vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Evidence of common descent
Many of the species found on remote islands are endemic to a particular island or group of islands , meaning they are found nowhere else on earth . Examples of species endemic to islands include many flightless birds of New Zealand , lemurs of Madagascar , the Komodo dragon of Komodo , the dragon 's blood tree of Socotra , Tuatara of New Zealand , and others . However , many such endemic species are related to species found on other nearby islands or continents ; the relationship of the animals found on the Galápagos Islands to those found in South America is a well - known example . All of these facts , the types of plants and animals found on oceanic islands , the large number of endemic species found on oceanic islands , and the relationship of such species to those living on the nearest continents , are most easily explained if the islands were colonized by species from nearby continents that evolved into the endemic species now found there .
Local government in the United States
Maryland has 23 counties . The State Constitution charters the City of Baltimore as an independent city , which is the functional equivalent of a county , and is separate from any county -- e.g. , there is also a Baltimore County , but its county seat is in Towson , not in the City of Baltimore . Other than Baltimore , all cities are the same , and there is no difference between a municipality called a city or a town . Cities and towns are chartered by the legislature .
Hippocampus
In birds , the correspondence is sufficiently well established that most anatomists refer to the medial pallial zone as the `` avian hippocampus '' . Numerous species of birds have strong spatial skills , in particular those that cache food . There is evidence that food - caching birds have a larger hippocampus than other types of birds and that damage to the hippocampus causes impairments in spatial memory .
Thermal comfort
Various types of apparent temperature have been developed to combine air temperature and air humidity . For higher temperatures , there are quantitative scales , such as the heat index . For lower temperatures , a related interplay was identified only qualitatively :
Christmas tree cultivation
The best - selling species in the North American market are Scots pine , Douglas - fir , noble fir , balsam fir , Fraser fir , Virginia pine , and eastern white pine , although other types of trees are also grown and sold . In Alabama , for example , types of trees grown for use as Christmas trees include eastern white pine , redcedar , Virginia pine , Leyland cypress , and Arizona cypress . In Florida , the sand pine and spruce pine are among the 20,000 grown in the state each year . Norway
Atom
In the Standard Model of physics , electrons are truly elementary particles with no internal structure . However , both protons and neutrons are composite particles composed of elementary particles called quarks . There are two types of quarks in atoms , each having a fractional electric charge . Protons are composed of two up quarks ( each with charge + 2 / 3 ) and one down quark ( with a charge of − 1 / 3 ) . Neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks . This distinction accounts for the difference in mass and charge between the two particles .
Bottom bracket
In one design , the driveside ( right ) crankarm and the bottom bracket spindle are an integrated unit and the bearings are placed outside of the bottom bracket shell . There are a number of versions of this design available : Shimano 's Hollowtech II , RaceFace 's X-type , FSA 's MegaExo . The terms ' X-Type ' and ' Hollowtech II ' are both used to refer to any design of this type , but are in fact trademarks of the corporations marketing the systems . These external bearings are compatible with those from other manufacturers . With this new standard have come several cranksets designed to use the external bearings of other manufacturers , such as DMR 's `` Ex type '' and Charge Bikes `` Regular '' cranks .
Sex offender
In looking at various types of offenses , an example of a digital obscenity offense is child pornography . In the modern world of technology , many jurisdictions are reforming their laws to prevent the over-prosecution of sex offenders and focusing on crimes involving a victim . The term sexual predator is often used to describe a sex offender or any of the `` tier offenders '' ; however , only the category just below sexually - violent sexual predator is reserved for a severe or repeated sex offender : sexual predator .
Binary star
There is a direct correlation between the period of revolution of a binary star and the eccentricity of its orbit , with systems of short period having smaller eccentricity . Binary stars may be found with any conceivable separation , from pairs orbiting so closely that they are practically in contact with each other , to pairs so distantly separated that their connection is indicated only by their common proper motion through space . Among gravitationally bound binary star systems , there exists a so - called log normal distribution of periods , with the majority of these systems orbiting with a period of about 100 years . This is supporting evidence for the theory that binary systems are formed during star formation .
Land lot
Like most other types of real estate , lots owned by private parties are subject to a periodic real estate tax payable by the owners to local governments such as a county or municipality . These real estate taxes are based on the assessed value of the real property ; additional taxes usually apply to transfer of ownership and property sales . Other fees by government are possible for improvements such as curbs and sidewalks or an impact fee for building a house on a vacant lot .
Tennis court
Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game . There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used for the court surface : clay courts , hard courts , grass courts and carpet courts . The International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) lists different surfaces and properties and classifies surfaces into one of five pace settings :
San Francisco fog
Fog is a common weather phenomenon in the San Francisco Bay Area as well as along the entire coastline of California extending south to the northwest coast of the Baja California Peninsula . The frequency of fog and low - lying stratus clouds is due to a combination of factors particular to the region that are especially prevalent in the summer . Another type of fog , tule fog , can occur during the winter . There are occasions when both types can occur simultaneously in the Bay Area .
Software bug
Conceptual errors are a developer 's misunderstanding of what the software must do . The resulting software may perform according to the developer 's understanding , but not what is really needed . Other types :
Meander
As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place , there are a number of theories , not necessarily mutually exclusive .
TI-84 Plus series
There are three different types of programs which can be downloaded or programmed into the calculators : TI - BASIC , Z80 assembly language , and Flash applications ( also written in Z80 assembly ) . The TI84 + CE is different in that programs are written in TI - BASIC , eZ80 assembly language , or in the C programming language . In addition , there are programs available that are able to compile or interpret other programming languages . Also , there are several languages developed by community members for the calculators , notably ICE , which is for the TI84 + CE , and Axe , which is for the TI84+ and TI84 + SE . There are a wide range of applications that this produces , from science classes , to games , to calculus to note taking ( when put together with a separately sold keyboard ) . The TI - 84 Plus Series is exactly like its predecessor in that it can be used on the SAT and ACT examinations as well as International Baccalaureate examinations . However , in some cases those administering the exam may reset the calculator 's memory beforehand to prevent cheating through the use of built in programs or other data .
Neuron
In most cases , neurons are generated by special types of stem cells during brain development and childhood . Neurons in the adult brain generally do not undergo cell division . Astrocytes are star - shaped glial cells that have also been observed to turn into neurons by virtue of the stem cell characteristic pluripotency . Neurogenesis largely ceases during adulthood in most areas of the brain . However , there is strong evidence for generation of substantial numbers of new neurons in two brain areas , the hippocampus and olfactory bulb .
Preamble to the Constitution of India
This envisages that no section of the society enjoys special privileges and individuals are provided with adequate opportunities without any discrimination. All are equal in front of law . Again , there are three dimensions of Equality - Political , Economic & Civic .
Operating system
Support for file systems is highly varied among modern operating systems , although there are several common file systems which almost all operating systems include support and drivers for . Operating systems vary on file system support and on the disk formats they may be installed on . Under Windows , each file system is usually limited in application to certain media ; for example , CDs must use ISO 9660 or UDF , and as of Windows Vista , NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on . It is possible to install Linux onto many types of file systems . Unlike other operating systems , Linux and UNIX allow any file system to be used regardless of the media it is stored in , whether it is a hard drive , a disc ( CD , DVD ... ) , a USB flash drive , or even contained within a file located on another file system . Device
Electric bicycle laws
In Queensland , the situation is similar to Victoria . There are two types of legal motorised bicycle . For the first type , the electric motor must not be capable of generating more than 200 watts of power . For the second type , known as a `` pedalec '' , the vehicle must comply with the European Standard for Power Assisted Pedal Cycles ( EN15194 ) .
Active transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration -- in the direction against the concentration gradient . Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement . There are two types of active transport -- primary active transport that uses ATP , and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient . An example of active transport in human physiology is the uptake of glucose in the intestines .
Constellation
Top : Baroque drawing of the constellation Orion from Johannes Hevelius ' Celestial catalogue Bottom : Contemporary map of Orion from the IAU and photography of the night sky
Iran hostage crisis
The failed rescue attempt led to the creation of the 160th SOAR , a helicopter aviation Special Operations group .
Local government in the United States
Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 cities . All cities are independent cities , which mean that they are separate from , and independent of , any county they may be near or within . Cities in Virginia thus are the equivalent of counties , as they have no higher local government intervening between them and the state government . The equivalent in Virginia to what would normally be an incorporated city in any other state , e.g. a municipality subordinate to a county , is a town . For example , there is a County of Fairfax as well as a totally independent City of Fairfax , which technically is not part of Fairfax County even though the City of Fairfax is the county seat of Fairfax County . Within Fairfax County , however , is the incorporated town of Vienna , which is part of Fairfax County . Similar names do not necessarily reflect relationships ; Franklin County is far from the city of Franklin , while Charles City is an unincorporated community in Charles City County , and there is no city of Charles .
Solar cell
Monocrystalline silicon ( mono - Si ) solar cells are more efficient and more expensive than most other types of cells . The corners of the cells look clipped , like an octagon , because the wafer material is cut from cylindrical ingots , that are typically grown by the Czochralski process . Solar panels using mono - Si cells display a distinctive pattern of small white diamonds . Epitaxial
Ship
In 2007 , the world 's fleet included 34,882 commercial vessels with gross tonnage of more than 1,000 tons , totaling 1.04 billion tons . These ships carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2006 , a sum that grew by 8 % over the previous year . In terms of tonnage , 39 % of these ships are tankers , 26 % are bulk carriers , 17 % container ships and 15 % were other types .
Helsinki
Air traffic is handled primarily from the international Helsinki Airport , located approximately 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) north of Helsinki 's downtown area , in the neighbouring city of Vantaa . Helsinki 's own airport , Helsinki - Malmi Airport , is mainly used for general and private aviation . Charter flights are available from Hernesaari Heliport .
Atlantic Ocean
The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes , but Coast Guard records do not support this belief .
California High-Speed Rail
There are two types of criticism : the legally established `` peer review '' process that the legislature established for an independent check on the Authority 's planning efforts , and public criticisms by groups , individuals , public agencies , and elected officials .
Colombo
Colombo has the distinction of being the only city in the world to have four cricket test venues in the past : Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium , Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Cricket Club Ground and Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium . The Sugathadasa Stadium is an international standard stadium for athletics , swimming and football , also held the South Asian Games in 1991 and 2006 . Situated in Colombo the Royal Colombo Golf Club is one of the oldest in Asia . Other sporting clubs in Colombo include Colombo Swimming Club , Colombo Rowing Club and the Yachting Association of Sri Lanka .
List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
The World Music Awards ( founded in 1989 ) is an international awards show that annually honors recording artists based on their worldwide sales figures , which are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . The awards show is conducted under the patronage of H.S.H. Prince Albert of Monaco , Monte - Carlo .
In My Place
`` In My Place '' won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 2003 Grammy Awards . The song was nominated for two MuchMusic Video Awards for Best international video -- group and People 's Choice : Favorite international group .
Minnesota Twins
On May 18 , 2011 , Target Field was named `` The Best Place To Shop '' by Street and Smith 's SportsBusiness Journal at the magazine 's 2011 Sports Business Awards Ceremony in New York City . It was also named `` The Best Sports Stadium in North America '' by ESPN The Magazine in a ranking that included over 120 different stadiums , ballparks and arenas from around North America .
List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
The NRJ Music Awards , created in 2000 by the radio station NRJ in partnership with the television network TF1 takes place every year in mid-January at Cannes ( PACA , France ) as the opening of MIDEM ( Marché international de l'édition musicale ) . They give out awards to popular musicians by different categories .
Mitsubishi GTO
The Mitsubishi GTO is a sports car built by the Japanese automaker Mitsubishi between 1990 and 1999 . In most export markets it was rebadged as the Mitsubishi 3000GT . It was also imported and sold by Chrysler of North America as the Dodge Stealth captive import from 1990 to 1996 with only minor detail / appearance differences ; mechanically , the two cars were almost identical . The design was the result of the collaborative effort between Chrysler and its Japanese partner , Mitsubishi Motors . This differed from the two companies ' other collaboration , Diamond - Star Motors , because both the Stealth and the 3000GT were assembled in Japan . The Japanese domestic market model took its name from the Galant GTO , a two - door hardtop coupé sold by the company in the early 1970s , which in turn took its name from a specific international endurance motor sport technical regulation , expressed in Italian as Gran Turismo Omologato .
List of Formula One broadcasters
Rights until 2019 . TSN English Pay No Live No Live Live HDTV , Sky Sports F1 coverage , Side - by - Side coverage during the race ( live broadcasts only ) . Rights until 2019 . Central Asia Setanta Sports + Russian Pay No No No Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed China CCTV - 5 Chinese Free No No No No Live CCTV will broadcast approximately 100 hours of live coverage across the 2018 FIA Formula 1 World Championship season . CCTV - 5 + Pay No No No Live No Great Sports Chinese Free No No No Sometimes delayed Sometimes delayed Mad Sports Pay No No No Live Live Guangdong Sports Chinese Free No No No Sometimes delayed Sometimes delayed Croatia Arena Sport Croatian Pay No No No Live Live HDTV , TV commercials included . Only available on MAXtv SPTV Croatian Free No No No No Highlights 60 minutes highlights in the evening Czech Republic Sport 1 Czech / Slovak Pay Live Live Live Live No Also in HD on Sport 1 HD and Sport 2 HD . Sport 2 No No No No Live Sport 3 Live Live Live Live Live Onboard Feed , SD only . Cyprus CytaVision Greek Pay No No No Live Live Rights until 2016 . Denmark TV3+ / TV3+ HD Danish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HD 16 : 9 and SD 4 : 3 -- Some sessions on TV3 SPORT 1 / 2 or TV3 Puls , subject to other live events . Estonia Kanal 12 Estonian Free No No No No Highlights 60 minutes highlights in the evening . Finland MTV3 Finnish DVB - T Free in Finland , DVB - S Encrypted on Thor 1 ° W ( EU ) No No No No Delayed HDTV . Race shown on the next day . C More Max Finnish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Sub Finnish DVB - T Free in Finland , DVB - S Encrypted on Thor 1 ° W ( EU ) Highlights Highlights No Highlights Highlights 30 minutes highlights of practices and 60 minutes highlights of qualification and race are shown at 7 pm EET on the same day .
Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
The baseball federations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti have agreed to develop and promote baseball in Haiti ( especially at the border ) , on the basis that sport is a developmental element to foster peace , as well as strengthening friendship and mutual respect between the two peoples . With the support of the Dominican ministry of Sports , the president of the Dominican Baseball Federation ( FEDOBE ) was thankful and quoted saying `` it allows our federation to fulfill the dream of helping Haiti in baseball . '' He has pledged to put the Haitian Baseball Federation in relation to the international organizations . Coaches will be sent to Haiti for technical courses , referees and scorers by the Dominican Baseball Federation , while the Haitian Federation will support the logistics in the training and training programs .
Masters Tournament
The BBC has broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986 , and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live . With the 2007 launch of BBC HD , UK viewers can now watch the championship in that format . BBC Sport held the TV and radio rights through to 2010 . The BBC 's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee . From the 2011 Masters , Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days , as well as the par 3 contest in HD and , for the first time ever , in 3D . The BBC will only have highlights of the first two days ' play but will go head to head with Sky Sports , with full live coverage on the final two days of play . In Ireland , Setanta Ireland previously showed all four rounds , and now since 2017 Eir Sport broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage .
LeBron James
Three - time Cleveland Sports Awards Professional Athlete of the Year : 2009 , 2016 , 2017 Two - time AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) Two - time Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) 2012 Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2006 Sporting News NBA MVP 2004 Sporting News Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated NBA All - Decade First Team ( 2000s ) 17 - time ESPY Award winner in various categories ( 13 individually , four as part of a team ) Two - time Hickok Belt winner : 2012 , 2013 2017 NAACP Image Awards -- Jackie Robinson Award South Main Street in downtown Akron renamed King James Way 10 - story commemorative banner in downtown Cleveland Six - story commemorative banner in downtown Akron Honorary lockers at Ohio State 's football and basketball facilities
Rory McIlroy
In 2012 , besides leading the PGA Tour money list , McIlroy won the PGA Player of the Year , PGA Tour Player of the Year , Vardon Trophy , and Byron Nelson Award . In addition to winning the Race to Dubai , he was voted the European Tour Golfer of the Year . He also won the Mark H. McCormack Award for leading the Official World Golf Ranking for the most weeks in the year ( 28 of 52 weeks ) . Also in 2012 , he won a Laureus World Sports Award in the category Breakthrough of the Year .
Ezekiel Elliott
Elliott 's success at the end of the 2014 season made him a front - runner for the 2015 Heisman Trophy , though he in fact finished 8th in the voting . After a successful regular season in which he gained 1,672 yards and 19 touchdowns , Elliott was named the 2015 Graham - George Offensive Player of the Year , 2015 Ameche - Dayne Running Back of the Year and was selected as Unanimous First Team All - Big Ten . In addition to the yearly awards , he was also named Big Ten Player of the Week twice during the 2015 season for his performances in Week 5 against Indiana , and in Week 13 against Michigan .
Illinois
Motor racing oval tracks at the Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet , the Chicago Motor Speedway in Cicero and the Gateway International Raceway in Madison , near St. Louis , have hosted NASCAR , CART , and IRL races , whereas the Sports Car Club of America , among other national and regional road racing clubs , have visited the Autobahn Country Club in Joliet , the Blackhawk Farms Raceway in South Beloit and the former Meadowdale International Raceway in Carpentersville . Illinois also has several short tracks and dragstrips . The dragstrip at Gateway International Raceway and the Route 66 Raceway , which sits on the same property as the Chicagoland Speedway , both host NHRA drag races . Golf
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
Year Award Recipient ( s ) Results 2008 British Independent Film Best Actress Vera Farmiga Nominated Best Director Mark Herman Won Most Promising Newcomer Asa Butterfield Nominated 2009 Premio Goya Best European Film The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best International Film Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Leading Performance ( International Feature Film ) Asa Butterfield & Jack Scanlon Nominated
Nairobi
Nairobi is the African Great Lakes region 's sporting centre . The premier sports facility in Nairobi and generally in Kenya is the Moi International Sports Centre in the suburb of Kasarani . The complex was completed in 1987 , and was used to host the 1987 All Africa Games . The complex comprises a 60,000 seater stadium , the second largest in the African Great Lakes ( after Tanzania 's new national stadium ) , a 5,000 seater gymnasium , and a 2,000 seater aquatics centre .