vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Florence Cathedral
The cathedral underwent difficult excavations between 1965 and 1974 . The archaeological history of this huge area was reconstructed through the work of Dr. Franklin Toker : remains of Roman houses , an early Christian pavement , ruins of the former cathedral of Santa Reparata and successive enlargements of this church . Close to the entrance , in the part of the crypt open to the public , is the tomb of Brunelleschi . While its location is prominent , the actual tomb is simple and humble . That the architect was permitted such a prestigious burial place is proof of the high esteem he was given by the Florentines .
Ancient Greece
The Antikythera mechanism , a device for calculating the movements of planets , dates from about 80 BC , and was the first ancestor of the astronomical computer . It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete . The device became famous for its use of a differential gear , previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century , and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts , comparable to a clock made in the 18th century . The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens , accompanied by a replica .
Batmobile
In mid-1985 , a special variation of the Super Powers toyline Batmobile appeared in both Batman and Detective Comics . This design had a full set of front and rear canopies , `` Coke - bottle '' sides , integrated fins , and generally rounder features , just like the toy . The only difference between this car and its toy counterpart is the nose , which was occasionally drawn to appear longer and more pointed . Modern
Speed of sound
The speed of sound is raised by humidity but decreased by carbon dioxide . The difference between 0 % and 100 % humidity is about 1.5 m / s at standard pressure and temperature , but the size of the humidity effect increases dramatically with temperature . The carbon dioxide content of air is not fixed , due to both carbon pollution and human breath ( e.g. , in the air blown through wind instruments ) .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
`` Linguistic , archaeological , and historical data show that the Sarasvati of the Vedas is the modern Ghaggar or Hakra . ''
Forecasting
Forecasting foreign exchange movements is typically achieved through a combination of chart and fundamental analysis . An essential difference between chart analysis and fundamental economic analysis is that chartists study only the price action of a market , whereas fundamentalists attempt to look to the reasons behind the action . Financial institutions assimilate the evidence provided by their fundamental and chartist researchers into one note to provide a final projection on the currency in question .
History of United States prison systems
From the efforts at the Walnut Street Jail and Newgate Prison , two competing systems of imprisonment emerged in the United States by the 1820s . The `` Auburn '' ( or `` Congregate System '' ) emerged from New York 's prison of the same name between 1819 and 1823 . And the `` Pennsylvania '' ( or `` Separate System '' ) emerged in that state between 1826 and 1829 . The only material difference between the two systems was whether inmates would ever leave their solitary cells -- under the Pennsylvania System , inmates almost never did , but under the Auburn System most inmates labored in congregate workshops by day and slept alone .
Cali Cartel
The second meeting is believed to have been the start of an organization trafficking between the primary participants , the Medellín Cartel and Cali Cartel . The two cartels divided up the major United States distribution points : the Cali Cartel took New York City and the Medellín Cartel took South Florida and Miami ; Los Angeles was left up for grabs .
United States presidential primary
Both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party usually modify their delegate selection rules between presidential elections , including how delegates are allocated to each state and territory .
Binary star
The position angle of the secondary with respect to the primary is measured , together with the angular distance between the two stars . The time of observation is also recorded . After a sufficient number of observations are recorded over a period of time , they are plotted in polar coordinates with the primary star at the origin , and the most probable ellipse is drawn through these points such that the Keplerian law of areas is satisfied . This ellipse is known as the apparent ellipse , and is the projection of the actual elliptical orbit of the secondary with respect to the primary on the plane of the sky . From this projected ellipse the complete elements of the orbit may be computed , where the semi-major axis can only be expressed in angular units unless the stellar parallax , and hence the distance , of the system is known . Spectroscopic
Big Five personality traits
In 2002 , the journal of psychology posted a Big Five Personality Trait Difference ; Researchers explored relationship between the five factor model and the Universal - Diverse Orientation ( UDO ) in councillor trainees. ( Thompson , R. , Brossart , D. , and Mivielle , A. , 2002 ) UDO is known as one social attitude that produces a strong awareness and / or acceptance towards the similaralities and difference among individuals . ( Miville , M. , Romas , J. , Johnson , J. , and Lon , R. 2002 ) The study has shown the councillor trainees that are more open to the idea of creative expressions among individuals are more likely to work with a diverse group of clients , and feel comfortable in their role . ( Thompson , R. et al. 2002 )
Global Positioning System
The largest remaining error is usually the unpredictable delay through the ionosphere . The spacecraft broadcast ionospheric model parameters , but some errors remain . This is one reason GPS spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies , L1 and L2 . Ionospheric delay is a well - defined function of frequency and the total electron content ( TEC ) along the path , so measuring the arrival time difference between the frequencies determines TEC and thus the precise ionospheric delay at each frequency .
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Human sacrifice and other forms of torture -- self - inflicted or otherwise -- were common to many parts of Mesoamerica . Thus the rite was nothing new to the Aztecs when they arrived to the Valley of Mexico , nor was it something unique to pre-Columbian Mexico . Other Mesoamerican cultures , such as the Purépechas and Toltecs , performed sacrifices as well and from archaeological evidence , it probably existed since the time of the Olmecs ( 1200 -- 400 BC ) , and perhaps even throughout the early farming cultures of the region . Although the extent of human sacrifice is unknown among several Mesoamerican civilizations , such as Teotihuacán , what distinguished Maya and Aztec human sacrifice was the importance with which it was embedded in everyday life .
Global Positioning System
Triple differencing subtracts the receiver difference from time 1 from that of time 2 . This eliminates the ambiguity associated with the integral number of wavelengths in carrier phase provided this ambiguity does not change with time . Thus the triple difference result eliminates practically all clock bias errors and the integer ambiguity . Atmospheric delay and satellite ephemeris errors have been significantly reduced . This triple difference is :
Bottom bracket
The Octalink system uses a spindle with eight splines . The splines provide a contact area between crank and spindle for an interface . Octalink exists in the marketplace in two variants , Octalink v1 and Octalink v2 . The difference between the two can be seen by the depth of mounting grooves on the bottom bracket spindle . V1 spline grooves are 5 mm long , while V2 are 9mm long . 105 , Ultegra 6500 and Dura Ace 7700 cranksets mate to version one bottom brackets , while later mountain bike designs use the deeper - grooved version two . The system is proprietary and protected by Shimano patents and license fees . ISIS
Chernobyl disaster
Both views were heavily lobbied by different groups , including the reactor 's designers , power plant personnel , and the Soviet and Ukrainian governments . According to the IAEA 's 1986 analysis , the main cause of the accident was the operators ' actions . But according to the IAEA 's 1993 revised analysis the main cause was the reactor 's design . One reason there were such contradictory viewpoints and so much debate about the causes of the Chernobyl accident was that the primary data covering the disaster , as registered by the instruments and sensors , were not completely published in the official sources .
Çatalhöyük
The current archaeological investigations at Çatalhöyük are supported by the following institutions and organizations :
Drinking establishment
A drinking establishment is a business whose primary function is the serving of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises . Some establishments may also serve food , or have entertainment , but their main purpose is to serve alcoholic beverages . There are different types of drinking establishment ranging from seedy bars or nightclubs , sometimes termed `` dive bars '' , to 5,000 seat beer halls and elegant places of entertainment for the elite . A public house , informally known as a `` pub '' , is an establishment licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises in countries and regions of British influence . Although the terms are increasingly used to refer to the same thing , there is a difference between pubs , bars , inns , taverns and lounges where alcohol is served commercially . A tavern or pot - house is , loosely , a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and , more than likely , also be served food , though not licensed to put up guests . The word derives from the Latin taberna and the Greek ταβέρνα / taverna .
Water in California
Rivers in northern and coastal California are mainly rain fed , peaking from January to April and falling to very low levels between June and November . Snowmelt has a significant influence on the Sierra Nevada rivers from east of Sacramento to east of Bakersfield , which typically peak between April and July . Snowmelt is also the primary water source for the Colorado River which supplies southern California .
Thermal expansion
is the difference of the temperature between the two recorded strains , measured in degrees Celsius or kelvins , and α L ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( L ) ) is the linear coefficient of thermal expansion in `` per degree Celsius '' or `` per kelvin '' , denoted by ° C or K , respectively . In the field of continuum mechanics , the thermal expansion and its effects are treated as eigenstrain and eigenstress .
Cowboys–Redskins rivalry
From 1965 through 1967 , the Redskins and Cowboys , led by Sonny Jurgensen and Don Meredith respectively , played four games against each other that produced a combined total of 222 points with only ten points of overall difference between the two teams .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
Fresh work in the 1970s and 1980s challenged both Postan 's and Marxist approaches to the medieval economy . Local studies of medieval economics , often in considerable detail and fusing new archaeological techniques and rescue archaeology with historical sources , often ran counter to their broader interpretations of change and development . The degree to which feudalism really existed and operated in England after the initial years of the invasion was thrown into considerable doubt , with historians such as David Crouch arguing that it existed primarily as a legal and fiscal model , rather than an actual economic system . Sociological and anthropological studies of contemporary economies , including the work of Ester Boserup showed many flaws with Postan 's key assumptions about demography and land use . The current academic preference is to see the English medieval economy as an `` overlapping network of diverse communities '' , in which active local choices and decisions are the result of independent agency , rather than a result of historically deterministic processes .
Primary color
There are hundreds of commercially available pigments for visual artists to use and mix ( in various media such as oil , watercolor , acrylic , and pastel ) . A common approach is to use just a limited palette of primary pigments ( often between four and eight ) that can be physically mixed to any color that the artist desires in the final work . There is no specific set of pigments that are primary colors , the choice of pigments depends entirely on the artist 's subjective preference of subject and style of art as well as material considerations like lightfastness and mixing heuristics . Contemporary classical realists have often advocated that a limited palette of white , red , yellow , and black pigment ( often described as the `` Zorn palette '' ) is sufficient for compelling work .
Brigham and Women's Hospital
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Operon
One prediction method uses the intergenic distance between reading frames as a primary predictor of the number of operons in the genome . The separation merely changes the frame and guarantees that the read through is efficient . Longer stretches exist where operons start and stop , often up to 40 -- 50 bases .
Magnetosphere of Jupiter
The reconnection events are analogues to the magnetic substorms in the Earth 's magnetosphere . The difference seems to be their respective energy sources : terrestrial substorms involve storage of the solar wind 's energy in the magnetotail followed by its release through a reconnection event in the tail 's neutral current sheet . The latter also creates a plasmoid which moves down the tail . Conversely , in Jupiter 's magnetosphere the rotational energy is stored in the magnetodisk and released when a plasmoid separates from it .
Phase (waves)
Phase comparison is a comparison of the phase of two waveforms , usually of the same nominal frequency . In time and frequency , the purpose of a phase comparison is generally to determine the frequency offset ( difference between wave cycles ) with respect to a reference .
Bias of an estimator
While bias quantifies the average difference to be expected between an estimator and an underlying parameter , an estimator based on a finite sample can additionally be expected to differ from the parameter due to the randomness in the sample .
Guy's Grocery Games
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Plasmodesma
Primary plasmodesmata are formed when portions of the endoplasmic reticulum are trapped across the middle lamella as new cell wall is laid down between two newly divided plant cells and these eventually become the cytoplasmic connections between cells . Here the wall is not thickened further , and depressions or thin areas known as pits are formed in the walls . Pits normally pair up between adjacent cells . Plasmodesmata can also be inserted into existing cell walls between non-dividing cells ( secondary plasmodesmata ) .
Cell wall
In some plants and cell types , after a maximum size or point in development has been reached , a secondary wall is constructed between the plasma membrane and primary wall . Unlike the primary wall , the cellulose microfibrils are aligned parallel in layers , the orientation changing slightly with each additional layer so that the structure becomes helicoidal . Cells with secondary cell walls can be rigid , as in the gritty sclereid cells in pear and quince fruit . Cell to cell communication is possible through pits in the secondary cell wall that allow plasmodesmata to connect cells through the secondary cell walls .
Field-effect transistor
The field - effect transistor ( FET ) is a transistor that uses an electric field to control the electrical behaviour of the device . FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single - carrier - type operation . Many different implementations of field effect transistors exist . Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies . The conductivity between the drain and source terminals is controlled by an electric field in the device , which is generated by the voltage difference between the body and the gate of the device .
Motte-and-bailey castle
The earliest purely documentary evidence for motte - and - bailey castles in Normandy and Angers comes from between 1020 and 1040 , but a combination of documentary and archaeological evidence pushes the date for the first motte and bailey castle , at Vincy , back to 979 . The castles were built by the more powerful lords of Anjou in the late 10th and 11th centuries , in particular Fulk III and his son , Geoffrey II , who built a great number of them between 987 and 1060 . Many of these earliest castles would have appeared quite crude and rustic by later standards , belying the power and prestige of their builders . William the Conqueror , as the Duke of Normandy , is believed to have adopted the motte - and - bailey design from neighbouring Anjou . Duke William went on to prohibit the building of castles without his consent through the Consuetudines et Justicie , with his legal definition of castles centring on the classic motte - and - bailey features of ditching , banking and palisading .
Spanish Inquisition
The Inquisition was extremely active between 1480 and 1530 . Different sources give different estimates of the number of trials and executions in this period ; Henry Kamen estimates about 2,000 executed , based on the documentation of the autos - da - fé , the great majority being conversos of Jewish origin . He offers striking statistics : 91.6 % of those judged in Valencia between 1484 and 1530 and 99.3 % of those judged in Barcelona between 1484 and 1505 were of Jewish origin .
pH
The difference between p ( H ) and pH is quite small . It has been stated that pH = p ( H ) + 0.04 . It is common practice to use the term `` pH '' for both types of measurement .
Tax protester statutory arguments
The 861 argument refers to Internal Revenue Code section 861 , entitled `` Income from sources within the United States '' . This provision delineates what kinds of income shall be treated as income from sources within the United States when taxes are assessed of resident aliens , nonresident aliens , and foreign corporations . The provision does not apply to U.S. citizens , but the language of Section 861 is occasionally cited by tax protesters who claim that the statute excludes some portion of the income of U.S. citizens and resident aliens from taxation under the provisions of the Code .
Great Depression
Cities around the world were hit hard , especially those dependent on heavy industry . Construction was virtually halted in many countries . Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60 % . Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs , areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most .
Adobe Photoshop
The quick selection tool selects areas based on edges , similarly to the magnetic lasso tool . The difference between this tool and the lasso tool is that there is no starting and ending point . For this reason , the selected area can be added onto as much as possible without starting over . By dragging the cursor over the desired area , the quick selection tool detects the edges of the image . The `` marching ants '' allow the user to know what is currently being selected . Once the user is done , the selected area can be edited without affecting the rest of the image . One of the features that makes this tool especially user friendly is that the SHIFT key is not needed to add more to the selection ; by default , extra mouse clicks will be added to the selection rather than creating a new selection . Magic
Brave New World
Journalist Christopher Hitchens , who himself published several articles on Huxley and a book on Orwell , noted the difference between the two texts in the introduction to his 1999 article `` Why Americans Are Not Taught History '' :
European colonization of the Americas
A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories , aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros . In fact , recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish - Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519 -- 1521 , while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535 .
Factor analysis
Two students having identical degrees of verbal intelligence and identical degrees of mathematical intelligence may have different aptitudes in astronomy because individual aptitudes differ from average aptitudes . That difference is called the `` error '' -- a statistical term that means the amount by which an individual differs from what is average for his or her levels of intelligence ( see errors and residuals in statistics ) .
Maldives
Buddhism probably spread to the Maldives in the 3rd century BC at the time of Emperor Ashoka 's expansion , and became the dominant religion of the people of the Maldives until the 12th century AD . The ancient Maldivian Kings promoted Buddhism , and the first Maldive writings and artistic achievements , in the form of highly developed sculpture and architecture , are from that period . Nearly all archaeological remains in the Maldives are from Buddhist stupas and monasteries , and all artifacts found to date display characteristic Buddhist iconography . Buddhist ( and Hindu ) temples were Mandala shaped , they are oriented according to the four cardinal points , the main gate being towards the east . Local historian Hassan Ahmed Maniku counted as many as 59 islands with Buddhist archaeological sites in a provisional list he published in 1990 .
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
The Senate then began consideration of the bill starting with the $275 billion tax provisions in the week of February 2 , 2009 . A significant difference between the House version and the Senate version was the inclusion of a one - year extension of revisions to the alternative minimum tax , which added $70 billion to the bill 's total .