vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Carthage
Evidently Carthage also had an institution of elders who advised the Suffets , similar to a Greek gerusia or the Roman Senate . We do not have a Punic name for this body . At times its members would travel with an army general on campaign . Members also formed permanent committees . The institution had several hundred members drawn from the wealthiest class who held office for life . Vacancies were probably filled by recruitment from among the elite , i.e. , by co-option . From among its members were selected the 104 Judges mentioned above . Later the 104 would come to evaluate not only army generals but other office holders as well . Aristotle regarded the 104 as most important ; he compared it to the ephorate of Sparta with regard to control over security . In Hannibal 's time , such a Judge held office for life . At some stage there also came to be independent self - perpetuating boards of five who filled vacancies and supervised ( non-military ) government administration .
Treaty of Waitangi
Historian Claudia Orange argues that prior to 1839 the Colonial Office had initially planned a `` Māori New Zealand '' in which European settlers would be accommodated without a full colony . Where Māori might retain ownership and authority over much of the land and cede some land to settlers as part of a colony governed by the Crown . However , Normanby 's instructions in 1839 show that the Colonial Office had shifted their stance toward colonisation and `` a settler New Zealand in which a place had to be kept for Māori '' , primarily due to pressure from increasing numbers of British colonists . The Colonial Office was forced to accelerate its plans because of both the New Zealand Company 's hurried dispatch of the Tory to New Zealand on 12 May 1839 to purchase land , and plans by French Captain Jean François L'Anglois to establish a French colony in Akaroa . After examining Colonial office documents and correspondence ( both private and public ) of those who developed the policies that led to the development of the Treaty , historian Paul Moon similarly argues that Treaty was not envisioned with deliberate intent to assert sovereignty over Māori , but that the Crown originally only intended to apply rule over British subjects living in the fledgling colony , and these rights were later expanded by subsequent governors through perceived necessity .
The Delivery (The Office)
The first part of the episode was written by Daniel Chun his second writing credit for the series after `` Murder '' and directed by Seth Gordon his second directing credit for the series after `` Double Date '' . The second part was written by Charlie Grandy , his fourth writing credit of the series and directed by Harold Ramis , who also directed `` A Benihana Christmas , '' `` Safety Training '' and `` Beach Games . '' The episode also guest stars Nelson Franklin playing Nick the IT Administrator who would appear in later episodes and Linda Purl who played Helene , Pam 's mother who previously dated Michael .
Chernobyl disaster
As of 29 November 2016 , Reactor No. 4 has been covered by the New Safe Confinement that covers the reactor and the unstable `` sarcophagus '' . The huge steel arch was moved into place over several weeks , and the completion of this procedure was celebrated with a ceremony at the site , attended by the Ukrainian president , Petro Poroshenko , diplomats and site workers . Unlike , original sarcophagus the New Safe Confinement is designed to allow the reactor to be safely dismantled using remotely operated equipment .
Live by Night (film)
Produced by Warner Bros. , the film premiered in New York City on December 13 , 2016 . It began a limited release in the United States on December 25 , 2016 , before going wide on January 13 , 2017 . It received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb , grossing $22 million against its net budget of $65 million . The film lost around $75 million , according to insiders and rival studio executives .
Joyce Summers
The television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( often simplified as Buffy ) was created by Joss Whedon , who originally used the concept of a teenage girl who is given superhuman powers to fight evil , in a screenplay that became a film in 1992 . Unhappy with the outcome of the film , Whedon created the series , which picks up shortly after the events of the film and is loosely based on its ending . At the end of the film , which was set in Los Angeles , Buffy fights and defeats a gang of vampires in her school 's gymnasium . At the start of the television series Buffy and her mother Joyce , who has divorced Buffy 's father , move to a new town named Sunnydale where Buffy is to attend Sunnydale High School , which , unknown to her , is situated on a portal to hell , called a Hellmouth . The series explains that she has relocated from Los Angeles after burning down the gymnasium , marking her as a trouble - making student and a worrisome daughter . The series regularly employs the elements of dark fantasy and horror to represent the real problems regularly encountered by adolescents , with many situations also reflecting adult fears and anxieties .
Modem
During the late 1990s , Rockwell - Lucent and USRobotics introduced competing technologies based upon the digital transmission used in telephony networks . The standard digital transmission in modern networks is 64 kbit / s but some networks use a part of the bandwidth for remote office signaling ( e.g. to hang up the phone ) , limiting the effective rate to 56 kbit / s DS0 . This new technology was adopted into ITU standards V. 90 and is common in modern computers . The 56 kbit / s rate is only possible from the central office to the user site ( downlink ) . In the United States , government regulation limits the maximum power output , resulting in a maximum data rate of 53.3 kbit / s . The uplink ( from the user to the central office ) still uses V. 34 technology at 33.6 kbit / s . USRobotics began work on the technology first , calling theirs X2 because 56k was twice the speed of 28k modems . USRobotics held a 40 - percent share of the retail modem market , and Rockwell International held an 80 - percent share of the modem chipset market . Concerned with being shut out of the market , Rockwell began work on a rival 56k technology and joined with Lucent and Motorola on what it called K56Flex or Flex . Both technologies reached the market around February 1997 ; although problems with K56Flex modems were noted in product reviews through July , within six months they worked equally well with variations dependent on local connection characteristics . The retail price of the 56K modems was about US $200 , compared to $100 for 33K modems . Separate equipment was required by Internet service providers ( ISPs ) to support the incompatible technologies , with costs varying depending on whether their current equipment could be upgraded . About half of all ISPs offered 56K support by October 1997 . Consumer sales were relatively low , which USRobotics and Rockwell attributed to conflicting standards .
Modern history
Following the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and propelled by economic exploitation , the Scramble for Africa was initiated formally at the Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884 -- 1885 . The Berlin Conference attempted to avoid war among the European powers by allowing the European rival countries to carve up the continent of Africa into national colonies . Africans were not consulted .
Doctor Who in Canada and the United States
On 19 December 2006 it was announced that BBC Worldwide and Vuze , Inc. , a peer - to - peer technology firm , had a content agreement and that legal copies of several BBC series ; including Doctor Who are to be distributed by Azureus ' Zudeo software to its U.S. users sometime in the future . At present it is unclear whether the series covered by this agreement is the ' Classic ' series , the 2005 series , or both .
St Paul's Cathedral
Wren 's solution was to employ a Classical portico , as at Val - de-Grâce , but rising through two storeys , and supported on paired columns . The remarkable feature here is that the lower storey of this portico extends to the full width of the aisles , while the upper section defines the nave that lies behind it . The gaps between the upper stage of the portico and the towers on either side are bridged by a narrow section of wall with an arch - topped window .
2016 Los Angeles Rams season
The 2016 Los Angeles Rams season is the franchise 's 79th season in the National Football League and the fifth and final under head coach Jeff Fisher . It is the franchise 's 50th season in the Greater Los Angeles Area and the first since 1994 . The Rams made their first appearance on HBO 's Hard Knocks and also appeared on the new E ! series Hollywood & Football . The team returned to Los Angeles after 21 seasons in St. Louis . The Rams decided from 2016 - 2019 to return to wearing white uniforms at home in LA as a nod to Fearsome Foursome era . In Week 15 against their NFC West Rival the Seattle Seahawks , the Rams used white horns on their helmet just for the one game only , a move which would be repeated for the entire following season .
Military history of the United States
Operation Uphold Democracy ( September 19 , 1994 -- March 31 , 1995 ) was an intervention designed to reinstate the elected President Jean - Bertrand Aristide , who was reported to have died in office during the bombing of the presidential palace . The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 .
Made in Chelsea
The thirteenth series began on 20 March 2017 on E4 lasting for eleven episodes . Ahead of the series , cast members Binky Felstead and Josh `` JP '' Patterson announced they were expecting a child . On 14 February 2017 it was announced that Jess Woodley had quit the show having appeared since the ninth series . This was the first series to include new cast members Daisy Robins , Ella Willis , Harry Baron , Mimi Bouchard and Sam Prince . Love Island contestant Tina Stinnes also returned to the series having previously briefly appearing in the seventh series of the show . This was the final series to feature original cast member Alexandra `` Binky '' Felstead who made an announcement of her departure ahead of the final episode , as well as Josh `` JP '' Patterson and Ollie Locke , who also announced their departures from the show . This episode also included the one - off return of Francesa `` Cheska '' Hull as she attended Binky 's baby shower . It was also the last series to include cast members Akin Solanke - Caulker , Rosie Fortescue and Stephanie Pratt who did not return for fourteenth series . The series heavily focused on the rift between Jamie and Frankie following a number of obstacles getting in their way , the end of Olivia and Fredrik 's relationship when his attention sways elsewhere , and JP and Binky planning their future with the imminent arrival of their baby . It also included Louise and Ryan taking their relationship to the next step , and Julius and Ella facing difficulties whilst trying to earn each other 's trust .
Apartheid
Concerned over the popularity of Mandela , Botha denounced him as an arch - Marxist committed to violent revolution , but to appease black opinion and nurture Mandela as a benevolent leader of blacks , the government moved him from Robben Island to Pollsmoor Prison in a rural area just outside Cape Town , where prison life was easier . The government allowed Mandela more visitors , including visits and interviews by foreigners , to let the world know that he was being treated well .
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic - book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics . The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series , but with the fifth issue , Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy , who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all - new original adventures , including the uniting of several of the series ' recurring characters as a separate team , the Mighty Mutanimals .
Rough Riders Memorial
The Rough Rider Memorial was designed by Mrs. Capron , who decided to model the monument on the Rough Riders shaft erected by General Wood in Cuba . The bronze tablet on the memorial 's face was designed by Major J.T. Knight and Major S.L. Fairson , Army officers assigned to the Quartermaster General 's office in Washington , D.C.
Semicircular canals
It is 15 to 20 mm in length , is vertical in direction , and is placed transversely to the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone , on the anterior surface of which its arch forms a round projection . It describes about two - thirds of a circle . Its lateral extremity is ampullated , and opens into the upper part of the vestibule ; the opposite end joins with the upper part of the posterior canal to form the crus commune , which opens into the upper and medial part of the vestibule .
Headquarters of the United Nations
Due to the significance of the organization , proposals have occasionally been discussed to relocate its headquarters . Complaints about its current location include diplomats who find it difficult to obtain visas from the United States and local residents complaining of inconveniences whenever the surrounding roads are closed due to visiting dignitaries as well as the high costs to the city . A telephone survey in 2001 found that 67 % of respondents favor moving the United Nations headquarters out of the country . Countries critical of the USA , such as Iran and Russia , are especially important in questioning the current location of the United Nations . Arguing that the United States government could manipulate the work of the General Assembly through selective access to politicians from other countries , with the aim of having an advantage over rival countries . Due to accusations of espionage by the United States , the subject of the relocation of the UN headquarters was again discussed , this time for security reasons .
Labor history of the United States
The CIO , which later changed its name to the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) , formed unions with the hope of bringing them into the AFL , but the AFL refused to extend full membership privileges to CIO unions . In 1938 , the AFL expelled the CIO and its million members , and they formed a rival federation . The two federations fought it out for membership ; while both supported Roosevelt and the New Deal , the CIO was further to the left , while the AFL had close ties to the big city machines .
Julian calendar
The principal method used by the Romans to identify a year for dating purposes was to name it after the two consuls who took office in it , the eponymous period in question being the consular year . Beginning in 153 BC , consuls began to take office on 1 January , thus synchronizing the commencement of the consular and calendar years . The calendar year has begun in January and ended in December since about 450 BC according to Ovid or since about 713 BC according to Macrobius and Plutarch ( see Roman calendar ) . Julius Caesar did not change the beginning of either the consular year or the calendar year . In addition to consular years , the Romans sometimes used the regnal year of the emperor , and by the late 4th century documents were also being dated according to the 15 - year cycle of the indiction . In 537 , Justinian required that henceforth the date must include the name of the emperor and his regnal year , in addition to the indiction and the consul , while also allowing the use of local eras .
Wembley Stadium
For the new stadium the level of the pitch was lowered . During excavation of the new playing field , mechanical diggers unearthed a buried obstruction : the concrete foundations of Watkin 's Tower , a failed attempt to construct a rival to the Eiffel Tower in London . Only the base of the tower was ever built before being abandoned and demolished in 1907 ; the site was later used as the location for the first Wembley Stadium .
The Expendables 3
The new team members rendezvous with Ross 's rival Trench Mauser , returning a favor for Ross . Drummer has traced Stonebanks to Romania , where he is set to make an arms deal . Ross and the new recruits infiltrate an office building Stonebanks is using as a meeting place and , having to kill a few men in the process including arms buyer Goran Vata , manage to capture Stonebanks . In transit , Stonebanks begins to taunt Ross and explains why he betrayed The Expendables in the first place . Ross nearly kills him to shut him up but , despite Stonebanks egging him on , he stands down . Stonebanks ' men catch up to them , with the aid of his GPS Tracker , and fire a missile at the team 's van . Ross is thrown into a river , while Smilee , Luna , Thorn and Mars are captured by Stonebanks ' crew . Ross kills Stonebanks ' retrieval team and escapes .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Edison 's direct current generation dominated the initial years of indoor commercial and residential electric lighting and electric power distribution . However , DC transmission was hampered by the difficulty in changing voltages between industrial generation and residential / commercial consumption and the low voltages used suffered from poor transmission efficiency . The mid 1880s saw the introduction of the transformer , allowing alternating current to be transmitted at high voltage long distances with greater efficiency and then `` stepped down '' to supply commercial and domestic indoor lighting , resulting in AC going from being the outdoor `` arc lighting current '' to taking over the domestic lighting utility market Edison 's DC system was designed to supply . The rapid spread of AC and haphazard instillation of power lines , especially in the city of New York , led to a series of deaths attributed to high voltage AC and an eventual media backlash against the current . Starting in 1888 the Edison company played up the dangers of AC power in their literature and assisted self - appointed anti-AC crusader Harold P. Brown in a parallel goal to limit , to the point of ineffectiveness , the voltages in AC power systems , a market then dominated by Westinghouse Electric . This series of events came to be known as the War of Currents . Brown / Edison 's lobbying in state legislatures went nowhere and the Edison company continued to lose market share and profitability to the AC based companies . In 1892 the `` war '' ended with Thomas Edison losing any remaining control of his own company when it was merged with Westinghouse 's chief AC rival , the Thomson - Houston Electric Company , to form General Electric , creating a company that controlled three quarters of the US electrical business . Westinghouse 's lead in AC development would allow them to win a contract in 1893 to build an AC based power station at the Niagara Falls but the transmission contract was awarded to General Electric , who would come to dominate the US electrical business for many years afterwards .
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Carotid and aortic bodies are clusters of cells located on the common carotid artery and the aortic arch , respectively . Each of these peripheral chemoreceptors is composed of type I glomus cells and glia - like type II cells . The type - I cells transduce the signals from the bloodstream and are innervated by afferent nerve fibers leading back to ( in the carotid body ) the carotid sinus nerve and then on to the glossopharyngeal nerve and medulla of the brainstem . The aortic body , by contrast , is connected to the medulla via the vagus nerve .
Athenian democracy
The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks , but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems . Athenians selected for office served as teams ( boards , panels ) . In a group someone will know the right way to do things and those that do not may learn from those that do . During the period of holding a particular office everyone on the team is observing everybody else . There were however officials such as the nine archons , who while seemingly a board carried out very different functions from each other .
Made in Chelsea
A spin off series entitled Made in Chelsea : NYC began airing on 10 August 2014 on E4 . The series concluded on 14 September 2014 after 6 episodes . It was announced on 18 March 2014 that the cast of Made in Chelsea would be travelling to New York City to film a special series of the show . Despite the series featuring all of the Chelsea cast , there were notable absences from Andy Jordan , Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo and Sophie Hermann . A number of American cast members were introduced during this series including Alik Alfus , Billie Carroll and Jules Hamilton . It also included to brief return of original cast member Gabriella Ellis , who originally featured in the show from series one to four . Alik was the only one who remained as a cast member after this series . This series was also the last to feature original cast member Cheska Hull as well as Riley Uggla . The spin - off series included the love blossoming between Alik and Louise , the competition between Spencer and Stevie for Billie before Stevie 's ex-girlfriend Stephanie arrives , Alex attempting to make amends with people then leaving with more enemies than friends , and the revelation that Lucy and Proudlock have been hooking up . It was revealed that this would be a stand - alone series which would not be promoted as the eighth series . The eighth series in fact followed in October 2014 .
Alex Drake (Pretty Little Liars)
Mona then heads to the address of the doctor 's house , which she found in a magazine stolen from his office , and finds an envelope with money . She pressures the doctor , who reveals that he has never seen the giver and that everything was negotiated online . Hanna returns to where Archer was buried , in search of the shovels she and the others used to bury him . She then encounters a park ranger , who reveals the shovels were taken by the authorities . By the end of the episode , Mona returns home and it is revealed she took away the board game to investigate it .
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air
Pennsylvania Turnpike
In April 1954 , $233 million in bonds were issued to finance the building of the Delaware River Bridge and the Northeast Extension . Groundbreaking for the Delaware River Bridge connecting the Pennsylvania Turnpike to the New Jersey Turnpike took place on June 26 , 1954 in Florence , New Jersey . The steel arch bridge , which opened to traffic on May 23 , 1956 , was funded jointly by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission and the New Jersey Turnpike Authority . Pennsylvania Governor George M. Leader and New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner were present at the opening ceremony . A mainline toll barrier was built to the west of the bridge , marking the eastern end of the ticket system . This bridge was originally six lanes wide . It contained no median , but one was later installed and the bridge was reduced to four lanes .