vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tower Bridge
When needing to be raised for the passage of a vessel the bascules are only raised to an angle sufficient for the vessel to safely pass under the bridge , except in the case of a vessel with the Monarch on board in which case they are raised fully no matter the size of the vessel .
Sustainability
Romanian American economist Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen , a progenitor in economics and a paradigm founder of ecological economics , has argued that the carrying capacity of Earth -- that is , Earth 's capacity to sustain human populations and consumption levels -- is bound to decrease sometime in the future as Earth 's finite stock of mineral resources is presently being extracted and put to use . Leading ecological economist and steady - state theorist Herman Daly , a student of Georgescu - Roegen , has propounded the same argument .
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 Maine ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ?
Sustainability
The Ecological footprint measures human consumption in terms of the biologically productive land needed to provide the resources , and absorb the wastes of the average global citizen . In 2008 it required 2.7 global hectares per person , 30 % more than the natural biological capacity of 2.1 global hectares ( assuming no provision for other organisms ) . The resulting ecological deficit must be met from unsustainable extra sources and these are obtained in three ways : embedded in the goods and services of world trade ; taken from the past ( e.g. fossil fuels ) ; or borrowed from the future as unsustainable resource usage ( e.g. by over exploiting forests and fisheries ) .
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
In recovery , oxygen ( EPOC ) is used in the processes that restore the body to a resting state and adapt it to the exercise just performed . These include : hormone balancing , replenishment of fuel stores , cellular repair , innervation and anabolism . Post-exercise oxygen consumption replenishes the phosphagen system . New ATP is synthesized and some of this ATP donates phosphate groups to creatine until ATP and creatine levels are back to resting state levels again . Another use of EPOC is to fuel the body 's increased metabolism from the increase in body temperature which occurs during exercise .
Vowel
The letters ( e , ø , ɤ , o ) are typically used for either close - mid or true - mid vowels . However , if more precision is required , true - mid vowels may be written with a lowering diacritic ( e̞ , ø̞ , ɤ̞ , o̞ ) . The Kensiu language , spoken in Malaysia and Thailand , is highly unusual in that it contrasts true - mid with close - mid and open - mid vowels , without any difference in other parameters like backness or roundness .
Coal
Countries with annual consumption higher than 100 million tonnes are shown . For comparison , data for the European Union is also shown . Shares are based on data expressed in tonnes oil equivalent .
Individualism
For influential Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta `` All anarchists , whatever tendency they belong to , are individualists in some way or other . But the opposite is not true ; not by any means . The individualists are thus divided into two distinct categories : one which claims the right to full development for all human individuality , their own and that of others ; the other which only thinks about its own individuality and has absolutely no hesitation in sacrificing the individuality of others . The Tsar of all the Russias belongs to the latter category of individualists . We belong to the former . '' Individualist
Sales taxes in the United States
The place and manner of sale may affect whether a sale of particular goods is taxable . Many states tax food for consumption on premises but not food sold for off premises consumption . The use to which goods are put may also affect whether the sale is subject to tax . Goods used as ingredients in manufacturing may avoid tax , where the same goods used as supplies may not . Rentals
Freedom of speech by country
The Swiss Constitution also guarantees freedom of speech and freedom of information for every citizen ( Article 16 ) . But still the country makes some controversial decisions , which both human right organizations and other states criticize . The Swiss animal rights organization Verein gegen Tierfabriken Schweiz took the country to the European Court of Human Rights twice for censoring a TV ad of the organization , in which the livestock farming of pigs is shown . The organization won both lawsuits , and the Swiss state was convicted to pay compensations . Another very controversial ( citation needed ) law of Switzerland is that persons who refuse to recognize the Armenian Genocide of 1915 have to face trial . The Turkish politician Doğu Perinçek was fined CHF 12,000 for denying the genocide in 2007 . Switzerland was criticized by Turkish media and Turkish politicians for acting against the freedom of opinion . Perinçek 's application for a revision was rejected by the court . Holocaust denial is also illegal .
The Star-Spangled Banner
The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 - meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games .
European colonization of the Americas
Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale -- and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision . Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously .
Human rights and development
Nearly one - third of marine fish stocks have been overexploited and the world 's fisheries can no longer produce maximum sustainable yields due to continuing expansion of the fishing industry in many countries . The Montreal Protocol has led to a 98 % reduction in the consumption of ozone - depleting substances since 1986 yet carbon dioxide emissions have increased by more than 46 % since 1990 .
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
The body parts would then be disposed of , the viscera fed the animals in the zoo , and the bleeding head was placed on display in the tzompantli or the skull rack . When the consumption of individuals was involved , the warrior who captured the enemy was given the meaty limbs while the most important flesh , the stomach and chest , were offerings to the gods .
Original sin
It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin . That is , all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers ' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God . Moreover , this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit . Rejected in this connection are the Pelagians and others who deny that original sin is sin , for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers , thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ .
Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
Although the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21 in all states ( see National Minimum Drinking Age Act ) , the legal details vary greatly . While a few states completely ban alcohol usage for people under 21 , the majority have exceptions that permit consumption .
Sales taxes in the United States
Ohio Sales Tax Resale Certificate Example : If living in Ohio and selling or shipping something to someone else in Ohio , then one must collect and pay sales tax to the State of Ohio . But if selling the same item to someone outside the State of Ohio , one need not charge sales tax , but must report the exempt tax sale to the State of Ohio . Ohio also has a gross receipts tax called the Commercial Activity Tax ( CAT ) that is applicable only to businesses but shares some similarities to a sales tax . `` Food for human consumption off the premises where sold '' is exempt from sales tax , with the exception of sodas and alcoholic beverages which are taxed at the full rate .
Traditionalist Catholicism
Conclavism is the belief and practice of some who , claiming that all recent occupants of the papal see are not true popes , elect someone else and propose him as the true pope to whom the allegiance of Catholics is due . They are often classified as sedevacantists because they reject the official papal succession for the same reasons . Conclavist groups include the
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
A former believer in the miasma theory of disease , Whitehead worked to disprove false theories . He was influenced by Snow 's idea that cholera spreads by consumption of water contaminated by human waste . Snow 's work , particularly his maps of the Soho area cholera victims , convinced Whitehead that the Broad Street pump was the source of the local infections . Whitehead joined Snow in tracking the contamination to a faulty cesspool and the outbreak 's index case ( the baby with cholera ) .
Economy of Mexico
The area dedicated to potatoes has changed little since 1980 and average yields have almost tripled since 1961 . Production reached a record 1.7 million tonnes in 2003 . Per capita consumption of potato in Mexico stands at 17 kg a year , very low compared to its maize intake of 400 kg . On average , potato farms in Mexico are larger than those devoted to more basic food crops . Potato production in Mexico is mostly for commercial purposes ; the production for household consumption is very small . Sugar
Individualism
Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism , which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts , independent of human opinion ; to error theory , which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense ; and to non-cognitivism , which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all . The most common forms of ethical subjectivism are also forms of moral relativism , with moral standards held to be relative to each culture or society ( c.f. cultural relativism ) , or even to every individual . The latter view , as put forward by Protagoras , holds that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are subjects in the world . Moral subjectivism is that species of moral relativism that relativizes moral value to the individual subject .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
Before the Revolution , New Englanders consumed large quantities of rum and beer as maritime trade provided relatively easy access to the goods needed to produce these items . Rum was the distilled spirit of choice as molasses , the main ingredient , was readily available from trade with the West Indies . In the continent 's interior , colonists drank whiskey , as they had ready access to corn and rye but did not have good access to sugar cane . However , up until the Revolution , many colonists considered whiskey to be a coarse beverage unfit for human consumption , believing that it caused the poor to become raucous and disorderly .
Water fluoridation
The effectiveness of salt fluoridation is about the same as that of water fluoridation , if most salt for human consumption is fluoridated . Fluoridated salt reaches the consumer in salt at home , in meals at school and at large kitchens , and in bread . For example , Jamaica has just one salt producer , but a complex public water supply ; it started fluoridating all salt in 1987 , achieving a decline in cavities . Universal salt fluoridation is also practiced in Colombia and the Swiss Canton of Vaud ; in Germany fluoridated salt is widely used in households but unfluoridated salt is also available , giving consumers a choice . Concentrations of fluoride in salt range from 90 to 350 mg / kg , with studies suggesting an optimal concentration of around 250 mg / kg .
Natural selection
... Yet it is impossible that this should be the true view . For teeth and all other natural things either invariably or normally come about in a given way ; but of not one of the results of chance or spontaneity is this true . We do not ascribe to chance or mere coincidence the frequency of rain in winter , but frequent rain in summer we do ; nor heat in the dog - days , but only if we have it in winter . If then , it is agreed that things are either the result of coincidence or for an end , and these can not be the result of coincidence or spontaneity , it follows that they must be for an end ; and that such things are all due to nature even the champions of the theory which is before us would agree . Therefore action for an end is present in things which come to be and are by nature . --
Seedless fruit
A seedless fruit is a fruit developed to possess no mature seeds . As consumption of seedless fruits is generally easier and more convenient , they are considered commercially valuable .
Socioeconomic status
Income can be looked at in two terms , relative and absolute . Absolute income , as theorized by economist John Maynard Keynes , is the relationship in which as income increases , so will consumption , but not at the same rate . Relative income dictates a person or family 's savings and consumption based on the family 's income in relation to others . Income is a commonly used measure of SES because it is relatively easy to figure for most individuals .
Princess Fiona
In the first film , Fiona appears as a princess plagued by a curse that transforms her into an ogress each and every sunset . She is locked in a dragon - guarded castle for several years until she is `` rescued '' by an irreverent ogre named Shrek , whom she mistakes for a knight . Fiona is at first eager to have her spell broken via true love 's kiss by Lord Farquaad so that she may remain human , but later she falls in love with Shrek .
Thar Desert
Water scarcity plays an important role in shaping life in all parts of Thar . Natural ( tobas ) or man - made ( johads ) , both types of small , intermittent ponds , are often the only source of water for animals and humans in the true desert areas . The lack of a constant water supply causes much of the local population to live as nomads . Most human settlements are found near the two seasonal streams of the Karon - Jhar hills . Potable groundwater is also rare in the Thar desert . Supplies are often sour due to dissolved minerals , and are only available deep underground . Wells that successfully bear sweet water attract nearby settlement , but are difficult to dig , possibly claiming the lives of the well - diggers . Tanks
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
A number of vegetables were grown in the northern colonies , including turnips , onions , cabbage , carrots , and parsnips , along with pulses and legumes . These vegetables stored well through the colder months . Other vegetables , such as cucumbers , could be salted or pickled for preservation . Agricultural success in the northern colonies came from following the seasons , with consumption of fresh greens only occurring during summer months . In addition to vegetables , a large number of seasonal fruits were grown . Fruits not eaten in season were often preserved as jam , wet sweetmeats , dried , or cooked into pies that could be frozen during the winter months . Some vegetables originating in the New World , including beans , squashes , and corn , were readily adopted and grown by the European colonists . Pumpkins and gourds grew well in the northern colonies and were often used for fodder for animals in addition to human consumption . Alcohol
Romanticism
Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself , long before any human art begins ; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly ; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole ... Only when each people , left to itself , develops and forms itself in accordance with its own peculiar quality , and only when in every people each individual develops himself in accordance with that common quality , as well as in accordance with his own peculiar quality -- then , and then only , does the manifestation of divinity appear in its true mirror as it ought to be .
Tooth decay
Tooth decay has been present throughout human history , from early hominids millions of years ago , to modern humans . The prevalence of caries increased dramatically in the 19th century , as the Industrial Revolution made certain items , such as refined sugar and flour , readily available . The diet of the `` newly industrialized English working class '' then became centered on bread , jam , and sweetened tea , greatly increasing both sugar consumption and caries .
Coffee
Coffee is slightly acidic and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content . Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world . It can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways ( e.g. , espresso , French press , cafe latte , etc . ) . It is usually served hot , although iced coffee is also served . Clinical studies indicate that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial in healthy adults , with continuing research on whether long - term consumption inhibits cognitive decline during aging or lowers the risk of some forms of cancer .
Logic
Inference is not to be confused with implication . An implication is a sentence of the form ' If p then q ' , and can be true or false . The Stoic logician Philo of Megara was the first to define the truth conditions of such an implication : false only when the antecedent p is true and the consequent q is false , in all other cases true . An inference , on the other hand , consists of two separately asserted propositions of the form ' p therefore q ' . An inference is not true or false , but valid or invalid . However , there is a connection between implication and inference , as follows : if the implication ' if p then q ' is true , the inference ' p therefore q ' is valid . This was given an apparently paradoxical formulation by Philo , who said that the implication ' if it is day , it is night ' is true only at night , so the inference ' it is day , therefore it is night ' is valid in the night , but not in the day .
Oyster
Oyster depuration begins after the harvest of oysters from farmed locations . The oysters are transported and placed into tanks pumped with clean water for periods of 48 to 72 hours . The holding temperatures and salinity vary according to species . The seawater that the oysters were originally farmed in does not remain in the oyster , since the water used for depuration must be fully sterilized , plus the depuration facility would not necessarily be located near the farming location . Depuration of oysters can remove moderate levels of contamination of most bacterial indicators and pathogens . Well - known contaminants include Vibrio parahaemolyticus which is a bacterium found in seawater animals that is temperature sensitive , and Escherichia coli which is a bacterium found in coastal waters near highly populated cities having sewage systems discharging waste nearby , or from agricultural discharges . Depuration expands beyond oysters into many shellfish and other related products , especially in seafood that is known to come from potentially polluted areas ; depurated seafood is effectively a product cleansed from inside - out to make it safe for human consumption .
United Kingdom
Coal production played a key role in the UK economy in the 19th and 20th centuries . In the mid-1970s , 130 million tonnes of coal was being produced annually , not falling below 100 million tonnes until the early 1980s . During the 1980s and 1990s the industry was scaled back considerably . In 2011 , the UK produced 18.3 million tonnes of coal . In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons . The UK Coal Authority has stated there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification ( UCG ) or ' fracking ' , and that , based on current UK coal consumption , such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years . However , environmental and social concerns have been raised over chemicals getting into the water table and minor earthquakes damaging homes .
Hindu temple
A raised platform with or without a symbol A raised platform under an umbrella A raised platform under a tree A raised platform enclosed with a railing A raised platform inside a pillared pavilion
The Skin of Our Teeth
The final act takes place in the ruins of the Antrobuses ' former home . A devastating war has occurred ; Maggie and Gladys have survived by hiding in a cellar . When they come out of the cellar we see that Gladys has a baby . Sabina joins them , `` dressed as a Napoleonic camp - follower '' . George has been away at the front lines leading an army . Henry also fought , on the opposite side , and returns as a general . The family members discuss the ability of the human race to rebuild and continue after continually destroying itself . The question is raised , ' is there any accomplishment or attribute of the human race of enough value that its civilization should be rebuilt ' ?
Energy Performance Certificate
However , to make it easier for public authorities with multiple buildings on one site to comply with the legislation , a site - based approach for the first year ( to October 2009 ) is allowed where it is not possible to produce individual DECs . This means that only one DEC will need to be produced based on the total energy consumption of the buildings on the site . Public bodies most affected by this relaxation are NHS Trusts , universities and schools .