vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Latin American wars of independence
The former Vice-royalty of the Río de la Plata , The United Provinces of the River Plate , fought back Brazil in a war that lasted over 2 years , eventually turning into a stalemate . The Brazilian forces withdrew with the United Provinces keeping them at bay but failing to win any decisive victory . With neither side gained the upper hand and the economic burden of the war crippling the United Provinces economy , the Treaty of Montevideo was signed in 1828 , fostered by Britain , declaring Uruguay as an independent state .
American Indian Wars
When the British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , they ceded a vast amount of Native American territory ( without the consent of the indigenous peoples ) to the United States . The United States treated the Native Americans who had fought with the British as enemy allies , a conquered people who had lost their land . The federal government of the United States was eager to expand , and the national government did so by purchasing Native American land in treaties and through warfare .
Quito
In 1743 , after nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization , Quito was a city of about 10,000 inhabitants . On August 10 , 1809 , an independence movement from Spanish domination started in Quito . On that date , a plan for government was established that placed Juan Pío Montúfar as president with various other prominent figures in other positions of government . However , this initial movement was ultimately defeated on August 2 , 1810 , when colonial troops came from Lima , Peru , killing the leaders of the uprising along with about 200 settlers . A chain of conflicts concluded on May 24 , 1822 , when Antonio José de Sucre , under the command of Simón Bolívar , led troops into the Battle of Pichincha . Their victory marked the independence of Quito and the surrounding areas .
Economy of Scotland
Shipbuilding reached a peak in the early 20th century , especially during the Great War , but quickly went into a long downward slide when the war ended . The disadvantage of concentration on heavy industry became apparent : other countries were themselves industrialising and were no longer markets for Scottish products . Within Britain itself there was also more centralisation , and industry tended to drift to the south , leaving Scotland as a neglected fringe . The entire period between the world wars was one of economic depression , of which the worldwide Great Depression of 1929 -- 1939 was the most acute phase . The economy revived with munitions production during World War II . After 1945 , however , the older heavy industries continued to decline and the government provided financial encouragement to many new industries , ranging from atomic power and petrochemical production to light engineering . The economy has thus become more diversified and therefore stabler .
Territorial evolution of the United States
Disputes : September 29 , 1813 Fort Detroit was recaptured by American forces following the Battle of Lake Erie , regaining control over Michigan Territory . Disputes : August 24 , 1814 British forces capture and burn Washington , but are forced to withdraw the next day . The functions of the capital were only momentarily suspended , though President James Madison took refuge in Brookville , Maryland . no change to map December 11 , 1816 The southern part of Indiana Territory , along with small parts of Illinois Territory and Michigan Territory , were admitted as the nineteenth state , Indiana . The state was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River , but while the territory 's line turned north at Post Vincennes , the state 's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth . The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan , until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio 's western border . Thus , a very small portion of Indiana Territory was transferred to Illinois Territory around the Wabash , Indiana took its northern slice from Michigan Territory , and the remainder of Indiana Territory across Lake Michigan became unorganized territory . March 3 , 1817 Alabama Territory was organized from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory . Its western border was , from the north : the Tennessee River to Bear Creek ( around today 's Pickwick Lake ) ; a line from there to the northwestern corner of Washington County , Mississippi Territory ; and a line south from there . December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted as the twentieth state , Mississippi . February 6 , 1818 Alabama Territory created Tuskaloosa County with a description that inadvertently overlapped with Mississippi . It described the border of the county as running `` a due west course to , the Tombeckbe river ; thence up the same to the Cotton Gin Port '' . Unknown at the time , the origin of the Tombigbee River and Cotton Gin Port were in Mississippi .
PID controller
The first theoretical analysis and practical application was in the field of automatic steering systems for ships , developed from the early 1920s onwards . It was then used for automatic process control in manufacturing industry , where it was widely implemented in pneumatic , and then electronic , controllers . Today there is universal use of the PID concept in applications requiring accurate and optimised automatic control .
History of Mexico
Mesoamerica is the only place in the Americas where indigenous writing systems were invented and used before European colonization . While the types of writing systems in Mesoamerica range from minimalist `` picture - writing '' to complex logophonetic systems capable of recording speech and literature , they all share some core features that make them visually and functionally distinct from other writing systems of the world .
Zihuatanejo
The Spanish arrived in the 1520s . The first Spaniard to arrive here is said to have been Gonzalo de Umbria , sent by Hernán Cortés to explore the area to see if there was any gold . The conquest caused the native peoples to mostly abandon the area , and it is not known where they went . Those left to provide tribute were known in the Mexican highlands for their cotton shawls and decorated conch shells . The oldest document with Zihuatanejo 's name is called the Matricula de Tributos ( Record of Tribute ) . Today the local dialect has been lost and the only trace of the native population is a small archaeological site that was explored by INAH in the 1990s .
Hayling Island
Although largely residential , Hayling is also a holiday , windsurfing and sailing centre , the site where windsurfing was invented .
Carmen Sandiego (video game series)
In the game , Carmen Sandiego has invented KnowBots to steal knowledge and the player ( s ) have to try and thwart her plans . This game is set up much like the Carmen Sandiego game shows on PBS and is the only multiplayer game of the series . Where
Copper in architecture
Today , architectural copper is used in roofing systems , flashings and copings , rain gutters and downspouts , building expansion joints , wall cladding , domes , spires , vaults , and various other design elements . Simultaneously , the metal has evolved from a weather barrier and exterior design element into indoor building environments where it is changing the way commercial and residential interiors are decorated .
Tokyo Godfathers
They go to Hana 's former club . Gin , who was rescued by another member of the club , is also there . The trio sets out to find Sachiko 's house . They 're informed of the unhappy relationship between Sachiko and her husband . The group rests at a store until they are told to leave by the clerk . Hana collapses , and Gin and Miyuki take their friend to the hospital . At the hospital , Gin finds his daughter , working as a nurse . Hana berates Gin in front of his daughter and storms out of the hospital . Miyuki follows with Kiyoko .
Tokyo Godfathers
Hana searches for Miyuki and Kiyoko while Gin takes care of an old homeless man who is dying in the street . After giving Gin a little red bag , the old man peacefully passes away . Some teenagers show up and beat Gin and the dead old man . Meanwhile , Hana finds the girls and they go off to find a place to stay .
Leopard
Leopards have been known to humans throughout history , and have featured in the art , mythology , and folklore of many countries where they have historically occurred , such as ancient Greece , Persia , and Rome , as well as some where they have not existed for several millennia , such as England . The modern use of the leopard as an emblem for sport or a coat of arms is much more restricted to Africa , though numerous products worldwide have used the name . During the Benin Empire , the leopard was commonly represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the power of the king or oba ; since the leopard was considered the king of the forest . Leopard were also kept and paraded as mascots , totems and sacrifices to deities . As a result of their association with kings in Africa , the leopard 's pelt is often seen today as a symbol of aristocratic rank , chiefs using it as a part of their traditional regalia . Three
Treaty of Waitangi
The anniversary of the signing of the Treaty is a New Zealand public holiday , Waitangi Day , on 6 February . The first Waitangi Day was not until 1947 ( although there were some commemorations before that ) and the day was not made a public holiday until 1974 . The commemoration was the focus of protest by Māori from the 1970s through to the 1990s , and today the day is often used as an opportunity to discuss the impacts and history of the Treaty . The anniversary is officially commemorated at the Treaty House at Waitangi , where it was first signed .
United States Postal Service
Today , mail is delivered once a day on - site to most private homes and businesses . The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery ( where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches , or to commercial reception areas ) and rural delivery ( where carriers generally drive ) . With `` curbside delivery '' , mailboxes are at the ends of driveways , on the nearest convenient road . `` Central point delivery '' is used in some locations , where several nearby residences share a `` cluster '' of individual mailboxes in a single housing .
St. Johns River
In 1795 , Florida was transferred back to Spain which lured Americans with cheap land . A former loyalist to Britain who left South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War , a planter and slave trader named Zephaniah Kingsley seized the opportunity and built a plantation named Laurel Grove near what is now Doctors Lake , close to the west bank of the St. Johns River , south of where Orange Park is today . Three years later , Kingsley took a trip to Cuba and purchased a 13 - year - old Wolof girl named Anna Madgigine Jai . She became his common - law wife , and managed Laurel Grove while Kingsley traveled and conducted business . The plantation grew citrus and sea island cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) . In 1814 , they moved to a larger plantation on Fort George Island , where they lived for 25 years , and owned several other plantations and homesteads in what is today Jacksonville and another on Drayton Island at the north end of Lake George . Kingsley later married three other freed women in a polygamous relationship ; Spanish - controlled Florida allowed interracial marriages , and white landowners such as James Erwin , George Clarke , Francisco Sánchez , John Fraser , and Francis Richard , Jr. -- early settlers along the river -- all were married to or in extramarital relationships with African women .
List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
Thomas `` Tom '' Robinson is an African - American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman , Mayella Ewell . Atticus is assigned to defend him , and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins . Tom 's left arm is crippled and useless , the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child . Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy , pointing out that the nature of Mayella 's facial injuries strongly suggest a left - handed assailant . Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family 's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all - white , male jury . Despite Atticus ' skilled defense , the jury 's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty . Atticus plans to appeal the verdict , but before he can do so , Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held . Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters .
Den Watts
The 2006 episode of Doctor Who entitled `` Army of Ghosts '' features a scene where Peggy Mitchell tells the `` ghost '' of Den to `` get outta my pub ! '' as the only spirits that will be served are vodka , whiskey and gin . Given that the episode later reveals the `` ghosts '' to be fully converted Cybermen , Leslie Grantham is not seen in this episode .
History of coal mining
The history of coal mining goes back thousands of years . It became important in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries , when it was primarily used to power steam engines , heat buildings and generate electricity . Coal mining continues as an important economic activity today . Compared to wood fuels , coal yields a higher amount of energy per mass and can often be obtained in areas where wood is not readily available . Though it was used historically as a domestic fuel , coal is now used mostly in industry , especially in smelting and alloy production as well as electricity generation . Large - scale coal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution , and coal provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation in industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s . Coal remains an important energy source because of its low cost and abundance compared to other fuels , particularly for electricity generation . Coal is also mined today on a large scale by open pit methods wherever the coal strata strike the surface or are relatively shallow . Britain developed the main techniques of underground coal mining from the late 18th century onward , with further progress being driven by 19th century and early 20th century progress . However , oil and gas were increasingly used as alternatives from the 1860s onward .
Kitchen cabinet
As commonly used today , the term kitchen cabinet denotes a built - in kitchen installation of either a floor or a wall cabinet . Typically , multiple floor cabinets are covered by a single counter and floors and walls are not accessible behind and under the cabinets . Kitchen cabinets per se were invented in the 20th century . A precursor , not built - in , was the Hoosier cabinet of the 1910s , a single piece of furniture incorporating storage and work surfaces , of which over 2 million were sold by 1920 .
Product life-cycle theory
For example , a new product invented in the United States for local consumers is first produced in the United States because that is where the demand is , and producers want to stay close to the market to detect consumer response . Characteristics of the product and the production process are in a state of change during this stage as firms familiarize themselves with the product and the market . No international trade takes place .
Battle of Fort Duquesne
A plaque on the Allegheny County Courthouse , erected in 1901 commemorates the site of the battle , and the hill where the battle was fought is today called Grant Street , in Pittsburgh .
Jacobin
Today , Jacobin and Jacobinism are used in a variety of senses . In Britain , where the term Jacobin has been linked primarily to the Mountain , it is sometimes used as a pejorative for radical , left - wing revolutionary politics , especially when it exhibits dogmatism and violent repression . In France , Jacobin now generally indicates a supporter of a centralized republican state and strong central government powers and / or supporters of extensive government intervention to transform society . It is also used in other related senses , indicating proponents of a state education system which strongly promotes and inculcates civic values , and proponents of a strong nation - state capable of resisting any undesirable foreign interference .
Vinegar
Palm vinegar , made from the fermented sap from flower clusters of the nipa palm ( also called attap palm ) , is used most often in the Philippines , where it is produced , and where it is called sukang paombong . It has a citrusy flavor note to it and imparts a distinctly musky aroma . Its pH is between five and six .
Shotgun
Shotguns are often used with rifled barrels in locations where it is not lawful to hunt with a rifle . Typically , a sabot slug is used in these barrels for maximum accuracy and performance . Shotguns are often used to hunt whitetail deer in the thick brush and briers of the Southeastern and upper Midwestern United States , where , due to the dense cover , ranges tend to be close - 25m or less .
Twisted pair
Twisted - pair cabling was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881 . By 1900 , the entire American telephone line network was either twisted pair or open wire with transposition to guard against interference . Today , most of the millions of kilometres of twisted pairs in the world are outdoor landlines , owned by telephone companies , used for voice service , and only handled or even seen by telephone workers .
Quantum mechanics
There are numerous mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics . One of the oldest and most commonly used formulations is the `` transformation theory '' proposed by Paul Dirac , which unifies and generalizes the two earliest formulations of quantum mechanics - matrix mechanics ( invented by Werner Heisenberg ) and wave mechanics ( invented by Erwin Schrödinger ) .
Horses in warfare
Once gunpowder was invented , another major use of horses was as draught animals for heavy artillery , or cannon . In addition to field artillery , where horse - drawn guns were attended by gunners on foot , many armies had artillery batteries where each gunner was provided with a mount . Horse artillery units generally used lighter pieces , pulled by six horses . `` 9 - pounders '' were pulled by eight horses , and heavier artillery pieces needed a team of twelve . With the individual riding horses required for officers , surgeons and other support staff , as well as those pulling the artillery guns and supply wagons , an artillery battery of six guns could require 160 to 200 horses . Horse artillery usually came under the command of cavalry divisions , but in some battles , such as Waterloo , the horse artillery were used as a rapid response force , repulsing attacks and assisting the infantry . Agility was important ; the ideal artillery horse was 15 to 16 hands high , strongly built , but able to move quickly .
Romance languages
Portuguese innovated again in developing a new extra-polite pronoun o senhor `` the sir '' , which in turn downgraded você . Hence , modern European Portuguese has a three - way distinction between `` familiar '' tu , `` equalizing '' você and `` polite '' o senhor . ( The original second - person plural vós was discarded centuries ago in speech , and is used today only in translations of the Bible , where tu and vós serve as universal singular and plural pronouns , respectively . )
Ghostface (Scream)
Ghostface 's second appearance was in Scream 2 ( 1997 ) where it was again used as a disguise by the main antagonists . A series of murders occur at Windsor College , Sidney 's current location , with the initial victims sharing names with Billy and Stu 's victims from Scream . The killers again taunt Sidney and attempt to kill her and later kill Randy . The Ghostface disguise allows suspicion to fall on several characters , including Cotton , again , and Sidney 's boyfriend Derek ( Jerry O'Connell ) . However , Mickey ( Timothy Olyphant ) , a friend of Derek , reveals himself as the killer , seeking fame for his prolific exploits . Mickey 's accomplice is revealed to be Billy 's mother , under the alias Debbie Salt , who is seeking revenge against Sidney for her son 's death . Mrs. Loomis shoots Mickey , claiming to have indulged his desire for fame only to enlist his help in enacting her revenge , and tries to kill Sidney . With help from the exonerated Cotton , Sidney survives and Mrs. Loomis is killed . Seconds later , Mickey springs to his feet screaming , but is quickly shot to death by Gale and Sidney .
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet aids in the detection of organic material deposits that remain on surfaces where periodic cleaning and sanitizing may not have been properly accomplished . It is used in the hotel industry , manufacturing , and other industries where levels of cleanliness or contamination are inspected .
Los Angeles County, California
Venice Beach is a popular attraction where its Muscle Beach used to find throngs of tourists admiring `` hardbodies '' . Today , it is more arts - centered . Santa Monica 's pier is a well known tourist spot , famous for its ferris wheel and bumper car rides , which were featured in the introductory segment of the television sitcom Three 's Company . Further north in Pacific Palisades one finds the beaches used in the television series Baywatch . The fabled Malibu , home of many a film or television star , lies west of it .
Computer
The slide rule was invented around 1620 -- 1630 , shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm . It is a hand - operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division . As slide rule development progressed , added scales provided reciprocals , squares and square roots , cubes and cube roots , as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials , circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions . Aviation is one of the few fields where slide rules are still in widespread use , particularly for solving time -- distance problems in light aircraft . To save space and for ease of reading , these are typically circular devices rather than the classic linear slide rule shape . A popular example is the E6B .
Maya textiles
The most prevalent and influential aspect of women 's clothing in ancient times is the huipil , which is still prominent in Guatemalan and Mexican culture today . The huipil is a loose rectangular garment with a hole in the middle for the head made from lightweight sheer cotton . The huipil is usually white with colorful cross-stripping and zigzag designs woven into the cloth using the brocade technique still commonly used today . The huipil could be worn loose or tucked into a skirt ; this depends on the varying lengths of the huipil . Huipils often are used to display one 's religion and / or community affiliation . Different communities tend to have different designs , colors , and lengths as well as particular huipils for ceremonial purposes . It was uncommon and often disgraceful to wear a huipil design from another community within one 's village ; although , it was a sign of respect to wear a community 's huipil when visiting another village . Textiles produced by weavers within Mayan communities tend to have similar recognizable traits unique to that community , however , weavers are not restricted in their creativity . Instead the community design serves as an outline for what women should have , and then within the community design , weavers can implement a variety of personal details to create an individual finished product . One common theme is to express praise to different kiuggkes animals around the collar .