vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Exploration of Mars
NASA continued the Mariner program with another pair of Mars flyby probes , Mariner 6 and 7 . They were sent at the next launch window , and reached the planet in 1969 . During the following launch window the Mariner program again suffered the loss of one of a pair of probes . Mariner 9 successfully entered orbit about Mars , the first spacecraft ever to do so , after the launch time failure of its sister ship , Mariner 8 . When Mariner 9 reached Mars in 1971 , it and two Soviet orbiters ( Mars 2 and Mars 3 , see Mars probe program below ) found that a planet - wide dust storm was in progress . The mission controllers used the time spent waiting for the storm to clear to have the probe rendezvous with , and photograph , Phobos . When the storm cleared sufficiently for Mars ' surface to be photographed by Mariner 9 , the pictures returned represented a substantial advance over previous missions . These pictures were the first to offer more detailed evidence that liquid water might at one time have flowed on the planetary surface . They also finally discerned the true nature of many Martian albedo features . For example , Nix Olympica was one of only a few features that could be seen during the planetary duststorm , revealing it to be the highest mountain ( volcano , to be exact ) on any planet in the entire Solar System , and leading to its reclassification as Olympus Mons . Viking
Coffee
Another issue concerning coffee is its use of water . It takes about 140 liters ( 37 U.S. gal ) of water to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee , and coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage , such as Ethiopia .
Twelve Tables
Table I . `` If he ( plaintiff ) summon him ( defendant ) into court , he shall go . If he does not go , ( plaintiff ) shall call witnesses . Then only he shall take him by force . If he refuses or flees , he ( plaintiff ) shall lay hands on him . If disease or age is an impediment , he shall grant him a team ( of oxen ) . He shall not spread with cushions the covered carriage if he does not wish to . Table II . `` Whoever is in need of evidence , he shall go on every third day to call out loud before the doorway of the witness . '' `` Where anyone commits a theft by night , and caught in the act is killed , he is legally killed . If anyone commits a theft during the day , and is caught in the act , he shall be scourged , and given up as a slave to the person against whom the theft was committed . Stolen property shall always be his to whom it formerly belonged ; nor can the lawful owner ever be deprived of it by long possession ; nor can it ever be acquired by another , no matter in what way this may take place . He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day . '' Table III . `` When a debt has been acknowledged or a judgment has been pronounced in court , 30 days must be the legitimate grace period . Thereafter , arrest of the debtor may be made by the laying on of hands . Bring him into court . If he does not satisfy the judgment ( or no one in court offers himself as surety on his behalf ) the creditor may take the debtor with him . He may bind him either in stocks or fetters , with a weight of no less than 15 lbs. ( or more if he desires ) . '' ( After 60 days in custody , the case is returned to the court , and if the debt is not then paid , the debtor can be sold abroad as a slave , or put to death . ) Table IV . `` A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed . If a father sell his son three times , the son shall be free from his father .
Water fluoridation
Most countries in Europe have experienced substantial declines in cavities without the use of water fluoridation . For example , in Finland and Germany , tooth decay rates remained stable or continued to decline after water fluoridation stopped . Fluoridation may be useful in the U.S. because unlike most European countries , the U.S. does not have school - based dental care , many children do not visit a dentist regularly , and for many U.S. children water fluoridation is the prime source of exposure to fluoride . The effectiveness of water fluoridation can vary according to circumstances such as whether preventive dental care is free to all children .
Waikato River
Since 2002 , around 75 million litres ( 20,000,000 US gal ) of water a day has been drawn from the river at Tuakau , treated and pumped along a 38 - kilometre ( 24 mi ) pipe north to Auckland , where it is mixed with local water . This met 8 % of Auckland 's water needs in 2010 / 11 . In December 2012 capacity was increased to 125 million litres ( 33,000,000 US gal ) , and in 2013 work started to increase it to 150 million litres ( 40,000,000 US gal ) . The treatment plant meets New Zealand 's 2000 drinking water standards according to Water Care NZ . This is equal to or better than the A standard for Auckland 's other water supplies .
Baptism
Churches of Christ consistently teach that in baptism a believer surrenders his life in faith and obedience to God , and that God `` by the merits of Christ 's blood , cleanses one from sin and truly changes the state of the person from an alien to a citizen of God 's kingdom . Baptism is not a human work ; it is the place where God does the work that only God can do . '' Baptism is a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work ; it `` is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God . '' While Churches of Christ do not describe baptism as a `` sacrament '' , their view of it can legitimately be described as `` sacramental . '' They see the power of baptism coming from God , who chose to use baptism as a vehicle , rather than from the water or the act itself , and understand baptism to be an integral part of the conversion process , rather than just a symbol of conversion . A recent trend is to emphasize the transformational aspect of baptism : instead of describing it as just a legal requirement or sign of something that happened in the past , it is seen as `` the event that places the believer ' into Christ ' where God does the ongoing work of transformation . '' There is a minority that downplays the importance of baptism in order to avoid sectarianism , but the broader trend is to `` reexamine the richness of the biblical teaching of baptism and to reinforce its central and essential place in Christianity . ''
Circumnavigation
For around the world sailing records , there is a rule saying that the length must be at least 21,600 nautical miles calculated along the shortest possible track from the starting port and back that does not cross land and does not go below 63 ° S. It is allowed to have one single waypoint to lengthen the calculated track . The equator must be crossed .
Tropical cyclone
Tropical cyclones far from land are tracked by weather satellites capturing visible and infrared images from space , usually at half - hour to quarter - hour intervals . As a storm approaches land , it can be observed by land - based Doppler weather radar . Radar plays a crucial role around landfall by showing a storm 's location and intensity every several minutes .
Nathan Young
Nathan Young is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 science fiction comedy - drama Misfits , portrayed by Robert Sheehan . He first appeared in Series 1 Episode 1 and departed in an online spinoff entitled Vegas Baby ! after Sheehan quit the role . He serves as one of the main protagonists of the show . Nathan is given community service where he is caught up in a storm which gave him the power of immortality . Nathan has also been involved in a romantic relationship with Kelly Bailey ( Lauren Socha ) . Sheehan has been nominated for a BAFTA for his role as Nathan .
The Karate Kid (2010 film)
Han promises to teach Dre kung fu and begins to train Dre by emphasizing movements that apply to life in general , and that serenity and maturity , not punches and power , are the true keys to mastering the martial art . He teaches this by having Dre go through various actions with his jacket , which teaches Dre muscle memory moves . Han then takes Dre to a Taoist temple in the Wudang Mountains where he trained with his father , and Dre witnesses a woman making a cobra reflect her movements and drinks the water from an ancient Taoist well .
Field-effect transistor
FETs are relatively robust , especially when operated within the temperature and electrical limitations defined by the manufacturer ( proper derating ) . However , modern FET devices can often incorporate a body diode as part of the overall functionality . If the characteristics of the body diode are not taken into consideration , the FET can experience slow body diode behavior , where a parasitic transistor will turn on and allow high current to be drawn from drain to source when the FET is off .
A Song of Ice and Fire
Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list .
Ocean color
The `` color '' of the ocean is determined by the interactions of incident light with substances or particles present in the water . White light from the sun is made up of a combination of colors , which are broken apart by water droplets in a ' rainbow ' spectrum . Large quantities of water , even in a swimming pool , would appear blue as well . When light hits the water surface , the different colors are absorbed , transmitted , scattered , or reflected in differing intensities by water molecules and other so - called optically - active constituents in suspension in the upper layer of the ocean . The reason open ocean waters often appear blue is due to the absorption and scattering of light . The blue wavelengths of light are scattered , similar to the scattering of blue light in the sky but absorption is a much larger factor than scattering for the clear ocean water . In water , absorption is strong in the red and weak in the blue , thus red light is absorbed quickly in the ocean leaving blue . Almost all sunlight that enters the ocean is absorbed , except very close to the coast . The red , yellow , and green wavelengths of sunlight are absorbed by water molecules in the ocean . When sunlight hits the ocean , some of the light is reflected back directly but most of it penetrates the ocean surface and interacts with the water molecules that it encounters . The red , orange , yellow , and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so that the remaining light we see is composed of the shorter wavelength blues and violets .
Copyright
Some countries may have parallel importation restrictions that allow the copyright holder to control the aftermarket . This may mean for example that a copy of a book that does not infringe copyright in the country where it was printed does infringe copyright in a country into which it is imported for retailing . The first - sale doctrine is known as exhaustion of rights in other countries and is a principle which also applies , though somewhat differently , to patent and trademark rights . It is important to note that the first - sale doctrine permits the transfer of the particular legitimate copy involved . It does not permit making or distributing additional copies .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Four Velociraptor ( credited as being voiced by Frank Welker ) appear near the end of The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving . They try to kill the adults , but one is knocked out and killed by a rock falling on his head , while the other three are separated from the herd due to a flood of water . A Cretoxyrhina also appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . He tries to attack Littlefoot and the gang , but he was defeated when Littlefoot and the gang end up in the island again . A Giganotosaurus , or `` Plated Sharptooth '' , appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . He had crossed onto the island that Chomper and his parents lived on during the events of the film . It tries to eat the gang , but they are saved by Chomper 's parents . After a short fight where it incapacitates both Chomper 's parents , it eventually falls down a cliff into the sea when Chomper 's father recovers . An Allosaurus , or `` Browridge Sharptooth '' , ( voiced by Danny Mann ) appears in The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock , where it tries to eat the gang on two separate occasions while going to and from Saurus Rock . It halls down a chasm while trying to cross a log to get to the gang . Littlefoot later returns to retrieve a tooth from it , only to realize it is still alive . When Grandpa saves Littlefoot from a Tyrannosaurus , the sharptooth returns , and teams with him against Grandpa . Doc comes to the rescue , and the longnecks pull down a rock spire , crushing the predators to death . A Tyrannosaurus also appears in the sixth film in the climax . It attacks Littlefoot after he temporarily escaped the Allosaurus , but is stopped by Grandpa Longneck . Soon the Allosaurus enters and they team up against the longneck , but Doc comes to the rescue . Both longnecks eventually crush the carnivores to death by pulling a rock spire down on them . An Albertosaurus appears in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze .
Another Day of Sun
Hurwitz noted the tension in the song between the aspirations of the singers and the uncertain outcome of their efforts , noting `` It 's an optimistic song , but it 's also about unfulfilled dreams . '' Paul said , `` You pursue that dream , and you go to bed and get up the next day , and it 's a gorgeous day . It encourages you in one breath , and in another breath does n't acknowledge that you just failed miserably . You wake up and it does n't match your mood . It 's a bright and shiny day . ''
Glycolysis
The glycolytic end - product , pyruvate ( plus NAD ) is converted to acetyl - CoA , CO and NADH + H within the mitochondria in a process called pyruvate decarboxylation . The resulting acetyl - CoA enters the citric acid cycle ( or Krebs Cycle ) , where the acetyl group of the acetyl - CoA is converted into carbon dioxide by two decarboxylation reactions with the formation of yet more intra-mitochondrial NADH + H . The intra-mitochondrial NADH + H is oxidized to NAD by the electron transport chain , using oxygen as the final electron acceptor to form water . The energy released during this process is used to create a hydrogen ion ( or proton ) gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion . Finally , the proton gradient is used to produce about 2.5 ATP for every NADH + H oxidized in a process called oxidative phosphorylation .
Hurricane Harvey
In Louisiana , Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency for the entire state . A mandatory evacuation was ordered in Cameron Parish for the cities of Big Lake , Cameron , Creole , Grand Chenier , Hackberry , Holly Beach , and Johnson Bayou . Additionally , a voluntary evacuation was ordered in Vermilion Parish for low - lying areas south of State Highway 14 . The Louisiana National Guard prepared about 500,000 sandbags and emergency boats and high - water - rescue vehicles were placed on standby should flooding occur . In New Orleans , there were concerns about whether or not the city 's drainage system could handle a heavy rainfall event , with only 105 of the 120 water pumps being operational and some power turbines being out of service . The city 's public schools , as well as six universities and a medical school , closed on August 29 . As Harvey began re-emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on August 28 , the tropical storm warning in Texas from Mesquite Bay to High Island was extended eastward into Louisiana to the community of Cameron at 12 : 00 UTC , while a tropical storm watch was issued from Cameron to Intracoastal City .
Hurricane Katrina
The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas , much of it due to the storm surge and levee failure . Severe property damage occurred in coastal areas , such as Mississippi beachfront towns where boats and casino barges rammed buildings , pushing cars and houses inland ; water reached 6 -- 12 miles ( 10 -- 19 km ) from the beach . The storm was the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone , behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille in 1969 . Overall , at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods , making it the deadliest United States hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Total property damage was estimated at $108 billion ( 2005 USD ) , roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Makunga often challenged Zuba to fights over the alpha lion position , but was easily beaten . One of those fights led to Zuba being distracted while Alex was captured by poachers . Years later , Makunga used Alex in a bid to finally reach the rank of alpha lion where he tricked Alex into challenging his henchman Teetsi . When Alex was defeated , Zuba reluctantly had to give up his alpha lion status and go into exile with his family . Makunga is not a very good leader saying the only solution to the fact that the local water hole was nearly dry was that they all would have to fight for it . This causes doubt about his role as alpha lion , and almost every animal on the reserve wants Zuba back . After the water was restored , he still refused to allow Zuba and Alex to return from banishment . He eventually meets his downfall when being tricked into angering Nana , who attacks Makunga and drags him off the reserve by his ear . The DVD commentary reveals that `` Nana brought Makunga to New York in a kitty cage '' . Teetsi
Hurricane Hugo
After the storm , Governor Carroll Campbell said that the storm destroyed enough timber in South Carolina to `` frame a home for every family in the state of West Virginia '' . An immense salvage effort was undertaken to harvest downed pine trees for pulpwood before they deteriorated to the point where they could not be used . Still standing timber that appeared usable for lumber and plywood frequently had annular separations of the rings that made them dangerous to saw and nearly impossible to cut into plies , so they were also downgraded into pulpwood , leading to such a drop in pulpwood prices that eventually much of the salvage effort ceased . In South Carolina , which bore the brunt of the storm , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) was slow in responding . United States Senator from South Carolina Fritz Hollings referred to the agency as `` a bunch of bureaucratic jackasses '' during a speech on the floor of the United States Senate . An investigation was launched , which led to some reforms in FEMA procedures that helped the agency do a somewhat better job during Hurricane Andrew , the next catastrophic hurricane to strike the United States . However , FEMA was criticized severely in 2005 for its similarly insufficient response to Hurricane Katrina .
The Perfect Storm (film)
After Andrea Gail endures various problems , the crew struggles to sail through pounding waves and shrieking winds , while friends and family worry and wait for a ship that never comes home . The vessel encounters an enormous rogue wave . They attempt to drive the boat over the wave but it crests before it can get to the top and is overturned ; Billy elects to go down with his ship , the rest of the crew are trapped inside and only one manages to get out . He surfaces and watches as the Andrea Gail rights itself before sinking stern - first into the Atlantic . The rapidly rising swell carries the man away .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , `` It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . ''
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Vigman Wildebeests ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a cocky blue wildebeest , he was a rival of Clover 's grandmother . In the episode ' Eye of Clover `` , he enters the tournament and defeats every player . However he is defeated by Clover when he falls into the Pit of Doom . He is often seen in scenes taking place in Heaven , where he has a rematch against Clover 's grandmother Rose .
Planet of the Apes (1968 film)
After abandoning their raft , the astronauts set off through a desolate wasteland in hopes of finding food and water before their provisions run out . They encounter plant life and go swimming at an oasis at the edge of the desert , ignoring eerie scarecrow - like figures around the edge . While they are swimming , their clothes are stolen . The astronauts pursue the thieves , finding their clothes torn to shreds and their supplies pillaged as the perpetrators , a group of mute primitive humans , raid a cornfield . The primitive humans are then set upon by armed gorillas on horseback who capture some of them while killing the rest , Dodge being killed in the chaos while Landon is rendered unconscious . Talyor is shot in the throat and captured alongside the primitive humans , taken to Ape City where his life is saved after a blood transfusion administered by two chimpanzees : animal psychologist Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and surgeon Galen ( Wright King ) .
Long Island Sound
Salt water cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ) grows along ditches and on the seaside edges of marshes where high tides daily inundate it . Salt meadow cordgrass ( Spartina patens ) and spikegrass ( Distichlis spicata ) grow in areas less frequently inundated by saltwater , typically closer to dry land . A short form of salt water cordgrass can sometimes be found in the depressions ( pannes ) in the higher areas where salt water collects and evaporates , leaving water even higher in salinity than seawater .
Flint water crisis
In September , 2015 a team from Virginia Tech arrived in Flint . Led by professor Dr. Marc Edwards , an expert on municipal water quality , the team came to perform lead level testing on the Flint water supply , working under a National Science Foundation grant . Edwards had been contacted by Flint resident , Lee - Anne Walters , whose family suffered from extreme health problems , almost immediately following the switch to the Flint River water . Walters had attempted to act locally , but she was repeatedly ignored by city , state , and EPA officials . The study found that Flint water was `` very corrosive '' and `` causing lead contamination in homes '' . It concluded in its report that `` Flint River water leaches more lead from plumbing than does Detroit water . This is creating a public health threat in some Flint homes that have lead pipe or lead solder . ''