vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Versailles
In December 1931 , the Reichswehr finalized a second rearmament plan that called for 480 million Reichsmarks to be spent over the following five years : this program sought to provide Germany the capability of creating and supplying a defensive force of 21 divisions supported by aircraft , artillery , and tanks . This coincided with a 1 billion Reichsmark programme that planned for additional industrial infrastructure that would be able to permanently maintain this force . As these programs did not require an expansion of the military , they were nominally legal . On 7 November 1932 , the Reich Minister of Defense Kurt von Schleicher authorized the illegal Umbau Plan for a standing army of 21 divisions based on 147,000 professional soldiers and a large militia . Later in the year at the World Disarmament Conference , Germany withdrew to force France and the United Kingdom to accept German equality of status . The United Kingdom attempted to get Germany to return with the promise of all nations maintaining an equality in armaments and security . The British later proposed and agreed to an increase in the Reichswehr to 200,000 men , and for Germany to have an air force half the size of the French . It was also negotiated for the French Army to be reduced .
Axis powers
At the end of World War I , German citizens felt that their country had been humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles , which included a war guilt clause and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by German Empire and all its colonies . The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s . In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments . Although Germany began to improve economically in the mid-1920s , the Great Depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to Germany 's woes . The Nazis , under Hitler , promoted the nationalist stab - in - the - back legend stating that Germany had been betrayed by Jews and Communists . The party promised to rebuild Germany as a major power and create a Greater Germany that would include Alsace - Lorraine , Austria , Sudetenland , and other German - populated territories in Europe . The Nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non-German territories in Poland , the Baltic states , and the Soviet Union , as part of the Nazi policy of seeking Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) in eastern Europe .
Woodrow Wilson
He made numerous offers to mediate and sent Colonel House on diplomatic missions ; both sides politely dismissed these overtures . When Britain declared a blockade of neutral ships carrying contraband goods to Germany , Wilson mildly protested non-lethal British violations of neutral rights ; the British knew that it would not be a casus belli for the United States . In early 1915 Germany declared the waters around Great Britain to be a war zone ; Wilson dispatched a note of protest , imposing `` strict accountability '' on Germany for the safety of neutral ships . The meaning of the policy , dubiously applied to specific incidents , evolved with the policy of neutrality , but ultimately formed the substance of U.S. responses over the next two years .
Treaty of Versailles
Conservatives , nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the treaty . Politicians of the Weimar Republic who supported the treaty , socialists , communists , and Jews were viewed with suspicion as persons of questionable loyalty . It was rumored that Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling Germany out to its enemies . Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany and the newly formed Weimar Republic were regarded as having `` stabbed Germany in the back '' . Those who instigated unrest and strikes in the critical military industries on the home front or who opposed German nationalism were seen to have contributed to Germany 's defeat . These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918 , its armies were still on French and Belgian territory . Furthermore , on the Eastern Front , Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . In the West , Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918 . Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive , leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel . The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors , with the Jews taking most of the blame .
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its inception . Nazi Germany wished to portray the National Socialist Party as benevolent and peace - loving when they hosted the 1936 Games , though they used the Games to display Aryan superiority . Germany was the most successful nation at the Games , which did much to support their allegations of Aryan supremacy , but notable victories by African American Jesse Owens , who won four gold medals , and Hungarian Jew Ibolya Csák , blunted the message . The Soviet Union did not participate until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Instead , starting in 1928 , the Soviets organised an international sports event called Spartakiads . During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s , communist and socialist organisations in several countries , including the United States , attempted to counter what they called the `` bourgeois '' Olympics with the Workers Olympics . It was not until the 1956 Summer Games that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and , in doing so , took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics .
Official bilingualism in Canada
The national consensus has , at times , broken down when other aspects of official bilingualism are examined . However , a significant shift in anglophone opinion has occurred since the mid-2000s , in favour of bilingualism .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The Sovereign 's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace . It is the site of most state banquets , investitures , royal christenings and other ceremonies . Another official residence is Windsor Castle , the largest occupied castle in the world , which is used principally at weekends , Easter and during Royal Ascot , an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar . The Sovereign 's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh . The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year , and when visiting Scotland on state occasions .
Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In 1905 the position was given some official recognition when the `` Prime Minister '' was named in the order of precedence , outranked , among non-royals , only by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and the Lord Chancellor .
Gerardus Mercator
The first collection of 51 modern maps : 16 of France ( with Switzerland ) , 9 corresponding to Belgium and the Netherlands and 26 of Germany . The three sections , each with a title page , dedication and supporting text , were sold together and separately . ( Mercator did not term this collection of maps as an atlas . )
Thylakoid
Chloroplasts develop from proplastids when seedlings emerge from the ground . Thylakoid formation requires light . In the plant embryo and in the absence of light , proplastids develop into etioplasts that contain semicrystalline membrane structures called prolamellar bodies . When exposed to light , these prolamellar bodies develop into thylakoids . This does not happen in seedlings grown in the dark , which undergo etiolation . An underexposure to light can cause the thylakoids to fail . This causes the chloroplasts to fail resulting in the death of the plant .
Operation Barbarossa
While the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention , this did not mean their soldiers were entirely exempted from the protection it afforded ; Germany had signed the treaty and was thus obligated to offer Soviet POWs treatment according to its provisions ( as they generally did with other Allied POWs ) . According to the Soviets , they had not signed the Geneva Conventions in 1929 due to Article 9 which , by imposing racial segregation of POWs into different camps , contravened the Soviet constitution . Article 82 of the convention specified that `` In case , in time of war , one of the belligerents is not a party to the Convention , its provisions shall nevertheless remain in force as between the belligerents who are parties thereto . '' Despite this Hitler called for the battle against the Soviet Union to be a `` struggle for existence '' and emphasized that the Russian armies were to be `` annihilated '' , a mindset that contributed to war crimes against Soviet prisoners of war . A Nazi memorandum from 16 July 1941 , recorded by Martin Bormann , quotes Hitler saying , `` The giant ( occupied ) area must naturally be pacified as quickly as possible ; this will happen at best if anyone who just looks funny should be shot '' . Conveniently for the Nazis , the fact that the Soviets failed to sign the convention played into their hands as they justified their behavior accordingly . Even if the Soviets had signed , it is highly unlikely that this would have stopped the Nazis ' genocidal policies towards combatants , civilians , and prisoners of war . Himmler
A Series of Unfortunate Events
The series follows the adventures of three siblings called the Baudelaire orphans . Snicket explains that very few positive things happen to the children . Violet Baudelaire , the eldest , is fourteen when the series begins and is an inventor . Klaus Baudelaire , the middle child , is twelve when the series begins ; he loves books and is an extraordinary speed reader with a first - class eidetic memory . Sunny Baudelaire is a baby in the beginning of the series , and enjoys biting things with her abnormally large teeth ; she develops a love for cooking later in the series .
Computer mouse
Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI :
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation called for a ban on the film , accusing the production team of `` demonizing '' the Soviet Union . A party official said : `` In 1957 the USSR was not sending terrorists to America but sending the Sputnik satellite into space ! '' Spielberg responded : `` When we decided the fourth installment would take place in 1957 , we had no choice but to make the Russians the enemies . World War II had just ended and the Cold War had begun . The U.S. did n't have any other enemies at the time . '' The film 's depiction of Peru also received criticism from the Peruvian and Spanish - speaking public .
Munich Agreement
As the previous appeasement of Hitler had shown , the governments of both France and Britain were intent on avoiding war . The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from Britain 's Conservative government of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . Chamberlain considered the Sudeten German grievances justified and believed Hitler 's intentions were limited . Both Britain and France , therefore , advised Czechoslovakia to concede to Germany 's demands . Beneš resisted and on 19 May initiated a partial mobilization in response to possible German invasion .
Queen's Official Birthday
The first official birthday of Queen Elizabeth II , daughter of George VI , was the last to be celebrated in June ; the haphazard format was abandoned in 1952 , when the Governor - General - in - Council moved Empire Day and an amendment to the law moved Victoria Day both to the Monday before 25 May , and the monarch 's official birthday in Canada was by regular viceregal proclamations made to fall on this same date every year between 1953 and 1957 , when the link was made permanent . The two holidays are in law entirely distinct except for being appointed to be observed on the same day ; it is a general holiday in Nunavut and New Brunswick ( there prescribed as a day of rest on which retail businesses must be closed ) . The Queen 's official birthday is marked by the firing of an artillery salute in the national and provincial capitals and the flying of the Royal Union Flag on buildings belonging to the federal Crown , if there is a second flag pole available .
Gold standard
This was meant to be a temporary measure , with the gold price of the dollar and the official rate of exchanges remaining constant . Revaluing currencies was the main purpose of this plan . No official revaluation or redemption occurred . The dollar subsequently floated . In December 1971 , the `` Smithsonian Agreement '' was reached . In this agreement , the dollar was devalued from $35 per troy ounce of gold to $38 . Other countries ' currencies appreciated . However , gold convertibility did not resume . In October 1973 , the price was raised to $42.22 . Once again , the devaluation was insufficient . Within two weeks of the second devaluation the dollar was left to float . The $42.22 par value was made official in September 1973 , long after it had been abandoned in practice . In October 1976 , the government officially changed the definition of the dollar ; references to gold were removed from statutes . From this point , the international monetary system was made of pure fiat money .
Treaty of Versailles
Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis , resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party . The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period , and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany . Rather , Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty , and it was this `` perception '' rather than the `` reality '' of the Versailles treaty that mattered . Peukert noted that because of the `` millenarian hopes '' created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe , any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash , and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash . Having noted that much , Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe , and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles . Finally , Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic , not the Treaty of Versailles .
Dutch East India Company
From 1720 on , the market for sugar from Indonesia declined as the competition from cheap sugar from Brazil increased . European markets became saturated . Dozens of Chinese sugar traders went bankrupt , which led to massive unemployment , which in turn led to gangs of unemployed coolies . The Dutch government in Batavia did not adequately respond to these problems . In 1740 , rumours of deportation of the gangs from the Batavia area led to widespread rioting . The Dutch military searched houses of Chinese in Batavia for weapons . When a house accidentally burnt down , military and impoverished citizens started slaughtering and pillaging the Chinese community . This massacre of the Chinese was deemed sufficiently serious for the board of the VOC to start an official investigation into the Government of the Dutch East Indies for the first time in its history .
Kenya
Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia . Others say that this was -- on the contrary -- a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation / ˈkɛnjə / . An 1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons , a Scottish geologist and naturalist , indicated Mt . Kenya as Mt . Kenia , 1862 . The mountain 's name was accepted , pars pro toto , as the name of the country . It did not come into widespread official use during the early colonial period , when the country was instead referred to as the East African Protectorate . It was changed to the Colony of Kenya in 1920 .
The House of the Rising Sun
Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11
Doctor (title)
All people holding a doctorate from an EU member state are , since 2001 , entitled to use `` Doctor '' or `` Dr . '' in all formal , legal and published communications without any further addenda . For academics with doctorates from non-EU member states , the qualification must be recognised formally ( `` validated '' ) by the Federal Educational Ministry in Bonn . The recognition process can be done by the employer or employee and may be part of the official bureaucracy for confirming professional status and is dependent on individual bilateral agreements between Germany and other countries and , since 2007 , the Lisbon Recognition Convention . An example of mutual recognition of Doctor titles among EU countries is the `` Bonn Agreement of November 14 , 1994 '' , signed between Germany and Spain ( prior to the general recognition of EU doctorates ) .
History of wolves in Yellowstone
Shortly after the U.S. Army took over administration of the park on August 1st , 1886 , Captain Moose Harris , the first military superintendent , banned public hunting of any wildlife and any predator control was to be left to the park 's administration . Official records show however , that the U.S. Army did not begin killing any wolves until 1914 .
Manhattan Project
At the Potsdam Conference in Germany , Truman was informed that the Trinity test had been successful . He told Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , that the US had a new superweapon , without giving any details . This was the first official communication to the Soviet Union about the bomb , but Stalin already knew about it from spies . With the authorization to use the bomb against Japan already given , no alternatives were considered after the Japanese rejection of the Potsdam Declaration . Little
Napoleon
The cause of his death has been debated . Napoleon 's physician , François Carlo Antommarchi , led the autopsy , which found the cause of death to be stomach cancer . Antommarchi did not sign the official report . Napoleon 's father had died of stomach cancer , although this was apparently unknown at the time of the autopsy . Antommarchi found evidence of a stomach ulcer ; this was the most convenient explanation for the British , who wanted to avoid criticism over their care of Napoleon . Napoleon
Modern history
Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict . The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe . In Germany , the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil , which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year . When Germany could no longer afford war payments , Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass - produced goods . By the middle of the decade , economic development soared in Europe , and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany , Britain and France , the second half of the decade becoming known as the `` Golden Twenties '' . In France and francophone Canada , they were also called the `` années folles '' ( `` Crazy Years '' ) .
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)
In response , ITV expressed distress to the allegations , claiming that it `` undermined viewers ' faith in the programme . '' Leslie Hill , the chairman of ITV , wrote to Sir Christopher Bland , the chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC , to complain about the issue . The corporation apologised , saying that any suggestion of ' rigging ' `` did not represent the official view of the BBC '' , while the ITC 's investigation cleared the programme of any wrongdoing .
Promotion (chess)
A correspondent in the May ( 1865 ) Chess World ... did not exaggerate when he wrote that the B.C.A. Code had been very generally rejected by British amateurs , and emphatically condemned by the leading authorities of America , Germany , and France . In particular , the absurd `` dead Pawn '' rule , against which Staunton had made his protest in 1862 , had failed to win acceptance .
Flag of the Philippines
The first flag of the Katipunan . Flag of the Magdalo Katipunan faction . The flag adopted by the Republic of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 . Official Flag of the First Philippine Republic . Official flag of the Republic of Negros
Languages with official status in India
States specify their own official language ( s ) through legislation . The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union , but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country , and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states inter se .
Keeping up with the Joneses
Even in countries where the desire for upward social mobility via consumerism and conspicuous consumption is strong , the poor may not be able to better themselves . Doug Henwood observed that `` both the US and British poor were more likely to stay poor for a long period of time : almost half of all people who were poor for one year stayed poor for five or more years , compared with 30 % in Canada and 36 % in Germany . And , despite claims of great upward mobility in the United States , 45 % of the poor rose out of poverty in a given year , compared with 45 % in the UK , 53 % in Germany , and 56 % in Canada . And of those who did exit poverty , 15 % of Americans were likely to make a round trip back under the poverty line , compared with 16 % in Germany , 10 % in the UK , and 7 % in Canada '' . The level of income inequality in a country has an inverse relationship with social mobility according to the authors of The Spirit Level .
Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another , sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well . This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus , or to agree in gender with the new genus . Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name , or for the use of uninomials ( as used in nomenclature of ranks above species ) .
Axis powers
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was created from the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia . Shortly after Germany annexed the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia , Slovakia declared its independence . The new Slovak State allied itself with Germany . The remainder of the country was occupied by German military forces and organized into the Protectorate . Czech civil institutions were preserved but the Protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany .