vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Written Chinese
Various current Chinese characters have been traced back to the late Shang Dynasty about 1200 -- 1050 BC , but the process of creating characters is thought to have begun some centuries earlier . After a period of variation and evolution , Chinese characters were standardized under the Qin Dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) . Over the millennia , these characters have evolved into well - developed styles of Chinese calligraphy . As the varieties of Chinese diverged , a situation of diglossia developed , with speakers of mutually unintelligible varieties able to communicate through writing using Classical Chinese . In the early 20th century , Classical Chinese was replaced in this role by written vernacular Chinese , corresponding to the standard spoken language ( `` Mandarin '' ) . Although most other varieties of Chinese are not written , there are traditions of written Cantonese , written Shanghainese and written Hokkien , among others .
Jamestown, Virginia
In a few months , 80 % of the party were dead ; some of the survivors were deserting to the Indians whose land they had colonized . Virginia Native Americans had established settlements long before the English settlers arrived , and there were an estimated 14,000 in the region who were politically known as Tsenacommacah and who spoke an Algonquian language . They were the Powhatan Confederacy , ruled by their paramount chief known as Wahunsenacawh or `` Chief Powhatan '' . Wahunsenacawh initially sought to resettle the English colonists from Jamestown , considered part of Paspahegh territory , to another location known as Capahosick where they would make metal tools for him as members of his Confederacy , but this never transpired .
History of coal mining
The earliest known use of coal in the Americas was by the Aztecs who used coal for fuel and jet ( a type of lignite ) for ornaments .
Afrikaans
fundi , from the Zulu word umfundi meaning `` scholar '' or `` student '' , but used to mean someone who is a student / expert on a certain subject , i.e. He is a language fundi . lobola , meaning bride price , from lobolo in the Nguni languages mahem , the grey crowned crane , known in Latin as Balearica regulorum maroela , medium - sized dioecious tree known in Latin as Sclerocarya birrea tamboekiegras , species of thatching grass known as Hyparrhenia tambotie , deciduous tree also known by its Latin name , Spirostachys africana tjaila / tjailatyd , an adaption of the word chaile , meaning `` to go home '' or `` to knock off '' .
Kim Jong-un
It is believed that the student at the Gümligen International School may not have been Kim Jong - un , but his elder brother Kim Jong - chul . It is not known whether the student known as Pak - un in Liebefeld Steinhölzli lived in Switzerland prior to 1998 . All the children of Kim Jong - il are said to have lived in Switzerland , as well as the mother of the two youngest sons , who lived in Geneva for some time .
Indigenous Australians
The National Gallery of Australia exhibits a great many indigenous art works , including those of the Torres Strait Islands who are known for their traditional sculpture and headgear .
Argentine tango
Milonga is also the name given to clubs and events specially for dancing tango . This double meaning of the word milonga can be confusing unless one knows the context in which the word `` milonga '' is used . People who attend milongas are known as milongueros .
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Finally , Congress limited the rights of non-parties to attack consent decrees by barring any challenges by parties who knew or should have known of the decree or who were adequately represented by the original parties .
Columbus, Georgia
This was for centuries and more the traditional territory of the Creek Indians , who became known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast after European contact . Those who lived closest to white - occupied areas conducted considerable trading and adopted some European - American ways .
The Clark Sisters
The Clark Sisters are renowned for their vocal stylings , dubbed as `` The Clark Sound . '' They incorporate high and fast melismas , acrobatic trills and riffs , and deep , soulful growls , or `` squalls '' . The sisters are also known for the individual distinctive sounds that they contribute . Jacky ( contralto ) is known for her sweet , soft , smooth , and deeper vocals . Dorinda ( mezzo - soprano ) , the `` jazzy '' sister , inputs scats and riffs . Denise , who is no longer associated with the group ( soprano ) is known for her high pitched singing voice , and uses her piercing soprano vocals that can be cleary heard on early tracks . She was also known for her runs and high melismas . Karen ( soprano ) is known for her unique riffs , runs , growls , scats , very vast vocal range , ability to belt whilst in the whistle range , and has also been known to implement an `` echo '' in her live performances . Twinkie is known for her complex runs , riffs , powerful mixed - voice belts , soulful squalls and deep growls . Twinkie ( Soprano / Mezzo - Soprano / Contralto / Tenor / Baritone ) is credited with being the `` heart of the Clark Sisters . '' Early in the group 's development , Twinkie was the chief songwriter , music and vocal arranger , producer , and also possessing a wide vocal range from soprano to a low baritone .
Abduwali Muse
According to his indictment , Muse was the first of the four men who boarded the Maersk Alabama . During the attack , he was stabbed in the hand by a sailor . The crew attacked and held Muse hostage while Richard Phillips offered him and the pirates money to leave the Alabama safely on the ship 's lifeboat . However Muse 's fellow pirates forced Phillips into the lifeboat before the Alabama crew could release Muse . All 4 pirates escaped the ship with Phillips held hostage inside the lifeboat . A day later the USS Bainbridge intercepted the lifeboat and navy officers negotiated with the armed pirates for hours and agreed to take Muse on board the Bainbridge to `` meet '' with elders from his clan to negotiate the release of Phillips . After Muse had been taken on board the 3 remaining pirates were shot dead simultaneously before Muse was charged and taken into American custody . Muse was thought to be the first person to be charged with piracy in an American court in more than 100 years , when courts ruled in 1885 that the Ambrose Light was not a pirate vessel . A more recent case , 2008 's United States v. Shi , which was quoted in his indictment , involves murder and a crew member taking over a ship and holding a hostage .
Mortal Kombat
In Mortal Kombat : Armageddon the catastrophe known as Armageddon starts . Centuries before the first Mortal Kombat , Queen Delia foretold the realms would be destroyed because the power of all warriors from all the realms would rise to such greatness it would overwhelm and destabilize the realms , triggering an all - destructive chain of events . King Argus had his sons , Taven , and Daegon , put into incubation who would one day be awakened to save the realms from Armageddon by defeating a firespawn known as Blaze . In the end , however , Shao Kahn is the one who defeats Blaze , causing Armageddon .
Magic in Harry Potter
In humans , magic or the lack thereof is an inborn attribute . It is inherited , carried on `` dominant resilient genes '' . Magic is the norm for the children of magical couples and less common in those of Muggles . Exceptions exist : those unable to do magic who are born to magical parents are known as Squibs , whereas a witch or wizard born to Muggle parents is known as a Muggle - born , or by the derogatory term `` Mudblood '' . While Muggle - borns are quite common , Squibs are extremely rare .
Angel Batista
Angel is a friendly , good natured character who provides a sense of humanity and compassion in Dexter 's life . While he is prone to making rash decisions and acting on emotion , he does not harbor any resentment for even the worst fate hands to him and is shown to care deeply for those who work around him . He is also well known for his trademark fedora hat which he is almost never seen without . Due to his position as a divorced , lonely , police officer he considers himself a cliché .
Zootopia
Ginnifer Goodwin as Officer Judy Hopps , an optimistic rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is a newly appointed member of the Zootopia Police Department assigned to the 1st Precinct . Della Saba voices a younger Judy Hopps . Jason Bateman as Nick Wilde , a red fox who is a small - time con artist . Kath Soucie voices a younger Nick Wilde . Idris Elba as Chief Bogo , an African buffalo who is the police chief of the Zootopia Police Department 's 1st Precinct . Jenny Slate as Dawn Bellwether , a diminutive sheep who is the assistant mayor of Zootopia . Nate Torrence as Officer Benjamin Clawhauser , an obese cheetah who works as a dispatcher and desk sergeant for the Zootopia Police Department 's 1st Precinct . Bonnie Hunt as Bonnie Hopps , a European rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is the mother of Judy Hopps . Don Lake as Stu Hopps , a European rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is the father of Judy Hopps and a known carrot farmer . Tommy Chong as Yax , a laid - back domestic yak who is the owner of the naturist club Mystic Springs Oasis in Sahara Square . J.K. Simmons as Leodore Lionheart , a lion who is the noble , but pompous Mayor of Zootopia . Octavia Spencer as Mrs. Otterton , a concerned North American river otter whose husband Emmitt Otterton has gone missing . Alan Tudyk as Duke Weaselton , a small - time least weasel crook who is also known for selling bootleg DVDs . The name is a reference to the Duke of Weselton from Frozen , whom Tudyk also voices . Shakira as Gazelle , a Thomson 's gazelle who is a famous pop star . Shakira also voices Gazelle in the Spanish dub . Raymond S. Persi as Flash , the `` fastest '' three - toed sloth in the DMV ( short for Department of Mammal Vehicles ) . Persi also voices Officer Higgins , a hippopotamus who is an elite member of the Zootopia Police Department 's 1st Precinct .
Democracy
Cosmopolitan democracy , also known as Global democracy or World Federalism , is a political system in which democracy is implemented on a global scale , either directly or through representatives . An important justification for this kind of system is that the decisions made in national or regional democracies often affect people outside the constituency who , by definition , can not vote . By contrast , in a cosmopolitan democracy , the people who are affected by decisions also have a say in them .
Christmas traditions
In Denmark , Santa Claus is known as Julemanden ( literally `` the Yule Man '' ) and is said to arrive in a sleigh drawn by reindeer , with presents for the children . He is assisted with his Yuletide chores by elves known as julenisser ( or simply nisser ) , who are traditionally believed to live in attics , barns or similar places . In some traditions , to maintain the favour and protection of these nisser , children leave out saucers of milk or rice pudding or other treats for them and are delighted to find the food gone on Christmas morning . Estonia
Who Framed Roger Rabbit
Marvin Acme ( Stubby Kaye ) is the owner of Acme Products and Toontown . He is known around Hollywood as `` the gag king '' for the prank items he makes his living selling . Among his top sellers are Disappearing / Reappearing Ink and a hand buzzer . In a blackmail scheme by R.K. Maroon , he has an `` affair '' with Toon Jessica Rabbit which Eddie Valiant ( who briefly meets Acme ) photographs . Acme is murdered later that night by Judge Doom , who drops a safe on his head and frames Jessica 's husband , Roger .
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series
Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '' , who aims to fight crime by any means necessary .
Burning of Washington
President James Madison , members of his government , and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville .
Burning of Washington
President James Madison , military officials , and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the `` United States Capital for a Day '' . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville .
Baptism
The Catholic Church holds that those who are ignorant of Christ 's Gospel and of the Church , but who seek the truth and do God 's will as they understand it , may be supposed to have an implicit desire for baptism and can be saved : `` ' Since Christ died for all , and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny , which is divine , we must hold that the Holy Spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers , in a way known to God , of the Paschal mystery . ' Every man who is ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and of his Church , but seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it , can be saved . It may be supposed that such persons would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity . '' As for unbaptized infants , the Church is unsure of their fate ; `` the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God '' .
Hip hop
An early beatmaker was producer Kurtis Blow , who won producer of the year credits in 1983 , 1984 , and 1985 . Known for the creation of sample and sample loops , Blow was considered the Quincy Jones of early hip hop , a reference to the prolific African American record producer , conductor , arranger , composer , musician and bandleader . One of the most influential beatmakers was J. Dilla , a producer from Detroit who chopped samples by specific beats and would combine them together to create his unique sound . Those who create these beats are known as either beatmakers or producers , however producers are known to have more input and direction on the overall the creation of a song or project , while a beatmaker just provides or creates the beat . As Dr. Dre has said before `` Once you finish the beat , you have to produce the record . '' The process of making beats includes sampling , `` chopping '' , looping , sequencing beats , recording , mixing , and mastering .
Santería
The first ritual is known as the acquisition of the beaded necklaces ( known as ilekes ) ; according to De La Torre , `` the colors and patterns of the beads on the ilekes will be those of the orichá that serves as the iyawo 's ( bride ) ruling head and guardian angel and so the first thing that must be done is to determine who the orichá is . The ilekes necklace is bathed in a mixture of herbs , sacrificial blood , and other potent substances and given to the initiated .
Leprechaun
The earliest known reference to the leprechaun appears in the medieval tale known as the Echtra Fergus mac Léti ( Adventure of Fergus son of Léti ) . The text contains an episode in which Fergus mac Léti , King of Ulster , falls asleep on the beach and wakes to find himself being dragged into the sea by three lúchorpáin . He captures his abductors , who grant him three wishes in exchange for release .
The Phantom of the Opera
In Paris in the 1890s , the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom or the Opera Ghost . A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing . At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house 's two managers , a young little - known Swedish soprano , Christine Daaé , is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera 's leading soprano , Carlotta , who is ill , and her performance is an astonishing success . The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who was present at the performance , recognises her as his childhood playmate , and recalls his love for her . He attempts to visit her backstage , where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room . He investigates the room once Christine leaves , only to find it empty .
Aeneas
The Aeneid explains that Aeneas is one of the few Trojans who were not killed or enslaved when Troy fell . Aeneas , after being commanded by the gods to flee , gathered a group , collectively known as the Aeneads , who then traveled to Italy and became progenitors of Romans . The Aeneads included Aeneas 's trumpeter Misenus , his father Anchises , his friends Achates , Sergestus , and Acmon , the healer Iapyx , the helmsman Palinurus , and his son Ascanius ( also known as Iulus , Julus , or Ascanius Julius ) . He carried with him the Lares and Penates , the statues of the household gods of Troy , and transplanted them to Italy .
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
A theme park attraction based on the show , known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! , appeared at Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania !
Our Gang
The list is incomplete as Robert Blake was known to have been a member of the Little Rascals , & the Indian boy ( silent era ) in the European versions who was later replaced by the dog In 1924 so as not to offend American audiences is unlisted .
Ramayana
Jambavan / Jamvanta is known as Riksharaj ( King of the Rikshas ) . Rikshas are bears . In the epic Ramayana , Jambavantha helped Rama find his wife Sita and fight her abductor , Ravana . It is he who makes Hanuman realize his immense capabilities and encourages him to fly across the ocean to search for Sita in Lanka .
Reconstructive memory
Cue - dependent forgetting ( also known as retrieval failure ) occurs when memories are not obtainable because the appropriate cues are absent . This associated with a relatively common occurrence known as the tip of the tongue ( TOT ) phenomenon , originally developed by the psychologist William James . Tip of the tongue phenomenon refers to when an individual knows particular information , and they are aware that they know this information , yet can not produce it even though they may know certain aspects about the information . For example , during an exam a student is asked who theorized the concept of Psychosexual Development , the student may be able to recall the details about the actual theory but they are unable to retrieve the memory associated with who originally introduced the theory . Priming
Andrew Carnegie
To some , Carnegie represents the idea of the American dream . He was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America and became successful . He is not only known for his successes but his enormous amounts of philanthropist works , not only to charities but also to promote democracy and independence to colonized countries .
Brittany
Yann Tiersen , who composed the soundtrack for Amélie , the Electro band Yelle and the avant - garde singer Brigitte Fontaine are also from Brittany . The 19th - century composer Louis - Albert Bourgault - Ducoudray was one of the first western European composers to be influenced by what is now known as world music .
Grand Canyon
For thousands of years , the area has been continuously inhabited by Native Americans , who built settlements within the canyon and its many caves . The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon a holy site , and made pilgrimages to it . The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain , who arrived in 1540 .
Colony of Virginia
In 1620 , a successor to the Plymouth Company sent colonists to the New World aboard the Mayflower . Known as Pilgrims , they successfully established a settlement in what became Massachusetts . The portion of what had been Virginia north of the 40th parallel became known as New England , according to books written by Captain John Smith , who had made a voyage there .
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Gwendoline Christie portrays Captain Phasma , the commander of the First Order 's legions of stormtroopers . Dave Chapman and Brian Herring served as puppeteers for BB - 8 , with Bill Hader and Ben Schwartz credited as `` Vocal Consultants '' . Ken Leung appears as Statura , an admiral in the Resistance . Simon Pegg appears as Unkar Plutt , the Junkyard dealer on Jakku . Greg Grunberg plays Temmin `` Snap '' Wexley , an X-wing pilot . Kiran Shah plays Teedo , a scavenger on Jakku who rides a semi-mechanical Luggabeast . Jessica Henwick appears as Jess `` Testor '' Pava or Jess Testor , an X-wing pilot . Brian Vernel appears as Bala - Tik , the leader of the Guavian Death Gang . Yayan Ruhian , Iko Uwais , and Cecep Arif Rahman appear as Tasu Leech , Razoo Qin - Fee , and Crokind Shand , members of the Kanjiklub Gang , a criminal organization . Warwick Davis appears as Wollivan , a tavern - dweller in Maz Kanata 's castle . Anna Brewster appears as Bazine Netal , a First Order spy , also at Maz Kanata 's castle . Thomas Brodie - Sangster and Kate Fleetwood play First Order Petty Officers , Thanisson and Unamo , respectively . Billie Lourd , daughter of Carrie Fisher , appears as Connix , a lieutenant in the Resistance . Members of the Resistance include Emun Elliott as Brance and Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Korr Sella while Harriet Walter appears as Kalonia , the doctor who tends to Chewbacca . Mark Stanley appears as a Knight of Ren . Sebastian Armesto portrays Lieutenant Mitaka and Pip Torrens portrays Colonel Caplan , both serving the First Order .
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Tamara Tunie was cast as medical examiner Melinda Warner in season two after working with Wolf previously on New York Undercover , Feds , and Law & Order . Warner was initially a recurring character but became a regular character in season seven , and Tunie was added to the opening credits at that time . When initially cast as Warner , Tunie was appearing as attorney Jessica Griffin on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns . From 2000 to 2007 ( and again briefly in 2009 ) , she appeared on both series simultaneously . In 2002 , she also appeared on the Fox espionage - themed drama series 24 , in the recurring role of CTU Acting Director Alberta Green . BD Wong was asked to film four episodes as Dr. George Huang , a Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler on loan to the Special Victims Unit . After his four episodes , he was asked to stay on with the show .
Alaşehir
A suburb of Athens , Nea Filadelfia ( `` New Philadelphia '' ) , is named from the Greek refugees from Alaşehir ( in Greek known as `` Philadelphia '' ) who settled there following the war and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1923 .
Bohr effect
Another challenge to Bohr 's discovery comes from within his lab . Though Bohr was quick to take full credit , his associate Krogh , who invented the apparatus used to measure gas concentrations in the experiments , maintained throughout his life that he himself had actually been the first to demonstrate the effect . Though there is some evidence to support this , retroactively changing the name of a well - known phenomenon would be extremely impractical , so it remains known as the Bohr effect .
Criticism of democracy
The most widely known critics of democracy include Plato and the authors of the Federalist Papers , who were interested in establishing a republic in America instead of a democracy .