vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Factor analysis
Researchers wish to avoid such subjective or arbitrary criteria for factor retention as `` it made sense to me '' . A number of objective methods have been developed to solve this problem , allowing users to determine an appropriate range of solutions to investigate . Methods may not agree . For instance , the parallel analysis may suggest 5 factors while Velicer 's MAP suggests 6 , so the researcher may request both 5 and 6 - factor solutions and discuss each in terms of their relation to external data and theory . Modern
Call Me by Your Name (film)
Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full - frontal nudity . Ivory , whose original screenplay had contained `` all sorts of nudity , '' was dismayed by the decision , criticizing what he saw as an `` American '' attitude . `` Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman . It 's the men , '' he said . Guadagnino , who remained involved in the casting , chose actors based on their performances and chemistry , rather than choosing to `` investigate or label '' their sexuality . He said , `` The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills , and worse , a certain gender identity in any role : that 's oppressive to me '' .
Kakashi Hatake
In animated versions of the manga , Kakashi has been voiced by Kazuhiko Inoue in Japanese . Inoue was surprised about Kakashi 's popularity within the Naruto fans and expected people to continue supporting him . In an interview , Dave Wittenberg , who does the voice acting for Kakashi in the English dub , comments that he feels he is similar to the character since he tends to have one eye open at a time and he becomes angry if he is interrupted while reading . He also added that what he likes most about Kakashi is his relation with his students , noting him to be `` a very nice person '' .
Ramcharitmanas
Manu and Shatarupa first sacrifice food and then water and are finally willing to sacrifice air . Brahma , Hari and Shiva call on Manu but Manu and Satarupa are resolute and do not swerve on their sacrifices . A great voice from the heavens tells Manu , in sweet tones , to ask for a boon . Rama and Sita approach Manu in a beautiful form , which leaves Manu overcome with emotion . Manu explains now that he and Satarupa have seen the Lord 's lotus feet , all their desires have been met . Manu has one longing but does n't know how to ask the Lord . Finally he asks , `` O gracious Lord , I tell You my sincere wish : I would have a son like You . I have nothing to conceal from You . ''
Seven Dwarfs
The Seven Dwarfs returned home and immediately noticed someone had sneaked in , because the house was cleaned . During their loud discussion , they discovered the sleeping Snow White . She woke up and explained to them what happened . The Dwarfs took pity on her , saying : `` If you will keep house for us , and cook , make beds , wash , sew , and knit , and keep everything clean and orderly , then you can stay with us , and you shall have everything that you want . '' They warn her to be careful when alone at home , and to not let anyone in while they are delving in the mountains .
French Revolution
Pamphlets by liberal nobles and clergy became widespread after the lifting of press censorship . The Abbé Sieyès , a theorist and Catholic clergyman , argued the paramount importance of the Third Estate in the pamphlet Qu'est - ce que le tiers état ? ( What is the Third Estate ? ) published in January , 1789 . He asserted : `` What is the Third Estate ? Everything . What has it been until now in the political order ? Nothing . What does it want to be ? Something . ''
History of education in the United States
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was of national importance because it set the standards for what was called industrial education . Of even greater influence was Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers , led from 1881 by Hampton alumnus Booker T. Washington . In 1900 few black students were enrolled in college - level work ; their schools had very weak faculties and facilities . The alumni of Keithley became high school teachers .
History of Manila
All of the various legends regarding the foundation of early Maynila suggest the existence of an already - existing Tagalog Settlement south of the Pasig River , which rises in importance due to alliance with or annexation by a foreign power . These legends range in date from the mid-1200s to the turn of the 16th century . Establishment
Hydrothermal vent
Although the discovery of hydrothermal vents is a relatively recent event in the history of science , the importance of this discovery has given rise to , and supported , new biological and bio-atmospheric theories .
Neolithic Revolution
The term Neolithic Revolution was coined in 1923 by V. Gordon Childe to describe the first in a series of agricultural revolutions in Middle Eastern history . The period is described as a `` revolution '' to denote its importance , and the great significance and degree of change affecting the communities in which new agricultural practices were gradually adopted and refined .
Maldives
Despite being just mentioned briefly in most history books , the 1,400 - year - long Buddhist period has a foundational importance in the history of the Maldives . It was during this period that the culture of the Maldives as we now know it both developed and flourished . The Maldivian language , the first Maldive scripts , the architecture , the ruling institutions , the customs and manners of the Maldivians originated at the time when the Maldives were a Buddhist kingdom .
Consciousness
Joaquin Fuster of UCLA has advocated the position of the importance of the prefrontal cortex in humans , along with the areas of Wernicke and Broca , as being of particular importance to the development of human language capacities neuro - anatomically necessary for the emergence of higher - order consciousness in humans .
Law
The Dictionary of the History of Ideas published by Scribner 's in 1973 defined the concept of law accordingly as : `` A legal system is the most explicit , institutionalized , and complex mode of regulating human conduct . At the same time , it plays only one part in the congeries of rules which influence behavior , for social and moral rules of a less institutionalized kind are also of great importance . ''
History of rail transport in the United States
There is no question about the importance of railroads in American history . Churella finds that back in the 1950s business and economic historians , led by Alfred D. Chandler , Jr. and Robert Fogel , made railroads the centerpiece of advanced historiography . That era has passed as graduate programs have faded away , courses on railroad history do not make the curriculum , and the historiography has shifted away from professional historian to the `` rail fans '' -- very well informed amateur writers fascinated by the memorabilia , technology and locomotives of the steam era . Looking at the voluminous output of rail fan authors , Klein says :
Military history of the United States
The United States was able to mobilize quickly , eventually becoming the dominant military power in most theaters of the war ( excepting only eastern Europe ) , and the industrial might of the U.S. economy became a major factor in the Allies ' mobilization of resources . Strategic and tactical lessons learned by the U.S. , such as the importance of air superiority and the dominance of the aircraft carrier in naval actions , continue to guide U.S. military doctrine into the 21st century .
Individualism
Subsequent existential philosophers retain the emphasis on the individual , but differ , in varying degrees , on how one achieves and what constitutes a fulfilling life , what obstacles must be overcome , and what external and internal factors are involved , including the potential consequences of the existence or non-existence of God . Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophy , in both style and content , as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience . Existentialism became fashionable in the post-World War years as a way to reassert the importance of human individuality and freedom .
Season
Solar timing is based on insolation in which the solstices and equinoxes are seen as the midpoints of the seasons . It was the method for reckoning seasons in medieval Europe , especially by the Celts , and is still ceremonially observed in Ireland and some east Asian countries . Summer is defined as the quarter of the year with the greatest insolation and winter as the quarter with the least .
Mercantilism
The importance placed on bullion was also a central target , even if many mercantilists had themselves begun to de-emphasize the importance of gold and silver . Adam Smith noted that at the core of the mercantile system was the `` popular folly of confusing wealth with money '' , that bullion was just the same as any other commodity , and that there was no reason to give it special treatment . More recently , scholars have discounted the accuracy of this critique . They believe Mun and Misselden were not making this mistake in the 1620s , and point to their followers Josiah Child and Charles Davenant , who in 1699 wrote , `` Gold and Silver are indeed the Measure of Trade , but that the Spring and Original of it , in all nations is the Natural or Artificial Product of the Country ; that is to say , what this Land or what this Labour and Industry Produces . '' The critique that mercantilism was a form of rent seeking has also seen criticism , as scholars such Jacob Viner in the 1930s pointed out that merchant mercantilists such as Mun understood that they would not gain by higher prices for English wares abroad .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
In 1901 , the 200 saw - mills employed 2400 workers with an output of $480,000 . The rope - walk in St John 's produced rope and line valued at $300,000 annually . Other factories were of negligible importance before the 1940s .
Great Depression in Canada
The judicial and political failure of Bennett 's New Deal legislation shifted the struggle to reconstitute capitalism to the provincial and municipal levels of the state . Attempts to deal with the dislocations of the Great Depression in Ontario focused on the `` sweatshop crisis '' that came to dominate political and social discourse after 1934 . Ontario 's 1935 Industrial Standards Act ( ISA ) was designed to bring workers and employers together under the auspices of the state to establish minimum wages and work standards . The establishment of New Deal style industrial codes was premised on the mobilization of organized capital and organized labour to combat unfair competition , stop the spread of relief - subsidized labour , and halt the predations of sweatshop capitalism . Although the ISA did not bring about extensive economic regulation , it excited considerable interest in the possibility of government intervention . Workers in a diverse range of occupations , from asbestos workers to waitresses , attempted to organize around the possibility of the ISA . The importance of the ISA lies in what it reveals about the nature of welfare , wage labour , the union movement , competitive capitalism , business attitudes toward industrial regulation , and the role of the state in managing the collective affairs of capitalism . The history of the ISA also suggests that `` regulatory unionism , '' as described by Colin Gordon in his work on the American New Deal , may have animated key developments in Canadian social , economic , and labour history .
Treaty of Waitangi
Over the longer term , the land purchase aspect of the Treaty declined in importance , while the clauses of the Treaty which deal with sovereignty and Māori rights took on greater importance . In 1938 , the judgement of the case Te Heuheu Tukino v Aotea District Maori Land Board considered the Treaty as valid in terms of the transfer of sovereignty , but the judge ruled that as it was not part of New Zealand law it was not binding on the Crown .
Encyclopédie
The Encyclopédie played an important role in the intellectual ferment leading to the French Revolution . `` No encyclopaedia perhaps has been of such political importance , or has occupied so conspicuous a place in the civil and literary history of its century . It sought not only to give information , but to guide opinion , '' wrote the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica . In The Encyclopédie and the Age of Revolution , a work published in conjunction with a 1989 exhibition of the Encyclopédie at the University of California , Los Angeles , Clorinda Donato writes the following :
Romanticism
Not essential to Romanticism , but so widespread as to be normative , was a strong belief and interest in the importance of nature . However , this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it , preferably alone . In contrast to the usually very social art of the Enlightenment , Romantics were distrustful of the human world , and tended to believe that a close connection with nature was mentally and morally healthy . Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the personal voice of the artist . So , in literature , `` much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves '' .
Kerala State Education Board
The importance and antiquity of education in Kerala is underscored by the state 's ranking as among the most literate in the country . The local dynastic precursors of modern - day Kerala made significant contributions to the progress on education in Kerala . There were many sabha mathams that imparted Vedic knowledge . Apart from kalaris , which taught martial arts , there were village schools run by Ezhuthachans or Asans . The history of western education in Kerala can be traced to Christian missionaries who set up a number of schools and colleges . These institutions played significant roles in shaping the course of education in Kerala .
History of calendars
Although the earliest evidence of Iranian calendrical traditions is from the second millennium BCE , predating the appearance of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster , the first fully preserved calendar is that of the Achaemenids . Throughout recorded history , Persians have been keen on the idea and importance of having a calendar . They were among the first cultures to use a solar calendar and have long favoured a solar over lunar and lunisolar approaches . The sun has always been a symbol in Iranian culture and is closely related to the folklore regarding Cyrus the Great . Old
Treaty of Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori : Te Tiriti o Waitangi ) is a treaty first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand . It is a document of central importance to the history and political constitution of the state of New Zealand , and has been highly significant in framing the political relations between New Zealand 's government and the Māori population .
History of childhood
During the early period of capitalism , the rise of a large , commercial middle class , mainly in the Protestant countries of Holland and England , brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children . Puritanism stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children . It became widely recognized that children possess rights on their own behalf . This included the rights of poor children to sustenance , membership in a community , education , and job training . The Poor Relief Acts in Elizabethan England put responsibility on each Parish to care for all the poor children in the area .
Planck's law
The equation of radiative transfer describes the way in which radiation is affected as it travels through a material medium . For the special case in which the material medium is in thermodynamic equilibrium in the neighborhood of a point in the medium , Planck 's law is of special importance .
History of women in the United States
The idea of republican motherhood was born in this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology . Republicanism assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Thus , women had the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands .
Robert K. Merton
The sociology of science was a field that Merton was very interested in and remained very passionate about throughout his career . Merton was interested in the interactions and importance between social and cultural structures and science . For example , he did pioneering historical research in his PhD dissertation on the role of military institutions in stimulating scientific research during the era of the Scientific Revolution . Merton carried out extensive research into the sociology of science , developing the Merton Thesis explaining some of the religious causes of the Scientific Revolution , and the Mertonian norms of science , often referred to by the acronym `` Cudos '' . This is a set of ideals that are dictated by what Merton takes to be the goals and methods of science and to be binding on scientists . They include :
Eastern Orthodox Church
The work of the Thessaloniki brothers Cyril and Methodius and their disciples had a major impact to Serbs as well . However , they accepted Christianity collectively by families and by tribes ( in the process between the 7th and the 9th century ) . In commemoration of their baptisms , each Serbian family or tribe began to celebrate an exclusively Serbian custom called Slava ( patron saint ) in a special way to honor the Saint on whose day they received the sacrament of Holy Baptism . It is the most solemn day of the year for all Serbs of the Orthodox faith and has played a role of vital importance in the history of the Serbian people . Slava is actually the celebration of the spiritual birthday of the Serbian people which the Church blessed and proclaimed it a Church institution .
Indian rupee
`` The great importance of these ( Council ) Bills , however , is the effect they have on the Market Price of Silver : and they have in fact been one of the most potent factors in recent years in causing the diminution in the Value of Silver'as compared to Gold . ''
Quechuan languages
Evidentials also show that being precise and stating the source of one 's information is extremely important in the language and the culture . Failure to use them correctly can lead to diminished standing in the community . Speakers are aware of the evidentials and even use proverbs to teach children the importance of being precise and truthful . Precision and information source are of the utmost importance . They are a powerful and resourceful method of human communication .
Maldives
The importance of the Arabs as traders in the Indian Ocean by the 12th century may partly explain why the last Buddhist king of Maldives Dhovemi converted to Islam in the year 1153 ( or 1193 ) , adopting the Muslim title of Sultan Muhammad al Adil , and initiating a series of six Islamic dynasties that lasted until 1932 when the sultanate became elective. The formal title of the Sultan up to 1965 was , Sultan of Land and Sea , Lord of the twelve - thousand islands and Sultan of the Maldives which came with the style Highness . The person traditionally deemed responsible for this conversion was a Sunni Muslim visitor named Abu al Barakat , stemming either from the Maghreb ( as according to Ibn Battutah ) , from the Somalian port of Berbera , or from the Persian town of Tabriz . His venerated tomb now stands on the grounds of Hukuru Mosque , or miski , in the capital of Malé . Built in 1656 , this is the oldest mosque in Maldives . Following the Islamic concept that before Islam there was the time of Jahiliya ( ignorance ) , in the history books used by Maldivians the introduction of Islam at the end of the 12th century is considered the cornerstone of the country 's history .
Islamic Golden Age
The centrality of scripture and its study in the Islamic tradition helped to make education a central pillar of the religion in virtually all times and places in the history of Islam . The importance of learning in the Islamic tradition is reflected in a number of hadiths attributed to Muhammad , including one that instructs the faithful to `` seek knowledge , even in China '' . This injunction was seen apply particularly to scholars , but also to some extent to the wider Muslim public , as exemplified by the dictum of Al - Zarnuji , `` learning is prescribed for us all '' . While it is impossible to calculate literacy rates in pre-modern Islamic societies , it is almost certain that they were relatively high , at least in comparison to their European counterparts . Organized
History of the Isle of Wight
In the 1860s , what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent , as well as elsewhere along the south coast , including the Palmerston Forts , The Needles Battery and Fort Victoria , because of fears about the strength of the French and their possible invasion .
French Revolution
Other thinkers , like the conservative Edmund Burke , maintained that the Revolution was the product of a few conspiratorial individuals who brainwashed the masses into subverting the old order -- a claim rooted in the belief that the revolutionaries had no legitimate complaints . Other historians , influenced by Marxist thinking , have emphasised the importance of the peasants and the urban workers in presenting the Revolution as a gigantic class struggle . In general , scholarship on the French Revolution initially studied the political ideas and developments of the era , but it has gradually shifted towards social history that analyses the impact of the Revolution on individual lives .
John C. Calhoun
Posterity decided against Calhoun 's argument for the indefinite protection of slavery more than 130 years ago . What he had to say about the need in popular governments like our own to protect the rights of minorities , about the importance of choosing leaders with character , talent , and the willingness to speak hard truths to the people , and about the enduring need , in a vast and various country like our own , for the people themselves to develop and sustain both the civic culture and the institutional structures which contribute to their lasting interest is as fresh and significant today as it was in 1850 .
Hijab
In private , and in the presence of close relatives ( mahrams ) , rules on dress relax . However , in the presence of the husband , most scholars stress the importance of mutual freedom and pleasure of the husband and wife .
Necessity is the mother of invention
In an address to the Mathematical Association of England on the importance of education in 1917 , Alfred North Whitehead argued that `` the basis of invention is science , and science is almost wholly the outgrowth of pleasurable intellectual curiosity . '' and in contrast to the old proverb `` Necessity is the mother of futile dodges '' is much nearer to the truth .
Ancient Roman architecture
Inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves , with very finely cut , sometimes gilded letters . The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity , without any decorative flourishes , emphasizing the Roman taste for restraint and order . This conception of what later became the art of typography remains of fundamental importance down to the present day .