vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Oklahoma
Evidence suggests indigenous peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age . Ancestors of the Wichita , Kichai , Teyas , Escanjaques , and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma . Southern Plains Villagers lived in the central and west of the state , with a subgroup , the Panhandle culture people living in panhandle region . Caddoan Mississippian culture peoples lived in the eastern part of the state . Spiro Mounds , in what is now Spiro , Oklahoma , was a major Mississippian mound complex that flourished between AD 850 and 1450 .
Technology during World War II
During the war the Germans produced various Glide bomb weapons , which were the first smart bombs ; the V - 1 flying bomb , which was the first cruise missile weapon ; and the V - 2 rocket , the first ballistic missile weapon . The last of these was the first step into the space age as its trajectory took it through the stratosphere , higher and faster than any aircraft . This later led to the development of the Intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) . Wernher Von Braun led the V - 2 development team and later emigrated to the United States where he contributed to the development of the Saturn V rocket , which took men to the moon in 1969 . Theoretical
Tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur . The species Tyrannosaurus rex ( rex meaning `` king '' in Latin ) , often colloquially called simply T. rex or T - Rex , is one of the most well - represented of the large theropods . Tyrannosaurus lived throughout what is now western North America , on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia . Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids . Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the upper Cretaceous Period , 68 to 66 million years ago . It was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids , and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event .
Gilded Age
Europe , especially Britain , remained the financial center of the world until 1914 , yet the United States ' growth caused foreigners to ask , as British author W.T. Stead wrote in 1901 , `` What is the secret of American success ? '' The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and hired an ethnically diverse industrial working class , many of them new immigrants from Europe .
Confirmation in the Catholic Church
On the canonical age for confirmation in the Latin or Western Catholic Church , the present ( 1983 ) Code of Canon Law , which maintains unaltered the rule in the 1917 Code , specifies that the sacrament is to be conferred on the faithful at about the age of discretion ( generally taken to be about 7 ) , unless the episcopal conference has decided on a different age , or there is a danger of death or , in the judgement of the minister , a grave reason suggests otherwise ( canon 891 of the Code of Canon Law ) . The Code prescribes the age of discretion also for the sacraments of Penance and first Holy Communion .
History of Antarctica
These explorers , despite their impressive contributions to South Polar exploration , were unable to penetrate the interior of the continent and , rather , formed a broken line of discovered lands along the coastline of Antarctica . Following the expedition South by the ships Erebus and Terror under James Clark Ross ( January , 1841 ) , he suggested that there were no scientific discoveries , or ' problems ' , worth exploration in the far South . What followed , is what historian H.R. Mill called ' the age of averted interest ' and in the following twenty years after Ross ' return , there was a general lull internationally in Antarctic exploration .
Lake District
The central band is a mix of volcanic and sedimentary rocks of mid-to - late Ordovician age comprising the lavas and tuffs of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group , erupted as the former Iapetus Ocean was subducted beneath what is now the Scottish border during the Caledonian orogeny . The northern central peaks , such as Great Rigg , were produced by considerable lava flows . These lava eruptions were followed by a series of pyroclastic eruptions which produced a series of calderas , one of which includes present - day Scafell Pike . These pyroclastic rocks give rise to the craggy landscapes typical of the central fells .
Transformers: The Last Knight
Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager , a single father and inventor , who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction . Josh Duhamel as William Lennox , a former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger captain , who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction , and now a U.S. Army Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformer Reaction Force ( TRF ) . Stanley Tucci as Merlin , King Arthur 's wizard and Viviane 's ancestor . Tucci was originally reported to be reprising his role as Joshua Joyce from Age of Extinction . Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton , 12th Earl of Folgan , an astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth . Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly , a Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player , who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin . Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane . Isabela Moner as Izabella , a street-wise tomboy who was orphaned with Sqweeks and Canopy , her only friends , until meeting Cade . Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy , a young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired through a want ad . Santiago Cabrera as Santos , a former Delta Force operative and commander of the TRF , who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction . John Turturro as Seymour Simmons , a former government agent with Sector Seven and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba , and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction . Glenn Morshower as General Morshower , the director of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations . Liam Garrigan as King Arthur , the legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon .
Population pyramid
A population pyramid , also called an `` age - sex pyramid '' , is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population ( typically that of a country or region of the world ) , which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing . This tool can be used to visualize and age of a particular population . It is also used in ecology to determine the overall age distribution of a population ; an indication of the reproductive capabilities and likelihood of the continuation of a species .
Population pyramid
In the demographic transition model , the size and shape of population pyramids vary . In stage one of the demographic transition model , the pyramids have the most defined shape . They have the ideal big base and skinny top . In stage two , the pyramid looks similar , but starts to widen in the middle age groups . In stage three , the pyramids start to round out and look similar in shape to a tombstone . In stage four , there is a decrease in the younger age groups . This causes the base of the widened pyramid to narrow . Lastly , in stage five , the pyramid starts to take on the shape of a kite as the base continues to decrease . The shape of the population is dependent upon what the economy is like in the country . More developed countries can be found in stages three four and five while the least developed countries have a population represented by the pyramids in stages one and two .
Modern history
Traditionally , the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era . The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy , and a departure from the medieval approach , especially Scholasticism . Early 17th - century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment , but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy , extending that era to two centuries . The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe , rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution .
Age of Enlightenment
Francis Hutcheson , a moral philosopher , described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides , in his words , `` the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers '' . Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method ( the nature of knowledge , evidence , experience and causation ) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith . Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy .
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
Anointing of the Sick is a sacrament of the Catholic Church that is administered to a Catholic `` who , having reached the age of reason , begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age '' , except in the case of those who `` persevere obstinately in manifest grave sin '' . Proximate danger of death , the occasion for the administration of Viaticum , is not required , but only the onset of a medical condition of serious illness or injury or simply old age : `` It is not a sacrament for those only who are at the point of death . Hence , as soon as anyone of the faithful begins to be in danger of death from sickness or old age , the fitting time for him to receive this sacrament has certainly already arrived . '' .
A Summer Place (film)
I have two kids who are just about the same age of these two in A Summer Place and I know how difficult communication between generations can be . And while this may sound corny , it can be assisted by love and understanding . Amid some rather tempestuous social activities , this is what we are trying to demonstrate . That there are two affairs may sound sensational but that 's not the point . We have received the approval of the Johnstone office because the intent of the picture is a moral one . Frankness and impatience will help pull the cork on a situation blocked by intolerance . What we are trying to do is dramatise that pulling of the cork .
King Arthur: Legend of the Sword
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 28 % based on 217 reviews and an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword piles mounds of modern action flash on an age - old tale -- and wipes out much of what made it a classic story in the first place . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating , the film has a score 41 out of 100 based 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale ; 56 % of the opening weekend filmgoers were under the age of 35 , and 59 % were men .
List of world junior records in athletics
World Junior Records in the sport of athletics are ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations . Athletics records comprise the best performance of an athlete before the year of their 20th birthday . Technically , in all under 20 age divisions , the age is calculated `` on December 31 of the year of competition '' to avoid age group switching during a competitive season .
Tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus lived during what is referred to as the Lancian faunal stage ( Maastrichtian age ) at the end of the Late Cretaceous . Tyrannosaurus ranged from Canada in the north to at least Texas and New Mexico in the south of Laramidia . During this time Triceratops was the major herbivore in the northern portion of its range , while the titanosaurian sauropod Alamosaurus `` dominated '' its southern range . Tyrannosaurus remains have been discovered in different ecosystems , including inland and coastal subtropical , and semi-arid plains .
The Catcher in the Rye
In their biography of Salinger , David Shields and Shane Salerno argue that : `` The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel . '' Salinger witnessed the horrors of World War II , but rather than writing a combat novel , Salinger , according to Shields and Salerno , `` took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming - of - age novel . ''
Islamic Golden Age
To account for the decline of Islamic science , it has been argued that the Sunni Revival in the 11th and 12th centuries produced a series of institutional changes that decreased the relative payoff to producing scientific works . With the spread of madrasas and the greater influence of religious leaders , it became more lucrative to produce religious knowledge . This is easily refutable , as the scholars of the golden age were experts in both religious and secular fields , with many of the Islamic schools of thoughts having been established during the golden age itself .
Smart city
Define exactly what is the community : maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps ; it relates to geography , links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them ; maybe -- even -- that in some Countries the definition of City / community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what -- in fact -- happens in the real life Study The Community : Before deciding to build a smart city , first we need to know why . This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative . Study the community to know the citizens , the business 's needs -- know the citizens and the community 's unique attributes , such as the age of the citizens , their education , hobbies , and attractions of the city . Develop a Smart City Policy : Develop a policy to drive the initiatives , where roles , responsibilities , objective , and goals , can be defined . Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved . Engage The Citizens : This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of e-government initiatives , open data , sport events , etc .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
Language acquisition in multilingual individuals is contingent on two factors : age of the language acquisition and proficiency . Specialization is centered in the perisylvian cortex of the left hemisphere . Various regions of both the right and left hemisphere activate during language production . Multilingual individuals consistently demonstrate similar activation patterns in the brain when using either one of the two or more languages they fluently know . Age of acquiring the second - or - higher language , and proficiency of use determine what specific brain regions and pathways activate when using ( thinking or speaking ) the language . In contrast to those who acquired their multiple languages at different points in their life , those who acquire multiple languages when young , and at virtually the same time , show similar activations in parts of Broca 's area and left inferior frontal lobe . If the second - or - higher language is acquired later in life , specifically after the critical period , the language becomes centralized in a different part of Broca 's area than the native language and other languages learned when young .
Trafficking of children
The first major international instrument dealing with the trafficking of children is part of the 2000 United Nations Palermo protocols , titled the Protocol to Prevent , Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons , especially Women and Children . Article 3 ( a ) of this document defines child trafficking as the `` recruitment , transportation , transfer , harboring and / or receipt '' of a child for the purpose of exploitation . The definition for child trafficking given here applies only to cases of trafficking that are transnational and / or involve organized criminal groups ; in spite of this , child trafficking is now typically recognized well outside these parameters . The International Labour Organization expands upon this definition by asserting that movement and exploitation are key aspects of child trafficking . The definition of `` child '' used here is that listed in the 1989 U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child which states , `` a child means every human being below the age of 18 years , unless , under the law applicable to the child , majority is attained earlier . '' The distinction outlined in this definition is important , because some countries have chosen to set the `` age of majority '' lower than 18 , thus influencing exactly what legally constitutes child trafficking .
Age of Enlightenment
It is extremely difficult to determine what people actually read during the Enlightenment . For example , examining the catalogs of private libraries gives an image skewed in favor of the classes wealthy enough to afford libraries and also ignores censured works unlikely to be publicly acknowledged . For this reason , a study of publishing would be much more fruitful for discerning reading habits .
Household income in the United States
The group with the second highest median household income , were households headed by persons between the ages 35 and 44 with a median income of $56,785 , followed by those in the age group between 55 and 64 with $50,400 . Not surprisingly the lowest income group was composed of those households headed by individuals younger than 24 , followed by those headed by persons over the age of 75 . Overall , households headed by persons above the age of seventy - five had a median household income of $20,467 with the median household income per member of household being $18,645 . These figures support the general assumption that median household income as well as the median income per member of household peaked among those households headed by middle aged persons , increasing with the age of the householder and the size of the household until the householder reaches the age of 64 . With retirement income replacing salaries and the size of the household declining , the median household income decreases as well .
Emblem of Sri Lanka
The crest is the Dharmacakra , symbolizing the country 's foremost place for Buddhism and just rule . Traditional Sinhalese heraldic symbols for the sun and the moon form the supporters .
Modern history
The term `` Early Modern '' was introduced in the English language in the 1930s . to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment ( 1800 ) ( when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form ) . It is important to note that these terms stem from European history . In usage in other parts of the world , such as in Asia , and in Muslim countries , the terms are applied in a very different way , but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery . Contemporary
Cigarette
Most countries in the world have a legal vending age of 18 . In Macedonia , Italy , Malta , Austria , Luxembourg , and Belgium , the age for legal vending is 16 . Since January 1 , 2007 , all cigarette machines in public places in Germany must attempt to verify a customer 's age by requiring the insertion of a debit card . Turkey , which has one of the highest percentage of smokers in its population , has a legal age of 18 . Japan is one of the highest tobacco - consuming nations , and requires purchasers to be 20 years of age ( suffrage in Japan is 20 years old ) . Since July 2008 , Japan has enforced this age limit at cigarette vending machines through use of the taspo smart card . In other countries , such as Egypt , it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age . Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on the 1 September 2007 .
Confirmation in the Catholic Church
Although Confirmation is sometimes called the `` sacrament of Christian maturity , '' we must not confuse adult faith with the adult age of natural growth , nor forget that the baptismal grace is a grace of free , unmerited election and does not need `` ratification '' to become effective . St. Thomas Aquinas reminds us of this : Age of body does not determine age of soul . Even in childhood man can attain spiritual maturity : as the book of Wisdom says : For old age is not honored for length of time , or measured by number of years . Many children , through the strength of the Holy Spirit they have received , have bravely fought for Christ even to the shedding of their blood . ( Catechism of the Catholic Church # 1308 )
List of highest-grossing films
Highest - grossing films Rank Peak Title Worldwide gross Year Reference ( s ) Avatar $2,787,965,087 2009 Titanic $2,187,463,944 1997 Star Wars : The Force Awakens $2,068,223,624 2015 Jurassic World $1,671,713,208 2015 5 The Avengers $1,518,812,988 2012 6 Furious 7 $1,516,045,911 2015 7 5 Avengers : Age of Ultron $1,405,403,694 2015 8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $1,341,511,219 2011 9 5 Frozen $1,290,000,000 2013 10 10 Beauty and the Beast $1,263,521,126 2017 11 11 The Fate of the Furious $1,239,078,381 2017 12 12 Star Wars : The Last Jedi $1,215,283,043 2017 13 5 Iron Man 3 $1,214,811,252 2013 14 10 Minions $1,159,398,397 2015 15 12 Captain America : Civil War $1,153,304,495 2016 16 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $1,123,794,079 2011 17 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $1,120,237,002 2003 18 7 Skyfall $1,108,561,013 2012 19 10 Transformers : Age of Extinction $1,104,054,072 2014 20 7 The Dark Knight Rises $1,084,939,099 2012 21 Toy Story 3 $1,066,969,703 22 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $1,066,179,725 2006 23 20 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $1,056,057,273 2016 24 6 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides $1,045,713,802 2011 25 24 Despicable Me 3 $1,033,508,147 2017 26 Jurassic Park $1,029,939,903 1993
Baby boom
During the Baby boom the U.S. experienced after World War II , the dramatic rise in births led to a higher dependency ratio , which means that there is a large portion of the population under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 that relies on those in the work force ( ages 15 -- 64 ) . The Cohort of this baby boom is expected to once again increase the dependency ratio once the majority is over the age of 65 , as these people will no longer be part of the work force. Some of the 75 million baby boomers began to reach retirement age in 2011 . Back in the year 2000 only 12.4 % of our population was 65 or over and by 2020 its predicted to rise to 18 % , largely due to the baby boom . Currently the Government supports social security to the population over 65 , which may lead the states increasing their budget to fund programs like Medicaid .
Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment ( also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason ; in French : le Siècle des Lumières , lit . ' `` the Century of Lights '' ' ; and in German : Aufklärung , `` Enlightenment '' ) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century , `` The Century of Philosophy '' .
Age of Enlightenment
The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church so that in countries with a large Catholic element , such as France , Italy , Spain and Mexico , much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry . Even in France , Masons did not act as a group . American historians , while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons , have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists .