vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Taiga
One of the biggest areas of research and a topic still full of unsolved questions is the recurring disturbance of fire and the role it plays in propagating the lichen woodland . The phenomenon of wildfire by lightning strike is the primary determinant of understory vegetation and because of this , it is considered to be the predominant force behind community and ecosystem properties in the lichen woodland . The significance of fire is clearly evident when one considers that understory vegetation influences tree seedling germination in the short term and decomposition of biomass and nutrient availability in the long term . The recurrent cycle of large , damaging fire occurs approximately every 70 to 100 years . Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem is entangled with discovering the successional paths that the vegetation exhibits after a fire . Trees , shrubs , and lichens all recover from fire - induced damage through vegetative reproduction as well as invasion by propagules . Seeds that have fallen and become buried provide little help in re-establishment of a species . The reappearance of lichens is reasoned to occur because of varying conditions and light / nutrient availability in each different microstate . Several different studies have been done that have led to the formation of the theory that post-fire development can be propagated by any of four pathways : self replacement , species - dominance relay , species replacement , or gap - phase self replacement . Self replacement is simply the re-establishment of the pre-fire dominant species . Species - dominance relay is a sequential attempt of tree species to establish dominance in the canopy . Species replacement is when fires occur in sufficient frequency to interrupt species dominance relay . Gap - Phase Self - Replacement is the least common and so far has only been documented in Western Canada . It is a self replacement of the surviving species into the canopy gaps after a fire kills another species . The particular pathway taken after a fire disturbance depends on how the landscape is able to support trees as well as fire frequency . Fire frequency has a large role in shaping the original inception of the lower forest line of the lichen woodland taiga .
Extinction
Cuvier 's fossil evidence showed that very different life forms existed in the past than those that exist today , a fact that was accepted by most scientists . The primary debate focused whether this turnover caused by extinction was gradual or abrupt in nature . Cuvier understood extinction to be the result of cataclysmic events that wipe out huge numbers of species , as opposed to the gradual decline of a species over time . His catastrophic view of the nature of extinction garnered him many opponents in the newly emerging school of uniformitarianism .
Resting potential
For determination of membrane potentials , the two most important types of membrane ion transport proteins are ion channels and ion transporters . Ion channel proteins create paths across cell membranes through which ions can passively diffuse without direct expenditure of metabolic energy . They have selectivity for certain ions , thus , there are potassium - , chloride - , and sodium - selective ion channels . Different cells and even different parts of one cell ( dendrites , cell bodies , nodes of Ranvier ) will have different amounts of various ion transport proteins . Typically , the amount of certain potassium channels is most important for control of the resting potential ( see below ) . Some ion pumps such as the Na+ / K+ - ATPase are electrogenic , that is , they produce charge imbalance across the cell membrane and can also contribute directly to the membrane potential . Most pumps use metabolic energy ( ATP ) to function .
Kitty Walker
Eventually she rents a house in Ojai to ' find herself ' again . She meets a man , Jack , and they become romantically involved . Kitty is initially worried that their relationship wo n't work because of their different personalities . Jack reveals that he used to work in the city and would move back there if he got to be with Kitty . Once there , however , he begins to become heavily involved in his job and makes plans to move to a different country . Kitty says she ca n't go because of her family and her son . When they realize that their lives are at different points , they end their relationship .
Extinction
Jean - Baptist Lamarck , a gradualist and colleague of Cuvier , saw the fossils of different life forms as evidence of the mutable character of species . While Lamarck did not deny the possibility of extinction , he believed that it was exceptional and rare and that most of the change in species over time was due to gradual change . Unlike Cuvier , Lamarck was skeptical that catastrophic events of a scale large enough to cause total extinction were possible . In his geological history of the earth titled Hydrogeologie , Lamarck instead argued that the surface of the earth was shaped by gradual erosion and deposition by water , and that species changed over time in response to the changing environment .
Serial killer
When defining serial killers , researchers generally use `` three or more murders '' as the baseline . This is because it is enough to provide a pattern without being overly restrictive . The murders need to have been committed at different times , and are usually committed in different places . The lack of a cooling - off period ( a significant break between the murders ) marks the difference between a spree killer and a serial killer . The category has , however , been found to be of no real value to law enforcement , because of definitional problems relating to the concept of a `` cooling - off period '' . Cases of extended bouts of sequential killings over periods of weeks or months with no apparent `` cooling off period '' or `` return to normality '' have caused some experts to suggest a hybrid category of `` spree - serial killer '' .
List of lemur species
Family Lepilemuridae consists solely of the sportive lemurs . As of 2014 , there are 26 extant species . The
Cultural identity
An example of thought in this stage : `` I want to know what we do and how our culture is different from others . '' `` There are a lot of non-Japanese people around me , and it gets pretty confusing to try and decide who I am . ''
Godavari River
After crossing Rajahmundry , the Godavari splits into two branches which are called Vriddha Gautami ( Gautami Godavari ) and Vasishta Godavari . Again the Gautami branch splits into two branches namely Gautami and Nilarevu . Similarly the Vasishta splits into two branches named Vasishta and Vainateya . These four branches which join the Bay of Bengal at different places , are forming a delta of length 170 km ( 110 mi ) along the coast of the Bay of Bengal and is called the Konaseema region . This delta along with the delta of the Krishna River is called the Rice Granary of South India .
Dodo
Throughout the 19th century , several species were classified as congeneric with the dodo , including the Rodrigues solitaire and the Réunion solitaire , as Didus solitarius and Raphus solitarius , respectively ( Didus and Raphus being names for the dodo genus used by different authors of the time ) . An atypical 17th - century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues , now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire , led Abraham Dee Bartlett to name a new species , Didus nazarenus , in 1852 . Based on solitaire remains , it is now a synonym of that species . Crude drawings of the red rail of Mauritius were also misinterpreted as dodo species ; Didus broeckii and Didus herberti .
Bachelor's degree
The first two years , sometimes three , of both an ordinary degree and an honours degree are identical , but candidates for the ordinary degree study in less depth in their final year and often over a wider variety of subjects , and do not usually complete a dissertation . A Scottish ordinary degree is thus different from ordinary degrees in the rest of the UK in comprising a distinct course of study from the honours degree . In keeping with the Scottish `` broad education '' philosophy , ordinary degrees ( and more rarely honours ones ) may mix different disciplines such as sciences and humanities taught in different faculties and in some cases even different universities .
Taxonomy (biology)
The term `` alpha taxonomy '' is primarily used today to refer to the discipline of finding , describing , and naming taxa , particularly species . In earlier literature , the term had a different meaning , referring to morphological taxonomy , and the products of research through the end of the 19th century .
Vaishnavism
Krishna is also worshiped across many other traditions of Hinduism , and Krishna and the stories associated with him appear across a broad spectrum of different Hindu philosophical and theological traditions , where it is believed that God appears to his devoted worshippers in many different forms , depending on their particular desires . These forms include the different avataras of Krishna described in traditional Vaishnava texts , but they are not limited to these . Indeed , it is said that the different expansions of the Svayam bhagavan are uncountable and they can not be fully described in the finite scriptures of any one religious community . Many of the Hindu scriptures sometimes differ in details reflecting the concerns of a particular tradition , while some core features of the view on Krishna are shared by all . Radha
Pi
There are several different conventions for the Fourier transform , all of which involve a factor of π that is placed somewhere . The appearance of π is essential in these formulas , as there is there is no possibility to remove π altogether from the Fourier transform and its inverse transform . The definition given above is the most canonical , however , because it describes the unique unitary operator on L that is also an algebra homomorphism of L to L .
Spider web
Spiders produce silk from their spinneret glands located at the tip of their abdomen . Each gland produces a thread for a special purpose -- for example a trailed safety line , sticky silk for trapping prey or fine silk for wrapping it . Spiders use different gland types to produce different silks , and some spiders are capable of producing up to eight different silks during their lifetime .
Tap and die
There are also double lead taps and insert taps which will need different speeds and feeds as well as starting hole diameters that are different from their regular parameters .
Period (periodic table)
A group in chemistry means a family of objects with similarities like different families . There are 7 periods , going horizontally across the periodic table .
Technical drawing tool
There are also specific templates to provide user with the most common symbols in use in different branches of designing . For example , the architect templates can be used to draw different sized doors with their `` opening arcs '' , building and equipment symbols and furniture . The templates also provide the symbols for thermal insulation .
Evidence of common descent
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise . Biologists research species using different theoretical frameworks for what constitutes a species ( see species problem and species complex ) and there exists debate with regard to delineation . Nevertheless , much of the current research suggests that , `` ... speciation is a process of emerging genealogical distinctness , rather than a discontinuity affecting all genes simultaneously '' and , in allopatry ( the most common form of speciation ) , `` reproductive isolation is a byproduct of evolutionary change in isolated populations , and thus can be considered an evolutionary accident '' . Speciation occurs as the result of the latter ( allopatry ) ; however , a variety of differing agents have been documented and are often defined and classified in various forms ( e.g. peripatric , parapatric , sympatric , polyploidization , hybridization , etc . ) . Instances of speciation have been observed in both nature and the laboratory . A. - B Florin and A. Ödeen note that , `` strong laboratory evidence for allopatric speciation is lacking ... '' ; however , contrary to laboratory studies ( focused specifically on models of allopatric speciation ) , `` speciation most definitely occurs ; ( and ) the vast amount of evidence from nature makes it unreasonable to argue otherwise '' . Coyne and Orr compiled a list of 19 laboratory experiments on Drosophila presenting examples of allopatric speciation by divergent selection concluding that , `` reproductive isolation in allopatry can evolve as a byproduct of divergent selection '' .
Super Why!
Nicholas Castel Vanderburgh as Whyatt Beanstalk / Super Why ( season 1 ) Nicholas Kaegi as Whyatt Beanstalk / Super Why ( season 2 ) Johnny Orlando as Whyatt Beanstalk / Super Why ( season 3 ) Zachary Bloch as Pig / Alpha Pig ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Samuel Faraci as Pig / Alpha Pig ( season 3 ) Siera Florindo as Red Riding Hood / Wonder Red ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) T.J. McGibbon as Red Riding Hood / Wonder Red ( season 3 ) Tajja Isen as Princess Pea / Princess Presto Joanne Vannicola as Woofster
Charlotte's Web
Since White published Death of a Pig in 1948 , an account of his own failure to save a sick pig ( bought for butchering ) , Charlotte 's Web can be seen as White 's attempt `` to save his pig in retrospect '' . White 's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed and he has written : `` I have n't told why I wrote the book , but I have n't told you why I sneeze , either . A book is a sneeze '' .
Feral pig
No single management technique alone can be totally effective at controlling feral pig populations . Harvesting 66 % of the total population per year is required to keep the Texas feral pig populations stable . Best management practices suggest the use of corral traps which have the ability to capture the entire sounder of feral pigs . The federal government spends $20 million on feral pig management .
Japanese swordsmithing
Tamahagane , as a raw material , is a highly impure metal . Formed in a bloomery process , the bloom of sponge iron begins as an inhomogeneous mixture of wrought iron , steels , and pig iron . The pig iron contains more than 2 % carbon . The high - carbon steel has about 1 to 1.5 % carbon while the low - carbon iron contains about 0.2 % . Steel that has a carbon content between the high and low carbon steel is called bu - kera , which is often resmelted with the pig iron to make saga - hagane , containing roughly 0.7 % carbon . Most of the intermediate - carbon steel , wrought iron and resmelted steel will be sold for making other items , like tools and knives , and only the best pieces of high - carbon steel , low - carbon iron , and pig iron are used for swordsmithing .
Holes (novel)
Stanley 's `` no - good - dirty - rotten - pig - stealing - great - great - grandfather '' , Elya Yelnats , is in love with a girl named Myra Menke , but a much older pig farmer named Igor Barkov also wants to marry her , offering Myra 's father his heaviest pig in exchange for Myra 's hand in marriage .
The National Anthem (Black Mirror)
Brooker has said in an interview that he and Konnie Huq , his wife , were on the set watching during the filming of the scene where Callow has sex with the pig . He claims that amusingly , Bathurst did n't call `` cut '' , and instead let Kinnear carry on getting closer to the pig , putting his hand on the pig 's back , until Kinnear said `` I 'm not going any further ... ''
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Although steel is an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon , historically steel and iron - making were intended for different products given the high costs of steel over wrought iron . The main difficulty with making steel is that its higher melting point than pig or cast iron was not easily achievable in large - scale production until methods that introduced air or oxygen to oxidize the carbon in the molten pig iron were developed , allowing the direct conversion of molten pig iron to molten steel .
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
Neville was reluctantly recruited as a spy for British Intelligence before they left UK and was duped into working for Tarquin Pearce , the press liaison officer at the Embassy , Oz falls in love with prima ballerina Ofelia Ortiz , Barry finds himself in prison on the edge of a nervous breakdown , Moxey becomes a guinea pig trainer and Dennis ends up in a relationship with Wyman 's mother .
Japanese swordsmithing
The steel bloom , or kera , that is produced in the tatara contains steel that varies greatly in carbon content , ranging from wrought iron to pig iron . Three types of steel are chosen for the blade ; a very low carbon steel called hocho - tetsu is used for the core of the blade ( shingane ) . The high carbon steel ( tamahagane ) , and the remelted pig iron ( cast iron or nabe - gane ) , are combined to form the outer skin of the blade ( kawagane ) . Only about 1 / 3 of the kera produces steel that is suitable for sword production .
Holes (novel)
Elya Yelnats : Elya is the great - great - grandfather of Stanley . He was often referred to as his `` no - good - dirty - rotten - pig - stealing - great - great - grandfather '' , constantly being blamed for everything that goes wrong in Stanley 's life . He is considered to be the reason why the Yelnats family has such bad luck . After he fell in love with the woman in Latvia , he travels to America , forgetting to go through with the promise he made to an old woman named Madame Zeroni . This causes generations of bad luck to trickle down the Yelnats family tree . However , he does pass down an important song that Madame Zeroni taught him in Latvia . Madame Zeroni : Madame Zeroni is the great - great - great - grandmother of Hector Zeroni ( Zero ) . She is great friends with Elya Yelnats , and she gives him a pig . Because Elya breaks his promise of carrying her to the top of the mountain , she is considered to be the one who put a `` curse '' on the Yelnats family . Myra Menke : Myra is the most beautiful girl in the Latvian village of Elya and Madame Zeroni . Madame Zeroni compares her to a flowerpot . Myra 's father promised to award her hand in marriage to whichever suitor can raise the fattest pig . When the pigs were the same size , Myra asked Elya and Igor Barkov to guess a number between 1 and 10 , showing her inability to make her own decisions . Igor Barkov : Igor was Elya 's competitor for the hand of Myra Menke . He was already old and fat , but was a successful pig farmer .
Carbon dioxide
Iron is reduced from its oxides with coke in a blast furnace , producing pig iron and carbon dioxide :
Crocodile (Black Mirror)
Police investigating the murders reveal that Shazia 's son was blind and would have been unable to identify the killer ; they instead use the Recaller on the family guinea pig to dredge its memories for evidence . Meanwhile , Mia cries in the audience as she watches her son 's school production of Bugsy Malone ; the audience begins to clap . The police are seen waiting at the back of the auditorium . As the camera continues lingering on Mia , in tears , the screen abruptly cuts to black .
Charlotte's Web
Charlotte 's Web is a children 's novel by American author E.B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams ; it was published on October 15 , 1952 , by Harper & Brothers . The novel tells the story of a livestock pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte . When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer , Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur ( such as `` Some Pig '' ) in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live .
Drinking establishment
A speakeasy , also called a blind pig or blind tiger , is an establishment that illegally sells alcoholic beverages . Such establishments came into prominence in the United States during the Prohibition era ( 1920 -- 1933 , longer in some states ) . During that time , the sale , manufacture , and transportation ( bootlegging ) of alcoholic beverages was illegal throughout the United States .
Magic in Harry Potter
Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object . Transfiguration is a theory - based subject , including topics such as `` Switching Spells '' ( altering only a part of some object , such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail ) ; Vanishing Spells ( causing an object to completely disappear ) ; and Conjuring Spells ( creating objects out of thin air ) . It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa -- Minerva McGonagall , the class 's teacher , transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher 's Stone .
Bessemer process
Before the Bessemer process , steel could only be made from wrought iron . Wrought iron was made by reducing the carbon content of pig iron . The traditional way to remove carbon from pig iron was to heat the pig iron directly in a fire and hit it with a hammer . This method was extremely labor intensive and by the early 19th century it had been replaced by the puddling process . Until technological advances made it possible to work at higher heats , slag impurities could not be removed entirely , but the reverberatory furnace made it possible to heat iron without placing it directly in the fire , offering some degree of protection from the impurity of the fuel source . Thus , with the advent of this technology , coal began to replace charcoal fuel . The Bessmer process allowed steel to be produced without fuel , using the impurities of the iron to create the necessary heat . This drastically reduced the costs of steel production , but raw materials with the required characteristics could be difficult to find .
List of The League of Gentlemen characters
In the final shot of Series 3 we see a brief glimpse of their grandchildren in Barbara 's arms ; they have the same pig noses as Edward and Tubbs .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Interspecies nuclear transfer provides evidence of the universality of the triggering mechanism of the cell nucleus reprogramming . For example , Gupta et al. , explored the possibility of producing transgenic cloned embryos by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer ( iSCNT ) of cattle , mice , and chicken donor cells into enucleated pig oocytes . Moreover , NCSU23 medium , which was designed for in vitro culture of pig embryos , was able to support the in vitro development of cattle , mice , and chicken iSCNT embryos up to the blastocyst stage . Furthermore , ovine oocyte cytoplast may be used for remodeling and reprogramming of human somatic cells back to the embryonic stage .
Mitochondrion
The first observations of intracellular structures that probably represented mitochondria were published in the 1840s . Richard Altmann , in 1890 , established them as cell organelles and called them `` bioblasts '' . The term `` mitochondria '' was coined by Carl Benda in 1898 . Leonor Michaelis discovered that Janus green can be used as a supravital stain for mitochondria in 1900 . In 1904 , Friedrich Meves , made the first recorded observation of mitochondria in plants in cells of the white waterlily , Nymphaea alba and in 1908 , along with Claudius Regaud , suggested that they contain proteins and lipids . Benjamin F. Kingsbury , in 1912 , first related them with cell respiration , but almost exclusively based on morphological observations . In 1913 , particles from extracts of guinea - pig liver were linked to respiration by Otto Heinrich Warburg , which he called `` grana '' . Warburg and Heinrich Otto Wieland , who had also postulated a similar particle mechanism , disagreed on the chemical nature of the respiration . It was not until 1925 , when David Keilin discovered cytochromes , that the respiratory chain was described .
GEICO advertising campaigns
Many of the most prominent television ad campaigns , such as the GEICO Gecko , the GEICO Cavemen , the Rhetorical Questions campaign featuring Mike McGlone , Maxwell the Pig , and the GEICO Hump Day Camel were developed by the Martin Agency .