vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present - day Plymouth , Massachusetts , United States . The Pilgrims ' leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist separatist Puritans who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 17th - century Holland in the Netherlands . They held Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but , unlike other Puritans , they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church . They were also concerned that they might lose their English cultural identity if they remained in the Netherlands , so they arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America . The colony was established in 1621 and became the second successful English settlement in North America ( after the founding of Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 ) . The Pilgrims ' story became a central theme of the history and culture of the United States .
Early world maps
Samuel Dunn ( died 1794 ) was a British mathematician and amateur astronomer . His map covers the entire world in a double hemisphere projection . This map follows shortly after the explorations of Captain Cook in the Arctic and Pacific Northwest , so the general outline of North America is known . However , when this map was made , few inland expeditions had extended westward beyond the Mississippi River .
British North America Acts
Because of this , all British North America Acts dated before 1949 were passed by the British Parliament , while some of those dated after 1949 were passed by the Canadian Parliament . When Canada patriated its constitution with the passage of the Canada Act of 1982 , the existing British North America Acts were either repealed , or `` modernized '' and retitled as `` Constitution Acts '' in Canada , collectively called the Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982 .
French and Indian War
At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions .
Titanic (1997 film)
The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on Friday , December 19 , 1997 . By the end of that same weekend , theaters were beginning to sell out . The film earned $8,658,814 on its opening day and $28,638,131 over the opening weekend from 2,674 theaters , averaging to about $10,710 per venue , and ranking number one at the box office , ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film , Tomorrow Never Dies . By New Year 's Day , Titanic had made over $120 million , had increased in popularity and theaters continued to sell out . Its highest grossing single day was Saturday , February 14 , 1998 , on which it earned $13,048,711 , more than eight weeks after its North American debut . It stayed at number one for 15 consecutive weeks in North America , a record for any film . The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost 10 months before finally closing on Thursday , October 1 , 1998 with a final domestic gross of $600,788,188 . Outside North America , the film made double its North American gross , generating $1,242,413,080 and accumulating a grand total of $1,843,201,268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run . Commercial
SpongeBob SquarePants
Kids ' meal tie - ins have been released in snacks and fast food restaurants in many parts of the world , including Burger King in Europe and North America , as well as Wendy 's in North America , and Hungry Jack 's in Australia . A McDonald 's Happy Meal tie - in with SpongeBob - themed Happy Meal boxes and toys was released in Europe and other international markets in the summer of 2007 . In Australia , the advertisement for the McDonald 's SpongeBob Happy Meal won the Pester Power Award because the ads are enticing young children to want its food because of the free toy . As a tie - in beverage for the DVD release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , 7 - Eleven released the limited edition `` Under - the - Sea Pineapple Slurpee '' in March 2004 . Pirate 's Booty released limited edition SpongeBob SquarePants Pirate 's Booty snacks in 2013 .
Loggerhead sea turtle
Around three million years ago , during the Pliocene epoch , Central America emerged from the sea , effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo - Pacific Oceans . The rerouting of ocean currents led to climatic changes as the Earth entered a glacial cycle . Cold water upwelling around the Cape of Good Hope and reduction in water temperature at Cape Horn formed coldwater barriers to migrating turtles . The result was a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of loggerheads . During the most recent ice age , the beaches of southeastern North America were too cold for sea turtle eggs . As the Earth began to warm , loggerheads moved farther north , colonizing the northern beaches . Because of this , turtles nesting between North Carolina and northern Florida represent a different genetic population from those in southern Florida .
Telephone exchange
In historical perspective , telecommunication terms have been used with different semantics over time . The term telephone exchange is often used synonymously with central office ( CO ) , a Bell System term . Often , a central office is defined as a building used to house the inside plant equipment of potentially several telephone exchanges , each serving a certain geographical area . Such an area has also been referred to as the exchange . Central office locations may also be identified in North America as wire centers , designating a facility from which a telephone obtains dial tone . For business and billing purposes , telephony carriers also define rate centers , which in larger cities may be clusters of central offices , to define specified geographical locations for determining distance measurements .
List of Formula One broadcasters
ESPN Latin America broadcasts the highlights show ESPN F1 , hosted by Mexican sports journalists Javier Trejo Garay and Adalberto Franco in Mexico and Central America . The show highlights the races , from the practices to the checkered flag and shows interviews with the F1 drivers .
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 3 launched in North America with 14 titles , with another three being released before the end of 2006 . After the first week of sales it was confirmed that Resistance : Fall of Man from Insomniac Games was the top - selling launch game in North America . The game was heavily praised by numerous video game websites , including GameSpot and IGN , both of whom awarded it their PlayStation 3 Game of the Year award for 2006 . Some titles missed the launch window and were delayed until early 2007 , such as The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , F.E.A.R. and Sonic the Hedgehog . During the Japanese launch , Ridge Racer 7 was the top - selling game , while Mobile Suit Gundam : Crossfire also fared well in sales , both of which were offerings from Namco Bandai Games . PlayStation 3 launched in Europe with 24 titles , including ones that were not offered in North American and Japanese launches , such as Formula One Championship Edition , MotorStorm and Virtua Fighter 5 . Resistance : Fall of Man and MotorStorm were the most successful titles of 2007 , and both games subsequently received sequels in the form of Resistance 2 and MotorStorm : Pacific Rift .
Communications satellite
The definitions of FSS and DBS satellites outside of North America , especially in Europe , are a bit more ambiguous . Most satellites used for direct - to - home television in Europe have the same high power output as DBS - class satellites in North America , but use the same linear polarization as FSS - class satellites . Examples of these are the Astra , Eutelsat , and Hotbird spacecraft in orbit over the European continent . Because of this , the terms FSS and DBS are more so used throughout the North American continent , and are uncommon in Europe .
Territorial evolution of the United States
The country 's expansion beyond North America began in 1856 with the passage of the Guano Islands Act , causing many small and uninhabited , but economically important , islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea to be claimed . Most of these claims were eventually abandoned due to competing claims from other countries or the guano having been mined out . The Pacific expansion culminated in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its annexation in 1898 . Alaska , the last major acquisition in North America , was purchased from Russia in 1867 .
The Six Million Dollar Man
The Region 1 ( North America ) release , along with that of The Bionic Woman was one of the most eagerly awaited ; its release had been withheld for many years due to copyright issues regarding the original novel . In fact , with the exception of a few episodes released in the DiscoVision format in the early 1980s and a single VHS release of the two - part The Bionic Woman storyline that same decade , the series as a whole had never been released in North America in any home video format .
Latin America
This politico - economical initiative was institutionalized in North America by 1994 NAFTA , and elsewhere in the Americas through a series of like agreements . The comprehensive Free Trade Area of the Americas project , however , was rejected by most South American countries at the 2005 4th Summit of the Americas .
Russian Orthodox Church
The ROC should not be confused with the Orthodox Church in America ( OCA ) , another autocephalous Orthodox Church ( since 1970 , albeit not universally recognised in this status ) , that traces its existence in North America to the time of the Russian missionaries in Alaska ( then part of the Russian Empire ) in the late 18th century , and still adheres to the ROC liturgical tradition .
Roanoke Colony
On March 25 , 1584 , Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America . This charter specified that Raleigh needed to establish a colony in North America , or lose his right to colonization .
Cranberry
Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium . In Britain , cranberry may refer to the native species Vaccinium oxycoccos , while in North America , cranberry may refer to Vaccinium macrocarpon . Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in central and northern Europe , while Vaccinium macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United States , Canada and Chile . In some methods of classification , Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right . They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere .
Operation Barbarossa
In central Finland the German - Finnish advance on the Murmansk railway had been resumed at Kayraly . A large encirclement from the north and the south trapped the defending Soviet corps and allowed XXXVI Corps to advance further to the east . In early - September it reached the old 1939 Soviet border fortifications . On 6 September the first defense line at the Voyta River was breached , but further attacks against the main line at the Verman River failed . With Army Norway switching its main effort further south , the front stalemated in this sector . Further south , the Finnish III Corps launched a new offensive towards the Murmansk railway on 30 October , bolstered by fresh reinforcements from Army Norway . Against Soviet resistance , it was able to come within 30 km ( 19 mi ) of the railway , when the Finnish High Command ordered a stop to all offensive operations in the sector on 17 November . The United States of America applied diplomatic pressure on Finland to not disrupt Allied aid shipments to the Soviet Union , which caused the Finnish government to halt the advance on the Murmansk railway . With the Finnish refusal to conduct further offensive operations and German inability to do so alone , the German - Finnish effort in central and northern Finland came to an end .
Illinois
Illinois is located in the Midwest Region of the United States and is one of the eight states and Canadian province of Ontario in the bi-national Great Lakes region of North America .
America's Cup
Rumors of stable hydrofoiling of an AC72 were confirmed when Team New Zealand 's AC72 yacht Aotearoa was seen to be sailing on hydrofoils in August , 2012 . This triggered a technology race in foil development and control . The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron won the right to sail in the America 's Cup match easily beating the Italian and Swedish challengers in the Louis Vuitton Cup . The resulting match between the USA and NZ was the longest on record both in calendar time , and the number of races , with the Golden Gate Yacht Club staging an improbable come - from - behind victory , winning eight straight races to defend the cup and beat New Zealand 9 -- 8 .
Lana Del Rey
On September 27 , 2017 , Del Rey announced the LA to the Moon Tour , an official concert tour with Jhené Aiko and Kali Uchis to further promote the album . The tour is scheduled to begin in North America during January 2018 . Further dates in South America , Australia , and Europe were also announced .
Federal Reserve System
Timeline of central banking in the United States Dates System 1782 -- 1791 Bank of North America ( de facto , under the Confederation Congress ) 1791 -- 1811 First Bank of the United States 1811 -- 1816 No central bank 1816 -- 1836 Second Bank of the United States 1837 -- 1862 Free Banking Era 1846 -- 1921 Independent Treasury System 1863 -- 1913 National Banks 1913 -- present Federal Reserve System Sources :
Stop sign
Stop signs are used globally . However , most countries see fewer of them than North America and South Africa , because all - way stops are never used and may even be legally prohibited . In a majority of European and Central Asian countries , as well as Cuba in North America , junctions without traffic lights or roundabouts are controlled by stop signs on minor roads and by white , yellow and black priority diamond signs on the major road . In the UK , the Netherlands , Scandinavia , New Zealand and Australia , stop signs are restricted to situations wherein coming to a dead stop is actually necessary because of severely limited sight lines . At the vast majority of minor intersections in these countries Give Way signs and / or equivalent road markings are used . Finally , at the busier crossing streets , Give Way signs may be replaced by ( mini ) roundabouts , which also work on the give way ( rather than stop ) principle .
Natural gas
Natural gas dispensed in a residential setting can generate temperatures in excess of 1,100 ° C ( 2,000 ° F ) making it a powerful domestic cooking and heating fuel . In much of the developed world it is supplied through pipes to homes , where it is used for many purposes including ranges and ovens , gas - heated clothes dryers , heating / cooling , and central heating . Heaters in homes and other buildings may include boilers , furnaces , and water heaters . Both North America and Europe are major consumers of natural gas .
History of Vietnam
Period Country Name Time Frame Boundary Hồng Bàng dynasty Xích Quỷ 赤 鬼 2879 -- 2524 BC Stretching from Dongting Lake ( Hunan ) to the southernmost area now called Quảng Trị , including the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces of China . Hồng Bàng dynasty Văn Lang 文郎 2524 -- 258 BC Territory reduced to modern Northern Vietnam including the three modern provinces of Thanh Hóa , Nghệ An , Hà Tĩnh . The Red River Delta is the home of the Lạc Việt culture . Thục dynasty Âu Lạc 甌 雒 257 -- 207 BC Red River Delta and its adjoining north and west mountain regions . Triệu dynasty Nam Việt 南越 207 -- 111 BC North and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Hoành Sơn Range ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Han Domination Giao Chỉ ( Jiaozhi ) 交趾 111 BC -- 39 AD Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Trưng Sisters Lĩnh Nam 嶺南 40 -- 43 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) . Han to Eastern Wu Domination Giao Chỉ 交趾 43 -- 229 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi .
War of 1812
A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended .
Bell pepper
Peppers are native to Mexico , Central America , and northern South America . Pepper seeds were imported to Spain in 1493 , and from there , spread to Europe and Asia . The mild bell pepper cultivar was developed in 1920s , in Szeged , Hungary .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Having severed their connection with the Prussians the previous year , the British negotiated a separate peace to the Prussians -- dealing with their two principal adversaries France and Spain . Britain received formal control of New France , while handing back Martinique and Guadeloupe . The British were handed all of mainland North America east of the Mississippi River .
British North America Acts
This Act expanded the Canadian Senate by giving the Western Canadian provinces 24 senators , the same number that had been guaranteed to Ontario , Quebec , and the Maritime Provinces . This Act also guaranteed Newfoundland six senators should that British domain ever join the Confederation -- which it did in 1949 . Finally , this act amended section 51 of the British North America Act of 1867 to guarantee that no province would have fewer members of the House of Commons than of the senate . In 1982 , this Act was renamed the Constitution Act , 1915 .
Bank of America
Bank of America cut around 16,000 jobs in a quicker fashion by the end of 2012 as revenue continued to decline because of new regulations and a slow economy . This put a plan one year ahead of time to eliminate 30,000 jobs under a cost - cutting program , called Project New BAC . In the first quarter of 2014 Berkshire bank purchased 20 Bank of America branches in Central and eastern New York for 14.4 million dollars . The branches were from Utica / Rome region and down the Mohawk Valley east to the capital region .
The impact of geography on colonial America
Before the foundation of the United States in 1776 , the Kingdom of Great Britain owned Thirteen Colonies on eastern shore of North America . The geography and climate of the area had a significant impact on the economy and survival of the colonies .
Mourning dove
The mourning dove has a large range of nearly 11,000,000 km ( 4,200,000 sq mi ) . The species is resident throughout the Greater Antilles , most of Mexico , the Continental United States , southern Canada , and the Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda . Much of the Canadian prairie sees these birds in summer only , and southern Central America sees them in winter only . The species is a vagrant in northern Canada , Alaska , and South America . It has been spotted as an accidental at least seven times in the Western Palearctic with records from the British Isles ( 5 ) , the Azores ( 1 ) and Iceland ( 1 ) . In 1963 , the mourning dove was introduced to Hawaii , and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona . The mourning dove also appeared on Socorro Island , off the western coast of Mexico , in 1988 , sixteen years after the Socorro dove was extirpated from that island .
Brown bear
The brown bear is usually called the grizzly bear in North America . It once ranged throughout much of the continent . Canada
Latin America
The term `` Latin America '' was first used in 1856 in a conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao in Paris . The conference had the title `` Initiative of the America . Idea for a Federal Congress of Republics . '' The same year the Colombian writer José María Torres Caicedo also used the term in his poem `` The Two Americas . '' Two events related with the U.S. played a central role in both works . The first event happened less than a decade before the publication of Bilbao 's and Torres Caicedo 's works : the Mexican -- American War , after which Mexico lost a third of its territory . The second event happened the same year both works were written , in opposition to the decision by U.S. president Franklin Pierce to recognize the regime recently established in Nicaragua by American William Walker and his band of filibusters who ruled Nicaragua for nearly a year , 1856 - 57 .
Fullmetal Alchemist
Viz Media localized the tankōbon volumes in English in North America between May 3 , 2005 , and December 20 , 2011 . On June 7 , 2011 , Viz started publishing the series in omnibus format , featuring three volumes in one . Yen Press has the rights for the digital release of the volumes in North America since 2014 and on December 12 , 2016 has released the series on the ComiXology website . Other English localizations were done by Madman Entertainment for Australasia and Chuang Yi in Singapore . The series has been also localized in Polish , French , Portuguese , Italian , and Korean .
Deus Ex: Human Revolution
It released in August 2011 in major Western regions : it released in North America on August 23 , Australia on August 25 , and Europe on August 26 . In addition to the standalone releases , special editions were created featuring extra content in North America and Europe . The `` Explosive Mission Pack '' included a mission focusing on a central character from Deus Ex along with additional weapons and equipment . The `` Augmented Edition '' included all content from the `` Explosive Mission Pack '' in addition to new equipment and in - game bonuses . The European version sported a few extra items than the North American version . A separate pack included codes to unlock Deus Ex-themed items for Team Fortress 2 for pre-orders on Steam . The OS X port released on April 26 , 2012 . The version released was the `` Ultimate Edition '' , including all pre-order content in addition to downloadable content ( DLC ) released the previous year . A minor controversy arose around the PC version when video game retailer GameStop started removing content from the original packaging . GameStop had instructed employees to remove coupons for free access to Human Revolution on OnLive , an online gaming service , stating that the coupon promoted a competitor of one of its subsidiaries , Spawn Labs and Impulse , which it had recently acquired . As an apology , GameStop began giving customers a $50 gift card in - store to those who purchased copies of Deus Ex : Human Revolution for PC prior to August 26 and who brought the issue to their staff .