vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lobbying in the United States
However , the term `` lobbying '' generally means a paid activity with the purpose of attempting to `` influence or sway '' a public official -- including bureaucrats and elected officials -- towards a desired specific action often relating to specific legislation . If advocacy is disseminating information , including attempts to persuade public officials as well as the public and media to promote the cause of something and support it , then when this activity becomes focused on specific legislation , either in support or in opposition , then it crosses the line from advocacy and becomes lobbying . This is the usual sense of the term `` lobbying . '' One account suggested that much of the activity of nonprofits was not lobbying per se , since it usually did not mean changes in legislation .
Languages with official status in India
The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution , the Official Languages Act , 1963 , Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) Rules , 1976 , and various state laws , as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states .
Balkan Wars
Initially , Emperor Wilhelm II told the Archduke Franz Ferdinand that Germany was ready to support Austria in all circumstances -- even at the risk of a world war , but the Austro - Hungarians hesitated . Finally , in the German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912 the consensus was that Germany would not be ready for war until at least mid-1914 and passed notes to that effect to the Habsburgs . Consequently , no actions could be taken when the Serbs acceded to the Austrian ultimatum of 18 October and withdrew from Albania . Germany , already heavily involved in internal Ottoman politics , officially opposed a war against the Empire . But , in her effort to win Bulgaria for the Central Powers , and seeing the inevitability of Ottoman disintegration , was toying with the idea of replacing the Balkan area of the Ottomans with a friendly Greater Bulgaria in her San Stefano borders -- an idea that was based on the German origin of the Bulgarian King and his anti-Russian sentiments .
Official bilingualism in Canada
In the first decade or so following the 1969 adoption of the Act , opposition to the new policy sometimes took a radical form that has subsequently nearly disappeared . Books such as Jock V. Andrew 's Bilingual Today , French Tomorrow , advocated either the repeal of the Official Languages Act or an end to the policy of official bilingualism . Leonard Jones , the mayor of Moncton , New Brunswick , was an aggressive opponent of bilingualism in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Jones challenged the validity of the Official Languages Act in court , arguing that the subject matter was outside the jurisdiction of the federal government . In 1974 , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled against Jones , and found the law constitutional . In 1991 , a local resurgence in anti-bilingualism sentiments allowed the Confederation of Regions Party to win 21.2 % of the vote in New Brunswick 's provincial election and to briefly form the official opposition with eight seats in the provincial legislature .
Munich Agreement
In the early hours of 24 September , Hitler issued the Godesberg Memorandum , which demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany no later than 28 September , with plebiscites to be held in unspecified areas under the supervision of German and Czechoslovak forces . The memorandum also stated that if Czechoslovakia did not agree to the German demands by 2 pm on 28 September , Germany would take the Sudetenland by force . On the same day , Chamberlain returned to Britain and announced that Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland without delay . The announcement enraged those in Britain and France who wanted to confront Hitler once and for all , even if it meant war , and its supporters gained strength . The Czechoslovakian Ambassador to the United Kingdom , Jan Masaryk , was elated upon hearing of the support for Czechoslovakia from British and French opponents of Hitler 's plans , saying `` The nation of Saint Wenceslas will never be a nation of slaves . '' Neville
Axis powers
Poland rejected Germany 's demands and Germany in response prepared a general mobilization on the morning of 30 August 1939 . Hitler believed that one of two outcomes would occur . The first was that the British would accept Germany 's demands and pressure Poland to agree to them . The second was that a conflict with Poland would be an isolated conflict , as Britain would not engage in a war with both Germany and the Soviet Union . At midnight 30 August 1939 , German foreign minister Joachim Ribbentrop was expecting the arrival of the British ambassador Nevile Henderson as well as a Polish plenipotentiary to negotiate terms with Germany . Only Henderson arrived , and Henderson informed Ribbentrop that no Polish plenipotentiary was arriving . Ribbentrop became extremely upset and demanded the immediate arrival of a Polish diplomat , informing Henderson that the situation was `` damned serious ! '' , and read out to Henderson Germany 's demands that Poland accept Germany annexing Danzig as well as Poland granting Germany the right to increase the connection of the infrastructure of East Prussia to mainland Germany by building an extraterritorial highway and railway that passed through the Polish Gdansk Pomerania , and a plebiscite to determine whether the Polish Corridor , that had a mixed composition of ethnic Poles and ethnic Germans , should remain within Poland or be transferred to Germany .
Geologic time scale
The content of the table is based on the current official geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy , with the epoch names altered to the early / late format from lower / upper as recommended by the ICS when dealing with chronostratigraphy .
White poppy
In 1926 , a few years after the introduction of the red poppy in the UK , the idea of pacifists making their own poppies was put forward by a member of the No More War Movement ( as well as the proposal that the black centre of the British Legion 's red poppies should be imprinted with `` No More War '' ) . Their intention was to remember casualties of all wars , with the added meaning of a hope for the end of all wars ; the red poppy signified only the British military dead . However , they did not pursue the idea . The first white poppies were sold by the Co-operative Women 's Guild in 1933 . The Peace Pledge Union ( PPU ) took part in their distribution from 1934 , and white poppy wreaths were laid from 1937 as a pledge to peace that war must not happen again . Anti-war organisations such as the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship now support the White Poppy Movement .
History of United States foreign policy
The Dawes plan was the American solution to the crisis of reparations , in which France was demanding More money than Germany was willing to pay , so France occupied the key industrial Ruhr district of Germany with its army . The Occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 Caused an international crisis ; Germany deliberately hyperinflated currency , making the occupation highly expensive for France . The crisis was solved by a compromise brokered by the United States in the form of the Dawes Plan in 1924 . This plan , sponsored by American Charles G. Dawes , set out a new financial scheme . New York banks loaned Germany hundreds of millions of dollars that it used to pay reparations and rebuild its heavy industry . France , Britain and the other countries used the reparations in turn to repay wartime loans they received from the United States . By 1928 Germany called for a new payment plan , resulting in the Young Plan that established the German reparation requirements at 112 billion marks ( US $26.3 billion ) and created a schedule of payments that would see Germany complete payments by 1988 . With the collapse of the German economy in 1931 , reparations were suspended for a year and in 1932 during the Lausanne Conference they were suspended indefinitely . Between 1919 and 1932 , Germany paid less than 21 billion marks in reparations . After 1953 West Germany paid the entire remaining balance .
Flag of Canada
At the time of the 50th anniversary of the flag , the government -- held by the Conservative Party -- was criticized for the lack of official ceremony dedicated to the date ; accusations of partisanship were levelled . Minister of Canadian Heritage Shelly Glover denied the charges and others , including Liberal Members of Parliament , pointed to community events taking place around the country . Governor General David Johnston did , though , preside at an official ceremony at Confederation Park in Ottawa , integrated with Winterlude . He said `` ( t ) he National Flag of Canada is so embedded in our national life and so emblematic of our national purpose that we simply can not imagine our country without it . '' Queen Elizabeth II stated : `` On this , the 50th anniversary of the National Flag of Canada , I am pleased to join with all Canadians in the celebration of this unique and cherished symbol of our country and identity . '' A commemorative stamp and coin were issued by Canada Post and the Royal Canadian Mint , respectively .
Hawaii
A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language . The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Article XV , Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii . Diacritics were not used because the document , drafted in 1949 , predates the use of the okina ( ʻ ) and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography . The exact spelling of the state 's name in the Hawaiian language is Hawai ʻi . In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood , the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official state name . Official government publications , department and office titles , and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length . In contrast , the National and State Parks Services , the University of Hawai ʻi and some private enterprises implement these symbols . No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789 . However , the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780 , and in 1819 the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as the State of Arkansas .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The British public was notified of the armistice by a subjoined official communiqué issued from the Press Bureau at 10 : 20 am , when British Prime Minister David Lloyd George announced : `` The armistice was signed at five o'clock this morning , and hostilities are to cease on all fronts at 11 a.m. to - day . '' An official communique was published by the United States at 2 : 30 pm : `` In accordance with the terms of the Armistice , hostilities on the fronts of the American armies were suspended at eleven o'clock this morning . ''
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)
A completely functioning full - scale replica of the Hogwarts Express was created for the Diagon Alley expansion , connecting King 's Cross Station at Universal Studios to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure , manufactured by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in the form of a funicular railway people mover . The Hogwarts Express King 's Cross Station features a wall between Platforms 9 and 10 , where guests can `` walk through '' to get to Platform 93⁄4 , like in the first film .
Sherman's March to the Sea
Hundreds of African Americans drowned trying to cross in Ebenezer Creek north of Savannah while trying to follow Sherman 's Army in its March to the Sea . In 2011 a historical marker was erected there by the Georgia Historical Society to commemorate the African Americans who had risked so much for freedom .
Sign of the cross
Ordained bishops , priests and deacons have more empowerment to bless objects and other people . While lay people may preside at certain blessings , the more a blessing is concerned with ecclesial or sacramental matters , the more it is reserved to clergy . Extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion do not ordinarily have a commission to bless in the name of the Church , as priests and deacons do . At this point in the liturgy , their specific function is to assist the clergy in the distribution of holy Communion . Extraordinary Ministers of Communion , blessing those who do not wish to or can not receive communion can speak or raise the hand but not make the sign of the cross over the person . Non-liturgical
Christian cross
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints teaches that Jesus died on a cross , however , their prophet Gordon B. Hinckley stated that `` for us the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ , while our message is a declaration of the living Christ . '' When asked what was the symbol of his religion , Hinckley replied `` the lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and , in fact , therefore , the symbol of our worship . '' Prophet Howard W. Hunter encouraged Latter - day Saints `` to look to the temple of the Lord as the great symbol of your membership . '' Images of LDS temples and the Angel Moroni ( who is found in statue on most temples ) are commonly used to symbolize the LDS faith .
Another Day of Sun
The number was initially planned to be preceded by an overture , but during editing it was found that this slowed the opening too much . Editor Tom Cross noted that Chazelle `` realized that for people to accept that it 's a musical , you have to announce it confidently at the beginning , '' and that displaying the film 's title on the final beat of the song caused to serve as an overture itself .
Ida B. Wells
Wells received much support from other social activists and her fellow club women . Frederick Douglass praised her work : `` You have done your people and mine a service ... What a revelation of existing conditions your writing has been for me . '' Wells took her anti-lynching campaign to Europe with the help of many supporters . Trying to organize African - American groups across the United States , in 1896 , Wells founded the National Association of Colored Women 's Clubs and the National Afro - American Council .
Latin America
Epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans , such as smallpox and measles , wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population . Historians can not determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases , but some put the figures as high as 85 % and as low as 25 % . Due to the lack of written records , specific numbers are hard to verify . Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines . Intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common , and , by the end of the colonial period , people of mixed ancestry ( mestizos ) formed majorities in several colonies . Slavery
The Passion of the Christ
The British version of the two - disc DVD contains two additional deleted scenes . In the first , Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem ( at the eighth station of the cross ) and falls to the ground as the women wail around him , and Simon of Cyrene attempts to hold up the cross and help up Jesus simultaneously . Afterwards , while both are holding up the cross , Jesus says to the women weeping for him , `` Do not weep for me , but for yourselves and for your children '' . In the second , Pilate washes his hands , turns to Caiaphas , and says : `` Look you to it '' ( i.e. , the Pharisees wish to have Jesus crucified ) . Pilate then turns to Abanader and says : `` Do as they wish '' . The scene next shows Pilate calling to his servant , who is carrying a wooden board on which Pilate writes , `` Jesus of Nazareth king of the Jews '' , in Latin and Hebrew . He then holds the board above his head in full view of Caiaphas , who after reading it challenges Pilate on its content . Pilate replies angrily to Caiaphas in non-subtitled Hebrew . The disc contains only two deleted scenes in total . No other scenes from the movie are shown on disc 2 .
Christian cross
However , the cross symbol was already associated with Christians in the 2nd century , as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapters IX and XXIX , written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next , and by the fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that Clement of Alexandria , who died between 211 and 216 , could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον ( the Lord 's sign ) to mean the cross , when he repeated the idea , current as early as the apocryphal Epistle of Barnabas , that the number 318 ( in Greek numerals , ΤΙΗ ) in Genesis 14 : 14 was interpreted as a foreshadowing ( a `` type '' ) of the cross ( T , an upright with crossbar , standing for 300 ) and of Jesus ( ΙΗ , the first two letter of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ , standing for 18 ) , and his contemporary Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . In his book De Corona , written in 204 , Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . The crucifix , a cross upon which an image of Christ is present , is not known to have been used until the 6th century AD .
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The Crossing of the Rhine in 405 / 6 brought unmanageable numbers of German and Alan barbarians ( perhaps some 30,000 warriors , 100,000 people ) into Gaul . They may have been trying to get away from the Huns , who about this time advanced to occupy the Great Hungarian Plain . For the next few years these barbarian tribes wandered in search of food and employment , while Roman forces fought each other in the name of Honorius and a number of competing claimants to the imperial throne .
Daniel Johnston
In 1993 , the Sound Exchange record store in Austin , Texas commissioned Johnston to paint a mural of the Hi , How Are You ? frog ( also known as `` Jeremiah the Innocent '' ) from the album 's cover . After the record store closed in 2003 , the building remained unoccupied until 2004 when a Mexican grill franchise called Baja Fresh took ownership and decided to remove the wall that held the mural . A group of people who lived in the neighborhood convinced the managers and contractors to keep the mural intact . As of 2018 , the building houses a Thai restaurant called `` Thai , How Are You '' .
Sign of the cross
Also , a longer version is commonly said while making the sign of the cross in the forehead , the mouth and the chest : `` By the sign of the cross deliver us from our enemies , you who are our God . In the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . Amen . '' After the `` you who are our God '' part is recited , the ritual then proceeds with the normal Catholic sign of the cross as explained above . Liturgical
Christian cross
Although Christians accepted that the cross was the gallows on which Jesus died , they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a Christian symbol . During the first three centuries of the Christian era the cross was `` a symbol of minor importance '' when compared to the prominence given to it later , but by the second century it was nonetheless so closely associated with Christians that Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . and it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . Martin Luther at the time of the Reformation retained the cross and crucifix in the Lutheran Church . Luther wrote : `` The cross alone is our theology . '' He believed one knows God not through works but through suffering , the cross , and faith . The
Aztec religion
After death the soul of the Aztec went to one of three places : the sun , Mictlan , or Tlalocan . Souls of fallen warriors and women that died in childbirth would transform into hummingbirds that followed the sun on its journey through the sky . Souls of people who died from less glorious causes would go to Mictlan . Those who drowned would go to Tlalocan .
Sign of the cross
Some Christians make the sign of the cross in response to perceived blasphemy . Others sign themselves to seek God 's blessing before or during an event with uncertain outcome . In Hispanic countries , people often sign themselves in public , such as athletes who cross themselves before entering the field or while concentrating for competition .
Cross product
In general dimension , there is no direct analogue of the binary cross product that yields specifically a vector . There is however the exterior product , which has similar properties , except that the exterior product of two vectors is now a 2 - vector instead of an ordinary vector . As mentioned above , the cross product can be interpreted as the exterior product in three dimensions by using the Hodge dual to map 2 - vectors to vectors . The Hodge dual of the exterior product yields an ( n − 2 ) - vector , which is a natural generalization of the cross product in any number of dimensions .
The Left Hand of Darkness
Up until 1968 I had no literary agent , submitting all my work myself . I sent The Left Hand of Darkness to Terry Carr , a brilliant editor newly in charge of an upscale Ace paperback line . His ( appropriately ) androgynous name led me to address him as Dear Miss Carr . He held no grudge about that and bought the book . That startled me . But it gave me the courage to ask the agent Virginia Kidd , who had praised one of my earlier books , if she 'd consider trying to place The Left Hand of Darkness as a hardcover . She snapped it up like a cat with a kibble and asked to represent me thenceforth . She also promptly sold the novel in that format .
Eastern Orthodox Church
All Orthodox Christians are expected to participate in at least some ascetic works , in response to the commandment of Christ to `` come , take up the cross , and follow me . '' ( Mark 10 : 21 and elsewhere ) They are therefore all called to imitate , in one way or another , Christ himself who denied himself to the extent of literally taking up the cross on the way to his voluntary self - sacrifice . However , laypeople are not expected to live in extreme asceticism since this is close to impossible while undertaking the normal responsibilities of worldly life .
Horseshoe
However , the term `` farrier '' implies a professional horseshoer with skill , education , and training . Some people who shoe horses are untrained or unskilled , and likely to do more harm than good for the horse . People who do not understand the horse 's foot will not trim the hoof correctly . This can cause serious problems for the animal , resulting in chronic lameness and damage to the hoof wall . Poor trimming will usually place the hoof at an incorrect angle , leave the foot laterally unbalanced and may cut too much off certain areas of the hoof wall , or trim too much of the frog or sole . Some horseshoers will rasp the hoof down to fit an improperly shaped or too - small size of shoe , which is damaging to the movement of the horse and can damage the hoof itself if trimmed or rasped too short . A poor horseshoer can also make mistakes in the shoeing process itself , not only quicking a horse , but also putting the shoe on crooked , using the wrong type of shoe for the job at hand , shaping the shoe improperly , or setting it on too far forward or back .
Nuclear fusion
Any of the reactions above can in principle be the basis of fusion power production . In addition to the temperature and cross section discussed above , we must consider the total energy of the fusion products E , the energy of the charged fusion products E , and the atomic number Z of the non-hydrogenic reactant .