vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Columbus, Georgia
Founded in 1953 , the Columbus Museum ( accredited by the American Alliance of Museums ) contains artifacts of regional history as well as works of American art . It mounts displays from its permanent collection as well as temporary exhibitions . It is the largest art and history museum in the state of Georgia . Columbus is home to the National Civil War Naval Museum , a 40,000 - square - foot ( 3,700 m2 ) facility that opened in 1962 . It features two original American Civil War military vessels , uniforms , equipment and weapons used by the Union and Confederate navies . The Coca - Cola Space Science Center opened in 1996 for the purpose of public education in science , physics , and astronomy . It includes four flight simulators and a planetarium . The National Infantry Museum and Soldier Center opened in June 2009 ; it includes displays related to the history of the Infantry from the founding of the nation to the present . Its IMAX theatre is used to show related films and special productions . Shopping
Michigan
The first statewide meeting of the Republican Party took place July 6 , 1854 , in Jackson , Michigan , where the party adopted its platform . The state was heavily Republican until the 1930s . Michigan made a significant contribution to the Union in the American Civil War and sent more than forty regiments of volunteers to the federal armies .
Battle of Hampton Roads
The Battle of Hampton Roads , often referred to as either the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack ( or Virginia ) or the Battle of Ironclads , was the most noted and arguably most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies . It was fought over two days , March 8 -- 9 , 1862 , in Hampton Roads , a roadstead in Virginia where the Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers meet the James River just before it enters Chesapeake Bay adjacent to the city of Norfolk . The battle was a part of the effort of the Confederacy to break the Union blockade , which had cut off Virginia 's largest cities and major industrial centers , Norfolk and Richmond from international trade .
History of the Roman Empire
Since he had no heir , Nero 's suicide was followed by a brief period of civil war , known as the `` Year of the Four Emperors '' . Between June 68 and December 69 , Rome witnessed the successive rise and fall of Galba , Otho and Vitellius until the final accession of Vespasian , first ruler of the Flavian dynasty . The military and political anarchy created by this civil war had serious implications , such as the outbreak of the Batavian rebellion . These events showed that a military power alone could create an emperor . Augustus had established a standing army , where individual soldiers served under the same military governors over an extended period of time . The consequence was that the soldiers in the provinces developed a degree of loyalty to their commanders , which they did not have for the emperor . Thus the Empire was , in a sense , a union of inchoate principalities , which could have disintegrated at any time .
Savannah, Georgia
Savannah ( / səˈvænə / ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth - largest city and third - largest metropolitan area .
Atlanta
After the Civil War ended in 1865 , Atlanta was gradually rebuilt . Due to the city 's superior rail transportation network , the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868 . In the 1880 Census , Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgia 's largest city . Beginning in the 1880s , Henry W. Grady , the editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper , promoted Atlanta to potential investors as a city of the `` New South '' that would be based upon a modern economy and less reliant on agriculture . By 1885 , the founding of the Georgia School of Technology ( now Georgia Tech ) and the city 's black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education . In 1895 , Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition , which attracted nearly 800,000 attendees and successfully promoted the New South 's development to the world .
History of New Mexico
World War I gave the Hispanics the opportunity to demonstrate American citizenship by participating in the war effort . Like the `` new immigrants '' in northeastern cities , who also constructed dual identities , members of the Nuevomexicano middle class exuberantly participated in the war effort . They melded images of their heritage with patriotic symbols of America , especially in the Spanish - language press . Nuevomexicano politicians and community leaders recruited the rural masses into the war cause overseas and on the home front , including the struggle for woman suffrage . Support from New Mexico 's Anglo establishment aided their efforts . Their wartime contributions improved the conditions of minority citizenship for Nuevomexicanos but did not entirely eliminate social inequality . For example , no Hispanics -- not even the son of a regent -- was allowed in a fraternity at the state university .
British Empire
In 1980 , Southern Rhodesia , Britain 's last African colony , became the independent nation of Zimbabwe . The New Hebrides achieved independence ( as Vanuatu ) in 1980 , with Belize following suit in 1981 . The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981 , which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as `` British Dependent Territories '' ( renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002 ) meant that , aside from a scattering of islands and outposts , the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete . In 1982 , Britain 's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands , acting on a long - standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire . Britain 's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain 's status as a world power . The same year , the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain . The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution . Similarly , the Australia Act 1986 ( effective 3 March 1986 ) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states , while New Zealand 's Constitution Act 1986 ( effective 1 January 1987 ) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain . In 1984 , Brunei , Britain 's last remaining Asian protectorate , gained its independence .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
In the First World War , Britain , as an island nation , was heavily dependent on foreign trade and imported resources . Germany found that their submarines , or U-boats , while of limited effectiveness against surface warships on their guard , were greatly effective against merchant ships , and could easily patrol the Atlantic even when Allied ships dominated the surface .
Southern Colonies
After independence from Great Britain in 1776 the Virginia Colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia , one of the original thirteen states of the United States , adopting as its official slogan `` The Old Dominion '' . The states of West Virginia , Kentucky , Indiana and Illinois , and portions of Ohio , were all later created from the territory encompassed earlier by the Colony of Virginia .
Federalist Era
During the 1780s , Spain had sought to slow the expansion of the U.S. and lure American settlers into secession from the United States . Washington feared that Spain ( as well as Britain ) might successfully incite insurrection against the U.S. if he failed to open trade on the Mississippi , and he sent envoy Thomas Pinckney to Spain with that goal in mind . Fearing that the United States and Great Britain might unite to take Spanish territory , Spain decided to seek accommodation with the United States . The two parties signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo in 1795 , establishing intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain . The United States and Spain agreed not to incite native tribes to warfare . The western boundary of the United States was established along the Mississippi River from the northern boundary of the United States to the 31st degree north latitude , while the southern boundary of the United States was established on the 31st parallel north . The disputed territory that Spain dropped its claims to would be organized into the Mississippi Territory in 1798 .
United States
During the Seven Years ' War ( in the United States , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority .
Cold War
In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office .
War of 1812
After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams -- Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes :
Southern Ocean
The International Hydrographic Organization 's delineation of the `` Southern Ocean '' has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas . Australia continues to view the ocean as beginning at its southern coast . The 1953 limits shown are those of Britain , as identified in third edition . Others continue to view the Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary of the Southern Ocean , regardless of political agreements . Southern Ocean Antarctica Map .
Zimbabwe
In 1953 , in the face of African opposition , Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with Nyasaland ( Malawi ) in the ill - fated Central African Federation , which was essentially dominated by Southern Rhodesia . Growing African nationalism and general dissent , particularly in Nyasaland , persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963 , forming three separate divisions . While multiracial democracy was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , however , Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy minority rule .
Military history of the United States
Following the Persian Gulf War , to protect minority populations , the US , Britain , and France declared and maintained no - fly zones in northern and southern Iraq , which the Iraqi military frequently tested . The no - fly zones persisted until the 2003 invasion of Iraq , although France withdrew from participation in patrolling the no - fly zones in 1996 , citing a lack of humanitarian purpose for the operation . American
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party evolved from the Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic - Republican Party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in opposition to the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams . The party favored republicanism , a weak federal government , states ' rights , agrarian interests ( especially Southern planters ) and strict adherence to the Constitution ; it opposed a national bank , close ties to Great Britain and business and banking interests . That party , the Democratic - Republican Party , came to power in the election of 1800 .
History of the Isle of Wight
The River Solent was the largest tributary of the Channel River that drained the Hampshire Basin from the Early Pleistocene or late Pliocene . During the Mesolithic period , sea levels in northern Europe were some 30 to 40 metres lower than today , and the land that became Britain was a peninsula of northern Europe . The island was formed at the end of the last Ice Age , about 8 -- 9000 years ago , as sea levels rose , and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice . This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north , and the future English Channel to the south , and cut Wight off from the island of Britain . Once open to the sea , tidal scouring widened the Solent .
Sales taxes in the United States
Many states tax rental of tangible personal property . Often the tax is not dependent on the use to which the property will be put . Only Florida charges sales tax on the rental of commercial real estate . Exempt
British Empire
Britain 's remaining colonies in Africa , except for self - governing Southern Rhodesia , were all granted independence by 1968 . British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process . Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight - year Mau Mau Uprising . In Rhodesia , the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 , which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980 , as the new nation of Zimbabwe . British
Great Depression in the United States
Cities all around the world were hit hard , especially those dependent on heavy industry . Construction was virtually halted in many countries . Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60 % . Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs , areas dependent on primary sector industries such as grain farming , mining and logging , as well as construction , suffered the most .
Southern strategy
From 1948 to 1984 , the Southern states , for decades a stronghold for the Democrats , became key swing states , providing the popular vote margins in the 1960 , 1968 and 1976 elections . During this era , several Republican candidates expressed support for states ' rights , a reversal of the position held by southern states prior to the Civil War . Some political analysts said this term was used in the 20th century as a `` code word '' to represent opposition to federal enforcement of civil rights for blacks and to federal intervention on their behalf ; many individual southerners had opposed passage of the Voting Rights Act .
Great Migration (African American)
The beginning of the Great Migration exposed a paradox in race relations in the American south at that time . Although blacks were treated with extreme hostility and subjected to legal discrimination , the southern economy was deeply dependent on them as an abundant supply of cheap labor , and black workers were seen as the most critical factor in the economic development of the south . One South Carolina politician summed up the dilemma : `` Politically speaking , there are far too many negroes , but from an industrial standpoint there is room for many more . ''
British Empire
The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain 's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain 's decline on the world stage , demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence , if not the full support , of the United States . The events at Suez wounded British national pride , leading one MP to describe it as `` Britain 's Waterloo '' and another to suggest that the country had become an `` American satellite '' . Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain 's political leaders as `` Suez syndrome '' where they `` went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing '' , from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982 .
Southern Ocean
The first land south of the parallel 60 ° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith , who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819 . A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago , landed on King George Island , and claimed the new territories for Britain .
History of the United Kingdom
Napoleon also attempted economic warfare against Britain , especially in the Berlin Decree of 1806 . It forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France , and installed the Continental System in Europe . All connections were to be cut , even the mail . British merchants smuggled in many goods and the Continental System was not a powerful weapon of economic war . There was some damage to Britain , especially in 1808 and 1811 , but its control of the oceans helped ameliorate the damage . Even more damage was done to the economies of France and its allies , which lost a useful trading partner . Angry governments gained an incentive to ignore the Continental System , which led to the weakening of Napoleon 's coalition . War
Fullmetal Alchemist
Action figures , busts , and statues from the Fullmetal Alchemist anime and manga have been produced by toy companies , including Medicom and Southern Island . Medicom has created high end deluxe vinyl figures of the characters from the anime . These figures are exclusively distributed in the United States and UK by Southern Island . Southern Island released its own action figures of the main characters in 2007 , and a 12 '' statuette was scheduled for release the same year . Southern Island has since gone bankrupt , putting the statuette 's release in doubt . A trading card game was first published in 2005 in the United States by Joyride Entertainment . Since then , six expansions have been released . The card game was withdrawn on July 11 , 2007 . Destineer released a Nintendo DS adaptation of the game on October 15 , 2007 .
France–United Kingdom relations
The newly united Britain fought France in the War of the Spanish Succession from 1702 to 1713 , and the War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748 , attempting to maintain the balance of power in Europe . The British had a massive navy but maintained a small land army , so Britain always acted on the continent in alliance with other states such as Prussia and Austria as they were unable to fight France alone . Equally France , lacking a superior navy , was unable to launch a successful invasion of Britain . The
British Empire
Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the Napoleonic Wars , as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to impress men into the Royal Navy . The US declared war , the War of 1812 , and invaded Canadian territory . In response Britain invaded the US , but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent , ensuring Canada 's future would be separate from that of the United States .
United States Declaration of Independence
Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws .
Southern United States
By 1856 , the South had lost control of Congress , and was no longer able to silence calls for an end to slavery -- which came mostly from the more populated , free states of the North . The Republican Party , founded in 1854 , pledged to stop the spread of slavery beyond those states where it already existed . After Abraham Lincoln was elected the first Republican president in 1860 , seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America before Lincoln was inaugurated . The United States government , both outgoing and incoming , refused to recognize the Confederacy , and when the new Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered his troops to open fire on Fort Sumter in April 1861 , there was an overwhelming demand , North and South , for war . Only the state of Kentucky attempted to remain neutral , and it could only do so briefly . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as `` combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary '' judicial or martial means , four more states decided to secede and join the Confederacy ( which then moved its capital to Richmond , Virginia ) . Although the Confederacy had large supplies of captured munitions and many volunteers , it was slower than the Union in dealing with the border states . By March 1862 , the Union largely controlled Maryland , West Virginia , Kentucky and Missouri , had shut down all commercial traffic from all Confederate ports , had prevented European recognition of the Confederate government , and was poised to seize New Orleans . Confederate