disease by testing positive . A negative test result would definitively rule out presence of the disease in a patient .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease prevalence is comparable among males and females . A wide range of age groups is affected , though the number of cases is highest among 10 - to 19 - year - olds . For unknown reasons , Lyme disease is seven times more common among Asians .
Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease ( DED ) is caused by a member of the sac fungi ( Ascomycota ) affecting elm trees , and is spread by elm bark beetles . Although believed to be originally native to Asia , the disease was accidentally introduced into America and Europe , where it has devastated native populations of elms that did not have resistance to the disease . It has also reached New Zealand . The name `` Dutch elm disease '' refers to its identification in 1921 and later in the Netherlands by Dutch phytopathologists Bea Schwarz and Christine Buisman who both worked with Professor Johanna Westerdijk . The disease affects species in the genera Ulmus and Zelkova , therefore it is not specific to the Dutch elm hybrid .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad .
Taco Bell
Taco Bell created U.S. Taco Co. in 2014 . The menu consists of tacos with American fillings , and will not sell food sold in Taco Bell restaurants such as burritos . It was launched in Huntington Beach , California in August 2014 .
Romance languages
The following are common features of the Romance languages ( inherited from Vulgar Latin ) that are different from Classical Latin :
PID controller
The system is called unstable where the closed loop transfer function diverges for some s ( \ displaystyle s ) . This happens for situations where K ( s ) G ( s ) = − 1 ( \ displaystyle K ( s ) G ( s ) = - 1 ) . Typically , this happens when K ( s ) G ( s ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle K ( s ) G ( s ) = 1 ) with a 180 degree phase shift . Stability is guaranteed when K ( s ) G ( s ) < 1 ( \ displaystyle K ( s ) G ( s ) < 1 ) for frequencies that suffer high phase shifts . A more general formalism of this effect is known as the Nyquist stability criterion .
Toyota Tundra
For the 2016 model year , the Tundra TRD Pro added Black leather with red contrast stitching and TRD Pro logo . The 38.0 gallon large fuel tank and integrated Trailer Brake Controller was made standard equipment . The color palette was changed to Quicksand ( 4V6 ) , Magnetic Gray ( 1G3 ) , and Super White ( 040 ) . While Super White carried over from 2015 , Magnetic Gray ( 1G3 ) and Quicksand ( 4V6 ) were new . Quicksand was first featured on the FJ - S Cruiser Concept that Toyota and TRD USA used as a test bed for the early TRD Pro Series concept . Quicksand pays tribute to the iconic Land Cruiser and FJ Cruiser from which the TRD Pro Series inherited its rugged DNA . Engines
Civil–military relations
In his seminal 1957 book on civil - military relations , The Soldier and the State , Samuel P. Huntington described the differences between the two worlds as a contrast between the attitudes and values held by military personnel , mostly conservative , and those held by civilians , mostly liberal . Each world consisted of a separate institution with its own operative rules and norms . The military 's function was furthermore inherently different from that of the civilian world . Given a more conservative military world which was illiberal in many aspects , it was necessary to find a method of ensuring that the liberal civilian world would be able to maintain its dominance over the military world . Huntington 's answer to this problem was `` military professionalism . ''
Elaine Benes
Elaine has a cousin , Holly , who appears in `` The Wink '' , where reference is made to Elaine 's Grandma Mema , whom Holly inherited a set of cloth napkins from .
United Church of Christ
The Apostles ' Creed , The Nicene Creed , The Heidelberg Catechism ( inherited from both the German Reformed and German Evangelical heritages ) , Luther 's Small Catechism ( inherited from the German Evangelical heritage ) , The Kansas City Statement of Faith ( a 1913 statement in the Congregationalist tradition ) , The Evangelical Catechism ( a 1927 catechism in the German Evangelical tradition ) , and The Statement of Faith of the United Church of Christ ( written at the founding of the denomination ) .
Lyme disease
The lone star tick ( Amblyomma americanum ) , which is found throughout the Southeastern United States as far west as Texas , is unlikely to transmit the Lyme disease spirochetes , though it may be implicated in a related syndrome called southern tick - associated rash illness , which resembles a mild form of Lyme disease .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease in sub-Saharan Africa is presently unknown , but evidence indicates it may occur in humans in this region . The abundance of hosts and tick vectors would favor the establishment of Lyme infection in Africa . In East Africa , two cases of Lyme disease have been reported in Kenya .
Verizon Fios
Download Speed Upload Speed 50 Mbit / s 50 Mbit / s 100 Mbit / s 100 Mbit / s 150 Mbit / s 150 Mbit / s 300 Mbit / s 300 Mbit / s 500 Mbit / s 500 Mbit / s 750 Mbit / s 750 Mbit / s 940 Mbit / s 880 Mbit / s
Filipino values
The foreign model was inherited by Filipinos from Western cultures , particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans . An example of a foreign or exogenous influence is bureaucracy exhibited in the government of the Philippines .
Civil–military relations
Janowitz agreed with Huntington that , because of the fundamental differences between the civilian and military worlds , clashes would develop which would diminish the goal of civilian control of the military . His answer was to ensure that convergence occurred , thus ensuring that the military world would be imbued with the norms and expectations of the society that created it . He encouraged use of conscription , which would bring a wide variety of individuals into the military . He also encouraged the use of more Reserve Officer Training Corps ( ROTC ) programs at colleges and universities to ensure that the military academies did not have a monopoly on the type of officer , particularly the senior general officer and flag officer leadership positions , in the military services . He specifically encouraged the development of ROTC programs in the more elite universities , so that the broader influences of society would be represented by the officer corps . The more such societal influences present within the military culture , the smaller the attitudinal differences between the two worlds and the greater the chance of civilians maintaining control over the military . Janowitz , like Huntington , believed that the civilian and military worlds were different from one another ; while Huntington developed a theory to control the difference , Janowitz developed a theory to diminish the difference .
Thymus
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors . Myasthenia gravis is often associated with thymic hyperplasia . Thymectomy may be necessary to treat the disease .
Substrate (chemistry)
Spontaneous reaction S ⟶ P ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( S - > P ) ) ) Where S is substrate and P is product . Catalysed reaction S + C ⟶ P + C ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( S ) + C - > ( P ) + C ) ) ) Where S is substrate , P is product and C is catalyst .
Brad Dourif
Dourif was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on March 18 , 1950 , to Joan Mavis Felton ( née Bradford ) , an actress , and Jean Henri Dourif , an art collector who owned and operated a dye factory . His stepfather was golfer William C. Campbell .
Sensitivity and specificity
A positive result in a test with high specificity is useful for ruling in disease . The test rarely gives positive results in healthy patients . A test with 100 % specificity will read negative , and accurately exclude disease from all healthy patients . A positive result signifies a high probability of the presence of disease .
Lyme disease
Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) tests for Lyme disease have also been developed to detect the genetic material ( DNA ) of the Lyme disease spirochete . PCR tests are susceptible to false positive results from poor laboratory technique . Even when properly performed , PCR often shows false negative results with blood and cerebrospinal fluid specimens . Hence , PCR is not widely performed for diagnosis of Lyme disease , but it may have a role in the diagnosis of Lyme arthritis because it is a highly sensitive way of detecting ospA DNA in synovial fluid .
Romance languages
Spelling of results of palatalization and related sounds Sound Spanish Portuguese French Italian Romanian / k / , not + ⟨ e , i , y ⟩ ⟨ c ⟩ palatalized / k / ( / tʃ / ~ / s / ~ / θ / ) , + ⟨ e , i , y ⟩ ⟨ c ⟩ palatalized / k / ( / tʃ / ~ / s / ~ / θ / ) , not + ⟨ e , i , y ⟩ ⟨ z ⟩ ⟨ ç ⟩ ⟨ ci ⟩ / kw / , not + ⟨ e , i , y ⟩ ⟨ cu ⟩ ⟨ qu ⟩ ⟨ cu ⟩ / k / + ⟨ e , i ⟩ ( inherited ) ⟨ qu ⟩ ⟨ ch ⟩ / kw / + ⟨ e , i ⟩ ( learned ) ⟨ cu ⟩ ⟨ qu ⟩ ⟨ cu ⟩ / g / , not + ⟨ e , i , y ⟩ ⟨ g ⟩ palatalized / k , g / ( / dʒ / ~ / ʒ / ~ / x / ) , + ⟨ e , i , y ⟩ ⟨ g ⟩ palatalized / k , g / ( / dʒ / ~ / ʒ / ~ / x / ) , not + ⟨ e , i , y ⟩ ⟨ j ⟩ ⟨ g ( e ) ⟩ ⟨ gi ⟩ / gw / , not + ⟨ e , i ⟩ ⟨ gu ⟩ / g / + ⟨ e , i ⟩ ( inherited ) ⟨ gu ⟩ ⟨ gh ⟩ / gw / + ⟨ e , i ⟩ ( learned ) ⟨ gü ⟩ ⟨ gu ⟩ ( former ) / ʎ / ⟨ ll ⟩ ⟨ lh ⟩ ⟨ il ( l ) ⟩ ⟨ gli ⟩ -- / ɲ / ⟨ ñ ⟩ ⟨ nh ⟩ ⟨ gn ⟩ --
Substantia nigra
Parkinson 's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized , in part , by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra . The major symptoms of Parkinson 's disease include tremor , akinesia , bradykinesia , and stiffness . Other symptoms include disturbances to posture , fatigue , sleep abnormalities , and depressed mood .
Nile
The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal , just below the Sobat River , is 924 m / s ( 32,600 cu ft / s ) ; the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m / s ( 43,000 cu ft / s ) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m / s ( 21,500 cu ft / s ) in April . This fluctuation is due to the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat , which has a minimum flow of about 99 m / s ( 3,500 cu ft / s ) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m / s ( 24,000 cu ft / s ) in October . During the dry season ( January to June ) the White Nile contributes between 70 percent and 90 percent of the total discharge from the Nile .
PID controller
H ( s ) = K ( s ) G ( s ) 1 + K ( s ) G ( s ) ( \ displaystyle H ( s ) = ( \ frac ( K ( s ) G ( s ) ) ( 1 + K ( s ) G ( s ) ) ) )
Internal energy
δ Q = T d S ( \ displaystyle \ delta Q = T \ mathrm ( d ) S \ , ) . T ( \ displaystyle T ) is temperature S ( \ displaystyle S ) is entropy
Ear
Tinnitus is not a disease but a symptom that can result from a number of underlying causes . One of the most common causes is noise - induced hearing loss . Other causes include : ear infections , disease of the heart or blood vessels , Ménière 's disease , brain tumors , emotional stress , exposure to certain medications , a previous head injury , and earwax . It is more common in those with depression .
Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements , which were inherited from the first mosque buildings ( originally a feature of the Masjid al - Nabawi ) .
Pi
ζ ( s ) = 2 s π s − 1 sin ⁡ ( π s 2 ) Γ ( 1 − s ) ζ ( 1 − s ) . ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( s ) = 2 ^ ( s ) \ pi ^ ( s - 1 ) \ \ sin \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi s ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ \ Gamma ( 1 - s ) \ \ zeta ( 1 - s ) \ ! . )
Sensitivity and specificity
It is often claimed that a highly specific test is effective at ruling in a disease when positive , while a highly sensitive test is deemed effective at ruling out a disease when negative . This has led to the widely used mnemonics SPIN and SNOUT , according to which a highly SPecific test , when Positive , rules IN disease ( SP - P - IN ) , and a highly ' SeNsitive ' test , when Negative rules OUT disease ( SN - N - OUT ) . Both rules of thumb are , however , inferentially misleading , as the diagnostic power of any test is determined by both its sensitivity and its specificity .
Sensitivity and specificity
In medical diagnosis , test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease ( true positive rate ) , whereas test specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease ( true negative rate ) . If 100 patients known to have a disease were tested , and 43 test positive , then the test has 43 % sensitivity . If 100 with no disease are tested and 96 return a negative result , then the test has 96 % specificity . Sensitivity and specificity are prevalence - independent test characteristics , as their values are intrinsic to the test and do not depend on the disease prevalence in the population of interest . Positive and negative predictive values , but not sensitivity or specificity , are values influenced by the prevalence of disease in the population that is being tested . These concepts are illustrated graphically in this applet Bayesian clinical diagnostic model which show the positive and negative predictive values as a function of the prevalence , the sensitivity and specificity .
Lyme disease
Several forms of laboratory testing for Lyme disease are available , some of which have not been adequately validated . The most widely used tests are serologies , which measure levels of specific antibodies in a patient 's blood . These tests may be negative in early infection as the body may not have produced a significant quantity of antibodies , but they are considered a reliable aid in the diagnosis of later stages of Lyme disease . Serologic tests for Lyme disease are of limited use in people lacking objective signs of Lyme disease because of false positive results and cost .
PID controller
G ( s ) = K p + K i s + K d s = K d s 2 + K p s + K i s ( \ displaystyle G ( s ) = K_ ( p ) + ( \ frac ( K_ ( i ) ) ( s ) ) + K_ ( d ) ( s ) = ( \ frac ( K_ ( d ) ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) + K_ ( p ) ( s ) + K_ ( i ) ) ( s ) ) )
Original sin
Seventh - day Adventists believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam , but they do not totally accept the Augustinian / Calvinistic understanding of original sin , taught in terms of original guilt , but hold more to what could be termed the `` total depravity '' tradition . Seventh - day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness , but not a doctrine of inherited guilt . According to Augustine and Calvin , humanity inherits not only Adam 's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression , and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model .
The Last of Us
The Last of Us Developer ( s ) Naughty Dog Publisher ( s ) Sony Computer Entertainment Director ( s ) Bruce Straley Neil Druckmann Designer ( s ) Jacob Minkoff Programmer ( s ) Travis McIntosh Jason Gregory Artist ( s ) Erick Pangilinan Nate Wells Writer ( s ) Neil Druckmann Composer ( s ) Gustavo Santaolalla Platform ( s ) PlayStation 3 Release June 14 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer
Elk
Elk hoof disease was first noticed in the state of Washington in the late 1990s in the Cowlitz River basin , with sporadic reports of deformed hooves . Since then the disease has spread rapidly with increased sightings throughout South West Washington and into Oregon . The disease is characterised by deformed , broken or missing hooves and leads to severe lameness in elk . The primary cause is not known but it is associated with Treponeme bacteria which are known to cause digital dermatitis in commercial livestock . The mode of transmission is also not known but it appears to be highly contagious amongst elk . Studies are being undertaken by government department to determine how to halt or eliminate the disease .
Civil–military relations
If Huntington 's imperatives are the independent variables , then the variable of civilian control becomes in turn an explanatory variable for military security . However , Huntington says that both societal imperatives , ideology and structure , are unchanging , at least in the American case . If that is the case , then the functional imperative is fully explanatory for changes in civilian control and subsequently military security . In short , if external threats are low , liberal ideology `` extirpates '' or eliminates military forces . If external threats are high , liberal ideology produces a `` transmutation '' effect that will re-create the military in accordance with liberalism , but in such a form that it will lose its `` peculiarly military characteristics . '' Transmutation will work for short periods , such as to fight a war , but will not , over time , assure military security . This appears to explain well the pattern of American militarization and demobilization , at least until the initiation of the Cold War .
Seven Days Battles
Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia was larger than the one he inherited from Johnston , and , at about 92,000 men , the largest Confederate army assembled during the war .
Health insurance in India
It offers covers against disease that policyholder had before buying health policy . Pre-Existing Disease Cover Plans offers cover against pre-existing disease e.g diabetes , kidney failure and many more . After Waiting period of 2 to 4 years it gives all covers to insurer .
Los Angeles County, California
Pacific Park Six Flags Magic Mountain Raging Waters Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Universal Studios Hollywood Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Descanso Gardens Dodger Stadium Exposition Park Farmers Market The Forum Griffith Park Griffith Observatory Huntington Botanical Gardens La Brea Tar Pits Music Center Olvera Street Staples Center Third Street Promenade Venice Beach Los Angeles Zoo
Nation state
The theory of the clash of civilizations lies in direct contrast to cosmopolitan theories about an ever more - connected world that no longer requires nation states . According to political scientist Samuel P. Huntington , people 's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post -- Cold War world .
Amelia Shepherd
Amelia continues her downward spiral in the premiere , injuring herself at a bar falling down drunk . Sheldon picks her up and takes her to the hospital where she sutures herself up in private to avoid Charlotte . The two later find out Pete has had a heart attack and needs surgery . Furthermore , Amelia operates on Pete 's brain while under the influence . Later , Amelia passes a breathalizer test , but is seen drinking alone at home in Addison 's old condo . Amelia 's friend with Huntington 's disease returns from Italy and requests Amelia 's help with physician - assisted suicide . Pete and Sheldon disagree over Amelia 's decision to help her . Later , Amelia and Pete discuss Pete 's past when he reveals he once assisted a dying patient . Later Amelia begins a benzodiazepine injection on her friend , who has an adverse reaction and requests to be saved before she stops breathing ; Amelia rushes her to the hospital , where Pete tends to her friend . Shortly after discovering her friend had completed her own suicide after being rescued , Amelia consumes what is believed to be three OxyContin pills she palmed after discovering the friend 's body .
Kat Chapman
Kat resumes her relationship with Ash a couple of months later , risking her career as her sergeant has warned her against reuniting with him . Kat becomes closer to Ash when she learns he gave drugs to Caroline Stewart ( Nicole Shostak ) . She is initially `` furious '' with him , but he soon explains that Caroline has Huntington 's disease and he could not watch her suffer . Kat realises that she still has strong feelings for Ash and they get back together . However , Kat tells Ash that they have to keep their relationship a secret until she is no longer on probation at work . Kat and Ash 's relationship is tested when he wins custody of his young niece Luc Patterson . Kat begins working longer hours in order to bring down a drug dealer and gain a promotion , forcing Ash to care for Luc on his own . Ash calls Kat for help when he can not settle Luc , but Kat refuses to return to their apartment . Ash makes it known that he feels Kat is putting her work before Luc , and he is `` livid '' when Kat mentions that she will miss Luc 's four - month check - up because she has to work .
God of War (2018 video game)
God of War Developer ( s ) SIE Santa Monica Studio Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Cory Barlog Producer ( s ) Elizabeth Dahm Wang Sean Llewellyn Chad Cox Eric Fong Designer ( s ) Derek Daniels Programmer ( s ) Florian Strauss Writer ( s ) Matt Sophos Richard Zangrande Gaubert Cory Barlog Composer ( s ) Bear McCreary Series God of War Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release April 20 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player
Non-communicable disease
A fairly recent emphasis is on the link between low - grade inflammation that hallmarks atherosclerosis and its possible interventions. C - reactive protein ( CRP ) is a common inflammatory marker that has been found to be present in increased levels in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease . Also osteoprotegerin which involved with regulation of a key inflammatory transcription factor called NF - κB has been found to be a risk factor of cardiovascular disease and mortality .