vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Exploration of Mars
On 10 March 2006 , the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) probe arrived in orbit to conduct a two - year science survey . The orbiter began mapping the Martian terrain and weather to find suitable landing sites for upcoming lander missions . The MRO snapped the first image of a series of active avalanches near the planet 's north pole , scientists said March 3 , 2008 .
Plate tectonics
Observations made of the magnetic field of Mars by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft in 1999 showed patterns of magnetic striping discovered on this planet . Some scientists interpreted these as requiring plate tectonic processes , such as seafloor spreading . However , their data fail a `` magnetic reversal test '' , which is used to see if they were formed by flipping polarities of a global magnetic field .
Economic history of Italy
In a 2017 paper , economists Bruno Pellegrino and Luigi Zingales attribute the decline in Italian labor productivity since the mid-1990s to familyism and cronyism :
The Shining (film)
The plot of the film is the basis for the music video for `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars .
Sociology
( Sociology is ) ... the science whose object is to interpret the meaning of social action and thereby give a causal explanation of the way in which the action proceeds and the effects which it produces . By ' action ' in this definition is meant the human behaviour when and to the extent that the agent or agents see it as subjectively meaningful ... the meaning to which we refer may be either ( a ) the meaning actually intended either by an individual agent on a particular historical occasion or by a number of agents on an approximate average in a given set of cases , or ( b ) the meaning attributed to the agent or agents , as types , in a pure type constructed in the abstract . In neither case is the ' meaning ' to be thought of as somehow objectively ' correct ' or ' true ' by some metaphysical criterion . This is the difference between the empirical sciences of action , such as sociology and history , and any kind of prior discipline , such as jurisprudence , logic , ethics , or aesthetics whose aim is to extract from their subject - matter ' correct ' or ' valid ' meaning . --
Hellenistic period
The concept of Hellenization , meaning the adoption of Greek culture in non-Greek regions , has long been controversial . Undoubtedly Greek influence did spread through the Hellenistic realms , but to what extent , and whether this was a deliberate policy or mere cultural diffusion , have been hotly debated .
Exploration of Mars
On October 8 , 2015 , NASA published its official plan for human exploration and colonization of Mars . They called it `` Journey to Mars '' . The plan operates through three distinct phases leading up to fully sustained colonization .
Bauhaus
The Bauhaus was founded at a time when the German zeitgeist had turned from emotional Expressionism to the matter - of - fact New Objectivity . An entire group of working architects , including Erich Mendelsohn , Bruno Taut and Hans Poelzig , turned away from fanciful experimentation , and turned toward rational , functional , sometimes standardized building . Beyond the Bauhaus , many other significant German - speaking architects in the 1920s responded to the same aesthetic issues and material possibilities as the school . They also responded to the promise of a `` minimal dwelling '' written into the new Weimar Constitution . Ernst May , Bruno Taut , and Martin Wagner , among others , built large housing blocks in Frankfurt and Berlin . The acceptance of modernist design into everyday life was the subject of publicity campaigns , well - attended public exhibitions like the Weissenhof Estate , films , and sometimes fierce public debate .
Dei verbum
To search out the intention of the sacred writers , attention should be given , among other things , to `` literary forms '' . For truth is set forth and expressed differently in texts which are variously historical , prophetic , poetic , or of other forms of discourse . The interpreter must investigate what meaning the sacred writer intended to express and actually expressed in particular circumstances by using contemporary literary forms in accordance with the situation of his own time and culture . Footnote : St. Augustine , De Doctr . Christ. , III , 18 , 26 ; PL 34 , 75 -- 76 . For the correct understanding of what the sacred author wanted to assert , due attention must be paid to the customary and characteristic styles of feeling , speaking and narrating which prevailed at the time of the sacred writer , and to the patterns men normally employed at that period in their everyday dealings with one another . Footnote : Pius XII , loc . cit. : Denz. 2294 ( 3829 -- 2830 ) ; EB 557 -- 562 . But , since Holy Scripture must be read and interpreted in the sacred spirit in which it was written , Footnote : Cf . Benedict XV , Encycl . Spiritus Paraclitus , 15 September 1920 : EB 469 . St. Jerome , In Gal. 5 , 19 -- 21 : PL 26 , 417 A . no less serious attention must be given to the content and unity of the whole of Scripture if the meaning of the sacred texts is to be correctly worked out . The living tradition of the whole Church must be taken into account along with the harmony which exists between elements of the faith . It is the task of exegetes to work according to these rules toward a better understanding and explanation of the meaning of Sacred Scripture , so that through preparatory study the judgment of the Church may mature . For all of what has been said about the way of interpreting Scripture is subject finally to the judgment of the Church , which carries out the divine commission and ministry of guarding and interpreting the word of God . Footnote : Cf . Vatican Council I , Const . dogm . de fide catholica , c. 2 ( de revelatione ) : Denz. 1788 ( 3007 ) .
Mars, Incorporated
The company spent more than $1.8 million on lobbying during 2008 , almost all of it at Patton Boggs , where it has long been one of the largest lobbying clients . Mars also spent $10,000 at Skadden , Arps , Slate , Meagher & Flom . In 2009 , Mars also hired Ernst & Young to lobby on corporate and international tax issues , including issues related to tax changes proposed by the Obama administration . The company spent another $1,655,000 that year .
Mars
Dozens of crewless spacecraft , including orbiters , landers , and rovers , have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union , the United States , Europe , and India to study the planet 's surface , climate , and geology .
Exoplanet
In the sixteenth century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno , an early supporter of the Copernican theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun ( heliocentrism ) , put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets .
Exploration of Mars
This chart lists launches to Mars , but it ignores how long the mission lasted . For example , few missions were launched in the late 1970s , but the Viking program had two orbiters and two landers active at Mars at this time , and one lander remained active until 1982 . 5
Mars
Geological activity is still taking place on Mars . The Athabasca Valles is home to sheet - like lava flows created about 200 Mya . Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 Mya , indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions . On February 19 , 2008 , images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed evidence of an avalanche from a 700 - metre - high ( 2,300 ft ) cliff .
Exploration of Mars
Name Proposed launch Elements Notes Mars MetNet precursor 2018 or later Single impact lander test Precursor for multi-lander network . Mars MetNet after precursor Multi-lander network Simultaneous meteorological measurements at multiple locations . Mars Geyser Hopper 2018 Lander Would have the ability to fly or `` hop '' at least twice from its landed location to reposition itself close to a CO geyser site . Northern Light 2018 Lander , rover Mission designed by Canadian organisations and Thoth Technology Inc . Icebreaker Life 2018 or 2020 Stationary lander Based on the 2008 Phoenix lander , would perform astrobiology tests on sub-surface ice . PADME 2020 Orbiter Would study Phobos and Deimos Inspiration Mars Foundation 2021 Manned flyby Private mission to send two humans around Mars on a free return trajectory , without landing . Martian Moons Exploration 2022 Lander , sample return Sample return from Phobos and remote sensing of Deimos ; will also observe the atmosphere of Mars Mars 2022 2022 Orbiter Communications relay , mapping Phootprint 2024 Lander and ascent stage Mars moon sample return mission . Fobos - Grunt ( repeat mission ) 2024 Lander , ascent stage Phobos sample return . Mars Orbiter 2027 Orbiter First South Korean Mars exploration . MELOS 2020s Rover A rover ; may include a small aircraft Mars - Grunt 2020s Orbiter , lander , ascent stage Single launch Mars sample return . BOLD 2020s 6 impact landers The Biological Oxidant and Life Detection would perform astrobiology tests on sub-surface soil . Mars Lander 2030 Lander First South Korean Mars landing mission .
Humanism
Those who have spoken Latin and have used the language correctly do not give to the word humanitas the meaning which it is commonly thought to have , namely , what the Greeks call φιλανθρωπία ( philanthropy ) , signifying a kind of friendly spirit and good - feeling towards all men without distinction ; but they gave to humanitas the force of the Greek παιδεία ( paideia ) ; that is , what we call eruditionem institutionemque in bonas artes , or `` education and training in the liberal arts '' . Those who earnestly desire and seek after these are most highly humanized . For the desire to pursue of that kind of knowledge , and the training given by it , has been granted to humanity alone of all the animals , and for that reason it is termed humanitas , or `` humanity '' .
Mars, Incorporated
Mars has been criticized for buying cocoa beans from West African farmers who reportedly use unpaid or poorly paid child laborers . In 2009 , Mars announced that the company would work towards only purchasing cocoa from suppliers who meet environmental , labor and production standards . TransFair USA , an organization which certifies products as Fair Trade , applauded the move and expressed hope that it would include a provision for fair wages for laborers and farmers . In 2010 , Mars Inc. received the U.S. Secretary of State 's Award for Corporate Excellence . In April 2010 , Mars launched the MyCocoaPaper initiative , which claims to provide economic opportunities to women and families in Indonesia by making paper products out of cocoa bark and recycled office paper .
Exploration of Mars
The planet Mars has been explored remotely by spacecraft . Probes sent from Earth , beginning in the late 20th century , have yielded a dramatic increase in knowledge about the Martian system , focused primarily on understanding its geology and habitability potential .
Exploration of Mars
Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM -- projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod ( in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970 ) and Mars sample return ( planned for 1975 ) missions by launching on N1 ( rocket ) that has never flown successfully . Mars 5M ( Mars - 79 ) -- double - launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems Voyager - Mars -- USA , 1970s -- Two orbiters and two landers , launched by a single Saturn V rocket . 1990s
Appeasement
The change in the meaning of `` appeasement '' after Munich was summarized later by the historian David Dilks : `` The word in its normal meaning connotes the pacific settlement of disputes ; in the meaning usually applied to the period of Neville Chamberlain ( 's ) premiership , it has come to indicate something sinister , the granting from fear or cowardice of unwarranted concessions in order to buy temporary peace at someone else 's expense . ''
Sociology
The sociology of science involves the study of science as a social activity , especially dealing `` with the social conditions and effects of science , and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity . '' Important theorists in the sociology of science include Robert K. Merton and Bruno Latour . These branches of sociology have contributed to the formation of science and technology studies . Both the ASA and the BSA have sections devoted to the subfield of Science , Knowledge and Technology . The ISA maintains a Research Committee on Science and Technology
Mars
For mapping purposes , the United States Geological Survey divides the surface of Mars into thirty `` quadrangles '' , each named for a prominent physiographic feature within that quadrangle . The quadrangles can be seen and explored via the interactive image map below . 0
Sociology
Marx and Engels associated the emergence of modern society above all with the development of capitalism ; for Durkheim it was connected in particular with industrialization and the new social division of labor which this brought about ; for Weber it had to do with the emergence of a distinctive way of thinking , the rational calculation which he associated with the Protestant Ethic ( more or less what Marx and Engels speak of in terms of those ' icy waves of egotistical calculation ' ) . Together the works of these great classical sociologists suggest what Giddens has recently described as ' a multidimensional view of institutions of modernity ' and which emphasises not only capitalism and industrialism as key institutions of modernity , but also ' surveillance ' ( meaning ' control of information and social supervision ' ) and ' military power ' ( control of the means of violence in the context of the industrialisation of war ) . --
Roman calendar
Roman Republican calendar English Latin Meaning Length in days January Mensis Ianuarius Month of Janus 29 February Mensis Februarius Month of the Februa 28 Mercedonius Intercalary Month Mercedonius Mensis Intercalaris Month of Wages 23 March Mensis Martius Month of Mars 31 April Mensis Aprilis Uncertain 29 May Mensis Maius Uncertain 31 June Mensis Iunius Month of Juno 29 Quintilis Mensis Quintilis Mensis Quinctilis Fifth Month 31 Sextilis Mensis Sextilis Sixth Month 29 September Mensis September Seventh Month 29 October Mensis October Eighth Month 31 November Mensis November Ninth Month 29 December Mensis December Tenth Month 29
Exploration of Mars
On August 28 , 2015 , NASA funded a year long simulation to study the effects of a year long Mars mission on six scientists . The scientists lived in a bio dome on a Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii with limited connection to the outside world and were only allowed outside if they were wearing spacesuits .
Out of left field
`` Out of left field '' is American slang meaning `` unexpectedly '' , `` odd '' or `` strange '' . The phrase came from baseball terminology referring to the area covered by the left fielder who has the farthest throw to first base . According to mlb.com there is another meaning : `` The term ' way out in left field ' is taken to mean ' crazy . ' '' Cook County Hospital ( by the West Side Grounds , the Chicago Cubs first location under what is now the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine ) had a mental institution behind left field , ( This can not be true . Left field was against Wood St . ) ( ... ) The bottom line is , patients could be heard yelling and screaming things at fans behind the left field wall . ' '' Variations include `` out in left field '' and simply `` left field '' .
Mars, Incorporated
On April 28 , 2008 , Mars , Incorporated , together with Berkshire Hathaway Incorporated , announced the buyout of Wm . Wrigley Jr . Company , the world 's largest chewing gum producer , for $23 billion in an all - cash deal . The two companies together generate sales in excess of $30 billion .
Licence to Kill
Adam Mars - Jones of The Independent gave the film a mixed review , pointing out that it took out some of the more dated ideas from the Fleming novels , such as imperialism ; he wrote that the writers were `` trying in effect to reproduce the recipe while leaving out ingredients that would now seem distasteful '' . Overall Mars - Jones thought that `` James Bond is more like a low - tar cigarette than anything else -- less stimulating than the throat - curdling gaspers of yesteryear , but still naggingly implicated in unhealthiness , a feeble bad habit without the kick of a vice . ''
Dei verbum
12 . However , since God speaks in Sacred Scripture through men in human fashion , Footnote : St. Augustine , De Civ . Dei , XVII , 6 . 2 : PL 41 , 537 : CSEL XL , 2 , 228 . the interpreter of Sacred Scripture , in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us , should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended , and what God wanted to manifest by means of their words .
Name of France
This meaning is also found in the name of the French language ( langue française ) , whose literal meaning is `` language of Île - de-France '' . It is not until the 19th and 20th centuries that the language of Île - de-France indeed became the language of the whole country France . In modern French , the French language is called le français , while the old language of Île - de-France is called by the name applied to it according to a 19th - century theory on the origin of the French language -- le francien .
Welsh language
The name Welsh originated as an exonym given to its speakers by the Anglo - Saxons , meaning `` foreign speech '' ( see Walha ) . The native term for the language is Cymraeg , meaning `` British '' , and the name of the country of Wales is Cymru .
Exploration of Mars
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is an atmospheric research orbiter built in collaboration between ESA and Roscosmos . It was injected into Mars orbit on 19 October 2016 to gain a better understanding of methane ( CH ) and other trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere that could be evidence for possible biological or geological activity . InSight
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers
The show 's opening theme was written ( listed in the end credits as words & music ) by Mark Mueller , an ASCAP Award - winning pop music songwriter who also wrote the popular theme song for DuckTales and produced by Alf Clausen . The song performed over the title credits is sung by Jeff Pescetto ( who also performed the DuckTales theme song ) . A full - length version of the theme song was later recorded by the pop group The Jets .
Where's the beef?
Later in 1984 , Nashville songwriter and DJ Coyote McCloud wrote and performed a hit song entitled `` Where 's the Beef ? '' as a promotion for Wendy 's restaurants ' famous advertising campaign featuring Clara Peller .
Clint Eastwood
Eastwood composed the film scores of Mystic River , Million Dollar Baby , Flags of Our Fathers , Grace Is Gone , Changeling , Hereafter , J. Edgar , and the original piano compositions for In the Line of Fire . He wrote and performed the song heard over the credits of Gran Torino .
Out of left field
Popular music historian Arnold Shaw wrote in 1949 for the Music Library Association that the term `` out of left field '' was first used in the idiomatic sense of `` from out of nowhere '' by the music industry to refer to a song that unexpectedly performed well in the market . Based on baseball lingo , a sentence such as `` That was a hit out of left field '' was used by song pluggers who promoted recordings and sheet music , to describe a song requiring no effort to sell . A `` rocking chair hit '' was the kind of song which came `` out of left field '' and sold itself , allowing the song plugger to relax . A 1943 article in Billboard magazine expands the use to describe people unexpectedly drawn to radio broadcasting :
The Bare Necessities
`` The Bare Necessities '' is a song , written by Terry Gilkyson , from the animated 1967 Disney film The Jungle Book , sung by Phil Harris as Baloo and Bruce Reitherman as Mowgli . Originally , it was written for an earlier draft of the movie that was never produced . The Sherman Brothers , who wrote the other songs of the film , kept this as the only song used from the previous version . A reprise of the song was sung by Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera and Phil Harris as Baloo at the end of the film . Van Dyke Parks worked on the arrangement , which was his first paid gig after moving to California . The song was also sung by Louis Armstrong . In 1967 , `` The Bare Necessities '' was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . A hip - hop version of the song performed by Lou Rawls was used as the theme song for Jungle Cubs .
They Call the Wind Maria
The song gained renewed popularity during the American folk music revival . In 1959 , it was included on the Kingston Trio 's first live album , ... From the Hungry i , which reached # 2 on the Billboard Pop chart and won a RIAA gold record in 1960 . It was also included on the Smothers Brothers first album , The Songs and Comedy of the Smothers Brothers ! Recorded at the Purple Onion , San Francisco , released in 1961 . Other folk singers who performed the song include Josh White and Burl Ives . Musical historian John Bush Jones wrote that the song `` so evokes the American West that during the folksinging craze of the later 1950s countless Americans thought ' They Call the Wind Maria ' was a folksong , not a show tune ! ''
Run (Snow Patrol song)
Prior to Lewis recording her version of the song and releasing it as a single , she covered the song live on Jo Wiley 's BBC Radio 1 show Live Lounge in November 2007 . Wiley wrote on her website that although it was a `` great '' and `` emotional '' performance which caused members of the audience to cry , she felt that Snow Patrol 's vocal could not be beaten . Lewis performed her studio recorded version of the song for the first time live on the fifth series of The X Factor ( UK ) on 15 November 2008 . Lewis performed `` Run '' on Top of the Pops on 10 December 2008 , and again the following day at the 80th Royal Variety Performance on 11 December 2008 , which was held at the London Palladium . On 12 November 2009 , Lewis was a special guest at Gary Barlow and Take That 's Children in Need 2009 event called Children in Need Rocks the Royal Albert Hall . The singer performed `` Run '' and `` Happy '' , the lead single from her second studio album , Echo ( 2009 ) . She was a special guest performer at the eighth series semi-finals of German singing competition Popstars : Du & Ich in December 2009 , where she sang the song . Lewis performed `` Run '' at the Rock in Rio festival held in Lisbon on 22 May 2010 . The song was included as the second to last song on the set list of her debut concert tour , called The Labyrinth ( 2010 ) . It was later included on the DVD release of the tour , The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2 . Lewis performed the song in the encore section of the set list , along with `` Bleeding Love '' .
Jonathan Richman
Richman 's work with the first incarnation of Modern Lovers is a major influence on punk rock . One critic called him the `` Godfather of Punk '' . Artists as diverse as the Sex Pistols and Joan Jett have covered `` Roadrunner '' . Boston ska - punk band Big D and the Kids Table have covered `` New England '' live and on their Gypsy Hill EP . A version of `` Pablo Picasso '' performed by Burning Sensations was included in the 1984 cult film , Repo Man . David Bowie covered `` Pablo Picasso '' on his album Reality . Velvet Underground founding member John Cale has a version of the song on his 1975 album , Helen of Troy , and continues to include the song in his live shows . Iggy Pop has performed `` Pablo Picasso '' live and wrote an extra verse for it . Echo and the Bunnymen covered `` She Cracked '' in concert in 1984 and 1985 and Siouxsie and the Banshees have a version of the song on Downside Up .