vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Spider
Spiders generally use elaborate courtship rituals to prevent the large females from eating the small males before fertilization , except where the male is so much smaller that he is not worth eating . In web - weaving species , precise patterns of vibrations in the web are a major part of the rituals , while patterns of touches on the female 's body are important in many spiders that hunt actively , and may `` hypnotize '' the female . Gestures and dances by the male are important for jumping spiders , which have excellent eyesight . If courtship is successful , the male injects his sperm from the palpal bulbs into the female 's genital opening , known as the epigyne , on the underside of her abdomen . Female 's reproductive tracts vary from simple tubes to systems that include seminal receptacles in which females store sperm and release it when they are ready . Because the sperm is stored in the epigyne , the eggs are not fertilized while inside the female , but during oviposition when the stored sperm is released from its chamber . The only one exception is a spider from Israel , Harpactea sadistica , which has evolved traumatic insemination . In this species the male will penetrate its pedipalps through the female 's body wall and inject his sperm directly into her ovaries , where the embryos inside the fertilized eggs will start to develop before being laid .
Crab
In most decapods , the gonopores ( sexual openings ) are found on the legs . However , since crabs use the first two pairs of pleopods ( abdominal appendages ) for sperm transfer , this arrangement has changed . As the male abdomen evolved into a narrower shape , the gonopores have moved towards the midline , away from the legs , and onto the sternum . A similar change occurred , independently , with the female gonopores . The movement of the female gonopore to the sternum defines the clade Eubrachyura , and the later change in the position of the male gonopore defines the Thoracotremata . It is still a subject of debate whether those crabs where the female , but not male , gonopores are situated on the sternum , form a monophyletic group .
Pottery of ancient Greece
storage and transport vessels , including the amphora , pithos , pelike , hydria , pyxis , mixing vessels , mainly for symposia or male drinking parties , including the krater , and dinos , jugs and cups , several types of kylix also just called cups , kantharos , phiale , skyphos , oinochoe and loutrophoros , vases for oils , perfumes and cosmetics , including the large lekythos , and the small aryballos and alabastron .
Serial killer
One `` analysis of 86 female serial killers from the U.S. found that the victims tended to be spouses , children or the elderly '' . Other studies indicate that since 1975 , increasingly strangers are marginally the most preferred victim of female serial killers , or that only 26 % of female serial killers kill for material gain only . Sources state that each killer will have her own proclivities , needs and triggers . '' A review of the published literature on female serial murder stated that `` sexual or sadistic motives are believed to be extremely rare in female serial murderers , and psychopathic traits and histories of childhood abuse have been consistently reported in these women . '' A study by Eric W. Hickey ( 2010 ) of 64 female serial killers in the U.S. indicated that sexual activity was one of several motives in 10 % of the cases , enjoyment in 11 % and control in 14 % , and that 51 % of all U.S. female serial killers murdered at least one woman and 31 % murdered at least one child . In other cases , women have been involved as an accomplice with a male serial killer as a part of a serial killing team . A 2015 study published in The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology found that the most common motive for female serial killers was for financial gain and almost 40 percent of them had experienced some sort of mental illness .
Wonder Woman
The story then focuses on Wonder Woman 's quest to rescue Zola from Hades , who had abducted her and taken her to Hell at the end of the sixth issue of the series . The male children of the Amazons are introduced and Diana learns about the birth of her `` brothers '' -- the Amazons used to infrequently invade ships coming near their island and force themselves on the sailors , before killing them . After nine months , the birth of the resulting female children was highly celebrated and they were inducted into the ranks of the Amazons while the male children were rejected . In order to save the male children from being drowned to death by the Amazons , Hephaestus traded weapons to the Amazons in exchange for them .
Germination
Since most plants carry both male and female reproductive organs in their flowers , there is a high risk of self - pollination and thus inbreeding . Some plants use the control of pollen germination as a way to prevent this self - pollination . Germination and growth of the pollen tube involve molecular signaling between stigma and pollen . In self - incompatibility in plants , the stigma of certain plants can molecularly recognize pollen from the same plant and prevent it from germinating .
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
One of the main symbols of Mexican religious and mythological culture is that of the snake , la víbora . Anzaldúa , in this chapter , thoroughly outlines the different aspects ( both negative and positive ) of la víbora and how these different characteristics have affected her life as a Chicana . She continues the chapter by identifying the Virgen de Guadalupe , one of Catholicism 's famous pagan entities , through her Indian names Coatlalopeuh and Coatlicue , which translate into `` serpent '' and `` she who wears a serpent skirt , '' respectively . In the Aztec - Mexica society , after the trek from Aztlán , women were able to possess property , were gwalees and priestesses , and royal blood ran through the female line . By taking away her Coatlalopeuh , Guadalupe was deleted and no longer had the serpent / sexuality aspect in her personality . Her story was remade by a male - dominated Aztec - Mexican culture that drove female entities underground by placing male entities in their place .
Adam and Eve
Adam and Eve were used by early Renaissance artists as a theme to represent female and male nudes . Later , the nudity was objected to by more modest elements , and fig leaves were added to the older pictures and sculptures , covering their genitals . The choice of the fig was a result of Mediterranean traditions identifying the unnamed Tree of Knowledge as a fig tree , and since fig leaves were actually mentioned in Genesis as being used to cover Adam and Eve 's nudity .
Doctor (title)
In Portugal , up to recent times after the completion of an undergraduate degree -- except in architecture and engineering -- a person was referred to as doutor ( Dr . ) -- male or doutora ( Dra . ) -- female . The architects and engineers were referred by their professional titles : arquitecto ( Arq . ) and engenheiro ( Eng . ) . Nurses are also referred to as `` nurse '' , enfermeiro ( male ) or enfermeira ( female ) , the title being Enf . for both .
Phone connector (audio)
The most common arrangement remains to have the male plug on the cable and the female socket mounted in a piece of equipment : the original intention of the design . A considerable variety of line plugs and panel sockets is available , including plugs suiting various cable sizes , right - angle plugs , and both plugs and sockets in a variety of price ranges and with current capacities up to 15 amperes for certain heavy duty ⁄ in versions intended for loudspeaker connections .
Çatalhöyük
A striking feature of Çatalhöyük are its female figurines . Mellaart , the original excavator , argued that these well - formed , carefully made figurines , carved and molded from marble , blue and brown limestone , schist , calcite , basalt , alabaster , and clay , represented a female deity . Although a male deity existed as well , `` statues of a female deity far outnumber those of the male deity , who moreover , does not appear to be represented at all after Level VI '' . To date , eighteen levels have been identified . These artfully - hewn figurines were found primarily in areas Mellaart believed to be shrines . The stately goddess seated on a throne flanked by two female lions ( illustration ) was found in a grain bin , which Mellaart suggests might have been a means of ensuring the harvest or protecting the food supply . In later cultures , similar depictions are seen of Cybele , a mountain goddess .
Filipino values
In relation to parenthoodd , bearing male and female children depends on the preferences of the parents based on the expected roles that each gender would assume once grown up . Both genders are expected to become responsible members of the family and their society . Women in the Philippines are expected to become caring and nurturing mothers for their own children .
Polar bear
Courtship and mating take place on the sea ice in April and May , when polar bears congregate in the best seal hunting areas . A male may follow the tracks of a breeding female for 100 km ( 60 mi ) or more , and after finding her engage in intense fighting with other males over mating rights , fights that often result in scars and broken teeth . Polar bears have a generally polygynous mating system ; recent genetic testing of mothers and cubs , however , has uncovered cases of litters in which cubs have different fathers . Partners stay together and mate repeatedly for an entire week ; the mating ritual induces ovulation in the female .
Bobcat
Bobcats generally begin breeding by their second summer , though females may start as early as their first year . Sperm production begins each year by September or October , and the male is fertile into the summer . A dominant male travels with a female and mates with her several times , generally from winter until early spring ; this varies by location , but most mating takes place during February and March . The pair may undertake a number of different behaviors , including bumping , chasing , and ambushing . Other males may be in attendance , but remain uninvolved . Once the male recognizes the female is receptive , he grasps her in the typical felid neck grip and mates with her . The female may later go on to mate with other males , and males generally mate with several females . During courtship , the otherwise silent bobcat may let out loud screams , hisses , or other sounds . Research in Texas has suggested establishing a home range is necessary for breeding ; studied animals with no set range had no identified offspring . The female has an estrous cycle of 44 days , with the estrus lasting five to ten days . Bobcats remain reproductively active throughout their lives .
Republic (Plato)
both male and female guardians ought to receive the same education human reproduction ought to be regulated by the state and all offspring should be ignorant of their actual biological parents such a city and its corresponding philosopher - king could actually come to be in the real world . Book
Bobcat
The cat is larger in its northern range and in open habitats . A morphological size comparison study in the eastern United States found a divergence in the location of the largest male and female specimens , suggesting differing selection constraints for the sexes .
Lion
Asiatic lion prides differ from African prides in group composition . Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males forming a loose pride . Pairs of males rest and feed together , and display marking behaviour at the same sites . Females associate with up to 12 females forming a stronger pride together with their cubs . They share large carcasses among each other , but seldom with males . Female and male lions associate only when mating . Coalitions of males hold a territory for a longer time than single lions . Males in coalitions of three to four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy with one male dominating the others . Dominant males mate more frequently than their coalition partners . During a study carried out between December 2012 and December 2016 , three females were observed switching mating partners in favour of the dominant male .
History of education in the United States
In the early decades after the bill was passed , most campuses became largely male thanks to the GI Bill , since only 2 % of wartime veterans were women . But by 2000 , female veterans had grown in numbers and began passing men in rates of college and graduate school attendance . Great
First Fleet
The Friendship , ... of 228 tons , had on board 76 male and 21 female convicts ; 1 captain , 2 lieutenants , 2 sergeants , 3 corporals , 1 drummer , and 36 privates , with 1 assistant surgeon to the colony .
Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (film)
List of Accolades Award / Film Festival Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Casting Society of America Film Studio or Independent Comedy Angela Demo , Nancy Mosser and Katie Shenot Won Empire Awards Best Comedy Nominated Best Male Newcomer Thomas Mann Nominated Best Female Newcomer Olivia Cooke Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association Best Picture Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society The Overlooked Film of the Year Won San Diego Film Critics Awards Best Supporting Actor , Female Olivia Cooke Nominated Best Supporting Actor , Male RJ Cyler Nominated Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize ( U.S. Drama ) Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Won Audience Award ( U.S. Drama ) Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Chemistry Thomas Mann and RJ Cyler Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star Thomas Mann Nominated Choice Summer Movie Nominated
House sparrow
The female develops a brood patch of bare skin and plays the main part in incubating the eggs . The male helps , but can only cover the eggs rather than truly incubate them . The female spends the night incubating during this period , while the male roosts near the nest . Eggs hatch at the same time , after a short incubation period lasting 11 -- 14 days , and exceptionally for as many as 17 or as few as 9 . The length of the incubation period decreases as ambient temperature increases later in the breeding season . A
Prairie dog
A prairie dog town may contain 15 -- 26 family groups . There may also be subgroups within a town , called `` wards '' , which are separated by a physical barrier . Family groups exist within these wards . Most prairie dog family groups are made up of one adult breeding male , two to three adult females and one to two male offspring and one to two female offspring . Females remain in their natal groups for life and are thus the source of stability in the groups . Males leave their natal groups when they mature to find another family group to defend and breed in . Some family groups contain more breeding females than one male can control , so have more than one breeding adult male in them . Among these multiple - male groups , some may contain males that have friendly relationships , but the majority contain males that have largely antagonistic relationships . In the former , the males tend to be related , while in the latter , they tend to not be related . Two to three groups of females may be controlled by one male . However , among these female groups , there are no friendly relations .
Serial killer
Female serial killers are rare compared to their male counterparts . Sources suggest that female serial killers represented fewer than one in every six known serial murderers in the U.S. between 1800 and 2004 ( 64 females from a total of 416 known offenders ) , or that around 15 % of U.S. serial killers have been women , with a collective number of victims between 427 and 612 . Lethal Ladies ' authors , Amanda L. Farrell , Robert D. Keppel , and Victoria B. Titterington state that `` the Justice Department indicated 36 female serial killers have been active over the course of the last century . '' According to The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , there is evidence that 16 % of all serial killers are women .
Evidence of common descent
The presence of remnant mitochondria ( mitosomes ) that have lost the ability to synthesize ATP in Entamoeba histolytica , Trachipleistophora hominis , Cryptosporidium parvum , Blastocystis hominis , and Giardia intestinalis . Remnant chloroplast organelles ( leucoplasts ) in non-photosynthetic algae species ( Plasmodium falciparum , Toxoplasma gondii , Aspasia longa , Anthophysa vegetans , Ciliophrys infusionum , Pteridomonas danica , Paraphysomonas , Spumella and Epifagus americana . Missing stamens ( unvascularized staminodes ) on Gilliesia and Gethyum flowers . Non-functioning androecium in female flowers and non-functioning gynoecium in male flowers of the cactus species Consolea spinosissima . Remnant stamens on female flowers of Fragaria virginiana ; all species in the genus Schiedea ; and on Penstemon centranthifolius , P. rostriflorus , P. ellipticus , and P. palmeri . Vestigial anthers on Nemophila menziesii . Figure
Hip hop
Women artists have also been at the forefront of the hip hop movement since its inception in the Bronx . Nevertheless , as gangsta rap became the dominant force in hip hop music , there were many songs with misogynistic ( anti-women ) lyrics and many music videos depicted women in a sexualized fashion . The negation of female voice and perspective is an issue that has come to define mainstream hip hop music . The recording industry is less willing to back female artists than their male counterparts , and when it does back them , often it places emphasis on their sexuality over their musical substance and artistic abilities . Since the turn of the century ( the beginning of the 2000s decade ) , female hip hop artists have struggled to get mainstream attention , with only a few , such as older artists like the female duo Salt N ' Pepa to more contemporary ones like Lil ' Kim and Nicki Minaj , reaching platinum status .
Apollo
Niobe , the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion , boasted of her superiority to Leto because she had fourteen children ( Niobids ) , seven male and seven female , while Leto had only two . Apollo killed her sons , and Artemis her daughters . Apollo and Artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them , though according to some versions of the myth , a number of the Niobids were spared ( Chloris , usually ) . Amphion , at the sight of his dead sons , either killed himself or was killed by Apollo after swearing revenge .
The Way of the World
Act 1 is set in a chocolate house where Mirabell and Fainall have just finished playing cards . A footman comes and tells Mirabell that Waitwell ( Mirabell 's male servant ) and Foible ( Lady Wishfort 's female servant ) were married that morning . Mirabell tells Fainall about his love of Millamant and is encouraged to marry her . Witwoud and Petulant appear and Mirabell is informed that should Lady Wishfort marry , he will lose £ 6000 of Millamant 's inheritance. He will only get this money if he can make Lady Wishfort consent to his and Millamant 's marriage .
Economic history of Argentina
The unique condition of Argentina , as a country which had achieved advanced development in the early 20th century but experienced a reversal , has inspired a wealth of literature and analyses on the causes of this progressive decline . The Nobel prize - winning economist Simon Kuznets is said to have remarked that there were four types of countries : the developed , the underdeveloped , Japan and Argentina .
Mycenaean Greece
Larger male , female or bovine terracotta wheelmade figures are much rarer . An important group was found in the Temple at Mycenae together with coiled clay snakes , while others have been found at Tiryns and in the East and West Shrines at Phylakopi on the island of Melos .
Gynaecology
Gynaecology or gynecology ( see spelling differences ) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems ( vagina , uterus , and ovaries ) and the breasts . Outside medicine , the term means `` the science of women '' . Its counterpart is andrology , which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system .
Serial killer
Peter Vronsky in Female Serial Killers ( 2007 ) maintains that female serial killers today often kill for the same reason males do : as a means of expressing rage and control . He suggests that sometimes the theft of the victims ' property by the female `` black widow '' type serial killer appears to be for material gain , but really is akin to a male serial killer 's collecting of totems ( souvenirs ) from the victim as a way of exerting continued control over the victim and reliving it . By contrast , Hickey states that although popular perception sees `` black widow '' female serial killers as something of the Victorian past , in his statistical study of female serial killer cases reported in the U.S. since 1826 , approximately 75 % occurred since 1950 .
Platypus
While both male and female platypuses are born with ankle spurs , only the male 's spurs deliver venom , composed largely of defensin - like proteins ( DLPs ) , three of which are unique to the platypus . The DLPs are produced by the immune system of the platypus . The function of defensins is to cause lysis in pathogenic bacteria and viruses , but in platypuses they also are formed into venom for defense . Although powerful enough to kill smaller animals such as dogs , the venom is not lethal to humans , but the pain is so excruciating that the victim may be incapacitated . Oedema rapidly develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the affected limb . Information obtained from case histories and anecdotal evidence indicates the pain develops into a long - lasting hyperalgesia ( a heightened sensitivity to pain ) that persists for days or even months . Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male , which are kidney - shaped alveolar glands connected by a thin - walled duct to a calcaneus spur on each hind limb . The female platypus , in common with echidnas , has rudimentary spur buds that do not develop ( dropping off before the end of their first year ) and lack functional crural glands .
Wellington
Victoria University of Wellington has four campuses and works with a three - trimester system ( beginning March , July , and November ) . It enrolled 21,380 students in 2008 ; of these , 16,609 were full - time students . Of all students , 56 % were female and 44 % male . While the student body was primarily New Zealanders of European descent , 1,713 were Maori , 1,024 were Pacific students , 2,765 were international students . 5,751 degrees , diplomas and certificates were awarded . The university has 1,930 full - time employees .
History of women in the United States
built on Progressive - era strategies of municipal housekeeping . During the Progressive era , female activists used traditional constructions of womanhood , which imagined all women as mothers and homemakers , to justify their entrance into community affairs : as `` municipal housekeepers , '' they would clean up politics , cities , and see after the health and wellbeing of their neighbors . Donning the mantle of motherhood , female activists methodically investigated their community 's needs and used their `` maternal '' expertise to lobby , create , and secure a place for themselves in an emerging state welfare bureaucracy , best illustrated perhaps by clubwoman Julia Lathrop 's leadership in the Children 's Bureau . As part of this tradition of maternal activism , the Progressive - era General Federation supported a range of causes from the pure food and drug administration to public health care for mothers and children to a ban on child labor , each of which looked to the state to help implement their vision of social justice .