vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Oklahoma
Oklahoma is in the nation 's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts , ranking 17th , and contains more than 300 museums . The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman , one of the largest university - based art and history museums in the country , documents the natural history of the region . The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa , which also holds the world 's largest , most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West .
History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
The history of the Constitution of the Roman Republic is a study of the ancient Roman Republic that traces the progression of Roman political development from the founding of the Roman Republic in 509 BC until the founding of the Roman Empire in 27 BC . The constitutional history of the Roman Republic can be divided into five phases . The first phase began with the revolution which overthrew the Roman Kingdom in 510 BC , and the final phase ended with the revolution which overthrew the Roman Republic , and thus created the Roman Empire , in 27 BC . Throughout the history of the republic , the constitutional evolution was driven by the struggle between the aristocracy and the ordinary citizens .
History of Vietnam
After President Bill Clinton visited Vietnam in 2000 , it virtually marked the new era of Vietnam . Vietnam has become an increasingly attractive destination of economic development . Throughout that time , Vietnam has played more significant role in the world 's stage . Its economic reforms successfully changed Vietnam and making Vietnam more relevant in the ASEAN and international stage . Also , due to Vietnam 's importance , many powers turn to be favoring Vietnam for their circumstances .
History of chemistry
In 1605 , Sir Francis Bacon published The Proficience and Advancement of Learning , which contains a description of what would later be known as the scientific method . In 1605 , Michal Sedziwój publishes the alchemical treatise A New Light of Alchemy which proposed the existence of the `` food of life '' within air , much later recognized as oxygen . In 1615 Jean Beguin published the Tyrocinium Chymicum , an early chemistry textbook , and in it draws the first - ever chemical equation . In 1637 René Descartes publishes Discours de la méthode , which contains an outline of the scientific method .
History of advertising
In the early 1920s , the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers . Madison Avenue early on recognized the importance of radio as a new advertising medium . Advertising provided the major funding for most stations . United States , never had a licensing fee for set users . Great Britain Use the mandatory fee on set owners to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation , Which to this day operates without commercials or advertising . However , the government permitted commercial television in 1954 and commercial radio in 1972 .
History of United States prison systems
In these confrontations , convict labor surely took on a somewhat exaggerated importance to free workers , argues Edward L. Ayers . Only 27,000 convicts were engaged in some form of labor arrangement in the 1890s South . But the emerging nature of Southern industry and labor groups -- which tended to be smaller and more concentrated -- made for a situation in which a small number of convicts could affect entire industries .
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
The importance of the center of k - space in determining image contrast can be exploited in more advanced imaging techniques . One such technique is spiral acquisition -- a rotating magnetic field gradient is applied , causing the trajectory in k - space to spiral out from the center to the edge . Due to T and T decay the signal is greatest at the start of the acquisition , hence acquiring the center of k - space first improves contrast to noise ratio ( CNR ) when compared to conventional zig - zag acquisitions , especially in the presence of rapid movement .
Karnataka
Several popular beaches dot the coastline , including Murudeshwara , Gokarna , Malpe and Karwar . In addition , Karnataka is home to several places of religious importance . Several Hindu temples including the famous Udupi Sri Krishna Matha , the Marikamba Temple at Sirsi , the Sri Manjunatha Temple at Dharmasthala , Kukke Subramanya Temple and Sharadamba Temple at Shringeri attract pilgrims from all over India . Most of the holy sites of Lingayatism , like Kudalasangama and Basavana Bagewadi , are found in northern parts of the state . Shravanabelagola , Mudabidri and Karkala are famous for Jain history and monuments . Jainism had a stronghold in Karnataka in the early medieval period with Shravanabelagola as its most important centre . The Shettihalli Rosary Church near Shettihalli , an example of French colonial Gothic architecture , is a rare example of a Christian ruin , is a popular tourist site .
Conscription in the United States
... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law ;
Economic history of Argentina
The British desire to trade with South America grew during the Industrial Revolution and the loss of their 13 colonies in North America during the American Revolution . To achieve their economic objectives , Britain initially launched the British invasions of the Río de la Plata to conquer key cities in Spanish America but they were defeated by the local forces of what is now Argentina and Uruguay not once but twice without the help of Spain . When they allied to Spain during the Napoleonic Wars , they requested the Spanish authorities to open commerce to Britain in return . Lassoing
Griot
Today , performing is one of the most common functions of a griot . Their range of exposure has widened , and many griots now travel all over the world singing and playing the kora or other instruments . Bakari Sumano , head of the Association of Bamako Griots in Mali from 1994 to 2003 , was an internationally - known advocate for the importance of the griot in West African society .
Meroë
Meroë was the south capital of the Napata / Meroitic Kingdom , that spanned the period c. 800 BCE -- c. 350 CE . According to partially deciphered Meroitic texts , the name of the city was Medewi or Bedewi . Excavations revealed evidence of important , high ranking Kushite burials , from the Napatan Period ( c. 800 -- c. 280 BCE ) in the vicinity of the settlement called the Western cemetery . The culture of Meroë developed from the Twenty - fifth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , which originated in Kush . The importance of the town gradually increased from the beginning of the Meroitic Period , especially from the reign of Arakamani ( c. 280 BCE ) when the royal burial ground was transferred to Meroë from Napata ( Gebel Barkal ) . In the fifth century BCE , Greek historian Herodotus described it as `` a great city ... said to be the mother city of the other Ethiopians . '' The city of Meroë was located along the middle Nile which is of much importance due to the annual flooding of the Nile river valley and the connection to many major river systems such as the Niger which aided with the production of pottery and iron characteristic to the Meroitic kingdom that allowed for the rise in power of its people . Near
Military history of the United States during World War II
Marines from the 1st Marine Division landed on 7 August 1942 , soldiers from the Army XIV Corps reinforced and eventually replaced in late - November 1942 . They quickly captured Henderson Field , and prepared defenses . In the Battle of Bloody Ridge , the Americans held off wave after wave of Japanese counterattacks before charging what was left of the Japanese . After more than six months of combat the island was firmly in control of the Allies on 8 February 1943 . Map
Dutch East India Company
The seventeenth - century Dutch businessmen , especially the VOC investors , were possibly the history 's first recorded investors to consider the corporate governance 's problems . Isaac Le Maire , who is known as history 's first recorded short seller , was also a sizeable shareholder of the VOC . In 1609 , he complained of the VOC 's shoddy corporate governance . On 24 January 1609 , Le Maire filed a petition against the VOC , marking the first recorded expression of shareholder activism . In what is the first recorded corporate governance dispute , Le Maire formally charged that the VOC 's board of directors ( the Heeren XVII ) sought to `` retain another 's money for longer or use it ways other than the latter wishes '' and petitioned for the liquidation of the VOC in accordance with standard business practice . Initially the largest single shareholder in the VOC and a bewindhebber sitting on the board of governors , Le Maire apparently attempted to divert the firm 's profits to himself by undertaking 14 expeditions under his own accounts instead of those of the company . Since his large shareholdings were not accompanied by greater voting power , Le Maire was soon ousted by other governors in 1605 on charges of embezzlement , and was forced to sign an agreement not to compete with the VOC . Having retained stock in the company following this incident , in 1609 Le Maire would become the author of what is celebrated as `` first recorded expression of shareholder advocacy at a publicly traded company '' .
History of the Church of England
Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his town of Canterbury , first in Saint Martin 's Church and then nearby at what later became St Augustine 's Abbey . By the end of the year he himself had been converted , and Augustine received consecration as a bishop at Arles . At Christmas 10,000 of the king 's subjects underwent baptism .
Climate of the Arctic
The Arctic Basin is typically covered by sea ice year round , which strongly influences its summer temperatures . It also experiences the longest period without sunlight of any part of the Arctic , and the longest period of continuous sunlight , though the frequent cloudiness in summer reduces the importance of this solar radiation .
North America
North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States .
Caste system in India
For northern Indian region , Susan Bayly writes , `` until well into the colonial period , much of the subcontinent was still populated by people for whom the formal distinctions of caste were of only limited importance ; Even in parts of the so - called Hindu heartland of Gangetic upper India , the institutions and beliefs which are now often described as the elements of traditional caste were only just taking shape as recently as the early eighteenth century - that is the period of collapse of Mughal period and the expansion of western power in the subcontinent . ''
History of democracy
The political stability of Sparta also meant that no significant changes in the constitution were made . The oligarchic elements of Sparta became even stronger , especially after the influx of gold and silver from the victories in the Persian Wars . In addition , Athens , after the Persian Wars , was becoming the hegemonic power in the Greek world and disagreements between Sparta and Athens over supremacy emerged . These led to a series of armed conflicts known as the Peloponnesian War , with Sparta prevailing in the end . However , the war exhausted both poleis and Sparta was in turn humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE . It was all brought to an end a few years later , when Philip II of Macedon crushed what remained of the power of the factional city - states to his South .
Metrication in the United States
In 1968 Congress authorized the U.S. Metric Study , a three - year study of systems of measurement in the United States , with emphasis on the feasibility of metrication . The United States Department of Commerce conducted the study . A 45 - member advisory panel consulted and took testimony from hundreds of consumers , business organizations , labor groups , manufacturers , and state and local officials . The final report of the study concluded that the U.S. would eventually join the rest of the world in the use of the metric system of measurement . The study found that metric units were already implemented in many areas and that their use was increasing . The majority of study participants believed that conversion to the metric system was in the best interests of the United States , particularly in view of the importance of foreign trade and the increasing influence of technology in the United States . This
History of coal mining
The industry in China goes back many centuries . In recent decades has become the main energy source of what ( from 2010 ) is the world 's second largest economy . Thus China is by far the largest producer of coal in the world , producing over 2.8 billion tons of coal in 2007 , or approximately 39.8 percent of all coal produced in the world during that year . For comparison , the second largest producer , the United States , produced more than 1.1 billion tons in 2007 . An estimated 5 million people work in China 's coal - mining industry . As many as 20,000 miners die in accidents each year . Most Chinese mines are deep underground and do not produce the surface disruption typical of strip mines .
History of Arsenal F.C. (1966–present)
Arsenal started the season strongly , going undefeated until early December , and in the process , setting a club record of 28 matches unbeaten in all competitions . The young squad continued to impress into the new year , with Emmanuel Adebayor in excellent scoring form . But Eduardo , a player of growing importance to the club , suffered a horrific injury at St Andrew 's in Birmingham City and the game subsequently ended 2 -- 2 . The team were rocked and , inevitably , Arsenal slumped in the spring , eventually finishing third . They had little success in the cups , knocked out of the Champions League by Liverpool in the quarter - finals and the FA Cup by Manchester United . The League Cup was more fruitful , where Arsenal reached the semi-finals for a third season in a row , before being knocked out 6 -- 2 on aggregate by Tottenham Hotspur , their first defeat in a North London derby in almost nine years .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
Longstanding treaties , such as the aforementioned 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) of 1982 , are of great importance to the Philippines in supporting maritime security in particular ; respectively , their legally binding nature provides long - term effectiveness for mutual defense cooperation and for the development of the Philippine maritime and archipelagic domain .
Hot rod
Author Tom Wolfe was one of the first to recognize the importance of hot rodding in popular culture and brought it to mainstream attention in his book The Kandy - Kolored Tangerine - Flake Streamline Baby .
Romanticism
Romanticism in Poland is often taken to begin with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz 's first poems in 1822 , and end with the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russians . It was strongly marked by interest in Polish history . Polish Romanticism revived the old `` Sarmatism '' traditions of the szlachta or Polish nobility. Old traditions and customs were revived and portrayed in a positive light in the Polish messianic movement and in works of great Polish poets such as Adam Mickiewicz ( Pan Tadeusz ) , Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński , as well as prose writers such as Henryk Sienkiewicz . This close connection between Polish Romanticism and Polish history became one of the defining qualities of the literature of Polish Romanticism period , differentiating it from that of other countries . They had not suffered the loss of national statehood as was the case with Poland . Influenced by the general spirit and main ideas of European Romanticism , the literature of Polish Romanticism is unique , as many scholars have pointed out , in having developed largely outside of Poland and in its emphatic focus upon the issue of Polish nationalism . The Polish intelligentsia , along with leading members of its government , left Poland in the early 1830s , during what is referred to as the `` Great Emigration '' , resettling in France , Germany , Great Britain , Turkey , and the United States . Juliusz
Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States
The pattern of religious adherence has changed dramatically over the course of United States history , so that the pattern of presidential affiliations is quite unrepresentative of modern membership numbers . For example , Episcopalians are extraordinarily well represented among the presidents compared to a current membership of about 2 % of the population ; this is partly because the Church of England , from which the Episcopal Church is derived , was the established church in some states ( such as New York and Virginia ) before the American Revolution . The Episcopal Church has been much larger previously , with its decline in membership occurring only in more recent decades . The first seven presidents listed as Episcopalians were all from Virginia . Unitarians are also overrepresented , reflecting the importance of those colonial churches . Conversely , Baptists are underrepresented , a reflection of their quite recent expansion in numbers ; there has been only one Catholic president , although they are currently the largest single denomination , and there have been no Adventist , Anabaptist , Lutheran , Orthodox , Pentecostal , or Latter Day Saint presidents .
Quadratic equation
A number of alternative derivations can be found in the literature . These proofs are simpler than the standard completing the square method , represent interesting applications of other frequently used techniques in algebra , or offer insight into other areas of mathematics .
Federal Reserve System
The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited . Interest
Catalonia
The law ensures that both Catalan and Spanish -- being official languages -- can be used by the citizens without prejudice in all public and private activities , but primary education can only be taken in Catalan language . The Generalitat uses Catalan in its communications and notifications addressed to the general population , but citizens can also receive information from the Generalitat in Spanish if they so desire . Debates in the Catalan Parliament take place almost exclusively in Catalan and the Catalan public television broadcasts programs only in Catalan .
Bipolar junction transistor
Small changes in the voltage applied across the base -- emitter terminals cause the current between the emitter and the collector to change significantly . This effect can be used to amplify the input voltage or current . BJTs can be thought of as voltage - controlled current sources , but are more simply characterized as current - controlled current sources , or current amplifiers , due to the low impedance at the base .
Microphone
To take a scientific measurement with a microphone , its precise sensitivity must be known ( in volts per pascal ) . Since this may change over the lifetime of the device , it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones . This service is offered by some microphone manufacturers and by independent certified testing labs . All microphone calibration is ultimately traceable to primary standards at a national measurement institute such as NPL in the UK , PTB in Germany and NIST in the United States , which most commonly calibrate using the reciprocity primary standard . Measurement microphones calibrated using this method can then be used to calibrate other microphones using comparison calibration techniques .
Law
A general distinction can be made between ( a ) civil law jurisdictions , in which a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their laws , and ( b ) common law systems , where judge - made precedent is accepted as binding law . Historically , religious laws played a significant role even in settling of secular matters , and is still used in some religious communities . Islamic Sharia law is the world 's most widely used religious law , and is used as the primary legal system in some countries , such as Iran and Saudi Arabia .
Mercury in fish
A study that was led by scientists from Harvard University and U.S. Geological Survey has determined that in the next several decades there will be a 50 percent increase in mercury levels . The study also shows that the increases are connected through industrial emissions and are not natural as previously thought . However , by decreasing emissions from industrial plants , the possibility of decreasing the high level of mercury remains plausible . Several nations are currently implementing systems that will detect and therefore later be able to control the output of mercury into the atmosphere . Air pollution control devices ( APCDs ) have been implemented in South Korea as the government is starting to take inventory of mercury sources . Mercury pollution can also be removed by electrostatic precipitators ( ESPs ) . Bag - based filters are also used in factories that may contribute mercury to the environment . Flue - gas desulfurization , normally used to eliminate sulfur dioxide , can also be used in conjunction with APCDs to remove additional mercury before exhausts are released into the environment . Even so , countries such as South Korea have only begun to use inventories of mercury sources , calling into question how fast anti-mercury measures will be put into factories .
Three-phase electric power
Line frequency flicker in light is detrimental to high speed cameras used in sports event broadcasting for slow motion replays . It can be reduced by evenly spreading line frequency operated light sources across the three phases so that the illuminated area is lit from all three phases . This technique was applied successfully at the 2008 Beijing Olympics .
Natural gas
Natural gas can be used to produce hydrogen , with one common method being the hydrogen reformer . Hydrogen has many applications : it is a primary feedstock for the chemical industry , a hydrogenating agent , an important commodity for oil refineries , and the fuel source in hydrogen vehicles .
Romanesque art
Colours , which can be seen as bright in the 21st century only in stained glass and well - preserved manuscripts , tended to be very striking , and mostly primary . Stained glass became widely used , although survivals are sadly few . In an invention of the period , the tympanums of important church portals were carved with monumental schemes , often again Christ in Majesty or the Last Judgement , but treated with more freedom than painted versions , as there were no equivalent Byzantine models .