vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ganesha
In this search for a historical origin for Gaņeśa , some have suggested precise locations outside the Brāhmaṇic tradition ... These historical locations are intriguing to be sure , but the fact remains that they are all speculations , variations on the Dravidian hypothesis , which argues that anything not attested to in the Vedic and Indo - European sources must have come into Brāhmaṇic religion from the Dravidian or aboriginal populations of India as part of the process that produced Hinduism out of the interactions of the Aryan and non-Aryan populations . There is no independent evidence for an elephant cult or a totem ; nor is there any archaeological data pointing to a tradition prior to what we can already see in place in the Purāṇic literature and the iconography of Gaņeśa .
Cahokia
Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture , which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States , beginning more than 1000 years before European contact . Today , Cahokia Mounds is considered the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico .
Horses in warfare
The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates from between 4000 and 3000 BC in the steppes of Eurasia , in what today is Ukraine , Hungary , and Romania . Not long after domestication of the horse , people in these locations began to live together in large fortified towns for protection from the threat of horseback - riding raiders , who could attack and escape faster than people of more sedentary cultures could follow . Horse - mounted nomads of the steppe and current day Eastern Europe spread Indo - European Languages as they conquered other tribes and groups .
Leading and lagging current
A simple phasor diagram with a two dimensional Cartesian coordinate system and phasors can be used to visualize leading and lagging current at a fixed moment in time . In the real - complex coordinate system , one period of a sine wave corresponds to a full circle in the complex plane . Since the voltage and current have the same frequency , at any moment in time those quantities can be easily represented by stationary points on the circle , while the arrows from the center of circle to those points are called phasors . Since the relative time difference between functions is constant , they also have a constant angle difference between them , represented by the angle between points on the circle . For example , Figure 3 below shows how the angle difference between voltage and lagging current waves is mapped to phasors at time = 0 .
Primary election
Raiding consists of voters of one party crossing over and voting in the primary of another party , effectively allowing a party to help choose its opposition 's candidate . The theory is that opposing party members vote for the weakest candidate of the opposite party in order to give their own party the advantage in the general election . An example of this can be seen in the 1998 Vermont senatorial primary with the nomination of Fred Tuttle as the Republican candidate in the general election . Semi-open . A registered voter need not publicly declare which political party 's primary that they will vote in before entering the voting booth . When voters identify themselves to the election officials , they must request a party 's specific ballot . ( in conflict with sentence number 6 ? Only one ballot is cast by each voter . In many states with semi-open primaries , election officials or poll workers from their respective parties record each voter 's choice of party and provide access to this information . The primary difference between a semi-open and open primary system is the use of a party - specific ballot . In a semi-open primary , a public declaration in front of the election judges is made and a party - specific ballot given to the voter to cast . Certain states that use the open - primary format may print a single ballot and the voter must choose on the ballot itself which political party 's candidates they will select for a contested office . Blanket primary . A primary in which the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party . Nonpartisan blanket primary . A primary in which the ballot is not restricted to candidates from one party , where the top two candidates advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation . Louisiana has famously operated under this system , which has been nicknamed the `` jungle primary . '' California has used a nonpartisan blanket primary since 2012 after passing Proposition 14 in 2010 , and the state of Washington has used a nonpartisan blanket primary since 2008 .
California Smog Check Program
Air pollution has two primary sources , biogenic and anthropogenic . Biogenic sources are natural sources , such as volcanoes that spew particulate matter , lightning strikes that cause forest fires , and trees and other vegetation that release pollen and spores into the atmosphere .
Recursion (computer science)
This is very similar to an inductive definition of lists of strings ; the difference is that this definition specifies how to access the contents of the data structure -- namely , via the accessor functions head and tail -- and what those contents may be , whereas the inductive definition specifies how to create the structure and what it may be created from .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
Archaeologists and scholars criticized the US military for not taking the measures to secure the museum , a repository for a myriad of valuable ancient artifacts from the ancient Mesopotamian civilization . In the several months leading up to the war , scholars , art directors , and collector met with the Pentagon to ensure that the US government would protect Iraq 's important archaeological heritage , with the National Museum in Baghdad being at the top of the list of concerns . Between April 8 , when the museum was vacated and April 12 , when some of the staff returned , an estimated 15,000 items and an additional 5,000 cylinder seals were stolen . Moreover , the National Library was plundered of thousands of cuneiform tablets and the building was set on fire with half a million books inside ; fortunately , many of the manuscripts and books were preserved . A US task force was able to retrieve about half of the stolen artifacts by organizing and dispatching an inventory of missing objects and by declaring that there would be no punishment for anyone returning an item . In addition to the vulnerability of art and historical institutions during the Iraq war , Iraq 's rich archaeological sites and areas of excavated land ( Iraq is presumed to possess vast undiscovered treasures ) have fallen victim to widespread looting . Hordes of looters disinterred enormous craters around Iraq 's archaeological sites , sometimes using bulldozers . It is estimated that between 10,000 and 15,000 archaeological sites in Iraq have been despoiled .
Norman conquest of England
Contemporary sources do not give reliable data on the size and composition of Harold 's army , although two Norman sources give figures of 1.2 million or 400,000 men . Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5000 and 13,000 for Harold 's army at Hastings , but most agree on a range of between 7000 and 8000 English troops . These men would have comprised a mix of the fyrd ( militia mainly composed of foot soldiers ) and the housecarls , or nobleman 's personal troops , who usually also fought on foot . The main difference between the two types was in their armour ; the housecarls used better protecting armour than that of the fyrd . The English army does not appear to have had many archers , although some were present . The identities of few of the Englishmen at Hastings are known ; the most important were Harold 's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine . About 18 other named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings , including two other relatives .
Mental calculation
where a is a known root ( 4 from the above example ) and b is the difference between the known root and the answer we seek .
Osmosis
The osmotic gradient is the difference in concentration between two solutions on either side of a semipermeable membrane , and is used to tell the difference in percentages of the concentration of a specific particle dissolved in a solution .
Luteinizing hormone
The recommended testing frequency differs between manufacturers . For example , the Clearblue test is taken daily , and an increased frequency does not decrease the risk of missing an LH surge . On the other hand , the Chinese company Nantong Egens Biotechnology recommends using their test twice per day . If testing once per day , no significant difference has been found between testing LH in the morning versus in the evening , in relation to conception rates , and recommendations of what time in the day to take the test varies between manufacturers and healthcare workers . Tests may be read manually using a colour - change paper strip , or digitally with the assistance of reading electronics .
Jamestown, Virginia
Today , Jamestown is one of three locations composing the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia , along with Williamsburg and Yorktown , with two primary heritage sites . Historic Jamestowne is the archaeological site on Jamestown Island and is a cooperative effort by Jamestown National Historic Site ( part of Colonial National Historical Park ) and Preservation Virginia . Jamestown Settlement , a living history interpretive site , is operated by the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation , a state agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia .
Law
... one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women , and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support , to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms .
Quadratic equation
These formulas are much easier to evaluate than the quadratic formula under the condition of one large and one small root , because the quadratic formula evaluates the small root as the difference of two very nearly equal numbers ( the case of large b ) , which causes round - off error in a numerical evaluation . Figure 5 shows the difference between ( i ) a direct evaluation using the quadratic formula ( accurate when the roots are near each other in value ) and ( ii ) an evaluation based upon the above approximation of Vieta 's formulas ( accurate when the roots are widely spaced ) . As the linear coefficient b increases , initially the quadratic formula is accurate , and the approximate formula improves in accuracy , leading to a smaller difference between the methods as b increases . However , at some point the quadratic formula begins to lose accuracy because of round off error , while the approximate method continues to improve . Consequently , the difference between the methods begins to increase as the quadratic formula becomes worse and worse .
Active transport
Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize the substance and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not , either because the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its concentration gradient . There are two forms of active transport , primary active transport and secondary active transport . In primary active transport , the proteins involved are pumps that normally use the chemical energy in the form of ATP . Secondary active transport , however , makes use of potential energy , which is usually derived through exploitation of an electrochemical gradient . The energy created from one ion moving down its electrochemical gradient is used to power the transport of another ion moving against its electrochemical gradient . This involves pore - forming proteins that form channels across the cell membrane . The difference between passive transport and active transport is active transport requires energy , and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient , whereas passive transport requires no energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient .
Forecasting
The forecast error ( also known as a residual ) is the difference between the actual value and the forecast value for the corresponding period .
Roanoke Colony
It is also believed that the reason for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is due to shoreline erosion . Since all that was found was a rustic looking fort on the north shore , and this location is well - documented and backed up , it is believed that the settlement must have been nearby . The northern shore , between 1851 and 1970 , lost 928 feet ( 283 m ) because of erosion . If in the years leading up to and following the brief life of the settlement at Roanoke , shoreline erosion was following the same trend , it is likely the site of the dwellings is underwater , along with any artifacts or signs of life . Archaeological investigations continue to find tantalizing clues and funding is being sought to continue recent excavations .
Longitudinal wave
For sound waves , the amplitude of the wave is the difference between the pressure of the undisturbed air and the maximum pressure caused by the wave .
Thermoregulation
Measured temperature varies according to thermometer placement , with rectal temperature being 0.3 -- 0.6 ° C ( 0.5 -- 1 ° F ) higher than oral temperature , while axillary temperature is 0.3 -- 0.6 ° C ( 0.5 -- 1 ° F ) lower than oral temperature . The average difference between oral and axillary temperatures of Indian children aged 6 -- 12 was found to be only 0.1 ° C ( standard deviation 0.2 ° C ) , and the mean difference in Maltese children aged 4 -- 14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 ° C , while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 ° C .
iPhone 6
Both models include an Apple A8 system - on - chip , and an M8 motion co-processor -- an update of the M7 chip from the iPhone 5s . The primary difference between the M8 and the original M7 coprocessor is that the M8 also includes a barometer to measure altitude changes . Phil Schiller touted that the A8 chip would provide , in comparison to the 5s , a 25 % increase in CPU performance , a 50 % increase in graphics performance , and less heat output . Early hands - on reports suggested that the A8 's GPU performance might indeed break away from previous generations doubling of performance at each yearly release , scoring 21204.26 in Base mark X compared to 20253.80 , 10973.36 and 5034.75 on respectively the 5s , 5 and 4s .
Primary election
This classification further affects the relationship between primary elections and election commissioners and officials . The more open the system , the greater the chance of raiding , or voters voting in the other party 's primary in hopes of getting a weaker opponent chosen to run against a strong candidate in the general election . Raiding has proven stressful to the relationships between political parties , who feel cheated by the system , and election officials , who try to make the system run as smoothly as possible .
Maritime lien
A Shipowner 's Lien is a possessory lien which is the major difference between it and other maritime liens . The right to this lien can be applied only on the goods which are delivering by the shipowner when the shipper is the contractual party . It may entitle the shipowner to retain the cargoes as security for the payment of a debt . The contractual shipowner 's lien is currently found in all contracts for carriage of goods by sea nowadays , and may be claimed if the shippers fail to pay the due on time . However , some authorities state that there is no difference between shipowner 's lien and maritime lien .
Liz Parker
Due to the nature of their relationship and the obvious difference between an alien boy and a human girl , Max and Liz 's relationship is another modern example of forbidden lovers , with many references to Romeo and Juliet through the series by both the characters and the writers .
Factor of safety
The difference between the safety factor and design factor ( design safety factor ) is as follows : The safety factor is how much the designed part actually will be able to withstand ( first `` use '' from above ) . The design factor is what the item is required to be able to withstand ( second `` use '' ) . The design factor is defined for an application ( generally provided in advance and often set by regulatory code or policy ) and is not an actual calculation , the safety factor is a ratio of maximum strength to intended load for the actual item that was designed .
MAP sensor
Engine vacuum is the difference between the pressures in the intake manifold and ambient atmospheric pressure . Engine vacuum is a `` gauge '' pressure , since gauges by nature measure a pressure difference , not an absolute pressure . The engine fundamentally responds to air mass , not vacuum , and absolute pressure is necessary to calculate mass . The mass of air entering the engine is directly proportional to the air density , which is proportional to the absolute pressure , and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature .
Millennials
There is also a contention that the major differences are found solely between millennials and Generation X . Researchers from the University of Missouri and The University of Tennessee conducted a study based on measurement equivalence to determine if such a difference does in fact exist . The study looked at 1,860 participants who had completed the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile ( MWEP ) , a survey aimed at measuring identification with work - ethic characteristics , across a 12 - year period spanning from 1996 to 2008 . The results of the findings suggest the main difference in work ethic sentiments arose between the two most recent generational cohorts , Generation X and millennials , with relatively small variances between the two generations and their predecessor , the Baby Boomers .
Coordinated Universal Time
For most common and legal - trade purposes , the fractional second difference between UTC and UT ( GMT ) is inconsequentially small . Greenwich Mean Time is the legal standard in Britain during the winter , and this notation is familiar to and used by the population .
Jamestown, Virginia
Today , visitors to Historic Jamestowne can view the site of the original 1607 James Fort , the 17th - century church tower and the site of the 17th - century town , as well as tour an archaeological museum called the Archaearium and view many of the close to two million artifacts found by Jamestown Rediscovery . They also may participate in living history ranger tours and Archaeological tours given by the Jamestown Rediscovery staff . Visitors can also often observe archaeologists from the Jamestown Rediscovery Project at work , as archaeological work at the site continues . As of 2014 , the archaeological work and studies are ongoing . In addition to their newsletter and website , new discoveries are frequently reported in the local newspaper , the Virginia Gazette based in nearby Williamsburg , and by other news media , often worldwide .
Mass number
The mass number gives an estimate of the isotopic mass measured in atomic mass units ( u ) . For C the isotopic mass is exactly 12 , since the atomic mass unit is defined as 1 / 12 of the mass of C. For other isotopes , the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number . For example , Cl ( 17 protons and 18 neutrons ) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885 . The difference between mass number of an atom and its isotopic mass is known as the mass excess . Mass excess should not be confused with mass defect which is the difference between the mass of an atom and its constituent particles ( namely protons , neutrons and electrons ) .
Student's t-test
Here s is the pooled standard deviation for n = n = n and s and s are the unbiased estimators of the variances of the two samples . The denominator of t is the standard error of the difference between two means .
Libya
Many Libyans frequent the country 's beach and they also visit Libya 's archaeological sites -- especially Leptis Magna , which is widely considered to be one of the best preserved Roman archaeological sites in the world . The most common form of public transport between cities is the bus , though many people travel by automobile . There are no railway services in Libya , but these are planned for construction in the near future ( see rail transport in Libya ) .
Tea culture
Before World War II , the US preference for tea was equally split between green tea and black tea , 40 % and 40 % , with the remaining 20 % preferring oolong tea . The war cut off the United States from its primary sources of green tea , China and Japan , leaving it with tea almost exclusively from British - controlled India , which produced black tea . After the war , nearly 99 % of tea consumed was black tea . Green , oolong , and white teas have recently become more popular again , and are often touted as health foods .
Mental calculation
In other words , the square of a number is the square of its difference from one hundred added to the product of one hundred and the difference of one hundred and the product of two and the difference of one hundred and the number . For example , to square 93 , we have :
Sensory nervous system
The visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex , labeled V1 or Brodmann area 17 , as well as the extrastriate visual cortical areas V2 - V5 . Located in the occipital lobe , V1 acts as the primary relay station for visual input , transmitting information to two primary pathways labeled the dorsal and ventral streams . The dorsal stream includes areas V2 and V5 , and is used in interpreting visual ' where ' and ' how . ' The ventral stream includes areas V2 and V4 , and is used in interpreting ' what . ' Increases in Task - negative activity are observed in the ventral attention network , after abrupt changes in sensory stimuli , at the onset and offset of task blocks , and at the end of a completed trial . Ear