vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In the 2012 cartoon , Yoshi ( voiced by Hoon Lee ) was the son and heir of Hamato Clan jonin Hamato Yuta , whose clan had a historical rivalry with the cannon - fodding Foot Clan until the Foot were defeated when Yoshi was 2 years old , and Oroku Saki ( the Foot Clan 's heir ) was adopted into the Hamato family . Despite being raised as brothers , both Yoshi and Saki eventually became rivals due to the love of Tang Shen , whose decision to marry Yoshi drove Saki into learning of his true heritage and turn against his adoptive brother , killing Shen and adopting Karai , who was Yoshi and Shen 's beloved baby daughter Miwa then , while leaving her birth father for dead . Traveling to New York City , Yoshi had just bought the Turtles from a pet store when he overheard a conversation in a nearby ally between two human - disguised Kraangdroids who attempted to kill him for spying on them . Yoshi fought back , eventually knocking a canister of mutagen out of their hands and getting covered with the mutagen inside when it smashed , and the Turtle 's bowl with it . As the result of stepping on a brown rat while entering the alley , Yoshi mutated into Splinter while the Turtles mutated into their current mutant state .
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010
Sensitivity and specificity
Another way to understand in the context of medical tests is that sensitivity is the extent to which true positives are not missed / overlooked ( so false negatives are few ) and specificity is the extent to which positives really represent the condition of interest and not some other condition being mistaken for it ( so false positives are few ) . Thus a highly sensitive test rarely overlooks a positive ( for example , showing `` nothing bad '' despite something bad existing ) ; a highly specific test rarely registers a positive for anything that is not the target of testing ( for example , finding one bacterial species when another closely related one is the true target ) ; and a test that is highly sensitive and highly specific does both , so it `` rarely overlooks a thing that it is looking for '' and it `` rarely mistakes anything else for that thing . '' Because most medical tests do not have sensitivity and specificity values above 99 % , `` rarely '' does not equate to certainty . But for practical reasons , tests with sensitivity and specificity values above 90 % have high credibility , albeit usually no certainty , in differential diagnosis .
Philosophical zombie
The unifying idea of the zombie is of a human that has no conscious experience , but one might distinguish various types of zombie used in different thought experiments as follows :
Neuron
The number of neurons in the brain varies dramatically from species to species . The adult human brain contains about 85 - 86 billion neurons , of which 16.3 billion are in the cerebral cortex and 69 billion in the cerebellum . By contrast , the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has just 302 neurons , making it an ideal experimental subject as scientists have been able to map all of the organism 's neurons . The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , a common subject in biological experiments , has around 100,000 neurons and exhibits many complex behaviors . Many properties of neurons , from the type of neurotransmitters used to ion channel composition , are maintained across species , allowing scientists to study processes occurring in more complex organisms in much simpler experimental systems .
Philosophical zombie
The notion of a philosophical zombie is used mainly in thought experiments intended to support arguments ( often called `` zombie arguments '' ) against forms of physicalism such as materialism , behaviorism and functionalism . Physicalism is the idea that all aspects of human nature can be explained by physical means : specifically , all aspects of human nature and perception can be explained from a neurobiological standpoint . Some philosophers , such as David Chalmers , argue that since a zombie is defined as physiologically indistinguishable from human beings , even its logical possibility would be a sound refutation of physicalism . However , physicalists like Daniel Dennett counter that Chalmers 's physiological zombies are logically incoherent and thus impossible .
Relationship between religion and science
Science and religion are based on different aspects of human experience . In science , explanations must be based on evidence drawn from examining the natural world . Scientifically based observations or experiments that conflict with an explanation eventually must lead to modification or even abandonment of that explanation . Religious faith , in contrast , does not depend on empirical evidence , is not necessarily modified in the face of conflicting evidence , and typically involves supernatural forces or entities . Because they are not a part of nature , supernatural entities can not be investigated by science . In this sense , science and religion are separate and address aspects of human understanding in different ways . Attempts to put science and religion against each other create controversy where none needs to exist .
Planet of the Apes (1968 film)
While unable to speak as his throat wound is healing , called `` Bright Eyes '' by Zira and placed with one of the captive primitive humans he later names `` Nova '' , Taylor observes the enhanced society of talking apes and in a strict caste system : the gorillas being the military police , hunters and workers ; the orangutans overseeing the affairs of government , science , and religion ; and intellectual chimpanzees being mostly scientists . While their society is a theocracy similar to the beginnings of the human Industrial Era , the apes consider the primitive humans as vermin that are hunted , either killed outright , enslaved , or used in scientific experiments .
Origin of language
Both the medieval monarch Frederick II and Akbar are said to have tried similar experiments ; the children involved in these experiments did not speak . The current situation of deaf people also points into this direction .
Evidence of common descent
Reduced hindlimbs and pelvic girdle embedded in the muscles of extant whales ( see figure 2b ) . Occasionally , the genes that code for longer extremities cause a modern whale to develop legs . On October 28 , 2006 , a four - finned bottlenose dolphin was caught and studied due to its extra set of hind limbs . These legged Cetacea display an example of an atavism predicted from their common ancestry . Nonfunctional hind wings in Carabus solieri and other beetles . Remnant eyes ( and eye structures ) in animals that have lost sight such as blind cavefish ( e.g. Astyanax mexicanus ) , mole rats , snakes , spiders , salamanders , shrimp , crayfish , and beetles . Vestigial eye in the extant Rhineura floridana and remnant jugal in the extinct Rhineura hatchery ( reclassified as Protorhineura hatcherii ) . Functionless wings in flightless birds such as ostriches , kiwis , cassowaries , and emus . The presence of the plica semilunaris in the human eye -- a vestigial remnant of the nictitating membrane . Harderian gland in primates . Reduced hind limbs and pelvic girdle structures in legless lizards , skinks , amphisbaenians , and some snakes . Reduced and missing olfactory apparatus in whales that still possess vestigial olfactory receptor subgenomes . Vestigial teeth in narwhal . Rudimentary digits of Ateles geoffroyi , Colobus guereza , and Perodicticus potto . Vestigial dental primordia in the embryonic tooth pattern in mice . Reduced or absent vomeronasal organ in humans and Old World monkeys . Presence of non-functional sinus hair muscles in humans used in whisker movement . Degenerating palmaris longus muscle in humans . Teleost fish , anthropoid primates ( Simians ) , guinea pigs , some bat species , and some Passeriformes have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) , yet still possess the genes involved .
Human rights and development
The initial impetus of the current human rights legal regime and movement was in reaction to the Nazi atrocities of World War II . Human Rights are importantly referred to in the United Nations Charter in both the Preamble and under Article 1 though only sparingly . The preamble of the UN Charter reaffirms `` faith in fundamental human rights , in the dignity and worth of the human person , in the equal rights of men and women '' . Article 2 ( 4 ) however prohibits the use of force and has ever since be used to block humanitarian actions though Chapter VII provides for Security Council enforcement measures .
Morality
Cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists investigate the inputs to these cognitive processes and their interactions , as well as how these contribute to moral behavior by running controlled experiments . In these experiments putatively moral versus nonmoral stimuli are compared to each other , while controlling for other variables such as content or working memory load . Often , the differential neural response to specifically moral statements or scenes , are examined using functional neuroimaging experiments .
Vowel
Tenseness is used to describe the opposition of tense vowels as in leap , suit vs. lax vowels as in lip , soot . This opposition has traditionally been thought to be a result of greater muscular tension , though phonetic experiments have repeatedly failed to show this .
Biafra
The original word used by the European travellers was not Biafra but Biafara , Biafar and sometimes also Biafares . Senegambia 1707 According to the maps , the European travellers used the word Biafara to describe the region of today 's West Cameroon including an area around Equatorial Guinea . The German publisher Johann Heinrich Zedler , in his encyclopedia of 1731 , published the exact geographical location of the capital of Biafara , namely alongside the river Rio dos Camaroes underneath 6 degrees 10 min . latitude . The words Biafara and Biafares also appear on maps from the 18th century in the area around Senegal and Gambia . French map of the Gulf of Guinea from 1849
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
Fats and oils derived from animals were used to cook many colonial foods . Rendered pork fat , especially from bacon , was the most popular cooking medium . Pork fat was used more often in the southern colonies than the northern colonies as the Spanish introduced pigs earlier to the south . Many homes kept a deerskin sack filled with bear oil for use in cooking . Solidified bear fat resembled shortening . The colonists used butter in cooking as well , but it was rare prior to the American Revolution , as cattle were not yet plentiful .
Menu bar
Apple experiments in GUI design for the Lisa project initially used multiple menu bars anchored to the bottom of windows , but this was quickly dropped in favor of the current arrangement , as it proved slower to use ( in accordance with Fitts 's law ) . The idea of separate menus in each window or document was later implemented in Microsoft Windows and is the default representation in most Linux desktop environments .
William Beaumont
Beaumont 's experiments on St. Martin were featured in a 2012 episode of Radiolab , which aired in on 2 April . William Beaumont experiments on Alexis St. Martin were featured in a 2012 episode of Dark Matters : Twisted But True , which aired on Wednesday , August 1 . A fictionalized history of complicated doctor -- patient relationship between Beaumont and his patient St. Martin was recreated in a novel , Open Wound : The Tragic Obsession of Dr. William Beaumont ( 2011 ) . Beaumont experiments on St Martin were featured on the podcast `` The Dollop with Dave Anthony and Gareth Reynolds '' 33 The Stomach Men ( 11 / 15 / 14 ) The relationship between Beaumont and St. Martin and their experiments are recounted by Dr. Sydnee McElroy and her husband Justin McElroy on their medical podcast `` Sawbones '' episode , The Gut Hole Romance ( 5 / 13 / 2014 ) , hosted by the Maximum Fun network . The story of Beaumont 's treatment of and experiments on St. Martin were reenacted on the medical drama Medic , which aired on Feb 27 , 1956 .
Dutch elm disease
The slippery or red elm U. rubra is marginally less susceptible to Dutch elm disease than the other American species , but this quality seems to have been largely ignored in American research . No cultivars were ever selected , although the tree was used in hybridization experiments ( see above ) . Europe
Consciousness
Modern medical and psychological investigations into consciousness are based on psychological experiments ( including , for example , the investigation of priming effects using subliminal stimuli ) , and on case studies of alterations in consciousness produced by trauma , illness , or drugs . Broadly viewed , scientific approaches are based on two core concepts . The first identifies the content of consciousness with the experiences that are reported by human subjects ; the second makes use of the concept of consciousness that has been developed by neurologists and other medical professionals who deal with patients whose behavior is impaired . In either case , the ultimate goals are to develop techniques for assessing consciousness objectively in humans as well as other animals , and to understand the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie it .
Hydrothermal vent
An article on abiogenic hydrocarbon production in the February 2008 issue of Science journal used data from experiments at the Lost City hydrothermal field to report how the abiotic synthesis of low molecular mass hydrocarbons from mantle derived carbon dioxide may occur in the presence of ultramafic rocks , water , and moderate amounts of heat .
Nuclear fusion
The US National Ignition Facility , which uses laser - driven inertial confinement fusion , was designed with a goal of break - even fusion ; the first large - scale laser target experiments were performed in June 2009 and ignition experiments began in early 2011 .
Insulin
The human insulin protein is composed of 51 amino acids , and has a molecular mass of 5808 Da . It is a dimer of an A-chain and a B - chain , which are linked together by disulfide bonds . Insulin 's structure varies slightly between species of animals . Insulin from animal sources differs somewhat in effectiveness ( in carbohydrate metabolism effects ) from human insulin because of these variations . Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version , and was widely used to treat type 1 diabetics before human insulin could be produced in large quantities by recombinant DNA technologies .
Pendulum
For 300 years , from its discovery around 1582 until development of the quartz clock in the 1930s , the pendulum was the world 's standard for accurate timekeeping . In addition to clock pendulums , freeswinging seconds pendulums were widely used as precision timers in scientific experiments in the 17th and 18th centuries . Pendulums require great mechanical stability : a length change of only 0.02 % , 0.2 mm in a grandfather clock pendulum , will cause an error of a minute per week .
Stranger Things
Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways .
Potentiality and actuality
In philosophy , potentiality and actuality are principles of a dichotomy which Aristotle used to analyze motion , causality , ethics , and physiology in his Physics , Metaphysics , Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima , which is about the human psyche .
Quality of life
Perhaps the most commonly used international measure of development is the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , which combines measures of life expectancy , education , and standard of living , in an attempt to quantify the options available to individuals within a given society . The HDI is used by the United Nations Development Programme in their Human Development Report .
Carbon
The dominant industrial use of diamond is in cutting , drilling , grinding , and polishing . Most of these applications do not require large diamonds ; in fact , most diamonds of gem - quality except for their small size can be used industrially . Diamonds are embedded in drill tips or saw blades , or ground into a powder for use in grinding and polishing applications . Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for high pressure experiments ( see diamond anvil cell ) , high - performance bearings , and limited use in specialized windows . With the continuing advances in the production of synthetic diamonds , new applications are becoming feasible . Garnering much excitement is the possible use of diamond as a semiconductor suitable for microchips , and because of its exceptional heat conductance property , as a heat sink in electronics .
History of chemistry
Motivated by his extensive atomic weight determinations and in a desire to aid his experiments , he introduced the classical system of chemical symbols and notation with his 1808 publishing of Lärbok i Kemien , in which elements are abbreviated by one or two letters to make a distinct abbreviation from their Latin name . This system of chemical notation -- in which the elements were given simple written labels , such as O for oxygen , or Fe for iron , with proportions noted by numbers -- is the same basic system used today . The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today ( e.g. , H O ) , Berzelius used a superscript ( H O ) . Berzelius is credited with identifying the chemical elements silicon , selenium , thorium , and cerium . Students working in Berzelius 's laboratory also discovered lithium and vanadium .
State of nature
Hume 's ideas about human nature expressed in the Treatise suggest that he would be happy with neither Hobbes ' nor his contemporary Rousseau 's thought - experiments . He explicitly derides as incredible the hypothetical humanity described in Hobbes ' Leviathan . Additionally , he argues in `` Of the Origin of Justice and Property '' that if mankind were universally benevolent , we would not hold Justice to be a virtue : `` ' tis only from the selfishness and confin 'd generosity of men , along with the scanty provision nature has made for his wants , that justice derives its origin . ''
Chroma key
In the 1920s , Walt Disney used a white backdrop to include human actors with cartoon characters and backgrounds in his Alice Comedies .
Correlation does not imply causation
A correlation between recreational drug use and psychiatric disorders might be either way around : perhaps the drugs cause the disorders , or perhaps people use drugs to self medicate for preexisting conditions . Gateway drug theory may argue that marijuana usage leads to usage of harder drugs , but hard drug usage may lead to marijuana usage ( see also confusion of the inverse ) . Indeed , in the social sciences where controlled experiments often can not be used to discern the direction of causation , this fallacy can fuel long - standing scientific arguments . One such example can be found in education economics , between the screening / signaling and human capital models : it could either be that having innate ability enables one to complete an education , or that completing an education builds one 's ability .
Chroma key
Blue was originally used for TV chroma keying special effects because human skin tone contains very little blue , and because the film industry used blue backgrounds for similar purposes . The color blue was tied to the blue emulsion layer of film having comparable grain and detail in comparison to the red and green layers of the emulsion . In television and digital filmmaking , however , green has become the favored color because of some practical considerations , and because lossy compression algorithms used in both analog and digital TV distribution retain more detail in the green channel . The choice of color is up to the effects artists and the needs of the specific shot . Whereas the blue screen was introduced to the television industry by the film industry , the use of green screen visual effects has been introduced to the film industry as electronic imaging has augmented and replaced the use of chemical film stock in cinema . Also , the green background is favored over blue for outdoor filming where the blue sky might appear in the frame and could accidentally be replaced in the process . Although green and blue are the most common in part because red , green and blue components are used to encode the visible light spectrum , any key color can be used . Red is avoided for human subjects due to its prevalence in white skin tones , but can be often used for objects and scenes which do not involve people .
Neurotransmitter
The anatomical localization of neurotransmitters is typically determined using immunocytochemical techniques , which identify the location of either the transmitter substances themselves , or of the enzymes that are involved in their synthesis . Immunocytochemical techniques have also revealed that many transmitters , particularly the neuropeptides , are co-localized , that is , one neuron may release more than one transmitter from its synaptic terminal . Various techniques and experiments such as staining , stimulating , and collecting can be used to identify neurotransmitters throughout the central nervous system .
Environmental impact of mining
Tui mine in New Zealand Stockton mine in New Zealand Northland Pyrite Mine in Temagami , Ontario , Canada Sherman Mine in Temagami , Ontario , Canada Ok Tedi Mine in Western Province , Papua New Guinea The Berkeley Pit Wheal Jane Mines
Quantum mechanics
John Bell showed that this `` EPR '' paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and theories that rely on added hidden variables . Experiments have been performed confirming the accuracy of quantum mechanics , thereby demonstrating that quantum mechanics can not be improved upon by addition of hidden variables . Alain Aspect 's initial experiments in 1982 , and many subsequent experiments since , have definitively verified quantum entanglement .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
Daphne Major , in the Galápagos Islands , was a perfect place to perform experiments and study changes within birds . It was isolated and uninhabited ; any changes that were to occur to the land and environment would be due to natural forces with no human destruction . The island provided the best environment to study natural selection ; seasons of heavy rain switched to seasons of extended drought . With these environmental changes brought changes in the types of foods available to the birds . The Grants would study this for the next few decades of their lives .