vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Steelmark
Individual steel makers could use the design to promote the steel in finished products , and to help create a competitive awareness of the strength and quality of steel against aluminum and plastics . In 1964 , the steel industry distributed 21 million of the Steelmark decals to be affixed to appliances and other household products .
Natural gas
In addition to transporting gas via pipelines for use in power generation , other end uses for natural gas include export as liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) or conversion of natural gas into other liquid products via gas to liquids ( GTL ) technologies . GTL technologies can convert natural gas into liquids products such as gasoline , diesel or jet fuel . A variety of GTL technologies have been developed , including Fischer -- Tropsch ( F -- T ) , methanol to gasoline ( MTG ) and syngas to gasoline plus ( STG+ ) . F -- T produces a synthetic crude that can be further refined into finished products , while MTG can produce synthetic gasoline from natural gas . STG+ can produce drop - in gasoline , diesel , jet fuel and aromatic chemicals directly from natural gas via a single - loop process . In 2011 , Royal Dutch Shell 's 140,000 barrels ( 22,000 m ) per day F -- T plant went into operation in Qatar .
Waste minimisation
The amount of waste an individual produces is a small portion of all waste produced by society , and personal waste reduction can only make a small impact on overall waste volumes . Yet , influence on policy can be exerted in other areas . Increased consumer awareness of the impact and power of certain purchasing decisions allows industry and individuals to change the total resource consumption . Consumers can influence manufacturers and distributors by avoiding buying products that do not have eco-labelling , which is currently not mandatory , or choosing products that minimise the use of packaging . In the UK , PullApart combines both environmental and consumer packaging surveys , in a curbside packaging recycling classification system to minimise waste . Where reuse schemes are available , consumers can be proactive and use them .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
The Church was responsible for the system of tithes , a levy of 10 % on `` all agrarian produce ... other natural products gained via labour ... wages received by servants and labourers , and to the profits of rural merchants '' . Tithes gathered in the form of produce could be either consumed by the recipient , or sold on and bartered for other resources . The tithe was relatively onerous for the typical peasant , although in many instances the actual levy fell below the desired 10 % . Many clergy moved to the towns as part of the urban growth of the period , and by 1300 around one in twenty city dwellers was a clergyman . One effect of the tithe was to transfer a considerable amount of agriculture wealth into the cities , where it was then spent by these urban clergy . The need to sell tithe produce that could not be consumed by the local clergy also spurred the growth of trade . Expansion
Income inequality in the United States
Obviously , the rich earn much more from investments than the poor . As a result , real levels of income inequality in America are much higher than the official Census Bureau figures would suggest .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
The most common measure for poverty , as used in the Child Poverty Act 2010 , is ' household income below 60 percent of median income ' . The median is such an income that exactly a half of households earn more than that and the other half earns less . Income
Oklahoma
As a whole , the oil energy industry contributes $35 billion to Oklahoma 's gross domestic product , and employees of Oklahoma oil - related companies earn an average of twice the state 's typical yearly income . In 2009 , the state had 83,700 commercial oil wells churning 65.374 million barrels ( 10,393,600 m ) of crude oil . Eight and a half percent of the nation 's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma , with 1.673 trillion cubic feet ( 47.4 km ) being produced in 2009 .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
The Institute for Fiscal Studies reported the numbers of poor United Kingdom children in wage - earning families increased from 2009 to 2014 and more poor children currently live in working families than live in families on benefits . The IFS reported `` Recent falls in inequality are likely to prove temporary . Stronger earnings growth and the Conservatives ' planned income tax cuts would do most for incomes towards the top of the distribution , while planned benefit cuts will hit low - income households ( both in and out of work ) hardest . '' Anne Longfield , Children 's Commissioner for England wrote `` The majority of children living in poverty have at least one parent who is working . Employment is important but if wages do not rise substantially in relation to living costs it will not provide a route out of poverty alone . The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has today published a report stating that families with children working full - time on the National Minimum Wage are now 15 % short of the Minimum Income Standard that people believe offers an acceptable standard of living . Today 's announcement will effectively confine to history any figures on the millions of children being raised in families who experience in - work poverty denying them necessities such as adequate food , clothing and heating . ''
Conscription in the United States
The poverty draft is a controversial belief in some circles that low - income demographics are either intentionally targeted by the military for recruitment , or that their low socioeconomic status makes enlistment especially attractive , such that they are overrepresented in the armed forces . The `` poverty draft '' is a term describing U.S. military recruiters ' purposeful tendency to focus their recruiting efforts on inner - city and poor rural schools . The low - income youth and young people of color who attend these schools generally have fewer good educational and job opportunities than middle - class and wealthy youth and are therefore more likely to enlist . Proponents of the poverty draft view often claim that because of this the U.S. armed forces are disproportionally men and women of color and from poor and working - class backgrounds .
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture can be used as a poverty alleviation strategy , specifically as a safety net for food - price shocks and for food security . Poor countries are limited in fiscal and institutional resources that would allow them to contain rises in domestic prices as well as to manage social assistance programs , which is often because they are using policy tools that are intended for middle - and high - income countries . Low - income countries tend to have populations in which 80 % of poor are in rural areas and more than 90 % of rural households have access to land , yet a majority of these rural poor have insufficient access to food . Subsistence agriculture can be used in low - income countries as a part of policy responses to a food crisis in the short and medium term , and provide a safety net for the poor in these countries .
Income inequality in the United States
Until 2011 , the Great Divergence had not been a major political issue in America , but stagnation of middle - class income was . In 2009 the Barack Obama administration White House Middle Class Working Families Task Force convened to focus on economic issues specifically affecting middle - income Americans . In 2011 , the Occupy movement drew considerable attention to income inequality in the country .
Income inequality in the United States
Others dispute the importance of consumption over income , pointing out that if middle and lower income are consuming more than they earn it is because they are saving less or going deeper into debt . A `` growing body of work '' suggests that income inequality has been the driving factor in the growing household debt , as high earners bid up the price of real estate and middle income earners go deeper into debt trying to maintain what once was a middle class lifestyle . Between 1983 and 2007 , the top 5 percent saw their debt fall from 80 cents for every dollar of income to 65 cents , while the bottom 95 percent saw their debt rise from 60 cents for every dollar of income to $1.40 . Economist Krugman has found a strong correlation between inequality and household debt in the United States over the last hundred years .
Socioeconomic status
Education also plays a role in income . Median earnings increase with each level of education . As conveyed in the chart , the highest degrees , professional and doctoral degrees , make the highest weekly earnings while those without a high school diploma earn less . Higher levels of education are associated with better economic and psychological outcomes ( i.e. : more income , more control , and greater social support and networking ) .
Income inequality in the United States
... from 1973 to 2005 , real hourly wages of those in the 90th percentile -- where most people have college or advanced degrees -- rose by 30 % or more ... among this top 10 percent , the growth was heavily concentrated at the very tip of the top , that is , the top 1 percent . This includes the people who earn the very highest salaries in the U.S. economy , like sports and entertainment stars , investment bankers and venture capitalists , corporate attorneys , and CEOs . In contrast , at the 50th percentile and below -- where many people have at most a high school diploma -- real wages rose by only 5 to 10 % --
Slash-and-burn
The use of fire in northeastern Sweden changed as agriculture evolved . Although the Sami people did not burn land ( since burning killed the lichen required by their reindeer ) , later farmers frequently used slash - and - burn techniques . The 19th - century Swedish timber industry moved north , clearing the land of trees but leaving waste behind as a fire risk ; during the 1870s , fires were frequent . There was a fire in Norrland in 1851 , followed by fires in 1868 and 1878 ; two towns were lost in 1888 .
Great Depression
In the less industrial Midlands and Southern England , the effects were short - lived and the later 1930s were a prosperous time . Growth in modern manufacture of electrical goods and a boom in the motor car industry was helped by a growing southern population and an expanding middle class . Agriculture also saw a boom during this period .
Taxation in the United States
* These brackets are the taxable income plus the standard deduction for a joint return . That deduction is the first bracket . For example , a couple earning $88,600 by September owes $10,453 ; $1,865 for 10 % of the income from $12,700 to $31,500 , plus $8,588 for 15 % of the income from $31,500 to $88,600 . Now , for every $100 they earn , $25 is taxed until they reach the next bracket .
Income inequality in the United States
Economist Alan B. Krueger wrote in 2012 : `` The rise in inequality in the United States over the last three decades has reached the point that inequality in incomes is causing an unhealthy division in opportunities , and is a threat to our economic growth . Restoring a greater degree of fairness to the U.S. job market would be good for businesses , good for the economy , and good for the country . '' Krueger wrote that the significant shift in the share of income accruing to the top 1 % over the 1979 to 2007 period represented nearly $1.1 trillion in annual income . Since the wealthy tend to save nearly 50 % of their marginal income while the remainder of the population saves roughly 10 % , other things equal this would reduce annual consumption ( the largest component of GDP ) by as much as 5 % . Krueger wrote that borrowing likely helped many households make up for this shift , which became more difficult in the wake of the 2007 -- 2009 recession .
Household income in the United States
Changes in median income reflect several trends : the aging of the population , changing patterns in work and schooling , and the evolving makeup of the American family , as well as long - and short - term trends in the economy itself . For instance , the retirement of the Baby Boom generation should push down overall median income , as more persons enter lower - income retirement . However , analysis of different working age groups indicate a similar pattern of stagnating median income as well .
Lobbying in the United States
There are numerous regulations governing the practice of lobbying , often ones requiring transparency and disclosure . People paid to lobby must register with the secretary of the Senate and the clerk of the House of Representatives within 45 days of contacting a legislator for the first time , or 45 days after being employed . An exception is that lobbyists who earn less than $3,000 per client for each fiscal quarter , or whose total lobbying expenses are less than $11,500 each quarter , do not need to register . Part - time lobbyists are exempt from registering unless they spend more than 20 % of their working hours doing lobbying activities in any quarter . If lobbyists have two or more contacts with a legislator as a lobbyist , then they must register . Requirements for registering also apply to companies that specialize in lobbying , or ones that have an in - house lobbyist , particularly if they spend more than $11,500 on lobbying . Generally , nonprofit organizations , other than churches , are exempt from registering if they hire an outside lobbying firm . Filing must be made each quarter , and a separate file is needed for each of the lobbyist 's clients , and include information such as the name and title of the client , an estimate of lobbying expenses , and an estimate of income the lobbyist achieved after doing the lobbying .
List of California locations by income
California had a per capita income of $29,906 during the five - year period comprising years 2010 through 2014 . About every third county and every third place in California had per capita incomes above the state average . Though somewhat counterintuitive , this implies that counties and places with per capita incomes even slightly exceeding that of the state can be classified as `` high income '' given the natural division of places into a top third ( high ) , middle third ( medium ) , and lower third ( low ) when ranked by per capita income . Hence , the upper third of all places in this ranking have a per capita income with a lower bound roughly equal to that of the state , about $30,000 . The median place and county in California had a per capita income of roughly $25,000 , and the lower third of both types of geographies had per capita incomes with an upper bound of about $20,000 . Places and counties with the highest per capita income were concentrated in the San Francisco Bay Area , which has a relatively high cost of living . Those with the lowest per capita incomes were concentrated in the Central Valley , an economy in which agriculture assumes a primary role .
New Deal
During the New Deal the communists established a network of a dozen or so members working for the government . They were low level and had a minor influence on policies . Harold Ware led the largest group which worked in the Agriculture Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) . Secretary of Agriculture Wallace got rid of them all in a famous purge in 1935 . Ware died in 1935 and some individuals such as Alger Hiss moved to other government jobs . Other communists worked for the National Labor Relations Board , the National Youth Administration , the Works Progress Administration , the Federal Theater Project , the Treasury and the Department of State .
Thar Desert
About 40 % of the total population of Rajasthan live in the Thar Desert . The main occupation of the people is agriculture and animal husbandry . A colourful culture rich in tradition prevails in this desert . The people have a great passion for folk music and folk poetry .
Income inequality in the United States
According to economist Branko Milanovic , while traditionally economists thought inequality was good for growth , `` The view that income inequality harms growth -- or that improved equality can help sustain growth -- has become more widely held in recent years . The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . When physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . Then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . But now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . '' He continued that `` Broadly accessible education '' is both difficult to achieve when income distribution is uneven and tends to reduce `` income gaps between skilled and unskilled labor . ''
Wealth inequality in the United States
As the price of commodities increases because of inflation , a larger percentage of lower - class people 's money is spent on things they need to survive and go to work , such as food and gasoline . Most of the working poor are paid fixed hourly wages that do not keep up with rises in prices , so every year an increasing percentage of their income is consumed until they have to go into debt just to survive . At this point , their little wealth is owed to lenders and banking institutions .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Fuel poverty . A fuel poor household is one that struggles to keep adequately warm at reasonable cost . The most widely accepted definition of a fuel poor household is one which needs to spend more than 10 % of its income on all fuel use and to heat the home to an adequate standard of warmth . This is generally defined as 21 ° C in the living room and 18 ° C in the other occupied rooms . Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely .
Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?
In 1997 Sarstedt recorded a sequel , `` The Last of the Breed ( Lovely 2 ) '' on his CD England 's Lane . This picks up the story of Marie Claire twenty years on , living now in London . It names more people and places , including Belgravia , Ballets Russes , Cape Town , Claridge 's , Gstaad , John Galliano , Harrods , Jerusalem , Long Island , Milan , Rudolf Nureyev , Palm Beach , Rio de Janeiro , and Isabella Rossellini . In recent years , Sarstedt and a co-writer were working on a further sequel , `` Farewell Marie - Claire '' , in which the story was brought to a conclusion . The song was to feature the same waltz feel as the original . But Sarstedt 's retirement from the music industry meant that the track was abandoned .
Standard of living in China
The small but dynamic domestic private sector also produced some lucrative opportunities . Private , part - time schools , which appeared in large numbers in the mid-1980s , offered moonlighting work to university professors , who could double or triple their modest incomes if they were from prestigious institutions and taught desirable subjects , such as English , Japanese , or electronics . Small - scale entrepreneurs could earn considerably more in the free markets than the average income . Business people who served as a liaison between foreign firms and the domestic economy could earn incomes many times higher than those of the best - paid employees of state - owned units . A handful of millionaire businessmen could be found in the biggest cities . These people had owned firms before 1949 , cooperated with the government in the 1950s in return for stock in their firms , and then lost their incomes in the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , when these businessmen were politically rehabilitated , their incomes were returned with the accrued interest , and some suddenly found themselves quite wealthy . Although the number of people earning incomes far beyond the normal wage scale was tiny relative to the population , they were important symbols of the rewards of economic reform and received a great deal of media attention . In 1985 most of these people worked in enterprises classified as `` units of other ownership '' ( private rather than state - or collectively owned enterprises ) . These enterprises employed only 440,000 people out of the total urban labor force of 128 million in 1985 and paid average annual salaries of ¥ 1,373 , only slightly higher than the overall urban national average .
Income inequality in the United States
A rise in income disparities weakens skills development among people with a poor educational background in term of the quantity and quality of education attained . Those with a low level of expertise will always consider themselves unworthy of any high position and pay
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Disability - Disabled adults are twice as likely to live in low income households as non-disabled adults . Illness Mental illness Low intelligence - People with an IQ of 60 or below are speculated to be in danger of poverty and homelessness in the USA in 2006 . Unemployment - benefit sanctions for failing to search for jobs on a full - time basis plunges the already poor unemployed into destitution as a punishment . There are currently not enough jobs in the UK to employ everyone who is looking for work . Underemployment - having a low - paid job with wages lower than the living wage , often the minimum wage , and working part - time . Being born to poor parents Lack of social capital Inadequate management of finances Being a lone parent - half of all lone parents are on a low income . Racial discrimination Inherent biases in the economic system , for example having to pay a higher rate of interest on a loan .
Income inequality in the United States
Measured for all households , U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but is among the highest after taxes and transfers , meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households . Measured for working - age households , market income inequality is comparatively high ( rather than moderate ) and the level of redistribution is moderate ( not low ) . These comparisons indicate Americans shift from reliance on market income to reliance on income transfers later in life and less than households in other developed countries do .
Income inequality in the United States
Measured for all households , U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers , meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households . Measured for working - age households , market income inequality is comparatively high ( rather than moderate ) and the level of redistribution is moderate ( not low ) . These comparisons indicate Americans shift from reliance on market income to reliance on income transfers later in life and less fully than do households in other developed countries .
Household income in the United States
Median income is the amount which divides the income distribution into two equal groups , half having income above that amount , and half having income below that amount . Mean income ( average ) is the amount obtained by dividing the total aggregate income of a group by the number of units in that group . The means and medians for households and families are based on all households and families . Means and medians for people are based on people 15 years old and over with income . --