vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Air New Zealand
On 21 December 2010 , the New Zealand government approved an alliance between Air New Zealand and Australian airline Virgin Blue ( now named Virgin Australia ) , which allowed both airlines to expand operations between Australia and New Zealand with codeshares for trans - Tasman and connecting domestic flights ; and reciprocal access to frequent flyer programmes and airport lounges . Air New Zealand subsequently purchased a 26 % shareholding in Virgin Australia Holdings ( Virgin Australia 's parent company ) to cement the relationship . By October 2016 Air New Zealand sold its remaining stake in Virgin Australia to investors and the Nasham Group .
Air pollution in the United States
In particular , people of color can be more vulnerable to the detrimental effects of air pollution . Studies have revealed that people of color experience significant disparities in income distribution than their white counterparts . Therefore , many communities of color reside in impoverished neighborhoods and face unequal access to environmental health services and resources . Environmental
Air pollution in the United States
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's interactive online map - EJSCREEN - features the low socioeconomic communities across the country that are more vulnerable to air pollution and its associated health risks . As exhibited in this map , Southeast Los Angeles County neighborhoods , primarily impoverished areas in the San Joaquin Valley and Inland Empire , face a higher exposure to air pollution and environmental injustices . In such areas , those in poverty stricken areas have an unequal access to environmental health and safety resources . These poverty - stricken neighborhoods are frequently located in areas that are near freeways , hazardous facilities , and / or rail yards .
Korean War
To enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow on 10 October , at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea . There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov . Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations . In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time . Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 . Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu . Soviet shipments of matériel , when they did arrive , were limited to small quantities of trucks , grenades , machine guns , and the like .
Air pollution in the United States
Los Angeles has the most contaminated air in the country . With a population of roughly over 10 million , the Los Angeles area is a large basin with the Pacific Ocean to the west , and several mountain ranges with 11,000 - foot peaks to the east and south . Diesel engines , ports , motor vehicles , and industries are main sources of air pollution in Los Angeles . Frequent sunny days and low rainfall contribute to ozone formation , as well as high levels of fine particles and dust . The strong relationship between AQI and ozone levels may be found on air pollution maps .
California Smog Check Program
Between 2005 and 2007 air pollution led to almost 30,000 hospital and emergency room visits in California for asthma , pneumonia , and other respiratory and cardiovascular ailments . A study by RAND Corporation showed the cost to the state , federal and private health insurers was over $193 million in hospital - based medical care . John Romley lead author of the study. said `` California 's failure to meet air pollution standards causes a large amount of expensive hospital care . '' According to the American Lung Association , California 's dirty air causes 19,000 premature deaths , 9,400 hospitalizations and more than 300,000 respiratory illnesses including asthma and acute bronchitis .
Salt Lake City
During mid-winter , strong areas of high pressure often situate themselves over the Great Basin , leading to strong temperature inversions . This causes air stagnation and thick smog in the valley from several days to weeks at a time and can result in the worst air - pollution levels in the U.S. , reducing air quality to unhealthy levels . This same effect will also occasionally play a role in the summer months , causing tropospheric ozone to peak in July & August , but in 2015 it started at the beginning of June . In 2016 Salt Lake 's air quality was ranked 6th worst in the nation by the American Lung Association . It received an F grade for both ozone and particulate matter . Particulate pollution is considered especially dangerous , as the tiny pollutants can lodge deep in lung tissue . Both ozone and particulate pollution are associated with increased rates of strokes , heart attacks , respiratory disease , cancer and premature death . Outdoor air particulates have been associated with low and very low birth weight , premature birth , congenital defects , and death .
Air Jordan
The ballistic mesh upper of the sneaker was meant to make the Air Jordan XI lighter and more durable than past sneakers . Further changes came with the use of a carbon fiber spring plate in the translucent `` frosty '' outsole , giving the shoe better torque when twisting on the court . The highlight and arguably best - known aspect of the shoe is its patent leather mudguard . Patent leather was lightweight compared to genuine leather and also tended not to stretch as much -- a property to help keep the foot within the bounds of the foot bed during directional changes on the court . The patent leather gave the XI a `` formal '' look . When this shoe released , some wore this model with business suits instead of dress shoes .
Sahara
The Sahara is the world 's largest low - latitude hot desert . The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge , a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm - core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground . This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere . The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and , therefore , prevents the adiabatic cooling , which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible .
Speed of sound
In addition , we switch to the Celsius temperature θ ( \ displaystyle \ vartheta ) = T − 273.15 , which is useful to calculate air speed in the region near 0 ° C ( about 273 kelvin ) . Then , for dry air ,
Air pollution in the United States
According to the 2014 Census , the median household income for both African - Americans and Hispanics was about $43,300 . On the other hand , white household income was around $71,300 . Also , over 91 % of African - Americans and 86 % of Hispanics live in urban areas , whereas only about 70 % of whites live in urban areas . Furthermore , in April 2017 , three environmental groups -- Environmental Justice and Health Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform , Coming Clean , and Center for Effective Government -- completed a study regarding the disproportionate spread of environmental burdens . They define `` fenceline zones '' as areas within the vicinity of U.S. chemical facilities that are at of highest risk of death or injury after a potential chemical accident . They found that the 134 million people living in `` fenceline zones '' are 75 % more likely to be African - American , 60 % more likely to be Latino , and 50 % more likely to be classified as having low socioeconomic status . The study was meant to not underline the idea that the United States government fails to justly protect its communities and but also to push the government to update chemical safety regulations nationwide . These factors greatly contribute to the fact minority exposure to harmful air pollutants ranges from 40 % to 60 % higher than whites -- evan as air quality is slowly improving as a whole .
Air mass
Tropical and equatorial air masses are hot as they develop over lower latitudes . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans , and travel poleward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . Monsoon air masses are moist and unstable . Superior air masses are dry , and rarely reach the ground . They normally reside over maritime tropical air masses , forming a warmer and drier layer over the more moderate moist air mass below , forming what is known as a trade wind inversion over the maritime tropical air mass . Continental Polar air masses ( cP ) are air masses that are cold and dry due to their continental source region . Continental polar air masses that affect North America form over interior Canada . Continental Tropical air masses ( cT ) are a type of tropical air produced by the subtropical ridge over large areas of land and typically originate from low - latitude deserts such as the Sahara Desert in northern Africa , which is the major source of these air masses . Other less important sources producing cT air masses are the Arabian Peninsula , the central arid / semi-arid part of Australia and deserts lying in the Southwestern United States . Continental tropical air masses are extremely hot and dry .
Doldrums
In maritime usage , the low pressure characteristics of the doldrums are caused by the expanding atmosphere due to heating at the equator , which makes the air rise and travel north and south high in the atmosphere , until it subsides again in the horse latitudes . Some of that air returns to the doldrums through the trade winds . This process can lead to light or variable winds and more severe weather , in the form of squalls , thunderstorms , and hurricanes . The doldrums are also noted for calm periods when the winds disappear altogether , trapping sail - powered boats for periods of days or weeks .
Subroto Mukerjee
About this time the Government of India ( under British rule ) decided to take some Indians in the Royal Air Force . Subroto wrote the Cranwell entrance examination and London Matriculation in 1929 and was one of the first six Indian males selected to undergo two years of flying training at the Royal Air Force College , Cranwell . The other five were H.C. Sirkar , A.B. Awan , Bhupendra Singh , Amarjeet Singh and J.N. Tandon .
Tequila
Once the bottle is opened , the tequila will be subject to oxidation which will continue to happen even if no more oxygen is introduced . In addition , if the bottle has more room for air , the process of oxidation occurs faster on the liquor remaining inside the bottle . Therefore , it may be the best to consume the tequila within one or two years after opening . For the most part , the change in quality of tequila is due to extreme conditions of improper storage , not due to oxidation .
Air Jordan
In addition to a Porsche - inspired rear pull tab and visible air the Air Jordan VI was the first Jordan with an inner bootie .
Air Jordan
The Air Jordan XVIII was originally released from 2003 to 2004 . It was retro - ed in 2008 .
Thermal comfort
ASHRAE 55 2013 accounts for air speeds above 0.2 metres per second ( 0.66 ft / s ) separately than the baseline model . Because air movement can provide direct cooling to people , particularly if they are not wearing much clothing , higher temperatures can be more comfortable than the PMV model predicts . Air speeds up to 0.8 m / s ( 2.6 ft / s ) are allowed without local control , and 1.2 m / s is possible with local control . This elevated air movement increases the maximum temperature for an office space in the summer to 30 ° C from 27.5 ° C ( 86.0 -- 81.5 ° F ) . Virtual
Operation Safed Sagar
The next day the air force lost an Mi - 17 Helicopter to a shoulder fired missile near Tololing , killing the crew of four . This resulted in a change in strategy and technology . With the Israelis providing around 100 Laser - guided bomb kits to the Indian Military , the air force chose to make maximum use of this and retaliated with regular sorties on Pakistani occupied bunkers . The aircraft operated at 10,000 meters AGL ( 33,000 feet above sea level ) , well out of MANPADs range , leading to a drop in the accuracy rate of the bombs . The low number of airstrips for take off and landing of the flights also constrained the efficiency of the attacks . Despite this , there were hundreds of sorties on the intruders with no further material or personnel casualties enabling a gradual takeover of the mountain posts by Indian troops . According to IAF the `` air strikes against the Pakistani infiltrators , supply camps and other targets yielded rich dividends . ''
Air pollution in the United States
Before 2017 , the EPA have spent more than $8.7 million on environmental education annually to increase public knowledge and awareness about the current environmental issues and the consequences . They aim to promote the popularization of the necessary skills and knowledge for the public to make decisions and participate in activities that lead to the resolution of environmental challenges .
Kansas City Chiefs
Dating back to the Chiefs ' home opener in 1991 to mid-2009 , the Chiefs had 155 consecutive sellout games . The streak ended with the final home game of the 2009 season against the Cleveland Browns , resulting in the first local TV blackout in over 19 years . Arrowhead has been called one of the world 's finest stadiums and has long held a reputation for being one of the toughest and loudest outdoor stadiums for opposing players to play in . All noise is directly attributed to its fans and was once measured at 116 decibels by the Acoustical Design Group of Mission , Kansas . By way of comparison , take - off of aircraft may lead to a sound level of 106 decibels at the ground . Sports Illustrated named Arrowhead Stadium the `` toughest place to play '' for opposing teams in 2005 . The tailgate party environment outside the stadium on gameday has been compared to a `` college football '' atmosphere . Arrowhead Stadium features frequent fly - overs from a B - 2 Spirit stealth bomber from nearby Whiteman Air Force Base . Since the 1994 NFL season , the stadium has had a natural grass playing surface . From 1972 to 1993 , the stadium had an artificial AstroTurf surface .
Air New Zealand
Subsidiary company Zeal320 was introduced to help combat increasing labour costs . Zeal320 operated Air New Zealand 's trans - Tasman fleet of Airbus A320 - 200 aircraft under the Air New Zealand brand . On 31 July 2006 , flights were re-numbered to the NZ700 - 999 series for trans - Tasman services , and NZ1000 series for domestic services . All of Air New Zealand 's A320 - 200s were registered to Zeal320 until 26 November 2008 , when ownership of the fleet was transferred back to Air New Zealand . However , staff that worked the A320 - 200 fleet were still employed by this subsidiary . This was a source of contention within the airline group in which these employees were paid at a lower scale than their mainline counterparts . Continued industrial action by staff employed in this subsidiary during 2009 permanently delayed a proposed low - cost carrier airline as a successor to Freedom Air that would have also employed the Airbus A320 on domestic routes to counter Jetstar Airways , also operating in New Zealand . As of mid-2014 , a non-operations company named Zeal320 is registered as active with the New Zealand Companies Office , but this entity does not employ any crew . Technical
Blazing Saddles
In 1989 , Louis Gossett , Jr. told Entertainment Tonight , `` CBS and Warner Bros. made a deal ... The deal was that CBS would get to air Blazing Saddles , and any sequels from the movie , in exchange for co-producing a TV show . At the time Warners wanted to make Blazing Saddles into a comedy series of films , a new one coming out every year or so . They wanted to use the model that the Brits had for the Carry On films . But ( Mel ) Brooks had a clause in his contract that said Warner had to keep producing Blazing Saddles stories , in the movies or TV , or they 'd lose the rights to make sequels . The TV show was a way to keep the rights . They did n't have to air it , just keep producing it . So for four years I spent my winter on a soundstage being paid to be in show that would never see the light of day , just so Warners could keep the sequel rights to Blazing Saddles . By 1979 they finally figured out the market had changed and they were n't going to make any sequels , so we were cancelled , if a show that never was supposed to air can be cancelled . ''
Pottery of ancient Greece
Previously it was believed that Greek pottery , unlike today 's pottery , was only fired once , but that firing had three stages . New studies instead provide material evidence that the pottery was made with two or more separate firings in which the pottery is subjected to multiple firing stages . The most commonly described sequence of firing stages is one in which the pottery is stacked inside the kiln the potter heats the kiln up to around 800 ° C with all the vents on the sides open to let air in . This turns the pottery and the paint red all over . Once the kiln reaches 800 ° C the vents are closed and the temperature is raised to 950 ° C and then allowed to drop back to 900 ° C . This turns the pottery and the paint all black . The potter then starts the third and final phase by opening the vents and allowing the kiln to cool all the way down . This last phase leaves the slip black but turns the pottery back to red . This happens because when the clay is given air it turns red , but when the black slip is heated to 950 ° C it no longer allows air in . Thus , the slipped area stays black while the bare areas stay red . While the description of a single firing with three stages may seem economical and efficient , it is equally possible that each of these stages was confined to separate firings .
Global Positioning System
The spectrum allocated for GPS L1 use by the FCC is 1559 to 1610 MHz , while the spectrum allocated for satellite - to - ground use owned by Lightsquared is the Mobile Satellite Service band . Since 1996 , the FCC has authorized licensed use of the spectrum neighboring the GPS band of 1525 to 1559 MHz to the Virginia company LightSquared . On March 1 , 2001 , the FCC received an application from LightSquared 's predecessor , Motient Services , to use their allocated frequencies for an integrated satellite - terrestrial service . In 2002 , the U.S. GPS Industry Council came to an out - of - band - emissions ( OOBE ) agreement with LightSquared to prevent transmissions from LightSquared 's ground - based stations from emitting transmissions into the neighboring GPS band of 1559 to 1610 MHz . In 2004 , the FCC adopted the OOBE agreement in its authorization for LightSquared to deploy a ground - based network ancillary to their satellite system -- known as the Ancillary Tower Components ( ATCs ) -- `` We will authorize MSS ATC subject to conditions that ensure that the added terrestrial component remains ancillary to the principal MSS offering . We do not intend , nor will we permit , the terrestrial component to become a stand - alone service . '' This authorization was reviewed and approved by the U.S. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee , which includes the U.S. Department of Agriculture , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Army , U.S. Coast Guard , Federal Aviation Administration , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , Interior , and U.S. Department of Transportation .
List of United States Air Force installations
Most Iraqi Air Force aircraft in various conditions from being flyable to abandoned hulks ( a large number were buried ) were seized by the United States and its coalition partners , however it is known that Syrian and Iranian agents were busy removing radars and items from the avionics bays and cockpits . By autumn 2004 only some 20 -- 25 unserviceable wrecks of Iraqi aircraft and helicopters were left scattered around the many Iraqi airfields . The destruction of the Iraqi Air Force was probably one of the most complete such actions in the history of military aviation .
Speed of sound
The dependence on frequency and pressure are normally insignificant in practical applications . In dry air , the speed of sound increases by about 0.1 m / s as the frequency rises from 10 Hz to 100 Hz . For audible frequencies above 100 Hz it is relatively constant . Standard values of the speed of sound are quoted in the limit of low frequencies , where the wavelength is large compared to the mean free path .
Carbon dioxide
The properties of carbon dioxide were further studied in the 1750s by the Scottish physician Joseph Black . He found that limestone ( calcium carbonate ) could be heated or treated with acids to yield a gas he called `` fixed air . '' He observed that the fixed air was denser than air and supported neither flame nor animal life . Black also found that when bubbled through limewater ( a saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide ) , it would precipitate calcium carbonate . He used this phenomenon to illustrate that carbon dioxide is produced by animal respiration and microbial fermentation . In 1772 , English chemist Joseph Priestley published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air in which he described a process of dripping sulfuric acid ( or oil of vitriol as Priestley knew it ) on chalk in order to produce carbon dioxide , and forcing the gas to dissolve by agitating a bowl of water in contact with the gas .
United States Postal Service
The last air delivery route in the continental U.S. , to residents in the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness , was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 . The weekly bush plane route , contracted out to an air taxi company , had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000 , or $2400 / year per residence , over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States . This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General . Parcel
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
In September 1941 , the Army Air Forces plans for war against Germany and Japan proposed basing the B - 29 in Egypt for operations against Germany as British airbases were likely to be overcrowded . Air Force planning throughout 1942 and early 1943 continued to have the B - 29 deployed initially against Germany , only transferring to the Pacific after the end of the war in Europe . By the end of 1943 , however , plans had changed , partly due to production delays , and the B - 29 was dedicated to the Pacific Theater . A new plan implemented at the direction of President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a promise to China , called Operation Matterhorn , deployed the B - 29 units to attack Japan from four forward bases in southern China , with five main bases in India , and to attack other targets in the region from China and India as needed . The Chengdu region was eventually chosen over the Guilin region to avoid having to raise , equip , and train 50 Chinese divisions to protect the advanced bases from Japanese ground attack . The XX Bomber Command , initially intended to be two combat wings of four groups each , was reduced to a single wing of four groups because of the lack of availability of aircraft , automatically limiting the effectiveness of any attacks from China .