vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Trent Affair
... generally it will be well to avoid as much as possible any combined operations on a great scale ( except as far as the fleet may be concerned ) , under any specious project such as for an attack on Washington or Baltimore ; -- experience proves almost invariably the great evils of combined operations by armies of different countries ; and in this case , the advantage of the enemy of the defensive station will far more than compensate for the union of forces against it .
Castillo de San Marcos
Upon receiving the fort from Spain , the Americans changed its name to Fort Marion . It was named to honor General Francis Marion , an American Revolutionary War hero nicknamed `` The Swamp Fox . '' Structurally , the Americans made few changes to the fort during this time . Many storerooms were converted to prison cells on account of their heavy doors and barred windows . Also , part of the moat was filled in and transformed into an artillery battery as part of the American coastal defense system . The original Spanish seawall was dismantled to ground level and a new seawall constructed immediately adjacent to the seaward side of the original . At this time a hotshot furnace was also built in the filled - in section of the moat behind the newly built water battery . Cannonballs were heated in the furnace to fire at wooden enemy ships .
Confederate States of America
Perhaps the greatest obstacle to success in the 19th century warfare of mass armies was the Confederacy 's lack of manpower , and sufficient numbers of disciplined , equipped troops in the field at the point of contact with the enemy . During the winter of 1862 -- 63 , Lee observed that none of his famous victories had resulted in the destruction of the opposing army . He lacked reserve troops to exploit an advantage on the battlefield as Napoleon had done . Lee explained , `` More than once have most promising opportunities been lost for want of men to take advantage of them , and victory itself had been made to put on the appearance of defeat , because our diminished and exhausted troops have been unable to renew a successful struggle against fresh numbers of the enemy . '' Armed
Automated teller machine
To protect against hackers , ATMs have a built - in firewall . Once the firewall has detected malicious attempts to break into the machine remotely , the firewall locks down the machine .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
For the American soldier , whose doctrine was one of absolute commitment to total victory , this strategy led to a frustrating small - unit war . Most of the combat was conducted by units smaller than battalion - size ( the majority at the platoon level ) . Since the goal of the operations was to kill the enemy , terrain was not taken and held as in previous wars . Savage fighting and the retreat of the communists was immediately followed by the abandonment of the terrain just seized . Combined with this was the anger and frustration engendered among American troops by the effective tactics of the NLF , who conducted a war of sniping , booby traps , mines , and terror against the Americans .
Spratly Islands dispute
The Moro National Liberation Front ( MNLF ) of Nur Misuari declared its support for China against the Philippines in the South China Sea dispute , calling both China and the Moro people victims of Philippine colonialism , and noting China 's history of friendly relations with the Moros . The MNLF also denounced America 's assistance to the Philippines in their colonisation of the Moro people in addition to denouncing the Philippines claims to the islands disputed with China , and denouncing America for siding with the Philippines in the dispute , noting that in 1988 China `` punished '' Vietnam for attempting to set up a military presence on the disputed islands , and noting that the Moros and China maintained peaceul relations , while on the other hand the Moros had to resist other colonial powers , having to fight the Spanish , fight the Americans , and fight the Japanese , in addition to fighting the Philippines .
Nine Years' War
Combat between naval fleets was decided by cannon duels delivered by ships in line of battle ; fireships were also used but were mainly successful against anchored and stationary targets , while the new bomb vessels operated best in bombarding targets on shore . Sea battles rarely proved decisive . Fleets faced the almost impossible task of inflicting enough damage on ships and men to win a clear victory : ultimate success depended not on tactical brilliance but on sheer weight of numbers . Here Louis XIV was at a disadvantage : without as large a maritime commerce as benefited the Allies , the French were unable to supply as many experienced sailors for their navy . Most importantly , though , Louis XIV had to concentrate his resources on the army at the expense of the fleet , enabling the Dutch , and the English in particular , to outdo the French in ship construction . However , naval actions were comparatively uncommon and , just like battles on land , the goal was generally to outlast rather than to destroy one 's opponent . Louis XIV regarded his navy as an extension of his army -- the French fleet 's most important role was to protect the French coast from enemy invasion . Louis used his fleet to support land and amphibious operations or the bombardment of coastal targets , designed to draw enemy resources from elsewhere and thus aid his land campaigns on the continent .
World War I
British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . ''
Peninsular War
Spain was an ally of Napoleon 's First French Empire ; however , defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805 had removed the reason for alliance with France . Godoy -- who was a favourite of King Charles IV of Spain -- began to seek some form of escape . At the start of the War of the Fourth Coalition , which pitted the Kingdom of Prussia against Napoleon , Godoy issued a proclamation that was obviously aimed at France , even though it did not specify an enemy .
List of Attack on Titan characters
Dimo Reeves ( ディモ ・ リーブス , Dimo Rībusu ) A merchant who was first seen trying to flee with his packages intact when the Titans breached Wall Rose . However , a menacing threat from Mikasa forced Reeves to move his cart from the tunnel to let the villagers escape to the safety of Wall Sheena . He appears later when his group tries to kidnap Eren and Krista , but is foiled by the Survey Corps . He agrees to Levi 's terms to support the Survey Corps in their rebellion against the King . However , Dimo is killed by Captain Ackerman when he sees through their plan and realize that he was working with them .
Wonder Woman
The Greek messenger god , Hermes , entrusts Wonder Woman with the protection of Zola , a young woman , who is pregnant with Zeus 's child , from Hera , seething with jealousy and determined to kill the child . With the appearance of a bizarre , new , chalk - white enemy , the goddess Strife ( a reimagined version of Eris , the goddess of discord who had battled Wonder Woman in post-Crisis continuity ) , Wonder Woman discovers she , herself , is the natural - born daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus , who , after a violent clash , became lovers . Hippolyta revealed Diana 's earlier origin story to be a lie , spread amongst the Amazons to protect Diana from the wrath of Hera , who is known for hunting and killing several illegitimate offspring of Zeus .
British Army during World War I
The creeping barrage was a barrage that lifted in small increments , perhaps 50 yards ( 46 m ) , so that it moved forward slowly , keeping pace with the infantry , who were trained to follow close behind the moving wall of their own fire , often as close as 55 yd ( 50 m ) ; infantry commanders were encouraged to keep their troops as close to the barrage as possible , even at the risk of casualties from friendly fire . A creeping barrage could maintain the element of surprise , with guns opening fire only shortly before the assault troops moved off . It was useful when enemy positions had not been thoroughly reconnoitred , as it did not depend on identifying individual targets in advance . The idea behind the creeping barrage was that the infantry should reach the enemy positions before the defenders had time to recover , emerge from shelters , and man their positions . On the first day of the battle of the Somme , the barrage outpaced the infantry , allowing the defenders to recover and emerge from their dugouts , with disastrous results for the attackers . The creeping barrage demonstrated its effectiveness a year later , in 1917 , during the battle of Arras . A weakness of the creeping barrage was that the infantry was subordinated to the artillery schedule , while the infantry commanders had less control over the tactical situation and were therefore in danger of forgetting how to manoeuvre their troops around the battlefield . The importance of the barrage was such that traditional infantry tactics , including a reliance on the infantry 's own firepower to support its movement forward , was sometimes forgotten .
History of Mexico
The economic growth occurred in spite of falling foreign investment during the Great Depression . The application of Article 27 of the Constitution of 1917 that gave subsoil rights to the Mexican government were implemented with the nationalization of foreign oil companies in 1938 by President Lázaro Cárdenas was a popular move . But the real roots of Mexico 's sustained period of prosperity can be found in the period 1940 - 46 , when Mexico allied with the United States against the Fascist Axis powers . By supplying raw and finished war materials to the Allies , Mexico built up significant assets that in the post-war period could be translated into sustained growth and industrialization .
Korean War
After his statement caused concern in Europe , Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee , French Premier René Pleven , and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion . The United States ' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of `` a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China to escalate '' the Korean War , but because UN allies -- notably from the UK , the Commonwealth , and France -- were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the United States fought China , who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the United States would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops , or to prevent a `` major military disaster '' .
Bullpen
Three major league stadiums currently have their bullpens in foul territory : Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( Oakland Athletics ) , AT&T Park ( San Francisco Giants ) , Tropicana Field ( Tampa Bay Rays ) . This was more common in the past and most new stadiums have opted to move the bullpens to the outfield where the ongoing play is less likely to interfere with the bullpen . In parks with foul - territory bullpens , the relief pitchers and bullpen staff generally sit in chairs or benches along the wall between the field and the stands . The bullpen pitching area is in foul territory and in some of the stadiums , is right up against the foul line . It is therefore not uncommon for batted balls to head towards the bullpen requiring pitchers warming up ( and even those sitting along the wall ) to move to avoid interfering with a live play or being hit by the ball . There is commonly a ballboy at the end of the bullpen nearest to home plate to attempt to protect the players from foul balls hit in that direction .
French colonization of the Americas
France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557
Containment
Containment is a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy . It is best known as a Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism . As a component of the Cold War , this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to increase communist influence in Eastern Europe , China , Korea , Africa , Vietnam , and Latin America . Containment represented a middle - ground position between detente and rollback .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Radical Republicans who advanced the Thirteenth Amendment hoped to ensure broad civil and human rights for the newly freed people -- but its scope was disputed before it even went into effect . The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted these principles enshrined in the Constitution to protect the new Civil Rights Act from being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and also to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote . This section was also in response to violence against black people within the Southern States . The Joint Committee on Reconstruction found that only a Constitutional amendment could protect black people 's rights and welfare within those states .
History of Vietnam
Modern Vietnamese nationalists seek to stress local Vietnamese influence in history and downplay the role of foreign origin monarchs like the fact that the family of the Tran dynasty rulers originated in China . Vietnamese historians have sought to construct a fantasy of a continuous succession since the Hung Kings of local political units in Vietnam . Vietnamese scholars and historians have debated over whether to regard Zhao Tuo as part of the `` orthodox succession '' of rulers or as `` enemy invader '' .
Internet privacy
One of the most popular topics of discussion in regards to Internet privacy is China . The main concern with privacy of Internet users in China is the lack thereof . China has a well known policy of censorship when it comes to the spread of information through public media channels . Censorship has been prominent in Mainland China since the communist party gained power in China over 60 years ago . With the development of the Internet , however , privacy became more of a problem for the government . The Chinese Government has been accused of actively limiting and editing the information that flows into the country via various media . The Internet poses a particular set of issues for this type of censorship , especially when search engines are involved . Yahoo ! for example , encountered a problem after entering China in the mid-2000s . A Chinese journalist , who was also a Yahoo ! user , sent private emails using the Yahoo ! server regarding the Chinese government . The Chinese staff of Yahoo ! intercepted these emails and sent the journalist 's reportedly bad impression of the country to the Chinese government , which in turn sentenced the journalist to ten years in prison . These types of occurrences have been reported numerous times and have been criticized by foreign entities such as the creators of the Tor anonymity network , which was designed to circumvent network surveillance in multiple countries . User privacy in China is not as cut - and - dry as it is in other parts of the world . China , reportedly , has a much more invasive policy when Internet activity involves the Chinese government . For this reason , search engines are under constant pressure to conform to Chinese rules and regulations on censorship while still attempting to keep their integrity . Therefore , most search engines operate differently in China than in the other countries , such as the US or Britain , if they operate in China at all . There are two types of intrusions that occur in China regarding the internet : the alleged intrusion of the company providing users with Internet service , and the alleged intrusion of the Chinese government . The intrusion allegations made against companies providing users with Internet service are based upon reports that companies , such as Yahoo ! in the previous example , are using their access to the internet users ' private information to track and monitor users ' Internet activity .
Recruitment in the British Army
The United Kingdom 's struggle with France during the Napoleonic wars required the British Army to expand rapidly . Ordinary recruiting methods failed to supply the number of men required to fill the Army ranks . The main methods used for recruiting were : private individuals were recruited for their own interests , volunteers from the militia and placing obligations on communities to enlist . Generals called for conscription for the first time in British History , although this was never enacted for the regular army . During this period , Great Britain was at a disadvantage to her enemy , as due to the Industrial Revolution potential recruits were instead drawn to the cities to earn more money in the many factories now being built in the country , while France was still largely an agrarian society .
War of 1812
However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory .
The Tuskegee Airmen
At the end , the film details the unit 's accomplishments : 66 out of the 450 Tuskegee Airmen died in battle , they engaged and defeated Messerschmitt Me 262s , the first operational jet fighters , and they were awarded a total of 850 medals over the course of the war . The credits also note ( inaccurately , but a common belief of the time ) that the 332nd never lost a single bomber to enemy fighter action . The claim at the end of the film that the 332nd never lost a single bomber to enemy fighter action is a source of historical controversy . This statement was repeated for many years , and not challenged because of the esteem of the Tuskegee Airmen . However , Air Force records and eyewitness accounts later showed that at least 25 bombers were lost to enemy fire . This was , however , still an excellent loss to enemy fire ratio .
Siege
Experienced commanders on both sides in the English Civil War recommended the abandonment of garrisoned fortifications for two primary reasons . The first , as for example proposed by the Royalist Sir Richard Willis to King Charles , was that by abandoning the garrisoning of all but the most strategic locations in one 's own territory , far more troops would be available for the field armies , and it was the field armies which would decide the conflict . The other argument was that by slighting potential strong points in one 's own territory , an enemy expeditionary force , or local enemy rising , would find it more difficult to consolidate territorial gains against an inevitable counterattack . Sir John Meldrum put forward just such an argument to the Parliamentary Committee of Both Kingdoms , to justify his slighting of Gainsborough in Lincolnshire .
History of education in the United States
As the nation was majority Protestant in the 19th century , most states passed a constitutional amendment , called Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools . This was largely directed against Catholics , as the heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s aroused nativist sentiment . There were longstanding tensions between Catholic and Protestant believers , long associated with nation states that had established religions . Many Protestants believed that Catholic children should be educated in public schools in order to become American . By 1890 the Irish , who as the first major Catholic immigrant group controlled the Church hierarchy in the U.S. , had built an extensive network of parishes and parish schools ( `` parochial schools '' ) across the urban Northeast and Midwest . The Irish and other Catholic ethnic groups intended parochial schools not only to protect their religion , but to enhance their culture and language .
Internet privacy
Search engines have the ability to track a user 's searches . Personal information can be revealed through searches by the user 's computer , account , or IP address being linked to the search terms used . Search engines have claimed a necessity to retain such information in order to provide better services , protect against security pressure , and protect against fraud . A search engine takes all of its users and assigns each one a specific ID number . Those in control of the database often keep records of where on the Internet each member has traveled to . AOL 's system is one example . AOL has a database 21 million members deep , each with their own specific ID number . The way that AOLSearch is set up , however , allows for AOL to keep records of all the websites visited by any given member . Even though the true identity of the user is n't known , a full profile of a member can be made just by using the information stored by AOLSearch . By keeping records of what people query through AOLSearch , the company is able to learn a great deal about them without knowing their names .