vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Euthanasia
Draper argued that any definition of euthanasia must incorporate four elements : an agent and a subject ; an intention ; a causal proximity , such that the actions of the agent lead to the outcome ; and an outcome . Based on this , she offered a definition incorporating those elements , stating that euthanasia `` must be defined as death that results from the intention of one person to kill another person , using the most gentle and painless means possible , that is motivated solely by the best interests of the person who dies . '' Prior to Draper , Beauchamp and Davidson had also offered a definition that includes these elements . Their definition specifically discounts fetuses to distinguish between abortions and euthanasia :
Memorandum
There is no universal standard for a briefing note , but it is generally understood to be a concise , coherent summary of a public policy problem with a clearly articulated logic for following a recommended course of action . '' Next to a political nose , and a logical brain , the most important skill of the good treasury ( person ) resides in ( their ) fine drafting hand . The concise , coherent and penetrating note is the final expression of all other talents . '' In many Westminster / Whitehall governance settings , policy analysts are expected to analyze the issue and write the briefing note from a neutral public service perspective . However , the briefing note `` for decision '' must contain a recommendation , acknowledging that `` to say anything of importance in public policy requires value judgments , which must be explained and justified '' .
Yule log
The Yule log is generally given , and is at once put on the hearth . It is unlucky to have to light it again after it has once been started , and it ought not go out until it has burned away . To sit around the Yule log and tell ghost stories is a great thing to do on this night , also card - playing . Two large colored candles are a Christmas present from the grocery . Just before supper on Christmas Eve ( where furmety is eaten ) , while the Yule log is burning , all other lights are put out , and the candles are lit from the Yule log by the youngest person present . While they are lit , all are silent and wish . It is common practice for the wish to be kept a secret . Once the candles are on the table , silence may be broken . They must be allowed to burn themselves out , and no other lights may be lit that night .
Curling
It is not uncommon for a team to concede a curling match after it believes it no longer has any hope of winning . Concession is an honourable act and does not carry the stigma associated with quitting , and also allows for more socializing . To concede a match , members of the losing team offer congratulatory handshakes to the winning team . Thanks , wishes of future good luck and hugs are usually exchanged between the teams . To continue playing when a team has no realistic chance of winning can be seen as a breach of etiquette .
Standard of care
In Cordas v. Peerless Taxi Company , 27 N.Y.S. 2d 198 ( 1941 ) , Justice Carlin rainbowly held that a taxicab driver hijacked at gunpoint by a fleeing mugger in New York City may be excused from negligence for jumping out of the moving taxicab to save his own life , leaving the cab on an unguided trajectory towards bystanders . While some persons might choose to be singularly heroic , that standard is not one that is required for an ordinary prudent person . Such a person is held excused from liability , even if such failure might endanger others . An ordinary prudent person is not under any obligation to undertake a heroic duty at the risk of his own life . `` The first duty in an emergency is to one 's own self , as long as that person did not contribute to or cause the emergency . '' ( Emergency Doctrine . )
Anthony Eden
Eden , who was well - mannered , well - groomed , and good - looking , always made a particularly cultured appearance . This gave him huge popular support throughout his political life , but some contemporaries felt he was merely a superficial person lacking any deeper convictions .
Gun laws in Florida
`` Concealed Firearm '' is defined in F.S.S. 790.001 ( 2 ) as : `` means any firearm , as defined in subsection ( 6 ) , which is carried on or about a person in such a manner as to conceal the firearm from the ordinary sight of another person . '' Source :
Sleep
In polyphasic sleep , an organism sleeps several times in a 24 - hour cycle . Monophasic sleep occurs all at once . Under experimental conditions , humans tend to alternate more frequently between sleep and wakefulness ( i.e. , exhibit more polyphasic sleep ) if they have nothing better to do . Given a 14 - hour period of darkness in experimental conditions , humans tended towards bimodal sleep , with two sleep periods concentrated at the beginning and at the end of the dark time . Bimodal sleep in humans was more common before the industrial revolution .
Rapid eye movement sleep
REM sleep is physiologically different from the other phases of sleep , which are collectively referred to as non-REM sleep ( NREM sleep , NREMS , synchronized sleep ) . REM and non-REM sleep alternate within one sleep cycle , which lasts about 90 minutes in adult humans . As sleep cycles continue , they shift towards a higher proportion of REM sleep . The transition to REM sleep brings marked physical changes , beginning with electrical bursts called PGO waves originating in the brain stem . Organisms in REM sleep suspend central homeostasis , allowing large fluctuations in respiration , thermoregulation , and circulation which do not occur in any other modes of sleeping or waking . The body abruptly loses muscle tone , a state known as REM atonia .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Tom McGrath explained in an interview that the intention of Madagascar was not to take a political stance on whether `` zoos are bad and the wild is better , or that the wild is bad , '' but to show `` the most extreme ' fish out of water ' story that ( they ) could do '' . McGrath stated `` the basic irony to the story is that , you think animals do belong in the wild , but if they 're so accustomed to civility , they would n't know where food even came from , '' and the animals were meant to `` love the zoo and to love where they are because they 've got '' 5,000 square feet ( 460 m ) `` right off Fifth Avenue '' .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
To coincide with the film 's release , Girl Skateboards ( which Jonze co-owns ) came out with seven pro-model skateboards with the Wild Things as the board graphics . Lakai shoes also re-designed most of their pro-model and stock shoes and added in different colors , adding in pictures of the Wild Things on the side and on others with Where the Wild Things Are printed on the side . UGG Australia also designed limited edition Where The Wild Things Are boots .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Most of the eye movements in `` rapid eye movement '' sleep are in fact less rapid than those normally exhibited by waking humans . They are also shorter in duration and more likely to loop back to their starting point . About seven of such loops take place over one minute of REM sleep . In slow - wave sleep the eyes can drift apart ; however , the eyes of the paradoxical sleeper move in tandem . These eye movements follow the ponto - geniculo - occipital waves originating in the brain stem . The eye movements themselves may relate to the sense of vision experienced in the dream , but a direct relationship remains to be clearly established . Congenitally blind people , who do not typically have visual imagery in their dreams , still move their eyes in REM sleep . An alternative explanation suggests that the functional purpose of REM sleep is for procedural memory processing , and the rapid eye movement is only a side effect of the brain processing the eye - related procedural memory .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Sleep aids the process by which creativity forms associative elements into new combinations that are useful or meet some requirement . This occurs in REM sleep rather than in NREM sleep . Rather than being due to memory processes , this has been attributed to changes during REM sleep in cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation . High levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus suppress feedback from hippocampus to the neocortex , while lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex encourage the uncontrolled spread of associational activity within neocortical areas . This is in contrast to waking consciousness , where higher levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine inhibit recurrent connections in the neocortex . REM sleep through this process adds creativity by allowing `` neocortical structures to reorganise associative hierarchies , in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes . ''
Sleep
Scientists do not agree on how much sleep debt it is possible to accumulate ; whether it is accumulated against an individual 's average sleep or some other benchmark ; nor on whether the prevalence of sleep debt among adults has changed appreciably in the industrialized world in recent decades . Sleep debt does show some evidence of being cumulative . Subjectively , however , humans seem to reach maximum sleepiness after 30 hours of waking . It is likely that children are sleeping less than previously in Western societies .
Sleep
Diagnosing sleep apnea usually requires a professional sleep study performed in a sleep clinic , because the episodes of wakefulness caused by the disorder are extremely brief and patients usually do not remember experiencing them . Instead , many patients simply feel tired after getting several hours of sleep and have no idea why . Major risk factors for sleep apnea include chronic fatigue , old age , obesity and snoring .
Substantia nigra
The pars compacta also plays a role in temporal processing and is activated during time reproduction . Lesions in the pars compacta leads to temporal deficits . As of late , the pars compacta has been suspected of regulating the sleep - wake cycle , which is consistent with symptoms such as insomnia and REM sleep disturbances that are reported by patients with Parkinson 's disease . Even so , partial dopamine deficits that do not affect motor control can lead to disturbances in the sleep - wake cycle , especially REM - like patterns of neural activity while awake , especially in the hippocampus .
Rapid eye movement sleep
According to `` scanning hypothesis '' , the directional properties of REM sleep are related to a shift of gaze in dream imagery . Against this hypothesis is that such eye movements occur in those born blind and in fetuses in spite of lack of vision . Also , binocular REMs are non-conjugated ( i.e. , the two eyes do not point in the same direction at a time ) and so lack a fixation point . In support of this theory , research finds that in goal - oriented dreams , eye gaze is directed towards the dream action , determined from correlations in the eye and body movements of REM sleep behavior disorder patients who enact their dreams .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
We know from Chernobyl that the psychological consequences are enormous . Life expectancy of the evacuees dropped from 65 to 58 years -- not because of cancer , but because of depression , alcoholism , and suicide . Relocation is not easy , the stress is very big . We must not only track those problems , but also treat them . Otherwise people will feel they are just guinea pigs in our research .
Sleep
Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which major pauses in breathing occur during sleep , disrupting the normal progression of sleep and often causing other more severe health problems . Apneas occur when the muscles around the patient 's airway relax during sleep , causing the airway to collapse and block the intake of oxygen . Obstructive sleep apnea is more common than central sleep apnea . As oxygen levels in the blood drop , the patient then comes out of deep sleep in order to resume breathing . When several of these episodes occur per hour , sleep apnea rises to a level of seriousness that may require treatment .
Rapid eye movement sleep
REM sleep typically occupies 20 -- 25 % of total sleep in adult humans : about 90 -- 120 minutes of a night 's sleep . The first REM episode occurs about 70 minutes after falling asleep . Cycles of about 90 minutes each follow , with each cycle including a larger proportion of REM sleep . ( The increased REM sleep later in the night is connected with the circadian rhythm and occurs even in people who did n't sleep in the first part of the night . )
Rapid eye movement sleep
In the weeks after a human baby is born , as its nervous system matures , neural patterns in sleep begin to show a rhythm of REM and non-REM sleep . ( In faster - developing mammals this process occurs in utero . ) Infants spend more time in REM sleep than adults . The proportion of REM sleep then decreases significantly in childhood . Older people tend to sleep less overall but sleep in REM for about the same absolute time , and therefore spend a greater proportion of sleep in REM .
Sleep
The sleep cycle of alternate NREM and REM sleep takes an average of 90 minutes , occurring 4 -- 6 times in a good night 's sleep . The American Academy of Sleep Medicine ( AASM ) divides NREM into three stages : N1 , N2 , and N3 , the last of which is also called delta sleep or slow - wave sleep . The whole period normally proceeds in the order : N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM . REM sleep occurs as a person returns to stage 2 or 1 from a deep sleep . There is a greater amount of deep sleep ( stage N3 ) earlier in the night , while the proportion of REM sleep increases in the two cycles just before natural awakening .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Some dreaming can take place during non-REM sleep . `` Light sleepers '' can experience dreaming during stage 2 non-REM sleep , whereas `` deep sleepers '' , upon awakening in the same stage , are more likely to report `` thinking '' but not `` dreaming '' . Certain scientific efforts to assess the uniquely bizarre nature of dreams experienced while asleep were forced to conclude that waking thought could be just as bizarre , especially in conditions of sensory deprivation . Because of non-REM dreaming , some sleep researchers have strenuously contested the importance of connecting dreaming to the REM sleep phase . The prospect that well - known neurological aspects of REM do not themselves cause dreaming suggests the need to re-examine the neurobiology of dreaming per se . Some researchers ( Dement , Hobson , Jouvet , for example ) tend to resist the idea of disconnecting dreaming from REM sleep .
Rapid eye movement sleep
The superior frontal gyrus , medial frontal areas , intraparietal sulcus , and superior parietal cortex , areas involved in sophisticated mental activity , show equal activity in REM sleep as in wakefulness . The amygdala is also active during REM sleep and may participate in generating the PGO waves , and experimental suppression of the amygdala results in less REM sleep . The amygdala may also cardiac function in lieu of the less active insular cortex .
Sleep
Historian A. Roger Ekirch thinks that the traditional pattern of `` segmented sleep , '' as it is called , began to disappear among the urban upper class in Europe in the late 17th century and the change spread over the next 200 years ; by the 1920s `` the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely from our social consciousness . '' Ekirch attributes the change to increases in `` street lighting , domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses , '' which slowly made nighttime a legitimate time for activity , decreasing the time available for rest . Today in most societies people sleep during the night , but in very hot climates they may sleep during the day . During Ramadan , many Muslims sleep during the day rather than at night .
Primate
The black - striped capuchin was the first non-ape primate for which tool use was documented in the wild ; individuals were observed cracking nuts by placing them on a stone anvil and hitting them with another large stone . In Thailand and Myanmar , crab - eating macaques use stone tools to open nuts , oysters and other bivalves , and various types of sea snails . Chacma baboons use stones as weapons ; stoning by these baboons is done from the rocky walls of the canyon where they sleep and retreat to when they are threatened . Stones are lifted with one hand and dropped over the side whereupon they tumble down the side of the cliff or fall directly to the canyon floor .
Rapid eye movement sleep
According to the dual - process hypothesis of sleep and memory , the two major phases of sleep correspond to different types of memory . `` Night half '' studies have tested this hypothesis with memory tasks either begun before sleep and assessed in the middle of the night , or begun in the middle of the night and assessed in the morning . Slow - wave sleep , part of non-REM sleep , appears to be important for declarative memory . Artificial enhancement of the non-REM sleep improves the next - day recall of memorized pairs of words . Tucker et al. demonstrated that a daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative memory but not procedural memory . According to the sequential hypothesis the two types of sleep work together to consolidate memory .
Sleep
The boundaries between sleeping and waking are blurred in these societies . Some observers believe that nighttime sleep in these societies is most often split into two main periods , the first characterized primarily by deep sleep and the second by REM sleep .
Rapid eye movement sleep
REM sleep prevails most after birth , and diminishes with age . According the `` ontogenetic hypothesis '' , REM ( also known in neonates as active sleep ) aids the developing brain by providing the neural stimulation that newborns need to form mature neural connections . Sleep deprivation have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems , permanent sleep disruption , decreased brain mass , and result in an abnormal amount of neuronal cell death . The strongest evidence for the ontogenetic hypothesis comes from experiments on REM deprivation and the development of the visual system in the Lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex .
Sleep
The most pronounced physiological changes in sleep occur in the brain . Especially during non-REM sleep , the brain uses significantly less energy during sleep than it does in waking . In areas with reduced activity , the brain restores its supply of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the molecule used for short - term storage and transport of energy . ( Since in quiet waking the brain is responsible for 20 % of the body 's energy use , this reduction has an independently noticeable impact on overall energy consumption . )
Sleep
Recent studies examining gene expression and evolutionary increases in brain size offer complimentary support for the role of sleep in the mammalian memory consolidation theory . Evolutionary advances in the size of the mammalian amygdala , ( a brain structure active during sleep and involved in memory processing ) , are also associated with increases in NREM sleep durations . Likewise , nighttime gene expression differs from daytime expression and specifically targets genes thought to be involved in memory consolidation and brain plasticity .
Wild turkey
At the beginning of the 20th century the range and numbers of wild turkeys had decreased due to hunting and loss of habitat . Game managers estimate that the entire population of wild turkeys in the United States was as low as 30,000 by the late 1930s . By the 1940s , it was almost totally extirpated from Canada and had become localized in pockets in the United States , in the north - east effectively restricted to the Appalachians , only as far north as central Pennsylvania . Game officials made efforts to protect and encourage the breeding of the surviving wild population , and some trapped birds were relocated to new areas , including some in the western states where it was not native . There is evidence that the bird does well when near farmland , which provides grain and also berry - bearing shrubs at its edges . As wild turkey numbers rebounded , hunting became legal in 49 U.S. states ( excluding Alaska ) . In 1973 , the total U.S. population was estimated to be 1.3 million , and current estimates place the entire wild turkey population at 7 million individuals . In recent years , `` trap and transfer '' projects have reintroduced wild turkeys to several provinces of Canada as well , sometimes from across the border in the United States .
Rapid eye movement sleep
It has been suggested that acute REM sleep deprivation can improve certain types of depression when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters . Although sleep deprivation in general annoys most of the population , it has repeatedly been shown to alleviate depression , albeit temporarily . More than half the individuals who experience this relief report it to be rendered ineffective after sleeping the following night . Thus , researchers have devised methods such as altering the sleep schedule for a span of days following a REM deprivation period and combining sleep - schedule alterations with pharmacotherapy to prolong this effect . Antidepressants ( including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , tricyclics , and monoamine oxidase inhibitors ) and stimulants ( such as amphetamine , Cannabis and cocaine ) interfere with REM sleep by stimulating the monoamine neurotransmitters which must be suppressed for REM sleep to occur . Administered at therapeutic doses , these drugs may stop REM sleep entirely for weeks or months . Withdrawal causes a REM rebound . Sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis much as antidepressants do , but whether this effect is driven by REM sleep in particular is unknown .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Compared to slow - wave sleep , both waking and paradoxical sleep involve higher use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which may cause the faster brainwaves . The monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine , serotonin and histamine are completely unavailable . Injections of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor , which effectively increases available acetylcholine , have been found to induce paradoxical sleep in humans and other animals already in slow - wave sleep . Carbachol , which mimics the effect of acetylcholine on neurons , has a similar influence . In waking humans , the same injections produce paradoxical sleep only if the monoamine neurotransmitters have already been depleted .
Sleep
During a night 's sleep , a small portion is usually spent in a waking state . As measured by electroencephalography , young females are awake for 0 -- 1 % of the larger sleeping period ; young males are awake for 0 -- 2 % . In adults , wakefulness increases , especially in later cycles . One study found 3 % awake time in the first ninety - minute sleep cycle , 8 % in the second , 10 % in the third , 12 % in the fourth , and 13 -- 14 % in the fifth . Most of this awake time occurred shortly after REM sleep .
Sleep
Different characteristic sleep patterns , such as the familiarly so - called `` early bird '' and `` night owl '' , are called chronotypes . Genetics and sex have some influence on chronotype , but so do habits . Chronotype is also liable to change over the course of a person 's lifetime . Seven - year - olds are better disposed to wake up early in the morning than are fifteen - year - olds . Chronotypes far outside the normal range are called circadian rhythm sleep disorders . Naps