vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Data published in 2014 by New Policy Institute and Trust for London found in the three years to 2012 / 13 , 2.2 million people were in poverty in London after housing costs . This figure represents 28 % of London 's population , 8 percentage points higher than the rest of England . Further research published by Trust for London , carried out by Loughborough University , found that 4 in 10 Londoners can not afford what the public regard as a decent standard of living - one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level . This is significantly higher than the 30 % that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole . This represents 3.5 million Londoners , an increase of 400,000 since 2010 / 11 .
Event horizon
In cosmology , the event horizon of the observable universe is the largest comoving distance from which light emitted now can ever reach the observer in the future . This differs from the concept of particle horizon , which represents the largest comoving distance from which light emitted in the past could have reached the observer at a given time . For events beyond that distance , light has not had time to reach our location , even if it were emitted at the time the Universe began . How the particle horizon changes with time depends on the nature of the expansion of the Universe . If the expansion has certain characteristics , there are parts of the Universe that will never be observable , no matter how long the observer waits for light from those regions to arrive . The boundary past which events can not ever be observed is an event horizon , and it represents the maximum extent of the particle horizon .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
Nine - time Finnish Olympic gold medallist Paavo Nurmi was found to be a professional athlete and barred from running in the Games . The main conductors of the ban were Swedish officials , especially Sigfrid Edström , who claimed that Nurmi had received too much money for his travel expenses . However , Nurmi did travel to Los Angeles and kept training at the Olympic Village . Despite pleas from all the entrants of the marathon , he was not allowed to compete at the Games . This incident , in part , led to Finland refusing to participate in the traditional Finland - Sweden athletics international event until 1939 . After winning the silver in equestrian dressage , Swedish equestrian Bertil Sandström was demoted to last for clicking to his horse to win encouragement . He asserted that it was a creaking saddle making the sounds .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to fight for women 's right to vote . It finally succeeded through two laws in 1918 and 1928 . It became a national movement in the Victorian era . Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the 1832 Reform Act and the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act . In 1872 the fight for women 's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women 's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) . As well as in England , women 's suffrage movements in Wales and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum . The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1906 . It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) .
Hajj
In order to enter Saudi Arabia to participate in the Hajj , visa requirements exist .
Women in Vietnam
Women occupy both the domestic and outside sector in contemporary Vietnam . Women 's participation in the economy , government , and society has increased . In the domestic sphere , little progress has been made to improve gender relations . Traditional Confucian patriarchal values have continued to persist , as well as a continued emphasis on the family unit . This has comprised the main criticism of Vietnam Women 's Union , an organization that works towards advancing women 's rights . Furthermore , recent shifts in Vietnam 's sex ratio show an increased number of men outnumbering women , which many researchers have stated to in part be caused by the two - child policy in Vietnam .
History of women in the United States
The declaration went on to specify female grievances in regard to the laws denying married women ownership of wages , money , and property ( all of which they were required to turn over to their husbands ; laws requiring this , in effect throughout America , were called coverture laws ) , women 's lack of access to education and professional careers , and the lowly status accorded women in most churches . Furthermore , the Declaration declared that women should have the right to vote . 2 weeks later , some of the participants in the Seneca Falls Convention organized the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention in Rochester , New York . This convention elected Abigail Bush as its president , making it the first public meeting composed of both men and women in the U.S. to choose a woman as its presiding officer . It was followed by other state and local conventions in Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . The first National Woman 's Rights Convention was held in Worcester , Massachusetts in 1850 . Women 's rights conventions were held regularly from 1850 until the start of the Civil War .
Women in Vietnam
Women 's participation in the National Assembly is at its lowest since 1997 . Little progress has been made to move ahead of the 30 % average of women 's representation in Vietnam . Within the Vietnam Communist Party , women 's membership has slowly climbed , and in 2010 was 33 % . This is a significant increase from 2005 when women 's membership was only 21.9 % . Despite this increase , the membership of women in the party is still less than men . Additionally , the number of women leaders in key positions such as in the Politburo , Central Committee and the Secretariat remains low . On the regional level , women occupy 23 % of district positions , as well as 23 % of municipal positions . Like the United Nation Millennium Development Goals , the Vietnamese government has also developed their own set of goals committed to increasing the percent of women in government , which in 2011 was still at 30 % . One example of Vietnam 's efforts to improve women representation are in the National Strategy for the Advancement of Women , which set goals to be reached by 2010 . However , Vietnam has fallen short of many of its stated goals . There are several reasons that the government has not been able to meet its quota to have more women in government . The reasons include factors such as `` inadequate government regulations , lack of implementation of existing policies , cultural factors , and inherent systemic bias towards men . '' Many women that want to engage in politics are often discouraged because of age - related training eligibility criteria and a retirement age that is five years earlier than males , with males having a retirement age of 60 and women having a retirement age of 55 . Workplace attitudes are challenges for women to achieve their aspiration of leadership positions . Unlike males , women are harassed much more in their occupations , and promotion is dependent upon the supervisors discretion and how he feels about gender promotion . There are few women role models for young women to follow or to be inspired by . Many women in Vietnam do not see themselves as becoming leaders because there a lack of female leaders to look up to . This occurs because of messages that are expressed socially in media , home , and education .
Voting rights in the United States
In 1848 , the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . Of the 300 present , 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments which defined the women 's rights movement . The first National Women 's Rights Convention took place in 1850 in Worcester , Massachusetts , attracting more than 1,000 participants . This national convention was held yearly through 1860 .
List of rulers of Númenor
After the destruction of Númenor , the surviving Númenóreans ( led by descendants of Silmariën ) founded the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor in Middle - earth . At that point , cognatic primogeniture seems to have been abandoned ; none of the rulers of Arnor or Gondor were women , and in the case of Anárion 's children the youngest child Meneldil received the throne , as his older siblings were women . Queen Berúthiel of Gondor , although certainly formidable , was a Queen - consort , and therefore did not rule , at least officially ( and in the event her husband proved his executive superiority over her ) . Arvedui of Arthedain suggested that cognatic primogeniture was abandoned due to the frequent wars in which the Realms in Exile were embroiled .
Athenian democracy
A good example of the contempt the first democrats felt for those who did not participate in politics can be found in the modern word ' idiot ' , which finds its origins in the ancient Greek word ἰδιώτης , idiōtēs , meaning a private person , a person who is not actively interested in politics ; such characters were talked about with contempt , and the word eventually acquired its modern meaning . According to Thucydides , Pericles may have declared in a funeral oration :
Reconstructive memory
Eyewitness testimony is a commonly recurring topic in the discussion of reconstructive memory and its accuracy is the subject of many studies . Eyewitness testimony is any firsthand accounts given by individuals of an event they have witnessed . Eyewitness testimony is used to acquire details about the event and even to identify the perpetrators of the event . Eyewitness testimony is used often in court and is viewed favourably by juries as a reliable source of information . Unfortunately , eyewitness testimony can be easily manipulated by a variety of factors such as :
Destiny 2
Another new activity has been added called Flashpoints , which is a weekly event that takes place on one of the four planets and rotates each week . In the event , players complete a set of challenges to earn high level rewards . Similar to the original game , players can pledge their allegiance to one of three factions -- Dead Orbit , Future War Cult , or New Monarchy . In Destiny 2 , however , the factions now compete against each other in the Faction Rally , which is a periodic event that lasts for one week . Faction points are earned by doing various activities . The faction with the most points at the end of the week earns a high level reward for 1,000 Glimmer ( in - game currency ) . The losing factions can also gain the reward , but must pay 50,000 Glimmer for their faction 's item .
Politics of Tanzania
Tanzania 's National Assembly members are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for 5 - year terms . The unicameral National Assembly elected in 2000 had 295 members . These 295 members included the Attorney General , five members elected from the Zanzibar House of Representatives to participate in the Parliament , the 48 special women 's seats which were made up of 20 % of the seats a particular party had in the House , 181 constituents seats of members of Parliament from the mainland , and 50 seats from Zanzibar , as well as seats for the 10 members of Parliament nominated by the President . The ruling CCM holds about 86 % of the seats in the Assembly elected in 2005 , and held 93 % of seats in the previous Assembly elected in 2000 .
Women in Vietnam
In recent decades , Vietnam has stressed the importance of gender equality . To address this goal , the Vietnam Women 's Union , an organization founded in 1930 under the Vietnam Communist Party , has pursued the advancement of women in many arenas ; however , they also stress many aspects of Confucian doctrine that keeps a male - dominated hierarchy in place . As of 2000 , their membership has expanded to 11 million , which compromises for 60 % of the female population in Vietnam over the age of 18 . Because of their large membership , the Vietnam Women 's Union has frequently been regarded as the representative for women in politics . Therefore , the VWU frequently advises during the policy - making of gender - related or women 's issues . However , their role has been disputed due to its shortcomings in promoting women 's right effectively .
Migration in China
Migration in China has produced a number of important impacts with regard to gender and gender equality in modern China . This process , usually known as a ' transition ' , `` has gendered consequences and differential implications for men and women . '' The men and women who partake in rural - urban labor migration are `` channeled into gender - segregated jobs and that gender division of labor is increasingly becoming a dominant mode of household production in the countryside . '' According to research conducted by Youqin Huang and published in the journal Environment and Planning A , `` the constraints of human capital , the patriarchal culture and the Household Registration ( Hukou ) . After the migration process , females `` are at a disadvantage in the labour market not only because of their gender , but also because of their rural identities and outsider status . '' One way in which this may be seen is in the fact that women migrants `` can only attain jobs with lower prestige than their male counterparts , such as agricultural work and a few gender - stereotyped , family - related urban jobs . '' Despite the disadvantages faced by female migrants in China , some research such as that conducted with data from Hubei Province demonstrates that `` migration has enabled women to benefit from economic opportunities and provided them with a degree of freedom that was not possible at their places of origin . '' Currently , there is some scholarly agreement on the net effect of migration in China on women in particular , `` female migrant workers are doubly disadvantaged in China 's urban labor market because of their doubly marginalized identities as both women and rural residents . ''
Democracy
It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society . With its emphasis on notions of social contract and the collective will of all the voters , democracy can also be characterised as a form of political collectivism because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in lawmaking .
Mercury in fish
The presence of mercury in fish can be a particular health concern for women who are or may become pregnant , nursing mothers , and young children .
Siberia
At 7 : 15 a.m. on 30 June 1908 , millions of trees were felled near the Podkamennaya Tunguska ( Stony Tunguska ) River in central Siberia in the Tunguska Event . Most scientists believe this resulted from the air burst of a meteor or a comet . Even though no crater has ever been found , the landscape in the ( sparsely inhabited ) area still bears the scars of this event .
Glory (religion)
Divine glory is an important motif throughout Christian theology , where God is regarded as the most glorious being in existence , and it is considered that human beings are created in the Image of God and can share or participate , imperfectly , in divine glory as image - bearers . Thus Christians are instructed to `` let your light shine before men , that they may see your good works , and glorify your Father who is in heaven . ''
Social exchange theory
Patterns of interracial marriage have been explained using social exchange theory . Kalmijn suggests that ethnic status is offset against educational or financial resources . This process has been used to explain why there are more marriages between black men and white women than between white men and black women . This asymmetry in marriage patterns has been used to support the idea of a racial hierarchy . Lewis , however , explains that the same patterns of marriage can be accounted for in terms of simple facial attractiveness patterns of the different gender by race groupings .
Women in Vietnam
The main religion in Vietnam are traditional folk beliefs ( see Vietnamese folk religion ) . This is not an organized religion , however it does adopt many Confucian views . One of the main views that it takes from Confucius is the Patrilineal Society . Men are the head of the family and more their lineage is to be protected . As it pertains to motherhood , Vietnam women are seen as and used primarily as mothers . Female virginity is of extreme importance , especially in rural areas , and the Society condemns abortion and female divorce . If a women wants to show respect to her husband , the best way she can do that is to bear him a son .
History of women in the United States
Yet women still occupied a lower position than men in many sectors of American life . In 1957 , the National Manpower Council ( NMC ) at Columbia University published its study , `` Womanpower , A Statement by the National Manpower Council with Chapters by the Council Staff '' . It was a comprehensive look at the experience of women in the labor force , their employment needs , and the implications of both for education , training , and public policy . This NMC analysis called women `` essential '' and `` distinctive '' workers and recommended that the Secretary of Labor establish a committee to review `` the consequences and adequacy of existing Federal and state laws which have a direct bearing on the employment of women . '' But this suggestion was not acted upon by the Eisenhower Administration . In 1959 , three landmark books on women were published : `` A Century of Struggle '' by Eleanor Flexner , the first professional history of the 19th century women 's movement , which contained an implicit call to arms ; `` A Century of Higher Education for American Women '' by Mabel Newcomer , which disclosed that the relative position of women in the academic world was in decline ; and `` Women and Work in America '' by Robert Smuts , which drew attention to the fact that `` the picture of women 's occupations outside the home between 1890 and 1950 had changed in only a few essentials .
Women in Vietnam
Vietnam split into two parts , North and South Vietnam , in 1954 . The revolutionary socialist government in the North wanted to enhance social equity , sometimes by improving women 's rights . The 1960 Marriage and Family Law , for example , banned forced marriage , child marriage , wife beating , and concubinage . The regime also focused on moving women outside of the home . They did this for the purpose of industrial development . They promoted the power of the Women 's Union , which pushed for women 's rights but also rallied support for the Communist government 's new laws . The government of North Vietnam influenced the role of women during the war of reunification during the mid-1960s , when mobilizing women was viewed as crucial to winning the war . During this time , the Women 's Union encouraged women to fulfill three main responsibilities . These were : encouraging their male relatives to fight in the war , taking all of the household burdens on themselves , and taking jobs in the industrial and agricultural workforces . In 1967 , the Communist Party 's Central Committee called for formal quotas in employment . The commission asked that women occupy at least 35 percent of all jobs , and 50 - 70 percent of jobs in education . Most of these quotas were filled by the 1970s .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
This scheme provides a sum of 6000 Rs to a pregnant mother in three installments . The women have to be older than 19 years of age . It is given normally 12 -- 8 weeks before the birth and in case of the death of the child the women can still avail it . The NMBS is implemented by states and union territories with the help of panchayats and municipalities . During 1999 -- 2000 the total allocation of funds for this scheme was 767.05 crores and the amount used was Rs 4444.13 crore . It is for families below the poverty line . The scheme was updated in 2005 - 06 into Janani Suraksha Yojana with Rs 1400 for every institutional birth .
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games universe is a fictional world appearing in The Hunger Games trilogy written by Suzanne Collins . It consists primarily of the fictional nation of Panem , its Capitol where the totalitarian government resides , and the outlying districts , numbered 1 to 12 , each with a different economy . In addition , there is the secretive District 13 , where a rebel force is building strength . The Hunger Games themselves are an annual event in which two children from each district , selected through a process called `` reaping '' , are forced to participate in a battle to the death . The universe also contains fictional flora and fauna , such as the Mockingjay , a bird whose mimicry is used as a plot device , and after whom the third book in the series is named .
Border Collie
Other enthusiasts oppose the use of Border Collies as show dogs , for fear that breeding for appearance will lead to a decline in the breed 's working dog traits . Few handlers of working Border Collies participate in conformation shows , as working dogs are bred to a performance standard rather than appearance standard . Likewise , conformation - bred dogs are seldom seen on the sheepdog trial field , except in Kennel Club - sponsored events . Dogs registered with either working or conformation based registries are seen in other performance events such as agility , obedience , tracking or flyball ; however , these dogs do not necessarily conform to the breed standard of appearance as closely as the dogs shown in the breed rings as this is not a requirement in performance events , nor do they necessarily participate in herding activities .
Radioactive decay
Such a collapse ( a gamma - ray decay event ) requires a specific activation energy . For a snow avalanche , this energy comes as a disturbance from outside the system , although such disturbances can be arbitrarily small . In the case of an excited atomic nucleus decaying by gamma radiation in a spontaneous emission of electromagnetic radiation , the arbitrarily small disturbance comes from quantum vacuum fluctuations .
History of women in the United States
When the United States entered World War II in 1941 , 12 million women were already working ( making up one quarter of the workforce ) , and by the end of the war , the number was up to 18 million ( one third of the workforce ) . Eventually 3 million women worked in war plants , but the majority of women who worked during World War II worked in traditionally female occupations , like the service sector . During this time , the `` Rosie the Riveter '' concept became popular with working women .
Women in Vietnam
In 1930 , urban intellectual elites began to talk about women 's ability to escape their confined social sphere through novels like Nhat Linh 's Noan Tuyet , in which the heroine escapes from a marriage she was coerced into and wins social approval for it . The heroine 's true love was a member of the nationalist party . According to this book and other authors like Phan Boi Chau , there was an evident link between the nationalist movement and an increase in women 's rights . Following the nationalist military leadership of the Trung sisters , other women became heavily involved in non-communist nationalist movements , especially in the Vietnam Nationalist Party . By the end of the 1930s , women 's liberation had become a common topic in the literature written by urban intellectual elites , and women had entered political life .
History of women in the United States
Despite women 's increased knowledge of pleasure and sex , the decade of unfettered capitalism that was the 1920s gave birth to the ' feminine mystique ' . With this formulation , all women wanted to marry , all good women stayed at home with their children , cooking and cleaning , and the best women did the aforementioned and in addition , exercised their purchasing power freely and as frequently as possible in order to better their families and their homes . Flappers