vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Transduction (physiology)
The outer part of the ear is called the pinna , and this is the visible part of the ear . When sound is created , there are changes in air pressure , and the pinna is able to collect those changes and carry them to the ear drum ( tympanic membrane ) . To do this , the pinna funnels the changes in air pressure down the external auditory canal which is a tube goes from the outer ear to the middle ear . This part of the ear is made of cartilage and the inner ear is made up of more bones . Because this external auditory canal only travels to the middle ear , the changes in air pressure are then brought to the tympanic membrane , or more commonly called , the ear drum .
Air Jordan
The success of the Air Jordan 1 encouraged Nike to release the New Air Jordan in 1986 for the new basketball season . Designed by Peter Moore and Bruce Kilgore , the original Air Jordan II was unique in that it was made in Italy . The Air Jordan 2 also retailed with a full length encapsulated Nike air bubble for maximum comfort . The Air Jordan 2 was the first Jordan not to have the Nike swoosh on the upper . The Air Jordan II was originally retailed at $100 . The Air Jordan was originally released from 1986 to 1987 . The model was revived from obscurity when Air Jordan collaborated with Just Don to create the Just Don x Air Jordan 2 . The shoe featured premium blue quilted leather inspired by a Chanel handbag and released in very limited numbers on January 31 , 2015 for $275 . The shoe was released again in a Beach colourway bundled with a premium snapback and gold pin for $650 on January 30 , 2016 . Then retro - ed in 1994 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2008 , 2010 , 2014 -- 2017 .
Operation Safed Sagar
Operation Safed Sagar ( Hindi : ऑपरेशन सफेद सागर , lit . `` Operation White Sea '' ) was the code name assigned to the Indian Air Force 's strike to support the Ground troops during Kargil war that was aimed to flush out Regular and Irregular troops of the Pakistani Army from vacated Indian Positions in the Kargil sector along the Line of Control . It was the first large scale use of air power in the Jammu and Kashmir region since the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 .
Dodo
The Dodo used to walk around , And take the sun and air . The sun yet warms his native ground -- The Dodo is not there !
List of United States Air Force installations
Mildenhall serves as a bridge between the US and Europe and the Middle East , allowing aircraft to refuel mid-air or resupply on the airfield before continuing to their destination . HQ Third Air Force . 100th ARW carries the lineage and history of World War II USAAF Eighth Air Force 100th Bombardment Group , stationed in the UK 1943 -- 1945 . Withdraw announced in 2015 . RAF Molesworth Cambridgeshire , United Kingdom 501st Combat Support Wing 423d Air Base Group Intelligence analysis centre . Withdraw announced in 2015 . RAF Welford Berkshire , United Kingdom 501st Combat Support Wing 420th Munitions Squadron Provides combat support enabling communications and global strike operations at RAF Croughton , RAF Fairford , and RAF Welford . Ramstein Air Base Germany 49 ° 26 ′ 38.10 '' N 007 ° 36 ′ 08.13 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 49.4439167 ° N 7.6022583 ° E ﻿ / 49.4439167 ; 7.6022583 ﻿ ( Ramstein AB ) HQ United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) HQ United States Air Forces Africa ( AFAFRICA ) Third Air Force 86th Airlift Wing 435th Air Ground Operations Wing 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing USAFE & AFAFRICA theater transport providing a service by relaying equipment to battlefields and war zones , and relaying patients back to the United States or to the nearby Landstuhl Medical Center . Major Air Mobility Command Aerial Port for USAFE . 86th is the longest continuously serving USAFE unit ( 20 August 1946 -- present ) . Spangdahlem Air Base Germany 49 ° 58 ′ 33 '' N 006 ° 41 ′ 50 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 49.97583 ° N 6.69722 ° E ﻿ / 49.97583 ; 6.69722 ﻿ ( Spangdahlem AB ) 52d Fighter Wing Operate F - 16 Fighting Falcon and A-10 Thunderbolt II supporting NATO and deployments to US Air Forces Central . Stavanger Air Station Norway 501st Combat Support Wing 426th Air Base Squadron Provide support to the Joint Warfare Center ( NATO ) and DoD personnel assigned to Norway . Volkel Air Base Netherlands 52d Fighter Wing 703d Munitions Support Squadron .
Celebratory gunfire
Bullets fired into the air usually fall back with terminal velocities much lower than their muzzle velocity when they leave the barrel of a firearm . Nevertheless , people can be injured , sometimes fatally , when bullets discharged into the air fall back down to the ground . Bullets fired at angles less than vertical are more dangerous as the bullet maintains its angular ballistic trajectory and is far less likely to engage in tumbling motion ; it therefore travels at speeds much higher than a bullet in free fall .
Air pollution in the United States
Oil fracking is a process that involves a high pressure injection of fluid into the ground to extract oil . The adverse environmental effects of this natural gas extraction are the subject of much controversy , the primary concerns of which surround the contamination of surrounding water and air sources . These risks result when underground drinking water and surface water are exposed to discharges of the chemically - infused fracking fluid due to faulty construction or operation , disposal leaks , or other unintended byproducts like the release of hazardous volatile compounds into the air . In terms of air pollution , `` hydrofracking '' causes detriment to both the environment and human health . Enormous quantities of methane , a greenhouse gas , escape into the ozone layer of Earth 's atmosphere during the extraction process , where they accelerate the impacts of climate change . Furthermore , air contaminants like nitrogen oxides , carbon monoxide , formaldehydes , and hydrogen sulfide that are released during drilling have been shown to cause harmful effects ranging from cancer , organ failure , neurological issues , to birth defects .
List of United States Air Force installations
652nd USAF Contingency Hospital , Donaueschingen ( Closed early 1990s , redeveloped into apartments ) Bitburg Air Base ( Closed 1994 ) Erding Air Base Turned over to West German Air Force , 1960 Remained in occasional use by USAFE until 1989 Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base Turned over to West German Air Force , 1957 Giebelstadt Air Base Turned over to United States Army , 1968 Hahn Air Base ( Closed 1994 ) Landsberg Air Base Turned over to West German Air Force , 1957 Kaufbeuren Air Base Turned over to West German Air Force , 1957 Munich - Riem Airport , returned to civil use , 1948 Neubiberg Air Base Turned over to West German Air Force , 1957 Frankfurt Airport , returned to civil use 1955 USAF Rhein - Main Air Base ( Closed 2005 ) Tempelhof Central Airport , Berlin , returned to civil use , 1994 Tulln Air Base , Vienna , Austria Transferred to Austrian Police , 1955 Wiesbaden Air Base Transferred to United States Army , 1976 USAF facility ( Lindsey Air Station ) , Closed 1993 Wüschheim Air Station ( Closed 1990 ) Known as `` Site VI '' for MGM - 1 Matador / MGM - 13 Mace tactical missiles 1958 -- 1966 Used as BGM - 109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile base , 1985 -- 1990 Zweibrücken Air Base ( Closed 1994 ) Iceland
Air Jordan
The Air Jordan VII was released in 1992 with a new design by Tinker Hatfield . This shoe introduced the huarache technology which allowed the shoes to better conform to the user 's foot . A few things were no longer featured on the new model , such as the visible air sole , the Nike Air logo , and the translucent soles . This was the first Air - Jordan in the line that did not have any distinctive `` Nike Air '' on the outer portions of the shoe . The `` Nike Air '' branding was still on the in - soles , which Air Jordans VIII - XI also had . The VIIs were also known for a successful ad campaign in which Bugs Bunny appeared alongside Michael Jordan to market the shoes .
Air New Zealand
In November 2005 , it was revealed that Air New Zealand ( along with Qantas and British Airways ) had a policy of not seating adult male passengers next to unaccompanied children . The policy came to light following an incident in 2004 when a man who was seated next to a young boy on a Qantas flight in New Zealand was asked to change seats with a female passenger . A steward informed him that `` it was the airline 's policy that only women were allowed to sit next to unaccompanied children '' . Air New Zealand later said it had a similar policy to Qantas .
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
On November 21 , 2006 , the New Orleans Aviation Board approved an air service initiative to promote increased service to Armstrong International :
Air pollution in the United States
Helping the area to meet the national air quality standards and improve the health of local residents continues to be a priority for the EPA . One of EPA 's highest priorities is to support the reduction of diesel emissions from ships , trucks , locomotives , and other diesel engines . In 2005 , Congress authorized funding for the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act ( DERA ) , a grant program , administrated by the EPA , to selectively retrofit or replace the older diesel engines most likely to impact human health . Since 2008 , the DERA program has achieved impressive out outcome of improving air quality . The EPA also works with state and local partners to decrease emissions from port operations and to improve the efficient transportation of goods through the region . Both the EPA and the Port of Los Angeles are partners of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan , a sweeping plan aimed at significantly reducing the health risks posed by air pollution from port - related ships , trains , trucks , terminal equipment and harbor craft . For environmental justice , air pollution in low - income LA communities has received more attention . In 2011 , the `` Clean up Green up '' campaign was launched to designate four low - income LA communities - Pacoima , Boyle Heights and Wilmington . This campaign aims to push green industries through incentives , including help obtaining permits and tax and utility rebates .
Air New Zealand
In 2000 , Air New Zealand announced that it had chosen instead to acquire the entirety of Ansett Australia ( increasing its 50 % stake in the carrier to 100 % ) for A $680 million from News Corporation Ltd . Business commentators believe this to have been a critical mistake , as Ansett 's fleet , staffing levels and infrastructure far outweighed that of Air New Zealand . Subsequently , both carriers ' profitability came under question , and foreign offers to purchase the Air New Zealand Group were considered . In September 2001 , plagued by costs it could not possibly afford , the Air New Zealand / Ansett Group neared collapse . A failed attempt at purchasing Virgin Blue was the final straw , and on 12 September , out of both time and cash , Air New Zealand placed Ansett Australia into voluntary administration , following which Ansett was forced to cease operations . Air New Zealand announced a NZ $1.425 billion operating loss .
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand originated in 1940 as Tasman Empire Airways Limited ( TEAL ) , a company operating trans - Tasman flights between New Zealand and Australia . TEAL became wholly owned by the New Zealand government in 1965 , whereupon it was renamed Air New Zealand . The airline served international routes until 1978 , when the government merged it and the domestic New Zealand National Airways Corporation ( NAC ) into a single airline under the Air New Zealand name . Air New Zealand was privatised in 1989 , but returned to majority government ownership in 2001 after near bankruptcy due to a failed tie up with Australian carrier Ansett Australia . In the 2015 financial year to June , Air New Zealand carried 14.29 million passengers .
Speed of sound
The effect from impurities can be significant when making high - precision measurements . Chemical desiccants can be used to dry the air , but will in turn contaminate the sample . The air can be dried cryogenically , but this has the effect of removing the carbon dioxide as well ; therefore many high - precision measurements are performed with air free of carbon dioxide rather than with natural air . A 2002 review found that a 1963 measurement by Smith and Harlow using a cylindrical resonator gave `` the most probable value of the standard speed of sound to date . '' The experiment was done with air from which the carbon dioxide had been removed , but the result was then corrected for this effect so as to be applicable to real air . The experiments were done at 30 ° C but corrected for temperature in order to report them at 0 ° C. The result was 331.45 ± 0.01 m / s for dry air at STP , for frequencies from 93 Hz to 1,500 Hz .
Environmental policy of the United States
The Clean Air Act was enacted by the United States Congress and signed by President Richard Nixon in 1970 . The main provisions of the Clean Air Act were to control air pollution on a national level and an initiative program called New Source Review ( NSR ) . The NSR initiative would require power plants to upgrade to anti-pollution technologies before they can expand existing facilities and add new technologies . The Clear Skies initiative proposed by the Bush administration main intention was to remove the New Source Review provision and deregulate some of the standards that the Clean Air Act required energy facilities to meet . The proposed removal of the NSR prompted nine northeastern states to file suit in federal court to prevent the new ruling . Advocates against Clear Skies viewed the removal of NSR as a weakening of existing laws and an `` assault on the Clean Air Act '' . Environmental advocates and their political allies would eventually prevail in defeating the Clear Skies initiative . Global
Air pollution in the United States
In 2012 , this research used the method of cumulative environmental hazard inequality Index ( CEHII ) , which is a model developed to environmental inequality in air pollution hazards. , to analyze the environmental inequality in three counties in California : Alameda , San Diego and Los Angeles ( Jason et al. 2012 ) . In addition to frequently used air pollution parameter like NO2 , PM 2.5 and diesel PM , a metric of heat stress was included for the analysis because excessive heat weather comes to be an environmental problem that can threaten human health .
Environmental policy of the United States
In 2002 President George W. Bush announced an environment legislative initiative titled Clear Skies . The Clear Skies proposal 's stated goals were to reduce three pollutants : sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide , and mercury . Clear Skies was to use a market based system by allowing energy companies to buy and trade pollution credits . The president argued that since Clear Skies would use a market based system , millions of tons of pollution would be eliminated when compared to the Clean Air Act . However , the president 's critics argued that the Clear Skies policy would weaken provisions in the Clean Air Act .
Air Jordan
The Air Jordan XX3 was designed by Tinker Hatfield . It was a unique model , being the first basketball shoe to be included in the `` Nike Considered '' category , for using materials from not more than 200 miles from a Nike Factory . It features a hand - stitched exterior , full - length bootie , carbon fiber shank plate , the last to feature interchangeable IPS pillars , and an articulated chassis . The shoe was released on January 25 , 2008 , and was the last Air Jordan until the XX8 to have Roman numeral identification .
Korean War
On 1 March 1951 , Mao sent a cable to Stalin , in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the need for air cover , especially over supply lines . Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks . PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war . In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy , Hong Xuezhi , to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing . What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but having no food , bullets , or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded . Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods , but these efforts were never sufficient . At the same time , large - scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began participating in the war from September 1951 onward .
Moss
Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse the spores . In the genus Sphagnum the spores are projected about 10 -- 20 cm ( 4 -- 8 in ) off the ground by compressed air contained in the capsules ; the spores are accelerated to about 36,000 times the earth 's gravitational acceleration g . A
Carburetor
A carburetor ( American English ) or carburettor ( British English ; see spelling differences ) is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper ratio for combustion . It is sometimes colloquially shortened to carb in the UK and North America or carby in Australia . To carburate or carburet ( and thus carburation or carburetion , respectively ) means to mix the air and fuel or to equip ( an engine ) with a carburetor for that purpose .
Air New Zealand
In 1981 , Air New Zealand introduced its first Boeing 747 airliner , and a year later initiated service to London via Los Angeles . The five 747 - 200s owned by Air New Zealand were all named after ancestral Maori canoes. 1985 saw the introduction of Boeing 767 - 200ER airliners to fill the large size gap between the Boeing 737 and 747 ( the DC - 8 and DC - 10 had been withdrawn by 1983 ) . In 1989 the airline was privatised with a sale to a consortium headed by Brierley Investments Ltd. ( with remaining stakes held by Qantas , Japan Airlines , American Airlines , and the New Zealand government ) . The New Zealand air transport market underwent deregulation in 1990 , prompting Air New Zealand to acquire a 50 % stake in Ansett Australia in 1995 .
Mexico City
The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories . They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars ; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter , which reduces the emissions released . Trucks must use only liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) . Also construction of an underground rail system was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate traffic congestion . Today it has over 201 km ( 125 mi ) of track and carries over 5 million people every day . Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great , that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women . Due to these initiatives and others , the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve , with the air becoming cleaner since 1991 , when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year .
Nasal cavity
The two nasal cavities condition the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract . Owing to the large surface area provided by the nasal conchae ( also known as turbinates ) , the air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature . In addition , the air is humidified , and dust and other particulate matter is removed by vibrissae , short , thick hairs , present in the vestibule . The entire mucosa of the nasal fossae is covered by a blanket of mucus , which lies superficial to the microscopic cilia and also filters inspired air . The cilia of the respiratory epithelium move the secreted mucus and particulate matter posteriorly towards the pharynx where it passes into the esophagus and is digested in the stomach . The nasal cavity also houses the sense of smell and contributes greatly to taste sensation through its posterior communication with the mouth via the choanae .
Helium
Because it is lighter than air , airships and balloons are inflated with helium for lift . While hydrogen gas is more buoyant , and escapes permeating through a membrane at a lower rate , helium has the advantage of being non-flammable , and indeed fire - retardant . Another minor use is in rocketry , where helium is used as an ullage medium to displace fuel and oxidizers in storage tanks and to condense hydrogen and oxygen to make rocket fuel . It is also used to purge fuel and oxidizer from ground support equipment prior to launch and to pre-cool liquid hydrogen in space vehicles . For example , the Saturn V rocket used in the Apollo program needed about 370,000 m ( 13 million cubic feet ) of helium to launch . Minor
Salt Lake City
The burgeoning population of Salt Lake City and the surrounding metropolitan area , combined with its geographical situation , has led to air quality becoming a top concern for the populace . The Wasatch Front is subject to strong temperature inversions during the winter , which trap pollutants and lower air quality . The Utah Division of Air Quality closely monitors air quality and issues alerts for voluntary and mandatory actions when pollution exceeds federal safety standards . Protests have been held at the Utah State Capitol and Democratic lawmakers have introduced legislation in the Utah State Legislature to make public transportation free during January and July , when air quality is usually at its worst . The population of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area is projected to double by 2040 , putting further pressure on the region 's air quality .
Scratching
Back cueing was a basic skill that all radio production staff needed to learn , and the dynamics of it were unique to the brand of professional turntable in use at a given radio station . The older , larger and heavier turntables needed a 180 degree backward rotation to allow for run up to full speed ; some of the newer 1950s models used aluminum platters and cloth - backed rubber mats which required a third of a rotational turn or less to achieve full speed when the song began . All this was done in order to present a music show on air with the least amount of silence ( `` dead air '' ) between music , the announcer 's patter and recorded advertising commercials . The rationale was that any `` dead air '' on a radio station was likely to prompt a listener to switch stations , so announcers and program directors instructed DJs and announcers to provide a continuous , seamless stream of sound -- from music to an announcer to a pre-recorded commercial , to a `` jingle '' ( radio station theme song ) , and then immediately back to more music .
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand 's route network focuses on Australasia and the South Pacific , with long - haul services to eastern Asia , the Americas and the United Kingdom . It was the last airline to circumnavigate the world with flights to Heathrow via both Los Angeles and via Hong Kong . The latter ended in March 2013 when Air New Zealand stopped Hong Kong -- London flights , in favour of a codeshare agreement with Cathay Pacific . The airline 's main hub is Auckland Airport , located near Mangere in the southern part of the Auckland urban area . Air New Zealand is headquartered in a building called `` The Hub '' , located 20 km ( 12 mi ) from Auckland Airport , in Auckland 's Wynyard Quarter .
List of United States Air Force installations
PACAF 's primary mission is to provide U.S. Pacific Command integrated expeditionary Air Force capabilities to defend the Homeland , promote stability , dissuade / deter aggression , and swiftly defeat enemies . PACAF traces its roots to the activation of Far East Air Forces , 3 Aug 1944 , at Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . It consisted of three numbered air forces -- 5th , 7th and 13th -- which were supporting combat operations in the Pacific Theater of World War II . DoD Joint Bases in Alaska , Hawaii and Guam are not listed .