vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Evidence of common descent
One example of evolution at work is the case of the hawthorn fly , Rhagoletis pomonella , also known as the apple maggot fly , which appears to be undergoing sympatric speciation . Different populations of hawthorn fly feed on different fruits . A distinct population emerged in North America in the 19th century some time after apples , a non-native species , were introduced . This apple - feeding population normally feeds only on apples and not on the historically preferred fruit of hawthorns . The current hawthorn feeding population does not normally feed on apples . Some evidence , such as the fact that six out of thirteen allozyme loci are different , that hawthorn flies mature later in the season and take longer to mature than apple flies ; and that there is little evidence of interbreeding ( researchers have documented a 4 -- 6 % hybridization rate ) suggests that speciation is occurring . London
Niche differentiation
The term niche differentiation ( synonymous with niche segregation , niche separation and niche partitioning ) , as it applies to the field of ecology , refers to the process by which competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist . The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species with identical niches ( i.e. , ecological roles ) compete , then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction . When two species differentiate their niches , they tend to compete less strongly , and are thus more likely to coexist . Species can differentiate their niches in many ways , such as by consuming different foods , or using different parts of the environment .
Hydrothermal vent
In 1993 , already more than 100 gastropod species were known to occur in hydrothermal vents . Over 300 new species have been discovered at hydrothermal vents , many of them `` sister species '' to others found in geographically separated vent areas . It has been proposed that before the North American plate overrode the mid-ocean ridge , there was a single biogeographic vent region found in the eastern Pacific . The subsequent barrier to travel began the evolutionary divergence of species in different locations . The examples of convergent evolution seen between distinct hydrothermal vents is seen as major support for the theory of natural selection and of evolution as a whole .
Adolescence
The accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times , but for all adolescents it has a fairly regular sequence . The first places to grow are the extremities -- the head , hands and feet -- followed by the arms and legs , then the torso and shoulders . This non-uniform growth is one reason why an adolescent body may seem out of proportion .
Wetland
Forested wetlands are generally known as swamps . The upper level of these swamps is determined by high water levels , which are negatively affected by dams . Some swamps can be dominated by a single species , such as silver maple swamps around the Great Lakes . Others , like those of the Amazon basin , have large numbers of different tree species . Examples include cypress ( Taxodium ) and mangrove . Fauna
Standard Oil
Almost everywhere the rates from the shipping points used exclusively , or almost exclusively , by the Standard are relatively lower than the rates from the shipping points of its competitors . Rates have been made low to let the Standard into markets , or they have been made high to keep its competitors out of markets . Trifling differences in distances are made an excuse for large differences in rates favorable to the Standard Oil Co. , while large differences in distances are ignored where they are against the Standard . Sometimes connecting roads prorate on oil -- that is , make through rates which are lower than the combination of local rates ; sometimes they refuse to prorate ; but in either case the result of their policy is to favor the Standard Oil Co . Different methods are used in different places and under different conditions , but the net result is that from Maine to California the general arrangement of open rates on petroleum oil is such as to give the Standard an unreasonable advantage over its competitors .
Dutch elm disease
Another variable is the composition of the inoculum ; while an inoculum strength of 10 spores / ml is standard in both continents , its composition reflects the different Ophiostoma species , subspecies and hybrids endemic to the two continents . In Italy for example , two subspecies , americana and novo - ulmi , are present together with their hybrid , whereas in North America , ssp . novo - ulmi is unknown . The differences in method and inocula possibly explain why the American cultivar ' Princeton ' , displaying high resistance in the USA , has often succumbed to Dutch elm disease in Europe .
Computer keyboard
There are a number of different arrangements of alphabetic , numeric , and punctuation symbols on keys . These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different symbols , either because they are inputting text in different languages , or because they need a specialized layout for mathematics , accounting , computer programming , or other purposes . The United States keyboard layout is used as default in the currently most popular operating systems : Windows , Mac OS X and Linux . The common QWERTY - based layout was designed early in the era of mechanical typewriters , so its ergonomics were compromised to allow for the mechanical limitations of the typewriter .
Evidence of common descent
One of the strongest evidences for common descent comes from the study of gene sequences . Comparative sequence analysis examines the relationship between the DNA sequences of different species , producing several lines of evidence that confirm Darwin 's original hypothesis of common descent . If the hypothesis of common descent is true , then species that share a common ancestor inherited that ancestor 's DNA sequence , as well as mutations unique to that ancestor . More closely related species have a greater fraction of identical sequence and shared substitutions compared to more distantly related species . Figure
Niche differentiation
As an example of niche partitioning , several Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands share common food needs -- mainly insects . They avoid competition by occupying different physical locations . For example , some live on the leaf litter floor while others live on branches . Species who live in different areas compete less for food and other resources , which minimizes competition between species . However , species who live in similar areas compete strongly .
Spider
Spiders ( order Araneae ) are air - breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom . They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms . Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica , and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization . As of November 2015 , at least 45,700 spider species , and 113 families have been recorded by taxonomists . However , there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified , as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900 .
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
A recent development in MRI technology has been the development of sophisticated multi-element phased array coils which are capable of acquiring multiple channels of data in parallel . This ' parallel imaging ' technique uses unique acquisition schemes that allow for accelerated imaging , by replacing some of the spatial coding originating from the magnetic gradients with the spatial sensitivity of the different coil elements . However , the increased acceleration also reduces the signal - to - noise ratio and can create residual artifacts in the image reconstruction . Two frequently used parallel acquisition and reconstruction schemes are known as SENSE and GRAPPA . A detailed review of parallel imaging techniques can be found here :
Oyster
Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt - water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats . In some species the valves are highly calcified , and many are somewhat irregular in shape . Many , but not all , oysters are in the superfamily Ostreoidea .
Evidence of common descent
There is also a large body of molecular evidence for a number of different mechanisms for large evolutionary changes , among them : genome and gene duplication , which facilitates rapid evolution by providing substantial quantities of genetic material under weak or no selective constraints ; horizontal gene transfer , the process of transferring genetic material to another cell that is not an organism 's offspring , allowing for species to acquire beneficial genes from each other ; and recombination , capable of reassorting large numbers of different alleles and of establishing reproductive isolation . The Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and plastids ( e.g. chloroplasts ) , which are organelles of eukaryotic cells , as the incorporation of an ancient prokaryotic cell into ancient eukaryotic cell . Rather than evolving eukaryotic organelles slowly , this theory offers a mechanism for a sudden evolutionary leap by incorporating the genetic material and biochemical composition of a separate species . Evidence supporting this mechanism has been found in the protist Hatena : as a predator it engulfs a green algae cell , which subsequently behaves as an endosymbiont , nourishing Hatena , which in turn loses its feeding apparatus and behaves as an autotroph .
Flag of Hawaii
The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order red - white - blue , also attributed to various historical flags of the United Kingdom . The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order white - red - blue , although it seems explorers to the island disagree about the exact order of colors and the number of stripes up to the late 1840s . There may have been possibly different versions of the flag with different numbers of stripes and colors . The number of stripes also changed : originally , the flag was designed with either seven or nine horizontal stripes , and in 1845 it was officially changed to eight stripes . The latter arrangement was adopted and is used today .
Homonym
The words there , their , and they 're are examples of three words that are of a singular pronunciation ( in American English ) , have different spellings and vastly different meanings . These three words are commonly misused ( or misspelled if you want to look at it that way ) in American English .
Spider
There is no consistent relationship between the classification of spiders and the types of web they build : species in the same genus may build very similar or significantly different webs . Nor is there much correspondence between spiders ' classification and the chemical composition of their silks . Convergent evolution in web construction , in other words use of similar techniques by remotely related species , is rampant . Orb web designs and the spinning behaviors that produce them are the best understood . The basic radial - then - spiral sequence visible in orb webs and the sense of direction required to build them may have been inherited from the common ancestors of most spider groups . However , the majority of spiders build non-orb webs . It used to be thought that the sticky orb web was an evolutionary innovation resulting in the diversification of the Orbiculariae . Now , however , it appears that non-orb spiders are a sub-group that evolved from orb - web spiders , and non-orb spiders have over 40 % more species and are four times as abundant as orb - web spiders . Their greater success may be because sphecid wasps , which are often the dominant predators of spiders , much prefer to attack spiders that have flat webs .
Political campaign
The United States is unusual in that dozens of different offices are filled by election , from drain commissioner to the President of the United States . Elections happen every year on many different dates in many different areas of the country .
Origin of language
Primate gesture is at least partially genetic : different nonhuman apes will perform gestures characteristic of their species , even if they have never seen another ape perform that gesture . For example , gorillas beat their breasts . This shows that gestures are an intrinsic and important part of primate communication , which supports the idea that language evolved from gesture .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
It is unknown if Nigel really is Private 's uncle in blood or not ( due to being a different species of penguin ) . Though it is possible that he is either an honorary uncle or perhaps one of Private 's parents was the same species of penguin Nigel is and he is their brother whilst the other parent was the same species as Private .
Kudzu in the United States
As chemical treatments are often ineffective for long term control and mechanical removal is likewise difficult and costly for long - term control , kudzu makes a good candidate for biological control . There are several biological means that are already in place and more that may be implemented to control the growth of kudzu . Bacterial blights , insect herbivory , and insect seed predation occur in high levels in field populations of kudzu . Seed predation is quite prevalent , with up to 81 % of seeds incurring damage in populations studied in North Carolina . A different survey found twenty - five different species of insect feeding on the kudzu . From this survey , several leaf - feeding beetles and sawflies that have no other known hosts were identified . A separate study also found two weevils that attacked the stems of kudzu and eight beetles that complete larval development in the kudzu roots . When evaluations of potential control agents are made , the range of the control agents must be taken into account . Organisms that feed on kudzu will often feed on similar non-target species that are important in agriculture such as soybeans and hog - peanuts . Potential control agents have to be rejected if they are shown in lab and field tests to feed on these non-target plants .
Plant development
Juvenility or heteroblasty is when the organs and tissues produced by a young plant , such as a seedling , are often different from those that are produced by the same plant when it is older . For example , young trees will produce longer , leaner branches that grow upwards more than the branches they will produce as a fully grown tree . In addition , leaves produced during early growth tend to be larger , thinner , and more irregular than leaves on the adult plant . Specimens of juvenile plants may look so completely different from adult plants of the same species that egg - laying insects do not recognize the plant as food for their young . The transition from early to late growth forms is referred to as ' vegetative phase change ' , but there is some disagreement about terminology .
Petal
The inception and further development of petals shows a great variety of patterns . Petals of different species of plants vary greatly in colour or colour pattern , both in visible light and in ultraviolet . Such patterns often function as guides to pollinators , and are variously known as nectar guides , pollen guides , and floral guides .
Hearing range
The hearing range of birds is most sensitive between 1 kHz and 4 kHz , but their full range is roughly similar to human hearing , with higher or lower limits depending on the bird species . `` Birds are especially sensitive to pitch , tone and rhythm changes and use those variations to recognize other individual birds , even in a noisy flock . Birds also use different sounds , songs and calls in different situations , and recognizing the different noises is essential to determine if a call is warning of a predator , advertising a territorial claim or offering to share food . ''
Islamic architecture
In a medina , palaces and residences as well as public places like mosque - madrasa - hospital complexes and private living spaces rather coexist alongside each other . The buildings tend to be more inwardly oriented , and are separated from the surrounding `` outside '' either by walls or by the hierarchical ordering of the streets , or both . Streets tend to lead from public main roads to cul - de-sac byroads and onwards into more private plots , and then end there . There are no , or very few , internal connections between different quarters of the city . In order to move from one quarter to the next , one has to go back to the main road again .
Boreal forest of Canada
Terms like old growth and ancient forest have a different connotation in the boreal context than they do when used to describe mature coastal rain forests with longer - lived species and different natural disturbance cycles . However , the effects of forest fires and insect outbreaks differ from the effects of logging , so they should not be treated as equivalent in their ecological consequences . Logging , for example , requires road networks with their negative impacts , and it removes nutrients from the site , which may deplete nutrients for the next cycle of forest growth . Fire , on the other hand , recycles nutrients on location ( except for some nitrogen ) , it removes accumulated organic matter and it stimulates reproduction of fire - dependent species .
Coffea arabica
Coffea arabica is the only polyploid species of the genus Coffea , as it carries 4 copies of the 11 chromosomes ( 44 total ) instead of the 2 copies of diploid species . Specifically , Coffea arabica is itself the result of a hybridization between the diploids Coffea canephora and Coffea eugenioides , thus making it an allotetraploid , with two copies of two different genomes .
International Date Line
For the two hours between 10 : 00 and 11 : 59 UTC each day , three different calendar dates are observed at the same time in different places on Earth . For example , at 10 : 15 UTC Thursday , it is 23 : 15 Wednesday in American Samoa ( UTC − 11 ) , Thursday in most of the world , and 00 : 15 Friday in Kiritimati ( UTC + 14 ) .
Sensory processing
It has been believed for some time that inputs from different sensory organs are processed in different areas in the brain , relating to systems neuroscience . Using functional neuroimaging , it can be seen that sensory - specific cortices are activated by different inputs . For example , regions in the occipital cortex are tied to vision and those on the superior temporal gyrus are recipients of auditory inputs . There exist studies suggesting deeper multisensory convergences than those at the sensory - specific cortices , which were listed earlier . This convergence of multiple sensory modalities is known as multisensory integration .
Yemen
English is the most important foreign language , being widely taught and spoken mostly in the south , a former British colony . There are a significant number of Russian speakers , originating from Yemeni - Russian cross-marriages occurring mainly in the 1970s and 1980s . A small Cham - speaking community is found in the capital city of Sana'a , originating from refugees expatriated from Vietnam after the Vietnam War in the 1970s .
History of New Mexico
The three largest pueblos of New Mexico are Zuñi , Santo Domingo , and Laguna . There are three different languages spoken by the pueblos .
Democracy
An example of this is the disease environment . Places with different mortality rates had different populations and productivity levels around the world . For example , in Africa , the tsetse fly - which afflicts humans and livestock - reduced the ability of Africans to plow the land . This made Africa less settled . As a consequence , political power was less concentrated . This also affected the colonial institutions European countries established in Africa . Whether colonial settlers could live or not in a place made them develop different institutions which led to different economic and social paths . This also affected the distribution of power and the collective actions people could take . As a result , some African countries ended up having democracies and others autocracies .
List of animals of Yellowstone
Since the creation of the park in 1872 , 318 species of birds have been documented within its boundaries . Although Yellowstone is not a birding mecca because of its high altitude and cold winters , it is home to a variety of interesting bird species that attract visitor attention every year . The park has a good resident population of bald eagles , trumpeter swans , common loons , ospreys , American white pelicans , and sandhill cranes . The extensive rivers , lakes and wetlands are summer homes to large numbers of waterfowl , while the forests and meadows host many different species of warblers , sparrows and other passerine birds .
Changeup
There are several variations of changeups , which are generated by using different grips on the ball during the pitch .
Adaptive radiation
One famous example where adaptive radiation is seen is with Darwin 's finches . It has been observed by many evolutionary biologists that fragmented landscapes are often a prime location for adaptive radiation to occur . The differences in geography throughout disjointed landscapes such as islands are believed to promote such diversification . Darwin 's finches occupy the fragmented landscape of the Galápagos Islands and are diversified into many different species which differ in ecology , song , and morphology , specifically the size and shapes of their beaks . The first obvious explanation for these differences is allopatric speciation , speciation that occurs when populations of the same species become isolated geographically and evolve separately . Because the finches are divided amongst the islands , the birds have been evolving separately for several million years . However , this does not account for the fact that many of the species occur in sympatry , with seven or more species inhabiting the same island . This raises the question as to why these species split when living in the same environment with all the same resources . Petren , Grant , Grant , and Keller proposed that the speciation of the finches occurred in two parts : an initial , easily observable allopatric event followed by a less clear sympatric event . This sympatric event which occurred second was adaptive radiation . This occurred largely to promote specialization upon each island . One major morphological difference among species sharing one island is beak size and shape . Adaptive radiation led to the evolution of different beaks which could access different food and resources . Those with short beaks are better adapted to eating seeds on the ground , those with thin , sharp beaks eat insects , and those with long beaks use their beaks to probe for food inside cacti . With these specializations , seven or more species of finches are able to inhabit the same environments without competition or lack of resources killing several off . In other words , these morphological differences in beak size and shape brought about by adaptive radiation allow the island diversification to persist .
Batesian mimicry
Batesian mimicry is the most commonly known and widely studied of mimicry complexes , such that the word mimicry is often treated as synonymous with Batesian mimicry . There are many other forms however , some very similar in principle , others far separated . It is often contrasted with Müllerian mimicry , a form of mutually beneficial convergence between two or more harmful species . However , because the mimic may have a degree of protection itself , the distinction is not absolute . It can also be contrasted with functionally different forms of mimicry . Perhaps the sharpest contrast here is with aggressive mimicry , where a predator or parasite mimics a harmless species , avoiding detection and improving its foraging success .