vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of childhood
Other scholars have emphasized how medieval and early modern child rearing was not indifferent , negligent , nor brutal . Stressing the context of pre-industrial poverty and high infant mortality ( with a third or more of the babies dying ) , actual child - rearing practices represented appropriate behavior in the circumstances . He points to extensive parental care during sickness , and to grief at death , sacrifices by parents to maximize child welfare , and a wide cult of childhood in religious practice . In a few years , a huge part of the ' history ' of contemporary childhood will be children 's role as participants in networked and mediated online settings as a response to the ever - changing social world as the social media and these online settings provide an outlet to reclaim some of the agency and social power they commonly grapple with adults for . Playing
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 - present ) ' Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- present External links Official website www.bravotv.com/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce
Stepfamily
A child is referred to as the stepchild , stepdaughter or stepson of their biological parent 's new spouse , and that person as the stepparent , stepfather or stepmother of the child .
Pendulum
The English scientist Robert Hooke studied the conical pendulum around 1666 , consisting of a pendulum that is free to swing in two dimensions , with the bob rotating in a circle or ellipse . He used the motions of this device as a model to analyze the orbital motions of the planets . Hooke suggested to Isaac Newton in 1679 that the components of orbital motion consisted of inertial motion along a tangent direction plus an attractive motion in the radial direction . This played a part in Newton 's formulation of the law of universal gravitation . Robert Hooke was also responsible for suggesting as early as 1666 that the pendulum could be used to measure the force of gravity .
Clan Munro
In 1544 Robert Munro , 14th Baron of Foulis signed a bond of kindness and alliance with the chief of Clan Ross of Balnagowan . The Foulis Writs hint that in 1534 James V of Scotland was aware of the Munros as a fighting force . A little later in 1547 , Robert Munro , 14th Baron of Foulis `` with his friends and followers having gone to resist the English who invaded Scotland '' , was killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh . In 1549 , Donald Monro , Dean of the Isles , visited Finlaggan Castle , seat of the chiefs of Clan Donald .
Kingdom of England
In the Scottish case , the attractions were partly financial and partly to do with removing English trade sanctions put in place through the Alien Act 1705 . The English were more anxious about the royal succession . The death of William III in 1702 had led to the accession of his sister - in - law Anne to the thrones of England and Scotland , but her only surviving child had died in 1700 , and the English Act of Settlement 1701 had given the succession to the English crown to the Protestant House of Hanover . Securing the same succession in Scotland became the primary object of English strategic thinking towards Scotland . By 1704 , the Union of the Crowns was in crisis , with the Scottish Act of Security allowing for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch , which could in turn lead to an independent foreign policy during a major European war . The English establishment did not wish to risk a Stuart on the Scottish throne , nor the possibility of a Scottish military alliance with another power .
Taxation in the United States
A wide variety of tax credits may reduce income tax at the federal and state levels . Some credits are available only to individuals , such as the child tax credit for each dependent child , American Opportunity Tax Credit for education expenses , or the Earned Income Tax Credit for low income wage earners . Some credits , such as the Work Opportunity Tax Credit , are available to businesses , including various special industry incentives . A few credits , such as the foreign tax credit , are available to all types of taxpayers .
List of multilingual countries and regions
Canada is officially bilingual under the Official Languages Act and the Constitution of Canada that require the federal government to deliver services in both official languages . As well , minority language rights are guaranteed where numbers warrant . 56.9 % of the population speak English as their first language while 22.9 % are native speakers of French . The remaining population belong to some of Canada 's many immigrant populations or to the indigenous population . See Bilingualism in Canada The Canadian province of New Brunswick , with a large Acadian population ( 33 % French - speaking ) is officially bilingual . The Canadian province of Quebec , ( 7.9 % English - speaking ) Note : Although there is a relatively sizable English - speaking population in Quebec , French is the only official language of the provincial government . At the same time , certain functions in education are foreseen for English , Amerindian languages and Inuktitut , certain functions in legislative activities and judiciary - for English . Many government services are available in English and French . There are also significant French language minorities in the provinces of Manitoba , Nova Scotia , Ontario and Prince Edward Island . Though these provinces are not officially bilingual they do provide a number of services in French , Ontario has a particular French Language Services Act and Manitoba -- a French Language Services Policy , as well as a special law on recognition of seven indigenous languages In Newfoundland and Labrador , in the autonomous area of Nunatsiavut , English and Inuttut are co-official Nunavut is a Canadian territory with a population that is 85 % Inuit . According to Official Languages Act , its official languages are Inuit , English and French . Northwest Territories have Chipewyan , Cree , English , French , Gwich'in , Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun , North Slavey , South Slavey and Tåîchô as the official languages Yukon allows the use of Yukon languages in its legislative assembly , along French and English In many of Canada 's First Nations ' communities in the more isolated regions , aboriginal languages are retained . English and French are accepted in the community at the community elders ' discretion . In the 2006 Canadian census , information and questions are available in sixty - two languages , including eighteen First Nations languages .
Modem
In the 1,200 bit / s and faster systems , phase - shift keying was used . In this system the two tones for any one side of the connection are sent at similar frequencies as in the 300 bit / s systems , but slightly out of phase . Voiceband modems generally remained at 300 and 1,200 bit / s ( V. 21 and V. 22 ) into the mid-1980s . A V. 22bis 2,400 - bit / s system similar in concept to the 1,200 - bit / s Bell 212 signaling was introduced in the U.S. , and a slightly different one in Europe . The limited available frequency range meant the symbol rate of 1,200 bit / s modems was still only 600 baud ( symbols per second ) . The bit rate increases were achieved by defining four or eight distinct symbols , which allowed the encoding of two or three bits per symbol instead of only 1 . The use of smaller shifts had the drawback of making each symbol more vulnerable to interference , but improvements in phone line quality at the same time helped compensate for this . By the late 1980s , most modems could support all of these standards and 2,400 - bit / s operation was becoming common . Proprietary
William Tyndale
William Tyndale ( / ˈtɪndəl / ; sometimes spelled Tynsdale , Tindall , Tindill , Tyndall ; c. 1494 -- c. 6 October 1536 ) was an English scholar who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution . He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English . He was influenced by the work of Desiderius Erasmus , who made the Greek New Testament available in Europe , and by Martin Luther . A number of partial translations had been made from the seventh century onward , but the spread of Wycliffe 's Bible in the late 14th century led to the death penalty for anyone found in unlicensed possession of Scripture in English , although translations were available in all other major European languages .
Spanish language
The sound that corresponds to the letter ⟨ s ⟩ is pronounced in most of Spain as a voiceless `` apico - alveolar '' sibilant ( s̺ ) ( also described acoustically as `` grave '' and articulatorily as `` retracted '' ) , with a weak `` hushing '' sound reminiscent of retroflex fricatives . In most of Hispanic America ( except in the Paisa region of Colombia ) it is pronounced as a voiceless alveolar hissing sibilant ( s ) , much like the most frequent pronunciation of the / s / of English . Because / s / is one of the most frequent phonemes in Spanish , the difference of pronunciation is one of the first to be noted by a Spanish - speaking person to differentiate Spaniards from Spanish - speakers of the Americas . The phoneme / ʎ / spelled ⟨ ll ⟩ , palatal lateral consonant sometimes compared in sound to the sound of the ⟨ lli ⟩ of English million , tends to be maintained in less - urbanized areas of northern Spain and in highland areas of South America . Meanwhile , in the speech of most other Spanish - speakers , it is merged with / ʝ / ( `` curly - tail j '' ) , a non-lateral , usually voiced , usually fricative , palatal consonant , sometimes compared to English / j / ( yod ) as in yacht and spelled ⟨ y ⟩ in Spanish . As with other forms of allophony across world languages , the small difference of the spelled ⟨ ll ⟩ and the spelled ⟨ y ⟩ is usually not perceived ( the difference is not heard ) by people who do not produce them as different phonemes . Such a phonemic merger is called yeísmo in Spanish . In Rioplatense Spanish , the merged phoneme is generally pronounced as a postalveolar fricative , either voiced ( ʒ ) ( as in English measure or the French ⟨ j ⟩ ) in the central and western parts of the dialectal region ( zheísmo ) , or voiceless ( ʃ ) ( as in the French ⟨ ch ⟩ or Portuguese ⟨ x ⟩ ) in and around Buenos Aires and Montevideo ( sheísmo ) .
Official bilingualism in Canada
The rights attach to the parent , not the child , and non-citizens residing in Canada do not have access to this right ( even if their children are born in Canada ) . If the parents ' English - language or French - language education took place outside Canada , this does not entitle the child to be educated in that language . The right to receive public funding can only be exercised in localities where `` ... the number of children of citizens who have such a right is sufficient to warrant the provision to them out of public funds ... '' Ambiguous
Kidney
The Latin term renes is related to the English word `` reins '' , a synonym for the kidneys in Shakespearean English ( e.g. Merry Wives of Windsor 3.5 ) , which was also the time when the King James Version of the Bible was translated . Kidneys were once popularly regarded as the seat of the conscience and reflection , and a number of verses in the Bible ( e.g. Ps. 7 : 9 , Rev. 2 : 23 ) state that God searches out and inspects the kidneys , or `` reins '' , of humans , together with the heart . Similarly , the Talmud ( Berakhoth 61. a ) states that one of the two kidneys counsels what is good , and the other evil .
Child labour
British historian and socialist E.P. Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider ( waged ) labour market . Further , the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed . Social historian Hugh Cunningham , author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500 , notes that :
Child labour
Other scholars suggest that these arguments are flawed , ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good . According to them , child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty . If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive , informal economy , illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive . These will increase abuse of the children . In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia , Chad , Niger and Nepal - schools are not available , and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable . The alternatives for children who currently work , claim these studies , are worse : grinding subsistence farming , militia or prostitution . Child labour is not a choice , it is a necessity , the only option for survival . It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices . Nepali
Wales
A distinct education system has developed in Wales . Formal education before the 18th century was the preserve of the elite . The first grammar schools were established in Welsh towns such as Ruthin , Brecon and Cowbridge . One of the first successful schooling systems was started by Griffith Jones , who introduced the circulating schools in the 1730s ; believed to have taught half the country 's population to read . In the 19th century , with increasing state involvement in education , Wales was forced to adopt an education system that was English in ethos even though the country was predominantly Non-conformist , Welsh - speaking and demographically uneven because of the economic expansion in the south . In some schools , to ensure Welsh children spoke English at school , the Welsh Not was used ; a policy seen as a hated symbol of English oppression . The `` not '' , a piece of wood hung round the neck by string , was given to any child overheard speaking Welsh , who would pass it to a different child if overheard speaking Welsh . At the end of the day , the wearer of the `` not '' would be beaten . The extent of its practice , however , is difficult to determine . State and local governmental edicts resulted in schooling in the English language which , following Brad y Llyfrau Gleision ( the Treachery of the Blue Books ) , was seen as more academic and worthwhile for children .
Republic of Ireland
The Irish Constitution describes Irish as the `` national language '' , but English is the dominant language . In the 2006 census , 39 % of the population regarded themselves as competent in Irish . Irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west and south of the country , collectively known as the Gaeltacht . Except in Gaeltacht regions , road signs are usually bilingual . Most public notices and print media are in English only . While the state is officially bilingual , citizens can often struggle to access state services in Irish and most government publications are not available in both languages , even though citizens have the right to deal with the state in Irish . Irish language media include the TV channel TG4 , the radio station RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta and online newspaper Tuairisc.ie . In the Irish Defence Forces , all foot and arms drill commands are given in the Irish language .
Recursion (computer science)
Note the use of short - circuit evaluation of the Boolean && ( AND ) operators , so that the recursive call is only made if the node is valid ( non-Null ) . Note that while the first term in the AND is a pointer to a node , the second term is a bool , so the overall expression evaluates to a bool . This is a common idiom in recursive short - circuiting . This is in addition to the short - circuit evaluation of the Boolean ( OR ) operator , to only check the right child if the left child fails . In fact , the entire control flow of these functions can be replaced with a single Boolean expression in a return statement , but legibility suffers at no benefit to efficiency .
Dutch elm disease
In England the Conservation Foundation has begun propagating , distributing and planting clones of surviving indigenous elms , including field elms ( but not the highly susceptible English elm ) , as part of a scheme to return elms to city and countryside . The Foundation is currently running two elm programmes : the ' Great British Elm Experiment ' and ' Ulmus londinium ' , an elm programme for London -- these use saplings cultivated through micropropagation from mature parent elms found growing in the British countryside : parent trees are monitored for disease , while saplings are offered free to schools and community groups , who are asked to monitor their trees ' progress on the Foundation 's online elm map ; elms are available at a small price to others who do not qualify for a free tree ; in London , places with ' elm ' in their name are offered a sapling -- in an attempt to find out why some elms have survived while others succumbed to Dutch elm disease . The spread of DED to Scotland has focused attention on a small number of Wych elms U. glabra surviving in areas of high infectivity , prompting the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh to begin a programme of cloning of the trees and inoculation of their saplings with the fungus , with a view to determining innate resistance ( 2010 ) .
Morpheme
Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation but are semantically identical . For example , in English , the plural marker - ( e ) s of regular nouns can be pronounced / - z / , / - s / , or / - ɪz , - əz / , depending on the final sound of the noun 's Grammatical number singular form . For example , plural ending s ( as in bats ) , z ( as in bugs ) , iz ( as in buses ) .
Spanish language
The phoneme / θ / ( spelled c before e or i and spelled ⟨ z ⟩ elsewhere ) , a voiceless dental fricative as in English thing , is maintained by a majority of Spain 's population , especially in the northern and central parts of the country . In other areas ( some parts of southern Spain , the Canary Islands , and the Americas ) , / θ / is merged with / s / . The maintenance of phonemic contrast is called distinción in Spanish , while the merger is generally called seseo ( in reference to the usual realization of the merged phoneme as ( s ) ) or , occasionally , ceceo ( referring to its interdental realization , ( θ ) , in some parts of southern Spain ) . In most of Hispanic America , the spelled ⟨ c ⟩ before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ , and spelled ⟨ z ⟩ is always pronounced as a voiceless alveolar `` hissing '' sibilant . The debuccalization ( pronunciation as ( h ) , or loss ) of syllable - final / s / is associated with the southern half of Spain and lowland Americas : Central America ( except central Costa Rica and Guatemala ) , the Caribbean , coastal areas of southern Mexico , and South America except Andean highlands . Debuccalization is frequently called `` aspiration '' in English , and aspiración in Spanish . When there is no debuccalization , the syllable - final / s / is pronounced as voiceless `` apico - alveolar '' `` grave '' sibilant or as a voiceless alveolar `` hissing '' sibilant in the same fashion as in the next paragraph .
Nissan Maxima
It comes equipped with a revised version of the VQ35DE engine producing 290 hp ( 216 kW ) and 261 lb ⋅ ft ( 354 N ⋅ m ) of torque . A revised version of Nissan 's Xtronic CVT ( Continuously variable transmission ) with paddle shifting is the only transmission offered , with no manual or regular automatic available . A diesel version was expected to be released for the 2010 model year , although those plans were not realized . The new Maxima is offered in S and SV trims with several premium and technology packages available . The current Maxima 's design trades height and length for a sleeker styling , although the width has been increased slightly . The keyless ignition uses a push button to start and stop the engine . In the U.S. , the seventh generation Maxima went on sale in late June 2008 . The SkyView center glass was replaced by a retractable panoramic moonroof for A35 series Maxima .
Carmen Sandiego (video game series)
The intention of this game is to teach astronomy . The player flies in a rocket ship throughout the solar system , interrogating various alien lifeforms in order to solve the theft of an important part of the solar system ( e.g. Saturn 's rings ) . There was only a limited amount of fuel available for travel . So if the player did not ask the right questions on the right planets , or followed the wrong clues , the criminal ( s ) would get away , leaving the player to start anew with another crime . This version is somewhat similar to Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? . Kneemoi was introduced in this installment . Junior
Afrikaans
In 1976 , secondary - school pupils in Soweto began a rebellion in response to the government 's decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non-White schools ( with English continuing for the other half ) . Although English is the mother tongue of only 8.2 % of the population , it is the language most widely understood , and the second language of a majority of South Africans . Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces , several hundred kilometres from Soweto .
Gram-positive bacteria
Only some species have a capsule , usually consisting of polysaccharides . Also , only some species are flagellates , and when they do have flagella , have only two basal body rings to support them , whereas Gram - negative have four . Both Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria commonly have a surface layer called an S - layer . In Gram - positive bacteria , the S - layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer . Gram - negative bacteria 's S - layer is attached directly to the outer membrane ) . Specific to Gram - positive bacteria is the presence of teichoic acids in the cell wall . Some of these are lipoteichoic acids , which have a lipid component in the cell membrane that can assist in anchoring the peptidoglycan .
Tropical cyclone
where CAPE stands for the Convective Available Potential Energy , C A P E s ∗ ( \ displaystyle CAPE_ ( s ) ^ ( * ) ) is the CAPE of an air parcel lifted from saturation at sea level in reference to the environmental sounding , C A P E b ( \ displaystyle CAPE_ ( b ) ) is the CAPE of the boundary layer air , and both quantities are calculated at the radius of maximum wind . Characteristic
Dutch elm disease
Sir Thomas Browne , writing in 1658 , noted in The Garden of Cyrus an elm disease that was spreading through English hedgerows , and described symptoms reminiscent of DED .
Official bilingualism in Canada
In English Canada , there is some regional variation in attitudes towards federal bilingualism policy , but it is relatively modest when compared to the divergence between the views expressed by Quebecers and those expressed in the rest of the country . For example , in a poll conducted in 2000 , only 22 % of Quebecers agreed with the statement , `` We have gone too far in pushing bilingualism , '' while positive response rates in English Canada ranged from a low of 50 % in the Atlantic to a high of 65 % in the Prairies .