vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Axis powers
By 1941 , Italy 's attempts to run an autonomous campaign from Germany 's , collapsed as a result of military setbacks in Greece , North Africa , and Eastern Africa ; and the country became dependent and effectively subordinate to Germany . After the German - led invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia and Greece , that had both been targets of Italy 's war aims , Italy was forced to accept German dominance in the two occupied countries . Furthermore , by 1941 , German forces in North Africa under Erwin Rommel effectively took charge of the military effort ousting Allied forces from the Italian colony of Libya , and German forces were stationed in Sicily in that year . Germany 's insolence towards Italy as an ally was demonstrated that year when Italy was pressured to send 350,000 `` guest workers '' to Germany who were used as forced labour . While Hitler was disappointed with the Italian military 's performance , he maintained overall favorable relations with Italy because of his personal friendship with Mussolini .
History of immigration to the United States
Of the total white population in 1790 , about 80 % was of British ancestry . In this era the population roughly doubled by natural increase every 25 years . Relentless population expansion pushed the U.S. frontier to the Pacific by 1848 . Most immigrants came long distances to settle in the U.S. However , many Irish left Canada for the U.S. in the 1840s . French Canadians who came down from Quebec after 1860 and the Mexicans who came north after 1911 found it easier to move back and forth .
Treaty of Versailles
The plebiscites initiated due to the treaty have drawn much comment . Historian Robert Peckham wrote that the issue of Schleswig `` was premised on a gross simplification of the region 's history ... Versailles ignored any possibility of there being a third way : the kind of compact represented by the Swiss Federation ; a bilingual or even trilingual Schleswig - Holsteinian state '' or other options such as `` a Schleswigian state in a loose confederation with Denmark or Germany , or an autonomous region under the protection of the League of Nations . '' In regards to the East Prussia plebiscite , historian Richard Blanke wrote that `` no other contested ethnic group has ever , under un-coerced conditions , issued so one - sided a statement of its national preference '' . Richard Debo wrote `` both Berlin and Warsaw believed the Soviet invasion of Poland had influenced the East Prussian plebiscites . Poland appeared so close to collapse that even Polish voters had cast their ballots for Germany '' .
Theses on the Philosophy of History
Scholem , who is quoted in Theses , suggested that the cryptic essay 's seemingly definitive rejection of Marxist historical materialism in favor of a return to the theology and metaphysics of Benjamin 's earlier writings came after Benjamin recovered from the deep shock he felt following the 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact when the Marxist - Leninist Soviet Union and Fascist , anti-Semitic Germany , previously bitter rivals , announced a non-aggression pact .
Cold War
Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . U.S. plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets .
German Shepherd
With the rise of large , industrialized cities in Germany , the predator population began to decline , rendering sheepdogs unnecessary . At the same time , the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile , intelligent class of canine began to rise . Max von Stephanitz , an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College , was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working . He admired the intelligence , strength and ability of Germany 's native sheepdogs , but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog .
Led Zeppelin
In August 1979 , after two warm - up shows in Copenhagen , Led Zeppelin headlined two concerts at the Knebworth Music Festival , playing to a crowd of approximately 104,000 on the first night . A brief , low - key European tour was undertaken in June and July 1980 , featuring a stripped - down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos . On 27 June , at a show in Nuremberg , Germany , the concert came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the third song , when Bonham collapsed onstage and was rushed to hospital . Speculation in the press suggested that his collapse had been the result of excessive alcohol and drug use , but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten .
Water in California
After Folsom , a city of 72,000 east of Sacramento , installed meters in 2011 and adopted tiered rates that charge more for people who consume the most water , per - capita use started falling steadily .
Andrew Carnegie
In spring 1861 , Carnegie was appointed by Scott , who was now Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation , as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government 's telegraph lines in the East . Carnegie helped open the rail lines into Washington D.C. that the rebels had cut ; he rode the locomotive pulling the first brigade of Union troops to reach Washington D.C. Following the defeat of Union forces at Bull Run , he personally supervised the transportation of the defeated forces . Under his organization , the telegraph service rendered efficient service to the Union cause and significantly assisted in the eventual victory . Carnegie later joked that he was `` the first casualty of the war '' when he gained a scar on his cheek from freeing a trapped telegraph wire .
Pokhran-II
Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years .
Military history of the United States
After the Civil War , population expansion , railroad construction , and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains . Several tribes , especially the Sioux and Comanche , fiercely resisted confinement to reservations . The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other , William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge . A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876 , when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho nations . The last significant conflict came in 1891 . Charge
East Pakistan
The tense relations between East and West Pakistan reached a climax in 1970 when the Awami League , the largest East Pakistani political party , led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , ( Mujib ) , won a landslide victory in the national elections in East Pakistan . The party won 160 of the 162 seats allotted to East Pakistan , and thus a majority of the 300 seats in the Parliament . This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government without forming a coalition with any other party . Khan invited Mujib to Rawalpindi to take the charge of the office , and negotiations took place between the military government and the Awami Party . Bhutto was shocked with the results , and threatened his fellow Peoples Party members if they attended the inaugural session at the National Assembly , famously saying he would `` break the legs '' of any member of his party who dared enter and attend the session . However , fearing East Pakistani separatism , Bhutto demanded Mujib to form a coalition government . After a secret meeting held in Larkana , Mujib agreed to give Bhutto the office of presidency with Mujib as prime minister . General Yahya Khan and his military government were kept unaware of these developments and under pressure from his own military government , refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan . This increased agitation for greater autonomy in East Pakistan . The Military Police arrested Mujib and Bhutto and placed them in Adiala Jail in Rawalpindi . The news spread like a fire in both East and West Pakistan , and the struggle for independence began in East Pakistan .
Miranda v. Arizona
The Miranda decision was widely criticized when it came down , as many felt it was unfair to inform suspected criminals of their rights , as outlined in the decision . Richard Nixon and other conservatives denounced Miranda for undermining the efficiency of the police , and argued the ruling would contribute to an increase in crime . Nixon , upon becoming President , promised to appoint judges who would be `` strict constructionists '' and who would exercise judicial restraint . Many supporters of law enforcement were angered by the decision 's negative view of police officers .
Technology during World War II
Air power was a major concern of Germany and Britain between the wars . Trade in aircraft engines continued , with Britain selling hundreds of its best to German firms - which used them in a first generation of aircraft , and then improved on them much for use in German aircraft . These new inventions lead the way to major success for the Germans in World War II . Germany had always been and has continued to be in the forefront of internal combustion engine development . Göttingen was the world center of aerodynamics and fluid dynamics in general , at least up to the time when the highly dogmatic Nazi party came to power . This contributed to the German development of jet aircraft and of submarines with improved under - water performance .
Barbados
Obadele Thompson is a world - class sprinter from Barbados ; he won a bronze medal at the Olympic Games of 2000 in the 100m sprint . Ryan Brathwaite , a hurdler , reached the 2008 Olympic semi-finals in Beijing . Brathwaite also earned Barbados its first ever medal at the world championships in Berlin , Germany on 20 August 2009 , when he won the men 's 110 meter hurdles title . The 21 - year - old timed a national record of 13.14 seconds to win the Gold Medal .
Corazon Aquino
When 15 farmers staging a peaceful rally in Mendiola were gunned down by the military under Aquino on January 22 , 1987 during the Mendiola Massacre , Jose Diokno , head of the Presidential Committee on Human Rights and chairman of the government panel in charge of negotiations with rebel forces resigned from his two government posts in deep disgust and great sadness . His daughter Maris said , `` It was the only time we saw him near tears . ''
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Von Steuben was one of four European military leaders who assisted the U.S. cause during the Revolution and was honored with a statue in Lafayette Square , just north of the White House , in Washington , D.C. The statue by Albert Jaegers was dedicated in 1910 . A copy was dedicated in Potsdam , Germany in 1911 , and destroyed during World War II . A new cast was given in honor of German - American friendship in 1987 , and to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin . It was installed in the Dahlem district , in what had been the U.S. sector of the formerly divided city . Additional casts are in Potsdam , and in Steuben 's home town of Magdeburg . Statues of Steuben by J. Otto Schweizer can be found in Valley Forge , Pennsylvania and Utica , New York ; in addition to an equestrian statue by Schweizer in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . A bust of Steuben is in the garden of the German Embassy in Washington , D.C.
Central Powers
The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Central Powers in November 1914 . The Ottoman Empire had gained strong economic connections with Germany through the Berlin - to - Baghdad railway project that was still incomplete at the time . The Ottoman Empire made a formal alliance with Germany signed on 2 August 1914 . The alliance treaty expected that the Ottoman Empire would become involved in the conflict in a short amount of time . However , for the first several months of the war the Ottoman Empire maintained neutrality though it allowed a German naval squadron to enter and stay near the strait of Bosphorus . Ottoman officials informed the German government that the country needed time to prepare for conflict . Germany provided financial aid and weapons shipments to the Ottoman Empire .
Grand jury
The charge having been delivered , the grand jury withdrew to their own room , having received the bills of indictment . The witnesses whose names were endorsed on each bill were sworn as they came to be examined , in the grand jury room , the oath being administered by the foreman , who wrote his initials against the name of the witness on the back of the bill . Only the witnesses for the prosecution were examined , as the function of the grand jury was merely to inquire whether there was sufficient ground to put the accused on trial . If the majority of them ( and at least 12 ) thought that the evidence so adduced made out a sufficient case , the words `` a true bill '' were endorsed on the back of the bill . If they were of the opposite opinion , the phrase `` not a true bill '' , or the single Latin word ignoramus ( `` we do not know '' or `` we are ignorant ( of ) '' ) , was endorsed instead and the bill was said to be `` ignored '' or thrown out . They could find a true bill as to the charge in one count , and ignore that in another ; or as to one defendant and not as to another ; but they could not , like a petty jury , return a special or conditional finding , or select part of a count as true and reject the other part . When some bills were `` found '' , some of the jurors came out and handed the bills to the clerk of arraigns ( in assizes ) or clerk of the peace , who announced to the court the name of the prisoner , the charge , and the endorsements of the grand jury . They then retired and considered other bills until all were disposed of ; after which they were discharged by the judge , chairman , or recorder .
Iliad
There Telamonian Ajax struck down the son of Anthemion , Simoeisios in his stripling 's beauty , whom once his mother descending from Ida bore beside the banks of Simoeis when she had followed her father and mother to tend the sheepflocks . Therefore they called him Simoeisios ; but he could not render again the care of his dear parents ; he was short - lived , beaten down beneath the spear of high - hearted Ajax , who struck him as he first came forward beside the nipple of the right breast , and the bronze spearhead drove clean through the shoulder .
The Man in the High Castle
In season two we see a map on John Smith 's wall of the world . From this map we can see that Japan controls the entirety of the Pacific Ocean and most of the Asian continent , including China , India and half of Russia . Japan is also shown to control Australia , New Zealand , western Canada , Alaska and , all pacific states in the USA . We also see that that the Japanese Empire controls the Yucatán Peninsula and South American countries like Chile . In contrast , Nazi Germany is shown as controlling all of Europe , Africa and the Middle East . The German Empire also controls all of the United States and Canada up to the Rockies in the west and South American countries like Brazil . Germany also controls the western parts of former USSR such as the Ukraine . There are also buffer zones between the empires . Neither empire seems to have invaded Mexico and this neutral zone continues up through the Rockies and through Canada . A similar neutral zone is seen dividing Russia in half .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
The Board of Health in London had several committees , of which the Committee for Scientific Inquiries was placed in charge of investigating the cholera outbreak . They were to study the atmospheric environment in London ; however , they were also to examine samples of water from several water companies in London . The committee found that the most contaminated water supply came from the South London water companies , Southwark and Vauxhall .
Horn of Africa
The early 20th century in Ethiopia was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I , who came to power after Iyasu V was deposed . In 1935 , Haile Selassie 's troops fought and lost the Second Italo - Abyssinian War , after which point Italy annexed Ethiopia to Italian East Africa . Haile Selassie subsequently appealed to the League of Nations , delivering an address that made him a worldwide figure and 1935 's Time magazine Man of the Year . Following the entry of Italy into World War II , British Empire forces , together with patriot Ethiopian fighters , liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African Campaign in 1941 . Addis
Axis powers
Meetings took place in Berlin in 1924 between Italian General Luigi Capello and prominent figures in the German military , such as von Seeckt and Erich Ludendorff , over military collaboration between Germany and Italy . The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany .
Tower of London
Beginning around 1238 , the castle was expanded to the east , north , and north - west . The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I , interrupted occasionally by civil unrest . New creations included a new defensive perimeter , studded with towers , while on the west , north , and east sides , where the wall was not defended by the river , a defensive ditch was dug . The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement , marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences . The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression , despised by Londoners , and Henry 's building programme was unpopular . So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240 , the locals celebrated the setback . The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation .
Hellenistic period
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander 's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus ' leadership in Asia Minor . Antigonus fled for Greece , and then , together with Antipater and Craterus ( the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war ) invaded Anatolia . The rebels were supported by Lysimachus , the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy , the satrap of Egypt . Although Eumenes , satrap of Cappadocia , defeated the rebels in Asia Minor , Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon , Seleucus , and Antigenes ( possibly with Ptolemy 's aid ) during his invasion of Egypt ( c. 21 May to 19 June , 320 BC ) . Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas 's murderers , making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place , but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus . Antipater was made regent of the Empire , and the two kings were moved to Macedon . Antigonus remained in charge of Asia Minor , Ptolemy retained Egypt , Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon .
Economy of Nazi Germany
The German economy , like those of many other western nations , suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 , he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy . The changes included privatization of state industries , autarky , and tariffs on imports . Wages increased by 10.9 % in real terms during this period . However , reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry , fruit , and clothing for many Germans .
Axis powers
In 1941 Danish Nazis set up the Frikorps Danmark . Thousands of volunteers fought and many died as part of the German Army on the Eastern Front . Denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to Germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications . The German presence in Denmark , including the construction of the Danish paid for part of the Atlantic Wall fortifications and was never reimbursed .
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release .
Where Are Ü Now
Lyrically , `` Where Are Ü Now '' talks about caring and praying for an ex who did n't return the favor , with Bieber yearning for compassion amidst a sea of loneliness . He sings : `` When you broke down I did n't leave you / ... I was on my knees when nobody else was praying , oh Lord . '' In another part , he complains : `` I gave you the key when the door was n't open , just admit it ( ... ) See , I gave you faith , turned your doubt into hoping , ca n't deny it , Now I 'm all alone and my joys turned to moping . '' Some critics , such as Complex 's Khal , pointed out that it `` finds him writing what could be a note to anyone -- or , ahem , Selena Gomez -- who might have left him during his turbulent 2014 , longing for someone who could comfort him in his time of need . '' For Sam Corey of The Huffington Post , during the song `` Bieber has been posing quite a few existential questions about his love life , '' noting that lyrically the song `` is a serpentine trip through the emotions of despair , codependence and anxious - ambivalence , '' as he recalls for his long lost love with Gomez . He also observed that the song `` serves as a dark portrait of a man struggling to find himself outside of the confines of a woman 's love . '' For Emily Yoshida of The Verge , `` ' Where Are Ü Now ' is about the priceless value of the personal relationship that is forged between a fan and a pop star . ''
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film .