vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jamestown, Virginia
When the statehouse burned again in 1698 , this time accidentally , the legislature again temporarily relocated to Middle Plantation , and was able to meet in the new facilities of the College of William and Mary , which had been established after receiving a royal charter in 1693 . Rather than rebuilding at Jamestown again , the capital of the colony was moved permanently to Middle Plantation in 1699 . The town was soon renamed Williamsburg , to honor the reigning monarch , King William III . A new Capitol building and `` Governor 's Palace '' were erected there in the following years . This was a revolutionary change .
Angular cheilitis
Most cases of angular cheilitis respond quickly when antifungal treatment is used . In more long standing cases , the severity of the condition often follows a relapsing and remitting course over time . The condition can be difficult to treat and can be prolonged .
Damage to infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake
The clothing industry , which accounts for two - thirds of Haiti 's exports , reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities in Haiti . U.S. - based Hanesbrands Inc. reported that three of its four factories had been affected by the quake , with one facility substantially damaged . The Canadian clothing company Gildan Activewear reported that one of the three textile factories that produce its products had been severely damaged . The Palm Apparel factory complex in Port - au - Prince reported that 500 of its 1800 employees were killed when one of its buildings collapsed .
First Fleet
Nine Sydney harbour ferries built in the mid-1980s are named after First Fleet vessels . The unused names are Lady Penrhyn and Prince of Wales .
History of Maryland
The state had some advances in civil rights . The 1935 case Murray v. Pearson et al. resulted in a Baltimore City Court 's ordering integration of University of Maryland Law School . The plaintiff in that case was represented by Thurgood Marshall , a young lawyer with the NAACP and a native of Baltimore . When the state attorney general appealed to the Court of Appeals , it affirmed the decision . Because the state did not appeal the ruling in the federal courts , this state ruling under the U.S. Constitution was the first to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson , the 1896 Supreme Court decision that allowed separate but equal facilities . While the ruling was a moral precedent , it had no authority outside the state of Maryland .
Computer
At the University of Manchester , a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves . Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world , was operational by 1953 , and a second version was completed there in April 1955 . However , the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory , so it was not the first completely transistorized computer . That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955 , built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell . Integrated
History of Fort Worth, Texas
Although Native Americans were still attempting to defend and maintain their traditional territory , European - American pioneers quickly invaded and settled near the fort . In the process of relocating the camp to the bluff , Arnold found George `` Press '' Farmer living there and allowed him to open the first sutler 's store . Other early settlers were Howard W. Peak , Ed Terrell , George W. Terrell , and Ephraim M. Daggett . When a new line of forts was built further west , the U.S. Army evacuated Fort Worth on 17 September 1853 . The settlers decided to take possession of the fort site . John Peter Smith opened a school in 1854 to twelve students ; Archibald Leonard and Henry Daggett started the first department stores . Julian Feild opened a flour mill and general store in 1856 , and the Butterfield Overland Mail and the Southern Pacific Stage Line used the town as their western terminus on the westward journey to California .
Health care in the United States
The federal Veterans Health Administration operates VA hospitals open only to veterans , though veterans who seek medical care for conditions they did not receive while serving in the military are charged for services . The Indian Health Service ( IHS ) operates facilities open only to Native Americans from recognized tribes . These facilities , plus tribal facilities and privately contracted services funded by IHS to increase system capacity and capabilities , provide medical care to tribespeople beyond what can be paid for by any private insurance or other government programs .
History of the United Kingdom
The British film industry emerged in the 1890s when cinemas in general broke through in the western world , and built heavily on the strong reputation of the London legitimate theatre for actors , directors and producers . The problem was that the American market was so much larger and richer . It bought up the top talent , especially when Hollywood came to the fore in the 1920s and produced over 80 percent of the total world output . Efforts to fight back were futile -- the government set a quota for British made films , but it failed . Hollywood furthermore dominated the lucrative Canadian and Australian markets . Bollywood ( based in Bombay ) dominated the huge Indian market . The most prominent directors remaining in London were Alexander Korda , an expatriate Hungarian , and Alfred Hitchcock . There was a revival of creativity in the 1933 -- 45 era , especially with the arrival of Jewish filmmakers and actors fleeing the Nazis . Meanwhile , giant palaces were built for the huge audiences that wanted to see Hollywood films . In Liverpool 40 percent of the population attended one of the 69 cinemas once a week ; 25 percent went twice . Traditionalists grumbled about the American cultural invasion , but the permanent impact was minor .
Hindu temple
Temple construction reached its peak during rule of Pallavas . They built various temples around Kancheepuram , and Narasimhavarman II built the Shore Temple in Mamallapuram , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Pandyas rule created temples such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai and Nellaiappar Temple at Tirunelveli . The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king Vijayalaya Chola . The Chola temples include Nataraja temple at Chidambaram , the Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam , the Brihadeshvara Temple of Thanjavur , Brihadeshvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple of Darasuram which are among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The Nayaks of Madurai reconstructed some of the well - known temples in Tamil Nadu such as the Meenakshi Temple .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
The first work to begin on the road was grading its right - of - way , which involved a great deal of earthwork because of the mountainous terrain . Building the highway required the acquisition of homes , farms , and a coal mine through eminent domain . A tunnel was originally planned across Clear Ridge near Everett , but the turnpike commission decided to build a cut into the ridge . Building the cut involved bulldozers excavating the mountain and explosives blasting the rock . Concrete culverts were built to carry streams and roads under the highway in the valley floor . The Clear Ridge cut was 153 feet ( 47 m ) deep ( the deepest highway cut at the time ) , and was known as `` Little Panama '' after the Panama Canal . West of Clear Ridge , cuts and fills were built for the turnpike to pass along the southern edge of Earlston .
Mass production
In 1807 , Eli Terry was hired to produce 4,000 wooden movement clocks in the Porter Contract . At this time , the annual yield for wooden clocks did not exceed a few dozen on average . Terry developed a Milling machine in 1795 , in which he perfected Interchangeable parts . In 1807 , Terry developed a spindle cutting machine , which could produce multiple parts at the same time . Terry hired Silas Hoadley and Seth Thomas to work the Assembly line at the facilities . The Porter Contract was the first contract which called for mass production of clock movements in history . In 1815 , Terry began mass producing the first shelf clock . Chauncey Jerome , an apprentice of Eli Terry mass produced up to 20,000 brass clocks annually in 1840 when he invented the cheap 30 hour OG clock .
Thymus
Other indications for thymectomy include the removal of thymomas and the treatment of myasthenia gravis . Thymectomy is not indicated for the treatment of primary thymic lymphomas . However , a thymic biopsy may be necessary to make the pathologic diagnosis .
Christianity in Africa
By 1830 , when the French came as colonial conquerors to Algeria and Tunis , local Catholicism had been extinguished . The growth of Catholicism in the region after the French conquest was built on European colonizers and settlers , and these immigrants and their descendants mostly left when the countries of the region became independent . As of the last census in Algeria , taken on 1 June 1960 , there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians ( mostly Catholic ) in Algeria ( 10 percent of the total population including 130,000 Algerian Jews ) . Roman
Dead Sea
Climatotherapy : Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature , humidity , sunshine , barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents Heliotherapy : Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun 's radiation Thalassotherapy : Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Almost as revolutionary as the gradual substitution of steam for sailing vessels was the very gradual substitution of iron and later steel ships for those of wood . With an abundance of coal and iron close to the sea , with skilled mechanics and cheap labor , Great Britain forged ahead from the start . Already by 1853 one - fourth of the tonnage built in Great Britain were steamships and more than one - fourth were built of iron . In the same year 22 percent of our tonnage was constructed for steamships , but scarcely any iron ships were built here . The Yankee ship builder , overconfident in the recognized superiority of his inimitable clipper ship , was blinded to the fact that the future of the sea was for the nation which could build the cheapest and the best iron steamships .
Jamestown, Virginia
Early in the 21st century , new accommodations , transportation facilities and attractions were planned in preparation for the quadricentennial of the founding of Jamestown . Numerous events were promoted under the banner of America 's 400th Anniversary and promoted by the Jamestown 2007 Commission . The commemoration included 18 months of statewide , national and international festivities and events , which began in April 2006 with a tour of the new replica Godspeed .
Motte-and-bailey castle
One factor was the introduction of stone into castle building . The earliest stone castles had emerged in the 10th century , with stone keeps being built on mottes along the Catalonia frontier and several , including Château de Langeais , in Angers . Although wood was a more powerful defensive material than was once thought , stone became increasingly popular for military and symbolic reasons . Some existing motte - and - bailey castles were converted to stone , with the keep and the gatehouse usually the first parts to be upgraded . Shell keeps were built on many mottes , circular stone shells running around the top of the motte , sometime protected by a further chemise , or low protective wall , around the base . By the 14th century , a number of motte and bailey castles had been converted into powerful stone fortresses . A
Favela
A favela ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( faˈvɛlɐ ) ) , Portuguese for slum , is a low - income historically informal urban area in Brazil . The first favela , now known as Providência in the center of Rio de Janeiro , appeared in the late 19th century , built by soldiers who had nowhere to live following the Canudos War . Some of the first settlements were called bairros africanos ( African neighborhoods ) . Over the years , many former enslaved Africans moved in .
Student's t-test
A one - sample location test of whether the mean of a population has a value specified in a null hypothesis . A two - sample location test of the null hypothesis such that the means of two populations are equal . All such tests are usually called Student 's t - tests , though strictly speaking that name should only be used if the variances of the two populations are also assumed to be equal ; the form of the test used when this assumption is dropped is sometimes called Welch 's t - test . These tests are often referred to as `` unpaired '' or `` independent samples '' t - tests , as they are typically applied when the statistical units underlying the two samples being compared are non-overlapping . A test of the null hypothesis that the difference between two responses measured on the same statistical unit has a mean value of zero . For example , suppose we measure the size of a cancer patient 's tumor before and after a treatment . If the treatment is effective , we expect the tumor size for many of the patients to be smaller following the treatment . This is often referred to as the `` paired '' or `` repeated measures '' t - test : see paired difference test . A test of whether the slope of a regression line differs significantly from 0 .
New Deal
Relief was the immediate effort to help the one - third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression . Relief was also aimed at providing temporary help to suffering and unemployed Americans . Local and state budgets were sharply reduced because of falling tax revenue , but New Deal relief programs were used not just to hire the unemployed but also to build needed schools , municipal buildings , waterworks , sewers , streets , and parks according to local specifications . While the regular Army and Navy budgets were reduced , Roosevelt juggled relief funds to help them out . All of the CCC camps were directed by army officers , who salaries came from the relief budget . The PWA built numerous warships , including two aircraft carriers ; the money came from the PWA agency . PWA also built warplanes , while the WPA built military bases and airfields . Public
The Twilight Saga (film series)
The Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 soundtrack saw the release of two singles : `` A Thousand Years '' by Christina Perri and `` It Will Rain '' by Bruno Mars . The former reached number one and the latter of the two number three on the Billboard Hot 100 .
Lithuania
The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno recorded in the Quedlinburg Chronicle ( Latin : Annales Quedlinburgenses ) . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced ( litua ) ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few persuasive versions .
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
Later that day , Bruno sees Shmuel working in his home . Shmuel is there to clean wine glasses because they needed someone with small hands to do it . Bruno offers him some cake and willingly Shmuel accepts it . Unfortunately , Kotler happens to walk into the room where Bruno and Shmuel are socialising . Kotler is furious and yells at Shmuel for talking to Bruno . In the midst of his scolding , Kotler notices Shmuel chewing the food Bruno gave him . When Kotler asks Shmuel where he got the food , he says Bruno offered the cake , but Bruno , fearful of Kotler , denies this . Believing Bruno , Kotler tells Shmuel that they will have a `` little chat '' later . Distraught , Bruno goes to apologise to Shmuel , but finds him gone . Every day , Bruno returns to the same spot by the camp but does not see Shmuel . Eventually , Shmuel reappears behind the fence , sporting a black eye . Bruno apologises and Shmuel forgives him , renewing the friendship .
Little Red Riding Hood
Bruno Bettelheim , in The Uses of Enchantment : The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales ( 1976 ) , recast the Little Red Riding Hood motif in terms of classic Freudian analysis , that shows how fairy tales educate , support , and liberate children 's emotions . The motif of the huntsman cutting open the wolf he interpreted as a `` rebirth '' ; the girl who foolishly listened to the wolf has been reborn as a new person .
Mars
The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars , when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible , which occur every couple of years . Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars , which occur every 15 or 17 years and are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion , making it even closer to Earth .
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
The Holocaust drama relates the horror of a World War II Nazi extermination camp through the eyes of two 8 - year - old boys ; Bruno ( Asa Butterfield ) , the son of the camp 's Nazi commandant , and Shmuel ( Jack Scanlon ) , a Jewish inmate . The film was criticised for what some felt is a distorted view of the Auschwitz experience .
Exploration of Mars
Engineering interplanetary journeys is complicated and the exploration of Mars has experienced a high failure rate , especially the early attempts . Roughly two - thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars failed before completing their missions and some failed before their observations could begin . Some missions have met with unexpected success , such as the twin Mars Exploration Rovers , which operated for years beyond their specification . As of 16 October 2017 , two scientific rovers were on the surface of Mars beaming signals back to Earth ( Opportunity of the Mars Exploration Rover mission and Curiosity of the Mars Science Laboratory mission ) , with six orbiters surveying the planet : Mars Odyssey , Mars Express , Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter , Mars Orbiter Mission , MAVEN , and the Trace Gas Orbiter , which have contributed massive amounts of information about Mars . No sample return missions have been attempted for Mars and an attempted return mission for Mars ' moon Phobos ( Fobos - Grunt ) failed .
Mars, Incorporated
Mars Food UK Limited is the name of the British branch of Mars , Inc . The company is based in Slough , UK . Mars brands manufactured for the UK market but not for the US include Tunes .
Mars
Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago , possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes , so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere , lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer . Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars , and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter . Compared to Earth , the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied . Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from a low of 30 Pa ( 0.030 kPa ) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155 Pa ( 1.155 kPa ) in Hellas Planitia , with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600 Pa ( 0.60 kPa ) . The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35 km ( 22 mi ) above Earth 's surface . The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6 % of that of Earth ( 101.3 kPa ) . The scale height of the atmosphere is about 10.8 km ( 6.7 mi ) , which is higher than Earth 's , 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) , because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38 % of Earth 's , an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50 % higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars .
Mars
The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19 degrees relative to its orbital plane , which is similar to the axial tilt of Earth . As a result , Mars has seasons like Earth , though on Mars , they are nearly twice as long because its orbital period is that much longer . In the present day epoch , the orientation of the north pole of Mars is close to the star Deneb . Mars passed an aphelion in March 2010 and its perihelion in March 2011 . The next aphelion came in February 2012 and the next perihelion came in January 2013 .
Exploration of Mars
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit . The $720 million USD spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin under the supervision of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , launched August 12 , 2005 , and entered Mars orbit on March 10 , 2006 .
Mars
During the seventeenth century , Tycho Brahe measured the diurnal parallax of Mars that Johannes Kepler used to make a preliminary calculation of the relative distance to the planet . When the telescope became available , the diurnal parallax of Mars was again measured in an effort to determine the Sun - Earth distance . This was first performed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672 . The early parallax measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments . The only occultation of Mars by Venus observed was that of October 13 , 1590 , seen by Michael Maestlin at Heidelberg . In 1610 , Mars was viewed by Galileo Galilei , who was first to see it via telescope . The first person to draw a map of Mars that displayed any terrain features was the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens .
Mars
The ancient Sumerians believed that Mars was Nergal , the god of war and plague . During Sumerian times , Nergal was a minor deity of little significance , but , during later times , his main cult center was the city of Nineveh . In Mesopotamian texts , Mars is referred to as the `` star of judgement of the fate of the dead '' . The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient Egyptian astronomers and , by 1534 BCE , they were familiar with the retrograde motion of the planet . By the period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire , the Babylonian astronomers were making regular records of the positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior . For Mars , they knew that the planet made 37 synodic periods , or 42 circuits of the zodiac , every 79 years . They invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets .
Call of Duty: World at War
The other technology of Flux was also developed using field recording systems . The World at War crew traveled to a desert with mountains on both side of the range to test the frequencies of sounds made by World War II weapons . Microphones were placed 60 yards ( 55 m ) behind and 60 yards in front of the gun to test the echoes . This was later replicated and developed in the studio for the game software . It means that players will be able to pinpoint a sniper rifle shot , as it reflects off them , as well as hearing the initial ' pop ' of a hand grenade blowing up and then the grenade 's loud `` whoosh '' sound that begins where the grenade blew up , and ends behind the player . The flux system also combines with the occlusion system .
Exploration of Mars
The challenge , complexity and length of Mars missions have led to many mission failures . The high failure rate of missions launched from Earth attempting to explore Mars is informally called the `` Mars Curse '' or `` Martian Curse '' . The phrase `` Galactic Ghoul '' or `` Great Galactic Ghoul '' , referring to a fictitious space monster that subsists on a diet of Mars probes , was coined in 1997 by Time Magazine journalist Donald Neff , and is sometimes facetiously used to `` explain '' the recurring difficulties .