vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lords Proprietor
The Dutch re-conquered the area in 1673 but then surrendered to the English in 1674 . Berkeley sold his half of New Jersey to Edward Byllynge and John Fenwick . In 1676 , Carteret and Fenwick negotiated a division of the province into two sections : East Jersey which was held by Carteret and West Jersey which was held by Fenwick . Sir George Carteret died in 1680 . His property was left to Trustees who put East Jersey up for sale in a public auction . In 1682 , the property was sold to William Penn and eleven associates who each sold half of their share to twelve others , forming an association of twenty - four proprietors . This body became known as the Board of Proprietors of East Jersey . This board exercised government control , which eventually led to many conflicts within the colony . In 1702 , East and West Jersey surrendered the right to government to the English Crown under Queen Anne .
Treaty of Versailles
Lloyd George also intended to maintain a European balance of power to thwart a French attempt to establish itself as the dominant European Power . A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia . Lloyd George also wanted to neutralize the German navy to keep the Royal Navy as the greatest naval power in the world ; dismantle the German colonial empire with several of its territorial possessions ceded to Britain and others being established as League of Nations mandates , a position opposed by the Dominions .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
After the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run , Lincoln summoned Major General George B. McClellan to replace McDowell . McClellan had won minor battles in the Western Virginia Campaign , which had allowed Unionist West Virginia to hold the Wheeling Convention and eventually secede from Virginia . With Lincoln 's support , McClellan rejected Scott 's Anaconda Plan , instead proposing a strike against Virginia which would end the war with one huge , climactic battle . After Scott retired in late 1861 , Lincoln appointed McClellan general - in - chief of all the Union armies . McClellan , a young West Point graduate , railroad executive , and Pennsylvania Democrat , took several months to plan and attempt his Peninsula Campaign , longer than Lincoln wanted . The campaign 's objective was to capture Richmond by moving the Army of the Potomac by boat to the Virginia Peninsula and then overland to the Confederate capital . McClellan 's repeated delays frustrated Lincoln and Congress , as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington . Lincoln
Easter Island
Located about 350 km east of the East Pacific Rise , Easter Island lies within the Nazca Plate , bordering the Easter Microplate . The Nazca - Pacific relative plate movement due to the seafloor spreading , amounts to about 150 mm per year . This movement over the Easter hotspot has resulted in the Easter Seamount Chain , which merges into the Nazca Ridge further to the east . Easter Island and Sala y Gómez are surface representations of that chain . The chain has progressively younger ages to the west . The current hotspot location is speculated to be west of Easter Island , amidst the Ahu , Umu and Tupa submarine volcanic fields and the Pukao and Moai seamounts .
List of The Vampire Diaries characters
In season two , Carol accuses Liz of getting Mayor Lockwood killed . Liz is later informed by Mason Lockwood that Damon and Stefan are vampires , though she is skeptical , particularly regarding Damon . She tests him by slipping vervain into his drink and he reacts negatively to it . When Damon and Stefan assume Mason did it and attempt to take care of him in the woods , Liz ambushes and shoots the brothers and has them injected with vervain . Liz tortures Damon in an attempt to learn how he and Stefan can walk in the sun , but is interrupted when Elena appears , followed by Caroline , who kills the deputies . Liz is locked in the cellar at the Salvatore House so that the vervain can get out of her system and she can be compelled to forget everything . Liz asks Damon to keep Caroline away from her , but after a talk Liz eventually accepts Caroline being a vampire ; Caroline decides to compel her and Liz loses her memory of the whole ordeal .
Western (genre)
In the 1960s academic and critical attention to cinema as a legitimate art form emerged . With the increased attention , film theory was developed to attempt to understand the significance of film . From this environment emerged ( in conjunction with the literary movement ) an enclave of critical studies called genre studies . This was primarily a semantic and structuralist approach to understanding how similar films convey meaning .
Paterson, New Jersey
Hillcrest is a largely residential , middle class enclave , to the west of the downtown area . Its borders ' limits are Preakness Avenue to the east , Cumberland Avenue to the west , and Totowa Avenue along with West Side Park and the Passaic River to the south . Hillcrest is one of Paterson 's most desirable neighborhoods . The Hillcrest section of Paterson is located in the city 's 2nd Ward .
Woodrow Wilson
While president of Princeton University , Wilson had discouraged blacks from applying for admission , preferring to keep the peace among white students and alumni . Wilson 's History of the American People ( 1901 ) dismissed lynchings committed by the Ku Klux Klan of the late 1860s as a lawless reaction to a lawless period . The President defended them , writing that `` ( the Klan ) began to attempt by intimidation what they were not allowed to attempt by the ballot or by any ordered course of public action '' .
Great Expectations
Dickens gave six readings from 14 March to 18 April 1861 , and in May , Dickens took a few days ' holiday in Dover . On the eve of his departure , he took some friends and family members for a trip by boat from Blackwall to Southend - on - Sea . Ostensibly for pleasure , the mini-cruise was actually a working session for Dickens to examine banks of the river in preparation for the chapter devoted to Magwitch 's attempt to escape . Dickens then revised Herbert Pocket 's appearance , no doubt , asserts Margaret Cardwell , to look more like his son Charley . On 11 June 1861 , Dickens wrote to Macready that Great Expectations had been completed and on 15 June , asked the editor to prepare the novel for publication .
East Pakistan
Furthermore , in order to divert attention from the controversial One Unit Program , Prime Minister Suhrawardy tried to end the crises by calling a small group of investors to set up small business in the country . Despite many initiatives and holding off the NFC Award Program , Suhrawardy 's political position and image deteriorated in the four provinces in West Pakistan . Many nationalist leaders and activists of the Muslim League were dismayed with the suspension of the constitutionally obliged NFC Program . His critics and Muslim League leaders observed that with the suspension of NFC Award Program , Suhrawardy tried to give more financial allocations , aids , grants , and opportunity to East - Pakistan than West Pakistan , including West Pakistan 's four provinces . During the last days of his Prime ministerial years , Suhrawardy tried to remove the economic disparity between the Eastern and Western wings of the country but to no avail . He also tried unsuccessfully to alleviate the food shortage in the country .
Utilitarianism
In The Open Society and its Enemies ( 1945 ) , Karl Popper argued that the principle `` maximize pleasure '' should be replaced by `` minimize pain '' . He thought `` it is not only impossible but very dangerous to attempt to maximize the pleasure or the happiness of the people , since such an attempt must lead to totalitarianism . '' He claimed that :
Western Canada
In Alberta and British Columbia , the Canadian Cordillera is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west .
East Pakistan
Efforts leading to centralizing the economy was met with great resistance in West Pakistan when the elite monopolist and the business community angrily refused to oblige to his policies . The business community in Karachi began its political struggle to undermine any attempts of financial distribution of the US $10 million ICA aid to the better part of the East Pakistan and to set up a consolidated national shipping corporation . In the financial cities of West Pakistan , such as Karachi , Lahore , Quetta , and Peshawar , there were series of major labour strikes against the economic policies of Suhrawardy supported by the elite business community and the private sector .
First Nations
According to their tradition , and from recordings in wiigwaasabak ( birch bark scrolls ) , Ojibwe ( an Algonquian - speaking people ) came from the eastern areas of North America , or Turtle Island , and from along the east coast . They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years and knew of the canoe routes west and a land route to the west coast . According to the oral history , seven great miigis ( radiant / iridescent ) beings appeared to the peoples in the Waabanakiing to teach the peoples of the mide way of life . One of the seven great miigis beings was too spiritually powerful and killed the peoples in the Waabanakiing when the people were in its presence . The six great miigis beings remained to teach while the one returned into the ocean . The six great miigis beings then established doodem ( clans ) for the peoples in the east . Of these doodem , the five original Anishinaabe doodem were the Wawaazisii ( Bullhead ) , Baswenaazhi ( Echo - maker , i.e. , Crane ) , Aan'aawenh ( Pintail Duck ) , Nooke ( Tender , i.e. , Bear ) and Moozoonsii ( Little Moose ) , then these six miigis beings returned into the ocean as well . If the seventh miigis being stayed , it would have established the Thunderbird doodem . Chief
The Walking Dead: A New Frontier
At the hanging , Joan calls out on Javier , accusing his group of being responsible for many past losses . She reveals she has captured Ava and Tripp , and demands Javier determine who to spare ; regardless of which he picks , Joan betrays him and kills the one he choses , despite Clint 's attempt to negotiate peace . The player has the option of killing Joan or trying to negotiate a deal , either choice leading to a firefight among the survivors during which Javier manages to free David . Kate , who had stayed with their escape vehicle , races into the square with the truck , but it is struck by a Molotov cocktail , and she loses control and crashes into one of the city 's walls ; the truck explodes , and walkers start to pour in through the breech . Kate survives and rejoins the group , who barricade themselves in an apartment building full of survivors and contemplate on how to save Richmond .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value , all German patents , both in Germany and abroad , and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies . Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years , the U.S. pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know - how as well as all patents in Germany . John Gimbel comes to the conclusion , in his book `` Science Technology and Reparations : Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany '' , that the `` intellectual reparations '' taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion . During the more than two years that this policy was in place , no industrial research in Germany could take place , as any results would have been automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities . Meanwhile , thousands of the best German scientists were being put to work in the U.S. ( see also Operation Paperclip )
The Giver
Since he considers his father a murderer , Jonas initially refuses to return home , but the Giver convinces him that without the memories , the people of the Community can not know that what they have been trained to do is wrong . Rosemary had been unable to endure the darker memories of the past and had chosen release , injecting the poison into her own body . Together , Jonas and the Giver come to the understanding that the time for change is now , that the Community has lost its way and must have its memories returned . The only way to make this happen is if Jonas leaves the Community , at which time the memories he has been given will flood back into the people , as did the relatively few memories Rosemary had been given . Jonas wants the Giver to escape with him , but the Giver insists that he will be needed to help the people manage the memories , or they will destroy themselves . Once the Community is re-established along new lines , the Giver plans to join his daughter , Rosemary , in death .
World War I
Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war .
Pony Express
During its 19 months of operation , it reduced the time for messages to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts to about 10 days . From April 3 , 1860 to October 1861 , it became the West 's most direct means of east -- west communication before the telegraph was established and was vital for tying the new state of California with the rest of the United States .
Southern Ocean
The detailed land - limits used were from Cape Horn in South America eastwards to Cape Agulhas in Africa , then further eastwards to the southern coast of mainland Australia to Cape Leeuwin , Western Australia . From Cape Leeuwin , the limit then followed eastwards along the coast of mainland Australia to Cape Otway , Victoria , then southwards across Bass Strait to Cape Wickham , King Island , along the west coast of King Island , then the remainder of the way south across Bass Strait to Cape Grim , Tasmania . The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southwards to the South East Cape and then went eastwards to Broughton Island , New Zealand , before returning to Cape Horn . 1937
Colonial history of the United States
Anonymous Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to map the eastern seaboard of the U.S. from New York to Florida , as documented in the Cantino planisphere of 1502 . However , they kept their discoveries a secret and did not attempt to settle in North America , as the Inter caetera had granted these lands to Spain , issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 .
Sleeping positions
The Indian Vastu Shastra and Chinese Feng shui systems describe favorable and unfavorable geographical directions ( north , south , east , west ) for sleeping . Vastu Shastra suggests not to sleep towards North for people living in Northern hemisphere and not towards South in case of Southern Hemisphere . Blog by Sadhguru ( Isha Foundation ) quotes , `` East is the best direction . North - east is okay . West is alright . South , if you must . North , the worst . This is true as long as you are in the northern hemisphere -- sleeping with your head towards any side except north is okay . In the southern hemisphere , do n't put your head to the south . ''
The City of Ember
Upon following the instructions given in the note , they discover boats and candles meant for use in the exodus . On their return to Ember , they learn that the mayor has declared them fugitives from the law . Lina is arrested and taken to the mayor , who threatens to throw her in jail . Suddenly , a blackout occurs and allows her to escape without being seen . Lina , Doon , and Poppy escape in a boat through the river that supplies Ember 's electricity . When the boat stops , they learn the origin of Ember from a diary left by one of its original colonists . Shortly after they are faced with a very steep climb and emerge onto the surface where they see their city from above and realize for the first time that Ember is underground . They throw a rock with instructions tied to it down to the city in hope that the people of Ember will escape . The novel ends with Mrs. Murdo finding the message on the street .
Colonial history of the United States
In 1763 , Spain traded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for control of Havana , Cuba , which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years ' War . Florida was home to about 3,000 Spaniards at the time , and nearly all quickly left . Britain occupied Florida , but did not send many settlers to the area , and control was restored to Spain in 1783 by the Peace of Paris , which ended the American Revolutionary War . Spain sent no more settlers or missionaries to Florida during this second colonial period . The inhabitants of West Florida revolted against the Spanish in 1810 and formed the Republic of West Florida , which was quickly annexed by the United States . The United States took possession of East Florida in 1821 according to the terms of the Adams -- Onís Treaty .
Mustang
From the Pueblo people , horses were traded to the Apache , Navajo and Utes . The Comanche acquired horses and provided them to the Shoshone . The Eastern Shoshone and Southern Utes became traders who distributed horses and horse culture from New Mexico to the northern plains . West of the Continental Divide , horses distribution moved north quite rapidly along the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains , skirting desert regions such as the Great Basin and the western Colorado Plateau . Horses reached what today is southern Idaho by 1690 . The Northern Shoshone people in the Snake River valley had horses in 1700 . By 1730 , they reached the Columbia Basin and were east of the Continental divide in the northern Great Plains . The Blackfeet people of Alberta had horses by 1750 . The Nez Perce people in particular became master horse breeders , and developed one of the first distinctly American breeds , the Appaloosa . Most other tribes did not practice extensive amounts of selective breeding , though they sought out desirable horses through acquisition and quickly weeded out those with undesirable traits . By 1769 , most Plain Indians had horses .
Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)
In At World 's End , Captain Davy Jones now serves Lord Cutler Beckett , who possesses Jones ' heart and forcibly controls him and the Flying Dutchman , which is first seen rising from the sea , mercilessly destroying pirate ships with its powerful cannons . This irritates Lord Beckett who wants survivors to interrogate . So to ensure Jones does as he is ordered to , Beckett places Admiral James Norrington and a squad of East India Trading company marines and the Dead Man 's chest placed on board as well to remind Jones he is under their control . The Dutchman accompanies Beckett 's flagship , Endeavour in its mission to eradicate piracy . When the Dutchman attacks Sao Feng 's ship , the Empress , it takes its crew captive ( Elizabeth Swan captain by the dying Sao Feng ) . Elizabeth and her crew escape the Dutchman with Admiral Norrington 's help , although he is killed by a deranged Bootstrap Bill Turner . Jones and his crew attempt a mutiny against the East India Trading Company marines stationed on board , but Mr. Mercer , Beckett 's henchman , proclaims the ship is under his command , temporarily subduing the uprising .
Austin, Texas
State Highway 45 runs east - west from just south of Highway 183 in Cedar Park to 130 inside Pflugerville ( just east of Round Rock ) . A tolled extension of State Highway Loop 1 was also created . A new southeast leg of Highway 45 has recently been completed , running from US 183 and the south end of Segment 5 of TX - 130 south of Austin due west to I - 35 at the FM 1327 / Creedmoor exit between the south end of Austin and Buda . The 183A Toll Road opened March 2007 , providing a tolled alternative to U.S. 183 through the cities of Leander and Cedar Park . Currently under construction is a change to East US 290 from US 183 to the town of Manor . Officially , the tollway will be dubbed Tollway 290 with the Manor Expressway as a nickname . Despite the overwhelming initial opposition to the toll road concept when it was first announced , all three toll roads have exceeded revenue projections .
Helsinki
The Helsinki Central Railway Station is the main terminus of the rail network in Finland . Two rail corridors lead out of Helsinki , the Main Line to the north ( to Tampere , Oulu , Rovaniemi ) , and the Coastal Line to the west ( to Turku ) . The railway connection to the east branches from the Main Line outside of Helsinki at Kerava , and leads via Lahti to eastern parts of Finland and to Russia .
Surrender of Japan
On July 27 , the Japanese government considered how to respond to the Declaration . The four military members of the Big Six wanted to reject it , but Tōgō persuaded the cabinet not to do so until he could get a reaction from the Soviets . In a telegram , Shun'ichi Kase , Japan 's ambassador to Switzerland , observed that `` unconditional surrender '' applied only to the military and not to the government or the people , and he pleaded that it should be understood that the careful language of Potsdam appeared `` to have occasioned a great deal of thought '' on the part of the signatory governments -- `` they seem to have taken pains to save face for us on various points . '' The next day , Japanese newspapers reported that the Declaration , the text of which had been broadcast and dropped by leaflet into Japan , had been rejected . In an attempt to manage public perception , Prime Minister Suzuki met with the press , and stated :
Nubia
Meroë ( 800 BC -- c . AD 350 ) in southern Nubia lay on the east bank of the Nile , about 6 km north - east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi , Sudan , ca . 200 km north - east of Khartoum . The people there preserved many ancient Egyptian customs , but were unique in many respects . They developed their own form of writing , first utilizing Egyptian hieroglyphs , and later using an alphabetic script with 23 signs . Since king Arakamani the kings were buried in Meroe . Strabo describes a clash with the Romans in which the Romans defeated Nubians . According to Strabo , following the Kushite advance , Gaius Petronius ( a Prefect of Egypt at the time ) prepared a large army and marched south . The Roman forces clashed with the Kushite armies near Thebes and forced them to retreat to Pselchis ( Maharraqa ) in Kushite lands . Petronius then sent deputies to the Kushites in an attempt to reach a peace agreement and make certain demands .
Friday Night Lights (TV series)
Season 4 kicks off with Eric Taylor struggling as the East Dillon High coach . The team , field and conditions are a complete change from the privileged and sparkling conditions at West Dillon . East Dillon High resembles Odessa High from the source novel Friday Night Lights , Permian High 's sister school and the home of the Odessa Bronchos , with whom they have an annual rivalry match which divides the town . The East Dillon Lions and Odessa Bronchos both wear red uniforms and are considered underdogs to the Panthers . Additionally , Odessa High and East Dillon are both underfunded and considered inferior compared to their rival school , and serve a predominately poor minority community . Additionally , the school district boundaries between East and West Dillon were intentionally drawn to ensure the majority of talented players would be zoned for West Dillon ; the districts between Permian and Odessa High were drawn in a similar manner .