vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Brittany
Toward the end of the 4th century , the Britons of what is now Wales and the South - Western peninsula of Great Britain began to emigrate to Armorica . The history behind such an establishment is unclear , but medieval Breton , Angevin and Welsh sources connect it to a figure known as Conan Meriadoc . Welsh literary sources assert that Conan came to Armorica on the orders of the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus , who sent some of his British troops to Gaul to enforce his claims and settled them in Armorica . This account was supported by the Counts of Anjou , who claimed descent from a Roman soldier expelled from Lower Brittany by Conan on Magnus 's orders . Regardless of the truth of this story , Brythonic ( British Celtic ) settlement probably increased during the Anglo - Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries . Scholars such as Léon Fleuriot have suggested a two - wave model of migration from Britain which saw the emergence of an independent Breton people and established the dominance of the Brythonic Breton language in Armorica . Their petty kingdoms are now known by the names of the French counties that succeeded them -- Domnonée ( Devon ) , Cornouaille ( Cornwall ) , Léon ( Caerleon ) ; but these names in Breton and Latin are in most cases identical to their British homelands . ( In Breton and French , however , Gwened or Vannetais continued the name of the indigenous Veneti . ) Although the details remain confused , these colonies consisted of related and intermarried dynasties which repeatedly unified ( as by the 7th - century Saint Judicaël ) before splintering again according to Celtic inheritance practices . The area was finally consolidated in the 840s under Nominoe in resistance to Frankish control . Among the immigrant Britons , there were some clergymen who helped the evangelisation of the region , which was still pagan , particularly in rural areas . The
Early world maps
The Caverio Map , also known as the Caveri Map or Canerio Map , is a map drawn by Nicolay de Caveri , circa 1505 . It is hand drawn on parchment and coloured , being composed of ten sections or panels , measuring 2.25 by 1.15 metres ( 7.4 by 3.8 ft ) . Historians believe that this undated map signed with `` Nicolay de Caveri Januensis '' was completed in 1504 -- 05 . It was probably either made in Lisbon by the Genoese Canveri , or copied by him in Genoa from the very similar Cantino map . It shows the east coast of North America with surprising detail and was one of the primary sources used to make the Waldseemüller map in 1507 . The Caverio map is currently at Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris .
History of Wells Fargo
Crocker doubled the strength of Wells Fargo 's primary market , making Wells Fargo the tenth largest bank in the United States . Furthermore , the integration of Crocker 's operations into Wells Fargo 's went considerably smoother than expected . In the 18 months after the acquisition , 5,700 jobs were trimmed from the banks ' combined staff , 120 redundant branches closed , and costs were cut considerably .
Maya calendar
The Haab ' month names are known today by their corresponding names in colonial - era Yukatek Maya , as transcribed by 16th - century sources ( in particular , Diego de Landa and books such as the Chilam Balam of Chumayel ) . Phonemic analyses of Haab ' glyph names in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions have demonstrated that the names for these twenty - day periods varied considerably from region to region and from period to period , reflecting differences in the base language ( s ) and usage in the Classic and Postclassic eras predating their recording by Spanish sources .
Gene
`` Orphan '' genes , whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes , are less common than gene duplicates . Estimates of the number of genes with no homologs outside humans range from 18 to 60 . Two primary sources of orphan protein - coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change , such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons , and de novo conversion of a previously non-coding sequence into a protein - coding gene . De novo genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes , with few if any introns . Over long evolutionary time periods , de novo gene birth may be responsible for a significant fraction of taxonomically - restricted gene families .
Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States
The laws regulating driving ( or distracted driving ) may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement by state , county or local authorities . All State - level cell phone use laws in the United States are of the primary enforcement type -- meaning an officer may cite a driver for using a hand - held cell phone without any other traffic offense having taken place -- except in some cases involving newer ( or `` novice '' ) , drivers . In the case of secondary enforcement , a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a cell phone use violation if the driver has committed another primary violation ( such as speeding , failure to stop , etc . ) at the same time . Map
History of United States prison systems
Although convicts played a significant role in British settlement of North America , according to legal historian Adam J. Hirsch `` ( t ) he wholesale incarceration of criminals is in truth a comparatively recent episode in the history of Anglo - American jurisprudence . '' Imprisonment facilities were present from the earliest English settlement of North America , but the fundamental purpose of these facilities changed in the early years of United States legal history as a result of a geographically widespread `` penitentiary '' movement . The form and function of prison systems in the United States has continued to change as a result of political and scientific developments , as well as notable reform movements during the Jacksonian Era , Reconstruction Era , Progressive Era , and the 1970s . But the status of penal incarceration as the primary mechanism for criminal punishment has remained the same since its first emergence in the wake of the American Revolution .
Finances of the British royal family
The Prince of Wales voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on that part of his income from the Duchy of Cornwall that is in excess of what is needed to meet official expenditure . From 1969 he made voluntary tax payments of 50 % of the profits , but this reduced to 25 % in 1981 when he married Lady Diana Spencer . These arrangements were replaced by the memorandum in 1993 . The income of the Prince of Wales from sources other than the Duchy of Cornwall is subject to tax in the normal way .
United States
The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system .
The Gambia
The constitution mandates free and compulsory primary education in the Gambia . Lack of resources and educational infrastructure has made implementation of this difficult . In 1995 , the gross primary enrolment rate was 77.1 % and the net primary enrolment rate was 64.7 % School fees long prevented many children from attending school , but in February 1998 , President Jammeh ordered the termination of fees for the first six years of schooling . Girls make up about 52 % of primary school pupils . The figure may be lower for girls in rural areas , where cultural factors and poverty prevent parents from sending girls to school . Approximately 20 % of school - age children attend Quranic schools .
Education in Bangladesh
There exists a substantial number of NGO - run non-formal schools , catering mainly to the drop - outs of the government and non-government primary schools . Very few NGOs , however , impart education for the full five - year primary education cycle . Because of this , on completion of their two - to three - year non-formal primary education in NGO - run schools , students normally re-enter into government / non-government primary schools at higher classes .
Ultraviolet
Specialized UV gas - discharge lamps containing different gases produce UV radiation at particular spectral lines for scientific purposes . Argon and deuterium arc lamps are often used as stable sources , either windowless or with various windows such as magnesium fluoride . These are often the emitting sources in UV spectroscopy equipment for chemical analysis .
Education in India
It is important to clarify that while there are private schools in India , they are highly regulated in terms of what they can teach , in what form they can operate ( must be a non-profit to run any accredited educational institution ) and all other aspects of operation . Hence , the differentiation of government schools and private schools can be misleading .
United States presidential primary
Under the current Democratic Party selection rules , adopted in 2006 , pledged delegates are selected under proportional representation , which requires a candidate have a minimum of 15 % of a state 's popular vote to receive delegates . In addition , the Democratic Party may reject any candidate under their bylaws . Each state publishes a Delegate Selection Plan that notes the mechanics of calculating the number of delegates per congressional district , and how votes are transferred from local conventions to the state and national convention . Since the 2012 Democratic primaries , the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington , D.C. is based on two main factors : ( 1 ) the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections , and ( 2 ) the number of electoral votes each state has in the United States Electoral College . States who schedule their primary or caucus later in the primary season may also get additional bonus delegates .
Gatekeeping (communication)
Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination , whether for publication , broadcasting , the Internet , or some other mode of communication . The academic theory of gatekeeping is founded in multiple fields of study , including communication studies , journalism , political science , and sociology . It was originally focused on the mass media with its few - to - many dynamic but now gatekeeping theory also addresses face - to - face communication and the many - to - many dynamic inherent in the Internet . The theory was first instituted by social psychologist Kurt Lewin in 1943 . Gatekeeping occurs at all levels of the media structure -- from a reporter deciding which sources are chosen to include in a story to editors deciding which stories are printed or covered , and includes media outlet owners and even advertisers . Individuals can also act as gatekeepers , deciding what information to include in an email or in a blog .
Education in Bangladesh
The overall responsibility of management of primary education lies with the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education ( MOPME ) , set up as a Ministry in 1992 . While MOPME is involved in formulation of policies , the responsibility of implementation rests with the Directorate of Primary Education ( DPE ) headed by a Director General . The Directorate of Primary Education ( DPE ) and its subordinate offices in the district and upazila are solely responsible for management and supervision of primary education . Their responsibilities include recruitment , posting , and transfer of teachers and other staff ; arranging in - service training of teachers ; distribution of free textbooks ; and supervision of schools . The responsibility of school construction , repair and supply of school furniture lies with the DPE executed through the Local Government Engineering Department ( LGED ) . The National Curriculum and Textbook Board ( NCTB ) is responsible for the development of curriculum and production of textbooks . While the Ministry of Education ( MOE ) is responsible for formulation of policies , the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education ( DSHE ) under the Ministry of Education is responsible for implementing the same at secondary and higher education levels . The NCTB is responsible for developing curriculum and publishing standard textbooks .
Income inequality in the United States
Two commonly cited sources of income inequality data are the CBO and economist Emmanuel Saez , which differ somewhat in their sources and methods . According to Saez , for 2011 the share of `` market income less transfers '' received by the top 1 % was about 19.5 % . Saez used IRS data in this measure . The CBO uses both IRS data and Census data in its computations and reported a lower `` pre-tax '' figure for the top 1 % of 14.6 % . The two data series were approximately 5 percentage points apart in recent years .
History of Maryland
It appears that the first humans in the area that would become Maryland arrived around the tenth millennium BC , about the time that the last ice age ended . They were hunter - gatherers organized into semi-nomadic bands . They adapted as the region 's environment changed , developing the spear for hunting as smaller animals , like deer , became more prevalent . By about 1500 BC , oysters had become an important food resource in the region . With the increased variety of food sources , Native American villages and settlements started appearing and their social structures increased in complexity . By about 1000 BC , pottery was being produced . With the eventual rise of agriculture , more permanent Native - American villages were built . But even with the advent of farming , hunting and fishing were still important means of obtaining food . The bow and arrow were first used for hunting in the area around the year 800 . They ate what they could kill , grow or catch in the rivers and other waterways . Some
Bank of America
In 1997 , Bank of America lent D.E. Shaw & Co. , a large hedge fund , $1.4 billion in order to run various businesses for the bank . However , D.E. Shaw suffered significant loss after the 1998 Russia bond default . BankAmerica was acquired by NationsBank of Charlotte in October 1998 in what was the largest bank acquisition in history at that time .
Sensory nervous system
Photoreceptors are capable of phototransduction , a process which converts light ( electromagnetic radiation ) into , among other types of energy , a membrane potential . The three primary types of photoreceptors are : Cones are photoreceptors which respond significantly to color . In humans the three different types of cones correspond with a primary response to short wavelength ( blue ) , medium wavelength ( green ) , and long wavelength ( yellow / red ) . Rods are photoreceptors which are very sensitive to the intensity of light , allowing for vision in dim lighting . The concentrations and ratio of rods to cones is strongly correlated with whether an animal is diurnal or nocturnal . In humans rods outnumber cones by approximately 20 : 1 , while in nocturnal animals , such as the tawny owl , the ratio is closer to 1000 : 1 . Ganglion Cells reside in the adrenal medulla and retina where they are involved in the sympathetic response . Of the ~ 1.3 million ganglion cells present in the retina , 1 - 2 % are believed to be photosensitive ganglia . These photosensitive ganglia play a role in conscious vision for some animals , and are believed to do the same in humans .
Cell nucleus
Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in HeLa cells , where there are generally 10 -- 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the `` para '' is short for parallel and the `` speckles '' refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity .
History of Arkansas
Hattie Caraway ( 1878 -- 1950 ) was the first woman elected to serve a full term as a United States Senator . She was appointed to succeed her husband who died in office in 1931 . She was reelected in her own right in January 1932 . She was reelected to a full term in November 1932 , with considerable help from Louisiana Senator Huey Long . She won another term in 1938 . However , in 1944 , Caraway ran fourth in the Democratic primary , losing her Senate seat to freshman congressman J. William Fulbright , the young , dynamic former president of the University of Arkansas who had already gained a national reputation .
Free market
These free market principles are what helped America transition to a free market economy . International free trade improved the country and in order for Americans to prosper from a strong economy they had no choice but to embrace it . Each group is assigned a numerical value between 1 and 5 ; IEF is the arithmetical mean of the values , rounded to the nearest hundredth . Initially , countries which were traditionally considered capitalistic received high ratings , but the method improved over time . Some economists , like Milton Friedman and other laissez - faire economists have argued that there is a direct relationship between economic growth and economic freedom , and some studies suggest this is true . Ongoing debates exist among scholars regarding methodological issues in empirical studies of the connection between economic freedom and economic growth . These debates and studies continue to explore just what that relationship entails .
Flag of Portugal
The armillary sphere was an important astronomical and navigational instrument for the Portuguese sailors who ventured into unknown seas during the Age of Discoveries . It was introduced by the Knights Templar , whose knowledge was essential to the Portuguese Discoveries -- Henry , the Navigator , the person mainly responsible for the development of Age of Discovery was actually the Grand Master of the Order of Christ . It thus became the symbol of the most important period of the nation -- the Portuguese discoveries . In light of this , King Manuel I , who ruled during this period , incorporated the armillary sphere into his personal banner . It was simultaneously used as the ensign of ships plying the route between the metropolis and Brazil , thus becoming a colonial symbol and a fulcral element of the flags of the future Brazilian kingdom and empire .
Fried Green Tomatoes
Unlike the novel , the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit , instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous . The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love - making . At the time of the film 's debut , it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as `` glossing over '' the lesbian relationship . However , it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content . It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans , women , and the disabled , but the novel 's examination of sexuality - based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot , is made more ambiguous .
The Tell-Tale Heart
It is unclear what relationship , if any , the old man and his murderer share . The narrator denies having any feelings of hatred or resentment for the man who had , he says , never wronged him . He also denies that he killed for greed . The specific motivation for murder ( aside from the narrator 's dislike of the old man 's eye ) , the relationship between narrator and old man , and other details are left unclear .
Gulf of Mexico
In 2001 the wreck of U-166 was located in 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of water , less than two miles from where it had attacked the Robert E. Lee . An archaeological survey of the seafloor prior to construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren . The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat .
Lana Lang (Smallville)
While in Paris , Lana begins a new romantic relationship with Jason Teague . Kreuk believes that Lana did love Jason Teague , but she also still loved Clark at the same time . With Clark , it was the `` first love '' that she never had the chance to discover , and that lingered with her while she was in Paris during the space between seasons three and four . According to Kreuk , before Lana can experience successful relationships with other people she will need to know what it is like to truly be in a relationship with Clark , because of the `` intense connection between ( the ) two '' . Allison Mack shares her insight into the relationship between Clark and Lana , believing that the pair should have remained apart until they could finally be honest with each other : `` There 's no honesty in their relationship , and there 's no way that they could have a healthy relationship without that honesty ( ... ) You ca n't be with someone if you 're not honest with them . '' Kreuk echoes Mack 's sentiments , acknowledging that Lana is not stupid , and if Clark wants a real relationship then he is going to have to be honest with her . ``
History of chemistry
Certain metals can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire : notably tin , lead and ( at a higher temperature ) copper , a process known as smelting . The first evidence of this extractive metallurgy dates from the 5th and 6th millennium BC , and was found in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek , Yarmovac and Plocnik , all three in Serbia . To date , the earliest copper smelting is found at the Belovode site , these examples include a copper axe from 5500 BC belonging to the Vinča culture . Other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium BC in places like Palmela ( Portugal ) , Los Millares ( Spain ) , and Stonehenge ( United Kingdom ) . However , as often happens with the study of prehistoric times , the ultimate beginnings can not be clearly defined and new discoveries are ongoing . Mining
Civil–military relations
Feaver argued that his theory was different from other theories or models in that it was purely deductive , based on democratic theory rather than on anecdotal evidence , and better enabled analysis of day - to - day decisions and actions on the part of the civilian and military leadership . It operated at the intersection of Huntington 's institutional approach and Janowitz 's sociological point of view . Huntington concentrated on the relationship between civilian leadership and the military qua institution while Janowitz focused on the relationship of the military qua individuals to American society . Agency theory provided a link between the two enabling an explanation of how civil - military relations work on a day - to - day basis . Specifically , agency theory would predict that the result of a regime of intrusive monitoring by the civilian leadership combined with shirking on the part of the military would result in the highest levels of civil - military conflict . Feaver suggested that post-Cold War developments had so profoundly reduced the perceived costs of monitoring and reduced the perceived expectation of punishment that the gap between what civilians ask the military to do and what the military would prefer to do had increased to unprecedented levels .