vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is a national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and , historically , to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver ( as well as crops ) . Mercantilism was dominant in modernized parts of Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries before falling into decline , although some commentators argue that it is still practised in the economies of industrializing countries in the form of neomercantilism .
State of the Union
Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady .
Nation state
Some nation states , such as Germany and Italy , came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by nationalists , during the 19th century . In both cases , the territory was previously divided among other states , some of them very small . The sense of common identity was at first a cultural movement , such as in the Völkisch movement in German - speaking states , which rapidly acquired a political significance . In these cases , the nationalist sentiment and the nationalist movement clearly precede the unification of the German and Italian nation states .
Vinegar
Vinegar eels ( Turbatrix aceti ) , a form of nematode , may occur in some forms of vinegar unless the vinegar is kept covered . These feed on the mother of vinegar and can occur in naturally fermenting vinegar .
Indentured servitude
Several instances of kidnapping for transportation to the Americas are recorded such as that of Peter Williamson ( 1730 -- 1799 ) . As historian Richard Hofstadter pointed out , `` Although efforts were made to regulate or check their activities , and they diminished in importance in the eighteenth century , it remains true that a certain small part of the white colonial population of America was brought by force , and a much larger portion came in response to deceit and misrepresentation on the part of the spirits ( recruiting agents ) . '' One `` spirit '' named William Thiene was known to have spirited away 840 people from Britain to the colonies in a single year . Historian Lerone Bennett , Jr. notes that `` Masters given to flogging often did not care whether their victims were black or white . ''
Construction of the World Trade Center
The Port Authority opened an office to assist tenants with relocation ; although this offer was accepted by some tenants , it was protested by others . The agency refused to meet with large groups of merchants , instead saying that concerned tenants meet with Port Authority officials one - by - one . Nadel believed that this would allow the Port Authority to convince individual tenants to move out , thus causing an exodus of merchants from the area . As the merchants ' de facto spokesperson , he requested a meeting with Tobin directly . However , when the meeting did occur in mid-June 1962 , Nadel immediately rejected Tobin 's proposal to give him a storefront space in the World Trade Center . Two weeks later , a group representing approximately 325 shops and 1,000 other affected small businesses filed an injunction , challenging the Port Authority 's power of eminent domain , or the takeover of private property for public use .
Friction
The force of friction is always exerted in a direction that opposes movement ( for kinetic friction ) or potential movement ( for static friction ) between the two surfaces . For example , a curling stone sliding along the ice experiences a kinetic force slowing it down . For an example of potential movement , the drive wheels of an accelerating car experience a frictional force pointing forward ; if they did not , the wheels would spin , and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement . Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose , it is the direction of ( potential ) sliding between tire and road .
Natural selection
Background selection is the opposite of a selective sweep . If a specific site experiences strong and persistent purifying selection , linked variation tends to be weeded out along with it , producing a region in the genome of low overall variability . Because background selection is a result of deleterious new mutations , which can occur randomly in any haplotype , it does not produce clear blocks of linkage disequilibrium , although with low recombination it can still lead to slightly negative linkage disequilibrium overall .
Gilded Age
The Third Great Awakening was a period of religious activism in American history from the late 1850s to the 20th century . It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong sense of social activism . It gathered strength from the postmillennial theology that the Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth . The Social Gospel movement gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement . New groupings emerged , such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene movements , Theosophy and Christian Science .
English Reformation
On the other side , there were still huge numbers of Roman Catholics . Some conformed , bending with the times , hoping that there would be a fresh reverse . Vestments were still hidden , golden candlesticks bequeathed , chalices kept . The Mass was still celebrated in some places alongside the new Communion service but was more difficult than before . Both Roman Catholic priests and laity lived a double life , apparently conforming , but avoiding taking the oath of conformity . Only as time passed did recusancy -- refusal to attend Protestant services -- became more common . Jesuits and seminary priests , trained in Douai and Rome to make good the losses of English priests , encouraged this .
Leucitite
By far the greater number of the rocks which contain leucite are lavas of Tertiary or recent geological age . Although these never contain quartz , but feldspar is usually present , though there are certain groups of leucite lavas which are non-feldspathic . Many of them also contain nepheline , sodalite , hauyne and nosean ; the much rarer mineral melilite appears also in some examples . The commonest ferromagnesian mineral is augite ( sometimes rich in sodium ) , with olivine in the more basic varieties . Hornblende and biotite occur also , but are less common . Melanite is found in some of the lavas , as in the leucite syenites .
Recruitment in the British Army
The Ministry of Defence later capped the number of recruits from Commonwealth countries at 10 % of any corps or regiment in the Army , although this did not affect the Gurkhas . The cap was debated , as some feared the army 's `` Britishness '' was being diluted , and employing too many could make the army seem as employing too many mercenaries .
The Lovely Bones (film)
In December 2008 , Brian Eno signed on to compose the film 's score . Fran Walsh , a big fan of his work , suggested him to Jackson . Jackson had called Eno to request use of two of his early tracks to evoke atmosphere for the 1970s scenes in the film . When Eno asked if he could compose the whole score , Jackson was surprised , since he had heard Eno did not like working on films . For the film 's ending , Eno uncovered a demo he had done in 1973 and reunited with the vocalist to create a proper version for the film , commenting : `` That song from 1973 was finally finished in 2008 ! '' In November 2009 , Jackson stated that he re-shot new footage of Harvey 's death scene after test audiences said it was not violent enough and wanted to `` see more of Harvey in pain . '' Jackson said it was important to him that the movie receive a PG - 13 rating so that the film could appeal to the widest possible audience , despite the necessarily violent nature of some scenes .
Carmen Sandiego (video game series)
Although Carmen 's V.I.L.E. gang memberswere often portrayed as cartoonish buffoons , they seemed to be capable of `` stealing '' landmarks , cities , national parks , notable cultural exports ( such as `` stealing all the sushi from Japan '' ) and the like . Her thieves have also been known to steal geographic features and even nonexistent map features such as the Mason - Dixon line . Some thefts were even non sequiturs based on word play , such as `` robbing the banks of the Nile , '' or plays on the word `` steal '' such as `` stealing the show . ''
Scientific management
Scientific management evolved in an era when mechanization and automation were still in their infancy . The ideas and methods of scientific management extended the American system of manufacturing in the transformation from craft work ( with humans as the only possible agents ) to mechanization and automation , although proponents of scientific management did not predict the extensive removal of humans from the production process . Concerns over labor - displacing technologies rose with increasing mechanization and automation .
The Dukes of Hazzard
Owing to their fundamentally good natures , the Dukes often wind up helping Boss Hogg out of trouble , albeit grudgingly . More than once Hogg is targeted by former associates who are either seeking revenge or have double crossed him after a scheme has unraveled in one way or another . Sheriff Coltrane also finds himself targeted in some instances . On such occasions , Bo and Luke usually have to rescue their adversaries as an inevitable precursor to defeating the bad guys ; in other instances , the Dukes join forces with Hogg and Coltrane to tackle bigger threats to Hazzard or one of their respective parties . These instances became more frequent as the show progressed , and later seasons saw a number of stories where the Dukes and Hogg ( and Coltrane ) temporarily work together .
Lebanon
In 2012 , the Syrian civil war threatened to spill over in Lebanon , causing more incidents of sectarian violence and armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in Tripoli . As of 6 August 2013 , more than 677,702 Syrian refugees are in Lebanon . As the number of Syrian refugees increases , the Lebanese Forces Party , the Kataeb Party , and the Free Patriotic Movement fear the country 's sectarian based political system is being undermined .
Casualties of the Iraq War
research has shown that household surveys typically miss 30 to 50 percent of deaths . One reason is that some families that have suffered violent deaths leave the survey area ... Some people are kidnapped and disappear , and others turn up months or years later in mass graves . Some are buried or otherwise disposed of without being recorded . In particularly violent areas , local governments have effectively ceased to function , and there are ineffective channels for collecting and passing information between hospitals , morgues and the central government .
Electoral College (United States)
Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally .
The Walt Disney Company
Some of Disney 's animated family films have drawn fire for being accused of having sexual references hidden in them , among them The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Aladdin ( 1992 ) , and The Lion King ( 1994 ) . Instances of sexual material hidden in some versions of The Rescuers ( 1977 ) and Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) resulted in recalls and modifications of the films to remove such content .
Tom Lehrer
When asked about his reasons for abandoning his musical career in an interview in the book accompanying his CD box set ( released in 2000 ) , he cited a simple lack of interest , a distaste for touring , and boredom with performing the same songs repeatedly . He observed that when he was moved to write and perform songs , he did , and when he was not , he did not , and that after a while he simply lost interest . Although Lehrer was `` a hero of the anti-nuclear , civil rights left '' , covering its political issues in many of his songs , and even though he shared the New Left 's opposition to the Vietnam war , he disliked the aesthetics of 1960s counterculture and stopped performing as the movement gained momentum .
Mesopotamia
Many Babylonian literary works are still studied today . One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh , in twelve books , translated from the original Sumerian by a certain Sîn - lēqi - unninni , and arranged upon an astronomical principle . Each division contains the story of a single adventure in the career of Gilgamesh . The whole story is a composite product , although it is probable that some of the stories are artificially attached to the central figure .
Hip hop
`` Rap has a bad reputation in white circles , where many people believe it consists of obscene and violent anti-white and anti-female guttural . Some of it does . Most does not . Most white listeners do n't care ; they hear black voices in a litany of discontent , and tune out . Yet rap plays the same role today as Bob Dylan did in 1960 , giving voice to the hopes and angers of a generation , and a lot of rap is powerful writing . ''
PGA European Tour
The European Tour 's money list was known as the `` Order of Merit '' until 2009 , when it was replaced by the Race to Dubai . It is calculated in euro , although around half of the events have prize funds which are fixed in other currencies , mainly pounds sterling or U.S. dollars . In these instances , the amounts are converted into euro at the exchange rate for the week that the tournament is played . The winner of the Order of Merit receives the Harry Vardon Trophy , not to be confused with the Vardon Trophy awarded by the PGA of America .
The Shining (film)
If Jack did indeed freeze to death in the labyrinth , of course his body was found -- and sooner rather than later , since Dick Hallorann alerted the forest rangers to serious trouble at the hotel . If Jack 's body was not found , what happened to it ? Was it never there ? Was it absorbed into the past and does that explain Jack 's presence in that final photograph of a group of hotel party - goers in 1921 ? Did Jack 's violent pursuit of his wife and child exist entirely in Wendy 's imagination , or Danny 's , or theirs ? ... Kubrick was wise to remove that epilogue . It pulled one rug too many out from under the story . At some level , it is necessary for us to believe the three members of the Torrance family are actually residents in the hotel during that winter , whatever happens or whatever they think happens .
Treaty of Versailles
The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency . Nonetheless , even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations ( 132 billion gold marks ) still placed a significant burden on the German economy . Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed , Germans blamed the near - collapse of their economy on the treaty , and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one - third of the hyper - inflation .
The Passion of the Christ
I wanted it to be shocking ; and I wanted it to be extreme ... So that they see the enormity -- the enormity of that sacrifice ; to see that someone could endure that and still come back with love and forgiveness , even through extreme pain and suffering and ridicule . The actual crucifixion was more violent than what was shown on the film , but I thought no one would get anything out of it .
Ryukyu Islands
The name of Ryūkyū ( 琉球 ) is strongly associated with the Ryūkyū Kingdom , a kingdom that originated from the Okinawa Islands and subjected the Sakishima and Amami Islands . The name is generally considered outdated in Japanese although some entities of Okinawa still bear the name , such as the local national university .
Whiskey Rebellion
President Washington was confronted with what appeared to be an armed insurrection in western Pennsylvania , and he proceeded cautiously while determined to maintain governmental authority . He did not want to alienate public opinion , so he asked his cabinet for written opinions about how to deal with the crisis . The cabinet recommended the use of force , except for Secretary of State Edmund Randolph who urged reconciliation . Washington did both : he sent commissioners to meet with the rebels while raising a militia army . Washington privately doubted that the commissioners could accomplish anything , and believed that a military expedition would be needed to suppress further violence . For this reason , historians have sometimes charged that the peace commission was sent only for the sake of appearances , and that the use of force was never in doubt . Historians Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick argued that the military expedition was `` itself a part of the reconciliation process '' , since a show of overwhelming force would make further violence less likely .
French Revolution
When these revolutionary changes to the Church were implemented , it sparked a counter-revolutionary movement among women . Although some of these women embraced the political and social amendments of the Revolution , they opposed the dissolution of the Catholic Church and the formation of revolutionary cults like the Cult of the Supreme Being . As Olwen Hufton argues , these women began to see themselves as the `` defenders of faith '' . They took it upon themselves to protect the Church from what they saw as a heretical change to their faith , enforced by revolutionaries .
List of The Mortal Instruments characters
She broke up with him when she found out that he was also seeing Isabelle , although Simon did n't think things were serious between him and Maia as things never became exclusive . This in which Maia eventually agrees on , saying it was n't `` technically cheating '' since she and Simon never made their relationship official . The two eventually mend their friendship back together and remain good friends . Bat Velasquez : Maia had dated him for a some time after she became a werewolf . Bat was also a part of Luke 's pack . When Maia decides that she still needed space and was n't ready for a new relationship after her recent break up with Jordan Kyle , he accepts this and dates a witch . It was mentioned in City of Heavenly Fire that he really did n't like the witch . It was also shown in the ending of City of Heavenly Fire that when Bat and Maia were walking along the side of the lake in Luke 's farm that Bat held Maia 's hand which Maia did n't seem to mind .
Replay review in gridiron football
Some unusual , and confusing sequences of events can occur during replay stoppages , and most have been addressed through rules clarifications . For instance , if a team commits a delay of game penalty ( before the snap ) , the opposing team still has the opportunity to challenge , provided it is done before the ensuing snap . Also , inside the two - minute warning , if a team calls a timeout in the normal course of play , but the replay assistant calls for a challenge of that play , the initial timeout is ignored and restored in favor of the replay stoppage .
Eastern Orthodox Church
The dispute has led to much acrimony , and sometimes even to violence . Following canonical precepts , some adherents of the old calendar have chosen to abstain from clerical intercommunion with those synods which have embraced the new calendar until the conflict is resolved . The monastic communities on Mount Athos have provided the strongest opposition to the new calendar , and to modernism in general , while still maintaining communion with their mother church .
The Dukes of Hazzard
During the show 's second season , the show 's writers began flirting with the idea of incorporating a `` celebrity speed trap '' into some of the episodes , as a means to feature top country stars of the day performing their hits . On its first couple of instances , the `` Speed Trap '' was featured early in the story , but for most of the cases , it was featured in the last few minutes of an episode , often used when the main story was running too short to fill episode time .
Mass Effect: Andromeda
Although BioWare approached Mass Effect : Andromeda as a new beginning and wanted it to feel fresh and new , the company still borrowed elements from previous titles . For example , the ability to drive a vehicle was inspired by the Mako from Mass Effect and the concept of loyalty missions was taken directly from Mass Effect 2 . The team also applied lessons that they learned from Mass Effect 3 , which featured a controversial ending where some fans did n't feel as though their investment in the series ' characters had paid off .
Missile gap
The Soviet launch of Sputnik 1 , on October 4 , 1957 , highlighted the technological achievements of the Soviets and sparked some worrying questions for the politicians and general public of the US . Although US military and civilian agencies were well aware of Soviet satellite plans , as they were publicly announced as part of the International Geophysical Year , US President Dwight Eisenhower 's announcements that the event was unsurprising found little support among a US public that was still struggling with McCarthyism .
Pantheon, Rome
Pope Urban VIII ( 1623 to 1644 ) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon 's portico melted down . Most of the bronze was used to make bombards for the fortification of Castel Sant'Angelo , with the remaining amount used by the Apostolic Camera for various other works . It is also said that the bronze was used by Bernini in creating his famous baldachin above the high altar of St. Peter 's Basilica , but , according to at least one expert , the Pope 's accounts state that about 90 % of the bronze was used for the cannon , and that the bronze for the baldachin came from Venice . Concerning this , an anonymous contemporary Roman satirist quipped in a pasquinade ( a publicly posted poem ) that quod non fecerunt barbari fecerunt Barberini ( `` What the barbarians did not do the Barberinis ( Urban VIII 's family name ) did '' ) .