vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lithuania
Lithuanian ecosystems include natural and semi-natural ( forests , bogs , wetlands , meadows ) , and anthropogenic ( agrarian and urban ) ecosystems . Among natural ecosystems , forests are particularly important to Lithuania , covering 33 % of the country 's territory . Wetlands ( raised bogs , fens , transitional mires , etc . ) cover 7.9 % of the country , with 70 % of wetlands having been lost due to drainage and peat extraction between 1960 and 1980 . Changes in wetland plant communities resulted in the replacement of moss and grass communities by trees and shrubs , and fens not directly affected by land reclamation have become drier as a result of a drop in the water table . There are 29,000 rivers with a total length of 64,000 km in Lithuania , the Nemunas River basin occupying 74 % of the territory of the country . Due to the construction of dams , approximately 70 % of spawning sites of potential catadromous fish species have disappeared . In some cases , river and lake ecosystems continue to be impacted by anthropogenic eutrophication .
Cousin marriage
Lévi - Strauss postulated that cross-cousin marriage had the two consequences of setting up classes which automatically delimit the group of possible spouses and of determining a relationship that can decide whether a prospective spouse is to be desired or excluded . Whereas in other kinship systems one or another of these aspects dominates , in cross-cousin marriage they overlap and cumulate their effects . It differs from incest prohibitions in that the latter employs a series of negative relationships , saying whom one can not marry , while cross-cousin marriage employs positive relationships , saying whom should marry . Most crucially , cross-cousin marriage is the only type of preferential union that can function normally and exclusively and still give every man and woman the chance to marry a cross-cousin . Unlike other systems such as the levirate , the sororate , or uncle - niece marriage , cross-cousin marriage is preferential because for obvious reasons these others can not constitute the exclusive or even preponderant rule of marriage in any group . Cross-cousin marriage divides members of the same generation into two approximately equal groups , those of cross-cousins and `` siblings '' that include real siblings and parallel cousins . Consequently , cross-cousin marriage can be a normal form of marriage in a society , but the other systems above can only be privileged forms . This makes cross-cousin marriage exceptionally important .
Spanish language
There are important variations ( phonological , grammatical , and lexical ) in the spoken Spanish of the various regions of Spain and throughout the Spanish - speaking areas of the Americas .
Thylakoid
Thylakoid membranes contain integral membrane proteins which play an important role in light harvesting and the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis . There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane :
Pragmatism
In 1868 , C.S. Peirce argued that there is no power of intuition in the sense of a cognition unconditioned by inference , and no power of introspection , intuitive or otherwise , and that awareness of an internal world is by hypothetical inference from external facts . Introspection and intuition were staple philosophical tools at least since Descartes . He argued that there is no absolutely first cognition in a cognitive process ; such a process has its beginning but can always be analyzed into finer cognitive stages . That which we call introspection does not give privileged access to knowledge about the mind -- the self is a concept that is derived from our interaction with the external world and not the other way around ( De Waal 2005 , pp. 7 -- 10 ) . At the same time he held persistently that pragmatism and epistemology in general could not be derived from principles of psychology understood as a special science : what we do think is too different from what we should think ; in his `` Illustrations of the Logic of Science '' series , Peirce formulated both pragmatism and principles of statistics as aspects of scientific method in general . This is an important point of disagreement with most other pragmatists , who advocate a more thorough naturalism and psychologism .
Three wise monkeys
The shrine at Nikko is a Shinto shrine , and the monkey is an extremely important being in the Shinto religion . The monkey is believed to be the messenger of the Hie Shinto shrines , which also have connections with Tendai Buddhism . There are even important festivals that are celebrated during the year of the Monkey ( occurring every twelve years ) and a special festival is celebrated every sixteenth year of the Kōshin .
Command-line interface
Unix command names , arguments and options are case - sensitive ( except in a few examples , mainly where popular commands from other operating systems have been ported to Unix ) . Options
Indus River
Over the years factories on the banks of the Indus River have increased levels of water pollution in the river and the atmosphere around it . High levels of pollutants in the river have led to the deaths of endangered Indus River Dolphin . The Sindh Environmental Protection Agency has ordered polluting factories around the river to shut down under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act , 1997 . Death of the Indus River Dolphin has also been attributed to fishermen using poison to kill fish and scooping them up . As a result , the government banned fishing from Guddu Barrage to Sukkur .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
In 1971 , Mobutu renamed the country the Republic of Zaire , its fourth name change in 11 years and its sixth overall . The Congo River was renamed the Zaire River .
Sea of Galilee
In the 1950s , Israel formulated a plan to link the Kinneret with the rest of the country 's water infrastructure via the National Water Carrier , in order to supply the water demand of the growing country . The carrier was completed in 1964 . The Israeli plan , to which the Arab League opposed its own plan to divert the headwaters of the Jordan River , sparked political and sometimes even armed confrontations over the Jordan River basin .
Chola dynasty
According to Tamil tradition , the Chola country comprised the region that includes the modern - day Tiruchirapalli District , Tiruvarur District , Nagapattinam District , Ariyalur District , Perambalur district , Pudukkottai district , Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu and Karaikal District . The river Kaveri and its tributaries dominate this landscape of generally flat country that gradually slopes towards the sea , unbroken by major hills or valleys . The river , which is also known as the Ponni ( Golden ) river , had a special place in the culture of Cholas . The annual floods in the Kaveri marked an occasion for celebration , known as Adiperukku , in which the whole nation took part .
River Song (Doctor Who)
After Moffat took over from Davies as executive producer of the show , River Song reappeared in the 2010 series . In the two - parter `` The Time of Angels '' / `` Flesh and Stone '' , which takes place prior to River becoming a professor , she encounters the Eleventh Doctor ( Matt Smith ) , with whom she is more familiar . She leaves coordinates for the Doctor so that he may rescue her in the 52nd century , and together they investigate the crash of the spaceship Byzantium . She shows herself to be more adept at flying the TARDIS than he is and reveals to the Doctor that she is imprisoned in the `` Stormcage Containment Facility '' for killing `` the best man I 've ever known . '' An earlier version of River appears to assist the Doctor in the series finale `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' . After being contacted by Winston Churchill ( Ian McNeice ) , River leads the Doctor to 102 A.D. While River is travelling in the TARDIS on her own , it explodes with her inside . The Doctor , using River 's vortex manipulator , teleports her out . After the Doctor erases himself from history by flying the Pandorica into the exploding TARDIS in order to close the cracks in the universe , River helps Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) to remember the Doctor and bring him back , by giving Amy her now - blank diary . At the close of the series finale , River ambiguously suggests to the Doctor that they might be married and tells him that he will soon learn the truth about her , after which `` everything changes '' .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The St. Croix River is mentioned in the band Rocket Club 's song `` North Country '' as a symbol for the singer 's desire to `` head up North . ''
Pennsylvania Turnpike
Five bridges carry the turnpike over major rivers in the state . The 1,545 - foot - long ( 471 m ) Beaver River Bridge crosses the Beaver River in Beaver County . The highway crosses the Allegheny River in Allegheny County on the 2,350 - foot - long ( 720 m ) Allegheny River Turnpike Bridge , and crosses the Susquehanna River between York and Dauphin Counties on the 5,910 - foot - long ( 1,800 m ) Susquehanna River Bridge . In Montgomery County , the turnpike crosses the Schuylkill River on the 1,224 - foot - long ( 373 m ) Schuylkill River Bridge . At the New Jersey border in Bucks County , the highway is connected to the Pearl Harbor Memorial Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike by the 6,571 - foot - long ( 2,003 m ) Delaware River -- Turnpike Toll Bridge over the Delaware River .
Bay of Plenty
Bay of Plenty Bay The Bay of Plenty seen from Whakatane . The Whakatane River ( foreground ) is one of eight major rivers that empty into the bay . Country New Zealand Part of Pacific Ocean Tributaries - left Raukokore River , Kereu River , Haparapara River Motu River , Hawai River , Waioeka River - right Waiotahe River , Whakatane River , Rangitaiki River Tarawera River , Kaituna River , Wairoa River Wainui River , Aongatete River , Otahu River Wentworth River , Wharekawa River City Tauranga , Rotorua Location in the North Island of New Zealand Region
Blackstone River
The Blackstone River has a long association with industry , and a legacy of pollution as a result . By 1900 the river was already considered polluted and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health said in a report , `` The Department finds that the condition of the Blackstone River is offensive throughout its course , from Worcester to the state line at Blackstone . The condition of the stream is likely to grow worse until effective measures are completed for removing from the river much of the pollution which it now receives . '' Little was actually done to abate this pollution for the next 72 years , until the passage of the Clean Water Act began to spur some action on the part of States and the Federal Government to clean up polluted rivers and streams . Progress was slow , and as recently as 1990 , the United States Environmental Protection Agency called the Blackstone , `` The most polluted river in the country with respect to toxic sediments . ''
Nun River
The Nun River is a river in Rivers State , Nigeria . The Nun is formed when the Niger River splits in two , forming the Nun and Forcados rivers .
St. Johns River
One unforeseen aspect of more people coming to Florida proved to be an overwhelming problem . A woman living in a winter home near Palatka introduced water hyacinths ( Eichhornia crassipes ) to the St. Johns in an attempt to beautify her backyard . Ten years later , the purple - flowered hyacinths had grown to reside in 50,000,000 acres ( 200,000 km ) of the river and its arteries , becoming a serious invasive species . Hyacinths grow so densely that they prevent the navigation of watercraft , fishing , and sunlight from reaching the depths of the river , affecting both plant and animal life . The government of Florida found the plants to be so vexing that it spent almost $600,000 between 1890 and 1930 in an unsuccessful bid to rid the creeks and rivers of north Florida of them .
France in the American Revolutionary War
The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris . France gained ( or regained ) territories in the Americas , Africa , and India . Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) were in part regained : Tobago , Saint Lucia , the Senegal River area , as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova . Spain regained Florida and Minorca , but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British .
Indus River
India is a Greek and Latin term for `` the country of the River Indus '' . The region through which the river drains into sea is called Sindh and owes its name to the river ( Sanskrit Sindhu ) .
Mississippi River
The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855 . It spanned the river in Minneapolis , Minnesota where the current Hennepin Avenue Bridge is located . No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River .
River Thames
In 1751 the Thames Navigation Commission was formed to manage the whole non-tidal river above Staines . The City of London long claimed responsibility for the tidal river . A long running dispute between the City and the Crown over ownership of the river was not settled until 1857 , when the Thames Conservancy was formed to manage the river from Staines downstream . In 1866 the functions of the Thames Navigation Commission were transferred to the Thames Conservancy , which thus had responsibility for the whole river .
Monongahela River
The South Tenth Street Bridge over the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh in 2005 The Monongahela River in Fairmont , West Virginia in 2006 Monongahela River Scene , 1857 Opekiska Lock and Dam on the Monongahela River near Fairmont , West Virginia at river mile 115 ( 185 km )
River Mersey
The Mersey is considered sacred by British Hindus , and worshipped in a similar way to the River Ganges . Festival of Immersion ceremonies are held annually on the river , in which clay figures representing the Hindu Lord Ganesha , the elephant deity riding a mouse , are submerged in the river from a ferry boat . Followers throw flowers , pictures and coins into the river .
Indus River
The inhabitants of the regions are mainly Muslim as Pakistan is an Islamic country through which the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity , religion , national and linguistic backgrounds . On the northern course of the river in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India , live the Buddhist people of Ladakh , of Tibetan stock , and the Dards of Indo - Aryan or Dardic stock and practising Islam . Then it descends into Baltistan , northern Pakistan passing the main Balti city of Skardu . A river from Dubair Bala also drains into it at Dubair Bazar . People living in this area are mainly Kohistani and speak the Kohistani language . Major areas through which the Indus river passes in Kohistan are Dasu , Pattan and Dubair . As it continues through Pakistan , the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures -- upon the western banks the population is largely Pashtun , Baloch , and of other Iranian stock . The eastern banks are largely populated by people of Indo - Aryan stock , such as the Punjabis and the Sindhis . In northern Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , ethnic Pashtun tribes live alongside Dardic people in the hills ( Khowar , Kalash , Shina , etc . ) , Burushos ( in Hunza ) , and Punjabi people .
St. Johns River
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings used the St. Johns as a backdrop in her books South Moon Under and The Yearling , and several short stories . In 1933 she took a boat trip along the St. Johns with a friend . In the upper basin , she remarked on the difficulty of determining direction due to the river 's ambiguous flow , and wrote in a chapter titled `` Hyacinth Drift '' in her memoir Cross Creek that she had the best luck in watching the way the hyacinths floated . Rawlings wrote , `` If I could have , to hold forever , one brief place and time of beauty , I think I might choose the night on that high lonely bank above the St. Johns River . ''
Catawba River
Though neither Concord nor Kannapolis are located in the Catawba River basin ( both are located in the Pee Dee River basin ) , the cities said the Catawba River is a regional resource . Opponents of the IBT argued that towns and cities along the Catawba River basin are growing as well , and that the cities ' request is too large .
Southern United States
By 1840 , New Orleans was the wealthiest city in the country and the third largest in population . The success of the city was based on the growth of international trade associated with products being shipped to and from the interior of the country down the Mississippi River . New Orleans also had the largest slave market in the country , as traders brought slaves by ship and overland to sell to planters across the Deep South . The city was a cosmopolitan port with a variety of jobs that attracted more immigrants than other areas of the South . Because of lack of investment , however , construction of railroads to span the region lagged behind the North . People relied most heavily on river traffic for getting their crops to market and for transportation .
The Gambia
Although the Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa , its culture is the product of very diverse influences . The national borders outline a narrow strip on either side of the River Gambia , a body of water that has played a vital part in the nation 's destiny and is known locally simply as `` the River '' . Without natural barriers , the Gambia has become home to most of the ethnic groups that are present throughout western Africa , especially those in Senegal .
Cedar River (Iowa River tributary)
In 1993 , the river flooded some areas of downtown Cedar Rapids . The river crested at 19.83 feet . This was the worst flood in Iowa 's recorded history , before the Cedar River flooded again in 2008 .
Indus River
Rigveda also describes several mythical rivers , including one named `` Sindhu '' . The Rigvedic `` Sindhu '' is thought to be the present - day Indus river and is attested 176 times in its text -- 95 times in the plural , more often used in the generic meaning . In the Rigveda , notably in the later hymns , the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular , as in the list of rivers mentioned in the hymn of Nadistuti sukta . The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein but `` Sindhu '' is the only river attributed the masculine gender which means Sindhu is the warrior and greatest among all other rivers in whole world
St. Johns River
The first known European reference to Florida is in a 1502 map by Cantino , which maps Florida and aptly describes the unique vegetation rafts in the St. Johns Rivers by originally naming the river the Rio de las Almadias ( River of Rafts ) . Later , in 1513 Juan Ponce de León arrived near Cape Canaveral , and not until 1562 did Europeans settle the north Atlantic coast of the peninsula . Early Spanish explorers named the river Rio de Corientes ( River of Currents ) . The St. Johns River became the first place colonized in the region and its first battleground : when French explorer Jean Ribault erected a monument south of the river 's mouth to make the French presence known , it alarmed the Spanish who had been exploring the southern and western coast of the peninsula for decades . Ribault was detained after he returned to Europe .
History of the United States Constitution
An important milestone in interstate cooperation outside the framework of the Articles of Confederation occurred in March 1785 , when delegates representing Maryland and Virginia met in Virginia , to address navigational rights in the states 's common waterways . On March 28 , 1785 , the group drew up a thirteen - point proposal to govern the two states ' rights on the Potomac River , Pocomoke River , and Chesapeake Bay . Known as the Mount Vernon Compact ( formally titled the `` Compact of 1785 '' ) , this agreement not only covered tidewater navigation but also extended to issues such as toll duties , commerce regulations , fishing rights , and debt collection . Ratified by the legislatures of both states , the compact , which is still in force , helped set a precedent for later meetings between states for discussions into areas of mutual concern .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
The Ghaggar - Hakra River is an intermittent , endorheic river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the monsoon season . The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage .
New Amsterdam
In May 1624 , the first settlers in New Netherland arrived on Noten Eylandt ( Nut or Nutten Island , now Governors Island ) aboard the ship New Netherland under the command of Cornelius Jacobsen May , who disembarked on the island with thirty families in order to take legal possession of the New Netherland territory . The families were then dispersed to Fort Wilhelmus on Verhulsten Island ( Burlington Island ) in the South River ( now the Delaware River ) , to Kievitshoek ( now Old Saybrook , Connecticut ) at the mouth of the Verse River ( now the Connecticut River ) and further north at Fort Nassau on the Mauritius or North River ( now the Hudson River ) , near what is now Albany .
River Welland
At Crowland the river used to split into two channels , one broadly following the present course of the river , and the other joining the old South Ea to reach the River Nene near Wisbech . Dugdale , writing in 1662 , described the Spalding channel as `` a most slow course '' . The river no longer flows through Crowland , but the unique triangular Trinity Bridge , which spanned the junction , remains in the centre of the town .
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
After leaving Culiacan on April 22 , 1540 , Vázquez de Coronado followed the coast , `` bearing off to the left '' , as Mota Padilla says , by an extremely rough way , to the Sinaloa River . The configuration of the country made it necessary to follow the river valley until he could find a passage across the mountains to the course of the Yaqui River . He traveled alongside this stream for some distance , then crossed to the Rio Sonora , which he followed nearly to its source before a pass was discovered . On the southern side of the mountains he found a stream he called the Nexpa , which may have been either the Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona of modern maps , most likely the northward - flowing San Pedro River . The party followed this river valley until they reached the edge of the wilderness , where , as Friar Marcos had described it to them , they found Chichilticalli . Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona in the Sulfur Springs Valley , within the bend of the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Mountains . This fits the chronicle of Laus Deo description , which reports that `` at Chichilticalli the country changes its character again and the spiky vegetation ceases . The reason is that ... the mountain chain changes its direction at the same time that the coast does . Here they had to cross and pass the mountains in order to get into the level country . '' There Vázquez de Coronado met a crushing disappointment : Cíbola was nothing like the great golden city that de Niza had described . Instead , it was just a village of simple pueblos constructed by the Zuni Native Americans . The soldiers were upset with de Niza for his mendacious imagination , so Vázquez de Coronado sent him back south to New Spain in disgrace .