vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mars
The current understanding of planetary habitability -- the ability of a world to develop environmental conditions favorable to the emergence of life -- favors planets that have liquid water on their surface . Most often this requires the orbit of a planet to lie within the habitable zone , which for the Sun extends from just beyond Venus to about the semi-major axis of Mars . During perihelion , Mars dips inside this region , but Mars 's thin ( low - pressure ) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods . The past flow of liquid water demonstrates the planet 's potential for habitability . Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life .
Mars, Incorporated
Franklin Clarence Mars , whose mother taught him to hand dip candy , sold candy by age 19 . He started the Mars Candy Factory in 1911 with Ethel V. Mars , his second wife , in Tacoma , Washington . This factory produced and sold fresh candy wholesale , but ultimately the venture failed because there was a better established business , Brown & Haley , also operating in Tacoma . By 1920 , Mars had returned to his home state , Minnesota , where the earliest incarnation of the present day Mars company was founded that year as Mar - O - Bar Co. , in Minneapolis and later incorporated there as Mars , Incorporated . Forrest Mars , Sr. , son of Frank and his first wife , Veronica , was inspired by a popular type of milkshake in 1923 , to introduce the Milky Way bar , advertised as a `` chocolate malted milk in a candy bar '' , which became the best - selling candy bar . In 1929 , Frank moved the company to Bakersfield , California and started full production in a plant which still exists today . In 1930 , Frank Mars created the Snickers bar and first sold it in US markets . In 1932 , Mars introduced the 3 Musketeers bar . The same year , Forrest started Mars Limited in the United Kingdom and launched the Mars bar .
Mars
On September 24 , 2014 , Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM ) , launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation , reached Mars orbit . ISRO launched MOM on November 5 , 2013 , with the aim of analyzing the Martian atmosphere and topography . The Mars Orbiter Mission used a Hohmann transfer orbit to escape Earth 's gravitational influence and catapult into a nine - month - long voyage to Mars . The mission is the first successful Asian interplanetary mission .
Mars, Incorporated
In 1932 , Forrest Mars , Sr. , opened what was then Mars ( Europe ) headquarters , and remains Mars ( UK ) headquarters in Slough , Berkshire on the then - new Slough Trading Estate , after a disagreement with his father , Franklin Clarence Mars . In this factory , he produced the first Mars bar , based on the American Milky Way .
Exploration of Mars
The Mars Orbiter Mission , also called Mangalyaan , was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . It was successfully inserted into Martian orbit on 24 September 2014 . The mission is a technology demonstrator , and as secondary objective , it will also study the Martian atmosphere . This is India 's first mission to Mars , and with it , ISRO became the fourth space agency to successfully reach Mars after the Soviet Union , NASA ( USA ) and ESA ( Europe ) . It also made ISRO the second space agency to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt ( the first national one , after the international ESA ) , and also the first Asian country to successfully send an orbiter to Mars . It was completed in a record low budget of $71 million , making it the least - expensive Mars mission to date . Trace
Mars, Incorporated
Mars ' purchase of Doane Petcare Company in June 2007 significantly increased Mars ' position in the U.S. dry pet food category . In addition to these businesses , Mars also operates a chain of premium chocolate shops called Ethel M Chocolates . These shops are an outgrowth of the Ethel M premium chocolate business that Forrest Mars started in Las Vegas in 1980 , when he became bored with retirement .
Exploration of Mars
After the 1992 failure of NASA 's Mars Observer orbiter , NASA retooled and launched Mars Global Surveyor ( MGS ) . Mars Global Surveyor launched on November 7 , 1996 , and entered orbit on September 12 , 1997 . After a year and a half trimming its orbit from a looping ellipse to a circular track around the planet , the spacecraft began its primary mapping mission in March 1999 . It observed the planet from a low - altitude , nearly polar orbit over the course of one complete Martian year , the equivalent of nearly two Earth years . Mars Global Surveyor completed its primary mission on January 31 , 2001 , and completed several extended mission phases .
Ultraviolet
Suspended nanoparticles in stained glass prevent UV rays from causing chemical reactions that change image colors . A set of stained glass color reference chips is planned to be used to calibrate the color cameras for the 2019 ESA Mars rover mission , since they will remain unfaded by the high level of UV present at the surface of Mars .
Mars
Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars , about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall , detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits , in the 19th chapter of his novel Gulliver 's Travels .
Mars, Incorporated
Mars Drinks UK , the beverages division of Mars Limited , operates from Basingstoke in Hampshire and specializes in office vending machines . Mars Drinks UK comprises the FLAVIA and KLIX brands which offer branded drinks such as the Starburst Orange Drink , the Maltesers Hot Chocolate and the Galaxy drinks .
Mars
Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude , the tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit . In about 50 million years , it could either crash into Mars 's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet .
Mars
Influenced by the observations , the orientalist Percival Lowell founded an observatory which had 30 and 45 cm ( 12 and 18 in ) telescopes . The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions . He published several books on Mars and life on the planet , which had a great influence on the public . The canali were independently found by other astronomers , like Henri Joseph Perrotin and Louis Thollon in Nice , using one of the largest telescopes of that time .
Matterhorn
In 1995 , Bruno Brunod climbed Matterhorn from the village Breuil - Cervinia in 2 h 10 min. and from Breuil - Cervinia to Matterhorn and back , of 3 : 14 : 44 by Bruno Brunod in 1995 .
Mars
Of all the planets in the Solar System , the seasons of Mars are the most Earth - like , due to the similar tilts of the two planets ' rotational axes . The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth 's because Mars 's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long . Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about − 143 ° C ( − 225 ° F ) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) in equatorial summer . The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which can not store much solar heat , the low atmospheric pressure , and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil . The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth , resulting in just 43 % of the amount of sunlight .
Mars
Today , features on Mars are named from a variety of sources . Albedo features are named for classical mythology . Craters larger than 60 km are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to the study of Mars . Craters smaller than 60 km are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000 . Large valleys are named for the word `` Mars '' or `` star '' in various languages ; small valleys are named for rivers .
Tax protester statutory arguments
Some tax protesters argue that , in connection with the phrase `` to include the District of Columbia , '' the term `` include '' generally should have the meaning of exclusivity of whatever is being listed if the list is made in a certain way . In such situations , of which the definition of `` State '' is an example , the argument goes that no things not in the list are included with what is included .
Mars, Incorporated
In 1963 a large factory was opened in Veghel in the Netherlands . This factory has currently the biggest production volume of Mars factories and is even one of the biggest chocolate factories in the world . Most confectionery products for Europe are produced in Slough and Veghel .
Exploration of Mars
The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) launched its Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM ) on November 5 , 2013 . It was successfully inserted into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014 . India 's ISRO is the fourth space agency to reach Mars , after the Soviet space program , NASA and ESA . India became the first country to successfully get a spacecraft into Mars orbit on its maiden attempt .
Exploration of Mars
The Viking orbiters revealed that large floods of water carved deep valleys , eroded grooves into bedrock , and traveled thousands of kilometers . Areas of branched streams , in the southern hemisphere , suggest that rain once fell . Mars
Mars
By the 19th century , the resolution of telescopes reached a level sufficient for surface features to be identified . A perihelic opposition of Mars occurred on September 5 , 1877 . In that year , the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli used a 22 cm ( 8.7 in ) telescope in Milan to help produce the first detailed map of Mars . These maps notably contained features he called canali , which were later shown to be an optical illusion . These canali were supposedly long , straight lines on the surface of Mars , to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth . His term , which means `` channels '' or `` grooves '' , was popularly mistranslated in English as `` canals '' .
HTML
Relying mainly on layout as opposed to meaning , often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout . Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and CSS . Often producing ungrammatical markup , called tag soup or semantically incorrect markup ( such as < em > for italics ) . As a great deal of the information in HTML documents is not in the layout , the model has been criticized for its `` what you see is all you get '' - nature .
Exploration of Mars
The ESA Rosetta space probe mission to the comet 67P / Churyumov - Gerasimenko flew within 250 km of Mars on February 25 , 2007 , in a gravitational slingshot designed to slow and redirect the spacecraft .
Mars
As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of retrograde motion , which makes it appear to move backwards in a looping motion relative to the background stars . The duration of this retrograde motion is about 72 days . Absolute
Mars
Although better remembered for mapping the Moon , Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first `` areographers '' . They began by establishing that most of Mars 's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet 's rotation period . In 1840 , Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars . Rather than giving names to the various markings , Beer and Mädler simply designated them with letters ; Meridian Bay ( Sinus Meridiani ) was thus feature `` a '' .
Mars
In late December 2014 , NASA 's MAVEN spacecraft detected evidence of widespread auroras in Mars 's northern hemisphere and descended to approximately 20 -- 30 degrees North latitude of Mars 's equator . The particles causing the aurora penetrated into the Martian atmosphere , creating auroras below 100 km above the surface , Earth 's auroras range from 100 km to 500 km above the surface . Magnetic fields in the solar wind drape over Mars , into the atmosphere , and the charged particles follow the solar wind magnetic field lines into the atmosphere , causing auroras to occur outside the magnetic umbrellas .
I Am that I Am
Samuel Taylor Coleridge predicates much of the theoretical frame of his Biographia Literaria on what he calls ' the great I AM ' ( that is , God the Father ) and ' the filial WORD that re-affirmeth it ... ' ( Christ , reaffirming his father 's statement ' ) ' ... from Eternity to Eternity , whose choral Echo is the Universe . ' Coleridge 's argument is that these two things together work to create the ground for all meaning , especially poetic and artistic meaning .
Exploration of Mars
MAVEN was successfully launched aboard an Atlas V launch vehicle at the beginning of the first launch window on November 18 , 2013 . Following the first engine burn of the Centaur second stage , the vehicle coasted in low Earth orbit for 27 minutes before a second Centaur burn of five minutes to insert it into a heliocentric Mars transit orbit .
Preamble to the United States Constitution
The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution 's fundamental purposes and guiding principles . It states in general terms , and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of the Founding Fathers ' intentions regarding the Constitution 's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve .
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church does not subscribe to the Protestant doctrine of sola scriptura . The Church has defined what Scripture is ; it also interprets what its meaning is . Christ promised : `` When He , the Spirit of truth , has come , He will guide you into all truth '' . The Holy Spirit , then , is the infallible guide for the Church to the interpretation of Scripture . The Church depends upon those saints who , by lives lived in imitation of Christ , achieving theosis , can serve as reliable witnesses to the Holy Spirit 's guidance . Individual interpretation occurs within the Church and is informed by the Church . It is rational and reasoned , but is not arrived at only by means of deductive reasoning .
Business
The sense of `` a person 's work , occupation '' is first recorded late 14c. ( in late Old English big ( adj . ) appears as a noun in the sense `` occupation , state of employment '' ) . Meaning `` what one is about at the moment '' is from the 1590s . The sense of `` trade , commercial engagements '' is first attested 1727 .
Mars
The large canyon , Valles Marineris ( Latin for `` Mariner Valleys '' , also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps ) , has a length of 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) and a depth of up to 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) . The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one - fifth the circumference of Mars . By comparison , the Grand Canyon on Earth is only 446 km ( 277 mi ) long and nearly 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) deep . Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the Tharsis area , which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse . In 2012 , it was proposed that Valles Marineris is not just a graben , but a plate boundary where 150 km ( 93 mi ) of transverse motion has occurred , making Mars a planet with possibly a two - tectonic plate arrangement . Holes
Exploration of Mars
In 1964 , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory made two attempts at reaching Mars . Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 were identical spacecraft designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars . Mariner 3 was launched on November 5 , 1964 , but the shroud encasing the spacecraft atop its rocket failed to open properly , dooming the mission . Three weeks later , on November 28 , 1964 , Mariner 4 was launched successfully on a 71⁄2 - month voyage to Mars ...
Mars, Incorporated
The company published its Principles in Action communication in September 2011 . This communication outlines the history of Mars , its legacy as a business committed to its Five Principles , and the company 's goal of putting its Principles into action to make a difference to people and the planet through performance . Encompassing themes of Health and Nutrition , Supply Chain , Operations , Products , and Working at Mars , the Principles in Action communication outlines Mars Incorporated 's targets , progress , and ongoing challenges . It also describes its businesses , including Petcare , Chocolate , Wrigley , Food , Drinks , Symbioscience .
Mars, Incorporated
Mars is still a family business owned by the Mars family . The company is famous for its secrecy . A 1993 Washington Post Magazine article was a rare raising of the veil , as the reporter was able to see the `` M '' s being applied to the M&M 's , something that `` no out - sider had ever before been invited to observe . '' In 1999 , for example , the company did not acknowledge that Forrest Mars , Sr. had died or that he had worked for the company .
List of most streamed artists on Spotify
Rank Artist Country 1 . Macklemore & Ryan Lewis United States 2 . Avicii Sweden 3 . Daft Punk France 4 . Eminem United States 5 . Imagine Dragons 6 . Jay - Z 7 . Bruno Mars 8 . Rihanna Barbados 9 . Calvin Harris United Kingdom 10 . Drake Canada
Mars, Incorporated
Many Mars products are household , famous - name brands . Some of these product lines are manufactured by Mars ; others are manufactured by The Wrigley Company .
Pragmatism
James and Dewey were empirical thinkers in the most straightforward fashion : experience is the ultimate test and experience is what needs to be explained . They were dissatisfied with ordinary empiricism because in the tradition dating from Hume , empiricists had a tendency to think of experience as nothing more than individual sensations . To the pragmatists , this went against the spirit of empiricism : we should try to explain all that is given in experience including connections and meaning , instead of explaining them away and positing sense data as the ultimate reality . Radical empiricism , or Immediate Empiricism in Dewey 's words , wants to give a place to meaning and value instead of explaining them away as subjective additions to a world of whizzing atoms . The
Mars
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth century scientific speculations that its surface conditions might support not just life but intelligent life . Thus originated a large number of science fiction scenarios , among which is H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds , published in 1898 , in which Martians seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth .
Exploration of Mars
Two Soviet probes were sent to Mars in 1988 as part of the Phobos program . Phobos 1 operated normally until an expected communications session on 2 September 1988 failed to occur . The problem was traced to a software error , which deactivated attitude thrusters causing the spacecrafts ' solar arrays to no longer point at the Sun , depleting Phobos 1 batteries . Phobos 2 operated normally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phases on January 29 , 1989 , gathering data on the Sun , interplanetary medium , Mars , and Phobos . Shortly before the final phase of the mission , during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 m of Phobos ' surface and release two landers , one a mobile ' hopper ' , the other a stationary platform , contact with Phobos 2 was lost . The mission ended when the spacecraft signal failed to be successfully reacquired on March 27 , 1989 . The cause of the failure was determined to be a malfunction of the on - board computer .
Capital punishment in the United States
The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided on Trop v. Dulles in 1958 . The Supreme court declared explicitly , for the first time , that the Eighth Amendment 's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the `` evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society '' , rather than from its original meaning . Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama , the court made the first step of what would later be called `` death is different '' jurisprudence , when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court - appointed attorney in capital cases -- a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963 , with Gideon v. Wainwright .
Mars
In September 2017 , NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled , and were associated with an aurora 25 - times brighter than any observed earlier , due to a massive , and unexpected , solar storm in the middle of the month . Aurora
Mars
Several plans for a human mission to Mars have been proposed throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century , but no active plan has an arrival date sooner than the 2020s . SpaceX founder Elon Musk presented a plan in September 2016 to , optimistically , launch space tourists to Mars in 2024 at an estimated development cost of US $10 billion . In October 2016 , President Barack Obama renewed U.S. policy to pursue the goal of sending humans to Mars in the 2030s , and to continue using the International Space Station as a technology incubator in that pursuit .
Olmec
It is not known what name the ancient Olmec used for themselves ; some later Mesoamerican accounts seem to refer to the ancient Olmec as `` Tamoanchan '' . A contemporary term sometimes used for the Olmec culture is tenocelome , meaning `` mouth of the jaguar '' .
Mars
Because the orbit of Mars is eccentric , its apparent magnitude at opposition from the Sun can range from − 3.0 to − 1.4 . The minimum brightness is magnitude + 1.6 when the planet is in conjunction with the Sun . Mars usually appears distinctly yellow , orange , or red ; the actual color of Mars is closer to butterscotch , and the redness seen is just dust in the planet 's atmosphere . NASA 's Spirit rover has taken pictures of a greenish - brown , mud - colored landscape with blue - grey rocks and patches of light red sand . When farthest away from Earth , it is more than seven times farther away than when it is closest . When least favorably positioned , it can be lost in the Sun 's glare for months at a time . At its most favorable times -- at 15 - or 17 - year intervals , and always between late July and late September -- a lot of surface detail can be seen with a telescope . Especially noticeable , even at low magnification , are the polar ice caps .
Maya civilization
The Maya measured the 584 - day Venus cycle with an error of just two hours . Five cycles of Venus equated to eight 365 - day haab calendrical cycles , and this period was recorded in the codices . The Maya also followed the movements of Jupiter , Mars and Mercury . When Venus rose as the Morning Star , this was associated with the rebirth of the Maya Hero Twins . For the Maya , the heliacal rising of Venus was associated with destruction and upheaval . Venus was closely associated with warfare , and the hieroglyph meaning `` war '' incorporated the glyph - element symbolizing the planet . Sight - lines through the windows of the Caracol building at Chichen Itza align with the northernmost and southernmost extremes of Venus ' path . Maya rulers launched military campaigns to coincide with the heliacal or cosmical rising of Venus , and would also sacrifice important captives to coincide with such conjunctions .
Amy Winehouse
Other artists that have credited Winehouse as an influence and / or for paving the way for them include Bruno Mars , Tove Lo , Ellie Goulding , Jessie J , Emeli Sandé , Victoria Justice , Paloma Faith , Lana Del Rey , Sam Smith , Florence Welch , Halsey , Alessia Cara , Daya , and Estelle .
Exploration of Mars
Between 1960 and 1969 , the Soviet Union launched nine probes intended to reach Mars . They all failed : three at launch ; three failed to reach near - Earth orbit ; one during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans - Mars trajectory ; and two during the interplanetary orbit .