vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City has a number of coach houses , which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam . The largest coach station -- in terms of passengers handled -- is the Mien Dong Coach Station in the Bình Thạnh District .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
They were older , better established , and resisted radical change They felt that rebellion against the Crown -- the legitimate government -- was morally wrong . They were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . They wanted to take a middle - of - the road position and were angry when forced by the Patriots to declare their opposition . They had a long - standing sentimental attachment to Britain ( often with business and family links ) . They realized that independence was bound to come someday , but wanted to postpone the moment . They were cautious and afraid that chaos and mob rule would result . Some were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Others recalled the dreadful experiences of many Jacobite rebels after the failure of the last Jacobite rebellion as recently as 1745 who often lost their lands when the Hanoverian government won .
Colonial history of the United States
Efforts began as early as the 1640s toward a common defense of the colonies , principally against shared threats from Indians , the French , and the Dutch . The Puritan colonies of New England formed a confederation to coordinate military and judicial matters . From the 1670s , several royal governors attempted to find means of coordinating defensive and offensive military matters , notably Sir Edmund Andros ( who governed New York , New England , and Virginia at various times ) and Francis Nicholson ( governed Maryland , Virginia , Nova Scotia , and Carolina ) . After King Phillips War , Andros successfully negotiated the Covenant Chain , a series of Indian treaties that brought relative calm to the frontiers of the middle colonies for many years .
History of the San Diego Chargers
Despite the Super Bowl loss , Beathard , who was responsible for the team line - up and the choice of coach , was named the `` NFL 's Smartest Man '' by Sports Illustrated .
Treaty of Waitangi
The Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand and the separate and independent Chiefs who have not become members of the Confederation cede to Her Majesty the Queen of England absolutely and without reservation all the rights and powers of Sovereignty which the said Confederation or Individual Chiefs respectively exercise or possess , or may be supposed to exercise or to possess over their respective Territories as the sole sovereigns thereof .
History of New York (state)
The British conquered New Netherland in 1664 ; Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum . The colony and city were both renamed New York ( and `` Beverwijck '' was renamed Albany ) after its new proprietor , James II later King of England , Ireland and Scotland , who was at the time Duke of York and Duke of Albany The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000 -- 8,000 .
History of the United States Constitution
After these defeats , the delegates who called themselves the `` old patriots '' of 1776 and the `` men of original principles '' organized a caucus in the Convention . William Paterson ( NJ ) spoke for them introducing his `` New Jersey Plan '' . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , was with them . Supporters explained that it `` sustained the sovereignty of the states '' , while the Edmund Randolph ( VA ) `` Virginia Plan '' erased it . The Convention had no authority to propose anything not sent up from state legislatures , and the states were not likely to adopt anything new . The `` nationalists '' answered , The Convention could not conclude anything , but it could recommend anything .
Nine Years' War
The war dragged on for several years longer in a series of desultory sallies and frontier massacres : neither the leaders in England nor France thought of weakening their position in Europe for the sake of a knock - out blow in North America . By the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick the boundaries and outposts of New France , New England , and New York remained substantially unchanged . In Newfoundland and Hudson 's Bay French influence now predominated but William III , who had made the interests of the Bay Company a cause of war in North America , was not prepared to hazard his European policy for the sake of their pursuit . The Iroquois Five Nations , abandoned by their English allies , were obliged to open separate negotiations , and by the treaty of 1701 they agreed to remain neutral in any future Anglo - French war .
12th man (football)
Football coach Jackie Sherrill created the `` 12th Man Kick - Off Team '' in the 1980s , composed of non-athletic scholarship students who tried out for the team . Coach Sherrill has written a book entitled `` No Experience Required '' which details this team and the tradition . These students were placed on the roster for the sole purpose of kickoffs . The squad was nicknamed `` the suicide squad '' . These students often had little regard for their safety and were determined to make a tackle at any cost . The 12th Man Kick - Off Team was extremely successful and eventually held opponents to one of the lowest yards - per - return average in the league during kickoffs . Later , head coach R.C. Slocum changed the team to allow only one representative of the 12th Man on the kick off team who wears uniform number 12 . The player is chosen based on the level of determination and hard work shown in practices . Under Dennis Franchione , the 12th Man Kick - Off Team composed of walk - ons was brought back , though used only rarely when the team was up by quite a few points .
Algonquian peoples
At the time of the first European settlements in North America , Algonquian tribes occupied what is now New Brunswick , and much of what is now Canada east of the Rocky Mountains ; what is now New England , New Jersey , southeastern New York , Delaware and down the Atlantic Coast through the Upper South ; and around the Great Lakes in present - day Minnesota , Wisconsin , Michigan , Illinois , Indiana and Iowa . They were mostly concentrated in the New England region . The homeland of the Algonquian peoples is not known . At the time of the European arrival , the hegemonic Iroquois federation , based in present - day New York and Pennsylvania , was regularly at war with Algonquian neighbours .
Canada–United States relations
New England Yankees settled large parts of Nova Scotia before 1775 , and were neutral during the American Revolution . At the end of the Revolution , about 75,000 Loyalists moved out of the new United States to Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , and the lands of Quebec , east and south of Montreal . From 1790 to 1812 many farmers moved from New York and New England into Ontario ( mostly to Niagara , and the north shore of Lake Ontario ) . In the mid and late 19th century gold rushes attracted American prospectors , mostly to British Columbia after the Cariboo Gold Rush , Fraser Canyon Gold Rush , and later to the Yukon . In the early 20th century , the opening of land blocks in the Prairie Provinces attracted many farmers from the American Midwest . Many Mennonites immigrated from Pennsylvania and formed their own colonies . In the 1890s some Mormons went north to form communities in Alberta after The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints rejected plural marriage . The 1960s saw the arrival of about 50,000 draft - dodgers who opposed the Vietnam War .
Northwestern Wildcats football
Pappy Waldorf received the AFCA Coach of the Year award in 1935 Alex Agase received the National Coach of the Year award from the FWAA in 1970 . Gary Barnett received the following awards in 1995 :
List of massacres in Great Britain
This gave local authorities the right to use force if necessary to disperse unlawful assemblies and stop riots . When violence escalated and the crowd did not disperse , the military then fired , shooting at least eight men . 30 January 1972 Bloody Sunday Derry , Northern Ireland 14 14 + During a peaceful protest march against internment , 28 unarmed civilians are shot by British soldiers . 22 February 1972 Aldershot Bombing Aldershot , England 7 18 A car bomb outside the headquarters of the British Army 's 16th Parachute Regiment by Official IRA member Noel Jenkinson . 4 February 1974 M62 coach bombing West Yorkshire , England 12 38 A bombing on a coach carrying servicemen and their families by the Provisional IRA . 5 October 1974 Guildford pub bombings Guildford , England 65 Two bombs detonated in two separate Guildford pubs by the Provisional IRA who targeted them because they were popular with British servicemen . 21 November 1974 Birmingham pub bombings Birmingham , England 21 182 Two bombs detonated in two separate Birmingham pubs by the Provisional IRA . 16 August 1980 Denmark Place fire London , England 0037 ! 37 An arson attack against a night club on Denmark Street by patron who was angry at being barred from the club for arguing with a bartender . Described as the deadliest mass murder in modern British history . 19 August 1987 Hungerford massacre Hungerford , England 0016 ! 16 0015 ! 15 A spree shooting / murder -- suicide . 21 December 1988 Lockerbie Bombing Lockerbie , Scotland 00270 ! 270 A bombing on the Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie by Libyan terrorist Abdelbaset al - Megrahi , the wreckage of the destroyed plane fell onto the town of Lockerbie . All passengers and crew members on the flight died , and eleven people on the ground . 13 March 1996 Dunblane school massacre Dunblane , Scotland 0018 ! 17 0015 ! 15 A school shooting / murder -- suicide . 7 July 2005 7 July 2005 London bombings London , England 0052 ! 52 0700 ! 700 + A series of coordinated terrorist suicide attacks throughout central London between 08 : 50 - 09 : 47 . It was the United Kingdom 's worst terrorist incident since the 1988 Lockerbie bombing , as well as the country 's first ever suicide attack . 2 June 2010 Cumbria shootings Cumbria , England 0012 !
Oyster
In nature , pearl oysters produce pearls by covering a minute invasive object with nacre . Over the years , the irritating object is covered with enough layers of nacre to become a pearl . The many different types , colours and shapes of pearls depend on the natural pigment of the nacre , and the shape of the original irritant .
Quality of life
Quality of life is an important concept in the field of international development , since it allows development to be analyzed on a measure broader than standard of living . Within development theory , however , there are varying ideas concerning what constitutes desirable change for a particular society , and the different ways that quality of life is defined by institutions therefore shapes how these organizations work for its improvement as a whole .
Evidence of common descent
What makes these homologous similarities particularly suggestive of common ancestry in the case of cytochrome c , in addition to the fact that the phylogenies derived from them match other phylogenies very well , is the high degree of functional redundancy of the cytochrome c molecule . The different existing configurations of amino acids do not significantly affect the functionality of the protein , which indicates that the base pair substitutions are not part of a directed design , but the result of random mutations that are n't subject to selection .
Vowel
In most languages , vowels serve mainly to distinguish separate lexemes , rather than different inflectional forms of the same lexeme as they commonly do in the Semitic languages . For example , while English man becomes men in the plural , moon is not a different form of the same word .
Incandescent light bulb
Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes . The names of the shapes vary somewhat from region to regions . Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers , e.g. A55 or PAR38 . The letters represent the shape of the bulb . The numbers represent the maximum diameter , either in ​ ⁄ of an inch , or in millimeters , depending on the shape and the region . For example , 63 mm reflectors are designated R63 , but in the US , they are known as R20 ( 2.5 in ) . However , in both regions , a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38 . ANSI C79. 1 - 2002 , IS 14897 : 2000 and JIS C 7710 : 1988 cover a common terminology for bulb shapes . Examples
Las Meninas
From the figure of the artist , the viewer 's eye leaps again diagonally into the pictorial space . Another man stands , echoing and opposing the form of the artist , outside rather than inside , made clearly defined and yet barely identifiable by the light and shade . The positioning of such an area of strong tonal contrast right at the rear of the pictorial space is a daring compositional tactic . The shapes of bright light are similar to the irregular light shapes of the foreground Maid of Honour , but the sharply defined door - frame repeats the border of the mirror .
Penny board
Mackay first started manufacturing and designing his own skateboards to sell to local skate shops . Drawing on woodworking and sales skills handed down from his father , he was determined to fulfill his dream of creating his own skateboard brand . The concept of creating a plastic skateboard started when Mackay began experimenting with different shapes and types of boards . He used a variety of materials , such as fiberglass and carbon inserts , as an alternative to timber . The signature durable and responsive characteristics of the Penny board was created by testing out plastic prototype boards . The strength and natural flex of Penny 's plastic formula is what sets Penny boards apart from other types of plastic skateboards .
International Date Line
The IDL is not a factor in the start and end of Islamic lunar months . These depend solely on sighting the new crescent moon . As an example , the fasts of the month of Ramadan begin the morning after the crescent is sighted . That this day may vary in different parts of the world is well known in Islam . ( See Ramadan § Beginning . )
History of the motorcycle
There were over 80 different makes of motorcycle available in Britain in the 1930s , from the familiar marques like Norton , Triumph and AJS to the obscure , with names like New Gerrard , NUT , SOS , Chell and Whitwood , about twice as many motorcycle makes competing in the world market during the early 21st century .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
( d ) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations , when restricted in her ability to manoeuvre , shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs ( b ) ( i ) , ( ii ) and ( iii ) of this Rule and shall in addition , when an obstruction exists , exhibit : two all - round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction exists ; two all - round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another vessel may pass ; when at anchor , the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30 . ( e ) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph ( d ) of this Rule , the following shall be exhibited : three all - round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen . The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white ; a rigid replica of the International Code flag `` A '' not less than 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) in height . Measures shall be taken to ensure its all - round visibility . ( f ) A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations shall in addition to the lights prescribed for a power - driven vessel in Rule 23 or to the lights or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate , exhibit three all - round green lights or three balls . One of these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast head and one at each end of the fore yard . These lights or shapes indicate that it is dangerous for another vessel to approach within 1,000 metres ( 0.62 mi ) of the mine clearance vessel . ( g ) Vessels of less than 12 metres ( 39.4 ft ) in length , except those engaged in diving operations , shall not be required to exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule . ( h ) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring assistance . Such signals are contained in Annex IV to these Regulations . 28 .
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
However , opposing interpretations argue that the first of the Four Horsemen is probably not the horseman of Revelation 19 . They are described in significantly different ways , and Christ 's role as the Lamb who opens the seven seals makes it unlikely that he would also be one of the forces released by the seals .
Book of Enoch
72 . The Sun 73 . The Moon and its Phases 74 . The Lunar Year 76 . The Twelve Winds and their Portals 77 . The Four Quarters of the World : the Seven Mountains , the Seven Rivers , Seven Great Islands 78 . The Sun and Moon : the Waxing and Waning of the Moon 79 -- 80.1 . Recapitulation of several of the Laws 80.2 -- 8 . Perversion of Nature and the heavenly Bodies due to the Sin of Men 81 . The Heavenly Tablets and the Mission of Enoch 82 . Charge given to Enoch : the four Intercalary days : the Stars which lead the Seasons and the Months
Upper Deck Company
Upper Deck has changed its practice of using materials certified as `` Worn '' by the player depicted on the front of the card . The changed wording on the backs of Upper Deck insert cards makes it less clear as to how the materials were used or what player wore the item .
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
The Rite of Ordination is what `` makes '' one a priest , having already been a deacon and with the minister of Holy Orders being a validly ordained bishop .
Standard of care
A person of substandard intelligence is held under common law to the same standard of a reasonable prudent person , to encourage them to exert a decreased effort of responsibility to their community , in light of their handicap , and as a result of the practical difficulty of proving what reduced standard should apply ( Vaughn v. Menlove , 3 Bing . ( N.C. ) 468 , 432 Eng. Rep. 490 ( 1837 ) . ) Restatement ( Second ) of Torts , § 289 cmt . n ( noting that the `` reasonable person '' standard makes allowances for age and physical disability but not `` attention , perception , memory , knowledge of other pertinent matters , intelligence , and judgment . Oliver Wendell Holmes , The Common Law , 108 ( Little , Brown , & Co. 1881 ) : `` The standards of the law are standards of general application . The law takes no account of the infinite varieties of temperament , intellect , and education which make the internal character of a given act so different in different men . ''
Microphone
A unidirectional microphone is primarily sensitive to sounds from only one direction . The diagram above illustrates a number of these patterns . The microphone faces upwards in each diagram . The sound intensity for a particular frequency is plotted for angles radially from 0 to 360 ° . ( Professional diagrams show these scales and include multiple plots at different frequencies . The diagrams given here provide only an overview of typical pattern shapes , and their names . )
Ganesha
Festivals associated with Ganesh are Ganesh Chaturthi or Vināyaka chaturthī in the śuklapakṣa ( the fourth day of the waxing moon ) in the month of Bhadrapada ( August / September ) and the Ganesh Jayanti ( Ganesha 's birthday ) celebrated on the cathurthī of the śuklapakṣa ( fourth day of the waxing moon ) in the month of magha ( January / February ) . ''
Impeachment in the United States
The procedure for impeachment , or removal , of local officials varies widely . For instance , in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor `` upon being heard '' on charges -- the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor .
Chromatin
The existing models commonly accept that the nucleosomes lie perpendicular to the axis of the fibre , with linker histones arranged internally . A stable 30 nm fibre relies on the regular positioning of nucleosomes along DNA . Linker DNA is relatively resistant to bending and rotation . This makes the length of linker DNA critical to the stability of the fibre , requiring nucleosomes to be separated by lengths that permit rotation and folding into the required orientation without excessive stress to the DNA . In this view , different lengths of the linker DNA should produce different folding topologies of the chromatin fiber . Recent theoretical work , based on electron - microscopy images of reconstituted fibers supports this view .
Quantum mechanics
The time evolution of a quantum state is described by the Schrödinger equation , in which the Hamiltonian ( the operator corresponding to the total energy of the system ) generates the time evolution . The time evolution of wave functions is deterministic in the sense that - given a wave function at an initial time - it makes a definite prediction of what the wave function will be at any later time .
Ring Out, Wild Bells
Ring out old shapes of foul disease ; Ring out the narrowing lust of gold ; Ring out the thousand wars of old , Ring in the thousand years of peace .
Reuleaux triangle
Although the Reuleaux triangle has sixfold dihedral symmetry , the same as an equilateral triangle , it does not have central symmetry . The Reuleaux triangle is the least symmetric curve of constant width according to two different measures of central asymmetry , the Kovner -- Besicovitch measure ( ratio of area to the largest centrally symmetric shape enclosed by the curve ) and the Estermann measure ( ratio of area to the smallest centrally symmetric shape enclosing the curve ) . For the Reuleaux triangle , the two centrally symmetric shapes that determine the measures of asymmetry are both hexagonal , although the inner one has curved sides . The Reuleaux triangle has diameters that split its area more unevenly than any other curve of constant width . That is , the maximum ratio of areas on either side of a diameter , another measure of asymmetry , is bigger for the Reuleaux triangle than for other curves of constant width .
Dark matter halo
Because of uncertainties in both the data and the model predictions , it is still unclear whether the halo shapes inferred from observations are consistent with the predictions of ΛCDM cosmology .
List of The Big Bang Theory characters
In season three , Leonard invites Penny and Zack up to the roof to watch his experiment of bouncing laser beams off the moon ; Zack misunderstands what is happening , and thinks they are going to blow up the moon . Later , Penny and Zach go out to a party , but she is so put off at how stupid he is that she runs back to Leonard for sex , saying he ruined her ability to tolerate stupid men .
Reuleaux triangle
Circular triangles are triangles with circular - arc edges , including the Reuleaux triangle as well as other shapes . The deltoid curve is another type of curvilinear triangle , but one in which the curves replacing each side of an equilateral triangle are concave rather than convex . It is not composed of circular arcs , but may be formed by rolling one circle within another of three times the radius . Other planar shapes with three curved sides include the arbelos , which is formed from three semicircles with collinear endpoints , and the Bézier triangle .