vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fingerprint
Pattern based algorithms compare the basic fingerprint patterns ( arch , whorl , and loop ) between a previously stored template and a candidate fingerprint . This requires that the images can be aligned in the same orientation . To do this , the algorithm finds a central point in the fingerprint image and centers on that . In a pattern - based algorithm , the template contains the type , size , and orientation of patterns within the aligned fingerprint image . The candidate fingerprint image is graphically compared with the template to determine the degree to which they match .
Pi
The calculation of π was revolutionized by the development of infinite series techniques in the 16th and 17th centuries . An infinite series is the sum of the terms of an infinite sequence . Infinite series allowed mathematicians to compute π with much greater precision than Archimedes and others who used geometrical techniques . Although infinite series were exploited for π most notably by European mathematicians such as James Gregory and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , the approach was first discovered in India sometime between 1400 and 1500 AD . The first written description of an infinite series that could be used to compute π was laid out in Sanskrit verse by Indian astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji in his Tantrasamgraha , around 1500 AD . The series are presented without proof , but proofs are presented in a later Indian work , Yuktibhāṣā , from around 1530 AD . Nilakantha attributes the series to an earlier Indian mathematician , Madhava of Sangamagrama , who lived c. 1350 -- c. 1425 . Several infinite series are described , including series for sine , tangent , and cosine , which are now referred to as the Madhava series or Gregory -- Leibniz series . Madhava used infinite series to estimate π to 11 digits around 1400 , but that value was improved on around 1430 by the Persian mathematician Jamshīd al - Kāshī , using a polygonal algorithm . Isaac
War of the Austrian Succession
The peace settlement brought the return of Madras to the British company , exchanged for Louisbourg in Canada . However , the conflict between the two companies continued by proxy during the interval before the outbreak of the Seven Years ' War , with British and French forces fighting on behalf of rival claimants to the thrones of Hyderabad and the Carnatic .
British Empire
Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years ' War as allies , but the conflict -- waged in Europe and overseas between France , Spain and the Anglo - Dutch alliance -- left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch , who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe . The 18th century saw England ( after 1707 , Britain ) rise to be the world 's dominant colonial power , and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage .
In the Heat of the Night (TV series)
Tibbs takes a leave of absence , moving to Jackson , Mississippi , to complete his law degree on a compressed schedule . Upon his return to Sparta , he and his wife Althea have separated , and they later divorce . She moves back to Philadelphia with their twins to be near her parents . Through the hard work of Sparta Councilwoman Harriet Delong , Tibbs is able to retire and keep his city pension , although he was two months shy of the qualifying period . He begins practicing law when he accepts a position in Ben Taylor 's law office . Rollins ' final appearance on the series was February 2 , 1994 .
Our Gang
According to Roach , the idea for Our Gang came to him in 1921 , when he was auditioning a child actress to appear in a film . The girl was , in his opinion , overly made up and overly rehearsed , and Roach waited for the audition to be over . After the girl and her mother left the office , Roach looked out of his window to a lumberyard across the street , where he saw some children having an argument . The children had all taken sticks from the lumberyard to play with , but the smallest child had the biggest stick , and the others were trying to force him to give it to the biggest child . After realizing that he had been watching the children bicker for 15 minutes , Roach thought a short film series about children just being themselves might be a success .
Ciompi Revolt
The Ciompi revolt occurred in three phases . These included a stage of reform in the months of May and June , the ' revolution ' , or violent outburst of the revolt occurring in mid-July , and the fall of the Ciompi 's temporary government of Florence - ' the reaction ' , which occurred at the end of August . In June 1378 , the series of events began with the fourteen minor guilds of Florence demanding greater representation in civic office . Initially the Ciompi were not violently involved and the early stages of the revolt were as much a power struggle between the guilds as it was between Florence 's Signoria and the exploited lower class . The guildsmen who demanded this greater representation in government still sought to keep the Sotto posti from forming guilds and thereby being able to gain a political position . However , the Sotto posti soon submitted their own demands and hoped to have them met . The Signoria had no intention of granting the un-guilded Sotto posti these liberties however and instead , feeling threatened , they made it more difficult to obtain office and quadrupled the fee for admittance . This action sparked indignation and turned the upper class Sotto posti , who were previously hopeful for better rights and social / professional advances , into opponents of the Signoria aligning their aims and ails with the lower class Ciompi . Salvestro de Medici was one of the individuals assigned the blame by many in the lower classes , and later also faced accusation from his peers for letting the situation with the Ciompi get out of hand . Reform
The finger
Linguist Jesse Sheidlower traces the gesture 's development in the United States to the 1890s . According to anthropologist Desmond Morris , the gesture probably came to the United States via Italian immigrants . The first documented appearance of the finger in the United States was in 1886 , when Old Hoss Radbourn , a baseball pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters , was photographed giving it to a member of their rival the New York Giants . In the film Speedy ( 1928 ) , Harold Lloyd 's character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park , about 24 minutes into the film .
Aragorn
In The Return of the King , the Steward Denethor , who years before had seen `` Thorongil '' as a rival for his father 's favour , declared that he would not bow to a descendant of Isildur . Aragorn healed Faramir , Denethor 's heir , who had been expected to die ; Faramir , unlike his father , recognized Aragorn as his lord and the rightful heir to the throne . Aragorn 's humility and self - sacrifice gained him the hearts of the inhabitants of Gondor 's capital city . His healing abilities were noted also by the people of Gondor ; as Ioreth said , `` The hands of the King are the hands of a healer , and so shall the rightful king be known '' . The people hailed Aragorn as King that same evening .
Manhattan Project
The Chief of Engineers , Major General Eugene Reybold , selected Colonel James C. Marshall to head the Army 's part of the project in June 1942 . Marshall created a liaison office in Washington , D.C. , but established his temporary headquarters on the 18th floor of 270 Broadway in New York , where he could draw on administrative support from the Corps of Engineers ' North Atlantic Division . It was close to the Manhattan office of Stone & Webster , the principal project contractor , and to Columbia University . He had permission to draw on his former command , the Syracuse District , for staff , and he started with Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Nichols , who became his deputy . Manhattan
List of Presidents of the United States who died in office
On March 26 , 1841 , William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold . According to the prevailing medical misconception of that time , it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather at his inauguration ; however , Harrison 's illness did not arise until more than three weeks after the event . The cold worsened , rapidly turning to pneumonia and pleurisy . He sought to rest in the White House , but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers . His extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce .
Libya
The former legislature was the General National Congress , which had 200 seats . The General National Congress ( 2014 ) , a largely unrecognised rival parliament based in the de jure capital of Tripoli , claims to be a legal continuation of the GNC .
Planet of the Apes
In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup .
Republic of Ireland
Following a national plebiscite in July 1937 , the new Constitution of Ireland ( Bunreacht na hÉireann ) came into force on 29 December 1937 . This replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State and called the state Ireland , or Éire in Irish . While Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution defined the national territory to be the whole island , they also confined the state 's jurisdiction to the area that had been the Irish Free State . The former Irish Free State government had abolished the Office of Governor - General in December 1936 . Although the constitution established the office of President of Ireland , the question over whether Ireland was a republic remained open . Diplomats were accredited to the king , but the president exercised all internal functions of a head of state . For instance , the President gave assent to new laws with his own authority , without reference to King George VI who was only an `` organ '' , that was provided for by statute law .
The Dukes of Hazzard
The Duke boys added a custom air horn to the General Lee that played the first twelve notes of the song Dixie . The Dixie horn was not originally planned , until a Georgia local hot rod racer drove by and sounded his car 's Dixie horn . The producers immediately rushed after him asking where he had bought the horn . Warner Bros. purchased several Chargers for stunts , as they generally destroyed at least one or two cars per episode . By the end of the show 's sixth season , the Chargers were becoming harder to find , and more expensive . In addition , the television series Knight Rider began to rival the General Lee 's stunts . As such , the producers used 1 : 8 scale miniatures , filmed by Jack Sessums ' crew , or recycled stock jump footage -- the latter being a practice that had been in place to an extent since the second season , and had increased as the seasons passed .
Statue of Liberty
During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed .
The Twilight Saga (film series)
The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer . The films star Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner . The series has grossed over $3.3 billion in worldwide receipts and consists , to date , of five motion pictures . The first installment , Twilight , was released on November 21 , 2008 . The second installment , New Moon , followed on November 20 , 2009 , breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history , grossing an estimated $72.7 million . The third installment , Eclipse , was released on June 30 , 2010 , and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX .
History of Mexico
However , most of the population largely ignored the new constitution . When Guadalupe Victoria was followed in office by Vicente Guerrero , gaining the position through a coup after losing the 1828 elections , the Conservative Party saw an opportunity to seize control and led a counter-coup under Anastasio Bustamante , who served as president from 1830 to 1832 , and again from 1837 to 1841 .
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar .
Horn of Africa
In 1958 , on the eve of neighboring Somalia 's independence in 1960 , a referendum was held in the territory to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France . The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France , partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans . There was also reports of widespread vote rigging , with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls . The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia , as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi , Vice President of the Government Council . Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later . Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977 , and Hassan Gouled Aptidon , a Somali politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958 , eventually wound up as the nation 's first president ( 1977 -- 1999 ) . In early 2011 , the Djiboutian citizenry took part in a series of protests against the long - serving government , which were associated with the larger Arab Spring demonstrations . The unrest eventually subsided by April of the year , and Djibouti 's ruling People 's Rally for Progress party was re-elected to office . Statue
Kansas City Chiefs
From 1992 to 2009 the Chiefs conducted summer training camp at the University of Wisconsin -- River Falls in River Falls , Wisconsin . The Chiefs ' 2007 training camp was documented in the HBO / NFL Films documentary reality television series , Hard Knocks . Following the passage of a $25 million state tax credit proposal , the Chiefs moved their training camp to Missouri Western State University in St. Joseph , Missouri , in 2010 . The bulk of the tax credits went for improvements to Arrowhead Stadium with $10 million applied to the move to Missouri Western . A climate - controlled , 120 - yard NFL regulation grass indoor field , and office space for the Chiefs was constructed at Missouri Western adjacent to the school 's Spratt Stadium before the 2010 season .
Kurt Angle
Angle returned as a face in June . Shortly after returning , Angle defeated Lesnar and Big Show in a triple threat match at Vengeance to regain the WWE Championship for the fourth time . During this time , Lesnar seemed to become an ally to Angle . Lesnar , however , secretly worked with Vince McMahon on a plot against Angle , turning on him during a steel cage match between himself and McMahon in which Angle was the special guest referee , and stated that he never tolerated losing the belt to him at Vengeance . After retaining the championship in against Lesnar at SummerSlam by making him submit to the ankle lock , he dropped the title to Lesnar in an Iron Man match on the September 18 episode of SmackDown ! . Angle then formed a five - man team to rival Lesnar 's team at the Survivor Series , with Angle 's team coming out victorious , despite Angle being eliminated by Lesnar .
Age of Enlightenment
The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals : an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power . It was a forum that supported `` free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation '' . Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere ; once everyone was a part of the `` reading public '' , then society could be said to be enlightened . The people who participated in the Republic of Letters , such as Diderot and Voltaire , are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures . Indeed , the men who wrote Diderot 's Encyclopédie arguably formed a microcosm of the larger `` republic '' .
United States presidential election, 1860
The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous , due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions .
Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)
Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers .
Under the Dome (TV series)
The project was first announced in November 2009 . Two years later Brian K. Vaughan was hired to adapt the novel as a series , then set up at cable network Showtime . Showtime entertainment president David Nevins felt that the series was not right for the network and suggested to Nina Tassler , his CBS counterpart , that she take on the project . Tassler was interested and picked up the series along with attaching veteran television producer Neal Baer , who was under contract at CBS , as the showrunner . It was announced in November 2012 that CBS had bypassed ordering a pilot and given Under the Dome a 13 - episode straight - to - series commitment . `` This is a great novel coming to the television screen with outstanding auspices and in - season production values to create a summer programming event , '' commented Tassler in the official CBS press release .
Senate of the Roman Republic
Originally the chief - magistrates , the consuls , appointed all new senators . They also had the power to remove individuals from the Senate . Around the year 318 BC , the `` Ovinian Plebiscite '' ( plebiscitum Ovinium ) gave this power to another Roman magistrate , the censor , who retained this power until the end of the Roman Republic . This law also required the censors to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the Senate . Thus , after this point in time , election to magisterial office resulted in automatic Senate membership . The appointment was for life , although the censor could impeach any senator .
History of tennis
In 1973 , there were four rival professional circuits : the WCT circuit , the Grand Prix circuit , the U.S. Indoor Circuit with Connors and Ilie Năstase and the European Spring Circuit with Năstase as their star . During the year , the ILTF banned Nikola Pilić from 1973 Wimbledon , due to Pilic 's alleged refusal to play in Yugoslavia 's Davis Cup tie against New Zealand . In retaliation , 81 out of 84 of Pilic 's fellow players who were ATP members , boycotted 1973 Wimbledon in response , stating that professional players should have the right of deciding whether to play Davis Cup matches or not . The only ATP players who refused to boycott 1973 Wimbledon were Ilie Năstase , Roger Taylor and Ray Keldie . They were later fined by the ATP for their participation in the tournament .
Trent Affair
Lyons was summoned to Seward 's office on December 27 and presented with the response . Focusing on the release of the prisoners rather than Seward 's stated analysis of the situation , Lyons forwarded the message and decided to remain in Washington until further instructions were received . The news of the release was published by December 29 and the public response was generally positive . Among those opposed to the decision was Wilkes who characterized it `` as a craven yielding and an abandonment of all the good ... done by ( their ) capture . ''
The Twilight Saga (film series)
The Twilight Saga : New Moon set records for advance ticket sales , causing some theaters to add additional showings . The film set records as the biggest midnight opening in domestic ( United States and Canada ) box office history , grossing an estimated $26.3 million in 3,514 theatres , before expanding to 4,024 theaters . The record was previously held by Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which grossed $22.2 million domestically during its midnight premiere . The film grossed $72.7 million on its opening day domestically , becoming the biggest single - day opening in domestic history , beating The Dark Knight 's $67.2 million . This opening strongly contributed to another record : the first time that the top ten films at the domestic box office had a combined gross of over $100 million in a single day .
United States Postal Service
The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) was authorized by law in 1996 . Prior to the 1996 legislation , the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG . The Inspector General , who is independent of postal management , is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed , Senate -- confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
The Pennsylvania Railroad was completed between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in 1854 . During the 1880s , the South Pennsylvania Railroad was proposed to compete with the Pennsylvania . It received the backing of William Henry Vanderbilt , head of the New York Central Railroad ( the Pennsylvania 's chief rival ) . Andrew Carnegie also provided financial support , since he was unhappy with rates charged by the Pennsylvania Railroad . Construction began on the rival line in 1883 , but stopped when the railroads reached an agreement in 1885 . After construction halted , the only vestiges of the South Pennsylvania were nine tunnels , some roadbed and piers for a bridge over the Susquehanna River in Harrisburg .