vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Secession in the United States
Georgia : On April 1 , 2009 , the Georgia State Senate passed a resolution , 43 -- 1 , that asserted the right of states to nullify federal laws under some circumstances . The resolution also asserted that if Congress , the president , or the federal judiciary took certain steps , such as establishing martial law without state consent , requiring some types of involuntary servitude , taking any action regarding religion or restricting freedom of political speech , or establishing further prohibitions of types or quantities of firearms or ammunition , the constitution establishing the United States government would be considered nullified and the union would be dissolved . Hawaii : The Hawaiian sovereignty movement has a number of active groups that have won some concessions from the state of Hawaii , including the offering of H.R. 258 in March 2011 , which removes the words `` Treaty of Annexation '' from a statute . It has passed a committee recommendation 6 -- 0 thus far . Montana : With the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States to hear District of Columbia v. Heller in late 2007 , an early 2008 movement began in Montana involving at least 60 elected officials addressing potential secession if the Second Amendment were interpreted not to grant an individual right , citing its compact with the United States of America . New Hampshire : On September 1 , 2012 , `` The New Hampshire Liberty Party was formed to promote independence from the federal government and for the individual . '' The Free State Project is another NH based movement that has considered secession to increase liberty . On July 23 , 2001 , founder of the FSP , Jason Sorens , published `` Announcement : The Free State Project '' , in The Libertarian Enterprise stating , `` Even if we do n't actually secede , we can force the federal government to compromise with us and grant us substantial liberties . Scotland and Quebec have both used the threat of secession to get large subsidies and concessions from their respective national governments . We could use our leverage for liberty . '' Oregon : Following the 2016 U.S Elections , Protests began in the State , particularly in Portland . The Oregon Secession Act was sent to the ballot for 2018 , however , a day later it was withdrawn . The leaders of the Oregon Org. Said they would possibly put it back in once it was all calm .
History of the United States Constitution
In light of the repeated abuses by ex post facto laws passed by the state legislatures , 1783 -- 1787 , the Constitution prohibited ex post facto laws and bills of attainder to protect United States citizen property rights and right to a fair trial . Congressional power of the purse was protected by forbidding taxes or restraint on interstate commerce and foreign trade . States could make no law `` impairing the obligation of contracts . '' To check future state abuses the framers searched for a way to review and veto state laws harming the national welfare or citizen rights . They rejected proposals for Congressional veto of state laws and gave the Supreme Court appellate case jurisdiction over state law because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land . The United States had such a geographical extent that it could only be safely governed using a combination of republics . Federal judicial districts would follow those state lines . Population
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life , liberty , or property without legislative authorization . This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states , as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy .
Recycling
There is some debate over whether recycling is economically efficient . It is said that dumping 10,000 tons of waste in a landfill creates six jobs while recycling 10,000 tons of waste can create over 36 jobs . However , the cost effectiveness of creating the additional jobs remains unproven . According to the U.S. Recycling Economic Informational Study , there are over 50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million jobs in the US .
Maple syrup
Following an effort from the International Maple Syrup Institute ( IMSI ) and many maple syrup producer associations , both Canada and the United States have altered their laws regarding the classification of maple syrup to be uniform . Whereas in the past each state or province had their own laws on the classification of maple syrup , now those laws define a unified grading system . This had been a work in progress for several years , and most of the finalization of the new grading system was made in 2014 . The Canadian Food Inspection Agency ( CFIA ) announced in the Canada Gazette on 28 June 2014 that rules for the sale of maple syrup would be amended to include new descriptors , at the request of the IMSI .
Gun laws in California
A license to carry concealed a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . Where the population of the county is less than 200,000 persons according to the most recent federal decennial census , a license to carry loaded and exposed in that county a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . ''
Hoover Dam
Control of water was the primary concern in the building of the dam . Power generation has allowed the dam project to be self - sustaining : proceeds from the sale of power repaid the 50 - year construction loan , and those revenues also finance the multimillion - dollar yearly maintenance budget . Power is generated in step with and only with the release of water in response to downstream water demands .
Spider web
After the radials are complete , the spider fortifies the center of the web with about five circular threads . It makes a spiral of non-sticky , widely spaced threads to enable it to move easily around its own web during construction , working from the inside outward . Then , beginning from the outside and moving inward , the spider methodically replaces this spiral with a more closely spaced one made of adhesive threads . It uses the initial radiating lines as well as the non-sticky spirals as guide lines . The spaces between each spiral and the next are directly proportional to the distance from the tip of its back legs to its spinners . This is one way the spider uses its own body as a measuring / spacing device . While the sticky spirals are formed , the non-adhesive spirals are removed as there is no need for them any more . Australian
United States presidential primary
Campaigning for President often begins almost a year before the New Hampshire primary , almost two years before the presidential election . This is largely because federal campaign finance laws including the Federal Election Campaign Act state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000 , among others , must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission . Thus , presidential candidates officially announce their intentions to run that early so they can start raising or spending the money needed to mount their nationwide campaigns .
Cost–benefit analysis
The EU 's ' Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment ' ( HEATCO ) project , part of its Sixth Framework Programme , reviewed transport appraisal guidance across EU member states and found that significant differences exist between countries . HEATCO 's aim was to develop guidelines to harmonise transport appraisal practice across the EU .
Hurricane Katrina
Battered by wind , rain and storm surge , some beachfront neighborhoods were completely leveled . Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90 % of the structures within half a mile of the coastline were completely destroyed , and that storm surges traveled as much as 6 miles ( 10 km ) inland in portions of the state 's coast . One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed . More than half of the 13 casinos in the state , which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land - based gambling laws , were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves .
Bacterial cell structure
In comparison to eukaryotes , the intracellular features of the bacterial cell are extremely simple . Bacteria do not contain organelles in the same sense as eukaryotes . Instead , the chromosome and perhaps ribosomes are the only easily observable intracellular structures found in all bacteria . There do exist , however , specialized groups of bacteria that contain more complex intracellular structures , some of which are discussed below .
Mauna Kea
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries trails were formed , often by the movement of game herds , that could be traveled on horseback . However , vehicular access to the summit was practically impossible until the construction of a road in 1964 , and it continues to be restricted . Today , multiple trails to the summit exist , in various states of use .
Gun laws in Texas
The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including :
Law
The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly ; here the offices , clerks , secretaries , inspectors and intendants are not appointed to benefit the public interest , indeed the public interest appears to have been established so that offices might exist .
Starbucks
In 2010 , the Brady Campaign proposed a boycott of Starbucks due to their gun policy . At that time , Starbucks released a statement saying `` We comply with local laws and statutes in all the communities we serve . That means we abide by the laws that permit open carry in 43 U.S. states . Where these laws do n't exist , openly carrying weapons in our stores is prohibited . The political , policy and legal debates around these issues belong in the legislatures and courts , not in our stores . ''
Rule of law
The `` formal '' interpretation is more widespread than the `` substantive '' interpretation . Formalists hold that the law must be prospective , well - known , and have characteristics of generality , equality , and certainty . Other than that , the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law . This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights , but recognizes the existence of `` rule of law '' in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights .
Environmental issues in the Philippines
Recognizing the need to tackle the environment issues as well as the need to sustain development and growth , the Philippines came up with the Sustainable Development Strategy . The nation for the Sustainable Development Strategy includes assimilating environmental considerations in administration , apposite pricing of natural resources , conservation of biodiversity , rehabilitation of ecosystems , control of population growth and human resources development , inducing growth in rural areas , promotion of environmental education , strengthening citizens ' participation , and promoting small to medium - sized enterprises and sustainable agricultural and forestry practices . One of the initiatives signed in part of the strategy was the 1992 Earth Summit .
Sustainability
More than that , sustainability implies responsible and proactive decision - making and innovation that minimizes negative impact and maintains balance between ecological resilience , economic prosperity , political justice and cultural vibrancy to ensure a desirable planet for all species now and in the future . Specific types of sustainability include , sustainable agriculture , sustainable architecture or ecological economics . Understanding sustainable development is important but without clear targets an unfocused term like `` liberty '' or `` justice '' . It has also been described as a `` dialogue of values that challenge the sociology of development '' .
Taxation in the United States
Foreign individuals and corporations not resident in the United States are subject to federal income tax only on income from a U.S. business and certain types of income from U.S. sources . States tax individuals resident outside the state and corporations organized outside the state only on wages or business income within the state . Payers of some types of income to non-residents must withhold federal or state income tax on the payment . Federal withholding of 30 % on such income may be reduced under a tax treaty . Such treaties do not apply to state taxes .
Supremacy Clause
In Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) , the Supreme Court held that state courts can not issue rulings that contradict the decisions of federal courts , citing the Supremacy Clause , and overturning a decision by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin . Specifically , the court found it was illegal for state officials to interfere with the work of U.S. Marshals enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act or to order the release of federal prisoners held for violation of that Act . The Supreme Court reasoned that because the Supremacy Clause established federal law as the law of the land , the Wisconsin courts could not nullify the judgments of a federal court . The Supreme Court held that under Article III of the Constitution , the federal courts have the final jurisdiction in all cases involving the Constitution and laws of the United States , and that the states therefore can not interfere with federal court judgments .
Ellis Island
In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened , more than eight million immigrants arriving in New York City had been processed by New York State officials at Castle Garden Immigration Depot in Lower Manhattan , just across the bay . The federal government assumed control of immigration on April 18 , 1890 , and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America 's first federal immigration station on Ellis Island . Artesian wells were dug , and landfill was hauled in from incoming ships ' ballast and from construction of New York City 's subway tunnels , which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres . While the building was under construction , the Barge Office nearby at the Battery was used for immigrant processing .
Copy editing
In the United States and Canada , an editor who does this work is called a copy editor . An organization 's highest - ranking copy editor , or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors , may be known as the copy chief , copy desk chief , or news editor . In book publishing in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world that follow British nomenclature , the term copy editor is used , but in newspaper and magazine publishing , the term is subeditor ( or sub-editor ) , commonly shortened to sub . The senior subeditor of a publication is frequently called the chief subeditor . As the prefix sub suggests , copy editors typically have less authority than regular editors .
Florida Keys
On September 10 , 2017 , Hurricane Irma made landfall in Cudjoe Key . The storm destroyed an estimated 25 % of the houses on the Keys and another 65 % suffered major damage . Most residents had evacuated before the storm hit the area . On September 12 , parts of the Keys were still inaccessible by causeway and some areas were closed to the public . Governor Rick Scott reported devastation ; most areas were without power or water . The damage was the worst in the Lower Keys , though less severe in Key West ; parts of the Lower Keys may be uninhabitable for months .
Education reform
In other parts of the world , educational reform has had a number of different meanings . In Taiwan in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century a movement tried to prioritize reasoning over mere facts , reduce the emphasis on central control and standardized testing . There was consensus on the problems . Efforts were limited because there was little consensus on the goals of educational reforms , and therefore on how to fix the problems . By 2003 , the push for education reform had declined .
Industrial Revolution
One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century , particularly China , India , and the Middle East , or at other times like in Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages . Numerous factors have been suggested , including education , technological changes ( see Scientific Revolution in Europe ) , `` modern '' government , `` modern '' work attitudes , ecology , and culture .
Sign of the cross
The Cross is a symbol representing Christ 's victory over sin and death . The sign of the cross was originally made in some parts of the Christian world with the right - hand thumb across the forehead only . In other parts of the early Christian world it was done with the whole hand or with two fingers . Around the year 200 in Carthage ( modern Tunisia , Africa ) , Tertullian wrote : `` We Christians wear out our foreheads with the sign of the cross '' . Vestiges of this early variant of the practice remain : in the Roman Rite of the Mass in the Catholic Church , the faithful make this gesture on the forehead , on the lips , and on the heart at the proclamation of the Gospel ; on Ash Wednesday a cross is traced in ashes on the forehead ; holy oil ( called chrism ) is applied on the forehead for the sacrament of Confirmation ( called the Holy Mystery of Chrismation in the Eastern Orthodox Church , as Orthodox call the Sacraments by the name `` Holy Mystery '' ) . By the 4th century , the sign of the cross involved other parts of the body beyond the forehead .
Belvedere, Vienna
The palaces suffered considerable damage during World War II . Parts of the Marble Hall in the Upper Belvedere and the Hall of Grotesques in the Lower Belvedere were destroyed by bombs . After reconstruction work was completed , the Österreichische Galerie reopened in the upper palace on 4 February 1953 . The Baroque Museum opened in the lower palace and the Museum mittelalterlicher österreichischer Kunst ( `` Museum of Medieval Austrian Art '' ) opened in the Orangery on 5 December 1953 . Upper
Southwestern United States
Parts of the other states make up the various areas which can be included in the Southwest , depending on the source ( see Figure 1 ) . The Learning Center of the American Southwest ( LCAS ) does not rely on current state boundaries , and defines the American Southwest as parts of Arizona , Colorado , Kansas , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas , and Utah ( see Figure 2 ) .
Sundarbans
A total 245 genera and 334 plant species were recorded by David Prain in 1903 . While most of the mangroves in other parts of the world are characterised by members of the Rhizophoraceae , Avicenneaceae or Combretaceae , the mangroves of Bangladesh are dominated by the Malvaceae and Euphorbiaceae . Dominant flora includes :
Bradford
The Office for National Statistics Regional Trends report , published in June 2009 , showed that some parts of Bradford suffer from the highest levels of deprivation in the country , while other areas of Bradford are some of the least deprived in the country . Infant mortality is double the national average , and life expectancy is slightly lower than in other parts of the district .
Christmas dinner
The actual meal consumed varies in different parts of the world with regional cuisines and local traditions . In many parts of the world , particularly former British colonies , the meal shares some connection with the English Christmas dinner involving roasted meats and pudding of some description . The Christmas pudding and Christmas cake evolved from this tradition .
Red-tailed hawk
The feathers and other parts of the red - tailed hawk are considered sacred to many American indigenous people and , like the feathers of the bald eagle and golden eagle , are sometimes used in religious ceremonies and found adorning the regalia of many Native Americans in the United States ; these parts , most especially their distinctive tail feathers , are a popular item in the Native American community . As with the other two species , the feathers and parts of the red - tailed hawk are regulated by the eagle feather law , which governs the possession of feathers and parts of migratory birds .
History of the Church of England
The Old Testament was translated from the Masoretic Hebrew text , while the Apocrypha was translated from the Greek Septuagint ( LXX ) . The work was done by 47 scholars working in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . They worked on certain parts separately ; then the drafts produced by each committee were compared and revised for harmony with each other .
Boxer (dog)
The breed was introduced to other parts of Europe in the late 19th century and to the United States around the turn of the 20th century . The American Kennel Club ( AKC ) registered the first Boxer in 1904 , and recognized the first Boxer champion , Dampf vom Dom , in 1915 . During World War I , the Boxer was co-opted for military work , acting as a valuable messenger dog , pack - carrier , attack dog , and guard dog . It was not until after World War II that the Boxer became popular around the world . Taken home by returning soldiers , they introduced the dog to a wider audience and soon became a favorite as a companion , a show dog , and a guard dog .
Kidney
In the majority of vertebrates , the mesonephros persists into the adult , albeit usually fused with the more advanced metanephros ; only in amniotes is the mesonephros restricted to the embryo . The kidneys of fish and amphibians are typically narrow , elongated organs , occupying a significant portion of the trunk . The collecting ducts from each cluster of nephrons usually drain into an archinephric duct , which is homologous with the vas deferens of amniotes . However , the situation is not always so simple ; in cartilaginous fish and some amphibians , there is also a shorter duct , similar to the amniote ureter , which drains the posterior ( metanephric ) parts of the kidney , and joins with the archinephric duct at the bladder or cloaca . Indeed , in many cartilaginous fish , the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult .
Eastern Orthodox Church
The majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Eastern Europe , Greece , and the Caucasus , with smaller communities in the former Byzantine regions of the eastern Mediterranean , Africa , and to a decreasing degree also in the Middle East due to persecution . There are also many in other parts of the world , formed through diaspora , conversions , and missionary activity .