vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
War of the Austrian Succession
The manoeuvres of the armies of both sides in the war on the upper Elbe occupied all the summer . Meanwhile , the political questions of the imperial election and of an understanding between Prussia and Britain were pending . The chief efforts of Austria were directed towards the valleys of the Main and of Lahn and Frankfurt , where the French and Austrian armies manoeuvred for a position from which to overawe the electoral body . Austrian Marshal Traun was successful , and , as a result , Francis , the husband / consort of Maria Theresa was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745 . Frederick agreed with Britain to recognise the election a few days later , but Maria Theresa would not conform to the Treaty of Breslau of 1741 , by which she had been forced to recognise Frederick 's annexation of Silesia . Maria Theresa now tried a further appeal to the fortunes of war to get Silesia back . Saxony joined Austria in this last attempt to reconquer Silesia .
Free market
Friedrich Hayek popularized the view that market economies promote spontaneous order which results in a better `` allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve . '' According to this view , in market economies are characterized by the formation of complex transactional networks which produce and distribute goods and services throughout the economy . These networks are not designed , but nevertheless emerge as a result of decentralized individual economic decisions . The idea of spontaneous order is an elaboration on the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations . Smith wrote that the individual who :
Rovers Return Inn
Despite being a nosy old gossip and , in the Mancunian dialect of the show was `` ... no better than she should be ... '' , Martha was a highly popular character ; thus she was chosen to be killed off in a highly cynical bid to boost the ratings .
French Revolution
Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy report , `` It has long been almost a truism of European history that the French Revolution gave a great stimulus to the growth of modern nationalism . '' Nationalism was emphasised by historian Carlton J.H. Hayes as a major result of the French Revolution across Europe . The impact on French nationalism was profound . For example , Napoleon became such a heroic symbol of the nation that the glory was easily picked up by his nephew , who was overwhelmingly elected president ( and later became Emperor Napoleon III ) . The influence was great in the hundreds of small German states and elsewhere , where it was either inspired by the French example or in reaction against it .
Western Roman Empire
The brief rule of Nepos in Italy ended in 475 when Orestes , a former secretary of Attila and the magister militum of Julius Nepos , took control of Ravenna and forced Nepos to flee by ship to Dalmatia . Later in the same year , Orestes crowned his own young son as Western Emperor under the name Romulus Augustus . Romulus Augustus was not recognised as Western Emperor by the Eastern Court , who maintained that Nepos was the only legal Western Emperor , reigning in exile from Dalmatia .
Shooting the messenger
Getting rid of the messenger may be a tactical move , but danger found in nondisclosure may result in either hostile responses or negative feedback from others . `` People learn very quickly where this is the case , and will studiously avoid giving any negative feedback ; thus the ' Emperor ' continues with the self - delusion ... Obviously this is not a recipe for success '' . Barbara Ehrenreich in Bright - sided / Smile or Die argued that a culture of `` thinking positive '' so as to `` purge ' negative people ' from the ranks ... ( fed into ) the bubble-itis '' of the 2000s .
Cremation
Authorities had difficulties dealing with the large numbers of bodies , and as a result , thousands of bodies were cremated together out of fear that decaying bodies would cause disease . Many of these bodies were not identified or viewed by relatives prior to cremation . A particular point of objection was that the bodies of Westerners were kept separate from those of Asian descent , who were mostly locals . This meant that the bodies of tourists from other Asian nations , such as Japan and South Korea , were mass cremated , rather than being returned to their country of origin for funeral rites .
Meander
The stochastic theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger : ' The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction - changing obstacles in the river path . ' Given a flat , smooth , tilted artificial surface , rainfall runs off it in sheets , but even in that case adhesion of water to the surface and cohesion of drops produce rivulets at random . Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees . The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight , which then progressively become sinuous . Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous thalweg that leads eventually to a sinuous channel .
History of the Roman Empire
When Marcus died in 180 the throne passed to his son Commodus , who had been elevated to the rank of co-emperor in 177 . This ended the succession plan of the previous four emperors where the emperor would adopt his successor , although Marcus was the first emperor since Vespasian to have a natural son that could succeed him , which probably was the reason he allowed the throne to pass to Commodus and not adopt a successor from outside his family .
Ancient Egypt
Gods were worshiped in cult temples administered by priests acting on the king 's behalf . At the center of the temple was the cult statue in a shrine . Temples were not places of public worship or congregation , and only on select feast days and celebrations was a shrine carrying the statue of the god brought out for public worship . Normally , the god 's domain was sealed off from the outside world and was only accessible to temple officials . Common citizens could worship private statues in their homes , and amulets offered protection against the forces of chaos . After the New Kingdom , the pharaoh 's role as a spiritual intermediary was de-emphasized as religious customs shifted to direct worship of the gods . As a result , priests developed a system of oracles to communicate the will of the gods directly to the people .
Emperor of Japan
Until World War II , the Japanese monarchy was thought to be among the wealthiest in the world . Before 1911 , no distinction was made between the imperial crown estates and the Emperor 's personal properties , which were considerable . The Imperial Property Law , which came into effect in January 1911 , established two categories of imperial properties : the hereditary or crown estates and the personal ( `` ordinary '' ) properties of the imperial family . The Imperial Household Minister was given the responsibility for observing any judicial proceedings concerning imperial holdings . Under the terms of the law , imperial properties were only taxable in cases where no conflict with the Imperial House Law existed ; however , crown estates could only be used for public or imperially - sanctioned undertakings . Personal properties of certain members of the imperial family , in addition to properties held for imperial family members who were minors , were exempted from taxation . Those family members included the Empress Dowager , the Empress , the Crown Prince and Crown Princess , the Imperial Grandson and the consort of the Imperial Grandson . As a result of the poor economic conditions in Japan , 289,259.25 acres of crown lands ( about 26 % of the total landholdings ) were either sold or transferred to government and private - sector interests in 1921 . In 1930 , the Nagoya Detached Palace ( Nagoya Castle ) was donated to the city of Nagoya , with six other imperial villas being either sold or donated at the same time . In 1939 , Nijō Castle , the former Kyoto residence of the Tokugawa shoguns and an imperial palace since the Meiji Restoration , was likewise donated to the city of Kyoto .
Mr. Bean
Different adverts for the same product also appeared in Japan . 5 Nissan Tino TBA TBA 1999 ( 1999 ) Only ever aired in Japan . Bean drives around the streets of Japan showing off his new Nissan Tino , but manages to offend the hierarchy 's security guards when he smirks at them while driving past . He later takes the car back to the showroom and asks for a refund , despite claiming it is a fantastic car . 6 Snickers Daniel Kleinman TBA 4 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) One in a series of Snickers adverts where the protagonist does n't perform or behave at their best until they 've eaten a Snickers and appears as a completely different person until they 've done so . In this one , Bean appears as the pre-Snickers alterego of a martial arts expert almost foiling a raid .
Australian Army during World War II
The campaign opened on 1 May 1945 when the 26th Brigade Group landed on the small island of Tarakan off the east coast of Borneo to secure the island 's airstrip as a base to support the planned landings at Brunei and Balikpapan . While it had been expected that it would take only a few weeks to secure Tarakan and re-open the airstrip , intensive fighting on the island lasted until 19 June and the airstrip was not opened until 28 June . As a result , the operation is generally considered to have not been worthwhile .
Indian general election, 2014
Prior to the announcement of the result , the Washington Post highlighted `` ... 2014 will be the biggest year in the history of democracy , with more people than ever before going to the polls to decide their own fate ... this really looks to be one of the most fascinating political events this year , and not just because of its scale ... It 's a fascinating moment in democracy , and one that should n't be ignored '' . The New York Times added that `` the sheer size of the electorate makes this election the largest ever in the world and an inspiring celebration of universal adult suffrage , '' but also wrote `` lurking behind the feel - good spectacle is the reality that India 's elections are awash in illegal cash , serious violence and dirty tricks . '' Bloomberg Businessweek wrote of the election that the `` process is awesome in its complexity , and the campaigns have given rise to robust debate ... But here 's something else not to miss : It 's all pretty damn colorful . '' It highlighted five reasons that make the election interesting : Kejriwal 's effect , Modi 's wife ; exit polls are barred but betting on the future prime minister was not and Modi was in the lead ; `` vote buying '' through cash , alcohol or other means ; and 3D campaigning . It also predicted better relations with Japan at the expense of relations with China under Modi , and asked whether a redefinition of India 's nuclear weapons program would result from the elections .
United Kingdom
Although the UK was the third country to develop a nuclear weapons arsenal ( with its first atomic bomb test in 1952 ) , the new post-war limits of Britain 's international role were illustrated by the Suez Crisis of 1956 . The international spread of the English language ensured the continuing international influence of its literature and culture . As a result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s , the government encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries . In the following decades , the UK became a more multi-ethnic society than before . Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 60s , the UK 's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France , West Germany and Japan . Leaders
Australian Army during World War II
The Australian military 's role in the South - West Pacific decreased during 1944 as US forces took over responsibility for the main Allied effort in the region . In the latter half of 1943 the Australian Government decided , with MacArthur 's agreement , that the size of the military would be decreased to release manpower for war - related industries which were important to supplying Britain and US forces in the Pacific . Australia 's main role in the Allied war effort from this point forward was supplying the other Allied countries with food , materials and manufactured goods needed for the defeat of Japan . As a result of this policy , the size of the Army was reduced from late 1943 onwards , though an offensive force of six infantry divisions ( three AIF and three Militia divisions ) was maintained until the end of the war . In early 1944 all but two of the Army 's divisions were withdrawn to the Atherton Tableland for training and rehabilitation . However , several new battalions of Australian - led Papuan and New Guinea troops were formed during 1944 and organised into the Pacific Islands Regiment . These troops had earlier seen action alongside Australian units throughout the New Guinea campaign , and they largely replaced the Australian Army battalions disbanded during the year .
Latin America
When liberal Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of Mexico in 1824 , conservatists relied on their belief that the state had been better off before the new government came into power , so , by comparison , the old government was better in the eyes of the Conservatives . Following this sentiment , the conservatives pushed to take control of the government , and they succeeded . General Santa Anna was elected president in 1833 . The following decade , the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) caused Mexico to lose a significant amount of territory to the United States . This loss led to a rebellion by the enraged liberal forces against the conservative government .
Metrology
Metrological traceability is defined as the `` property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations , each contributing to the measurement uncertainty '' . It permits the comparison of measurements , whether the result is compared to the previous result in the same laboratory , a measurement result a year ago , or to the result of a measurement performed anywhere else in the world . The chain of traceability allows any measurement to be referenced to higher levels of measurements back to the original definition of the unit .
Morality
John Newton , author of Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century compared the Eastern and the Western cultures about morality . As stated in Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century , `` One of the important objectives of this book is to blend harmoniously the fine souls regarding conduct in the Eastern and the Western cultures , to take the result as the source and then to create newer and better conduct principles to suit the human society of the new century , and to introduce a lot of Chinese fine conduct spirits to the Western world . It is hoped that this helps solve lots of problems the human society of the 21st century faces , including ( but not limited to the Eastern and the Western cultures ) what a single culture can not . ''
And Then There Were None (miniseries)
Another variation is that in the original version , Brent 's maid , Beatrice Taylor , had killed herself by drowning , not by throwing herself in front of a speeding train . In the novel , Beatrice was the daughter of religious parents who disowned her after learning of her being pregnant out of wedlock ; in the film , Beatrice is herself the illegitimate daughter of a teenager . In the book , the Rogers are suspected of having withheld vital medication from their elderly employer , Miss Brady , so as to kill her , whereas in the series they suffocate her with a pillow . Mrs Rogers receives a fatal overdose of chloral hydrate in her brandy in the drawing room in the chaos after the gramophone recording , whereas here it is implied that she was administered the overdose in her bedroom . In the book , Mr Rogers is killed with an axe blow to the head while he is chopping wood , here his midriff is eviscerated by an axe . In the book , General Macarthur has his wife ( Leslie ) 's lover , Arthur Richmond , killed by sending him out on a particularly deadly mission , where his death was almost assured . However , in this production General Macarthur kills Henry Richmond ( as he is called here ) by shooting him in the back . Macarthur himself is killed with a telescope here , whereas in the original novel he was bludgeoned by an unidentified weapon , suspected to be a life preserver . In the book , Philip Lombard is a soldier of fortune responsible for the deaths of 21 men in East Africa by abandoning them in the desert and taking the food and supplies with him , which he does not deny . In this series , he kills the men to get diamonds . The bacchanal that takes place in the third episode does not happen in the book . In the book , Vera faints due to planted seaweed in her room she mistakes for a cold dead hand , largely because of her increasing guilt and obsession with her own crime against Cyril Hamilton . This distraction allows for the Judge to arranged for himself to be discovered `` killed '' . In the show , no such diversion is coordinated , and it 's only by chance that Vera hallucinates feeling Cyril 's hand . However , promotional material suggests that the book 's seaweed gag was originally planned for the show .
Emperor of Japan
Historically , the succession to the Chrysanthemum Throne has always passed to descendants in male line from the imperial lineage . Generally , they have been males , though of the over one hundred monarchs there have been nine women ( one pre-historical and eight historical ) as Emperor on eleven occasions .
Modern history
The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era . Born on Corsica as the French invaded , and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena , this brilliant commander , controlled a French Empire that , at its height , ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris , while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain , Poland , several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies . The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever , and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and `` Glorious '' surge of Republicanism . Italian
Spanish Inquisition
During the reign of Charles IV of Spain ( 1788 -- 1808 ) , in spite of the fears that the French Revolution provoked , several events accelerated the decline of the Inquisition . The state stopped being a mere social organizer and began to worry about the well - being of the public . As a result , the land - holding power of the Church was reconsidered , in the señoríos and more generally in the accumulated wealth that had prevented social progress . The power of the throne increased , under which Enlightenment thinkers found better protection for their ideas . Manuel Godoy and Antonio Alcalá Galiano were openly hostile to an institution whose only role had been reduced to censorship and was the very embodiment of the Spanish Black Legend , internationally , and was not suitable to the political interests of the moment :
Federalist No. 10
Prior to the Constitution , the thirteen states were bound together by the Articles of Confederation . These were in essence a military alliance between sovereign nations adopted to better fight the Revolutionary War . Congress had no power to tax , and as a result was not able to pay debts resulting from the Revolution . Madison , George Washington , Benjamin Franklin and others feared a break - up of the union and national bankruptcy . Like Washington , Madison felt the revolution had not resolved the social problems that had triggered it , and the excesses ascribed to the King were now being repeated by the state legislatures . In this view , Shays ' Rebellion , an armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 , was simply one , albeit extreme , example of `` democratic excess '' in the aftermath of the War .
History of the Roman Empire
Succession did not go as planned . Gratian was then a 16 - year - old and arguably ready to act as Emperor , but the troops in Pannonia proclaimed his infant half - brother emperor under the title Valentinian II .
Surrender of Japan
Shortly after the conference on the night of August 13 -- 14 at which the surrender finally was decided , a group of senior army officers including Anami gathered in a nearby room . All those present were concerned about the possibility of a coup d'état to prevent the surrender -- some of those present may have even been considering launching one . After a silence , General Torashirō Kawabe proposed that all senior officers present sign an agreement to carry out the Emperor 's order of surrender -- `` The Army will act in accordance with the Imperial Decision to the last . '' It was signed by all the high - ranking officers present , including Anami , Hajime Sugiyama , Yoshijirō Umezu , Kenji Doihara , Torashirō Kawabe , Masakazu Kawabe , and Tadaichi Wakamatsu . `` This written accord by the most senior officers in the Army ... acted as a formidable firebreak against any attempt to incite a coup d'état in Tokyo . '' The
Tears in Heaven
In Asia , `` Tears in Heaven '' was mostly successful in Japan , Taiwan and Macao . In the island country in East Asia , the single release peaked at number two on the Oricon Japanese Hot 100 Singles sales chart in February 1992 . In total , the Reprise Records single stayed thirty - seven weeks on the nation 's Hot 100 single sales chart , compiled by Oricon . Because `` Tears in Heaven '' was not released as a maxi single or part of a double A-side by Reprise or Warner Bros. Records in Japan , it was not eligible to chart on any other compilations . While charting in Japan in 1992 , the pop single release was certified with a triple Platinum disc by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) , for sales overstepping the 300,000 sales mark . By the end of 1992 , `` Tears in Heaven '' sold more than 389,000 units in Japan , however , not more than 400,000 copies , quelling the quelling four a quadruple Platinum certification award . For the year - end closing of Oricon , it was revealed , the 1992 single release was the fortieth best - selling release on the Hot 100 Singles chart . On the summary of 1992 's most - purchased international singles in Japan , `` Tears in Heaven '' reached number sixty - three . In Taiwan , the digital single of the song reached the G - Music charts in 2007 , where the release stayed a total of seventeen weeks and topped the nation 's singles chart three times . During that year , the Recording Industry of Taiwan ( RIT ) , awarded the single release with a Gold disc , for digital download sales exceeding more than 175,000 units in the country . On Taiwan 's year - end chart of 2007 , `` Tears in Heaven '' ranked at position seventy - seven . In the special administrative region of Macao , the single was certified with a Gold disc by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry of Macao for single sales of more than 15,000 physical copies .
Qing dynasty
In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire , the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the `` Inner Court , '' which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City . The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council . It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols , but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown . The Grand Councillors served as a sort of privy council to the emperor .