vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Philosophical skepticism
Mersenne was an author , a mathematician , a scientist , and a philosopher . He wrote in defense of science and Christianity against atheists and Pyrrhonists before retiring to encourage development of science and the `` new philosophy , '' which includes philosophers like Gassendi , Descartes , Galileo , and Hobbes . A major work of his in relation to Skepticism is La Verité des Sciences , in which he argues that although we may not be able to know the true nature of things , we can still formulate certain laws and rules for sense - perceptions through science .
Area of a circle
Several of the arguments that follow use only concepts from elementary calculus to reproduce the formula A = π r 2 ( \ displaystyle A = \ pi r ^ ( 2 ) ) , but in many cases to regard these as actual proofs , they rely implicitly on the fact that one can develop trigonometric functions and the fundamental constant π in a way that is totally independent of their relation to geometry . We have indicated where appropriate how each of these proofs can be made totally independent of all trigonometry , but in some cases that requires more sophisticated mathematical ideas than those afforded by elementary calculus .
Kerosene heater
A kerosene heater is an appliance in which kerosene is gasified by surface evaporation and burned . The amount of kerosene evaporated and heat generated can be increased in direct proportion to the area of the contact surface between the kerosene and air . The wick used in a kerosene heater consists of many bundles of fine fibers and , in accordance with the principle behind it , it is designed to provide a large evaporation area . The kerosene is drawn up from the tank into the combustion area by these capillary tubes .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . ''
Lego Mindstorms
Mindstorms kits are also sold and used as an educational tool , originally through a partnership between Lego and the MIT Media Laboratory . The educational version of the products is called Lego Mindstorms for Schools , and comes with the ROBOLAB GUI - based programming software , developed at Tufts University using the National Instruments LabVIEW as an engine . In addition , the shipped software can be replaced with third party firmware and / or programming languages , including some of the most popular ones used by professionals in the embedded systems industry , like Java and C. One of the differences between the educational series , known as the `` Challenge Set '' , and the consumer series , known as the `` Inventor Set '' , is that it includes another touch sensor and several more gearing options . However , there are several other standouts between the two versions that one may not recognize unless doing a side by side analysis of what each offers . The version sold through LEGO Education is designed for a deeper level of learning or teaching that often happens in a classroom or school setting . The LEGO Education version comes with support called the Robot Educator . This includes 48 tutorials to walk the learner through the basics of coding to more sophisticated and complex concepts such as data logging . This resource to support the learner and / or educator are not included in the retail version of Mindstorm . It 's always a good idea to reach out to a LEGO Education consultant to inquire of other differences as there are several more . The retail version was designed for more of a home / toy use vs the educator model was designed to support deeper learning with extra resources and pieces to do so . This is why the LEGO Education Mindstorm contains more sensors and parts than the retail version .
White flag
The Christian Flag , designed in the early 20th century to represent all of Christianity and Christendom , has a white field , with a red Latin cross inside a blue canton . In conventional vexillology , a white flag is linked to surrender , a reference to the Biblical description of Jesus ' non-violence and surrender to God 's will .
Minority rights
Minority rights , as applying to ethnic , religious or linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples , are an integral part of international human rights law . Like children 's rights , women 's rights and refugee rights , minority rights are a legal framework designed to ensure that a specific group which is in a vulnerable , disadvantaged or marginalized position in society , is able to achieve equality and is protected from persecution . The first postwar international treaty to protect minorities , designed to protect them from the greatest threat to their existence , was the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide .
Irrational number
The discovery of incommensurable ratios was indicative of another problem facing the Greeks : the relation of the discrete to the continuous . Brought into light by Zeno of Elea , who questioned the conception that quantities are discrete and composed of a finite number of units of a given size . Past Greek conceptions dictated that they necessarily must be , for `` whole numbers represent discrete objects , and a commensurable ratio represents a relation between two collections of discrete objects . '' However Zeno found that in fact `` ( quantities ) in general are not discrete collections of units ; this is why ratios of incommensurable ( quantities ) appear .... ( Q ) uantities are , in other words , continuous . '' What this means is that , contrary to the popular conception of the time , there can not be an indivisible , smallest unit of measure for any quantity . That in fact , these divisions of quantity must necessarily be infinite . For example , consider a line segment : this segment can be split in half , that half split in half , the half of the half in half , and so on . This process can continue infinitely , for there is always another half to be split . The more times the segment is halved , the closer the unit of measure comes to zero , but it never reaches exactly zero . This is just what Zeno sought to prove . He sought to prove this by formulating four paradoxes , which demonstrated the contradictions inherent in the mathematical thought of the time . While Zeno 's paradoxes accurately demonstrated the deficiencies of current mathematical conceptions , they were not regarded as proof of the alternative . In the minds of the Greeks , disproving the validity of one view did not necessarily prove the validity of another , and therefore further investigation had to occur .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
The reception of Darwin 's ideas continued to arouse scientific and religious debates , and wide public interest . Satirical cartoonists seized on animal ancestry in relation to other topical issues , drawing on a long tradition of identifying animal traits in humans . In Britain mass circulation magazines were droll rather than cruel , and thus presented Darwin 's theory in an unthreatening way . Due to illness , Darwin began growing a beard in 1862 , and when he reappeared in public in 1866 with a bushy beard , caricatures centred on Darwin and his new look contributed to a trend in which all forms of evolutionism were identified with Darwinism .
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Respiration in neonates is very irregular , prone to periodic breathing and apnea . In utero and at birth , the carotid body 's response to hypoxia is not fully developed ; it takes a few days to a few weeks to increase its sensitivity to that of an adult carotid body . During this period of development , it is proposed that neonates heavily rely on other oxygen - sensing chemoreceptors , such as the aortic body or central chemoreceptors . However , non-carotid body chemoreceptors are sometimes not enough to ensure appropriate ventilatory response ; SIDS deaths occur most frequently during the days or weeks in which the carotid body is still developing , and it is suggested that lack of appropriate carotid body activity is implicated in this condition . SIDS victims often are reported to have displayed some of the characteristic troubles in carotid body development , including periodic breathing , much sleep apnea , impaired arousal during sleep , and low sensitivity to hypoxia . The carotid bodies of SIDS victims also often display physiological abnormalities , such as hypo - and hypertrophy . Many of the findings on to carotid body 's relation to SIDS report that carotid body development is impaired by environmental factors that were already known to increase the risk of SIDS , such as premature birth and exposure to smoke , substances of abuse , hyperoxia , and hypoxia , so it may seem initially as if carotid body studies are only extending what we know about SIDS into another domain . However , understanding the mechanisms that impair carotid body development could help elucidate how certain aspects of neonatal , particularly premature , care might be improved . For example , oxygen therapy may be an example of a technique that exposes premature infants to such high oxygen levels that it prevents them from acquiring appropriate sensitivity to normal oxygen levels .
Ottawa
Amongst the city 's national museums and galleries is the National Gallery of Canada ; designed by famous architect Moshe Safdie , it is a permanent home to the Maman sculpture . The Canadian War Museum houses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005 . The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905 , and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010 . Across the Ottawa river in Gatineau is the most visited museum in Canada , the Canadian Museum of History . Designed by Canadian Aboriginal architect Douglas Cardinal , the curving - shaped complex , built at a cost of 340 million USD , also houses the Canadian Children 's Museum , the Canadian Postal Museum and a 3D IMAX theatre .
Letter of credit
A few countries have created statutes in relation to letters of credit . For example , most jurisdictions in the United States ( U.S. ) have adopted Article 5 of the Uniform Commercial Code ( UCC ) . These statutes are designed to work with the rules of market practice including UCP and ISP98 . These rules of practice are incorporated into the transaction by agreement of the parties . The latest version of the UCP is the UCP600 effective July 1 , 2007 . Since the UCP are not laws , parties have to include them into their arrangements as normal contractual provisions . However , they still form a substantial part of market practice and underpin Financial law crucially .
Thermal comfort
In different areas of the world , thermal comfort needs may vary based on climate . In China the climate has hot humid summers and cold winters , causing a need for efficient thermal comfort . Energy conservation in relation to thermal comfort has become a large issue in China in the last several decades due to rapid economic and population growth . Researchers are now looking into ways to heat and cool buildings in China for lower costs and also with less harm to the environment .
They Call the Wind Maria
In George Rippey Stewart 's 1941 novel Storm , he gives the storm which is the protagonist of his story the name `` Maria '' . In 1947 , Stewart wrote a new introduction for a reprint of the book , and discussed the pronunciation of `` Maria '' : `` The soft Spanish pronunciation is fine for some heroines , but our Maria here is too big for any man to embrace and much too boisterous . '' He went on to say , `` So put the accent on the second syllable , and pronounce it ' rye ' '' .
The Madcap Laughs
As part of Harvest Records 's `` Harvest Heritage '' series of reissues − and to capitalise on the breakthrough commercial success of Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon − The Madcap Laughs was re-released in September 1974 as record one of a double album , record two being Barrett 's second and last solo album , Barrett . ( The cover of the double album was also designed by Storm Thorgerson . ) In 1993 , The Madcap Laughs ( along with Barrett and Opel ) was reissued both independently and as part of the Crazy Diamond Barrett box set , on 26 April 1993 . A remastered version was released in 2010 . For release on An Introduction to Syd Barrett in 2010 , Gilmour laid down a new bass track to `` Here I Go '' , and remixed `` Octopus '' & `` She Took a Long Cold Look '' .
Prairie dog
The prairie dog is well adapted to predators . Using its dichromatic color vision , it can detect predators from a great distance ; it then alerts other prairie dogs of the danger with a special , high - pitched call . Constantine Slobodchikoff and others assert that prairie dogs use a sophisticated system of vocal communication to describe specific predators . According to them , prairie dog calls contain specific information as to what the predator is , how big it is and how fast it is approaching . These have been described as a form of grammar . According to Slobodchikoff , these calls , with their individuality in response to a specific predator , imply that prairie dogs have highly developed cognitive abilities . He also writes that prairie dogs have calls for things that are not predators to them . This is cited as evidence that the animals have a very descriptive language and have calls for any potential threat .
High-voltage direct current
At the heart of an HVDC converter station , the equipment which performs the conversion between AC and DC is referred to as the converter . Almost all HVDC converters are inherently capable of converting from AC to DC ( rectification ) and from DC to AC ( inversion ) , although in many HVDC systems , the system as a whole is optimized for power flow in only one direction . Irrespective of how the converter itself is designed , the station that is operating ( at a given time ) with power flow from AC to DC is referred to as the rectifier and the station that is operating with power flow from DC to AC is referred to as the inverter .
Mortal Kombat
The series was subject of a major video game controversy and several court cases , largely related to its extremely violent content , especially in relation to the original game which paved a way for the introduction of the ESRB ( Entertainment Software Rating Board ) game rating system in 1994 as well as Australian Classification Board . Various games in the series have been banned in a number of countries . SuperData Research CEO Joost van Dreunen said , `` Because of the obvious rift between gamers on the one hand and adult society on the other , Mortal Kombat set the tone for what constituted gamer culture . ''
Origins of the blues
Perhaps the most compelling African instrument that is a predecessor to an African - American instrument is the `` Akonting '' , a folk lute of the Jola tribe of Senegambia . It is a clear predecessor to the American banjo in its playing style , the construction of the instrument itself and in its social role as a folk instrument . The Kora is played by a professional caste of praise singers for the rich and aristocracy ( called griots or jalis ) and is not considered folk music . Jola music was actually not influenced much by Islamic and North African / Middle Eastern music , and this may give us an important clue as to how African American music does not , according to many scholars such as Sam Charters , bear hardly any relation to kora music . Rather , African - American music may reflect a hold over from a pre-Islamicized form of African music . The music of the Akonting and that played by on the banjo by elder African - American banjo players , even into the mid 20th century is easily identified as being very similar . The akonting is perhaps the most important and concrete link that exists between African and African - American music .
Chin-up
It is a form of pull - up in which the range of motion is established in relation to a person 's chin .
Romanesque art
Compositions usually had little depth , and needed to be flexible to be squeezed into the shapes of historiated initials , column capitals , and church tympanums ; the tension between a tightly enclosing frame , from which the composition sometimes escapes , is a recurrent theme in Romanesque art . Figures still often varied in size in relation to their importance , and landscape backgrounds , if attempted at all , were closer to abstract decorations than realism - as in the trees in the `` Morgan Leaf '' . Portraiture hardly existed .
Sustainability
In economic and environmental fields , the term decoupling is becoming increasingly used in the context of economic production and environmental quality . When used in this way , it refers to the ability of an economy to grow without incurring corresponding increases in environmental pressure . Ecological economics includes the study of societal metabolism , the throughput of resources that enter and exit the economic system in relation to environmental quality . An economy that is able to sustain GDP growth without having a negative impact on the environment is said to be decoupled . Exactly how , if , or to what extent this can be achieved is a subject of much debate . In 2011 the International Resource Panel , hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , warned that by 2050 the human race could be devouring 140 billion tons of minerals , ores , fossil fuels and biomass per year -- three times its current rate of consumption -- unless nations can make serious attempts at decoupling . The report noted that citizens of developed countries consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita per annum ( ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries ) . By comparison , the average person in India today consumes four tons per year . Sustainability studies analyse ways to reduce resource intensity ( the amount of resource ( e.g. water , energy , or materials ) needed for the production , consumption and disposal of a unit of good or service ) whether this be achieved from improved economic management , product design , or new technology .
Gun laws in Canada
Replica firearms ( i.e. : `` any device that is designed or intended to exactly resemble , or to resemble with near precision , a firearm , and that itself is not a firearm , but does not include any such device that is designed or intended to exactly resemble , or to resemble with near precision , an antique firearm '' ) Suppressors ( i.e. : `` a device or contrivance designed or intended to muffle or stop the sound or report of a firearm '' ) Handgun barrels that are 105 millimetres ( 4.1 in ) and under ( excluding barrels of pistols used in international sporting competitions governed by the rules of the International Shooting Union ) Electrical or mechanical devices designed or adapted to render the trigger mechanism of a semi-automatic firearm to discharge in a fully automatic fashion `` Any rifle , shotgun or carbine stock of the type known as the `` bull - pup '' design , being a stock that , when combined with a firearm , reduces the overall length of the firearm such that a substantial part of the reloading action or the magazine - well is located behind the trigger of the firearm when it is held in the normal firing position . '' ( i.e. : only removable stocks are prohibited by this regulation , fixed - stock firearms such as the FN P90 and IWI Tavor are excluded )
Apple TV
tvOS includes the Apple technologies of VoiceOver , Zoom , and Siri to help the blind and those with low vision . VoiceOver , Apple 's screen reader is available for more than 30 languages and enables visually impaired users to know what is on the visual display and input responses to on - screen prompts . VoiceOver gestures uses gestures that Apple users are already familiar with in other Apple products ( flicks , taps , and the rotor ) making the Apple TV familiar to the disabled in a way akin to how Apple designs their products to have a fit and finish consistency across product lines be it familiarity with macOS on a Macintosh , watchOS on an Apple Watch , or the iOS operating system on iPhones , iPads , or iPods .
Surgical nursing
It is important for surgical nurses to have a thorough understanding of their roles and interactions with patients and their immediate families within a surgical care environment . One vital role for a surgical nurse is to provide support and confidence to their patient while they are in hospital . Nurses are also required to possess good communication skills and maintain a professional relationship with their patient . It is important for the nurse to build a trusting relationship with their patient but this can prove difficult within the short time available . Due to the fast - paced surgical surroundings , there is little time for surgical nurses to provide information and reassurance before and after surgery . Many patients feel vulnerable and anxious prior to their surgical procedure and it is important for the surgical nurse to recognise their patient 's need for psychological support . It is therefore important for the surgical nurse to understand their role in relation to the patient . By understanding the emotional needs of their patients , surgical nurses ' perspectives and conduct towards their patient will influence the patient 's experience .
Sales taxes in the United States
Since services and intangibles are typically not taxed , the distinction between a taxable sale of tangible property and a nontaxable service or intangible transfer is a major source of controversy . Many state tax administrators and courts look to the `` true object '' or `` dominant purpose '' of the transaction to determine if it is a taxable sale . Some courts have looked at the significance of the property in relation to the services provided . Where property is sold with an agreement to provide service ( such as an extended warranty or service contract ) , the service agreement is generally treated as a separate sale if it can be purchased separately . Michigan and Colorado courts have adopted a more holistic approach , looking at various factors for a particular transaction .