vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvania Turnpike
Approaching Harrisburg , the Pennsylvania Turnpike heads east through a mixture of rural land and suburban development . In Upper Allen Township , the highway reaches the US 15 interchange accessing Gettysburg to the south . The road continues east into York County , where it reaches the interchange with I - 83 serving Harrisburg , its western suburbs and York to the south . East of I - 83 it widens to six lanes , crossing the Susquehanna River into Dauphin County on the Susquehanna River Bridge and bypassing Harrisburg to the south .
Modem
Until the end of April 2011 , worldwide shipments of USB modems surpassed embedded 3G and 4G modules by 3 : 1 because USB modems can be easily discarded , but embedded modems could start to gain popularity as tablet sales grow and as the incremental cost of the modems shrinks , so by 2016 , the ratio may change to 1 : 1 .
American Indian Wars
On December 29 , General Clinch left Fort Drane ( recently established on Clinch 's plantation , about twenty miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Fort King ) with 750 soldiers , including 500 volunteers on an enlistment due to end January 1 , 1836 . The group was traveling to a Seminole stronghold called the Cove of the Withlacoochee , an area of many lakes on the southwest side of the Withlacoochee River . When they reached the river , the soldiers could not find the ford , so Clinch ferried his regular troops across the river in a single canoe they had found . Once they were across and had relaxed , the Seminoles attacked . The troops only saved themselves by fixing bayonets and charging the Seminoles , at the cost of four dead and 59 wounded . The militia provided cover as the army troops then withdrew across the river . The
History of Maryland
By 1000 AD , there were about 8,000 Native Americans , all Algonquian - speaking , living in what is now the state , in 40 different villages . By the 17th century , the state was populated by a mix of Iroquoian and Algonquian peoples . These were the Susquehannocks ( west of the Delaware River ) , the Tuscarora and Tockwogh ( on the Delmarva Peninsula between the Delaware and Indian Rivers ) , the Piscataway ( surrounding the Potomac River from Washington D.C. south ) and the Nanticoke ( Delmarva Peninsula , south of the Indian River ) . John Smith labelled the Tuscarora as the Kuskarawock on an early map from 1606 , but they shortly thereafter moved west to join the Meherrin and Nottoway in Virginia . Meanwhile , the Tockwogh may have moved to New York and / or been given refuge by the Susquehannock . They are noted as the Akhrakovaetonon and Trakwaerronnons , which seems similar to Tockwogh . They were extinct as a people by the end of the 17th century , however .
Across the River and into the Trees
During a trip to Italy not long before writing the novel , Hemingway had met young Adriana Ivancich , with whom he became infatuated , and he used her as the model for the female character in the novel . The novel 's central theme is death , and , more importantly , how death is faced . One biographer and critic sees a parallel between Hemingway 's Across the River and Into the Trees and Thomas Mann 's Death in Venice . The novel is built upon successive layers of symbolism , and as in his other writing , Hemingway employs here his distinctive , spare style ( the ' iceberg theory ' ) , where the substance lies below the surface of the plot .
Maya civilization
A full long count date consisted of an introductory glyph followed by five glyphs counting off the number of bak'tuns , kat'uns , tuns , winals , and k'ins since the start of the current creation . This would be followed by the tz'olkin portion of the Calendar Round date , and after a number of intervening glyphs , the Long Count date would end with the Haab portion of the Calendar Round date .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
After this interchange , the turnpike reaches the exit for PA 18 in Homewood before crossing the Beaver River on the Beaver River Bridge . The road then enters Butler County , where it comes to Cranberry Township . Here , an interchange accesses U.S. Route 19 ( US 19 ) and I - 79 . The turnpike continues through a mix of rural land and suburban residential development north of Pittsburgh into Allegheny County .
Tree of life
A distinction has been made between the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil . The latter represents the physical world with its opposites , such as good and evil and light and dark . In a different context from the one above , the tree of life represents the spiritual realm , where this duality does not exist .
World War II
Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern
Midwestern United States
Isáŋyathi or Isáŋathi ( `` Knife '' ) : residing in the extreme east of the Dakotas , Minnesota and northern Iowa , and are often referred to as the Santee or Eastern Dakota . Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ( `` Village - at - the - end '' and `` little village - at - the - end '' ) : residing in the Minnesota River area , they are considered the middle Sioux , and are often referred to as the Yankton and the Yanktonai , or , collectively , as the Wičhíyena ( endonym ) or the Western Dakota ( and have been erroneously classified as Nakota ) . Thítȟuŋwaŋ or Teton ( uncertain ) : the westernmost Sioux , known for their hunting and warrior culture , are often referred to as the Lakota .
River Mersey
The River Mersey / ˈmɜːrzi / is a river in the North West of England . Its name is derived from the Anglo - Saxon language and translates as `` boundary river '' . The river may have been the border between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria and for centuries it formed part of the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire .
Hersheypark
Hersheypark is made up of six themed areas , starting with an area , Founder 's Way , which spans from outside the main gate , to a junction where three sections -- Kissing Tower Hill , The Hollow and Pioneer Frontier -- meet and make up the central and southern end of the park , while two sections , Midway America and The Boardwalk , on the northern end of the park , bordering Pioneer Frontier .
Tap and die
The work piece ( blank ) to be threaded , which is usually slightly smaller in diameter than the die 's major diameter , is given a slight taper ( chamfer ) at the end that is to be threaded . This chamfer helps center the die on the blank and reduces the force required to start the thread cutting . Once the die has started it will self - feed . A periodic reversal of the die is often required to break the chip and prevent crowding .
The Invisible Man
In 1933 Universal film adaptation , Kemp was given the first name Arthur and is played by William Harrigan . Unlike the novel , Kemp in the film does not survive to the end of the story .
Compact Cassette
The disadvantage with tape leaders was that the sound recording or playback did not start at the beginning of the tape , forcing the user to cue forward to the start of the magnetic section . For certain applications , such as dictation , special cassettes containing leaderless tapes were made , typically with stronger material and for use in machines that had more sophisticated end - of - tape prediction . Home computers that made use of cassettes prior to the advent of floppy discs ( i.e. Apple II , Commodore PET ) were designed to not start writing or reading data until leaders had spooled past .
Parthenon
The figures on the corners of the pediment depict the passage of time over the course of a full day . Tethrippa of Helios and Selene are located on the left and right corners of the pediment respectively . The horses of Helios 's chariot are shown with livid expressions as they ascend into the sky at the start of the day ; whereas the Selene 's horses struggle to stay on the pediment scene as the day comes to an end . West
First Transcontinental Railroad
The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864
Economic history of Argentina
Only two - thirds of its present territory were occupied during the colonial period , as the remaining third consisted of the Patagonian Plateau , which remains sparsely populated to this day . The agricultural and livestock sector 's output was principally consumed by the producers themselves and by the small local market , and only became associated with foreign trade towards the end of the 18th century . The period between the 16th and the end of the 18th century was characterized by the existence of self - sufficient regional economies separated by considerable distances , a lack of road , maritime or river communications , and the hazards and hardship of land transport . By the end of the 18th century , a significant national economy came into being , as Argentina developed a market in which reciprocal flows of capital , labour , and goods could take place on a significant scale between its different regions , which it had hitherto lacked .
The Time Machine
This work is an early example of the Dying Earth subgenre . The portion of the novella that sees the Time Traveller in a distant future where the sun is huge and red also places The Time Machine within the realm of eschatology , i.e. the study of the end times , the end of the world , and the ultimate destiny of humankind .
Human skin color
A person 's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to the sun . Generally , those who start out with darker skin color and more melanin have better abilities to tan . Individuals with very light skin and albinos have no ability to tan . The biggest differences resulting from sun exposure are visible in individuals who start out with moderately pigmented brown skin : the change is dramatically visible as tan lines , where parts of the skin which tanned are delineated from unexposed skin .
River Thames
Most of the bedrock of the Vale of Aylesbury is made up of clay and chalk that was formed at the end of the ice age and at one time was under the Proto - Thames . Also created at this time were the vast underground reserves of water that make the water table higher than average in the Vale of Aylesbury . Ice
Pluto (mythology)
In Book 3 of the Sibylline Oracles , dating mostly to the 2nd century AD , Rhea gives birth to Pluto as she passes by Dodona , `` where the watery paths of the River Europus flowed , and the water ran into the sea , merged with the Peneius . This is also called the Stygian river . ''
Coureur des bois
Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut ( 1639 -- 1710 ) was a French soldier and explorer who is the first European known to have visited the area where the city of Duluth , Minnesota is now located and the headwaters of the Mississippi River near Grand Rapids .
Red panda
The Brahmaputra River is often considered the natural division between the two subspecies , where it makes a curve around the eastern end of the Himalayas , although some authors suggest A. f. fulgens extends farther eastward , into China .
Jordan River
In modern times , the waters are 70 % to 90 % used for human purposes and the flow is greatly reduced . Because of this and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea , as well as industrial extraction of salts through evaporation ponds , the sea is shrinking . All the shallow waters of the southern end of the sea have been drained in modern times and are now salt flats .
Monongahela River
The Lenape Language Project renders the word as Mënaonkihëla ( pronounced ( mənaoŋɡihəla ) ) , translated `` where banks cave in or erode '' , from the verbs mënaonkihële `` the dirt caves off '' ( such as the bank of a river or creek , or in a landslide ) and mënaonke ( pronounced ( mənaoŋɡe ) ) , `` it has a loose bank '' ( where one might fall in ) .
HTML
HTML markup consists of several key components , including those called tags ( and their attributes ) , character - based data types , character references and entity references . HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like < h1 > and < / h1 > , although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired , for example < img > . The first tag in such a pair is the start tag , and the second is the end tag ( they are also called opening tags and closing tags ) .
iOS 11
Users are able to record the screen natively . In order to record the screen , users must first add the feature to the Control Center through the Settings app . Once added , users can start and stop recordings from a dedicated Control Center icon , with a distinctly colored bar appearing at the top of the screen indicating active recording . Pressing the bar gives the option to end recording , and videos are saved to the Photos app .
HTML
In the simple , general case , the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags : a `` start tag '' < p > and `` end tag '' < / p > . The text content of the element , if any , is placed between these tags .
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
The CBO estimated ARRA would positively impact GDP and employment . It projected an increase in the GDP of between 1.4 percent and 3.8 percent by the end of 2009 , between 1.1 percent and 3.3 percent by the end of 2010 , between 0.4 percent and 1.3 percent by the end of 2011 , and a decrease of between zero and 0.2 percent beyond 2014 . The impact to employment would be an increase of 0.8 million to 2.3 million by the end of 2009 , an increase of 1.2 million to 3.6 million by the end of 2010 , an increase of 0.6 million to 1.9 million by the end of 2011 , and declining increases in subsequent years as the U.S. labor market reaches nearly full employment , but never negative . Decreases in GDP in 2014 and beyond are accounted for by crowding out , where government debt absorbs finances that would otherwise go toward investment . A 2013 study by economists Stephen Marglin and Peter Spiegler found the stimulus had boosted GDP in line with CBO estimates .
Nuclear weapon
Additional treaties and agreements have governed nuclear weapons stockpiles between the countries with the two largest stockpiles , the United States and the Soviet Union , and later between the United States and Russia . These include treaties such as SALT II ( never ratified ) , START I ( expired ) , INF , START II ( never ratified ) , SORT , and New START , as well as non-binding agreements such as SALT I and the Presidential Nuclear Initiatives of 1991 . Even when they did not enter into force , these agreements helped limit and later reduce the numbers and types of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union / Russia .
History of coal mining
North American coal deposits were first discovered by French explorers and fur traders along the shores of Grand Lake in central New Brunswick , Canada in the 1600s . Coal seams were exposed where rivers flowed into the lake and was dug by hand off the surface and from tunnels dug into the seam . About 1631 the French made their fur trading post at the mouth of the Saint John River their main post in Acadia and started construction of a new fort . The main residence at the fort was designed with two 11 foot wide fireplaces which were stocked with wood and coal from up river . As early as 1643 , the French were sending coal and other supplies to the British colony at Boston .
Blue Nile
There are numerous tributaries of the Abay between Lake Tana and the Sudanese border . Those on its left bank , in downstream order , include the Wanqa River , the Bashilo River , the Walaqa River , the Wanchet River , the Jamma River , the Muger River , the Guder River , the Agwel River , the Nedi River , the Didessa River and the Dabus River . Those on the right side , also in downstream order , include the Handassa , Tul , Abaya , Sade , Tammi , Cha , Shita , Suha , Muga , Gulla , Temcha , Bachat , Katlan , Jiba , Chamoga , Weter and the Beles .
Indus River
In July 2010 , following abnormally heavy monsoon rains , the Indus River rose above its banks and started flooding . The rain continued for the next two months , devastating large areas of Pakistan . In Sindh , the Indus burst its banks near Sukkur on 8 August , submerging the village of Mor Khan Jatoi . In early August , the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab , where at least 1,400,000 acres ( 570,000 ha ) of cropland was destroyed , and the southern province of Sindh . As of September 2010 , over two thousand people had died and over a million homes had been destroyed since the flooding began .
McCulloch v. Maryland
The Court held that for these reasons , the word `` necessary '' in the Necessary and Proper Clause ( elastic clause ) does not refer to the only way of doing something , but rather applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally established powers . `` Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution , are constitutional . ''
1960 Valdivia earthquake
During the Great Chilean earthquake , several landslides west of Tralcán Mountain blocked the outflow of Riñihue Lake . Riñihue Lake is the lowest of the Seven Lakes chain and receives a constant inflow from the Enco River . The blocked San Pedro River , which drains the lake , passes through several towns before reaching the city of Valdivia near the coast .
Illinois
Illinois 's eastern border with Indiana consists of a north - south line at 87 ° 31 ′ 30 '' west longitude in Lake Michigan at the north , to the Wabash River in the south above Post Vincennes . The Wabash River continues as the eastern / southeastern border with Indiana until the Wabash enters the Ohio River . This marks the beginning of Illinois 's southern border with Kentucky , which runs along the northern shoreline of the Ohio River . Most of the western border with Missouri and Iowa is the Mississippi River ; Kaskaskia is an exclave of Illinois , lying west of the Mississippi and reachable only from Missouri . The state 's northern border with Wisconsin is fixed at 42 ° 30 ' north latitude . The northeastern border of Illinois lies in Lake Michigan , within which Illinois shares a water boundary with the state of Michigan , as well as Wisconsin and Indiana .
Lake District
The West Coast Main Line skirts the eastern edge of the Lake District and the Cumbrian Coast Line passes through the southern and western fringes of the area . A single railway line , the Windermere Branch Line , penetrates from Kendal to Windermere via Staveley . Railways once served Broughton - in - Furness and Coniston ( closed to passengers in 1958 ) and another ran from Penrith to Cockermouth via Keswick ( closed west of Keswick in 1966 and completely in 1972 ) . Part of the track of the latter is used by the improved A66 trunk road .
Austin, Texas
Austin is situated on the Colorado River , with three man - made ( artificial ) lakes within the city limits : Lady Bird Lake ( formerly known as Town Lake ) , Lake Austin ( both created by dams along the Colorado River ) , and Lake Walter E. Long that is partly used for cooling water for the Decker Power Plant . Mansfield Dam and the foot of Lake Travis are located within the city 's limits . Lady Bird Lake , Lake Austin , and Lake Travis are each on the Colorado River . As a result of its straddling the Balcones Fault , much of the eastern part of the city is flat , with heavy clay and loam soils , whereas , the western part and western suburbs consist of rolling hills on the edge of the Texas Hill Country . Because the hills to the west are primarily limestone rock with a thin covering of topsoil , portions of the city are frequently subjected to flash floods from the runoff caused by thunderstorms . To help control this runoff and to generate hydroelectric power , the Lower Colorado River Authority operates a series of dams that form the Texas Highland Lakes . The lakes also provide venues for boating , swimming , and other forms of recreation within several parks on the lake shores .