vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Morality
Mirror neurons are neurons in the brain that fire when another person is observed doing a certain action . The neurons fire in imitation of the action being observed , causing the same muscles to act minutely in the observer as are acting grossly in the person actually performing the action . Research on mirror neurons , since their discovery in 1996 , suggests that they may have a role to play not only in action understanding , but also in emotion sharing empathy . Cognitive neuro - scientist Jean Decety thinks that the ability to recognize and vicariously experience what another individual is undergoing was a key step forward in the evolution of social behavior , and ultimately , morality . The inability to feel empathy is one of the defining characteristics of psychopathy , and this would appear to lend support to Decety 's view .
Cousin marriage
In many Middle Eastern nations , a marriage to the father 's brother 's daughter ( FBD ) is considered ideal , though this type may not always actually outnumber other types . One anthropologist , Ladislav Holý , argues that it is important to distinguish between the ideal of FBD marriage and marriage as it is actually practiced , which always also includes other types of cousins and unrelated spouses . Holý cites the Berti people of the Sudan , who consider the FBD to be the closest kinswoman to a man outside of the prohibited range . If more than one relationship exists between spouses , as often results from successive generations of cousin marriage , only the patrilineal one is counted . Marriage within the lineage is preferred to marriage outside the lineage even when no exact genealogical relationship is known . Of 277 first marriages , only 84 were between couples unable to trace any genealogical relationship between them . Of those , in 64 , the spouses were of the same lineage . However , of 85 marriages to a second or third wife , in 60 , the spouses were of different lineages . The Marri have a very limited set of incest prohibitions that includes only lineal relatives , the sister , and aunts except the mother 's brother 's wife . Female members of the mother 's lineage are seen as only loosely related . Finally , the Baggara Arabs favor MBD marriage first , followed by cross-cousin marriage if the cross cousin is a member of the same surra , a group of agnates of five or six generations depth . Next is marriage within the surra . No preference is shown for marriages between matrilateral parallel cousins .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
The JDA specifically identified 65 key areas and 207 ancillary areas of concern . These were reduced to ten broad - based and inter-related recommendations that later became the basis for what became known as the PDR Priority Programs . The ten are : 1 . Multi-Year Defense Planning System ( MYDPS ) 2 . Improve Intelligence , Operations , and Training Capacities 3 . Improve Logistics Capacity 4 . Professional Development Program 5 . Improve Personnel Management System 6 . Multi-year Capabilities Upgrade Program ( CUP ) 7 . Optimization of Defense Budget and Improvement of Management Controls 8 . Centrally Managed Defense Acquisition System Manned by a Professional Workforce 9 . Development of Strategic Communication Capability 10 . Information Management Development Program
Capital punishment in the United States
After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts . Federal habeas corpus is a type of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court ( other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review ) . The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , which restricted significantly its previous scope . The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts , through the process of direct review and state collateral review , have done a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner 's federal constitutional rights . Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling . According to Eric Freedman , 21 percent of death penalty cases are reversed through federal habeas corpus .
English Reformation
From 1553 , under the reign of Henry 's Roman Catholic daughter , Mary I , the Reformation legislation was repealed and Mary sought to achieve the reunion with Rome . Her first Act of Parliament was to retroactively validate Henry 's marriage to her mother and so legitimise her claim to the throne .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
In October 1999 , the Joint Defense Assessment ( JDA ) began as a policy level discussion between the Philippine Secretary of National Defense and the US Secretary of Defense . An initial JDA report in 2001 provided an objective evaluation of Philippine defense capability . During a May 2003 state visit to Washington DC , President Arroyo requested U.S. assistance in conducting a strategic assessment of the Philippine defense system . This led to a follow - up JDA and formulation of recommendations addressing deficiencies found in the Philippine defense structure .
Cousin marriage
Cousin marriage has been allowed throughout the Middle East for all recorded history . Anthropologists have debated the significance of the practice ; some view it as the defining feature of the Middle Eastern kinship system while others note that overall rates of cousin marriage have varied sharply between different Middle Eastern communities . Very little numerical evidence exists of rates of cousin marriage in the past .
Shooting the messenger
Sigmund Freud considered shooting the messenger a `` marginal case of this kind of defense ... of fending off what is distressing or unbearable '' , citing the example of `` the famous lament of the Spanish Moors Ay de mi Alhama , which tells how King Boabdil received the news of the fall of his city of Alhama . He feels that this loss means the end of his rule . But he will not ' let it be true ... He threw the letters in the fire and killed the messenger ' '' .
The Bahamas
The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence ( which holds 70 % of the national population ) , whose affairs are handled directly by the central government . In 1996 , the Bahamian Parliament passed the `` Local Government Act '' to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators , Local Government Districts , Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities . The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government . In total , there are 32 districts , with elections being held every five years . There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts .
Secretary
In the U.S. Department of Defense , the title of military assistant ( MA ) or executive assistant ( EA ) is typically held by Army , Air Force , and Marine Corps colonels , lieutenant colonels , and senior majors and Navy captains , commanders and senior lieutenant commanders who are in direct support of the Secretary of Defense , Deputy Secretary of Defense and other civilian defense officials down to the level of a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense , as well as general officers or flag officers .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
The Philippine Constabulary ( PC ) was a gendarmerie type para-military police force of the Philippines established in 1901 by the United States - appointed administrative authority , replacing the Guardia Civil of the Spanish regime . On December 13 , 1990 , Republic Act No. 6975 was approved , organizing the Philippine National Police ( PNP ) consisting of the members of the Integrated National Police ( INP ) and the officers and enlisted personnel of the PC . Upon the effectivity of that Act , the PC ceased to be a major service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the INP ceased to be the national police and civil defense force . On January 29 , 1991 , the PC and the INP were formally retired and the PNP was activated in their place .
Bantu Education Act, 1953
`` There is no place for ( the Bantu ) in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour ... What is the use of teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it can not use it in practice ? ''
George Takei
Takei marked the 70th anniversary of the internment of Americans of Japanese descent , including himself as a child , by asking his readers to contact the US Congress to block S. 1253 , the National Defense Authorization Act , that `` would authorize a similar sweeping authority , granted to the President , to order the detention -- without charge or trial -- of any person even suspected of being associated with a ' terrorist organization ' '' .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
The 1987 Philippine Constitution placed the AFP under the control of a civilian , the President of the Philippines , who acts as its Commander - in - Chief . All of its branches are part of the Department of National Defense , which is headed by the Secretary of National Defense .
Townshend Acts
Townshend also faced the problem of what to do about the New York Provincial Assembly , which had refused to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act because its members saw the act 's financial provisions as levying an unconstitutional tax . The New York Restraining Act , which according to historian Robert Chaffin was `` officially a part of the Townshend Acts '' , suspended the power of the Assembly until it complied with the Quartering Act . The Restraining Act never went into effect because , by the time it was passed , the New York Assembly had already appropriated money to cover the costs of the Quartering Act . The Assembly avoided conceding the right of Parliament to tax the colonies by making no reference to the Quartering Act when appropriating this money ; they also passed a resolution stating that Parliament could not constitutionally suspend an elected legislature .
Society of the United States
`` The nuclear family ... is the idealized version of what most people think when they think of `` family ... '' The old definition of what a family is ... the nuclear family - no longer seems adequate to cover the wide diversity of household arrangements we see today , according to many social scientists ( Edwards 1991 ; Stacey 1996 ) . Thus has arisen the term postmodern family , which is meant to describe the great variability in family forms , including single - parent families and child - free couples. `` - Brian K. Williams , Stacey C. Sawyer , Carl M. Wahlstrom , Marriages , Families & Intinamte Relationships , 2005 .
Cinema of the Philippines
The Citizens Council for Better Motion Pictures was established by in 1960 , as a response to a `` grave concern over the general disappearance of the cherished virtues and traditions of the Christian way of life , the alarming increase in juvenile delinquency , and the deterioration of public and private morals . '' In 1961 , they lobbied for what is presently known as the Censorship Law ( Republic Act No. 3060 ) , which was approved on June 17 , 1961 . The law created an Appeals Committee , composed of the undersecretaries of justice , national defense , and education . This committee could revoke the decisions of the Board of Censors . Independent from the CCBMP , the still standing Board of Censors had grown to 24 members , and could now establish a system of classification which consisted of two categories : `` for general patronage , '' and `` for adults only . '' Jose L. Guevara was appointed by President Diosdado Macapagal as the new chairperson in 1962 , and the board members appointed by president Carlos P. Garcia were removed , on account of their positions being `` midnight '' extensions .
Cousin marriage
Raphael Patai reports that in central Arabia , no relaxation of a man 's right to the father 's brother 's daughter , seems to have taken place in the past hundred years before his 1962 work . Here the girl is not forced to marry her male cousin , but she can not marry another unless he gives consent . The force of the custom is seen in one case from Jordan when the father arranged for the marriage of his daughter to an outsider without obtaining the consent of her male cousin . When the marriage procession progressed with the bride toward the house of the bridegroom , the male cousin rushed forward , snatched away the girl , and forced her into his own house . This was regarded by all as a lawful marriage . In Iraq , the right of the cousin has also traditionally been followed and a girl breaking the rule without the consent of the male cousin could have ended up murdered by him . The Syrian city of Aleppo during the 19th century featured a rate of cousin marriage among the elite of 24 % according to one estimate , a figure that masked widespread variation : some leading families had none or only one cousin marriage , while others had rates approaching 70 % . Cousin marriage rates were highest among women , merchant families , and older well - established families .
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Despite the lowering of the legal age of marriage for women fell to 9 , and the Ayatollah Khomeini 's support for early marriage for females ,
Central Intelligence Agency
The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence ( mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources ) , and for covert action . The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations . This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence , philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense ( DOD ) and the CIA . In spite of this , the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service , the Defense Clandestine Service ( DCS ) , under the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) .
Breaking the Waves
Breaking the Waves won the Grand Prix at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival , the César Award for Best Foreign Film , and three awards at the 1996 European Film Awards , including Film of the Year , International Film Journalists Award , and European Actress of the Year ( Watson ) . Emily Watson was also nominated for the 1996 Academy Award for Best Actress , the 1996 British Academy of Film and Television Arts award and the National Society of Film Critics prize .
Civilian Conservation Corps
Collier said of the CCC - Indian Division , `` no previous undertaking in Indian Service has so largely been the Indians ' own undertaking '' . Education programs also trained participants in gardening , stock raising , safety , native arts , and some academic subjects . IECW differed from other CCC activities in that it explicitly trained men in skills to be carpenters , truck drivers , radio operators , mechanics , surveyors , and technicians . With the passage of the National Defense Vocational Training Act of 1941 , enrollees began participating in defense - oriented training . The government paid for the classes and , after individuals completed courses and passed a competency test , guaranteed automatic employment in the defense work . A total of 85,000 Native Americans were enrolled in this training . This proved valuable social capital for the 24,000 alumni who later served in the military and the 40,000 who left the reservations for city jobs supporting the war effort .
Cousin marriage
According to anthropologist Ladislav Holý , cousin marriage is not an independent phenomenon , but rather one expression of a wider Middle Eastern preference for agnatic solidarity , or solidarity with one 's father 's lineage . According to Holý , the oft - quoted reason for cousin marriage of keeping property in the family is , in the Middle Eastern case , just one specific manifestation of keeping intact a family 's whole `` symbolic capital '' . Close agnatic marriage has also been seen as a result of the conceptualization of men as responsible for the control of the conduct of women . Honor is another reason for cousin marriage : while the natal family may lose influence over the daughter through marriage to an outsider , marrying her in their kin group allows them to help prevent dishonorable outcomes like either attacks on her or her own unchaste behavior . Pragmatic reasons for the husband , such as warmer relations with his father - in - law , and those for parents of both spouses , like reduced bride price and access to the labor of the daughter 's children , also contribute . Throughout Middle Eastern history , cousin marriage has been both praised and discouraged by various writers and authorities .
Cousin marriage
Cousin and sibling marriage were legal in ancient Rome from the Second Punic War ( 218 -- 201 BC ) , until it was banned by the Christian emperor Theodosius I in 381 in the West , and until after the death of Justinian ( 565 ) in the East , but the proportion of such marriages is not clear . Anthropologist Jack Goody said that cousin marriage was a typical pattern in Rome , based on the marriage of four children of Emperor Constantine to their first cousins and on writings by Plutarch and Livy indicating the proscription of cousin marriage in the early Republic . Professors Brent Shaw and Richard Saller , however , counter in their more comprehensive treatment that cousin marriages were never habitual or preferred in the western empire : for example , in one set of six stemmata ( genealogies ) of Roman aristocrats in the two centuries after Octavian , out of 33 marriages , none was between first or second cousins . Such marriages carried no social stigma in the late Republic and early Empire . They cite the example of Cicero attacking Mark Antony not on the grounds of cousin marriage , but instead on grounds of Antony 's divorce .
Selective Service Act of 1917
Selective Service Act of 1917 Other short titles Conscription Act of 1916 Enrollment Act of 1916 Long title An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the military establishment of the United States . Nicknames Selective Draft Act of 1916 Enacted by the 65th United States Congress Effective May 18 , 1917 Citations Public law 69 - 96 Statutes at Large 40 Stat. 76 , Chapter 15 Codification Titles amended 50 U.S.C. : War and National Defense U.S.C. sections created 50 U.S.C. Appendix § § 201 -- 211 , 213 , 214 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3545 by Julius Kahn ( R -- CA ) on April 27 , 1916 Passed the House on April 28 , 1917 ( 398 -- 24 ) Passed the Senate on April 28 , 1917 ( 81 -- 8 , in lieu of S. 1871 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 16 , 1917 ; agreed to by the House on May 16 , 1917 ( 198 -- 179 ) and by the Senate on May 17 , 1917 ( 65 -- 8 ) Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 18 , 1917 Sheet
Right of self-defense in Maryland
Defense of others is a defense , and the defendant must be found not guilty if all of the following four factors are present :
Right of self-defense in Maryland
Defense of property is a defense , and the defendant must be found not guilty if all of the following three factors are present :
United States
The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors .
United States embargo against Cuba
The United States embargo against Cuba ( in Cuba called el bloqueo , `` the blockade '' ) is a commercial , economic , and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba . An embargo was first imposed by the United States on sale of arms to Cuba on March 14 , 1958 , during the Fulgencio Batista regime . Again on October 19 , 1960 ( almost two years after the Batista regime was deposed by the Cuban Revolution ) the U.S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized American - owned Cuban oil refineries without compensation . On February 7 , 1962 the embargo was extended to include almost all imports . Currently , the Cuban embargo is enforced mainly through six statutes : the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 , the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963 , the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 , the Helms -- Burton Act of 1996 , and the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 . The stated purpose of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba as long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward `` democratization and greater respect for human rights '' . The Helms -- Burton Act further restricted United States citizens from doing business in or with Cuba , and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government in Havana unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met . In 1999 , President Bill Clinton expanded the trade embargo by also disallowing foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies to trade with Cuba . In 2000 , Clinton authorized the sale of `` humanitarian '' U.S. products to Cuba .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
During the patriotic fervor of World War I and the First Red Scare , the Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause `` insubordination , disloyalty , mutiny , or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States '' . Specifically , the Espionage Act of 1917 states that if anyone allows any enemies to enter or fly over the United States and obtain information from a place connected with the national defense , they will be punished . Hundreds of prosecutions followed . In 1919 , the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases : Schenck v. United States , Debs v. United States , Frohwerk v. United States , and Abrams v. United States . Justice
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
During World War II , over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations , where more than half died . As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war , Filipinos were legally American nationals . With American nationality , Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States . In 1946 , Congress passed the Rescission Act ( 38 U.S.C. § 107 ) which stripped Filipinos of the benefits they were promised .