vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Factory Acts
' Children ' ( aged 10 -- 14 , but a child of 13 who had met required levels of academic attainment and had a good school attendance record could be employed as a ' young person ' ) ' Young persons ' ( aged 14 -- 18 , of either sex : as noted above 13 - year - olds satisfying educational requirements could be employed as young persons ) ' Women ' ( females aged over 18 ; it had been urged that women did not require protection , and their inclusion in factory legislation deterred their employment . The countering arguments ( that married women required protection from husbands , and unless unmarried women were subject to the same protection , Parliament would be legislating to promote immorality ; and that the restrictions were in the interests of public health , since they ensured some maternal attention for the children of working women ) had generally prevailed . )
Cakewalk
Performances of the `` Cake Walk '' , including a `` Comedy Cake Walk '' were filmed by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in 1903 . Prancing steps were the main steps shown in the `` Cake Walk '' segment , which featured two couples , and a solo dancer . All dancers were African - American . 1903 was the same year that both the cakewalk and ragtime music arrived in Buenos Aires , Argentina . Leaning far forward or far backward is associated with defiance in Kongo . `` We are palm trees , bent forward , bent back , but we never break . '' Another interpretations of these motions were `` melting '' to the beat , or protecting what is new ( leaning forward ) with the past ( leaning back ) . The appearance of the cakewalk in Buenos Aires may have influenced early styles of tango .
History of immigration to the United States
Starting in 1820 , some federal records , including ship passenger lists , were kept for immigration purposes , and a gradual increase in immigration was recorded ; more complete immigration records provide data on immigration after 1830 . Though conducted since 1790 , the census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked specifically . The foreign - born population in the U.S. likely reached its minimum around 1815 , at approximately 100,000 or 1 % of the population . By 1815 , most of the immigrants who arrived before the American Revolution had died , and there had been almost no new immigration thereafter .
United Kingdom
Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1400 years . Although a majority of citizens still identify with Christianity in many surveys , regular church attendance has fallen dramatically since the middle of the 20th century , while immigration and demographic change have contributed to the growth of other faiths , most notably Islam . This has led some commentators to variously describe the UK as a multi-faith , secularised , or post-Christian society .
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
Multiple individuals of this species can be found grouped together on a single tree , however usually these individuals tend to be of the same sex when it is not mating season . Mating nests are usually shared by one breeding pair .
Electric bicycle laws
Eight provinces of Canada allow electric power assisted bicycles . In all eight provinces , e-bikes are limited to 500 W output , and can not travel faster than 32 km / h ( 20 mph ) on motor power alone on level ground . In Alberta prior to July 1 , 2009 , the limits were 750 W and 35 km / h ( 22 mph ) , but presently match federal legislation . Age restrictions vary in Canada . All require an approved helmet . Regulations may or may not require an interlock to prevent use of power when the rider is not pedaling . Some versions ( e.g. , if capable of operating without pedaling ) of e-bikes require drivers ' licenses in some provinces and have age restrictions . Vehicle licenses and liability insurance are not required . Generally , they are considered vehicles ( like motorcycles and pedal cycles ) , so are subject to the same rules of the road as regular bicycles . In some cases , regulatory requirements have been complicated by lobbying in respect of the Segway PT .
Hawaii
Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 when Puerto Rico 's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes , causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii . Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced , unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico . Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century . The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924 ; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.
Elf (Middle-earth)
The Elves view the sexual act as extremely special and intimate , for it leads to the conception and birth of children . Extra-marital and premarital sex are unthinkable , adultery is also unheard of and fidelity between spouses is absolute . Yet separation during pregnancy or during the early years of parenthood ( caused by war , for example ) is so grievous to the couple that they prefer to have children in peaceful times . Living Elves can not be raped or forced to have sex ; before that they will lose the will to endure and go to Mandos .
Voting rights in the United States
The `` right to vote '' is not explicitly stated in the U.S. Constitution except in the above referenced amendments , and only in reference to the fact that the franchise can not be denied or abridged based solely on the aforementioned qualifications . In other words , the `` right to vote '' is perhaps better understood , in layman 's terms , as only prohibiting certain forms of legal discrimination in establishing qualifications for suffrage . States may deny the `` right to vote '' for other reasons . For example , many states require eligible citizens to register to vote a set number of days prior to the election in order to vote . More controversial restrictions include those laws that prohibit convicted felons from voting , even those who have served their sentences . Another example , seen in Bush v. Gore , are disputes as to what rules should apply in counting or recounting ballots .
History of immigration to the United States
About 1.5 million Swedes and Norwegians immigrated to the United States within this period , due to opportunity in America and poverty and religious oppression in united Sweden - Norway . This accounted for around 20 % of the total population of the kingdom at that time . They settled mainly in the Midwest , especially Minnesota and the Dakotas . Danes had comparably low immigration rates due to a better economy ; after 1900 many Danish immigrants were Mormon converts who moved to Utah . In
Tariff
Many countries allow a traveler to bring goods into the country duty - free . These goods may be bought at ports and airports or sometimes within one country without attracting the usual government taxes and then brought into another country duty - free . Some countries impose allowances which limit the number or value of duty - free items that one person can bring into the country . These restrictions often apply to tobacco , wine , spirits , cosmetics , gifts and souvenirs . Often foreign diplomats and UN officials are entitled to duty - free goods . Duty - free goods are imported and stocked in what is called a bonded warehouse .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
In 2006 , the House of Representatives and the Senate produced their own , conflicting bills . In December 2005 , the House passed the Border Protection , Anti-terrorism , and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 , which was sponsored by Rep. James Sensenbrenner ( R - WI ) . The act was limited to enforcement and focused on both the border and the interior . In the Senate , the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 ( CIRA ) was sponsored by Sen. Arlen Specter ( R - PA ) and passed in May 2006 . CIRA would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a majority of undocumented immigrants already in the country as well as dramatically increased legal immigration . Although the bills passed their respective chambers , no compromise bill emerged .
Ida B. Wells
After settling in Chicago , Wells worked to improve conditions for its rapidly growing African - American population . They were leaving the rural South in the Great Migration to northern industrial cities . Competition for jobs and housing caused a rise in social tensions ; at the same time , there was increased immigration from Europe , and earlier ethnic whites , such as the Irish Americans , worked to defend their own power and territory in the city . Black American migrants had to compete for jobs and housing with millions of immigrants from rural eastern and southern Europe .
Voting rights in the United States
Several locales retained restrictions for specialized local elections , such as for school boards , special districts , or bond issues . Property restrictions , duration of residency restrictions , and , for school boards , restrictions of the franchise to voters with children , remained in force . In a series of rulings from 1969 to 1973 , the Court ruled that the franchise could be restricted in some cases to those `` primarily interested '' or `` primarily affected '' by the outcome of a specialized election , but not in the case of school boards or bond issues , which affected taxation to be paid by all residents . In Ball v. James 451 U.S. 335 ( 1981 ) , the Court further upheld a system of plural voting , by which votes for the board of directors of a water reclamation district were allocated on the basis of a person 's proportion of land owned in the district .
Will Horton
Days of Our Lives `` first gay kiss '' was welcomed by critics . Soap journalist Michael Fairman called it `` one of the best daytime television coming out kisses '' , and said the best part was `` Sonny sees the whole thing ! '' Online blogger Perez Hilton described the scenes as `` incredible '' and `` absolutely wonderful '' . Pascal Parvis of Têtu noted Will and Neil 's kiss was `` not a little '' and said `` what could be better '' than the serial 's first gay kiss lasting two episodes . Both The Huffington Post and Perez Hilton remarked favorably on Days showing a hot `` steamy make - out '' session as opposed to just a kiss , and Hilton praised the serial and NBC for not `` bowing down to bigoted pressure '' . Sara Bibel of Xfinity said Will and Neil got the `` full soap treatment '' ( as for heterosexual couples ) claiming daytime soap operas in the past have panned the camera away during same - sex kisses . There were also jibes at Days of Our Lives belated featuring of man - to - man intimacy : Joachim Ohnona from Pure People pointed out it took more than ten thousand episodes for Days to air their first gay kiss ; and Dan Avery of Queerty said the serial `` made television history yesterday when it became the absolutely last show to show two men kissing '' , and `` he 'll get some bed scenes by 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Lynette Rice commented `` a first gay kiss is no longer much of a milestone on broadcast TV , but for Days of Our Lives it represents the latest effort to remain relevant '' , and Xfinity 's Bibel noted it was remarkable for a show with a reputation for being `` socially conservative '' . ``
Texas annexation
A general lawlessness prevailed in the vast Texas frontier , and Mexico 's civic laws went largely unenforced among the Anglo - American settlers . In particular , the prohibitions against slavery and forced labor were ignored . The requirement that all settlers be Catholic or convert to Catholicism was also subverted . Mexican authorities , perceiving that they were losing control over Texas and alarmed by the unsuccessful Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 , abandoned the policy of benign rule . New restrictions were imposed in 1829 -- 1830 , outlawing slavery throughout the nation and terminating further American immigration to Texas . Military occupation followed , sparking local uprisings and a civil war . Texas conventions in 1832 and 1833 submitted petitions for redress of grievances to overturn the restrictions , with limited success . In 1835 , an army under Mexican President Santa Anna entered its territory of Texas and abolished self - government . Texans responded by declaring their independence from Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . On April 20 -- 21 , rebel forces under Texas General Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto . In June 1836 , Santa Anna agreed to Texas independence , but the Mexican government refused to honor Santa Anna 's pledge . Texans , now de facto independent , recognized that their security and prosperity could never be achieved while Mexico denied the legitimacy of their revolution .
Taxation in the United States
The U.S. has an assortment of federal , state , local , and special - purpose governmental jurisdictions . Each imposes taxes to fully or partly fund its operations . These taxes may be imposed on the same income , property or activity , often without offset of one tax against another . The types of tax imposed at each level of government vary , in part due to constitutional restrictions . Income taxes are imposed at the federal and most state levels . Taxes on property are typically imposed only at the local level , although there may be multiple local jurisdictions that tax the same property . Other excise taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments . Sales taxes are imposed by most states and many local governments . Customs duties or tariffs are only imposed by the federal government . A wide variety of user fees or license fees are also imposed .
Sanctuary city
Hartford passed an ordinance providing services to all residents regardless of their immigration in 2008 . Said ordinance also prohibits that police from detaining individuals based solely on their immigration status or inquiring as to their immigration status . In 2016 , the ordinance was amended to declare that Hartford is a `` Sanctuary City '' , though the term itself does not have an established legal meaning . In 2013 , Connecticut passed a law that gives local law enforcement officers discretion to carry out immigration detainer requests , though only for suspected felons . On February 3 , 2017 , Middletown , CT declared itself a sanctuary city . This was in direct response to President Trump 's executive order . Said Middletown 's mayor , `` We do n't just take orders from the President of the United States '' Florida
Brave New World
Lenina Crowne -- a young , beautiful fetus technician at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre . She is part of the 30 % of the female population that are not freemartins ( sterile women ) . Lenina is promiscuous and popular but somewhat quirky in her society : she had a four - month relation with Henry Foster , choosing not to have sex with anyone but him for a period of time . She is basically happy and well - conditioned , using soma to suppress unwelcome emotions , as is expected . Lenina has a date with Bernard , to whom she feels ambivalently attracted , and she goes to the Reservation with him . On returning to civilization , she tries and fails to seduce John the Savage . John loves and desires Lenina but he is repelled by her forwardness and the prospect of pre-marital sex , rejecting her as an `` impudent strumpet '' . Lenina visits John at the lighthouse but he attacks her with a whip , unwittingly inciting onlookers to do the same . Her exact fate is left unspecified .
Angela Martin
In `` The Chump '' , Dwight and Angela call upon a mediator to settle their contract . The mediator determines that the otherwise ' solid ' contract is ultimately unenforceable , since you ca n't force two people to have sex and make a baby . Instead , Angela could sue Dwight for damages up to thirty thousand dollars for breach of contract . Knowing that Dwight would never want to pay her damages , she offers him a ' settlement ' ; five separate sessions of intercourse instead . He accepts , gloating that `` thirty thousand for sex is n't bad at all '' . Later , Dwight is seen carrying out various methods to try to sterilize himself before the first ' session ' . The episode ends with the two returning to the secret location in the warehouse to have sex . The pair do n't notice , however , that Jim and Pam are nearby attempting to take a nap and they can hear everything that is happening .
History of immigration to the United States
`` New immigration '' was a term from the late 1880s that came from the influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Italy and Russia ( areas that previously sent few immigrants ) . Though the majority of immigrants came through New York , thus making the Northeast a major target of settlement , there were various efforts , such as the Galveston Movement , to redirect immigrants to other ports and disperse some of the settlement to other areas of the country .
Australia–Canada relations
The interest each minister exhibited in the other 's country fostered the development of the relationship . By the mid-1950s , there was a flurry of new bilateral activity . In 1954 , for example , the two countries ' departments of immigration , aware that each confronted similar problems in settling the wave of postwar European immigrants , established the first of many inter-governmental exchange programs . At the same time , stimulated by the postwar economic boom , officials began to dismantle those tax barriers that discouraged investors from seeking new investment opportunities in the other country . By the end of the decade , Canadian direct investment in Australia had more than doubled . The quickening pace of bilateral relations attracted the attention of Pearson 's cabinet colleagues . In 1955 , Canada 's ubiquitous `` minister of everything '' , C.D. Howe , visited Australia in his capacity as deputy prime minister . Howe 's visit , which led to a 1959 agreement on nuclear cooperation , heralded a slow but steady stream of Canadian visitors that culminated in 1958 when John Diefenbaker became the first Canadian prime minister to visit Australia . A good many of these visitors were struck by Australia 's potential as a market for Canadian products . Canadian exports had remained stagnant for most of the 1950s , constrained by the import restrictions that Australia imposed to protect sterling 's weak foreign exchange position . This hiatus gave the booming Australian economy an opportunity to redress its perpetual trade deficit with Canada and exports to Canada doubled during the decade. 38 As Australia gradually liberalized its import regulations in the late 1950s , there were grounds to hope that the warm political partnership might secure preferential access for Canadians to this strong economy . After two years of discussions , which were complicated by Canadian efforts to protect its dairy and agricultural industries , a new trade agreement with most of the substantive provisions found in its 1931 predecessor , came into effect in June 1960 . When combined with Australia 's decision to lift the last of its import restrictions , its effect on trade was dramatic . In three years , Canadian exports to Australia almost doubled from $54.2 million in 1959 to $105 million in 1962 . By 1964 , they had jumped to almost $146 million .
History of immigration to the United States
At the end of World War II , `` regular '' immigration almost immediately increased under the official national origins quota system as refugees from war torn Europe began immigrating to the U.S. After the war , there were jobs for nearly everyone who wanted one , when most women employed during the war went back into the home . From 1941 to 1950 , 1,035,000 people immigrated to the U.S. , including 226,000 from Germany , 139,000 from the UK , 171,000 from Canada , 60,000 from Mexico and 57,000 from Italy .
Differential (mechanical device)
Mounted in this carrier are one or more pairs of identical pinions , generally longer than their diameters , and typically smaller than the spur gears on the individual half - shafts . Each pinion pair rotates freely on pins supported by the carrier . Furthermore , the pinion pairs are displaced axially , such that they mesh only for the part of their length between the two spur gears , and rotate in opposite directions . The remaining length of a given pinion meshes with the nearer spur gear on its axle . Therefore , each pinion couples that spur gear to the other pinion , and in turn , the other spur gear , so that when the drive shaft rotates the carrier , its relationship to the gears for the individual wheel axles is the same as that in a bevel - gear differential .
Air New Zealand
The Economy SkyCouch is available on the 787 - 9 , 777 - 200ER and 777 - 300ER . It is a set of three Economy class seats on the window rows of the cabin that have armrests that retract into the seat back , and full leg rests that individually and manually can be raised to horizontal to form a flat surface extending to the back of the seats in front . It is largely designed for families for use as a flat play surface , and for couples , who on purchasing the middle seat for 25 % more each , can use it as a flat sleeping surface . Each SkyCouch seat is equipped with the same basic facilities as a standard Pacific Economy seat . The Skycouch is only available on routes longer than 6 hours duration ; where the aircraft are used on shorter routes , the leg rests are locked out and the Skycouch seats act as regular economy seats .
History of immigration to the United States
Irish and German Catholic immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the Nativist / Know Nothing movement , originating in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party ( not to be confused with the modern Republican Party ) . It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Catholic immigrants , who were often regarded as hostile to American values and controlled by the Pope in Rome . Active mainly from 1854 -- 56 , it strove to curb immigration and naturalization , though its efforts met with little success . There were few prominent leaders , and the largely middle - class and Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery , most often joining the Republican Party by the time of the 1860 presidential election .
Republic (Plato)
Socrates points out the human tendency to be corrupted by power leads down the road to timocracy , oligarchy , democracy and tyranny . From this , he concludes that ruling should be left to philosophers , who are the most just and therefore least susceptible to corruption . This `` good city '' is depicted as being governed by philosopher - kings ; disinterested persons who rule not for their personal enjoyment but for the good of the city - state ( polis ) . The paradigmatic society which stands behind every historical society is hierarchical , but social classes have a marginal permeability ; there are no slaves , no discrimination between men and women . The men and women are both to be taught the same things , so they are both able to be used for the same things ( 451e ) . In addition to the ruling class of guardians ( φύλακες ) , which abolished riches , there is a class of private producers ( demiourgoi ) , who may be rich or poor . A number of provisions aim to avoid making the people weak : the substitution of a universal educational system for men and women instead of debilitating music , poetry and theatre -- a startling departure from Greek society . These provisions apply to all classes , and the restrictions placed on the philosopher - kings chosen from the warrior class and the warriors are much more severe than those placed on the producers , because the rulers must be kept away from any source of corruption .