vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Allies of World War II
Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan , the Nationalist Government held close relations with both Germany and Italy . In the early 1930s , Sino - German cooperation between the Nationalist Government and Germany in military and industrial matters . Nazi Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports and technical expertise . Relations between the Nationalist Government and Italy during the 1930s varied , however even after the Nationalist Government followed League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia , the international sanctions proved unsuccessful , and relations between the Fascist government in Italy and the Nationalist Government in China returned to normal shortly afterwards . Up until 1936 , Mussolini had provided the Nationalists with Italian military air and naval missions to help the Nationalists fight against Japanese incursions and communist insurgents . Italy also held strong commercial interests and a strong commercial position in China supported by the Italian concession in Tianjin . However , after 1936 the relationship between the Nationalist Government and Italy changed due to a Japanese diplomatic proposal to recognize the Italian Empire that included occupied Ethiopia within it in exchange for Italian recognition of Manchukuo , Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano accepted this offer by Japan , and on 23 October 1936 Japan recognized the Italian Empire and Italy recognized Manchukuo , as well as discussing increasing commercial links between Italy and Japan .
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Economic problems include the shattering of the Iranian oil sector and consequent loss of output from the revolution and Iran -- Iraq War ( Iran sustained economic losses estimated at $500 billion ) , a soaring population over the same period , inefficiency in the state sector , dependence on petroleum exports , and corruption .
Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West . The government built railroads , improved roads , and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development . It inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people , sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe , and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science , mathematics , technology , and foreign languages in Japan ( Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan ) .
Surrender of Japan
In response to the Japanese message President Truman issued a instructions that no further atomic weapons were to dropped on Japan without presidential orders , but allowed military operations ( including the B - 29 firebombings ) to continue until official word of Japanese surrender was received . However , news correspondents incorrectly interpreted a comment by USAF commander Spaatz that the B - 29s were not flying on August 11 ( because of bad weather ) as a statement that a ceasefire was in effect . To avoid giving the Japanese the impression that the Allies had abandoned peace efforts and resumed bombing , Truman then ordered a halt to all further bombings .
Surrender of Japan
The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima , a military base . That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid , insofar as possible , the killing of civilians . But that attack is only a warning of things to come . If Japan does not surrender , bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and , unfortunately , thousands of civilian lives will be lost . I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately , and save themselves from destruction .
Child labour
Though banned in modern Japan , shonenko ( child labourers ) were a feature of the Imperial era until its end in 1945 . During World War 2 labour recruiting efforts targeted youths from Taiwan ( Formosa ) , then a Japanese territory , with promises of educational opportunity . Though the target of 25,000 recruits was never reached , over 8,400 Taiwanese youths aged 12 to 14 relocated to Japan to help manufacture the Mitsubishi J2M Raiden aircraft .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Japan attempted to reach out to Chinese ethnic minorities in order to rally them to their side against the Han Chinese .
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Binding of Cdc45 to chromatin depends on Clb - Cdc28 kinase activity as well as functional Cdc6 and Mcm2 , which suggests that Cdc45 associates with the pre-RC after activation of S - phase cyclin - dependent kinases ( CDKs ) . As indicated by the timing and the CDK dependence , binding of Cdc45 to chromatin is crucial for commitment to initiation of DNA replication . During S phase , Cdc45 physically interacts with Mcm proteins on chromatin ; however , dissociation of Cdc45 from chromatin is slower than that of Mcm 's , which indicates that the proteins are released by different mechanisms . GINS
GameCube controller
In April 2008 , Nintendo released a white GameCube controller , exclusive to Japan . The controller has not been released outside Japan , but online retailers such as Amazon.com and Play - Asia do import and sell the controller internationally . It differs from previous editions in that it features a white cable which is 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) long , rather than the 2 m ( 6.5 ft ) black cable used on standard controllers . In 2014 , the manufacturing production of the white controller was resumed under the Super Smash Bros. branding , again exclusively for Japan ( see more info on the Super Smash Bros. edition below ) .
Cherry blossom
In 2005 , Japanese cherry trees were presented by Japan to the Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden in Istanbul , Turkey . Each tree represents one sailor of the frigate Ertogrul which was a famous frigate of the Ottoman Turkish navy . On the way back from a goodwill visit to Japan in 1890 she ran into a typhoon and sank with loss of 587 Ottoman Turkish sailors . That loss is being remembered at every anniversary . The Japanese cherry trees represent memory of those who died and provide remembrance .
PlayStation 3
The system had a slow start in the market but managed to recover , particularly after the introduction of the Slim model . Its successor , the PlayStation 4 , was released later in November 2013 . On September 29 , 2015 , Sony confirmed that sales of the PlayStation 3 were to be discontinued in New Zealand , but the system remained in production in other markets . Shipments of new units to the United States ended in October 2016 . Heading into 2017 , Japan was the last territory where new units were still being produced until May 29 , 2017 when Sony confirmed the PlayStation 3 was discontinued in Japan .
Cherry blossom
High Park in Toronto , Ontario features many Somei - Yoshino cherry trees ( the earliest species to bloom and much loved by the Japanese for their fluffy white flowers ) that were given to Toronto by Japan in 1959 . Through the Sakura Project , the Japanese Consulate donated a further 34 cherry trees to High Park in 2001 , plus cherry trees to various other locations like Exhibition Place , McMaster University , York University ( near Calumet College and on Ottawa Road near McLaughlin College ) and the University of Toronto 's main ( next to Robarts Library ) and Scarborough campuses . Niagara Falls also has many near the Falls itself . Royal Botanical Gardens in Burlington and Hamilton was also the recipient of a number of Somei - Yoshino cherry trees that were donated by the Consulate - General of Japan in Toronto as part of the Sakura Project . The trees are located in the Arboretum and the Rock Garden and were planted to celebrate the continual strengthening of friendship between Japan and Canada . Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May .
Surrender of Japan
Having found the bomb we have used it . We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor , against those who have starved and beaten and executed American prisoners of war , against those who have abandoned all pretense of obeying international laws of warfare . We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war , in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans .
Seattle Seahawks
This section needs expansion with : sourcing and content re rivalry and should consider generalization as AFC West rivalries which can be sourced . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 )
Furious 7
I was trying to keep it close to the vest throughout the release . Paul Walker used to say that ( an eighth film ) was guaranteed . And in some ways , when your brother guarantees something , you sometimes feel like you have to make sure it comes to pass ... so if fate has it , then you 'll get this when you hear about it . ( Furious 7 ) was for Paul , ( the eighth film ) is from Paul .
The Fate of the Furious
I was trying to keep it close to the vest throughout the release . Paul Walker used to say that ( an eighth film ) was guaranteed . And in some ways , when your brother guarantees something , you sometimes feel like you have to make sure it comes to pass ... so if fate has it , then you 'll get this when you hear about it . ( Furious 7 ) was for Paul , ( the eighth film ) is from Paul . We
Radioactive decay
Rhenium - 187 is another spectacular example . Re normally beta decays to Os with a half - life of 41.6 × 10 years , but studies using fully ionised Re atoms ( bare nuclei ) have found that this can decrease to only 33 years . This is attributed to `` bound - state β decay '' of the fully ionised atom -- the electron is emitted into the `` K - shell '' ( 1s atomic orbital ) , which can not occur for neutral atoms in which all low - lying bound states are occupied . Example
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
According to reinsurer Munich Re , the private insurance industry will not be significantly affected by the disaster . Swiss Re similarly stated , `` Coverage for nuclear facilities in Japan excludes earthquake shock , fire following earthquake and tsunami , for both physical damage and liability . Swiss Re believes that the incident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant is unlikely to result in a significant direct loss for the property & casualty insurance industry . ''
Linda Kasabian
Susan Atkins also repeatedly whispered to Kasabian across the courtroom `` You 're killing us ! '' , to which Kasabian responded , `` I am not killing you , you have killed yourselves '' . Manson notoriously interrupted Kasabian 's testimony by holding up a copy of the Los Angeles Times newspaper to the jury with the headline `` Manson Guilty , Nixon Declares '' referring to President Richard Nixon 's statements to the press about the pre-verdict trial . He apparently hoped that this stunt would result in a mistrial , which the defense argued for , but lost . Judge Charles H. Older refused to allow the defendants to legally benefit from the antics .
Country Girl (Shake It for Me)
Sam Gazdziak of Engine 145 gave the song a `` thumbs down , '' calling it `` shamelessly sexist '' and `` thoroughly unremarkable , '' and saying it sounded like `` something Justin Moore would 've passed on . '' Liv Carter of Urban Country News gave the song a similar review , also giving it a `` thumbs down '' and heavily criticizing the clichéd lyrics , saying that `` I have looked at this songs from every angle but , apart from the delightful banjo line , I find no redeeming qualities . You did come up with one heck of a catchy tune though , so I guess the people enjoying this might be people who are just looking for something to dance to without engaging their brain to take in what they 're actually listening to . To those fans I say , fair enough . ''
A Hard Day's Night (film)
Audiences also responded to the Beatles ' brash social impudence . Director Richard Lester said , `` The general aim of the film was to present what was apparently becoming a social phenomenon in this country . Anarchy is too strong a word , but the quality of confidence that the boys exuded ! Confidence that they could dress as they liked , speak as they liked , talk to the Queen as they liked , talk to the people on the train who ' fought the war for them ' as they liked ... ( Everything was ) still based on privilege -- privilege by schooling , privilege by birth , privilege by accent , privilege by speech . The Beatles were the first people to attack this ... they said if you want something , do it . You can do it . Forget all this talk about talent or ability or money or speech . Just do it . ''
Cakewalk
The American English term `` cakewalk '' was used as early as 1863 to indicate something that is very easy or effortless , although this metaphor may refer to the carnival game of the same name in referring to the fact that the latter 's winners obtain their prize by doing no more than walking around in a circle . Though the dance itself could be physically demanding , it was generally considered a fun , recreational pastime , covertly mocking slaveholder dance parties . The phrase `` takes the cake '' also comes from this practice , as could `` piece of cake . ''
Terror management theory
Examples of cultural values that impact an individual 's terror of death are those that purport to offer literal immortality ( e.g. belief in afterlife , religion ) . However , TMT also argues that other cultural values -- including those that are seemingly unrelated to death -- offer symbolic immortality . For example , values of national identity , posterity , cultural perspectives on sex , and human superiority over animals have been linked to death concerns . In many cases these values are thought to offer symbolic immortality either a ) by providing the sense that one is part of something greater that will ultimately outlive the individual ( e.g. country , lineage , species ) , or b ) by making one 's symbolic identity superior to biological nature ( i.e. you are a personality , which makes you more than a glob of cells ) .
Japanese honorifics
When referring to a third person , honorifics are used except when referring to one 's family members while talking to a non-family member , or when referring to a member of one 's company while talking to a customer or someone from another company -- this is the uchi -- soto ( in - group / out group ) distinction . Honorifics are not used to refer to oneself , except when trying to be arrogant ( ore - sama ) , to be cute ( - chan ) , or sometimes when talking to young children to teach them how to address the speaker .
Bee Gees
They flipped out and said these will be great . We still had no concept of the movie , except some kind of rough script that they 'd brought with them ... You 've got to remember , we were fairly dead in the water at that point , 1975 , somewhere in that zone -- the Bee Gees ' sound was basically tired . We needed something new . We had n't had a hit record in about three years . So we felt , Oh Jeez , that 's it . That 's our life span , like most groups in the late ' 60s . So , we had to find something . We did n't know what was going to happen .
Cogito, ergo sum
Bernard Williams claims that what we are dealing with when we talk of thought , or when we say `` I am thinking , '' is something conceivable from a third - person perspective ; namely objective `` thought - events '' in the former case , and an objective thinker in the latter . He argues , first , that it is impossible to make sense of `` there is thinking '' without relativizing it to something . However , this something can not be Cartesian egos , because it is impossible to differentiate objectively between things just on the basis of the pure content of consciousness . The obvious problem is that , through introspection , or our experience of consciousness , we have no way of moving to conclude the existence of any third - personal fact , to conceive of which would require something above and beyond just the purely subjective contents of the mind .
Aria Montgomery
Aria also keeps an eye on her younger brother , Mike Montgomery , who starts dating Aria 's junior high torturer Mona Vanderwaal . However , Mike gets mad at Aria and says , `` If you 've forgiven Dad , why ca n't you forgive the messenger ? '' , referring to Mona .
Japanese honorifics
An honorific is generally used when referring to the person one is talking to ( one 's interlocutor ) , or when referring to an unrelated third party in speech . It is dropped , however , by some superiors , when referring to one 's in - group , or in formal writing , and is never used to refer to oneself , except for dramatic effect , or some exceptional cases .
Lecy Goranson
The appearances by Goranson vs. Chalke became a running gag . Goranson 's first re-appearance was marked with a `` Where the hell have you been ? '' from several cast members while in character . Similarly , Chalke 's infrequent appearances during Season 8 would be played for humor with an `` Are n't you glad you 're here this week ? '' from Roseanne . There was even a glimpse into the future where a grown - up and somewhat catatonic DJ , played by John Goodman , repeatedly uttered to a psychiatrist `` They say she 's the same but she is n't the same '' ; at the end of the episode , it was revealed to the audience that he was referring to the two actresses playing Becky .
Pragmatism
From a general point of view , for William James , something is true only insofar as it works . Thus , the statement , for example , that prayer is heard may work on a psychological level but ( a ) may not help to bring about the things you pray for ( b ) may be better explained by referring to its soothing effect than by claiming prayers are heard . As such , pragmatism is not antithetical to religion but it is not an apologetic for faith either . James ' metaphysical position however , leaves open the possibility that the ontological claims of religions may be true . As he observed in the end of the Varieties , his position does not amount to a denial of the existence of transcendent realities . Quite the contrary , he argued for the legitimate epistemic right to believe in such realities , since such beliefs do make a difference in an individual 's life and refer to claims that can not be verified or falsified either on intellectual or common sensorial grounds .
God bless you
In Persian culture , sneezing sometimes is called `` sabr = صبر , '' meaning `` to wait or be patient . '' And when trying to do something or go somewhere and suddenly sneezing , one should stop or sit for a few minutes and then re-start . By this act the `` bad thing '' passes and one will be saved . This is observed in Indian culture as well .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
This requires that you maintain a data structure for counting , for each possible sample value , its frequency . In general , that has to be an associative array ( lookup table ) . For example , if the data is something like ( 2404030 , 712 , 20574 , 2404030 , 657032180 , 20574 , 712 , 2404030 , 712 , 20574 , 2404030 , 657032180 , 657032180 , 2404030 , 31710510 , 657032180 , 31710510 , 20574 , 712 , 712 ) , you do n't want to allocate a normal array for this ( and you can not know the required size in advance ) . Unless you have a set of library functions for this , that is not an easy programming exercise . If all values are different , the size grows to be as large as the data sample . It is almost always easier and more efficient to sort the values , after which you can find the mode in a single pass . Here is a way of doing that , presented in pseudocode : (
Branches of science
The word statistics , when referring to the scientific discipline , is singular , as in `` Statistics is an art . '' This should not be confused with the word statistic , referring to a quantity ( such as mean or median ) calculated from a set of data , whose plural is statistics ( `` this statistic seems wrong '' or `` these statistics are misleading '' ) .
Logic
`` Upon this first , and in one sense this sole , rule of reason , that in order to learn you must desire to learn , and in so desiring not be satisfied with what you already incline to think , there follows one corollary which itself deserves to be inscribed upon every wall of the city of philosophy : Do not block the way of inquiry . '' -- Charles Sanders Peirce , `` First Rule of Logic ''
You're So Vain
In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men .
Fingerprint
Following the release of the iPhone 5S model , a group of German hackers announced on September 21 , 2013 , that they had bypassed Apple 's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image as verification . The spokesman for the group stated : `` We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics . It is plain stupid to use something that you ca n't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token . ''
Committee of Public Safety
The betrayal of the revolutionary government by Dumouriez lent greater credence to this belief . In light of this threat , the Girondin leader Maximin Isnard proposed the creation of a nine - member Committee of Public Safety . Isnard was supported in this effort by Georges Danton , who declared , `` This Committee is precisely what we want , a hand to grasp the weapon of the Revolutionary Tribunal . ''
Utilitarianism
By `` extreme '' utilitarian , McCloskey is referring to what later came to be called `` act '' utilitarianism . He suggests one response might be that the sheriff would not frame the innocent negro because of another rule : `` do not punish an innocent person '' . Another response might be that the riots the sheriff is trying to avoid might have positive utility in the long run by drawing attention to questions of race and resources to help address tensions between the communities .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
Uh , A-shirt ? Tank top ? Haikupoet 04 : 20 , 23 February 2006 ( UTC ) What the hell is an A-shirt ? I 've only heard of wifebeater or beater . At least in the northeast US the term wifebeater is almost totally pervasive . If you said A-Shirt they would have no idea what you were talking about . Tank top means something different , and can extend to any other sleeveless shirt regardless of color or fit. SteelyDave 05 : 25 , 12 April 2006 ( UTC ) I would also disagree that the term is offensive . In my part of the country ( Maryland , Pennsylvania , DC , etc , I 've never once heard the term `` A-shirt '' . While a few people may refer to them as sleeveless / muscle shirts , the most common term is certainly `` wifebeater '' or simply `` beater '' -- Ravensfan5252 20 : 25 , 21 July 2006 ( UTC )
The Beatles
Harrison created Harrisongs to represent his Beatles compositions , but signed a three - year contract with Northern Songs that gave it the copyright to his work through March 1968 , which included `` Taxman '' and `` Within You Without You '' . The songs on which Starr received co-writing credit before 1968 , such as `` What Goes On '' and `` Flying '' , were also Northern Songs copyrights . Harrison did not renew his contract with Northern Songs when it ended , signing instead with Apple Publishing while retaining the copyright to his work from that point on . Harrisongs thus owns the rights to his later Beatles songs such as `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' and `` Something '' . That year , as well , Starr created Startling Music , which holds the rights to his Beatles compositions , `` Do n't Pass Me By '' and `` Octopus 's Garden '' .
Multilingual User Interface
Beginning with Windows 7 , Microsoft started referring to MUIs as `` Language Packs , '' although this is n't to be confused with Language Interface Packs ( LIP )