vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lyme disease
The serological laboratory tests most widely available and employed are the Western blot and ELISA . A two - tiered protocol is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : the sensitive ELISA test is performed first , and if it is positive or equivocal , then the more specific Western blot is run . The reliability of testing in diagnosis remains controversial . Studies show the Western blot IgM has a specificity of 94 -- 96 % for people with clinical symptoms of early Lyme disease . The initial ELISA test has a sensitivity of about 70 % , and in two - tiered testing , the overall sensitivity is only 64 % , although this rises to 100 % in the subset of people with disseminated symptoms , such as arthritis .
Electric chair
A number of states still allow the condemned person to choose between electrocution and lethal injection . In all , twelve inmates nationwide - seven in Virginia , three in South Carolina , and one each in Arkansas and Tennessee - have opted for electrocution over lethal injection . The last use of the chair was on January 16 , 2013 , when Robert Gleason , Jr. , decided to go to the electric chair in Virginia .
History of Vietnam
However , Vietnam also faces disputes , mostly with Cambodia over the border , and especially , China , over the South China Sea . In 2016 , President Barack Obama became the 3rd U.S. Head of State to visit Vietnam , helping normalize relations into a higher level , by lifting embargo of lethal weapons , allowing Vietnam to buy lethal weapons and modernize its military .
Strike Back: Retribution
The new series focused on the now disavowed and disbanded Section 20 that is restored in order to track down a notorious terrorist following a brutal prison break . Tasked with covert military intelligence and high - risk operations , the resurrected unit embarks on a lethal manhunt that would uncover a vast web of interconnected criminal activity . As the team journeys across the Middle East and Europe , they uncover a deadly conspiracy which threatens to overwhelm them all and change the face of modern warfare forever .
Capital punishment in the United States
Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes , providing lethal injection , nitrogen hypoxia , electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable . The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution , though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia .
Consciousness
In neuroscience , a great deal of effort has gone into investigating how the perceived world of conscious awareness is constructed inside the brain . The process is generally thought to involve two primary mechanisms : ( 1 ) hierarchical processing of sensory inputs , and ( 2 ) memory . Signals arising from sensory organs are transmitted to the brain and then processed in a series of stages , which extract multiple types of information from the raw input . In the visual system , for example , sensory signals from the eyes are transmitted to the thalamus and then to the primary visual cortex ; inside the cerebral cortex they are sent to areas that extract features such as three - dimensional structure , shape , color , and motion . Memory comes into play in at least two ways . First , it allows sensory information to be evaluated in the context of previous experience . Second , and even more importantly , working memory allows information to be integrated over time so that it can generate a stable representation of the world -- Gerald Edelman expressed this point vividly by titling one of his books about consciousness The Remembered Present . In computational neuroscience , Bayesian approaches to brain function have been used to understand both the evaluation of sensory information in light of previous experience , and the integration of information over time . Bayesian models of the brain are probabilistic inference models , in which the brain takes advantage of prior knowledge to interpret uncertain sensory inputs in order to formulate a conscious percept ; Bayesian models have successfully predicted many perceptual phenomena in vision and the nonvisual senses .
Heart
The cardiac examination includes inspection , feeling the chest with the hands ( palpation ) and listening with a stethoscope ( auscultation ) . It involves assessment of signs that may be visible on a person 's hands ( such as splinter haemorrhages ) , joints and other areas . A person 's pulse is taken , usually at the radial artery near the wrist , in order to assess for the rhythm and strength of the pulse . The blood pressure is taken , using either a manual or automatic sphygmomanometer or using a more invasive measurement from within the artery . Any elevation of the jugular venous pulse is noted . A person 's chest is felt for any transmitted vibrations from the heart , and then listened to with a stethoscope . Heart
Original sin
The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains that in `` yielding to the tempter , Adam and Eve committed a personal sin , but this sin affected the human nature that they would then transmit in a fallen state ... original sin is called `` sin '' only in an analogical sense : it is a sin `` contracted '' and not `` committed '' -- a state and not an act '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 404 ) . This `` state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice ... transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature '' ( Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 76 ) involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam 's , who because of his sin , was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed , in this way implicating them in his sin . The doctrine of original sin thus does not impute the sin of the father to his children , but merely states that they inherit from him a `` human nature deprived of original holiness and justice '' , which is `` transmitted by propagation to all mankind '' .
Flint water crisis
On March 10 , 2017 , it was discovered that Dr. Janet Stout , a nationally renowned expert on Legionairres Disease said in an affidavit : ( It ) is my opinion to a reasonable degree of probability that the source water change and the subsequent management of the municipal water system caused conditions to develop within the municipal water distribution system that promoted Legionella growth and dispersion , amplification , and the significant increases in cases of Legionnaires ' disease in Genesee County in 2014 and 2015 . '' J. David Krause , director of Forensic Analytical Consulting Services , and Dr. Hung K. Cheung , a doctor specializing in environmental and occupational medicine agreed with her claims .
Cracked nipple
Because cracked nipples can result in the infant being exposed to blood , women with certain blood - borne diseases may be advised to stop breastfeeding if they have a cracked nipple . It has been found safe for breastfeeding mothers with hepatitis B and cracked nipples to breastfeed . In the event that a nursing woman experiences cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within one to two weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasmosis infection ( when the organism is still circulating in her bloodstream ) , it is theoretically possible that she could transmit Toxoplasma gondii to the infant through her breast milk . Immune suppressed women could have circulating Toxoplasma for even longer periods of time . However , the likelihood of human milk transmission is very small . Transmission risk of HIV increases if the mother has cracked and bleeding nipples An uncommon infection in the mother , Chagas disease , can be transmitted to the nursing infant via cracked nipples . Women with hepatitis C are advised to abstain from breastfeeding if their nipples are cracked or bleeding .
Meyer Friedman
Friedman , who often characterized himself as a `` recovering Type A , '' and colleague Dr. Ray Rosenman began to write about the link between behavior and heart disease in scientific papers during the 1950s . They turned their observations into a popular 1974 book , `` Type A Behavior and Your Heart . '' `` Type A personality '' soon became part of the national vocabulary , shorthand for the sort of driven individual who feels oppressed by time . This is the person who honks and fumes in traffic , barks at sluggish salesclerks , and feels compelled to do several things at once -- perhaps shave while paying bills and dialing a phone . The work of Friedman and Rosenman opened up a new field of inquiry into the mind - heart connection , still debated and investigated today . Friedman `` put the whole issue on the map and generated a lot of research around it . He was groundbreaking in that sense , '' said Dr. Stephen Fortmann , a Stanford University professor who directs its Center for Research in Disease Prevention . Friedman and Rosenman shared a cardiology practice in San Francisco in the 1950s , when they began to question the conventional thinking about the major risk factors in heart disease . The classic risk factors , such as diet and cholesterol , `` could not explain the relative epidemic of coronary disease in Western countries , '' said Rosenman , now dead , `` because ( diet ) really had n't changed . Nor had cholesterol . ''
Neuroanatomy of memory
People with Parkinson 's disease display working memory impairment during sequence tasks and tasks involving events in time . They also have difficulty in knowing how to use their memory , such as when to change strategies or maintain a train of thought .
Speed of light
Certain quantum effects appear to be transmitted instantaneously and therefore faster than c , as in the EPR paradox . An example involves the quantum states of two particles that can be entangled . Until either of the particles is observed , they exist in a superposition of two quantum states . If the particles are separated and one particle 's quantum state is observed , the other particle 's quantum state is determined instantaneously ( i.e. , faster than light could travel from one particle to the other ) . However , it is impossible to control which quantum state the first particle will take on when it is observed , so information can not be transmitted in this manner .
Sociology
Demographers or sociologists of population study the size , composition and change over time of a given population . Demographers study how these characteristics impact , or are impacted by , various social , economic or political systems . The study of population is also closely related to human ecology and environmental sociology , which studies a populations relationship with the surrounding environment and often overlaps with urban or rural sociology . Researchers in this field may study the movement of populations : transportation , migrations , diaspora , etc. , which falls into the subfield known as Mobilities studies and is closely related to human geography . Demographers may also study spread of disease within a given population or epidemiology .
Dei verbum
The Word of God is transmitted both through the canonical texts of Sacred Scripture , and through Sacred Tradition , which includes various forms such as liturgy , prayers , and the teachings of the Apostles and their successors . The Church looks to Tradition as a protection against errors that could arise from private interpretation .
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
where A is the measured absorbance ( in Absorbance Units ( AU ) ) , I 0 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( 0 ) ) is the intensity of the incident light at a given wavelength , I ( \ displaystyle I ) is the transmitted intensity , L the path length through the sample , and c the concentration of the absorbing species . For each species and wavelength , ε is a constant known as the molar absorptivity or extinction coefficient . This constant is a fundamental molecular property in a given solvent , at a particular temperature and pressure , and has units of 1 / M ∗ c m ( \ displaystyle 1 / M * cm ) .
Capital punishment in the United States
The federal government has a facility ( at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute ) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection , but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions .
Elk
A male elk can produce 10 to 11 kilograms ( 22 to 24 lb ) of antler velvet annually and on ranches in the United States , Canada and New Zealand , this velvet is collected and sold to markets in East Asia , where it is used in medicine . Velvet is also considered by some cultures to be an aphrodisiac . However , consuming velvet from elk in North America may be risky since velvet from animals infected with chronic wasting disease may contain prions that could result in a human getting variant Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease .
Myelin
Dysmyelination is characterized by a defective structure and function of myelin sheaths ; unlike demyelination , it does not produce lesions . Such defective sheaths often arise from genetic mutations affecting the biosynthesis and formation of myelin . The shiverer mouse represents one animal model of dysmyelination . Human diseases where dysmyelination has been implicated include leukodystrophies ( Pelizaeus -- Merzbacher disease , Canavan disease , phenylketonuria ) and schizophrenia .
Carcinoma in situ
Dysplasia is the earliest form of precancerous lesion recognizable in a biopsy . Dysplasia can be low - grade or high - grade . High - grade dysplasia may also be referred to as carcinoma in situ . Invasive carcinoma , usually simply called cancer , has the potential to invade and spread to surrounding tissues and structures , and may eventually be lethal .
It (2017 film)
The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . ''
Modem
Even where a cable is installed , it is often possible to get better performance or make other parts of the system simpler by using radio frequencies and modulation techniques through a cable . Coaxial cable has a very large bandwidth , but signal attenuation becomes a major problem at high data rates if a baseband digital signal is used . By using a modem , a much larger amount of digital data can be transmitted through a single wire . Digital cable television and cable Internet services use radio frequency modems to provide the increasing bandwidth needs of modern households . Using a modem also allows for frequency - division multiple access to be used , making full - duplex digital communication with many users possible using a single wire .
Hard disk drive
The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance . Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000 : a 1 - terabyte ( TB ) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes ( GB ; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes ) . Typically , some of an HDD 's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system , and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery . Performance is specified by the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder ( average access time ) plus the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head ( average latency , which is a function of the physical rotational speed in revolutions per minute ) , and finally the speed at which the data is transmitted ( data rate ) .
Capital punishment in the United States
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 30 states , the federal government , and the military . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty . It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . The Philippines has since abolished executions , and Guatemala has done so for civil offences , leaving the USA one of 4 countries to use this method , along with China , Thailand , and Vietnam .
Social class in the United States
`` It should be stressed ... that a position does not bring power and prestige because it draws a high income . Rather , it draws a high income because it is functionally important and the available personnel are for one reason or another scarce . It is therefore superficial and erroneous to regard high income as the cause of a man 's power and prestige , just as it is erroneous to think that a man 's fever is the cause of his disease ... The economic source of power and prestige is not income primarily , but the ownership of capital goods ( including patents , good will , and professional reputation ) . Such ownership should be distinguished from the possession of consumers ' goods , which is an index rather than a cause of social standing . '' -- Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore , Principles of Stratification
Celebratory gunfire
They found that while bullets traveling on a perfectly vertical trajectory tumble on the way down , creating turbulence that reduces terminal velocity below that which would kill , it was very difficult to fire a bullet in a near - ideal vertical trajectory . In practice , bullets were likely to remain spin - stabilized on a ballistic trajectory and fall at a potentially lethal terminal velocity . They also verified cases of actual deaths from falling bullets .
Oyster
`` Dermo '' is caused by a protozoan parasite ( Perkinsus marinus ) . It is a prevalent pathogen , causes massive mortality , and poses a significant economic threat to the oyster industry . The disease is not a direct threat to humans consuming infected oysters . Dermo first appeared in the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s , and until 1978 was believed to be caused by a fungus . While it is most serious in warmer waters , it has gradually spread up the east coast of the United States .
Heart
Heart disease is diagnosed by the taking of a medical history , a cardiac examination , and further investigations , including blood tests , echocardiograms , ECGs and imaging . Other invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterisation can also play a role . Examination
Culture
The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively . This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago , and is often thought to be unique to humans , although some other species have demonstrated similar , though much less complex , abilities for social learning . It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups , or cultures , using the plural form .
Capital punishment in the United States
Other notable female executions include Mary Surratt , Margie Velma Barfield and Wanda Jean Allen . Mary Surratt was executed by hanging in 1865 after being convicted of co-conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln . Margie Velma Barfield was convicted of murder and when she was executed by lethal injection in 1984 , she became the first woman to be executed since the ban on capital punishment was lifted in 1976 . Wanda Jean Allen was convicted of murder in 1989 and had a high - profile execution by lethal injection in January 2001 . She was the first black woman to be executed in the US since 1954 . According to Allen 's lawyers , prosecutors capitalized on her low IQ , race and homosexuality in their representations of her as a murderer at trial .
Tina Turner
`` Nam Myoho Renge Kyo is like a song . In the Soka Gakkai tradition we are taught how to sing it . It is a sound and a rhythm and it touches a place inside you . That place we try to reach is the subconscious mind . I believe that is the highest place . ''
Atmospheric pressure
Average sea - level pressure is 1013.25 mbar ( 101.325 kPa ; 29.921 inHg ; 760.00 mmHg ) . In aviation weather reports ( METAR ) , QNH is transmitted around the world in millibars or hectopascals ( 1 hectopascal = 1 millibar ) , except in the United States , Canada , and Colombia where it is reported in inches ( to two decimal places ) of mercury . The United States and Canada also report sea level pressure SLP , which is adjusted to sea level by a different method , in the remarks section , not in the internationally transmitted part of the code , in hectopascals or millibars . However , in Canada 's public weather reports , sea level pressure is instead reported in kilopascals .
Mourning dove
Mourning doves can be afflicted with several different parasites and diseases , including tapeworms , nematodes , mites , and lice . The mouth - dwelling parasite Trichomonas gallinae is particularly severe . While a mourning dove will sometimes host it without symptoms , it will often cause yellowish growth in the mouth and esophagus that will eventually starve the host to death . Avian pox is a common , insect - vectored disease .
Capital punishment in the United States
Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases : Baze v. Rees ( 2008 ) and Glossip v. Gross ( 2015 ) .
Blackwater (Game of Thrones)
IGN 's Matt Fowler gave the episode a perfect 10 out of 10 , calling it a masterpiece . Alan Sepinwall , who reviewed the episode for HitFix , called it `` an epic battle , and an intimate hour '' and continued `` but what ultimately made Blackwater so impressive was n't the scope , but the focus . '' Ed Cumming 's review for The Daily Telegraph praised the episode as `` an emerald inferno , as lethal as it was beautiful to watch . ''
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of coronary artery disease . The World Health Organization estimated in 2004 , that 12.2 % of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease ; with it being the leading cause of death in high - or middle - income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower - income countries . Worldwide , more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year . STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women .
Tooth decay
The incidence of cemental caries increases in older adults as gingival recession occurs from either trauma or periodontal disease . It is a chronic condition that forms a large , shallow lesion and slowly invades first the root 's cementum and then dentin to cause a chronic infection of the pulp ( see further discussion under classification by affected hard tissue ) . Because dental pain is a late finding , many lesions are not detected early , resulting in restorative challenges and increased tooth loss .