vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The tsunami hit the southwest coast of southern Thailand , which was about 500 km ( 310.69 miles ) from the epicenter . The region is prominent with tourists internationally . Since the tsunami hit during high tide , its damage was severe . Approximately 5,400 people were killed and 3,100 people were reported missing in Thailand . The places where the tsunami struck were Khao Lak , Phuket Island , the Phi Phi Islands , Koh Racha Yai , Koh Lanta Yai and Ao Nang of Krabi province , offshore archipelagos like the Surin Islands , the Similan Islands , and coastal areas of Satun , Ranong , Phang Nga , Trang and Krabi provinces .
Justice of the peace
Original jurisdiction in `` criminal matters of misdemeanor cases punishable by fine only '' ( under the Texas Penal Code such offenses are called `` Class C '' misdemeanors , generally involving traffic offenses or public intoxication ; however , in jurisdictions with a municipal court , if the traffic offense is written by a municipal police officer the municipal court will have jurisdiction , whereas if the offense is written by a state or county officer the JP court will hear the case ) , Exclusive jurisdiction in `` civil matters where the amount in controversy is $200 or less '' , and `` Such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law '' . Under this provision , the Legislature has raised the top limit on civil matters to $10,000 and assigned the JP courts , among others , the right to hear cases involving eviction as well as cases involving foreclosure and liens against personal property where the amount falls within the ( revised ) JP Court 's jurisdiction .
Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might
In order to spread time for the movie to be a three - part episode , several scenes from the series were added , such as when the Eternal Dragon is summoned , when Turles , his henchmen , and Piccolo make their first appearances in the film , and most of King Kai 's scenes . Blood was completely edited out in the movie and the violence was toned down as well . For example , scenes where a character was punched or kicked hard were blocked by flashes of light . The scene where Turles forces Gohan to transform into a Great Ape by holding his face and forcing him to keep his eyes open at the power ball was edited , but Turles held him by his shoulders instead . At the same time when Gohan looks at the power ball , absorbing its Blutz Waves through his eyes and beginning to transform into a Great Ape , no heartbeat sound effect were heard in the Japanese and English uncut versions , but were digitally edited in background in the English edited version . During that same scene , when Gohan 's tail grows out of his pants after he was pinned to the ground by Turles , the sound effect of it ripping through his pants were also edited . The scene where Turles has his foot on top of Goku was edited , but Goku 's face under Turles ' foot was n't shown . The scenes where Gohan is nude , after he reverts from his Great Ape form , were edited , but he was covered up by some means , such as adding extended lighting to the scene where Goku catches Gohan after cutting off his tail or adding a digital bush in front of him during the scene where he is awakened by Icarus . They did , however , forget to remove or censor a shot when Gohan is lying naked in Goku 's arms , but it is barely noticeable .
International System of Units
The basic units of the metric system , as originally defined , represented common quantities or relationships in nature . They still do -- the modern precisely defined quantities are refinements of definition and methodology , but still with the same magnitudes . In cases where laboratory precision may not be required or available , or where approximations are good enough , the original definitions may suffice .
Binary star
Sometimes , the only evidence of a binary star comes from the Doppler effect on its emitted light . In these cases , the binary consists of a pair of stars where the spectral lines in the light emitted from each star shifts first towards the blue , then towards the red , as each moves first towards us , and then away from us , during its motion about their common center of mass , with the period of their common orbit .
List of highest-grossing films
Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world , many films can do business in two or more calendar years ; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release . Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either , with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release ; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it , but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most . In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded , and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained . At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967 , and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film .
Law firm
In an October 2007 press conference reported in The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times , the law student group Building a Better Legal Profession released its first annual ranking of top law firms by average billable hours , pro bono participation , and demographic diversity . Most notably , the report ranked the percentages of women , African - Americans , Hispanics , Asian - Americans , and gays & lesbians at America 's top law firms . The group has sent the information to top law schools around the country , encouraging students to take this demographic data into account when choosing where to work after graduation . As more students choose where to work based on the firms ' diversity rankings , firms face an increasing market pressure in order to attract top recruits .
English contract law
Parallel to the slow development of common law duress , the courts of equity allowed escape from a contract if any form of undue influence was used against a contracting party . `` Actual undue influence '' is now essentially the same thing as duress in its wider form . In these `` class 1 '' cases , a claimant proves they were actually put under undue influence . Most relevant are the cases on `` presumed undue influence '' , of which there are two sub-classes . `` Class 2A '' cases involve someone being in a pre-defined relation of trust and confidence with another , before which they enter a very disadvantageous transaction . In Allcard v Skinner , Miss Allcard joined a Christian sect , the `` Protestant Sisters of the Poor '' , run by her spiritual adviser , Miss Skinner . After taking vows of poverty and obedience she gave the sect almost all her property . Lindley LJ held that if she had not been barred from the claim by letting 6 years lapse , it could be presumed that Miss Allcard was unduly influenced and she would have been able to rescind the transfer . Other class 2A relationships include doctor and patient , parent and child , solicitor and client , or any fiduciary relation ( but not wife and husband ) . Where the relation does not fall into one of these , it stands with `` class 2B '' cases . Here , a claimant may first prove that there was in fact a strong relation of trust and confidence . If that is done , and there is a disadvantageous transaction , it will be presumed to result from undue influence . It will then be up to the recipient of the property to rebut the presumption . This takes on greatest significance in cases involving banks typically lending money to a husband for his business , and securing a mortgage over the husband and wife 's jointly owned home . Significant problems arose , particularly after the early 1990s housing , stock market and currency crashes , where the husband 's business failed , the bank attempted to repossess the house , and the wife claimed she never understood the implications of the mortgage or was pressured into it .
Athenian democracy
There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands . These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) , the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people , on some occasions up to 6000 ) . Of these three bodies was is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power -- although courts , unlike the assembly , were never simply called the demos ( the People ) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body , those over thirty . But crucially citizens voting in both were not subject to review and prosecution as were council members and all other officeholders .
Diamond
Diamond ( / ˈdaɪəmənd / or / ˈdaɪmənd / ) is a metastable allotrope of carbon , where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face - centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice . Diamond is less stable than graphite , but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions . Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities , most of which originate from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms . In particular , diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material . Those properties determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond knives and diamond anvil cells .
Thirteen Colonies
Quakers were well established in Pennsylvania , where they controlled the governorship and the legislature for many years . Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island . Baptists and Methodists were growing rapidly during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s . Many denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians .
Relationship between religion and science
The actual evidences that finally proved heliocentrism came centuries after Galileo : the stellar aberration of light by James Bradley in the 18th century , the orbital motions of binary stars by William Herschel in the 19th century , the accurate measurement of the stellar parallax in the 19th century , and Newtonian mechanics in the 17th century . According to physicist Christopher Graney , Galileo 's own observations did not actually support the Copernican view , but were more consistent with Tycho Brahe 's hybrid model where that Earth did n't move , and everything else circled around it and the Sun .
French horn
The horn , although not large , is awkward in its shape and does not lend itself well to transport where space is shared or limited . To compensate , horn makers can make the bell detachable ; this allows for smaller and more manageable horn cases .
Libya
On 25 August 2012 , in what Reuters reported as `` the most blatant sectarian attack '' since the end of the civil war , unnamed organized assailants bulldozed a Sufi mosque with graves , in broad daylight in the center of the Libyan capital Tripoli . It was the second such razing of a Sufi site in two days . Numerous acts of vandalism and destruction of heritage were carried out by suspected Islamist militias , most notably with the removal of the Nude Gazelle Statue and the destruction and desecration of World War II - era British grave sites near Benghazi . Many other cases of Heritage vandalism were carried out and were reported to be carried out by Islamist related radical militias and mobs that either destroyed , robbed , or looted a number of Historic sites which remain in danger at present .
Eastern Orthodox Church
In other cases , opinions differ , no consensus is forthcoming , and all are free to choose . With agreement among the Fathers , though , the authority of interpretation grows , and full patristic consensus is very strong . With canon law ( which tends to be highly rigorous and very strict , especially with clergy ) an unalterable validity also does not apply , since canons deal with living on earth , where conditions are always changing and each case is subject to almost infinite variation from the next . Even when and where they were once used with full strictness , their application was not absolute , and was carried out for individuals under the pastoral care of their bishop , who had the authority to decide when individual discipline had been satisfied . This too is a part of the Holy Tradition .
First Battle of the Marne
By September 9 , it looked as though the German First and Second Armies would be totally encircled and destroyed . General von Moltke suffered a nervous breakdown upon hearing of the danger to his two armies . His subordinates took over and ordered a general retreat to the Aisne River in order to regroup . The retreating armies were pursued by the French and British , although the pace of the Allied advance was slow - a mere 19 km ( 12 miles ) in one day . The German armies ceased their retreat after 65 km ( 40 miles ) at a point north of the Aisne River , where they dug in , preparing trenches that were to last for several years . The German retreat between September 9 and September 13 marked the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan . Moltke is said to have reported to the Kaiser : `` Your Majesty , we have lost the war . '' In the aftermath of the battle , both sides dug in and four years of stalemate ensued .
Femur
As the femur is the only bone in the thigh , it serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints . Some biarticular muscles -- which cross two joints , like the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles -- also originate from the femur . In all , 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur .
Celebratory gunfire
Bullets often lodge in roofs , causing minor damage that requires repair in most cases . Normally , the bullet will penetrate the roof surface through to the roof deck , leaving a hole where water may run into the building and cause a leak .
Utilitarianism
It has been argued that rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism , because for any given rule , in the case where breaking the rule produces more utility , the rule can be refined by the addition of a sub-rule that handles cases like the exception . This process holds for all cases of exceptions , and so the `` rules '' have as many `` sub-rules '' as there are exceptional cases , which , in the end , makes an agent seek out whatever outcome produces the maximum utility .
Julian calendar
Caesar 's reform only applied to the Roman calendar . However , in the following decades many of the local civic and provincial calendars of the empire and neighbouring client kingdoms were aligned to the Julian calendar by transforming them into calendars with years of 365 days with an extra day intercalated every four years . The reformed calendars typically retained many features of the unreformed calendars . In many cases , the New Year was not on 1 January , the leap day was not on the bissextile day , the old month names were retained , the lengths of the reformed months did not match the lengths of Julian months , and , even if they did , their first days did not match the first day of the corresponding Julian month . Nevertheless , since the reformed calendars had fixed relationships to each other and to the Julian calendar , the process of converting dates between them became quite straightforward , through the use of conversion tables known as hemerologia . Several of the reformed calendars are only known through surviving hemerologia .
Human rights and development
The International Criminal Court ( ICC ) may hold individuals accountable for human rights abuses under the provision of its founding statute . it does not however have jurisdiction of corporations though individuals within corporations can be held to account . The Court has jurisdiction to try cases of genocide , crimes against humanity and war crimes where states with the domestic criminal jurisdiction are unwilling to carry out investigations . Where multinational corporations commit crimes on a scale that reach the level of the courts jurisdiction individuals responsible can then be held liable .
Rwandan genocide
SURF ( or the Survivors Fund ) is the main international charity dedicated to aiding and assisting the survivors of the Rwandan genocide . Since 1997 , SURF has been advocating and fundraising internationally in support of the efforts of grassroots survivors organisations in Rwanda , including IBUKA ( National Umbrella of Survivors ' Organisations ) , AVEGA ( Association of Widows of the Genocide ) , AOCM ( Association of Orphan - Headed Households ) , Uyisenga N'Manzi ( Organisation of Child Survivors with HIV / AIDS ) and Solace Ministries ( Christian Survivors Support Organisation ) . Its focus is to ensure that the voices of survivors are listened to and heard , memories of the genocide are kept alive , victims of the genocide are never forgotten and survivors of the genocide are supported in Rwanda , and in the UK where it is based .
Where's the beef?
The commercial was originally supposed to star a young couple , but Sedelmaier did not find the concept funny and changed it to the elderly ladies .
History of Colombia
Colombia 's indigenous culture evolved from three main groups -- the Quimbaya , who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central ; the Chibchas ; and the Kalina ( Caribs ) . When the Spanish arrived in 1509 , they found a flourishing and heterogeneous Amerindian population that numbered between 1.5 million and 2 million , belonged to several hundred tribes , and largely spoke mutually unintelligible dialects . The two most advanced cultures of Amerindian peoples at the time were the Muisca and Taironas , who belonged to the Chibcha group and were skilled in farming , mining , and metalcraft . The Muisca lived mainly in the present departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá , where they had fled centuries earlier after raids by the warlike Caribs , some of whom eventually migrated to Caribbean islands near the end of the first millennium . The Taironas , who were divided into two subgroups , lived in the Caribbean lowlands and the highlands of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta . The Muisca civilization was well organized into distinct provinces governed by communal land laws and powerful caciques , who reported to one of the two supreme leaders .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
The PAVN / NLF attacks were speedily and bloodily repulsed in virtually all areas except Saigon , where the fighting lasted for three days , and in the old imperial capital of Huế , where it continued for a month . During the occupation of the historic city , 2,800 South Vietnamese were murdered by the NLF in the single worst massacre of the conflict . The hoped - for uprising never took place ; indeed , the offensive drove some previously apathetic South Vietnamese to fight for the government . Another surprise for the communists was that the ARVN did not collapse under the onslaught , instead turning in a performance that pleased even its American patrons .
Alkaloid
`` True alkaloids '' contain nitrogen in the heterocycle and originate from amino acids . Their characteristic examples are atropine , nicotine , and morphine . This group also includes some alkaloids that besides nitrogen heterocycle contain terpene ( e.g. , evonine ) or peptide fragments ( e.g. ergotamine ) . This group also includes piperidine alkaloids coniine and coniceine although they do not originate from amino acids . `` Protoalkaloids '' , which contain nitrogen and also originate from amino acids . Examples include mescaline , adrenaline and ephedrine . Polyamine alkaloids -- derivatives of putrescine , spermidine , and spermine . Peptide and cyclopeptide alkaloids . Pseudoalkaloids -- alkaloid - like compounds that do not originate from amino acids . This group includes terpene - like and steroid - like alkaloids , as well as purine - like alkaloids such as caffeine , theobromine , theacrine and theophylline . Some authors classify as pseudoalkaloids such compounds such as ephedrine and cathinone . Those originate from the amino acid phenylalanine , but acquire their nitrogen atom not from the amino acid but through transamination .
Pub
The public bar , or tap room , was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink . It had unfurnished floorboards , sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages ( known as `` spit and sawdust '' ) , bare bench seats and stools . Drinks were generally lower quality beers and liquors . Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men ; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars ( some pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s ) .
Canada–United States relations
Diefenbaker and Kennedy did get along well personally . This was evident in Diefenbaker 's response to the Cuban Missile Crisis , where he did not support the United States . However , Diefenbaker 's Minister of Defense went behind Diefenbaker 's back and did set Canada 's military to high alert in order to try and appease Kennedy .
Ancient Roman architecture
Despite the technical developments of the Romans , which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs , they were very reluctant to abandon the classical orders in formal public buildings , even though these had become essentially decorative . However , they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek aesthetic concerns , and treated the orders with considerable freedom .
Chernobyl disaster
According to UNSCEAR , up to the year 2005 , an excess of over 6000 cases of thyroid cancer have been reported . That is , over the estimated pre-accident baseline thyroid cancer rate , more than 6000 casual cases of thyroid cancer have been reported in children and adolescents exposed at the time of the accident , a number that is expected to increase . They concluded that there is no other evidence of major health impacts from the radiation exposure .
Tax protester statutory arguments
In Flora , the Supreme Court ruled that a Federal District Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to hear a lawsuit by a taxpayer for a Federal income tax refund where the taxpayer has not paid the entire amount assessed ( the rule , known as the Flora full payment rule , does not apply to U.S. Tax Court cases or bankruptcy cases ) . Tax protesters sometimes cite the language in cases like Flora for the contention that filing of tax returns and paying taxes is not legally required , i.e. , that the filing of returns and paying of taxes is , in that sense , `` voluntary '' .
iPhone 6
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino , California on September 9 , 2014 and released on September 19 , 2014 ; pre-orders began on September 12 , 2014 , with the iPhone 6 starting at US $649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US $749 . In China , where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch , Apple notified local wireless carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were `` details which are not ready '' ; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology , and earlier in the year , a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7 's `` frequent locations '' function could expose `` state secrets . ''