vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mustang
In this period , Spanish Missions were also a source of estray and stolen livestock , particularly in what today is Texas and California . The Spanish brought horses to California for use at their missions and ranches , where permanent settlements were established in 1769 . Horse numbers grew rapidly , with a population of 24,000 horses reported by 1800 . By 1805 , there were so many horses in California that people began to simply kill unwanted animals to reduce overpopulation . However , due to the barriers presented by mountain ranges and deserts , the California population did not significantly influence horse numbers elsewhere at the time . Horses in California were described as being of `` exceptional quality . ''
Catholic Church and capital punishment
Aquinas acknowledged these passages could also be interpreted as meaning there should be no use of the death penalty if there was a chance of injuring the innocent . The prohibition `` Thou shall not kill '' , was superseded by Exodus 22 , 18 : `` Wrongdoers you shall not suffer to live . '' The argument that evildoers should be allowed to live in the hope that they might be redeemed was rejected by Aquinas as frivolous . If they would not repent in the face of death , it was unreasonable to assume they would ever repent . `` How many people are we to allow to be murdered while waiting for the repentance of the wrongdoer ? '' , he asked , rhetorically . Using the death penalty for revenge , or retribution is a violation of natural moral law .
The Gambia
As many as three million people may have been taken as slaves from this general region during the three centuries that the transatlantic slave trade operated . It is not known how many people were taken as slaves by intertribal wars or Muslim traders before the transatlantic slave trade began . Most of those taken were sold by other Africans to Europeans : some were prisoners of intertribal wars ; some were victims sold because of unpaid debts ; and many others were simply victims of kidnapping . A
If I Were a Boy
In an interview with Eric R. Danton of the Hartford Courant , Jean was asked about her reaction when she heard that Beyoncé was recording `` If I Were a Boy '' . She was initially surprised when people regarded her as a songwriter because she envisioned herself as `` do ( ing ) the whole artist thing as well '' . Jean added , `` It 's an amazing compliment , but I was like , ' That 's great , but it 's going to be on my album ! ' And it can be on my album , too , I just did n't realize how it worked ... At first when I got this , people did n't know that I was an artist , so it was , like , ' Oh , this songwriter BC . ' '' `` If I Were a Boy '' was the first song she ever recorded , and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer . Jean said that the fact that Beyoncé recorded the ballad provided many opportunities , and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics . She refused their offers , desiring to use her songs for her own album . However , Jean still intends to write for other artists .
To Kill a Mockingbird
An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 . This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father , Atticus Finch , in Maycomb , Alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee 's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it , but this claim has been widely disputed . Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird . According to Lee 's agent Andrew Nurnberg , Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : `` They discussed publishing Mockingbird first , Watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . '' This assertion has been discredited , however , by rare - books expert James S. Jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee 's attorney and found them to be only another draft of To Kill a Mockingbird . Nurnberg 's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler 's description of how Watchman was seen as just the first draft of Mockingbird . Instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion .
Mali Empire
Mansa Musa Keita 's crowning achievement was his famous pilgrimage to Mecca , which started in 1324 and concluded with his return in 1326 . Accounts of how many people and how much gold he spent vary . All of them agree that he took a very large group of people ; the mansa kept a personal guard of some 500 men , and he gave out so many alms and bought so many things that the value of gold in Egypt and Arabia depreciated for twelve years . When he passed through Cairo , historian al - Maqrizi noted `` the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls , singing girls and garments , so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams . ''
Liz Parker
In the night , Tess realizes that the only way to save her son is to destroy the base with all the proof and kill herself in the process . Amazed at how Liz did n't vote against her , Tess asks for Liz 's help , trusting only her in the group . She understands her mistakes and she tells Liz that Max always loved only her and all the times that she and Max were together she always got flashes of Liz in his mind . Liz appreciates her sincerity and Tess asks Liz to not let the FBI study her like a laboratory animal .
Electoral College (United States)
Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president .
To Kill a Mockingbird
In 2001 , Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor . In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program . Lee declared that `` there is no greater honor the novel could receive '' . By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts , who supervised The Big Read , states `` people just seem to connect with it . It dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . It 's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people 's lives , and they cherish it . ''
Written Chinese
In the 20th century , written Chinese divided into two canonical forms , called simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese . Simplified Chinese was developed in mainland China in order to make the characters faster to write ( especially as some characters had as many as a few dozen strokes ) and easier to memorize . The People 's Republic of China claims that both goals have been achieved , but some external observers disagree . Little systematic study has been conducted on how simplified Chinese has affected the way Chinese people become literate ; the only studies conducted before it was standardized in mainland China seem to have been statistical ones regarding how many strokes were saved on average in samples of running text .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Though the northern provinces had an as yet subordinate position in the aggregate economy of the Habsburg Netherlands , let alone in the entire Habsburg empire , they possessed economic features that set them apart from the rest of Europe , and presented them with opportunities that did not exist elsewhere . Unlike other parts of Europe these lands had not been ravaged severely by the plague pandemic of the 14th century , though like elsewhere that catastrophe contributed to scarcity of labor in the 15th century . The region also faced catastrophe of an ecological nature : the low - lying area was yet insufficiently protected against the sea and was repeatedly subjected to major flooding , of which the St. Elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) was only an outstanding example . This resulted in a major permanent loss of arable land . In addition , the land in the maritime provinces consisted mostly of peat bogs , which form poor land for agriculture , and were at the time extensively exploited for the fuel peat . This resulted again in extensive permanent loss of arable land . Because of these losses many people were driven from the land and forced to seek employment in urban centers . This caused a degree of urbanization even larger than that in Flanders , but also a labor supply for non-agricultural purposes that was more elastic than elsewhere in Europe . Paper
Logic
Logic and the philosophy of language are closely related . Philosophy of language has to do with the study of how our language engages and interacts with our thinking . Logic has an immediate impact on other areas of study . Studying logic and the relationship between logic and ordinary speech can help a person better structure his own arguments and critique the arguments of others . Many popular arguments are filled with errors because so many people are untrained in logic and unaware of how to formulate an argument correctly .
Great Depression
The consensus view among economists and economic historians is that the passage of the Smoot - Hawley Tariff exacerbated the Great Depression , although there is disagreement as to how much . In the popular view , the Smoot - Hawley Tariff was a leading cause of the depression . However , many economists hold the opinion that the tariff act did not greatly worsen the depression .
Gwen Stacy
The Green Goblin kidnaps and throws Gwen Stacy off the George Washington Bridge in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) . Both the decision to kill Gwen and the method in which Marvel implemented it remain controversial among fans because some believe that Peter himself was the one who caused her death . The death became a pivotal point in both Spider - Man 's history and in American comic books in general . Many point to Gwen 's death as the end of the Silver Age of Comics . Before her death , except possibly as part of an origin story , superheroes did not fail so catastrophically ; nor did the hero 's loved ones die so suddenly and without warning .
One-drop rule
Before and during the centuries of slavery , people had interracial relationships , both forced and voluntarily formed . In the antebellum years , free people of mixed race ( free people of color ) were considered legally white if individuals had less than one - eighth or one - quarter African ancestry ( depending on the state ) . Many mixed - race people were absorbed into the majority culture based simply on appearance , associations and carrying out community responsibilities . These and community acceptance were the more important factors if a person 's racial status were questioned , not his or her documented ancestry . Because of the social mobility of antebellum society in frontier areas , many people did not have documentation about their ancestors .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
Mikael was imprisoned in a coffin by Bonnie 's mother Abby , when he came to Mystic Falls looking for Elena when she was a small child . He wanted to kill the Petrova doppelgänger in order to prevent Klaus from breaking the curse and creating a hybrid army . Katherine awoke him in order to get information on how to kill Klaus .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
7.2 % of the population listed their ancestry as American on the 2000 census ( see American ethnicity ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the number of people in the U.S. who reported American and no other ancestry increased from 12.4 million in 1990 to 20.2 million in 2000 . This change in reporting represented the largest `` growth '' of any ethnic group in the United States during the 1990s , but it represented how people reported themselves more than growth through birth rates , for instance , and certainly did not reflect immigration .
Ancient Greece
Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers , and even poor families might have owned a few slaves . Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves . Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard . Unlike in Rome , freedmen did not become citizens . Instead , they were mixed into the population of metics , which included people from foreign countries or other city - states who were officially allowed to live in the state .
List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks . In fact , he has children with a black woman . Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior , but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it . When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk , they are amazed . He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you 're not so people will be more understanding of you .
One-drop rule
Many people in the U.S. , among various ethnic groups , continue to have their own concepts related to the one - drop idea . They may still consider those multiracial individuals with any African ancestry to be black , or at least non-white ( if the person has other minority ancestry ) , unless the person explicitly identifies as white . On the other hand , the Black Power Movement and some leaders within the black community also claimed as black those persons with any visible African ancestry , in order to extend their political base and regardless of how those people self - identified . In the late 20th and early 21st century , writers such as A.D. Powell , who is multiracial , consider such `` claiming '' to be another kind of one - drop rule , which ignores people 's life experiences , their community , and how they choose to identify themselves . The number of self - identified multi-racial people in the US is increasing .
Last Tango in Halifax
The Huffington Post 's Caroline Frost thought the series was reminiscent of the dialogue and sensibility of the playwright Alan Bennett . She wrote the story was poignant and praised a central theme underlining `` how many people make do with their day - to - day business and responsibilities , while still holding on to their private dreams '' ,
Caesarean section
pre-eclampsia previous ( high risk ) fetus HIV infection of the mother with a high viral load ( HIV with a low maternal viral load is not necessarily an indication for caesarean section ) Sexually transmitted diseases , such as a first outbreak of genital herpes very recently before the onset of labor ( which can cause infection in the baby if born vaginally ) previous classical ( longitudinal ) Caesarean section previous uterine rupture prior problems with the healing of the perineum ( from previous childbirth or Crohn 's disease ) Bicornuate uterus Rare cases of posthumous birth after the death of the mother
Plate tectonics
However , his ideas were not taken seriously by many geologists , who pointed out that there was no apparent mechanism for continental drift . Specifically , they did not see how continental rock could plow through the much denser rock that makes up oceanic crust . Wegener could not explain the force that drove continental drift , and his vindication did not come until after his death in 1930 .
How to Train Your Dragon
This means that Hiccup will have to defeat the Dragon Furious with might alone . Hiccup rides the Windwalker , accompanied by Toothless and the Wodensfang , into battle and is knocked off the Windwalker 's back by Furious . As Furious prepares to kill Hiccup , Hiccup remembers a speech Furious gave at the beginning of battle , where he talks about how Hiccup was the new Grimbeard and would be a cruel king . Furious cites how Hiccup has the king 's things and the lobster necklace , which Fishlegs gave him for luck . Hiccup deduces that the necklace was also Grimbeards , and so gets Toothless to crack open the necklace with his jaws , revealing the real Dragon Jewel . Hiccup threatens Furious with the jewel and talks to him , reaching a peace agreement . Once the agreement has been reached , Hiccup throws the jewel into the sea . However , before the agreement can be made , Alvin and the Witch attack Furious , thus violating the laws of single combat . Furious gets the dragon army to attack and so soon there is an all - out Vikings vs. Dragons battle . Meanwhile , Camicazi and Fishlegs capture and detain Alvin , who reveals that he found the necklace in Grimbeard 's tomb and gave it to a princess as a present while masquerading as a fisherman , which means that Alvin is Fishlegs ' father . After telling this , Alvin prepares to kill Fishlegs before the Dragon Guardians intervene and kill him . Hiccup convinces Furious to call off the attack once more and are once again about to reach a peace agreement when the Witch attacks Hiccup with the Stormblade . Furious intervenes and kills the Witch , then completes the treaty and makes himself and Hiccup blood brothers . However , the Stormblade was poisoned and so Furious leaves his command of the dragons to Luna , his second - in - command , and goes out to sea to die . The epilogue shows how Hiccup built a new kingdom of harmony on Tomorrow where humans and dragons could live in peace , but also had humans domesticate horses and hawks so that he can fulfill his promise which stated that if humans did n't change by the time he died , dragons would have to go into hibernation .
Glossary of video game terms
kill screen Level 256 in Pac - Man is considered to be unplayable due to a bug associated with an integer overflow in the game 's code . A stage or level in a video game ( often an arcade game ) that stops the player 's progress due to a software bug . Kill screens can result in unpredictable gameplay and bizarre glitches . Notable arcade kill screens include : Round 256 ( round 0 ) of the coin - operated Dig Dug , where the player can not move and ultimately dies . Pac - Man has a kill screen on level 256 based on an integer overflow ; Ars Technica calls this `` one of the most well known accidental endings in gaming '' . The games Ms. Pac - Man and Jr . Pac - Man also have kill screens . Pac - Man 's kill screen was playable , but rendered in such a way that it was not possible to gather sufficient points to advance . Donkey Kong has a kill screen caused by an overflow condition , where the game timer kills the player before it is possible to beat the level . Ars Technica calls it the `` second-most famous kill screen of all of gaming '' and Wired described it as `` mythic '' . This was popularized in the documentary The King of Kong . Duck Hunt has a kill screen after level 99 in which the ducks become invincible and fly at a high speed . Galaga 's kill screen occurs on level 256 ( level 0 ) , when an integer overflow occurs and the game turns into a blank screen that Joshuah Bearman described as `` an existential void '' . kill stealing Defeating an enemy that someone else was about to defeat , usually to receive the reward or credit without doing most of the work . Considered ' bad form ' in many online communities . kit The set of skills and abilities given to a pre-defined playable character in games featuring many such characters to choose from , such as many MOBAs or hero shooters . kiting A maneuver in which a player - character gets an enemy NPC to chase after them so as to lead them somewhere else ( like a kite on a string ) . This can be used in team - based or cooperative games to allow the player 's teammates to attack the opponent , or to lure the opponent into a trap .
Agranulocyte
Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system , and include natural killer T - cells . The blood has three types of lymphocytes : B cells , T cells and natural killer cells ( NK cells ) . B cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens to enable their destruction . CD4+ ( helper ) T cells co-ordinate the immune response ( they are what becomes defective in an HIV infection ) . CD8+ ( cytotoxic ) T cells and natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that are infected by a virus . T cells are crucial to the immune response because they possess a unique ' memory ' system which allows them to remember past invaders and prevent disease when a similar invader is encountered again . Reference
Osage Nation
The guardianship program created an incentive for corruption , and many Osage were legally deprived of their land , headrights , and / or royalties . Others were murdered , in cases the police generally failed to investigate . The coroner 's office colluded by falsifying death certificates , for instance claiming suicides when people had been poisoned . The Osage Allotment Act did not entitle the Native Americans to autopsies , so many deaths went unexamined .
English Reformation
More noticeable , and objectionable to many , were the Injunctions , first of 1536 and then of 1538 . The programme began with the abolition of many feast days , `` the occasion of vice and idleness '' which , particularly at harvest time , had an immediate effect on village life . The offerings to images were discouraged , as were pilgrimages -- these injunctions were issued while monasteries were being dissolved . In some places images were burned on the grounds that they were objects of superstitious devotion , candles lit before images were prohibited , and Bibles in both English and Latin were to be bought . Thus did the Reformation begin to affect the towns and villages of England and , in many places , people did not like it .
To Kill a Mockingbird
Diane McWhorter , Pulitzer Prize - winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . McWhorter writes of Lee , `` for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual -- by its very existence an act of protest . '' Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : `` I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar 's been lowered . And that 's really distressing . We need a thousand Atticus Finches . '' McBride , however , defends the book 's sentimentality , and the way Lee approaches the story with `` honesty and integrity '' .
Strappado
In 2003 , one of the Bulgarian nurses interrogated during the HIV trial in Libya , Snezhana Dimitrova , stated that she had been tortured in this way .