vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
University of North Carolina
The state legislature did not get around to granting a charter for the University until 1789 .
Polar bear
With the exception of pregnant females , polar bears are active year - round , although they have a vestigial hibernation induction trigger in their blood . Unlike brown and black bears , polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall , when they can not hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen . When sea ice is unavailable during summer and early autumn , some populations live off fat reserves for months at a time , as polar bears do not ' hibernate ' any time of the year .
Midnight sun
The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle , when the sun remains visible at the local midnight .
Land lot
When the boundaries of a lot are not indicated on the lot , a survey of the lot can be made to determine where the boundaries are according to the lot descriptions or plat diagrams . Formal surveys are done by qualified surveyors , who can make a diagram or map of the lot showing boundaries , dimensions , and the locations of any structures such as buildings , etc . Such surveys are also used to determine if there are any encroachments to the lot . Surveyors can sometimes place posts at the metes of a lot .
Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings
The band listing the 1940 -- 41 to 1952 -- 53 Cup winners was scheduled to be retired following the crowning of the 2004 -- 05 champions . However , that season was cancelled because of a labour dispute . The ring was finally taken to the Hockey Hall of Fame one year later after the 2005 -- 06 champion Carolina Hurricanes were crowned . In addition to listing the names of the Hurricanes on the new bottom ring , it was decided to also acknowledge the cancelled 2004 -- 05 season .
Castillo de San Marcos
The British made some changes to the fort , and renamed it Fort St. Mark . As Great Britain was the dominant power in North America , they were not worried about keeping the fort in top condition . This attitude prevailed until the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The fort was used as a military prison during the war . Among those imprisoned was Christopher Gadsden , the Lieutenant governor of South Carolina . He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress and a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the war . He was released after 11 months .
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights
The book was chosen as the 2008 University of North Carolina Summer Reading Program Book . This program `` is designed to provide a common experience for incoming students , to enhance participation in the intellectual life of the campus through stimulation discussion and critical thing around a current topic , and to encourage a sense of community between students , faculty and staff . ''
Republic of Ireland
The Atlantic Ocean and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream affect weather patterns in Ireland . Temperatures differ regionally , with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme . However , due to a temperate oceanic climate , temperatures are seldom lower than − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) in winter or higher than 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in summer . The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was 33.3 ° C ( 91.9 ° F ) on 26 June 1887 at Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny , while the lowest temperature recorded was − 19.1 ° C ( − 2.4 ° F ) at Markree Castle in Sligo . Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer . Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds , while Dublin receives the least . Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country . The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe , with great potential for wind energy generation . Ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year , most areas averaging between 3.25 and 3.75 hours a day . The sunniest months are May and June , which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over most of the country . The extreme southeast gets most sunshine , averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer . December is the dullest month , with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast . The sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887 , according to measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin ; 1980 was the dullest .
Land lot
Something which is meant to improve the value or usefulness of a lot can be called an appurtenance to the lot . Structures such as buildings , driveways , sidewalks , patios or other pavement , wells , septic systems , signs , and similar improvements which are considered permanently attached to the land in the lot are considered to be real property , usually part of the lot but often parts of a building , such as condominiums , are owned separately . Such structures owned by the lot owner ( s ) , as well as easements which help the lot owners or users , can be considered appurtenances to the lot . A lot without such structures can be called a vacant lot , urban prairie , spare ground , an empty lot , or an unimproved or undeveloped lot .
Sun path
On the imaginary line of the equator the Sun maximum elevation is great during all the year but it does n't form every day a perfect right angle with the ground at noon . In fact it happens two days of the year , during the equinoxes . The solstices are the dates that the Sun stays farthest away from the zenith but anyway also in those cases it 's high in the sky , reaching an altitude of 66.56 ° either to the north or the south . All days of the year , solstices included , have the same length of 12 hours . The day arcs at 20 ° latitude . The Sun culminates at 46.56 ° altitude in winter and 93.44 ° altitude in summer . In this case an angle larger than 90 ° means that the culmination takes place at an altitude of 86.56 ° in the opposite cardinal direction . For example , in the southern hemisphere , the Sun remains in the north during winter , but can reach over the zenith to the south in midsummer . Summer days are longer than winter days , but approximately the difference is no more than only two and a half hours . The daily path of the Sun is steep at the horizon the whole year round , resulting in a twilight of only about one hour and 20 minutes in the morning and in the evening . The day arcs at 50 ° latitude . During the winter solstice Sun does not rise more than 16.56 ° above the horizon at midday , but 63.44 ° in summer solstice above the same horizon direction . The difference in the length of the day between summer and winter , from here to the north , begin to be striking -- slightly more than 8 hours at winter solstice , to more than 16 hours during the summer solstice . Likewise is the difference in direction of sunrise and sunset . At this latitude at midnight ( around 1 a.m. with summer legal hour ) the summer sun is 16.56 ° below the horizon , which means that astronomical twilight continues the whole night . This phenomenon is known as the grey nights , nights when it does not get dark enough for astronomers to do their observations of the deep sky . Above 60 ° latitude the Sun would be even closer to the horizon , only 6.56 ° away from it .
North Pole
The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter . Sunrise is just before the March equinox ( around 20 March ) ; the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 231⁄2 ° elevation at the summer solstice ( around 21 June ) , after which time it begins to sink , reaching sunset just after the September equinox ( around 23 September ) . When the sun is visible in the polar sky , it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon . This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation ( in degrees ) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox . Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth .
Arctic Ocean
As noted , the process of ice formation and movement is a key driver in Arctic Ocean circulation and the formation of water masses . With this dependence , the Arctic Ocean experiences variations due to seasonal changes in sea ice cover . Sea ice movement is the result of wind forcing , which is related to a number of meteorological conditions that the Arctic experiences throughout the year . For example , the Beaufort High -- an extension of the Siberian High system -- is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre . During the summer , this area of high pressure is pushed out closer to its Siberian and Canadian sides . In addition , there is a sea level pressure ( SLP ) ridge over Greenland that drives strong northerly winds through the Fram Strait , facilitating ice export . In the summer , the SLP contrast is smaller , producing weaker winds . A final example of seasonal pressure system movement is the low pressure system that exists over the Nordic and Barents Seas . It is an extension of the Icelandic Low , which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area . The low shifts to centre over the North Pole in the summer . These variations in the Arctic all contribute to ice drift reaching its weakest point during the summer months . There is also evidence that the drift is associated with the phase of the Arctic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation .
North Carolina
Juan Pardo explored the area in 1566 -- 1567 , establishing Fort San Juan in 1567 at the site of the Native American community of Joara , a Mississippian culture regional chiefdom in the western interior , near the present - day city of Morganton . The fort lasted only 18 months ; the local inhabitants killed all but one of the 120 men Pardo had stationed at a total of six forts in the area . A later expedition by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe followed in 1584 , at the direction of Sir Walter Raleigh .
La Niña
The synoptic condition for Tehuantepecer winds is associated with high - pressure system forming in Sierra Madre of Mexico in the wake of an advancing cold front , which causes winds to accelerate through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts , between October and February , with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores - Bermuda high pressure system . Wind magnitude is weaker during La Niña years than El Niño years , due to the less frequent cold frontal incursions during La Niña winters , with its effects can last from a few hours to six days .
Red vs. Blue
Red vs. Blue has also received praise from soldiers stationed in the Middle East . An August 2005 blog entry by Kimi Matsuzaki of 1UP.com displays photographs of soldiers holding various weapons , as well as copies of the first and second season Red vs. Blue DVDs . Geoff Ramsey later stated in an interview , `` We get a lot of merchandise and DVDs out to Iraq and get a lot of great e-mails back . ''
Sun path
Likewise is the difference in direction of sunrise and sunset . At this latitude at midnight ( around 1 a.m. with summer legal hour ) the summer sun is 16.56 ° below the horizon , which means that astronomical twilight continues the whole night . This phenomenon is known as the grey nights , nights when it does not get dark enough for astronomers to do their observations of the deep sky . Above 60 ° latitude the Sun would be even closer to the horizon , only 6.56 ° away from it . Then civil twilight continues almost all night , only a little bit of `` nautical twilight '' obviously around the local midnight . And above 66.56 ° latitude , there is no sunset at all , a phenomenon referred to as the midnight sun . The day arcs at 70 ° latitude . At local noon the winter Sun culminates at − 3.44 ° , and the summer Sun at 43.44 °. Said another way , during the winter the Sun does not rise above the horizon , it is the polar night . There will be still a strong twilight though . At local midnight the summer Sun culminates at 3.44 ° , said another way , it does not set , it is the polar day . The day arcs at the pole . At the time of the summer or winter solstices , the Sun is 23.44 ° degrees above or below the horizon respectively , irrespective of time of day . Whilst the Sun is up ( during summer months ) it will circle around the whole sky ( clockwise from the North Pole and counter-clockwise from the South Pole ) , appearing to stay at the same angle from the horizon , therefore the concept of day or night is meaningless . The angle of elevation will gradually change on an annual cycle , with the Sun reaching its highest point at the summer solstice , and rising or setting at the equinox , with extended periods of twilight lasting several days after the autumn equinox and before the spring equinox .
Sundial
Analemmatic sundials are a type of horizontal sundial that has a vertical gnomon and hour markers positioned in an elliptical pattern . There are no hour lines on the dial and the time of day is read on the ellipse . The gnomon is not fixed and must change position daily to accurately indicate time of day . Analemmatic sundials are sometimes designed with a human as the gnomon . Human gnomon analemmatic sundials are not practical at lower latitudes where a human shadow is quite short during the summer months . A 66 inch tall person casts a 4 - inch shadow at 27 deg latitude on the summer solstice .
Land lot
The part of the boundary of the lot next to a street or road is the frontage . Developers try to provide at least one side of frontage for every lot , so owners can have transportation access to their lots . As the name implies , street frontage determines which side of the lot is the front , with the opposite side being the back . If the lot area is known , from the deed , then the frontage line can be calculated as depth by measuring the width ( as area divided by width = depth ) . Sometimes minor , usually unnamed driveways called alleys , usually publicly owned , also provide access to the back of a lot . When alleys are present , garages are often located in back of a lot with access from the alley . Also when there are alleys , garbage collection may take place from the alley . Lots at the corners of a block have two sides of frontage and are called corner lots . Corner lots may have the advantage that a garage can be built with street access from the side , but have the disadvantage that there is more parkway lawn to mow and more sidewalk to shovel snow from . In areas with large blocks , homes are sometimes built in the center of the block . In this situation , the lot will usually include a long driveway to provide transportation access . Because the shape is reminiscent of a flag ( the home ) on a flag pole ( the driveway ) , these lots are called flag lots .
Emancipation Proclamation
It has been inaccurately claimed that the Emancipation Proclamation did not free a single slave ; historian Lerone Bennett , Jr. alleged that the proclamation was a hoax deliberately designed not to free any slaves . However , as a result of the Proclamation , many slaves were freed during the course of the war , beginning with the day it took effect ; eyewitness accounts at places such as Hilton Head , South Carolina , and Port Royal , South Carolina record celebrations on January 1 as thousands of blacks were informed of their new legal status of freedom . Estimates of how many thousands of slaves were freed immediately by the Emancipation Proclamation are varied . One contemporary estimate put the ' contraband ' population of Union - occupied North Carolina at 10,000 , and the Sea Islands of South Carolina also had a substantial population . Those 20,000 slaves were freed immediately by the Emancipation Proclamation . '' This Union - occupied zone where freedom began at once included parts of eastern North Carolina , the Mississippi Valley , northern Alabama , the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia , a large part of Arkansas , and the Sea Islands of Georgia and South Carolina . Although some counties of Union - occupied Virginia were exempted from the Proclamation , the lower Shenandoah Valley , and the area around Alexandria were covered . Emancipation was immediately enforced as Union soldiers advanced into the Confederacy . Slaves fled their masters and were often assisted by Union soldiers .
Climate of the Arctic
In addition the length of each day , which is determined by the season , has a significant impact on the climate . The 24 - hour days found near the poles in summer result in a large daily - average solar flux reaching the top of the atmosphere in these regions . On the June solstice 36 % more solar radiation reaches the top of the atmosphere over the course of the day at the North Pole than at the Equator ( Serreze and Barry , 2005 ) . However , in the six months from the September equinox to March equinox the North Pole receives no sunlight . Images from the NOAA 's North Pole Web Cam illustrate Arctic daylight , darkness and the changing of the seasons .
Scientific management
The structure and size of a company must be distinguished . Depending on which dispositions are predominant , the size of the company , the sector , and the number of employees in an organization , one can examine whether approaches of Taylorism are prevalent . It is believed to be predominant in the automotive industry . In spite of the fact that a lot of activities have been replaced by machines during the production , it is ultimately the person who can check the quality of a product .
Midnight sun
Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle , apart from research stations , the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle : the Canadian Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories , and the nations of Iceland , Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark ( Greenland ) , Russia , and the State of Alaska in the United States . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle , and at the country 's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer . In Svalbard , Norway , the northernmost inhabited region of Europe , there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August . The extreme sites are the poles , where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year . The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September .
Grand Canyon
Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation ( averaging 8,000 feet or 2,400 metres above sea level ) . Heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months . Access to the North Rim via the primary route leading to the canyon ( State Route 67 ) is limited during the winter season due to road closures .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In the summer , the LDS Church hosts week - long seminars throughout North America , known as Especially for Youth ( EFY ) . This program is held Monday through Saturday during the summer months for youth ages 14 -- 18 . During this week , youths often spend the night in college campus dorms and the day in various classes taught by adult religious educators , as well as participating in other various activities such as scripture study and dances .
Peabody Hotel
The top floor , the Skyway and Plantation Roof , offers views of the surrounding Memphis skyscrapers . The rooftop is often used as a space for bands and other musical acts , especially during the Thursday night `` Rooftop Parties '' in the summer months .
Kent State shootings
When it became clear that the crowd was not going to disperse , a group of 77 National Guard troops from A Company and Troop G , with bayonets fixed on their M1 Garand rifles , began to advance upon the hundreds of protesters . As the guardsmen advanced , the protesters retreated up and over Blanket Hill , heading out of the Commons area . Once over the hill , the students , in a loose group , moved northeast along the front of Taylor Hall , with some continuing toward a parking lot in front of Prentice Hall ( slightly northeast of and perpendicular to Taylor Hall ) . The guardsmen pursued the protesters over the hill , but rather than veering left as the protesters had , they continued straight , heading toward an athletic practice field enclosed by a chain link fence . Here they remained for about 10 minutes , unsure of how to get out of the area short of retracing their path . During this time , the bulk of the students congregated to the left and front of the guardsmen , approximately 150 to 225 ft ( 46 to 69 m ) away , on the veranda of Taylor Hall . Others were scattered between Taylor Hall and the Prentice Hall parking lot , while still others were standing in the parking lot , or dispersing through the lot as they had been previously ordered .
Join, or Die
Soon after the publication of the cartoon during the Stamp Act Congress , variations were printed in New York , Massachusetts , and a couple of months later it had spread to Virginia and South Carolina . In some states , such as New York and Pennsylvania , the cartoon continued to be published week after week for over a year . On July 7 , 1774 Paul Revere altered the cartoon to fit the masthead of the Massachusetts Spy .
Red Sea
The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons ; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon . Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea . Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world . The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in the north and 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the south , with only about 2 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) variation during the winter months . The overall average water temperature is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m ( 656 ft ) . The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents .
Summer Time in Europe
A decree of the Russian Provisional Government introduced summer time ( Russian : летнее время ) in Russia on 30 June 1917 , and clocks moved one hour forward . A decree of the Soviet government led to the abandonment of this system five months later : clocks moved one hour back again on 28 December .
Sun path
North of the Arctic circle and south of the Antarctic circle , there will be at least one day a year when the sun is not above the horizon for 24 hours during the winter solstice , and at least one day when the sun is above the horizon for 24 hours during the summer solstice .
World War I
In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units . During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations .