vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Erwin Rommel
The seeds of the myth can be found first in Rommel 's drive for success as a young officer in World War I , and then in his popular 1937 book Infantry Attacks , which was written in a style that diverged from the German military literature of the time and became a bestseller .
Spanish language
Although vos is not used in Spain , it occurs in many Spanish - speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second - person singular familiar pronoun , with wide differences in social consideration . Generally , it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of tuteo ( the use of tú ) in the following areas : almost all of Mexico , the West Indies , Panama , most of Colombia , Peru , Venezuela and coastal Ecuador .
Malaysia
Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing , and continues today . Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition , influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam . The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script . The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone , made in 1303 . Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia , and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century . English has also become a common literary language . In 1971 , the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages . Literature written in Malay was called `` the national literature of Malaysia '' , literature in other bumiputera languages was called `` regional literature '' , while literature in other languages was called `` sectional literature '' . Malay poetry is highly developed , and uses many forms . The Hikayat form is popular , and the pantun has spread from Malay to other languages .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
The EU non-automatic weighing instrument directive ( directive 2009 / 23 / EEC ) , which came into force in 2009 codified existing regulations regarding the harmonisation of non-automatic weighing devices used for trade , medical purposes or in the preparation of evidence to be heard in court . The directive identified four classes of weighing device ranging from Class I ( having a minimum accuracy of 1 part in 50,000 ) to class IIII ( having a minimum accuracy of 1 part in 100 ) . Devices that fall within the scope of the directive are required to be recalibrated at regular intervals and to have an output showing SI units , except for those used for weighing precious metals or stones . Secondary indications may be shown , provided that they can not be mistaken for primary indications .
Water splitting
Nickel based homogenous catalysts are hard to find in the literature but they have been used as alkaline electrolyzers on the commercial scale . A Ni - based oxide film has been synthesized which liberates oxygen in quasi-neutral conditions at an overpotential of ~ 425mV and shows long lasting stability . The X-ray spectroscopy revealed the presence of di - μ - oxide bridging between Ni / Ni ions but no evidence of mono - μ - oxide bridging was found between the ions . Similar structures can be found in Co-WOC films and Mn - WOC catalysts . Water
Electric car
Batteries in BEVs must be periodically recharged ( see also Replacing , above ) . Unlike vehicles powered directly by fossil fuels , BEVs are most commonly and conveniently charged from the power grid overnight at home , without the inconvenience of having to go to a filling station . Charging can also be done using a street , garage or shop charging station . The electricity on the grid is in turn generated from a variety of sources ; such as coal , hydroelectricity , nuclear and others . Power sources such as photovoltaic solar cell panels , micro hydro or wind may also be used and are promoted because of concerns regarding global warming .
Speed of light
Before the advent of laser technology , coherent radio sources were used for interferometry measurements of the speed of light . However interferometric determination of wavelength becomes less precise with wavelength and the experiments were thus limited in precision by the long wavelength ( ~ 0.4 cm ( 0.16 in ) ) of the radiowaves . The precision can be improved by using light with a shorter wavelength , but then it becomes difficult to directly measure the frequency of the light . One way around this problem is to start with a low frequency signal of which the frequency can be precisely measured , and from this signal progressively synthesize higher frequency signals whose frequency can then be linked to the original signal . A laser can then be locked to the frequency , and its wavelength can be determined using interferometry . This technique was due to a group at the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) ( which later became NIST ) . They used it in 1972 to measure the speed of light in vacuum with a fractional uncertainty of 6991350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 × 10 .
Russian culture
In its further development , Russian philosophy was always marked by a deep connection to literature and interest in creativity , society , politics and nationalism ; cosmos and religion were other primary subjects . Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyov , Sergei Bulgakov , Pavel Florensky , Nikolai Berdyaev , Vladimir Lossky and Vladimir Vernadsky . In the 20th century Russian philosophy became dominated by Marxism .
Macedonia (terminology)
The region of Macedonia is commonly split geographically into three main sub-regions , especially when discussing the Macedonian Question . The terms are used in non-partisan scholarly works , although they are also used in ethnic Macedonian literature of an irredentist nature .
Collagen
Collagens are widely employed in the construction of the artificial skin substitutes used in the management of severe burns and wounds . These collagens may be derived from bovine , equine , porcine , or even human sources ; and are sometimes used in combination with silicones , glycosaminoglycans , fibroblasts , growth factors and other substances .
Nuclear fusion
In artificial fusion , the primary fuel is not constrained to be protons and higher temperatures can be used , so reactions with larger cross-sections are chosen . Another concern is the production of neutrons , which activate the reactor structure radiologically , but also have the advantages of allowing volumetric extraction of the fusion energy and tritium breeding . Reactions that release no neutrons are referred to as aneutronic .
Ultraviolet
Simple NUV sources can be used to highlight faded iron - based ink on vellum . Sanitary
New York gubernatorial election, 2018
New York gubernatorial elections operate on a split primary system : governor and lieutenant governor candidates in each party run in separate primary elections . In the general election , candidates are chosen as unified governor / lieutenant governor tickets . New York recognizes electoral fusion ; candidates can count the votes they receive on all party lines toward their overall vote total , but only if the governor and lieutenant governor match on all of the parties ( thus , in theory , it is possible for a gubernatorial candidate to receive the most votes and still lose if there were different lieutenant governors on each party line ; in practice , the third parties used for electoral fusion purposes try to match their respective tickets and reassign other candidates as dummy candidates in less important races to allow the tickets to be unified ) .
Equal Rights Amendment
In Washington , D.C. , protesters presented a sympathetic Senate leadership with a petition for the Equal Rights Amendment at the U.S. Capitol . Influential news sources such as Time also supported the cause of the protestors . Soon after the strike took place , activists distributed literature across the country as well . In 1970 , congressional hearings began on the ERA .
Medical diagnosis
This may be the primary method used in cases where diseases are `` obvious '' , or the provider 's experience may enable him or her to recognize the condition quickly . Theoretically , a certain pattern of signs or symptoms can be directly associated with a certain therapy , even without a definite decision regarding what is the actual disease , but such a compromise carries a substantial risk of missing a diagnosis which actually has a different therapy so it may be limited to cases where no diagnosis can be made .
Celtic music
It is common for the melodic line to move up and down the primary chords in many Celtic songs . There are a number of possible reasons for this : Melodic variation can be easily introduced . Melodic variation is widely used in Celtic music , especially by the pipes and harp . It is easier to anticipate the direction that the melody will take , so that harmony either composed or improvised can be introduced : cliched cadences that are essential for impromptu harmony are also more easily formed . The relatively wider tonal intervals in some songs make it possible for stress accents within the poetic line to be more in keeping with the local Celtic accent . Across just one Celtic group . By more than one Celtic language population belonging to different Celtic groups .
Twisted pair
Deformation : twisted pair 's susceptibility to electromagnetic interference greatly depends on the pair twisting schemes ( sometimes patented by the manufacturers ) staying intact during the installation . As a result , twisted pair cables usually have stringent requirements for maximum pulling tension as well as minimum bend radius . This fragility of twisted pair cables makes the installation practices an important part of ensuring the cable 's performance . Delay skew : different pairs within the cable have different delays , due to different twist rates used to minimize crosstalk between the pairs . This can degrade image quality when multiple pairs are used to carry components of a video signal . Low skew cable is available to mitigate this problem . Imbalance : differences between the two wires in a pair can cause coupling between the common mode and the differential mode . Differential to common mode conversion produces common mode currents that can cause external interference and can produce common mode signals in other pairs . Common mode to differential mode conversion can produce differential mode signals from common mode interference from other pairs or external sources . Imbalance can be caused by asymmetry between the two conductors of the pair from each other and in relationship to other wires and the shield . Some sources of asymmetry are differences in conductor diameter and insulation thickness . In telephone jargon , the common mode is called longitudinal and the differential mode is called metallic .
Binary star
Astronomers have discovered some stars that seemingly orbit around an empty space . Astrometric binaries are relatively nearby stars which can be seen to wobble around a point in space , with no visible companion . The same mathematics used for ordinary binaries can be applied to infer the mass of the missing companion . The companion could be very dim , so that it is currently undetectable or masked by the glare of its primary , or it could be an object that emits little or no electromagnetic radiation , for example a neutron star .
Acids in wine
While very common in citrus fruits , such as limes , citric acid is found only in very minute quantities in wine grapes . It often has a concentration about 1 / 20 that of tartaric acid . The citric acid most commonly found in wine is commercially produced acid supplements derived from fermenting sucrose solutions . These inexpensive supplements can be used by winemakers in acidification to boost the wine 's total acidity . It is used less frequently than tartaric and malic due to the aggressive citric flavors it can add to the wine . When citric acid is added , it is always done after primary alcohol fermentation has been completed due to the tendency of yeast to convert citric into acetic acid . In the European Union , use of citric acid for acidification is prohibited , but limited use of citric acid is permitted for removing excess iron and copper from the wine if potassium ferrocyanide is not available .
Vowel
The parameter of vowel height appears to be the primary cross-linguistic feature of vowels in that all spoken language s use height as a contrastive feature . No other parameter , even backness or rounding ( see below ) , is used in all languages . Some languages have vertical vowel systems in which at least at a phonemic level , only height is used to distinguish vowels .
Certified teacher
Teachers in Singapore teaching at government primary and secondary schools ( including Junior Colleges ) must attain a Diploma in Education ( Dip. Ed ) or a Post Graduate Diploma in Education ( PGDE ) . Both qualifications can be obtained only at the National Institute of Education ( NIE ) , Nanyang Technological University ( Singapore ) . Information can be found here : Diploma programmes , PGDE , Information about Teacher Recruitment
Tooth decay
Prevention of dental caries includes regular cleaning of the teeth , a diet low in sugar , and small amounts of fluoride . Brushing the teeth twice per day and flossing between the teeth once a day is recommended by many . Fluoride may be from water , salt or toothpaste among other sources . Treating a mother 's dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the numbers of certain bacteria . Screening can result in earlier detection . Depending on the extent of destruction , various treatments can be used to restore the tooth to proper function or the tooth may be removed . There is no known method to grow back large amounts of tooth . The availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world . Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or ibuprofen may be taken for pain .
Carburetor
While basic carburetors have only one Venturi , many carburetors have more than one Venturi , or `` barrel '' . Two barrel and four barrel configurations are commonly used to accommodate the higher air flow rate with large engine displacement . Multi-barrel carburetors can have non-identical primary and secondary barrel ( s ) of different sizes and calibrated to deliver different air / fuel mixtures ; they can be actuated by the linkage or by engine vacuum in `` progressive '' fashion , so that the secondary barrels do not begin to open until the primaries are almost completely open . This is a desirable characteristic which maximizes airflow through the primary barrel ( s ) at most engine speeds , thereby maximizing the pressure `` signal '' from the Venturis , but reduces the restriction in airflow at high speeds by adding cross-sectional area for greater airflow . These advantages may not be important in high - performance applications where part throttle operation is irrelevant , and the primaries and secondaries may all open at once , for simplicity and reliability ; also , V - configuration engines , with two cylinder banks fed by a single carburetor , may be configured with two identical barrels , each supplying one cylinder bank . In the widely seen V8 and 4 - barrel carburetor combination , there are often two primary and two secondary barrels .
Consciousness
Although verbal report is in practice the `` gold standard '' for ascribing consciousness , it is not the only possible criterion . In medicine , consciousness is assessed as a combination of verbal behavior , arousal , brain activity and purposeful movement . The last three of these can be used as indicators of consciousness when verbal behavior is absent . The scientific literature regarding the neural bases of arousal and purposeful movement is very extensive . Their reliability as indicators of consciousness is disputed , however , due to numerous studies showing that alert human subjects can be induced to behave purposefully in a variety of ways in spite of reporting a complete lack of awareness . Studies of the neuroscience of free will have also shown that the experiences that people report when they behave purposefully sometimes do not correspond to their actual behaviors or to the patterns of electrical activity recorded from their brains .
United Kingdom
' British literature ' refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Most British literature is in the English language . In 2005 , some 206,000 books were published in the United Kingdom and in 2006 it was the largest publisher of books in the world .
Xhosa language
At present , Xhosa is used as the main language of instruction in many primary schools and some secondary schools , but is largely replaced by English after the early primary grades , even in schools mainly serving Xhosa - speaking communities . The language is also studied as a subject .
Tyrannosaurus
Paleontologist Jack Horner has been a major advocate of the idea that Tyrannosaurus was exclusively a scavenger and did not engage in active hunting at all , though Horner himself has claimed that he never published this idea in the peer - reviewed scientific literature and used it mainly as a tool to teach a popular audience , particularly children , the dangers of making assumptions in science ( such as assuming T. rex was a hunter ) without using evidence . Nevertheless , Horner presented several arguments in the popular literature to support the pure scavenger hypothesis :
Benedict's reagent
Benedict 's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine . Glucose in urine is called glucosuria and can be indicative of diabetes mellitus , but the test is not recommended or used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus . A false positive reaction can be due to the presence of other reducing substances in urine such as ascorbic acid ( during intake of vitamin supplements ) , drugs ( levodopa , contrast used in radiological procedures ) and homogentisic acid ( alkaptonuria ) .
Heat
This alternative approach admits calorimetry as a primary or direct way to measure quantity of energy transferred as heat . It relies on temperature as one of its primitive concepts , and used in calorimetry . It is presupposed that enough processes exist physically to allow measurement of differences in internal energies . Such processes are not restricted to adiabatic transfers of energy as work . They include calorimetry , which is the commonest practical way of finding internal energy differences . The needed temperature can be either empirical or absolute thermodynamic .
Biomass
In terms of how biomass is used as fuel , percentages were gathered in the United States of 2016 . 5 % is considered primary energy in the U.S. Making up that 5 % of primary energy , about 48 % comes from biofuels ( mostly ethanol ) , 41 % from wood based biomass , and around 11 % from municipal waste . Eucalyptus
Factor analysis
In groundwater quality management , it is important to relate the spatial distribution of different chemical parameters to different possible sources , which have different chemical signatures . For example , a sulfide mine is likely to be associated with high levels of acidity , dissolved sulfates and transition metals . These signatures can be identified as factors through R - mode factor analysis , and the location of possible sources can be suggested by contouring the factor scores .
Thymus
Cervical thymus is a rare malformation . Thymic tissue containing cysts is rarely described in the literature , ectopic glandular tissue included in the wall of cystic formation can trigger a series of problems similar to those of thymus .
Saudi Arabia
As of 2004 approximately half of the broadcast airtime of Saudi state television was devoted to religious issues . 90 % of books published in the kingdom were on religious subjects , and most of the doctorates awarded by its universities were in Islamic studies . In the state school system , about half of the material taught is religious . In contrast , assigned readings over twelve years of primary and secondary schooling devoted to covering the history , literature , and cultures of the non-Muslim world comes to a total of about 40 pages . Non-Muslims
United States presidential primary
Delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions . Sometimes they were dominated by intrigue between political bosses who controlled delegates ; the national convention was far from democratic or transparent . Progressive Era reformers looked to the primary election as a way to measure popular opinion of candidates , as opposed to the opinion of the bosses . Florida enacted the first presidential primary in 1901 . The Wisconsin direct open primary of 1905 was the first to eliminate the caucus and mandate direct selection of national convention delegates . In 1910 , Oregon became the first state to establish a presidential preference primary , which requires delegates to the National Convention to support the winner of the primary at the convention . By 1912 , twelve states either selected delegates in primaries , used a preferential primary , or both . By 1920 there were 20 states with primaries , but some went back , and from 1936 to 1968 , 12 states used them .
Primary election
In elections using electoral systems where strategic nomination is a concern , primaries can be very important in preventing `` clone '' candidates that split their constituency 's vote because of their similarities . Primaries allow political parties to select and unite behind one candidate . However , tactical voting is sometimes a concern in non-partisan primaries as members of the opposite party can vote for the weaker candidate in order to face an easier general election .
Red deer
The red deer can produce 10 to 15 kg ( 22 to 33 lb ) of antler velvet annually . On ranches in New Zealand , China , Siberia , and elsewhere , this velvet is collected and sold to markets in East Asia , where it is used for holistic medicines , with South Korea being the primary consumer . In Russia , a medication produced from antler velvet is sold under the brand name Pantokrin ( Russian : Пантокри́н ; Latin : Pantocrinum ) . The antlers themselves are also believed by East Asians to have medicinal purposes and are often ground up and used in small quantities .
Carbon dioxide
Used as the primary coolant in the British advanced gas - cooled reactor for nuclear power generation .
International System of Units
Many non-SI units continue to be used in the scientific , technical , and commercial literature . Some units are deeply embedded in history and culture , and their use has not been entirely replaced by their SI alternatives . The CIPM recognised and acknowledged such traditions by compiling a list of non-SI units accepted for use with SI , which are grouped as follows : The