vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Welsh language
Secure communications are often difficult to achieve in wartime . Cryptography can be used to protect messages , but codes can be broken . Therefore , lesser - known languages are sometimes encoded , so that even if the code is broken , the message is still in a language few people know . For example , Navajo code talkers were used by the United States military during World War II . Similarly , the Royal Welch Fusiliers , a Welsh regiment serving in Bosnia , used Welsh for emergency communications that needed to be secure . It has been reported that Welsh speakers from Wales and from Patagonia fought on both sides in the Falklands War .
Acts of the Apostles
Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors , Dionysius of Halicarnassus , who wrote a well - known history of Rome , and the Jewish historian Josephus , author of a history of the Jews . Like them , he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder ( Romulus for Dionysius , Moses for Josephus , Jesus for Luke ) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God , taught authoritatively , and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven . By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at , but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint ( a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures ) , the Gospel of Mark and the collection of `` sayings of Jesus '' called the Q source . He transposed a few incidents from Mark 's gospel to the time of the Apostles -- for example , the material about `` clean '' and `` unclean '' foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10 , and Mark 's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple ( Mark 14 : 58 ) is used in a story about Stephen ( Acts 6 : 14 ) . ) There are also points of contacts ( meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence ) with 1 Peter , the Letter to the Hebrews , and 1 Clement . Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence -- the traditional explanation of the three `` we '' passages , for example , is that they represent eye - witness accounts . The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century , but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned .
Copper in architecture
Currently , around 40 % of Europe 's annual copper demand and about 55 % of copper used in architecture come from recycled sources . New copper coil and sheet often have 75 % - 100 % recycled content .
Technical drawing tool
In the 1930s the equipment available expanded : drawing apparatus and Rapidograph - drawing pens appeared , improving the line quality and , especially , producing consistent line width . In addition to the Rapidograph stylus , a more traditional Grafos - type stylus was used for a long time , where different line widths were achieved by changing the pen nib . For instance in Finland Grafos was commonly used as a primary drawing tool still in the early 1970s .
Fire triangle
The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component in the chemical chain reaction , to the three already present in the fire triangle . Once a fire has started , the resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire is blocked . Foam can be used to deny the fire the oxygen it needs . Water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below the ignition point or to remove or disperse the fuel . Halon can be used to remove free radicals and create a barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction responsible for the fire .
Xenon
Because of the xenon atom 's large , flexible outer electron shell , the NMR spectrum changes in response to surrounding conditions and can be used to monitor the surrounding chemical circumstances . For instance , xenon dissolved in water , xenon dissolved in hydrophobic solvent , and xenon associated with certain proteins can be distinguished by NMR .
New Deal
A 2017 review study of the existing literature in the Journal of Economic Literature summarized the findings of the research as follows :
Consciousness
A major part of the scientific literature on consciousness consists of studies that examine the relationship between the experiences reported by subjects and the activity that simultaneously takes place in their brains -- that is , studies of the neural correlates of consciousness . The hope is to find that activity in a particular part of the brain , or a particular pattern of global brain activity , which will be strongly predictive of conscious awareness . Several brain imaging techniques , such as EEG and fMRI , have been used for physical measures of brain activity in these studies .
Primary color
Additive mixing of coincident spot lights was applied in the experiments used to derive the CIE 1931 colorspace . The original monochromatic primaries of the ( arbitrary ) wavelengths of 435.8 nm ( violet ) , 546.1 nm ( green ) , and 700 nm ( red ) were used in this application due to the convenience they afforded to the experimental work .
Tequila
Añejos are often rested in barrels previously used to rest reposados . The barrels can not be more than 600 liters ( 158 gallons ) , and most are in the 200 - liter ( 52 - gallon ) range . Many of the barrels used are from whiskey distilleries in the US or Canada , and Jack Daniels barrels are especially popular . This treatment creates many of the aspects of the dark color and more complex flavors of the añejo tequila . After aging of at least one year , the añejo can be removed from the wood barrels and placed in stainless steel tanks to reduce the amount of evaporation that can occur in the barrels .
Ellipsis
In reported speech , the ellipsis can be used to represent an intentional silence .
Consciousness
Modulation of neural responses may correlate with phenomenal experiences . In contrast to the raw electrical responses that do not correlate with consciousness , the modulation of these responses by other stimuli correlates surprisingly well with an important aspect of consciousness : namely with the phenomenal experience of stimulus intensity ( brightness , contrast ) . In the research group of Danko Nikolić it has been shown that some of the changes in the subjectively perceived brightness correlated with the modulation of firing rates while others correlated with the modulation of neural synchrony . An fMRI investigation suggested that these findings were strictly limited to the primary visual areas . This indicates that , in the primary visual areas , changes in firing rates and synchrony can be considered as neural correlates of qualia -- at least for some type of qualia .
Lithuania
Lithuanian literary works in the Lithuanian language started being first published in the 16th century . In 1547 Martynas Mažvydas compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book The Simple Words of Catechism , which marks the beginning of printed Lithuanian literature . He was followed by Mikalojus Daukša with Katechizmas . In the 16th and 17th centuries , as in the whole Christian Europe , Lithuanian literature was primarily religious .
Incandescent light bulb
There are many non-incandescent light sources , such as the fluorescent lamp , high - intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps , which have higher luminous efficiency , and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights . These devices produce light by luminescence . These lamps produce discrete spectral lines and do not have the broad `` tail '' of invisible infrared emissions . By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used , and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution , the spectrum emitted can be tuned to mimic the appearance of incandescent sources , or other different color temperatures of white light . Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum , the light is not ideal for applications such as photography and cinematography .
Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States
Illinois All ( primary violation ) any driver under 19 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones or within 500 feet of an emergency scene ( primary violation ) . Indiana under 21 ( primary violation ) Iowa on restricted or intermediate license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited ( primary ) July 1 , 2017 updated the texting law to be enforced as a primary reason an officer can stop you . `` Texting '' is defined as : texting , internet browsing , playing games , and reading social media applications . If proven you were `` texting '' during a traffic fatality , it is deemed a Class C felony , and you can be put into prison for up to 10 years . Kansas on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) Kentucky under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Louisiana learner or intermediate license holder ( regardless of age ) ( primary violation ) 1st year of license ( primary violation if under 18 ) totally prohibited Maine under 18 ( primary violation ) under 18 w / learner or provisional license ( secondary violation ) Maryland all ( primary violation ) under 18 w / restricted learner or intermediate license Massachusetts under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Cell phone use allowed as long as one hand is on the wheel at all times . Michigan level - 1 or level - 2 license ( primary violation ) Minnesota under 18 w / learner or provisional license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Mississippi totally prohibited Missouri Montana None . Nebraska under 18 w / learner or intermediate license ( secondary violation ) Nevada all ( primary violation ) New Hampshire all ( primary violation ) totally prohibited # ( 1st Offense ) $100 Fine ( 2nd Offense ) $250 Fine . ( 3rd Offense ) $500 Fine , + a 2 - year suspension of drivers license . New Jersey all ( primary violation ) on permit or provisional license ( primary violation ) . totally prohibited New Mexico Local Option by Jurisdiction on learner or provisional license ( primary violation ) New York all ( primary violation ) North Carolina under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited texting prohibited ( Primary ) Internet access okay North Dakota under 18 ( primary violation ) Ohio under 18 ( primary violation ) Oklahoma learner or intermediate license holder ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Oregon all ( primary violation ) under 18 ( primary violation ) Pennsylvania $50 fine for texting while driving .
Japanese honorifics
Sensei can be used fawningly , and it can also be employed sarcastically to ridicule such fawning . The Japanese media invoke it ( rendered in katakana , akin to scare quotes or italics in English ) to highlight the megalomania of those who allow themselves to be sycophantically addressed with the term .
Caste system in India
The sociologist Andre Beteille notes that , while varna mainly played the role of caste in classical Hindu literature , it is jati that plays that role in present times . Varna represents a closed collection of social orders whereas jati is entirely open - ended , thought of as a `` natural kind whose members share a common substance . '' Any number of new jatis can be added depending on need , such as tribes , sects , denominations , religious or linguistic minorities and nationalities . Thus , `` Caste '' is not an accurate representation of jati in English . Better terms would be ethnicity , ethnic identity and ethnic group .
Centrifugal force
While the majority of the scientific literature uses the term centrifugal force to refer to the particular fictitious force that arises in rotating frames , there are a few limited instances in the literature of the term applied to other distinct physical concepts . One of these instances occurs in Lagrangian mechanics . Lagrangian mechanics formulates mechanics in terms of generalized coordinates ( q ) , which can be as simple as the usual polar coordinates ( r , θ ) ( \ displaystyle ( r , \ \ theta ) ) or a much more extensive list of variables . Within this formulation the motion is described in terms of generalized forces , using in place of Newton 's laws the Euler -- Lagrange equations . Among the generalized forces , those involving the square of the time derivatives ( ( dq ⁄ dt ) ) are sometimes called centrifugal forces . In the case of motion in a central potential the Lagrangian centrifugal force has the same form as the fictitious centrifugal force derived in a co-rotating frame . However , the Lagrangian use of `` centrifugal force '' in other , more general cases has only a limited connection to the Newtonian definition .
Common source
Figure 3 shows a MOSFET common - source amplifier with an active load . Figure 4 shows the corresponding small - signal circuit when a load resistor R is added at the output node and a Thévenin driver of applied voltage V and series resistance R is added at the input node . The limitation on bandwidth in this circuit stems from the coupling of parasitic transistor capacitance C between gate and drain and the series resistance of the source R. ( There are other parasitic capacitances , but they are neglected here as they have only a secondary effect on bandwidth . )
Rough Riders Memorial
Incorrect information about the date of the Rough Rider Memorial 's dedication is common . This may be because the bronze plaque on the front of the memorial says 1906 . Arlington National Cemetery and a number of secondary sources ( largely written by historians of the cemetery ) claim the monument was dedicated in 1906 . One source even claims it was erected in 1905 .
Indus River
Indus Sindhu River Satellite image of the Indus River basin in Pakistan and India ( International boundaries are superimposed ) Country China , India , Pakistan States Gilgit - Baltistan , Punjab , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Sindh , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab , Tibet Tributaries - left Zanskar River , Suru River , Soan River , Jhelum River , Chenab River , Ravi River , Beas River , Sutlej River , Panjnad River , Ghaggar - Hakra River , Luni River - right Shyok River , Hunza River , Gilgit River , Swat River , Kunar River , Kabul River , Kurram River , Gomal River , Zhob River Cities Leh , Skardu , Dasu , Besham , Thakot , Swabi , Dera Ismail Khan , Sukkur , Hyderabad Primary source Sênggê Zangbo - location Tibetan Plateau Secondary source Gar Tsangpo Source confluence - location Shiquanhe , Ngari Prefecture , Tibet and India - elevation 4,255 m ( 13,960 ft ) - coordinates 32 ° 29 ′ 54 '' N 79 ° 41 ′ 28 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 32.49833 ° N 79.69111 ° E ﻿ / 32.49833 ; 79.69111 Mouth Arabian Sea ( primary ) , Rann of Kutch ( secondary ) - location Indus River Delta ( primary ) , Kori Creek ( secondary ) , Pakistan , India - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 23 ° 59 ′ 40 '' N 67 ° 25 ′ 51 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 23.99444 ° N 67.43083 ° E ﻿ / 23.99444 ; 67.43083 Coordinates : 23 ° 59 ′ 40 '' N 67 ° 25 ′ 51 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 23.99444 ° N 67.43083 ° E ﻿ / 23.99444 ; 67.43083 Length 3,610 km ( 2,243 mi ) Basin 1,165,000 km ( 449,809 sq mi ) Discharge for Arabian Sea - average 6,600 m / s ( 233,077 cu ft / s ) - max 58,000 m / s ( 2,048,251 cu ft / s ) - min 1,200 m / s ( 42,378 cu ft / s ) Map of the Indus River basin Indus
Active transport
In secondary active transport , also known as coupled transport or cotransport , energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane ; however , in contrast to primary active transport , there is no direct coupling of ATP ; instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in / out of the cell . Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient , but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism ( e.g. in ATP synthase ) . The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport . In humans , sodium ( Na ) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane , whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient . In bacteria and small yeast cells , a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen . Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain , an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell .
Education in India
Secondary education covers children aged 12 to 18 , a group comprising 8.85 crore children according to the 2001 Census of India . The final two years of secondary is often called Higher Secondary ( HS ) , Senior Secondary , or simply the `` + 2 '' stage . The two halves of secondary education are each an important stage for which a pass certificate is needed , and thus are affiliated by central boards of education under HRD ministry , before one can pursue higher education , including college or professional courses .
Barbados
Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate ( CSEC ) examinations are usually taken by students after five years of secondary school and mark the end of standard secondary education . The CSEC examinations are equivalent to the Ordinary Level ( O - Levels ) examinations and are targeted toward students 16 and older .
Education in Bangladesh
Secondary School Certificate ( SSC ) ( 10th grade ) Higher Secondary School Certificate ( HSC ) ( 12th grade )
Shenandoah River
Shenandoah River Crossing the Shenandoah River in Harpers Ferry , West Virginia Country United States States Virginia , West Virginia Tributaries - left North Fork ( Shenandoah River ) - right South Fork ( Shenandoah River ) Towns Harper 's Ferry , WV , Front Royal , VA , Luray , VA Primary source North Fork - location Shenandoah Mountain Secondary source South Fork - location Port Republic Source confluence - location Front Royal , VA Mouth Potomac River - location Harpers Ferry - elevation 246 ft ( 75 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 19 ′ 21 '' N 77 ° 43 ′ 40 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 39.3226009 ° N 77.7277704 ° W ﻿ / 39.3226009 ; - 77.7277704 Coordinates : 39 ° 19 ′ 21 '' N 77 ° 43 ′ 40 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 39.3226009 ° N 77.7277704 ° W ﻿ / 39.3226009 ; - 77.7277704 Length 56 mi ( 90 km ) Basin 2,937 sq mi ( 7,607 km ) Discharge for Millville , WV - average 2,755 cu ft / s ( 78 m / s ) Shenandoah River Watershed Wikimedia Commons : Shenandoah River
Kerala Higher Secondary Examination Board
The Board of Higher Secondary Education Kerala , located at the 4th floor of the Housing Board Building in Santhi Nagar , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala ( 8 ° 29 ′ 37 '' N 76 ° 57 ′ 08 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 8.493489 ° N 76.952321 ° E ﻿ / 8.493489 ; 76.952321 Coordinates : 8 ° 29 ′ 37 '' N 76 ° 57 ′ 08 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 8.493489 ° N 76.952321 ° E ﻿ / 8.493489 ; 76.952321 ) , is the regulatory body of higher secondary schools in Kerala . It was formed in 1990 to reorganize secondary and collegiate education in the Indian state of Kerala . The board provides Higher Secondary Examination and offers courses in humanities and commerce .
Rough Riders Memorial
The Rough Riders Memorial is a memorial in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County , Virginia , in the United States that commemorates those members of the `` Rough Riders '' who died in the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . The grey granite shaft was erected by surviving members of the Rough Riders and their friends and supporters . Although Arlington National Cemetery , a number of secondary sources , and even the bronze plaque on the memorial say the monument was dedicated in 1906 and one source says 1905 , contemporary newspaper accounts show the memorial was dedicated on April 12 , 1907 .
Boötes
Mu Boötis , known as Alkalurops , is a triple star popular with amateur astronomers . It has an overall magnitude of 4.3 and is 121 light - years away . Its name is from the Arabic phrase for `` club '' or `` staff '' . The primary appears to be of magnitude 4.3 and is blue - white . The secondary appears to be of magnitude 6.5 , but is actually a close double star itself with a primary of magnitude 7.0 and a secondary of magnitude 7.6 . The secondary and tertiary stars have an orbital period of 260 years . The primary has an absolute magnitude of 2.6 and is of spectral class F0 . The secondary and tertiary stars are separated by 2 arcseconds ; the primary and secondary are separated by 109.1 arcseconds at an angle of 171 degrees .
Cell wall
Secondary cell walls contain a wide range of additional compounds that modify their mechanical properties and permeability . The major polymers that make up wood ( largely secondary cell walls ) include :
Bachelor's degree
In Colombia , secondary school has two milestones , in 9th and 11th grades . After completing the first 4 years of secondary school ( 6th , 7th , 8th and 9th grades ) , a student is considered to have completed the basic secondary school while after completed the last two years ( 10th and 11th grades ) is considered to have completed `` bachillerato '' or high school diploma .
River Mersey
River Mersey River The River Mersey at Liverpool , looking towards the Royal Liver Building Country England Counties Greater Manchester , Cheshire , Merseyside City Manchester , Liverpool Primary source ( source of the River Tame ) - location west of Buckstones Moss , West Yorkshire - elevation 473 m ( 1,552 ft ) - coordinates 53 ° 37 ′ 07 '' N 2 ° 00 ′ 13 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 53.6187 ° N 2.0035 ° W ﻿ / 53.6187 ; - 2.0035 Secondary source ( confluence of Tame and Goyt ) - location Stockport , Greater Manchester - elevation 40 m ( 131 ft ) - coordinates 53 ° 24 ′ 51 '' N 2 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 53.4143 ° N 2.1565 ° W ﻿ / 53.4143 ; - 2.1565 Mouth - location Liverpool Bay Length 112 km ( 70 mi ) Basin 4,680 km ( 1,807 sq mi ) Designation Ramsar Wetland Official name Mersey Estuary Designated 20 December 1995 The River Mersey is highlighted in red Click to enlarge map Coordinates : 53 ° 27 ′ 00 '' N 3 ° 01 ′ 59 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 53.45 ° N 3.033 ° W ﻿ / 53.45 ; - 3.033
Barbados
Barbados Secondary School Entrance Examination : Children who are 11 years old but under 12 years old on 1 September in the year of the examination are required to write the examination as a means of allocation to secondary school .
Cell wall
In plants , a secondary cell wall is a thicker additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity . Additional layers may be formed by lignin in xylem cell walls , or suberin in cork cell walls . These compounds are rigid and waterproof , making the secondary wall stiff . Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls . Other parts of plants such as the leaf stalk may acquire similar reinforcement to resist the strain of physical forces .
Boötes
Nu Boötis is an optical double star . The primary is an orange giant of magnitude 5.0 and the secondary is a white star of magnitude 5.0 . The primary is 870 light - years away and the secondary is 430 light - years .
Freedmen's Bureau
By 1866 , northern missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen 's Bureau to provide education for former slaves . The American Missionary Association was particularly active , establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen . The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools , while the secondary focus was the day - to - day operation of individual schools . After 1866 , Congress appropriated some funds to operate the freedmen 's schools . The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen 's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use .