vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
American Scholar Timothy Tackett believes that the oath that was required determined which individuals would let the revolution cause change and allow revolutionary reform and those who did not would remain true to their beliefs for many years to come . Apart from Tackett 's beliefs , it can be said that the obligatory oath marked a key historical point in the French Revolution since it was the first piece of legislation in the revolution that received massive drawback and resistance .
Russian Orthodox Church
In 1920 , Patriarch Tikhon issued an ukase ( decree ) that dioceses of the Church of Russia that were cut off from the governance of the highest Church authority ( i.e. the Holy Synod and the Patriarch ) should be managed independently until such time as normal relations with the highest Church authority could be resumed ; and on this basis , the North American diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church ( known as the `` Metropolia '' ) continued to exist in a de facto autonomous mode of self - governance . The financial hardship that beset the North American diocese as the result of the Russian Revolution resulted in a degree of administrative chaos , with the result that other national Orthodox communities in North America turned to the churches in their respective homelands for pastoral care and governance .
Federalist Era
The Democratic - Republicans embraced the republican ideology that had emerged during the American Revolution . Jefferson sought to build a republic centering around the yeoman farmer , and he despised the influence of Northern business interests . As the 1790s progressed , Democratic - Republicans increasingly embraced political participation by all free white men . In contrast to the Federalists , the Democratic - Republicans argued that each individual in society , regardless of their standing , had the right hold and express their own opinion . While individual opinions could be poorly informed or outright wrong , Democratic - Republicans believed that these individuals views would aggregate into a public opinion that could be trusted as representative of the broad American interest .
Christmas traditions
North American influences on Christmas are evident in the hanging of stockings on Christmas Eve , to be filled by Santa Claus . However , Canadian children believe that the home of Santa Claus is located at the North Pole , in Canada , and , through Canada Post , address thousands of letters to Santa Claus each year , using the postal code designation H0H 0H0 . Decorated Christmas trees , either fresh cut or artificial , were introduced to Canada in 1781 , originally by German soldiers stationed in Quebec during the American Revolution , and are now common in private homes and commercial spaces throughout most of Canada .
Daughters of the American Revolution
There are nearly 180,000 current members of the DAR in approximately 3,000 chapters across the United States and in several other countries . More than 940,000 women have joined the organization since its founding 125 years ago . The organization describes itself as , `` one of the most inclusive genealogical societies '' in the United States , noting on its website that , `` any woman 18 years or older -- regardless of race , religion , or ethnic background -- who can prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution , is eligible for membership '' .
Copy editing
In the United States , The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund sponsors internships that include two weeks of training . Also , the American Press Institute , the Poynter Institute , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , UC San Diego Extension and conferences of the American Copy Editors Society offer mid-career training for newspaper copy editors and news editors ( news copy desk supervisors ) .
Foreign policy of the United States
The United States shares a unique and often complex relationship with Mexico . A history of armed conflict goes back to the Texas Revolution in the 1830s , the Mexican -- American War in the 1840s , and an American invasion in the 1910s . Important treaties include the Gadsden Purchase , and multilaterally with Canada , the North American Free Trade Agreement . The central issue in recent years has been illegal immigration , followed by illegal gun sales ( from the U.S. ) , drug smuggling ( to the U.S. ) and escalating drug cartel violence just south of the U.S. - Mexico border .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Another source , Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet : White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements , 1954 -- 1973 explains the story of the entire spectrum of the clergy and their involvement . Michael Freidland is able to completely tell the story in his chapter entitled , `` A Voice of Moderation : Clergy and the Anti-War Movement : 1966 -- 1967 '' . In basic summary , each specific clergy from each religion had their own view of the war and how they dealt with it , but as a whole , the clergy was completely against the war .
Canada–United States relations
In 1965 Lester B. Pearson gave a speech in Philadelphia criticizing the US involvement in the Vietnam War . This infuriated Lyndon B. Johnson , who gave him a harsh talk , saying `` You do n't come here and piss on my rug '' .
American Civil War
Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
A major factor in the American public 's disapproval of the Vietnam War came from the casualties being inflicted on US forces . In a Harris poll from 1967 asking what aspect most troubled people most about the Vietnam war the plurality answer of 31 % was `` the loss of our young men . '' A separated 1967 Harris poll asked the American public , `` How has the war affected your own family , job or financial life ? '' The majority of respondents , 55 % , said that it had had no effect on their lives . Of the 45 % who indicated the war had affected their lives , 32 % listed inflation as the most important factor while 25 % listed casualties inflicted .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question , `` Have you ever felt the urge to organize or join a public demonstration about something ? '' Positive responses were quite low ; not many people wanted to protest anything , and those who did want to show a public demonstration often wanted to demonstrate in support of the Vietnam War . However , when the American Public was asked in 1990 , `` Looking back , do you wish that you had made a stronger effort to protest or demonstrate against the Vietnam War , or not '' , 25 percent said they wished they had .
One-drop rule
Charles W. Chesnutt , who was of mixed race and grew up in the North , wrote stories and novels about the issues of mixed - race people in southern society in the aftermath of the Civil War .
Military history of the United States
The so - called Polar Bear Expedition was the involvement of 5,000 U.S. troops , during the Russian Revolution , in blocking the Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk , Russia as part of the greater Allied military expedition in the Russian Civil War .
Spanish–American War
On July 1 , a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments , including all four of the army 's `` Colored '' regiments , and volunteer regiments , among them Roosevelt and his `` Rough Riders '' , the 71st New York , the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , and 1st North Carolina , and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War - style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago . More than 200 US soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting , thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish put down range at the Americans . Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault . Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later . First Lieutenant John J. Pershing , nicknamed `` Black Jack '' , oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war . Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill . Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle .
Cross of Gold speech
Bryan continued with language evoking the Civil War , telling his audience that `` in this contest brother has been arrayed against brother , father against son . '' By then , as he spoke in a sincere tone , his voice sounded clearly and loudly through the hall . He denied , however that the contest was personal ; he bore no ill - will towards those who supported the gold standard . However , he stated , facing towards the gold delegates , `` when you come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests , we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course . '' The gold men , during the address , paid close attention and showed their appreciation for Bryan 's oratory . Bryan then defended the right of silver supporters to make their argument against opposition from gold men , who were associated with financial interests , especially in the East . Although his statements nominally responded to a point made by Russell , Bryan had thought of the argument the previous evening , and had not used it in earlier speeches . He always regarded it as the best point he made during the speech , and only the ending caused more reaction from his listeners :
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
November 1 , 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . April 1956 -- The last French troops leave Vietnam . 1954 -- 1956 -- 450,000 Vietnamese civilians flee the Viet Minh administration in North Vietnam and relocate in South Vietnam as part of the US government 's Operation Passage to Freedom . Approximately 52,000 move in the opposite direction . Dr. Thomas Dooley works with the CIA to produce his influential disinformation book about the refugees Deliver Us from Evil . 1956 -- National unification elections do not occur . December 1958 -- North Vietnam invades Laos and occupies parts of the country July 8 , 1959 -- Charles Ovnand and Dale R. Buis become the first two American Advisers to die in Vietnam . September 1959 -- North Vietnam forms Group 959 , which assumes command of the Pathet Lao forces in Laos . November 1960 -- Coup attempt by paratroopers is foiled after Diệm falsely promises reform , allowing loyalists to crush the rebels . December 20 , 1960 -- The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ( NLF ) is founded .
Vietnam War
Beginning in 1950 , American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina . Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. The Việt Cộng , also known as Front national de libération du Sud - Viêt Nam or FNL ( the National Liberation Front ) , a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North , fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region , while the People 's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) , engaged in more conventional warfare , and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward . U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under Kennedy , with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program , from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963 .
You're either with us, or against us
In the movie Beauty and the Beast , Gaston tells fellow citizens of his village that `` If you 're not with us , you 're against us , '' and thereafter locks up Belle and her father so he can hunt the Beast . In the Dirty Harry movie Magnum Force , one of the suspects tells Harry Callahan , `` Either you 're for us or you 're against us . '' In the movie The Matrix , when Morpheus introduces the matrix to Neo using training program , he tells him , regarding to agents , that `` If you are not one of us , you are one of them . '' In the climax of the film Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Anakin Skywalker ( aka Darth Vader ) says to Obi - Wan Kenobi , `` If you 're not with me , then you 're my enemy . '' Obi - Wan responds , `` Only a Sith deals in absolutes . '' His response , ironically , is an absolute statement , although linguists are divided as to whether the `` deals '' part of the phrase makes this not a contradictory statement . Towards the end of Joseph Heller 's Catch - 22 , Colonels Korn and Cathcart equate fighting for their country with fighting for the benefit of the two of them . Korn tells the protagonist Yossarian : `` You 're either for us or against your country . It 's as simple as that . '' A reviewer of Catch - 22 found this `` flawless '' logical indulgence by the commanding colonels to be comparable to Heller 's parody of Charles Erwin Wilson 's statement , often paraphrased as , `` What 's good for General Motors is good for the country '' . In a 1912 edition of John Bull 's Other Island by George Bernard Shaw , an advertisement for The Clarion , a socialist newspaper , used the phrase to attract those interested in the debate on socialism . In the movie Ben - Hur , the protagonist meets with his childhood friend Messala . He has barely said hello to Ben - Hur when he is dunning him for the names of those Jews who are speaking out against the Roman occupation .
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down
The book is written in a unique style , with every other chapter returning to Lia 's story and the chapters in - between discussing broader themes of Hmong culture , customs , and history ; American involvement in and responsibility for the war in Laos ; and the many problems of immigration , especially assimilation and discrimination . While particularly sympathetic to the Hmong , Fadiman presents the situation from the perspectives of both the doctors and the family . An example of medical anthropology , the book has been cited by medical journals and lecturers as an argument for greater cultural competence , and often assigned to medical , pharmaceutic , and anthropological students in the US . In 1997 , it won the National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction .
American Civil War
Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR )
British Empire in World War II
The Commonwealth defeated , held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilizing their globally integrated economy , military , and industrial infrastructure to build what became , by 1942 , the most extensive military apparatus of the war . These efforts came at the cost of 150,000 military deaths , 400,000 wounded , 100,000 prisoners , over 300,000 civilian deaths , and the loss of 70 major warships , 39 submarines , 3,500 aircraft , 1,100 tanks and 65,000 vehicles . During this period the Commonwealth built an enormous military and industrial capacity . Britain became the nucleus of the Allied war effort in Europe , and hosted governments in exile in London to rally support in occupied Europe for the Allied effort . Canada delivered almost $4 billion in direct financial aid to the United Kingdom , and Australia and New Zealand began shifting to domestic production to provide material aid to US forces in the Pacific . Following the US entry into the war in December 1941 , the Commonwealth and United States coordinated their military efforts and resources globally . As the scale of the US military involvement and industrial production increased , the US undertook command of many theatres , relieving Commonwealth forces for duty elsewhere , and expanding the scope and intensity of Allied military efforts .
History of Mexico
The US Navy made an incursion on the Gulf Coast , occupying Veracruz in April 1914 . Although Mexico was engaged in a civil war at the time , the US intervention united Mexican forces in their opposition to the US . Foreign powers helped broker US withdrawal in the Niagara Falls peace conference . The US timed its pullout to throw its support to the Constitutionalist faction under Carranza .
France–Vietnam relations
The events of 1954 marked the end of French involvement in the region , and the beginnings of serious U.S. commitment . Tensions between North and South Vietnam led to the Vietnam War .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
On January 15 , 1973 , citing progress in peace negotiations , Nixon announced the suspension of all offensive actions against North Vietnam , to be followed by a unilateral withdrawal of all U.S. troops . The Paris Peace Accords on `` Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam '' were signed on January 27 , officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
In February 1967 , The New York Review of Books published `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' , an essay by Noam Chomsky , one of the leading intellectual opponents of the war . In the essay Chomsky argued that much responsibility for the war lay with liberal intellectuals and technical experts who were providing what he saw as pseudoscientific justification for the policies of the U.S. government .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Korea played an important role in sustaining the ROC 's economic stability . Until the war in Korea , the U.S. had largely abandoned the Nationalist government of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , whose forces had retreated to Taiwan after their defeat at the hands of Mao Zedong 's Communists in the Chinese Civil War . Indeed , the U.S. had little involvement in that conflict , beyond supplying surplus material to the Nationalists . However , the PRC 's involvement in the Korean War rendered any U.S. policy that would have allowed Taiwan to fall under PRC control untenable . This saw the abandonment of the American policy to let Taiwan join the communist Chinese state , the policy of which existed prior to the war . Truman 's decision to send American warships to the Formosa Strait as well as an increase in aid in order to deter the PRC from making any attempt to invade Taiwan , after doing nothing to prevent the Nationalist 's mainland defeat in the first place , is evidence of this .
Iowa-class battleship
The vessels that eventually became the Iowa - class battleships were born from the US Navy 's War Plan Orange , a Pacific war plan against Japan . War planners anticipated that the US fleet would engage and advance in the Central Pacific , with a long line of communication and logistics that would be vulnerable to high - speed Japanese cruisers . The chief concern was that the US Navy 's traditional 21 - knot battle force would be too slow to force these Japanese task forces into battle , while faster carriers and cruiser escorts would be outmatched by the Japanese Kongō - class battlecruiser , which had been upgraded in the 1930s to fast battleships . Even during the development process of the North Carolina - class and South Dakota - class battleships , designs that could achieve 30 knots were seriously considered .
Internal Revenue Service
After the Civil War , Reconstruction , railroads , and transforming the North and South war machines towards peacetime required public funding . However , in 1872 , seven years after the war , lawmakers allowed the temporary Civil War income tax to expire .
Osage Nation
Subsequent US treaties and laws through the 1860s further reduced the lands of the Osage in Kansas . During the years of the Civil War , they were buffeted by both sides , as they were located between Union forts in the North , and Confederate forces and allies to the South . While the Osage tried to stay neutral , both sides raided their territory , taking horses and food stores . They struggled simply to survive through famine and the war . During the war , many Caddoan and Creek refugees from Indian Territory came to Osage country in Kansas , which further strained their resources .
History of Mexico
The French Intervention is the period when France invaded Mexico ( 1861 ) , nominally to collect on defaulted loans to the liberal government of Benito Juárez , but it went further and at the invitation of Mexican conservatives seeking to restore monarchy in Mexico set Maximilian I on the Mexican throne . The US was engaged in its own Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , so did not attempt to block the foreign intervention . Abraham Lincoln consistently supported the Mexican liberals . At the end of the civil war in the US and the triumph of the Union forces , the US actively aided Mexican liberals against Maximilian 's regime . France withdrew its support of Maximilian in 1867 and his monarchist rule collapsed in 1867 and Maximilian was executed .
American Civil War
In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . Rioters
Spanish–American War
After the American Civil War and Cuba 's Ten Years ' War , US businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba . In 1894 , 90 % of Cuba 's total exports went to the United States , which also provided 40 % of Cuba 's imports . Cuba 's total exports to the US were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country , Spain . US business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba , economic authority in Cuba , acting - authority , was shifting to the US .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Civil Affairs units , while remaining armed and under direct military control , engaged in what came to be known as `` nation - building '' : constructing ( or reconstructing ) schools , public buildings , roads and other infrastructure ; conducting medical programs for civilians who had no access to medical facilities ; facilitating cooperation among local civilian leaders ; conducting hygiene and other training for civilians ; and similar activities .
American Equal Rights Association
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony issued the call for the Eleventh National Women 's Rights Convention , the first since the Civil War began , which met on May 10 , 1866 , in New York City . Frances Ellen Watkins Harper , an African American abolitionist and writer , spoke at the convention from the viewpoint of one who had to deal with issues faced by both women and blacks : `` You white women speak here of rights . I speak of wrongs . I , as a colored woman , have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael , my hand against every man , and every man 's hand against me . '' Wendell