vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ohio Courts of Common Pleas
General divisions have original jurisdiction in all criminal felony cases , all civil cases in which the amount in controversy is more than $15,000 , and all cases involving title to real estate , excepting eviction matters . General divisions also have appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of some state administrative agencies and of city agencies . Domestic relations divisions have jurisdiction over proceedings involving divorce ( dissolution of marriage ) , annulment , legal separation , spousal support , parental rights , children , etc . Juvenile divisions hear cases involving juvenile delinquency ( minors under 18 years of age charged with acts that would be crimes if committed by an adult ) as well as cases involving unruly , dependent and neglected children . Juvenile courts have jurisdiction in adult cases involving paternity , child abuse , non-payment of child support , contributing to the delinquency of minors , and the failure to send children to school ( truancy ) . Probate divisions -- Formerly probate was handled by separate probate courts under Ohio Constitution of 1851 , which had original jurisdiction over the probate of wills , supervision of the administration of estates , and guardianship . In 1968 , the Modern Courts Amendment to the Ohio Constitution was adopted , establishing probate divisions of the courts of common pleas instead . Probate courts additionally have jurisdiction over the issuance of marriage licenses , adoption proceedings , determination of sanity or mental competency and certain eminent domain proceedings . Probate judges may also act as marriage officiants and charge a fee for the service .
Taxicabs of New York City
In 1996 , the number of medallions changed for the first time in 60 years . The TLC added 133 new licenses , bringing the total to 11,920 . Since 1996 , more medallions have been added to the fleet bringing the total number of cab licenses to 13,237 as of 2009 . 2000s
American Indian Wars
American settlers began to push into Florida , which was now an American territory and had some of the most fertile lands in the nation . Some scholars have noted that covetousness , racism , and claims of `` self - defense '' against Indian raids ( real or imagined ) became the order of the day in the 1820s , and played a major part in the settlers ' determination to `` rid Florida of Indians once and for all '' . To compound the tension , runaway black slaves sometimes found refuge in Seminole camps . The inevitable result was clashes between white settlers and the Native Americans already residing there . Andrew Jackson sought to alleviate this problem by signing the Indian Removal Act , which stipulated forced relocation of Native Americans ( if necessary ) out of Florida . The Seminoles , led by such powerful leaders as Aripeka ( Sam Jones ) , Micanopy , and Osceola , had little or no intention of leaving their ancestral homelands and quickly retaliated against settler theft , encroachment and attacks on their camps . This led to what is known as the Second Seminole War , the longest and most costly war ever waged against Indians .
Canada–United States relations
American defense arrangements with Canada are more extensive than with any other country . The Permanent Joint Board of Defense , established in 1940 , provides policy - level consultation on bilateral defense matters . The United States and Canada share North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) mutual security commitments . In addition , American and Canadian military forces have cooperated since 1958 on continental air defense within the framework of the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . Canadian forces have provided indirect support for the American invasion of Iraq that began in 2003 . Moreover , interoperability with the American armed forces has been a guiding principle of Canadian military force structuring and doctrine since the end of the Cold War . Canadian navy frigates , for instance , integrate seamlessly into American carrier battle groups .
Ghostface (Scream)
Ghostface first appears in the opening scene of Scream ( 1996 ) . The character , voiced by Roger L. Jackson , calls and taunts teenager Casey Becker ( Drew Barrymore ) with horror clichés and trivia questions , eventually murdering her boyfriend Steve Orth ( Kevin Patrick Walls ) in front of her before she herself is killed . The identity has been adopted by the primary antagonists of each successive film to conceal their identity , prior to being revealed in each film 's final act . Stu
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
As Sophie , although of high aristocratic birth , was not from a dynastic family , her union with the Habsburg heir apparent could only be a morganatic marriage . Emperor Franz Joseph had only consented to their marriage on the condition that their descendants would never ascend the throne . The 14th anniversary of their marriage fell on 28 June . As historian A.J.P. Taylor observes : Photograph
Cold feet
A common use of the phrase is when people fear the commitment of marriage and get `` cold feet '' before a wedding ceremony . This pre-marital doubt or fear may manifest for a variety of reasons and sometimes cause the bride or groom to back out of a planned marriage . Original research on the `` cold feet '' phenomenon is very limited and warrants further studies . However , a four - year study conducted by UCLA researchers found feelings of pre-marital doubt or uncertainty about an impending marriage were associated with future marital problems and a viable predictor of divorce .
Nuclear weapon
The threat of potentially suicidal terrorists possessing nuclear weapons ( a form of nuclear terrorism ) complicates the decision process . The prospect of mutually assured destruction might not deter an enemy who expects to die in the confrontation . Further , if the initial act is from a stateless terrorist instead of a sovereign nation , there might not be a nation or specific target to retaliate against . It has been argued , especially after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , that this complication calls for a new nuclear strategy , one that is distinct from that which gave relative stability during the Cold War . Since 1996 , the United States has had a policy of allowing the targeting of its nuclear weapons at terrorists armed with weapons of mass destruction .
Referendums in the United Kingdom
The Sunday Closing ( Wales ) Act 1881 mandated that all public houses in Wales be closed on Sundays . The Act was extended to Monmouthshire in 1921 . Under the terms of the Licensing Act 1961 , on the application of 500 local electors , a referendum could be held in each local government area at seven - year intervals on whether that district should be `` wet '' or `` dry '' on the Sabbath . Most districts in the border area and the southern industrial area went `` wet '' in 1961 or 1968 , with most others following suit in 1975 . In 1982 , the last district , Dwyfor , in western Gwynedd , went `` wet '' and it was thought that the influence of the Sabbatarian temperance movement had expired and few referendums were called , but surprisingly a further referendum was called in Dwyfor in 1989 and the area went `` dry '' for another seven years on a 9 % turnout . The whole of Wales was `` wet '' from 1996 , and the facility for further referendums was removed by the Sunday Licensing Act 2003 .
Gun laws in California
Long guns ( rifles , shotguns ) must be unloaded when transported in a vehicle . There is no requirement for a locked container with the exception of long guns considered to be `` assault weapons '' . Federal law requires locking containers when inside of a `` gun - free school zone . '' In U.S. v. Lopez the Supreme Court ruled the federal Gun - Free School Zone Act was an unconstitutional exercise of Congress 's power under the commerce clause . However , in 1996 Congress passed an amendment to the law requiring the gun to have traveled in interstate commerce , thereby voiding the effect of the ruling .
Send In the Clowns
`` Send In the Clowns '' is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music , an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman 's film Smiles of a Summer Night . It is a ballad from Act Two , in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life . Among other things , she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik . Meeting him after so long , she finds that he is now in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman . Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation , but he declines , citing his dedication to his bride . Reacting to his rejection , Desirée sings this song . The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée 's offer .
Cousin marriage
Anthropologists Robert Murphy and Leonard Kasdan describe preferential parallel cousin marriage as leading to social fission , in the sense that `` feud and fission are not at all dysfunctional factors but are necessary to the persistence and viability of Bedouin society '' . Their thesis is the converse of Fredrik Barth 's , who describes the fission as leading to the cousin marriage . Per Murphy and Kasdan , the Arab system of parallel cousin marriage works against the creation of homogenous `` bounded '' and `` corporate '' kin groups and instead creates arrangements where every person is related by blood to a wide variety of people , with the degree of relationship falling off gradually as opposed to suddenly . Instead of corporate units , Arab society is described as having `` agnatic sections '' , a kind of repeating fractal structure in which authority is normally weak at all levels but capable of being activated at the required level in times of war . They relate this to an old Arab proverb : `` Myself against my brother ; my brother and I against my cousin ; my cousin , my brother and I against the outsider . '' `` In such a society even the presence of a limited amount of cross-cousin marriage will not break the isolation of the kin group , for first cross cousins often end up being second parallel cousins . '' Instead of organizing horizontally through affinal ties , when large scale organization is necessary it is accomplished vertically , by reckoning distance from shared ancestors . This practice is said to possess advantages such as resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity .
Cousin marriage
The Middle East has uniquely high rates of cousin marriage among the world 's regions . Certain Middle Eastern countries , including Saudi Arabia , have rates of marriage to first or second cousins that may exceed 70 % . Iraq was estimated in one study to have a rate of 33 % , and figures for Afghanistan have been estimated in the range of 30 -- 40 % .
Supremacy Clause
In Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. 137 ( 1803 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress can not pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution , and it is the role of the Judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits . Citing the Supremacy Clause , the Court found Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional to the extent it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution .
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Despite its lack of influence during its time , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States . It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights . The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 -- which has been called `` the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' -- was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act was arguably of equal importance , and `` draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation ( Civil Rights Act of 1964 ) '' . The Americans With Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally , drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes . For example , `` Title I of the ADA , which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability , parallels Title VII of the Act '' . Similarly , Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act , `` which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations , tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered . '' The Americans with Disabilities Act extended `` the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities '' , an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation , such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , aiding not only African Americans , but also women .
Lithuania
According to NATO , in 2017 Lithuania allocated 1.77 % of its GDP to the national defense . For a long time Lithuania lagged behind NATO allies in terms of defense spending , but in recent years it has begun to rapidly increase the funding . In 2018 Lithuania intends to allocate 2.06 % of its GDP to the defense sector and reach the required funding standard for NATO .
United States antitrust law
Standard Oil Co. v. United States ( Standard Stations ) , 337 U.S. 293 ( 1949 ) : oil supply contracts affected a gross business of $58 million , comprising 6.7 % of the total in a seven - state area , in the context of many similar arrangements , held to be contrary to Clayton Act § 3 . Tampa Electric Co. v. Nashville Coal Co. , 365 U.S. 320 ( 1961 ) : Tampa Electric Co contracted to buy coal for 20 years to provide power in Florida , and Nashville Coal Co later attempted to end the contract on the basis that it was an exclusive supply agreement contrary to the Clayton Act § 3 or the Sherman Act § § 1 or 2 . Held , no violation because foreclosed share of market was insignificant this did not affect competition sufficiently . US v. Delta Dental of Rhode Island , 943 F. Supp. 172 ( 1996 )
Republic (Plato)
The city is challenged by Adeimantus and Glaucon throughout its development : Adeimantus can not find happiness in the city , and Glaucon can not find honor and glory . This hypothetical city contains no private property , no marriage , or nuclear families . These are sacrificed for the common good and doing what is best fitting to one 's nature . In Book V Socrates addresses the question of `` natural - ness '' of and possibility for this city , concluding in Book VI , that the city 's ontological status regards a construction of the soul , not of an actual metropolis .
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
`` The act of being seen , held immobilized by a glance , and ' seeing through ' an experience are symbolized by the underground aspects of Coatlicue , Cihuacoatl , and Tlazolteotl which cluster in what I call the Coatlicue state . ''
History of the United States Merchant Marine
In 1970 , the Merchant Marine Act authorized a subsidized shipbuilding program . On March 5 , 1973 Joseph Curran resigned as the president of NMU , he was succeeded by Shannon J. Wall . In 1976 , the first woman was admitted to the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy . Since 1977 , the Ready Reserve Fleet has taken over the brunt of the work previously handled by the National Defense Reserve Fleet . The RRF made a major contribution to the success of Operation Desert Shield / Operation Desert Storm from August 1990 through June 1992 , when 79 vessels were activated to meet military sealift requirements by carrying 25 % of the unit equipment and 45 % of the ammunition needed . The
Companies Act 2013
The Companies Act 2013 is an Act of the Parliament of India on Indian company law which regulates incorporation of a company , responsibilities of a company , directors , dissolution of a company . The 2013 Act is divided into 29 chapters containing 470 sections as against 658 Sections in the Companies Act , 1956 and has 7 schedules. The Act has replaced The Companies Act , 1956 ( in a partial manner ) after receiving the assent of the President of India on 29 August 2013 . The Act came into force on 12 September 2013 with few changes like earlier private companies maximum number of member was 50 and now it will be 200 . A new term of `` one person company '' is included in this act that will be a private company and with only 98 provisions of the Act notified . A total of another 184 sections came into force from 1 April 2014 .
Famine
Evan Fraser , a geographer at the University of Guelph in Ontario , Canada , explores the ways in which climate change may affect future famines . To do this , he draws on a range of historic cases where relatively small environmental problems triggered famines as a way of creating theoretical links between climate and famine in the future . Drawing on situations as diverse as the Great Irish Potato Famine , a series of weather induced famines in Asia during the late 19th century , and famines in Ethiopia during the 1980s , he concludes there are three `` lines of defense '' that protect a community 's food security from environmental change . The first line of defense is the agro-ecosystem on which food is produced : diverse ecosystems with well managed soils high in organic matter tend to be more resilient . The second line of defense is the wealth and skills of individual households : If those households affected by bad weather such as drought have savings or skills they may be able to do all right despite the bad weather . The final line of defense is created by the formal institutions present in a society . Governments , churches , or NGOs must be willing and able to mount effective relief efforts . Pulling this together , Evan Fraser argues that if an ecosystem is resilient enough , it may be able to withstand weather - related shocks . But if these shocks overwhelm the ecosystem 's line of defense , it is necessary for the household to adapt using its skills and savings . If a problem is too big for the family or household , then people must rely on the third line of defense , which is whether or not the formal institutions present in a society are able to provide help . Evan Fraser concludes that in almost every situation where an environmental problem triggered a famine you see a failure in each of these three lines of defense . Hence , understanding how climate change may cause famines in the future requires combining both an assessment of local socio - economic and environmental factors along with climate models that predict where bad weather may occur in the future
The Way of the World
By Act 5 , Lady Wishfort has found out the plot , and Fainall has had Waitwell arrested . Mrs. Fainall tells Foible that her previous affair with Mirabell is now public knowledge . Lady Wishfort appears with Mrs. Marwood , whom she thanks for unveiling the plot . Fainall then appears and uses the information of Mrs. Fainall 's previous affair with Mirabell and Millamant 's contract to marry him to blackmail Lady Wishfort , telling that she should never marry and that she is to transfer her fortune to him . Lady Wishfort offers Mirabell her consent to the marriage if he can save her fortune and honour . Mirabell calls on Waitwell who brings a contract from the time before the marriage of the Fainalls in which Mrs. Fainall gives all her property to Mirabell . This neutralises the blackmail attempts , after which Mirabell restores Mrs. Fainall 's property to her possession and then is free to marry Millamant with the full £ 6000 inheritance .
United States antitrust law
Robinson -- Patman Act Clayton Act 1914 § 2 ( 15 USC § 13 ) FTC v. Morton Salt Co . Volvo Trucks North America , Inc. v. Reeder - Simco Gmc , Inc . J. Truett Payne Co. v. Chrysler Motors Corp . FTC v. Henry Broch & Co . FTC v. Borden Co. , commodities of like grade and quality United States v. Borden Co. , the cost justification defense United States v. United States Gypsum Co. , meeting the competition defense Falls City Industries v. Vanco Beverage , Inc . Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. FTC
Early 1980s recession
Pressured to counteract the increased deficit caused by the recession , Reagan agreed to a corporate tax increase in 1982 . However , he refused to raise income tax or to cut defense spending . The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 instituted a three - year , $100 billion tax hike , the largest tax increase since the Second World War .
Ernie Stautner
In the book Passion for Sports by The Sporting News , former teammate Andy Russell shares an anecdote that highlights Stautner 's elite toughness . Russell , then a rookie playing on a team that would eventually finish in fourth place in what would be Stautner 's final season , sees the grizzled veteran return to the huddle holding one of his hands in the other . Russell looks down and sees that Stautner has a compound fracture of the thumb ; one of his thumb bones is visibly sticking out of his skin . Russell is the only one who notices , and Stautner says only , `` What 's the play ? '' Then he plays the rest of the defensive series . When the defense returns to the sideline , Russell watches Stautner , thinking that surely he must seek medical attention now . Instead , Stautner says to someone , `` Give me some tape . '' Then Stautner taped up his hand into a club , and he played the rest of the game .
Cousin marriage
Cousin marriage is important in several anthropological theories by prominent authors such as Claude Lévi - Strauss , Sir Edward Tylor , and Lewis Henry Morgan . Lévi - Strauss viewed cross-cousin marriage as a form of exogamy in the context of a unilineal descent group , meaning either matrilineal or patrilineal descent . Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage in societies with matrilineal descent meant that a male married into the family his mother 's brother , building an alliance between the two families . However , marriage to a mother 's sister daughter ( a parallel cousin ) would be endogamous , here meaning inside the same descent group , and would therefore fail to build alliances between different groups . Correspondingly , in societies like China with patrilineal descent , marriage to a father 's brother 's daughter would fail at alliance building . And in societies with both types of descent , where a person belongs to the group of his mother 's mother and father 's father but not mother 's father or father 's mother , only cross-cousin marriages would successfully build alliances .
Cousin marriage
In the 18th and 19th Centuries , Hindu Kurmis of Chunar and Jaunpur are known to have been influenced by their Muslim neighbors and taken up extensively the custom of cousin marriage .
Leo Wyatt
Leo and Piper went to a magical marriage counselor , but things did not turn out as well as they had hoped . Their counselor needed them to see how each of their lives was in order to get them closer to each other . In order to do this , the marriage counselor had them switch bodies in order to walk a mile in each other 's shoes .
Chinese marriage
There are , however , three clearly defined exceptions ( 三 不 去 ) , under which unilateral divorce is forbidden despite the presence of any of the seven aforementioned grounds :