vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Quadratic equation
Some sources , particularly older ones , use alternative parameterizations of the quadratic equation such as ax + 2bx + c = 0 or ax − 2bx + c = 0 , where b has a magnitude one half of the more common one , possibly with opposite sign . These result in slightly different forms for the solution , but are otherwise equivalent .
Areas of mathematics
Mathematics encompasses a growing variety and depth of subjects over history , and comprehension requires a system to categorize and organize the many subjects into more general areas of mathematics . A number of different classification schemes have arisen , and though they share some similarities , there are differences due in part to the different purposes they serve . In addition , as mathematics continues to be developed , these classification schemes must change as well to account for newly created areas or newly discovered links between different areas . Classification is made more difficult by some subjects , often the most active , which straddle the boundary between different areas .
Evidence of common descent
Oceanic islands are frequently inhabited by clusters of closely related species that fill a variety of ecological niches , often niches that are filled by very different species on continents . Such clusters , like the finches of the Galápagos , Hawaiian honeycreepers , members of the sunflower family on the Juan Fernandez Archipelago and wood weevils on St. Helena are called adaptive radiations because they are best explained by a single species colonizing an island ( or group of islands ) and then diversifying to fill available ecological niches . Such radiations can be spectacular ; 800 species of the fruit fly family Drosophila , nearly half the world 's total , are endemic to the Hawaiian islands . Another illustrative example from Hawaii is the silversword alliance , which is a group of thirty species found only on those islands . Members range from the silverswords that flower spectacularly on high volcanic slopes to trees , shrubs , vines and mats that occur at various elevations from mountain top to sea level , and in Hawaiian habitats that vary from deserts to rainforests . Their closest relatives outside Hawaii , based on molecular studies , are tarweeds found on the west coast of North America . These tarweeds have sticky seeds that facilitate distribution by migrant birds . Additionally , nearly all of the species on the island can be crossed and the hybrids are often fertile , and they have been hybridized experimentally with two of the west coast tarweed species as well . Continental islands have less distinct biota , but those that have been long separated from any continent also have endemic species and adaptive radiations , such as the 75 lemur species of Madagascar , and the eleven extinct moa species of New Zealand .
Boreal forest of Canada
Although there are rather few species of trees in the boreal forest , there is a considerable diversity of other kinds of plants . An accurate summary is difficult , since most compendia on plants are organized by political , rather than ecological boundaries ; one exception addresses the flora of the Hudson Bay Lowland , but much of this area is not forested . One portion of the boreal forest can be used to illustrate plant diversity ; consider the Flora of the Yukon . In this western part of the boreal forest , there are , for example 127 species of grass ( Poaceae ) , 118 species of Asteraceae , 115 species of sedge ( Cyperaceae ) , 93 species of crucifer ( Brassicaceae ) , 52 species of Rosaceae , 37 species of Saxifragaceae and 36 members of the snapdragon family ( Scrophulariaceae ) . Overall , the flora has 1112 species -- there are even 15 species of orchids . A
Semicircular canals
Findings from a 2009 study demonstrated a critical late role for BMP 2b in the morphogenesis of semicircular canals in the zebrafish inner ear . It is suspected that the role of bmp2 in semicircular canal duct outgrowth is likely to be conserved between different vertebrate species .
History of chemistry
There were several problems with alchemy , as seen from today 's standpoint . There was no systematic naming scheme for new compounds , and the language was esoteric and vague to the point that the terminologies meant different things to different people . In fact , according to The Fontana History of Chemistry ( Brock , 1992 ) :
Adaptive radiation
Another famous example is the cichlid fishes in lakes of the East African Rift . The lakes in this area are believed to support and sustain about 2,000 different species of these fish , each with different ecological and morphological characteristics such as body size . Like the Galápagos Islands , these lakes form a fragmented landscape that isolates the cichlid fish from one another , allowing them , and many of the organisms they live with , to evolve separately . The diversity of the lakes is in fact quite extraordinary because the adaptive radiations here are sometimes so young . One thing that has interested scientists about the cichlid fish case is the possibility of convergent evolution , or the evolution of analogous structures independently , driven by similar environmental selection pressures . However , quantitative studies on the convergent evolution of the cichlid fish are limited .
Bill (law)
In the United States , all bills originating in the House of Representatives begin with `` H.R. '' and all bills originating from the Senate begin with an `` S . '' . Every two years , at the start of odd - numbered years , the United States Congress recommences numbering from 1 , though for bills the House has an order reserving the first 20 bill numbers and the Senate has similar measures for the first 10 bills . Joint resolutions also have the same effect as bills , and are titled as `` H.J. Res . '' or `` S.J. Res . '' depending on whether they originated in the House or Senate , respectively . This means that two different bills can have the same number . Each two - year span is called a congress , tracking the terms of Representatives elected in the nationwide biennial House of Representatives elections , and each congress is divided into year - long periods called sessions .
Plant breeding
Sometimes many different genes can influence a desirable trait in plant breeding . The use of tools such as molecular markers or DNA fingerprinting can map thousands of genes . This allows plant breeders to screen large populations of plants for those that possess the trait of interest . The screening is based on the presence or absence of a certain gene as determined by laboratory procedures , rather than on the visual identification of the expressed trait in the plant . The purpose of marker assisted selection , or plant genomes analysis , is to identify the location and function ( phenotype ) of various genes within the genome . If all of the genes are identified it leads to Genome sequence . All plants have varying sizes and lengths of genomes with genes that code for different proteins , but many are also the same . If a gene 's location and function is identified in one plant species , a very similar gene likely can also be found in a similar location in another species genome .
Siberia
Tradition regards Siberia the archetypal home of shamanism , and polytheism is popular . These native sacred practices are considered by the tribes to be very ancient . There are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century . The vast territory of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods . These include : Ak Ana , Anapel , Bugady Musun , Kara Khan , Khaltesh - Anki , Kini'je , Ku'urkil , Nga , Nu'tenut , Numi - Torem , Numi - Turum , Pon , Pugu , Todote , Toko'yoto , Tomam , Xaya Iccita , Zonget . Places with sacred areas include Olkhon , an island in Lake Baikal .
African French
There are many different varieties of African French , but they can be broadly grouped into four categories :
Across the River and into the Trees
Hemingway worked on the book from 1949 to 1950 in four different places : he started writing during the winter of 1949 in Italy at Cortina D'Ampezzo ; continued upon his return home to Cuba ; finished the draft in Paris ; and completed revisions in Venice in the winter of 1950 .
Brown bear
There are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies as no one method is always effective . Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as `` formidable and confusing '' with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies . Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names . Generally genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone can not define a biological species . Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are ( or their Genetic distance ) . There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies , each with its own name , and this can become confusing ; Hall ( 1981 ) lists 86 different types and even as many as 90 have been proposed . However , recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears . As of 2005 , 16 extant or recently extinct subspecies are recognized by the general scientific community .
Adaptive radiation
Anolis lizards have been radiating widely in many different environments , including Central and South America , as well as the West Indies and experience great diversity of species just as the finches , cichlid fish , and silverswords . Studies have been done to determine whether radiations occur similarly for these lizards on the mainland as they do on the Caribbean islands or if differences can be observed in how they speciated . It has been observed that in fact , the radiations are very different , and ecological and morphological characteristics that these lizards developed as part of their speciation on the islands and on the mainland are unique . They have clearly evolved differently to the environments they inhabit . The environmental pressures on the Anolis lizards are not the same on the mainland as they are on the islands . There are significantly more predators preying on the Anolis lizards on the mainland . This is but one environmental difference . Other factors play a role in what sort of adaptive radiation will develop . Among the Caribbean islands , a larger perch diameter correlates with longer forelimbs , larger body mass , longer tails , and longer hind limbs . However , on the mainland , a larger perch diameter correlates with shorter tails . This shows that these lizards adapted differently to their environment depending on whether they were located on the mainland or the islands . These differing characteristics reconfirm that most of the adaptive radiation between the mainland and the islands occurred independently . On the islands specifically , species have adapted to certain `` microhabitats '' in which they require different morphological traits to survive . Irschick ( 1997 ) divides these microhabitats into six groups : `` trunk -- ground , trunk -- crown , grass -- bush , crown -- giant , twig , and trunk . '' Different groups of lizards would acquire traits for one of these particular areas that made them more specialized for survival in this microhabitat and not so much in others . Adaptive radiation allows species to acquire the traits they need to survive in these microhabitats and reduce competition to allow the survival of a greater number of organisms as seen in many of the examples before .
Bothrops asper
Bothrops species can be distinguished by their broad , flattened heads which are set apart from the rest of their bodies . The head of this snake is light to dark brown or even black . Although usually absent , it may have occipital blotches or streaks that range from indistinct to distinct . The underside is most often pale yellow . This species has different patterns and colors on its dorsal and ventral sides and it exhibits a postorbital stripe . The ventral side is yellow , cream , or a whitish gray , with dark blotches that are more frequent closer to the posterior end . Ventrolaterally , B. asper has interchanging gray scales which are more pale towards the medial line . Dark triangles with pale edges can be seen laterally , which range in number from 18 to 25 . Apices either alternate or are reflective of each other over the middorsal line . In the interspaces , there are dark , paravertebral blotches . Specimens may have a yellow zig - zag - shaped line on each side of the body . There is a great variety of colours on its dorsal side : olive , gray , light brown to dark brown , tan or sometimes nearly black . To prevent water loss where they occur in drier regions , this species has more scales . Colied
Germ cell
There are two mechanisms to establish the germ cell lineage in the embryo . The first way is called preformistic and involves that the cells destined to become germ cells inherit the specific germ cell determinants present in the germ plasm ( specific area of the cytoplasm ) of the egg ( ovum ) . The unfertilized egg of most animals is asymmetrical : different regions of the cytoplasm contain different amounts of mRNA and proteins .
Usual beginning
During Bright Week ( the week beginning on Easter Sunday ) the services are completely different from the rest of the year , and there is no usual beginning .
Geography of Asia
Indonesia to the southeast , a nation consisting of thousands of islands , adds a significant amount of territory to mainland Asia and extends the extreme Asian latitude further south . The geographic nature of the country raises such questions as whether the sea and the seabed count as Asia . The Australia -- Indonesia border is still being negotiated . Currently a 1997 treaty remains unratified . As there are questions of fishing rights in the waters and mineral rights in the seabed , two different boundaries are being negotiated , one for the water column and one for the seabed . The southernmost seabed boundary is 10 ° 50 ' S , the latitude of Point A3 , the Australia , Indonesia and Papua lokesh New Guinea common tripoint . The southernmost water column boundary is still further south at Point Z88 , 13 ° 56 ' 31.8 `` .
History of India
The Pallavas , during the 4th to 9th centuries were , alongside the Guptas of the North , great patronisers of Sanskrit development in the South of the Indian subcontinent . The Pallava reign saw the first Sankrit inscriptions in a script called Grantha . Early Pallavas had different connexions to Southeast Asian countries . The Pallavas used Dravidian architecture to build some very important Hindu temples and academies in Mamallapuram , Kanchipuram and other places ; their rule saw the rise of great poets . The practice of dedicating temples to different deities came into vogue followed by fine artistic temple architecture and sculpture style of Vastu Shastra .
Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars
Both stories depict societies consisting of multiple planets and species . The main galaxy in Star Trek consists of various planets , each inhabited by different species , united into a single state , the United Federation of Planets . Star Wars depicts a galaxy that is mostly part of a single state known as the Old Republic , inhabited by humans and countless other species , which later became the Galactic Empire and was again later reformed into a new society called the New Republic after a series of wars .
Planck's law
Different spectral variables require different corresponding forms of expression of the law . In general , one may not convert between the various forms of Planck 's law simply by substituting one variable for another , because this would not take into account that the different forms have different units . Wavelength and frequency units are reciprocal .
Malaysia
Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993 , and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994 . It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan , which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998 . The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism . It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world 's animal species . High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo 's mountains , as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest . There are about 210 mammal species in the country . Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia , with many endemic to the mountains there . A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo. 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country , with about 150 species of snakes and 80 species of lizards . There are about 150 species of frogs , and thousands of insect species . Malaysia 's exclusive economic zone is 1.5 times larger than its land area , and some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle , a biodiversity hotspot . The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world . Bordering East Malaysia , the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot , with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species . The unique biodiversity of Malaysian Caves always attracts lovers of ecotourism from all over the world .
State of matter
Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter . Superfluids ( like Fermionic condensate ) and the quark -- gluon plasma are examples .
Rainbow
Supernumerary rainbows can not be explained using classical geometric optics . The alternating faint bands are caused by interference between rays of light following slightly different paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops . Some rays are in phase , reinforcing each other through constructive interference , creating a bright band ; others are out of phase by up to half a wavelength , cancelling each other out through destructive interference , and creating a gap . Given the different angles of refraction for rays of different colours , the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of different colours , so each bright band is differentiated in colour , creating a miniature rainbow . Supernumerary rainbows are clearest when raindrops are small and of uniform size . The very existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first indication of the wave nature of light , and the first explanation was provided by Thomas Young in 1804 .
History of Calvinism
Reformed faith spread throughout Europe in the 16th century , with different character in different places . Calvinism was the dominant form of Protestantism in France . After a period of struggle Calvinists were officially tolerated there . Under the leadership of John Knox the Church of Scotland , which was Reformed , became the established church in Scotland . In the Netherlands , Calvinism also became the official established religion following a period of persecution . During the Reformation , Calvinism was the primary Protestant faith in Belgium but was eradicated in favor of the Counter-Reformation . Germany remained predominantly Lutheran during the 16th century , but Reformed worship was promoted intermittently by rulers in Electoral Palatinate , Margraviate of Brandenburg , and other German states . Reformed ideas also influenced Protestants in Eastern Europe , especially Hungary and Romania . The reform of the Church of England was also influenced by Reformed theologians , and remained so throughout the 16th century .
New trade theory
`` New '' new trade theory ( NNTT ) also needs new theoretical foundation . Melitz and his followers concentrate on empirical aspects and pay little interest on theoretical aspects of NNTT . Shiozawa 's new construction , or Ricardo - Sraffa trade theory , enables Ricardian trade theory to include choice of techniques . Thus the theory can treat a situation where there are many firms with different production processes . Based on this new theory , Fujimoto and Shiozawa analyze how different production sites , either of competing firms or of the same firms locating in the different countries , compete .
Smart city
Several concepts of the Smart city rely heavily on the use of technology ; a technological Smart City is not just one concept but there are different combinations of technological infrastructure that build a concept of smart city .
Computer
There are thousands of different programming languages -- some intended to be general purpose , others useful only for highly specialized applications .
Moth
Moths comprise a group of insects related to butterflies , belonging to the order Lepidoptera . Most lepidopterans are moths , and there are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth , many of which are yet to be described . Most species of moth are nocturnal , but there are also crepuscular and diurnal species .
Nervous system
Even in the nervous system of a single species such as humans , hundreds of different types of neurons exist , with a wide variety of morphologies and functions . These include sensory neurons that transmute physical stimuli such as light and sound into neural signals , and motor neurons that transmute neural signals into activation of muscles or glands ; however in many species the great majority of neurons participate in the formation of centralized structures ( the brain and ganglia ) and they receive all of their input from other neurons and send their output to other neurons . Glial
The Time Machine
Wells frequently stated that he had thought of using some of this material in a series of articles in the Pall Mall Gazette until the publisher asked him if he could instead write a serial novel on the same theme . Wells readily agreed and was paid £ 100 ( equal to about £ 11,000 today ) on its publication by Heinemann in 1895 , which first published the story in serial form in the January to May numbers of The New Review ( newly under the nominal editorship of W.E. Henley ) . Henry Holt and Company published the first book edition ( possibly prepared from a different manuscript ) on 7 May 1895 ; Heinemann published an English edition on 29 May . These two editions are different textually and are commonly referred to as the `` Holt text '' and `` Heinemann text '' , respectively . Nearly all modern reprints reproduce the Heinemann text .
Batmobile
Beginning in the 1990s , the number of comics featuring Batman mushroomed with spin - off titles , limited series , and graphic novels . At the same time , there was considerable experimentation with styles of illustration . With different illustration styles in so many different books , there was naturally a corresponding diversity of designs for the Batmobile . This has continued with designs for the Batmobile ranging from conservative and practical to highly stylized to outlandish .
Binomial nomenclature
By tradition , the binomial names of species are usually typeset in italics ; for example , Homo sapiens . Generally , the binomial should be printed in a font style different from that used in the normal text ; for example , `` Several more Homo sapiens fossils were discovered . '' When handwritten , each part of a binomial name should be underlined ; for example , Homo sapiens .
Primate
The transfer of females or males from their native group is likely an adaptation for avoiding inbreeding . An analysis of breeding records of captive primate colonies representing numerous different species indicates that the infant mortality of inbred young is generally higher than that of non-inbred young . This effect of inbreeding on infant mortality is probably largely a result of increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles ( see Inbreeding depression ) . Chimpanzees