vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Federalist No. 10
It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory , otherwise it can not long subsist . In a large republic there are men of large fortunes , and consequently of less moderation ; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject ; he has interest of his own ; he soon begins to think that he may be happy , great and glorious , by oppressing his fellow citizens ; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country . In a large republic , the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views ; it is subordinate to exceptions , and depends on accidents . In a small one , the interest of the public is easier perceived , better understood , and more within the reach of every citizen ; abuses are of less extent , and of course are less protected .
Horseshoe
Shoes are then measured to the foot and bent to the correct shape using a hammer and anvil , and other modifications , such as taps for shoe studs , are added . Farriers may either cold shoe , in which he bends the metal shoe without heating it , or hot shoe , in which he places the metal in a forge before bending it . Hot shoeing can be more time - consuming , and requires the farrier to have access to a forge ; however , it usually provides a better fit , as the mark made on the hoof from the hot shoe can show how even it lies . It also allows the farrier to make more modifications to the shoe , such as drawing toe - and quarter - clips . The farrier must take care not to hold the hot shoe against the hoof too long , as the heat can damage the hoof .
Internet privacy
It is difficult to surf the web without being tracked by device fingerprinting today . However , for people who do not want device fingerprinting , there are ways to attempt to block fingerprinting . The only ways to stop device fingerprinting cause web browsing to be very slow and websites to display information incorrectly . `` There are not convenient options for privacy when it comes to device fingerprinting '' said Peter Eckersely a staff scientist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation and privacy - advocacy group . Trying to avoid device fingerprinting is mostly just impractical and inconvenient . Fingerprints are tough to avoid because they are taken from data that are routinely passed from computers to websites automatically . Even if someone changes something slightly , the fingerprinters can still recognize the machine . There is one way to figure out that a device is being fingerprinted . The software JavaScript can be used to collect fingerprinting data . If it asks a browser for specific information , that could be a clue that a fingerprinter is working . Companies that are most known for conducting fingerprinting are advertisers . Sentinel
Alcohol laws of Australia
In a designated area within the Sydney CBD , there is a 1 : 30 am lockout meaning no patrons can enter bars after that point , and no existing patrons can re-enter after that time , while last drinks are at 3am . There are restrictions on what can be served after midnight . For example , liquor can not be served `` neat '' .
State of nature
John C. Calhoun , in his Disquisition on Government , ( 1850 ) wrote that a state of nature is merely hypothetical and argues that the concept is self - contradictory and that political states naturally always existed . `` It is , indeed , difficult to explain how an opinion so destitute of all sound reason , ever could have been so extensively entertained , ... I refer to the assertion , that all men are equal in the state of nature ; meaning , by a state of nature , a state of individuality , supposed to have existed prior to the social and political state ; and in which men lived apart and independent of each other ... But such a state is purely hypothetical . It never did , nor can exist ; as it is inconsistent with the preservation and perpetuation of the race . It is , therefore , a great misnomer to call it the state of nature . Instead of being the natural state of man , it is , of all conceivable states , the most opposed to his nature -- most repugnant to his feelings , and most incompatible with his wants . His natural state is , the social and political -- the one for which his Creator made him , and the only one in which he can preserve and perfect his race . As , then , there never was such a state as the , so called , state of nature , and never can be , it follows , that men , instead of being born in it , are born in the social and political state ; and of course , instead of being born free and equal , are born subject , not only to parental authority , but to the laws and institutions of the country where born , and under whose protection they draw their first breath . ''
Computer mouse
Mickeys per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse , where direction is often expressed as `` horizontal '' versus `` vertical '' mickey count . However , speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad , which may be expressed as pixels per mickey , pixels per inch , or pixels per centimeter .
Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady
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Heart
Preload refers to the filling pressure of the atria at the end of diastole , when they are at their fullest . A main factor is how long it takes the ventricles to fill -- if the ventricles contract faster , then there is less time to fill and the preload will be less . Preload can also be affected by a person 's blood volume . The force of each contraction of the heart muscle is proportional to the preload , described as the Frank - Starling mechanism . This states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of muscle fiber , meaning a ventricle will contract more forcefully , the more it is stretched .
Millennials
There are vast , and conflicting , amounts of literature and empirical studies discussing the existence of generational differences as it pertains to the workplace . The majority of research concludes millennials differ from both their generational cohort predecessors , and can be characterized by a preference for a flat corporate culture , an emphasis on work - life balance and social consciousness .
Niche differentiation
In reality , this still leaves the question of how much differentiation is needed for coexistence ( Hutchinson 1959 ) . A vague answer to this question is that the more similar two species are , the more finely balanced the suitability of their environment must be in order to allow coexistence . There are limits to the amount of niche differentiation required for coexistence , and this can vary with the type of resource , the nature of the environment , and the amount of variation both within and between the species .
United States antitrust law
We have here the problem of bigness . Its lesson should by now have been burned into our memory by Brandeis . The Curse of Bigness shows how size can become a menace -- both industrial and social . It can be an industrial menace because it creates gross inequalities against existing or putative competitors . It can be a social menace ... In final analysis , size in steel is the measure of the power of a handful of men over our economy ... The philosophy of the Sherman Act is that it should not exist ... Industrial power should be decentralized . It should be scattered into many hands so that the fortunes of the people will not be dependent on the whim or caprice , the political prejudices , the emotional stability of a few self - appointed men ... That is the philosophy and the command of the Sherman Act . It is founded on a theory of hostility to the concentration in private hands of power so great that only a government of the people should have it . --
Cnidaria
Spawning is generally driven by environmental factors such as changes in the water temperature , and their release is triggered by lighting conditions such as sunrise , sunset or the phase of the moon . Many species of Cnidaria may spawn simultaneously in the same location , so that there are too many ova and sperm for predators to eat more than a tiny percentage -- one famous example is the Great Barrier Reef , where at least 110 corals and a few non-cnidarian invertebrates produce enough gametes to turn the water cloudy . These mass spawnings may produce hybrids , some of which can settle and form polyps , but it is not known how long these can survive . In some species the ova release chemicals that attract sperm of the same species .
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
At the 2010 Cannes Film Festival , LaBeouf told the Los Angeles Times he had `` dropped the ball on the legacy that people loved and cherished '' and felt that `` the movie could have been updated ... we just misinterpreted what we were trying to satiate . '' In 2011 , in response to LaBeouf 's comments , Harrison Ford said : `` I think I told ( LaBeouf ) he was a fucking idiot ... As an actor , I think it 's my obligation to support the film without making a complete ass of myself . Shia is ambitious , attentive and talented -- and he 's learning how to deal with a situation which is very unique and difficult . '' LaBeouf later regretted his comments and their effect on his relationship with Spielberg : `` He told me there 's a time to be a human being and have an opinion , and there 's a time to sell cars . It brought me freedom , but it also killed my spirits because this was a dude I looked up to like a sensei . ''
Sundial
Dials with faces perpendicular to the ground and which face directly South , North , East , or West are called vertical direct dials . It is widely believed , and stated in respectable publications , that a vertical dial can not receive more than twelve hours of sunlight a day , no matter how many hours of daylight there are . However , there is an exception . Vertical sundials in the tropics which face the nearer pole ( e.g. north facing in the zone between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer ) can actually receive sunlight for more than 12 hours from sunrise to sunset for a short period around the time of the summer solstice . For example , at latitude 20 degrees North , on June 21 , the sun shines on a north - facing vertical wall for 13 hours , 21 minutes . Vertical sundials which do not face directly South ( in the northern hemisphere ) may receive significantly less than twelve hours of sunlight per day , depending on the direction they do face , and on the time of year . For example , a vertical dial that faces due East can tell time only in the morning hours ; in the afternoon , the sun does not shine on its face . Vertical dials that face due East or West are polar dials , which will be described below . Vertical dials that face North are uncommon , because they tell time only during the spring and summer , and do not show the midday hours except in tropical latitudes ( and even there , only around midsummer ) . For non-direct vertical dials -- those that face in non-cardinal directions -- the mathematics of arranging the style and the hour - lines becomes more complicated ; it may be easier to mark the hour lines by observation , but the placement of the style , at least , must be calculated first ; such dials are said to be declining dials . ``
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
The book was adapted as a Christmas special twice , a 1966 animated TV film starring Boris Karloff as both the narrator and the voice of the Grinch and a 2000 live - action feature film starring Jim Carrey . There will also be a computer - animated film adaptation , starring Benedict Cumberbatch scheduled for release on November 9 , 2018 .
Whole life insurance
Death benefit amounts of whole life policies can also be increased through accumulation and / or reinvestment of policy dividends , though these dividends are not guaranteed and may be higher or lower than earnings at existing interest rates over time . According to internal documents from some life insurance companies , the internal rate of return and dividend payment realized by the policyholder is often a function of when the policyholder buys the policy and how long that policy remains in force . Dividends paid on a whole life policy can be utilized in many ways .
Mass wasting
Based on how the soil , regolith or rock moves downslope as a whole , mass movements can be broadly classified as creeps and landslides .
Copyright
Typically , a work must meet minimal standards of originality in order to qualify for copyright , and the copyright expires after a set period of time ( some jurisdictions may allow this to be extended ) . Different countries impose different tests , although generally the requirements are low ; in the United Kingdom there has to be some `` skill , labour , and judgment '' that has gone into it . In Australia and the United Kingdom it has been held that a single word is insufficient to comprise a copyright work . However , single words or a short string of words can sometimes be registered as a trademark instead .
Dan Scott
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Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
The Beer - Lambert law has implicit assumptions that must be met experimentally for it to apply ; otherwise there is a possibility of deviations from the law . For instance , the chemical makeup and physical environment of the sample can alter its extinction coefficient . The chemical and physical conditions of a test sample therefore must match reference measurements for conclusions to be valid . Spectral
Eating disorder
While there are many influences to how an individual processes their body image , the media does play a major role . Along with the media , parental influence , peer influence , and self - efficacy beliefs also play a large role in an individual 's view of themselves . The way the media presents images can have a lasting effect on an individual 's perception of their body image . Eating disorders are a worldwide issue and while women are more likely to be affected by an eating disorder it still affects both genders ( Schwitzer 2012 ) . The media influences eating disorders whether shown in a positive or negative light , it then has a responsibility to use caution when promoting images that projects an ideal that many turn to eating disorders to attain .
APA Ethics Code
The resolving ethical issues section of the APA Ethical Standards is broadly designed to guide psychologists through a variety of ethical issues . One of the first sections describes how to approach when the work of psychologists ' is misused or misrepresented , such as happens in the popular press . Psychological research is often misrepresented . Two of the sections describe how to resolve conflicts between the ethical code of psychologists and a variety of governing bodies , laws , or regulations as well as organizational demands related to working as a psychologist . There is a section related to informal resolution of ethical violations for situations where such a resolution is possible while protecting confidentiality . If the incident extends beyond being able to be resolved informally , there are guidelines for reporting ethical violations as well as working with and cooperating with ethics committees . In regards to ethical complaints , there is also a section outlining what might be considered an improper complaint . Lastly , the Resolving Ethical Issues section describes unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents to protect those involved in ethics related investigations . Competence
Craft
A tradesperson is a skilled manual worker in a particular trade or craft . Economically and socially , a tradesperson 's status is considered between a laborer and a professional , with a high degree of both practical and theoretical knowledge of their trade . In cultures where professional careers are highly prized there can be a shortage of skilled manual workers , leading to lucrative niche markets in the trades .
Yemen
The number of doctors in Yemen rose by an average of more than 7 % between 1995 and 2000 . as of 2005 there were three doctors per 10,000 people . In 2005 Yemen had 6.1 hospital beds available per 10,000 persons . Health care services are particularly scarce in rural areas . 25 % of rural areas are covered by health services , compared with 80 % of urban areas . Most childhood deaths are caused by illnesses for which vaccines exist or that are otherwise preventable .
Probability
The discovery of rigorous methods to assess and combine probability assessments has changed society . It is important for most citizens to understand how probability assessments are made , and how they contribute to decisions .
How to Train Your Dragon
Audio CDs , have also been made to accompany How To Train Your Dragon , made by Cressida Cowell and narrated by local Scottish actor David Tennant . Tennant also plays the voice of Spitelout , Snotlout 's father , in the films and as well as in DreamWorks Dragons .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday Leeds Saturday Leeds Sunday Leeds Friday The Cure Paramore Bombay Bicycle Club You Me at Six Crystal Castles Angels & Airwaves Coheed and Cambria Cancer Bats Deaf Havana Kasabian Florence and the Machine The Vaccines Enter Shikari The Shins OFWGKTA Mystery Jets Blood Red Shoes Los Campesinos ! Foo Fighters The Black Keys Kaiser Chiefs Bullet for My Valentine All Time Low The Gaslight Anthem Eagles of Death Metal Band of Skulls Pulled Apart by Horses
Partition of Bengal (1905)
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Guy's Grocery Games
Closing Time : Mid-shopping , an announcement is made that the store is closing , limiting the time the chefs can spend in the aisles . Sometimes called Speed Shop or ( blank ) - Minute Shop , in which the chefs are told at the outset how much shopping time they will have .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday Leeds Saturday Leeds Sunday Leeds Friday Foals ( Headlining Reading ) Disclosure ( Headlining Leeds ) Chvrches Boy Better Know Die Antwoord Lower Than Atlantis Nothing But Thieves Frank Carter and The Rattlesnakes Frank Turner and The Sleeping Souls Red Hot Chili Peppers Imagine Dragons Courteeners Eagles of Death Metal Slaves Parkway Drive ( Reading only ) Judas ( Leeds only ) Skindred Clutch Sundara Karma Biffy Clyro Fall Out Boy The Vaccines A $ AP Rocky ( Reading only ) Five Finger Death Punch Sleeping With Sirens Coheed and Cambria The Virginmarys State Champs
Chipotle Mexican Grill
External video `` How Chipotle made hundreds of people barf '' . Vox report dated January 6 , 2016 , explaining Chipotle 's `` food safety crisis '' .
Eagles (band)
The Eagles made their awards show debut on November 7 , 2007 , when they performed `` How Long '' live at the Country Music Association Awards . Eagles
Bulk and Skull
During the Power Rangers Wild Force episode `` Forever Red '' , Bulk and Skull made a special cameo appearance , though how Bulk returned from Mirinoi is never explained .
List of Death Note characters
We are told in How to Read It that , in the anime , her voice was abnormally hoarse originally , and blossomed into a more mature , feminine voice . This was to give the impression that she has matured alongside Light , and was a good partner for him . This made her eventual murder at the hands of Light 's Death Note even more surprising .
The Devil Wears Prada (film)
`` When we made it I was naive . I know now how rare it is to find situations where the stars align . '' -- Aline Brosh McKenna ,
Quartz clock
If a quartz movement is `` rated '' by measuring its timekeeping characteristics against a radio clock 's time broadcast , to determine how much time the watch gains or loses per day , and adjustments are made to the circuitry to `` regulate '' the timekeeping , then the corrected time will easily be accurate within ± 10 seconds per year . This is more than adequate to perform celestial navigation .
Apartheid
When negotiations resumed in May 1992 , under the tag of CODESA II , stronger demands were made . The ANC and the government could not reach a compromise on how power should be shared during the transition to democracy . The NP wanted to retain a strong position in a transitional government , and the power to change decisions made by parliament .
Sales taxes in the United States
A law passed in July 2011 created a requirement that Arizona residents declare how much use tax they owe on purchases made from out - of - state online retailers and catalogs .