vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rapid eye movement sleep
The German scientist Richard Klaue in 1937 first discovered a period of fast electrical activity in the brains of sleeping cats . In 1944 , Ohlmeyer reported 90 - minute ultradian sleep cycles involving male erections lasting for 25 minutes . At University of Chicago in 1952 , Eugene Aserinsky , Nathaniel Kleitman , and William C. Dement , discovered phases of rapid eye movement during sleep , and connected these to dreaming . Their article was published September 10 , 1953 . Aserinsky , then Kleitman , first observed the eye movements and accompanying neuroelectrical activity in their own children .
Hersheypark
Of the coasters that the park has had , only four are no longer in the park . One , a twin roller coaster called Toboggan ( it was also called Twin Towers Toboggan or Twin Toboggans ) which had been located in Carousel Circle , a water coaster called Roller Soaker which had been in Midway America and later The Boardwalk , a kiddie coaster with an oval track called Mini-Comet , and the Original Wild Cat . ( The station of the Wild Cat was located in the Minetown area where the Convoy ride is currently with most of the out - and - back layout / structure built along the north side of Spring Creek between the base of Storm Runner 's first drop and the station for Trail Blazer . ) Pools
Bayonet
A possibility is that the bayonet originated as a hunting weapon : early firearms were fairly inaccurate and took a long time to reload , thus a hunter of dangerous animals such as wild boar could easily have been exposed to danger if his bullet missed the animal . The bayonet may have emerged to allow a hunter to fend off wild animals in the event of a missed shot . This idea was particularly persistent in Spain where hunting arms were usually equipped with bayonets from the 17th century until the advent of the cartridge era . The weapon was introduced into the French army by General Jean Martinet and was common in most European armies by the 1660s .
Origin of language
The larynx or voice box is an organ in the neck housing the vocal folds , which are responsible for phonation . In humans , the larynx is descended . Our species is not unique in this respect : goats , dogs , pigs and tamarins lower the larynx temporarily , to emit loud calls . Several deer species have a permanently lowered larynx , which may be lowered still further by males during their roaring displays . Lions , jaguars , cheetahs and domestic cats also do this . However , laryngeal descent in nonhumans ( according to Philip Lieberman ) is not accompanied by descent of the hyoid ; hence the tongue remains horizontal in the oral cavity , preventing it from acting as a pharyngeal articulator .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Unlike the abrupt transitions in electrical patterns , the chemical changes in the brain show continuous periodic oscillation . Models
Cassie Newman
Cassie was born in 1991 , when her then sixteen - year - old mother Sharon Collins ( Sharon Case ) was pressured to sleep with her high school boyfriend , Frank Barritt ( Phil Dozois ) , which she did . Sharon gave the child up for adoption , as she and her mother were financially struggling , and Frank wanted nothing to do with the child . Three years later , in 1994 , Sharon moves to Genoa City , where she meets and eventually marries Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) , son of wealthy business tycoon Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) .
Rapid eye movement sleep
William Dement advanced the study of REM deprivation , with experiments in which subjects were awoken every time their EEG indicated the beginning of REM sleep . He published `` The Effect of Dream Deprivation '' in June 1960 . ( `` REM deprivation '' has become the more common term following subsequent research indicating the possibility of non-REM dreaming . )
List of The Land Before Time characters
Guido disturbs its sleep after sleep - flying into it , after which it tries to eat him . Guido is saved by Petrie , and the two are pursued by the Spinosaurus . It is later trapped underneath a rock after being lured there by the rest of the gang . Four Baryonyx appear in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . They are led by a purple - brown Baryonyx with a scar running over its jaw . The four try to eat Loofah , Doofah , and Foobie , but they chase them into a cave , where the rest of the gang bury them in rocks . They survive and chase after the gang , but are driven off a cliff by the Yellow Belly herd and the kids . A mother Utahraptor appears in the episode The Great Egg Adventure . A pair of featherheaded Yutyrannus appear in The Land Before Time XIV : Journey of the Brave . The kids hatch a plan to cover themselves with stinkweed to get through the Land of the Featherhead Sharpteeth . It works , though they are almost discovered by the carelessness of Petrie , but a small mammal distracts the two Yutyrannus . The kids later accidentally wash off the stinkweed , and the carnivores chase them . The kids however , defeat the sharpteeth when they corner the gang at the top of a hill next to a cliff . Both sharpteeth survive . A Carnotaurus , or Horned Sharptooth , also appears in Journey of the Brave . It attacks Littlefoot 's friends , but Etta is able to help them get away . Later , it nearly discovers Grandpa , Topps , Chomper , Ruby , and Wild Arms , but is distracted by a flock of ornithomimids .
Bogeyman
In Denmark , the creature is known as the bussemand or bøhmand . It hides under the bed and grabs children who will not sleep . As in the English equivalent , bussemand is also a slang term for nasal mucus . In Norway , he is referred to as the Busemann . In the Netherlands , the Boeman is portrayed as a creature that resembles a man , dressed completely black , with sharp claws and fangs . He hides under the bed or in the closet . The Bogeyman takes bad children or those that refuse to sleep and locks them in his basement for a period of time .
Elk
Elk live 20 years or more in captivity but average 10 to 13 years in the wild . In some subspecies that suffer less predation , they may live an average of 15 years in the wild .
The Dark Is Rising Sequence
Wild Magic : The magic of nature , first used in The Dark Is Rising to provide strength to the forces of the Light in the book 's final battle . In Greenwitch , we learn that the Wild Magic is equal in strength to both the Dark and the Light , but that it stands apart and is unaffected by either .
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
The groosling is an edible wild bird the size of a wild turkey . Katniss hunts it in the first book of the series . Rue states that it is commonly found in District 11 . They are spotted and hunted frequently in the 74th Hunger Games . Wolf
Deion Sanders
In 2014 , Sanders was featured in an episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls , where he and Grylls hiked in the desert of southern Utah for two days , rappelling down canyon walls and later climbing up a mesa .
Sleep
Somnambulism , known as sleep walking , is also a common sleeping disorder , especially among children . In somnambulism the individual gets up from his / her sleep and wanders around while still sleeping .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
Where the Wild Things Are is a 2009 fantasy drama film directed by Spike Jonze . Written by Jonze and Dave Eggers , it is adapted from Maurice Sendak 's 1963 children 's book of the same name . It combines live - action , performers in costumes , animatronics , and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . The film stars Max Records and features the voices of James Gandolfini , Paul Dano , Lauren Ambrose , Forest Whitaker , Catherine O'Hara , and Chris Cooper . The film centers on a lonely eight - year - old boy named Max who sails away to an island inhabited by creatures known as the `` Wild Things , '' who declare Max their king .
Elephants in Thailand
On Elephant Day 2017 , the Department of National Parks announced that the number of wild elephants was rising 7 - 10 percent . Areas that had seen the most marked increase in wild elephants were the western forest in Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary and the eastern forest in Dong Phayayen - Khao Yai forest complex .
Captive killer whales
Perhaps the best known of the Icelandic captives is Keiko , caught in 1979 and sold to the Icelandic aquarium in Hafnarfjörður . Three years later , he was sold to Marineland Canada , where he first started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health . He was then sold to Reino Aventura ( now named Six Flags Mexico ) , an amusement park in Mexico City , in 1985 . He was the star of the 1993 movie Free Willy , the publicity from which led to an effort by Warner Brothers Studio to find him a better home . Using donations from the studio , Craig McCaw the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport , Oregon spent over $7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of returning him to the wild . He was airlifted to his new home in January 1996 , where he soon regained weight . In September 1998 , he was flown to Klettsvik Bay in Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland , and gradually reintroduced to the wild , returning to the open sea in July 11 , 2002 . Keiko died from pneumonia in December 12 , 2003 at the age of 27 years . He had become lethargic and had a loss of appetite .
Elephants in Thailand
King Vajiravudh ( Rama VI ) in 1921 decreed in the Wild Elephant Protection Act that all wild elephants were the property of the government , to be managed by the Department of the Interior as the King 's representative . Elephants with special features -- white elephants -- were to be presented to the king .
Hawaiian crow
The Hawaiian crow is the most endangered corvid species in the world and the only species left in Hawaii . Like other critically endangered species , harming the Hawaiian crow is illegal under U.S. federal law . By 1994 , the populations dwindled to 31 individuals ; 8 to 12 were wild and 19 held in captivity . The last two known wild individuals of the Hawaiian crow disappeared in 2002 and the species is now classified as Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN Red List . While some 115 individuals remain ( as of August 2014 ) in two captive breeding facilities operated by the San Diego Zoo , attempts to reintroduce captive - bred birds into the wild have been hampered by predation by the Hawaiian hawk ( Buteo solitarius ) , which itself is listed as Near Threatened . Breeding efforts have also been complicated due to extensive inbreeding during the crow 's population decline .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
For the film 's trailer , Arcade Fire provided a re-recorded version of the track `` Wake Up '' from their album Funeral . The new version is not featured in the actual film or the soundtrack and has never been made available to the public .
Captive killer whales
The lifespan of killer whales in captivity versus wild killer whales is disputed . Several studies published in scientific journals show that the average mortality rate for captive killer whales is approximately three times higher than in the wild . A 2015 study in the Journal of Mammalogy , authored by SeaWorld 's vice-president of theriogenology , Todd Robeck , concluded that the life expectancy for killer whales born at SeaWorld is the same as those in the wild . In the wild , female killer whales have a typical lifespan of 60 -- 80 years , and a maximum recorded lifespan of 103 years . The average lifespan for males in the wild is 30 years , but some live up to 50 -- 60 years . The 2015 study has been criticised by Trevor Willis , senior lecture in marine biology at the University of Portsmouth , who stated that the study is misleading , `` clearly wrong '' and indicative of `` poor practice '' . He stated that it is misleading in two ways : `` First , it compares two completely different circumstances : the controlled environment of a swimming pool , with highly trained vets on hand ; and the wild ocean . `` There are no predators in a swimming pool . Second , and in the absence of any other information , it appears they 've looked at the survival rate of calves in the first two years of life and extrapolated it out 50 years into the future . '' He also stated that no captive orca has lived for 55.8 years , the recorded average life expectancy of adult orcas at SeaWorld .
Sleep
The effect of sleep duration on somatic growth is not completely known . One study recorded growth , height , and weight , as correlated to parent - reported time in bed in 305 children over a period of nine years ( age 1 -- 10 ) . It was found that `` the variation of sleep duration among children does not seem to have an effect on growth . '' It is well established that slow - wave sleep affects growth hormone levels in adult men . During eight hours ' sleep , Van Cauter , Leproult , and Plat found that the men with a high percentage of SWS ( average 24 % ) also had high growth hormone secretion , while subjects with a low percentage of SWS ( average 9 % ) had low growth hormone secretion .
Video poker
`` Deuces Wild '' is a variation of video poker in which all twos are wild . ( Wild cards substitute for any other card in the deck in order to make a better poker hand ) . In Deuces Wild , the payout for a four of a kind makes up approximately 1⁄3 of the payback percentage of the game , and a four of a kind occurs on average approximately every fifteen hands . Deuces Wild can be found with pay schedules that offer a theoretical return as high as 100.8 percent , when played with perfect strategy . This full - pay version is found only in Nevada . It is also available with other pay schedules that have lesser theoretical returns :
Rapid eye movement sleep
According to the activation - synthesis hypothesis proposed by Robert McCarley and Allan Hobson in 1975 -- 1977 , control over REM sleep involves pathways of `` REM - on '' and `` REM - off '' neurons in the brain stem . REM - on neurons are primarily cholinergic ( i.e. , involve acetylcholine ) ; REM - off neurons activate serotonin and noradrenaline , which among other functions suppress the REM - on neurons . McCarley and Hobson suggested that the REM - on neurons actually stimulate REM - off neurons , thereby serving as the mechanism for the cycling between REM and non-REM sleep . They used Lotka -- Volterra equations to describe this cyclical inverse relationship . Kayuza Sakai and Michel Jouvet advanced a similar model in 1981 . Whereas acetylcholine manifests in the cortex equally during wakefulness and REM , it appears in higher concentrations in the brain stem during REM . The withdrawal of orexin and GABA may cause the absence of the other excitatory neurotransmitters ; researchers in recent years increasingly include GABA regulation in their models .
Cakewalk
Ethel L. Urlin , writing in the book Dancing , Ancient and Modern ( 1912 ) , stated that the cakewalk `` originated in Florida , where it is said that the Negroes borrowed the idea of it from the war dances of the Seminole ... The negroes were present as spectators at these dances , which consisted of wild and hilarious jumping and gyrating , alternating with slow processions in which the dancers walked solemnly in couples . The idea grew , and style in walking came to be practised among the negroes as an art . ''
Rapid eye movement sleep
Hobson and McCarley proposed that the PGO waves characteristic of `` phasic '' REM might supply the visual cortex and forebrain with electrical excitement which amplifies the hallucinatory aspects of dreaming . However , people woken up during sleep do not report significantly more bizarre dreams during phasic REMS , compared to tonic REMS . Another possible relationship between the two phenomena could be that the higher threshold for sensory interruption during REM sleep allows the brain to travel further along unrealistic and peculiar trains of thought .
Lithuania
White stork is the national bird of Lithuania Mute swans are the largest wild birds in Lithuania Tawny owl , a predatory night bird Moose , known for their distinctive horns Wild European bisons are found in Lithuania Gray wolves , hunters in the Lithuanian forests Red squirrels live even in urban places
Rapid eye movement sleep
During REM sleep , electrical connectivity among different parts of the brain manifests differently than during wakefulness . Frontal and posterior areas are less coherent in most frequencies , a fact which has been cited in relation to the chaotic experience of dreaming . However , the posterior areas are more coherent with each other ; as are the right and left hemispheres of the brain , especially during lucid dreams .
Shooting the messenger
A syntactically similar expression `` Please do not shoot the pianist . He is doing his best '' . It originated around 1860 in the Wild West of the United States when Oscar Wilde , during his 1883 tour of the United States , saw this saying on a notice in a Leadville , Colorado , saloon . This phrase is sometimes attributed to Mark Twain , but neither Wilde nor Twain ever claimed authorship .
Standardized test
Standardized testing places a lot of stress and pressure on children and teachers . Teachers are put under a lot of stress because the better students do on the test the more federal funding that school and district will receive . This causes teachers to teach to the test rather than teach to the life skills children will use and need . In some cases , schools have shortened or removed recess so that more time can be spent preparing and practicing for the standardized tests . The pressure of this and the removal of a stress outlet , recess , means that children , along with teachers , are going to become depressed and sleep - deprived . Being depressed and sleep - deprived causes children to act out more than usual which places more stress on the teachers . Teachers do not get the results back until the end of the summer which means they will not be able to use those results to help those children because they will already be on to the next grade . Standardized tests place an unnecessary amount of stress on teachers and students without yielding any information in a timely manner .
Gossip Girl
All of the episodes ' titles are based on the name of a film or a novel . For example , episode `` The Wild Brunch '' evokes western film The Wild Bunch and `` Seventeen Candles '' Sixteen Candles . Episode `` All About My Brother '' refers to Pedro Almodóvar 's All About My Mother while `` Pret - a-Poor - J '' came from Prêt - à - Porter . `` There Might Be Blood '' took its title from 2007 film There Will Be Blood . `` The Serena Also Rises '' was titled after novel The Sun Also Rises . The fifth - season episode `` The Big Sleep No More '' was named for the film The Big Sleep and the New York - based production Sleep No More . Episode `` Easy J '' was titled after Emma Stone 's hit movie Easy A. Episode `` The Age of Dissonance '' , which was titled after Edith Wharton 's novel The Age of Innocence , saw a high school production of the novel taking place , and `` The Blair Bitch Project '' was named after The Blair Witch Project . `` Victor , Victrola '' is named after the British - American musical comedy Victor / Victoria . `` Bad News Blair '' was named after the 1976 movie The Bad News Bears .
Sleep
Counterintuitively , penile erections during sleep are not more frequent during sexual dreams than during other dreams . The parasympathetic nervous system experiences increased activity during REM sleep which may cause erection of the penis or clitoris . In males , 80 % to 95 % of REM sleep is normally accompanied by partial to full penile erection , while only about 12 % of men 's dreams contain sexual content .
European exploration of Africa
In 1777 , the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso in wich Portugal give the islands of Annobón and Fernando Poo in waters of the Gulf of Guinea , as well as the Guinean coast between the Niger River and the Ogooué River , to Spain .
Camel
Like the horse , before their extinction in their native land , camels spread across the Bering land bridge , moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America , to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans . Most camels surviving today are domesticated . Along with many other megafauna in North America , the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America , 12,000 to 10,000 years ago . Although feral populations exist in Australia , India and Kazakhstan , the only wild camels left are the wild Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert .
Central Powers
German New Guinea was a German protectorate in the Pacific . It was occupied by Australian forces in 1914 .
Conquistador
Under Afonso V ( 1443 -- 1481 ) , surnamed the African , the Gulf of Guinea was explored as far as Cape St Catherine ( Cabo Santa Caterina ) , and three expeditions in 1458 , 1461 and 1471 , were sent to Morocco ; in 1471 Arzila ( Asila ) and Tangier were captured from the Moors . Portuguese explored the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific oceans before the Iberian Union period ( 1580 -- 1640 ) . Under John II ( 1481 -- 1495 ) the fortress of São Jorge da Mina , the modern Elmina , was founded for the protection of the Guinea trade . Diogo Cão , or Can , discovered the Congo in 1482 and reached Cape Cross in 1486 .
Spain and the American Revolutionary War
The Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ) proved successful . In the First Treaty of San Ildefonso , signed on 1 October 1777 , after Mary I of Portugal had dismissed Pombal , Spain won the Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , with Colonia del Sacramento , founded by Portugal in 1680 . Spain also won the Misiones Orientales . In return , Spain acknowledged that Portuguese territories in Brazil extended far west of the line set in the Treaty of Tordesillas . In the Treaty of El Pardo , signed 11 March 1778 , Spain won Spanish Guinea ( Equatorial Guinea ) , which was administered from Buenos Aires in 1778 - 1810 . With these treaties , Portugal had left the war , and in 1781 Portugal even joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to resist British seizures of cargo from neutral ships .
Australian Army during World War II
Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces following the Japanese surrender . Under the terms of an agreement reached between Blamey and Admiral Louis Mountbatten , the head of South East Asia Command , Australia was responsible for providing occupation forces for all of Borneo , the NEI east of Lombok ( including western New Guinea ) and the pre-war Australian and British territories in eastern New Guinea and the Solomon Islands as well as Nauru and Ocean Islands in the Pacific . The Australian forces in Borneo and the NEI were to remain in place only until they were relieved by British and Dutch units in late 1945 . I Corps was responsible for garrisoning Borneo and the eastern NEI , and the First Army disarmed Japanese forces in the pre-war British and Australian territories in and around New Guinea . After the surrender documents were signed the 7th and 9th Divisions took control of Borneo and five forces were dispatched from Morotai and Darwin to the key islands in the eastern NEI . While the British forces in the western NEI took part in fighting against Indonesian nationalists , the Australians were careful to not become involved in the Indonesian National Revolution and sought to hand control of their occupation zones to the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration as quickly as possible . Relations between the Australian troops and Indonesians were generally good , due in part to the decision by the Waterside Workers ' Federation of Australia to not load Dutch ships which were carrying military supplies bound for the NEI . The last Australian occupation troops left the NEI in February 1946 . General