vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Relationship between religion and science
In the 20th century , several ecumenical organizations promoting a harmony between science and Christianity were founded , most notably the American Scientific Affiliation , The Biologos Foundation , Christians in Science , The Society of Ordained Scientists , and The Veritas Forum .
Civil–military relations
Civil -- military relations ( Civ - Mil or CMR ) describes the relationship between civil society as a whole and the military organization or organizations established to protect it . More narrowly , it describes the relationship between the civil authority of a given society and its military authority . Studies of civil - military relations often rest on a normative assumption that civilian control of the military is preferable to military control of the state . The principal problem they examine , however , is empirical : to explain how civilian control over the military is established and maintained .
Aggregate demand
The Mundell -- Fleming exchange - rate effect is an extension of the IS -- LM model . Whereas the traditional IS - LM Model deals with a closed economy , Mundell -- Fleming describes a small open economy . The Mundell -- Fleming model portrays the short - run relationship between an economy 's nominal exchange rate , interest rate , and output ( in contrast to the closed - economy IS -- LM model , which focuses only on the relationship between the interest rate and output )
Relationship between religion and science
While refined and clarified over the centuries , the Roman Catholic position on the relationship between science and religion is one of harmony , and has maintained the teaching of natural law as set forth by Thomas Aquinas . For example , regarding scientific study such as that of evolution , the church 's unofficial position is an example of theistic evolution , stating that faith and scientific findings regarding human evolution are not in conflict , though humans are regarded as a special creation , and that the existence of God is required to explain both monogenism and the spiritual component of human origins . Catholic schools have included all manners of scientific study in their curriculum for many centuries .
Scientific method
The particular points raised are statistical ( `` The smaller the studies conducted in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true '' and `` The greater the flexibility in designs , definitions , outcomes , and analytical modes in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true . '' ) and economical ( `` The greater the financial and other interests and prejudices in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true '' and `` The hotter a scientific field ( with more scientific teams involved ) , the less likely the research findings are to be true . '' ) Hence : `` Most research findings are false for most research designs and for most fields '' and `` As shown , the majority of modern biomedical research is operating in areas with very low pre - and poststudy probability for true findings . '' However : `` Nevertheless , most new discoveries will continue to stem from hypothesis - generating research with low or very low pre-study odds , '' which means that * new * discoveries will come from research that , when that research started , had low or very low odds ( a low or very low chance ) of succeeding . Hence , if the scientific method is used to expand the frontiers of knowledge , research into areas that are outside the mainstream will yield most new discoveries .
Ideal gas
In statistical mechanics , the relationship between the Helmholtz free energy and the partition function is fundamental , and is used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of matter ; see configuration integral for more details .
Relationship between religion and science
The USA 's National Academy of Science supports the view that science and religion are independent .
History of evolutionary thought
One of the most prominent debates arising during the 1970s was over the theory of punctuated equilibrium . Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould proposed that there was a pattern of fossil species that remained largely unchanged for long periods ( what they termed stasis ) , interspersed with relatively brief periods of rapid change during speciation . Improvements in sequencing methods resulted in a large increase of sequenced genomes , allowing the testing and refining of evolutionary theories using this huge amount of genome data . Comparisons between these genomes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of speciation and adaptation . These genomic analyses have produced fundamental changes in the understanding of the evolutionary history of life , such as the proposal of the three - domain system by Carl Woese . Advances in computational hardware and software allow the testing and extrapolation of increasingly advanced evolutionary models and the development of the field of systems biology . One of the results has been an exchange of ideas between theories of biological evolution and the field of computer science known as evolutionary computation , which attempts to mimic biological evolution for the purpose of developing new computer algorithms . Discoveries in biotechnology now allow the modification of entire genomes , advancing evolutionary studies to the level where future experiments may involve the creation of entirely synthetic organisms .
Relationship between religion and science
A 2011 study on a national sample of US college students examined whether these students viewed the science / religion relationship as reflecting primarily conflict , collaboration , or independence . The study concluded that the majority of undergraduates in both the natural and social sciences do not see conflict between science and religion . Another finding in the study was that it is more likely for students to move away from a conflict perspective to an independence or collaboration perspective than towards a conflict view .
Civil–military relations
The men who wrote the Constitution of the United States were fearful of large standing armies , legislatures that had too much power , and perhaps most of all , a powerful executive who might be able to wage war on his own authority . All were objects of concern because of the dangers each posed to liberal democracy and a free citizenry . While it is often impossible to `` gauge accurately the intent of the Framers '' , it is nevertheless important to understand the motivations and concerns of the writers with respect to the appropriate relationship between civil and military authority . The Federalist Papers provide a helpful view of how they understood the relationship between civil authority , as represented by the executive branch and the legislature , and military authority .
Human brain
Neuroanthropology is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain . It explores how the brain gives rise to culture , and how culture influences brain development . Cultural differences and their relation to brain development and structure are researched in different fields .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
In 1824 the Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane , commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony , and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales 's western rivers flowed . Over 16 weeks in 1824 -- 25 , Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back . They made many important discoveries including the Murray River ( which they named the Hume ) , many of its tributaries , and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning , New South Wales and Corio Bay , Victoria .
Liz Parker
`` While Jason and I are looking into each other 's eyes I just think about the most pure love possible because their relationship is based strictly on the heart . What they share is what I someday hope to find . '' --
Local government in the United States
Unlike the relationship of federalism that exists between the U.S. government and the states ( in which power is shared ) , municipal governments have no power except what is granted to them by their states . This legal doctrine , called Dillon 's Rule , was established by Judge John Forrest Dillon in 1872 and upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hunter v. Pittsburgh , 207 U.S. 161 ( 1907 ) , which upheld the power of Pennsylvania to consolidate the city of Allegheny into the city of Pittsburgh , despite the wishes of the majority of Allegheny residents .
Jughead Jones
Archie Comics trademarked the term ' Bughead ' , the name created by fans of the relationship between Betty and Jughead in both comics and the CW Riverdale . Betty and Jughead are canon , romantically , so far only in the ' Riverdale ' universe , though Archie Comics has introduced their sleuthing relationship and subsequent ship name ( # bughead ) into their run of Riverdale comics .
Relationship between religion and science
The kinds of interactions that might arise between science and religion have been categorized , according to theologian , Anglican priest and physicist John Polkinghorne are : ( 1 ) conflict between the disciplines , ( 2 ) independence of the disciplines , ( 3 ) dialogue between the disciplines where they overlap and ( 4 ) integration of both into one field .
Switzerland–European Union relations
In 1994 , Switzerland and the EU started negotiations about a special relationship outside the EEA . Switzerland wanted to safeguard the economic integration with the EU that the EEA treaty would have permitted , while purging the relationship of the points of contention that had led to the people rejecting the referendum . Swiss politicians stressed the bilateral nature of these negotiations , where negotiations were conducted between two equal partners and not between 16 , 26 , 28 or 29 , as is the case for EU treaty negotiations .
Baptism
In the eyes of the Catholic Church , all Orthodox Churches , Anglican and Lutheran Churches , the baptism conferred by the LDS Church is invalid . An article published together with the official declaration to that effect gave reasons for that judgment , summed up in the following words : `` The Baptism of the Catholic Church and that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints differ essentially , both for what concerns faith in the Father , Son and Holy Spirit , in whose name Baptism is conferred , and for what concerns the relationship to Christ who instituted it . ''
Caesarean section
Speculation explaining a relationship between birth weight and maternal pelvis size has been proposed . The explanation , based on Darwinian - inspired logic , states that since the advent of successful Caesarean birth more mothers with small pelvises and babies with large birth weights survive . This hypothesis would predict an increased average birth weight , which has been observed . It is unclear what component contributes more to this effect ; evolution or environment .
Primate
Comparative analyses have generated a more complete understanding of the relationship between sexual selection , natural selection , and mating systems in primates . Studies have shown that dimorphism is the product of changes in both male and female traits . Ontogenetic scaling , where relative extension of a common growth trajectory occurs , may give some insight into the relationship between sexual dimorphism and growth patterns . Some evidence from the fossil record suggests that there was convergent evolution of dimorphism , and some extinct hominids probably had greater dimorphism than any living primate .
Relationship between religion and science
This typology is similar to ones used by theologians Ian Barbour and John Haught . More typologies that categorize this relationship can be found among the works of other science and religion scholars such as theologian and biochemist Arthur Peacocke .
Dan Humphrey
Dan finds little trouble with his relationship with Vanessa and reveals their relationship to Rufus . Vanessa , frustrated at the lack of something different in their relationship , heeds Nate 's advice on role - playing and sets up a date fashioned according to Dan 's favorite movie Rear Window . Vanessa is not convinced that Dan appreciates what she did for her date , and she leaves . Dan confronts her and tells her that their relationship is different from their friendship .
Economy of New Zealand
In July 2014 , negotiations on the Partnership Agreement on Relations and Cooperation ( PARC ) between New Zealand and the European Union were concluded . The Agreement covers the trade and economic relationship between the EU and New Zealand with a view to further liberalisation of trade and investment and acknowledges the intention of the European Union to upgrade its diplomatic presence in New Zealand with a resident Ambassador .
Rory Gilmore
Edward Herrmann who portrayed Rory 's grandfather Richard , said of his relationship with Rory : `` I think that was Amy 's idea from the beginning , to have this relationship between the grandfather and the granddaughter blossom . Which was very hard on the daughter to see , this unaffected affection expressed between her father and her daughter . That was a lovely element in the show that I really enjoyed . ''
Magnetic field
These equations are not any more general than the original equations ( if the ' bound ' charges and currents in the material are known ) . They also must be supplemented by the relationship between B and H as well as that between E and D. On the other hand , for simple relationships between these quantities this form of Maxwell 's equations can circumvent the need to calculate the bound charges and currents .
Agent Orange
In January 2006 , the South Korean Appeals Court ordered Dow Chemical and Monsanto to pay $62 million in compensation to about 6,800 people . The ruling acknowledged that `` the defendants failed to ensure safety as the defoliants manufactured by the defendants had higher levels of dioxins than standard '' , and , quoting the U.S. National Academy of Science report , declared that there was a `` causal relationship '' between Agent Orange and a range of diseases , including several cancers . The judges failed to acknowledge `` the relationship between the chemical and peripheral neuropathy , the disease most widespread among Agent Orange victims '' .
Relationship between religion and science
Christian philosophers Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 30 ) and Thomas Aquinas held that scriptures can have multiple interpretations on certain areas where the matters were far beyond their reach , therefore one should leave room for future findings to shed light on the meanings . The `` Handmaiden '' tradition , which saw secular studies of the universe as a very important and helpful part of arriving at a better understanding of scripture , was adopted throughout Christian history from early on . Also the sense that God created the world as a self operating system is what motivated many Christians throughout the Middle Ages to investigate nature .
Chinese marriage
In modern Chinese thinking , people in `` primitive '' societies did not marry , but had sexual relationships with one another indiscriminately . Such people were thought to live like animals , and they did not have the precise concept of motherhood , fatherhood , sibling , husband and wife , and gender , not to mention match - making and marriage ceremony . Part of the Confucian `` civilizing mission '' was to define what it meant to be a Father or a Husband , and to teach people to respect the proper relationship between family members and regulate sexual behavior .
Made in Chelsea
The seventh series began airing on 7 April 2014 on E4 . The series concluded on 16 June 2014 after 11 episodes . This is notably the only series since Series 2 where it was n't followed by an End of Season reunion show . It is the first to feature new cast members Riley Uggla and Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo and the only series to include Riley 's friend , Aurelie Mason - Perez and Ed `` Fordy '' Ford . The series included the rocky relationship between Alex and Binky after a number of revelations about Alex came to light , the isolation of Binky in her friendship group as none of them supported her decision to stay with Alex , a love triangle between Jamie , Lucy and Riley before Jamie realises he still has feelings for Lucy from their previous relationship with each other , and the brief romance between Stephanie and Stevie .
Civil–military relations
Assuming that a problem exists , many have offered suggestions for narrowing the gap and correcting the problems arising from it . In general , those suggestions are along three lines . The first is that the military must reach out to the civilian world . Given the essentially universal agreement that civilians must control the military , the duty falls upon the military to find ways to talk to civilians , not the other way around . The second is that civilians must articulate a clear vision of what they expect in terms of the military mission . And the final suggestion is that the most practical and effective means of bringing about dialogue and understanding is to be bilateral education , in which both military and civilian elites would jointly attend specialized schools . Such schooling would emphasize military - strategic thinking , American history and political philosophy , military ethics , and the proper relationship between civil and military authority .
Relationship between religion and science
As a general view , this holds that while interactions are complex between influences of science , theology , politics , social , and economic concerns , the productive engagements between science and religion throughout history should be duly stressed as the norm .
The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate
After Gossip Girl posts a picture of Serena looking at pregnancy tests , everyone thinks that she must be pregnant . Jenny , Dan , and Rufus see the news online , and Dan worries about what 's the right thing to say . After hearing about the Gossip Girl blast while with Eric , Serena runs into a frazzled Dan who blurts out that he loves her . Serena tells him that she 's not pregnant , and goes to find Blair . It 's revealed that Serena bought the test for her because Blair mentioned that her period was late . Blair refuses to take the test since everything is going so well in her life . Including her reinforced relationship with Nate . Dan tells Rufus about what happened between him and Serena , and he says that it 's a good thing it was just a scare , because they need to take some time and slow down . Jenny tells Dan that if he really does love Serena , he should tell her again in a more personal way .
Liz Parker
`` Heart and Soul of Roswell , I think that Jason ( Katims ) would share this opinion , has always been the relationship between Max and Liz . That 's where the plot begins . He saved her life and he exposes himself at the same time . The love between those two characters is fundamental to the show 's success . '' --
Neuron
Neural coding is concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by neurons . The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses , and the relationships amongst the electrical activities of the neurons within the ensemble . It is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information .
Foreign policy of the United States
The bilateral relationship between Canada and the United States is of notable importance to both countries . About 75 -- 85 % of Canadian trade is with the United States , and Canada is the United States ' largest trading partner and chief supplier of oil . While there are disputed issues between the two nations , relations are close and the two countries share the `` world 's longest undefended border . '' The border was demilitarized after the War of 1812 and , apart from minor raids , has remained peaceful . Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO . A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada since the 1850s has generated closer ties , despite continued Canadian fears of being culturally overwhelmed by its neighbor , which is nine times larger in terms of population and eleven times larger in terms of economy . The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) of 1994 , which also includes Mexico .
Philosophical skepticism
One can have reasons for doubt that are based on the relationship between objective `` facts '' and subjective experience . The positions , distances , and places of objects would seem to affect how they are perceived by the person : for instance , the portico may appear tapered when viewed from one end , but symmetrical when viewed at the other ; and these features are different . Because they are different features , to believe the object has both properties at the same time is to believe it has two contradictory properties . Since this is absurd , one must suspend judgment about what properties it possesses due to the contradictory experiences . ( Empiricus : 63 )
Across the River and into the Trees
Cantwell , an aging military officer in love with the teenaged Renata , ( whose name means `` reborn '' ) , is shown unlikeable as a character ; one critic writes of him that his `` lovemaking is described in terms of an infantry attack over difficult terrain '' . He is dying of heart disease and his relationship with Renata can be interpreted as a means of seeking youth or immortality . Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers believes Renata represents the city of Venice , she `` connected '' Cantwell ( and Hemingway ) to Italy , and in her characterization Hemingway romanticized what may have been a father - daughter relationship and he says Hemingway probably used Cantwell 's fictional relationship with Renata as a substitute for his own relationship with Adriana , who looked almost identical to Renata 's description .
Supply (economics)
Good 's own price : The basic supply relationship is between the price of a good and the quantity supplied . Although there is no `` Law of Supply '' , generally , the relationship is positive , meaning that an increase in price will induce an increase in the quantity supplied .
Women in Vietnam
Women played a significant role in defending Vietnam during the Indochina Wars from 1945 to 1975 . They took roles such as village patrol guards , intelligence agents , propagandists , and military recruiters . Historically , women have become `` active participants '' in struggles to liberate their country from foreign occupation , from Chinese to French colonialists . This character and spirit of Vietnamese women were first exemplified by the conduct of the Trung sisters , one of the `` first historical figures '' in the history of Vietnam who revolted against Chinese control .
Negative number
The relationship between negative numbers , positive numbers , and zero is often expressed in the form of a number line :
Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady
Steve and Kayla were married again in 1990 , this time with Jack Deveraux as best man . The incident with Marina had changed his relationship with Steve and Kayla and Steve was tentatively trying to welcome his brother into his life . Kayla , while always uncomfortable around Jack , tried to make peace with their past and allow the relationship to grow between the brothers .