vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Carburetor
A carburetor basically consists of an open pipe through which the air passes into the inlet manifold of the engine . The pipe is in the form of a Venturi : it narrows in section and then widens again , causing the airflow to increase in speed in the narrowest part . Below the Venturi is a butterfly valve called the throttle valve -- a rotating disc that can be turned end - on to the airflow , so as to hardly restrict the flow at all , or can be rotated so that it ( almost ) completely blocks the flow of air . This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat and thus the quantity of air / fuel mixture the system will deliver , thereby regulating engine power and speed . The throttle is connected , usually through a cable or a mechanical linkage of rods and joints or rarely by pneumatic link , to the accelerator pedal on a car , a throttle level in an aircraft or the equivalent control on other vehicles or equipment .
Respiratory system
Oxygen is poorly soluble in water . Fully aerated fresh water therefore contains only 8 -- 10 ml O / liter compared to the O concentration of 210 ml / liter in the air at sea level . Furthermore , the coefficient of diffusion ( i.e. the rate at which a substances diffuses from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration , under standard conditions ) of the respiratory gases is typically 10,000 faster in air than in water . Thus oxygen , for instance , has a diffusion coefficient of 17.6 mm / s in air , but only 0.0021 mm / s in water . The corresponding values for carbon dioxide are 16 mm / s in air and 0.0016 mm / s in water . This means that when oxygen is taken up from the water in contact with a gas exchanger , it is replaced considerably more slowly by the oxygen from the oxygen - rich regions small distances away from the exchanger than would have occurred in air . Fish have developed gills deal with these problems . Gills are specialized organs containing filaments , which further divide into lamellae . The lamellae contain a dense thin walled capillary network that exposes a large gas exchange surface area to the very large volumes of water passing over them .
Three Witches
Vishal Bhardwaj 's 2004 film Maqbool takes place in the setting of warring gangs in the Bombay underworld . The Three Witches are replaced by two corrupt policemen , who do n't just pronounce prophecies but also actively shape events to `` balance forces '' .
Speed of sound
In fact , assuming an ideal gas , the speed of sound c depends on temperature only , not on the pressure or density ( since these change in lockstep for a given temperature and cancel out ) . Air is almost an ideal gas . The temperature of the air varies with altitude , giving the following variations in the speed of sound using the standard atmosphere -- actual conditions may vary .
Military history of the United States during World War II
With the arrival of the brand - new Fifteenth Air Force , based in Italy , command of the U.S. Air Forces in Europe was consolidated into the United States Strategic Air Forces ( USSTAF ) . With the addition of the Mustang to its strength , the Combined Bomber Offensive was resumed . Planners targeted the Luftwaffe in an operation known as ' Big Week ' ( 20 -- 25 February 1944 ) and succeeded brilliantly -- losses were so heavy German planners were forced into a hasty dispersal of industry and the day fighter arm never fully recovered .
Air pollution in the United States
Exposure to air pollution increases the risk of developing respiratory infections and cancers . Inhaled air pollutants damage the respiratory system and can lead to infections or cancer . Respiratory infections and cancer are related to each other . Having a respiratory infection raise the risk of cancer and vice versa . Also , studies show that the risk of the respiratory infections and cancers caused by air pollution are not distributed equally in terms of race , class , and geographic placement . Infections
Respiratory system
The enlargement of the thoracic cavity 's vertical dimension by the contraction of the diaphragm , and its two horizontal dimensions by the lifting of the front and sides of the ribs , causes the intrathoracic pressure to fall . The lungs ' interiors are open to the outside air , and being elastic , therefore expand to fill the increased space . The inflow of air into the lungs occurs via the respiratory airways ( Fig. 2 ) . In health these airways ( starting at the nose or mouth , and ending in the microscopic dead - end sacs called alveoli ) are always open , though the diameters of the various sections can be changed by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems . The alveolar air pressure is therefore always close to atmospheric air pressure ( about 100 kPa at sea level ) at rest , with the pressure gradients that cause air to move in and out of the lungs during breathing rarely exceeding 2 -- 3 kPa .
Ribosome
In bacterial cells , ribosomes are synthesized in the cytoplasm through the transcription of multiple ribosome gene operons . In eukaryotes , the process takes place both in the cell cytoplasm and in the nucleolus , which is a region within the cell nucleus . The assembly process involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the four rRNAs , as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins .
Olive Garden
It cited details such as the unlimited breadsticks the chain offered diners , of which too many went to waste since they tended to go stale , Smith claimed , and paying extra for custom - length straws . The chain 's menu was too complex , with some of its 96 items making no sense , such as vegetable lasagna topped with chicken ( `` if you wanted meat on your lasagna , you would order the meat lasagna '' the slide read ) . The chain also had stopped the common practice of adding salt to the water in which it cooked its pasta in order to secure longer warranties on the pots , which had Smith incredulous . `` Pasta is Olive Garden 's core dish and must be cooked properly . '' He included photos of poorly executed dishes purchased at Olive Gardens compared with the photos on the chain 's website , along with quotes from online reviews posted by disappointed customers .
Technology during World War II
British long - range bomber planes such as the Short Stirling had been designed before 1939 for strategic flights and given a large armament , but their technology still suffered from numerous flaws . The smaller and shorter ranged Bristol Blenheim , the RAF 's most - used bomber , was defended by only one hydraulically operated machine - gun turret , and whilst this appeared sufficient , it was soon revealed that the turret was a pathetic defence against squadrons of German fighter planes . American bomber planes such as the B - 17 Flying Fortress had been built before the war as the only adequate long - range bombers in the world , designed to patrol the long American coastlines . Defended by as many as six machine - gun turrets providing 360 ° cover , the B - 17s were still vulnerable without fighter protection even when used in large formations .
Small intestine
Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum , with the following notable exceptions :
Ship
Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution . `` Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sulfur from petroleum uses into the atmosphere . '' In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulfur introduced to the air , `` ... as much sulfur as all the cars , lorries and factories in Europe put together . '' `` By 2010 , up to 40 % of air pollution over land could come from ships . '' Sulfur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and buildings . When inhaled , sulfur is known to cause respiratory problems and increase the risk of a heart attack .
Air pollution in the United States
As air pollution increases , symptoms of asthma worsen . Asthma 's etiology is poorly understood and currently has no cure . There are many environmental factors that attribute to asthma . The main sources of environmental pollution are the burning of fossil fuels in the combustion engines , dust generated by traffic on road surfaces , and biomass used for cooking and heating . In urban areas , there are high concentrations of particulate matter , nitrogen dioxide , ozone , and other volatile organic compounds and can make breathing more difficult . The health effects of particulate matters with different diameters are related to the length of those particles staying in the atmosphere and the locations of infection in the respiratory tract Young children who are exposed to air pollution are extremely vulnerable . One reason they are more vulnerable is because the average breathing pattern for an adult is 16 to 20 breaths per minute , while a 1 - year - old child has a faster breathing pattern which is 20 to 40 breaths per minute . Therefore , children will be inhaling more pollutants than adults . Prenatal
Jury trial
The institution of trial by jury was ritually depicted by Aeschylus in the Eumenides , the third and final play of his Oresteia trilogy . In the play , the innovation is brought about by the goddess Athena , who summons twelve citizens to sit as jury . The god Apollo takes part in the trial as the advocate for the defendant Orestes and the Furies as prosecutors for the slain Clytaemnestra . In the event the jury is split six to six , and Athena dictates that in such a case , the verdict should henceforth be for acquittal .
A Hard Day's Night (film)
Despite the fact that the original working titles of the film were first The Beatles and then Beatlemania , the group 's name is never spoken in the movie -- it is , however , visible on Ringo 's drum kit , on the stage lighting , and on the helicopter in the final scene . The television performance scene also contains a visual pun on the group 's name , with photos of beetles visible on the wall behind the dancers .
Tommy (1975 film)
The famous scene in which Ann - Margret 's character hallucinates that she is cavorting in detergent foam , baked beans , and chocolate reportedly took three days to shoot . According to Russell , the detergent and baked bean sequences were `` revenge '' parodies of real - life TV advertisements he had directed early in his career , although the baked bean sequence also references one of the cover photos and a parody radio ad from The Who 's 1967 album The Who Sell Out . Russell also recalled that Ann - Margret 's husband , Roger Smith , strongly objected to the scene in which she slithers around in melted chocolate . During the filming , Ann - Margret accidentally struck her hand on the broken glass of the TV screen , causing a severe laceration , and Russell had to take her to hospital to have the wound stitched , although she was back on set the next day . The film also includes a scene in which Mrs. Walker watches a parodic TV advertisement for the fictional product `` Rex Baked Beans '' ; the costumes in this segment were originally made for the lavish masked ball sequence in Richard Lester 's version of The Three Musketeers , and the dress worn by the Queen in the Rex ad is that worn by Geraldine Chaplin in the earlier film .
Air Jordan
The fourth Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro VI model in White / Carmine . The other Air Jordan in this package would be Air Jordan Retro XVII model in Black / Metallic Silver . The package cost US $310.00 and was released May 24 , 2008 . ``
Illinois
The modern Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield is the largest and most attended presidential library in the country . The Illinois State Museum boasts a collection of 13.5 million objects that tell the story of Illinois life , land , people , and art . The ISM is among only 5 % of the nation 's museums that are accredited by the American Alliance of Museums . Other historical museums in the state include the Polish Museum of America in Chicago ; Magnolia Manor in Cairo ; Easley Pioneer Museum in Ipava ; the Elihu Benjamin Washburne ; Ulysses S. Grant Homes , both in Galena ; and the Chanute Air Museum , located on the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul .
Global Positioning System
The space segment ( SS ) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites , or Space Vehicles ( SV ) in GPS parlance . The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs , eight each in three approximately circular orbits , but this was modified to six orbital planes with four satellites each . The six orbit planes have approximately 55 ° inclination ( tilt relative to the Earth 's equator ) and are separated by 60 ° right ascension of the ascending node ( angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit 's intersection ) . The orbital period is one - half a sidereal day , i.e. , 11 hours and 58 minutes so that the satellites pass over the same locations or almost the same locations every day . The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within line of sight from almost everywhere on the Earth 's surface . The result of this objective is that the four satellites are not evenly spaced ( 90 ° ) apart within each orbit . In general terms , the angular difference between satellites in each orbit is 30 ° , 105 ° , 120 ° , and 105 ° apart , which sum to 360 ° .
Environmental issues in India
The Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act was passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution and there have been some measurable improvements . However , the 2012 Environmental Performance Index ranked India as having the poorest relative air quality out of 132 countries .
The Great Gatsby
In the summer of 1922 , Nick Carraway , a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest -- who serves as the novel 's narrator -- takes a job in New York as a bond salesman . He rents a small house on Long Island , in the fictional village of West Egg , next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby , a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them . Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin , Daisy Fay Buchanan , and her husband , Tom , a college acquaintance of Nick 's . They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker , an attractive , cynical young golfer . She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress , Myrtle Wilson , who lives in the `` valley of ashes '' , an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City . Not long after this revelation , Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment where Tom keeps his affairs with Myrtle and others . At Tom 's New York apartment , a vulgar and bizarre party takes place . It ends with Tom breaking Myrtle 's nose after she annoys him by saying Daisy 's name several times . The
Respiratory system
If these homeostats are compromised , then a respiratory acidosis , or a respiratory alkalosis will occur . In the long run these can be compensated by renal adjustments to the H and HCO concentrations in the plasma ; but since this takes time , the hyperventilation syndrome can , for instance , occur when agitation or anxiety cause a person to breathe fast and deeply thus causing a distressing respiratory alkalosis through the blowing off of too much CO from the blood into the outside air .
Air Jordan
In 1997 , Air Jordan XIII 's were released to the public . This model was known for its cushioning along the feet , designed by Hatfield . The Black Panther was the inspiration for the Air Jordan XIII , the sole resembles the pads on a panther 's paw . But also the panther is the hologram on the back of the shoe which imitates a panther 's eyes in the dark when light is shined at them . They were re-released in 2005 , which coincided with the release of the Air Jordan 8s shoe .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Another notable example was the Flying Tigers , created by Claire L. Chennault , a retired U.S. Army Air Corps officer working in the China since August 1937 , first as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek in the early months of the Sino - Japanese War . Officially known as the 1st American Volunteer Group ( AVG ) but nicknamed the `` Flying Tigers '' , this was a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority . As a unit they would serve in the Chinese Air Force to fight against the Japanese . The group comprised three fighter squadrons of around thirty aircraft each , the AVG 's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941 , twelve days after the Pearl Harbor attack . On 4 July 1942 the AVG was disbanded , it was replaced by the 23rd Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces , which was later absorbed into the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force . During their time in the Chinese Air Force , they succeeded in destroying 296 enemy aircraft , while losing only fourteen pilots in combat .
Rainbow
A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection , refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky . It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc . Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun .
Air pollution in the United States
Sociopolitical explanations in which hazardous facilities located in communities where they lack political capital to influence discussions Market - based explanations in which people who live in polluted areas have lower property value Racial discrimination in the placement of hazardous facilities . Education
Allies of World War II
Mexico formed Escuadrón 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM -- `` Mexican Expeditionary Air Force '' ) . The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945 .
Hail Mary
Based on the greeting of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary in the Gospel of Luke , the prayer takes different forms in various traditions . It has often been set to music .
Cinderella
They tell the fabulous story that , when she was bathing , an eagle snatched one of her sandals from her maid and carried it to Memphis ; and while the king was administering justice in the open air , the eagle , when it arrived above his head , flung the sandal into his lap ; and the king , stirred both by the beautiful shape of the sandal and by the strangeness of the occurrence , sent men in all directions into the country in quest of the woman who wore the sandal ; and when she was found in the city of Naucratis , she was brought up to Memphis , became the wife of the king ...
The Left Hand of Darkness
Obsle , Yegey , and Shusgis are Commensals , three of the thirty - three councilmen that rule Orgoreyn . Obsle and Yegey are members of the `` Open Trade '' faction , who wish to normalize relations with Karhide . Obsle is the commensal of the Sekeve District , and was once the head of the Orgota Naval Trade Commission in Erhenrang , where he became acquainted with Estraven . Estraven describes him as the nearest thing to an honest person among the politicians of Orgoreyn . Yegey is the commensal who first finds Estraven during his exile , and who gives Estraven a job and a place to live in Mishnory . Shusgis is the commensal who hosts Genly Ai after Ai 's arrival in Mishnory , and is a member of the opposing faction , which supports the Sarf , the Orgota secret police . Although Obsle and Yegey support Ai 's mission , they see him more as a means of increasing their own influence within the council ; thus they eventually betray him to the Sarf , in order to save themselves . Their Open Trade faction takes control of the council after Ai 's presence in Karhide becomes known at the end of the novel .
Mohr's circle
The abscissas of both points E and C ( Figure 8 and Figure 9 ) intersecting the σ n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) ) - axis are the magnitudes of the minimum and maximum normal stresses , respectively ; the ordinates of both points E and C are the magnitudes of the shear stresses acting on both the minor and major principal planes , respectively , which is zero for principal planes .
Romanesque art
Images that occurred in metalwork were frequently embossed . The resultant surface had two main planes and details that were usually incised . This treatment was adapted to stone carving and is seen particularly in the tympanum above the portal , where the imagery of Christ in Majesty with the symbols of the Four Evangelists is drawn directly from the gilt covers of medieval Gospel Books . This style of doorway occurs in many places and continued into the Gothic period . A rare survival in England is that of the `` Prior 's Door '' at Ely Cathedral . In South - Western France , many have survived , with impressive examples at Saint - Pierre , Moissac , Souillac , and La Madeleine , Vézelay -- all daughter houses of Cluny , with extensive other sculpture remaining in cloisters and other buildings . Nearby , Autun Cathedral has a Last Judgement of great rarity in that it has uniquely been signed by its creator , Giselbertus .
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has one of the highest percentages of military expenditure in the world , spending more than 10 % of its GDP in its military . The Saudi military consists of the Royal Saudi Land Forces , the Royal Saudi Air Force , the Royal Saudi Navy , the Royal Saudi Air Defense , the Saudi Arabian National Guard ( SANG , an independent military force ) , and paramilitary forces , totaling nearly 200,000 active - duty personnel . In 2005 the armed forces had the following personnel : the army , 75,000 ; the air force , 18,000 ; air defense , 16,000 ; the navy , 15,500 ( including 3,000 marines ) ; and the SANG had 75,000 active soldiers and 25,000 tribal levies . In addition , there is an Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah military intelligence service .
Respiratory system
The alveoli are the dead end terminals of the `` tree '' , meaning that any air that enters them has to exit via the same route . A system such as this creates dead space , a volume of air ( about 150 ml in the adult human ) that fills the airways after exhalation and is breathed back into the alveoli before environmental air reaches them . At the end of inhalation the airways are filled with environmental air , which is exhaled without coming in contact with the gas exchanger .
History of chemistry
In 1754 , Scottish chemist Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide , which he called `` fixed air '' . In 1757 , Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt , while investigating arsenic compounds , creates Cadet 's fuming liquid , later discovered to be cacodyl oxide , considered to be the first synthetic organometallic compound . In 1758 , Joseph Black formulated the concept of latent heat to explain the thermochemistry of phase changes . In 1766 , English chemist Henry Cavendish isolated hydrogen , which he called `` inflammable air '' . Cavendish discovered hydrogen as a colorless , odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air , and published a paper on the production of water by burning inflammable air ( that is , hydrogen ) in dephlogisticated air ( now known to be oxygen ) , the latter a constituent of atmospheric air ( phlogiston theory ) .