vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
St. Augustine, Florida
Bell tower on northeast bastion of the Castillo de San Marcos North bastions and wall of the Castillo , looking eastward toward Anastasia Island Seawall south of the Castillo The city gates of St. Augustine , built in 1808 , part of the much older Cubo Line The Government House . East wing of the building dates to the 18th - century structure built on original site of the colonial governor 's residence . Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Augustine Shrine of Our Lady of La Leche at Mission Nombre de Dios Statue of Ponce de León Memorial Presbyterian Church The former Hotel Alcazar now houses the Lightner Museum and City Hall Flagler College , formerly the Ponce de Leon Hotel Bridge of Lions , looking eastward to Anastasia Island Tolomato Cemetery
Special police
The 7th Special Police was a unit of the National Police Agency and later evolved into what is now the Republic of China Coast Guard .
USS Maine (ACR-1)
The Army Corps of Engineers built a cofferdam around Maine and pumped water out from inside it . By 30 June 1911 , Maine 's main deck was exposed . The ship forward of frame 41 was entirely destroyed ; a twisted mass of steel out of line with the rest of the hull , all that was left of the bow , bore no resemblance to a ship . The rest of the wreck was badly corroded . Army engineers dismantled the damaged superstructure and decks , which were then dumped at sea . About halfway between bow and stern , they built a concrete and wooden bulkhead to seal the after - section , then cut away what was left of the forward portion . Holes were cut in the bottom of the after - section , through which jets of water were pumped , to break the mud seal holding the ship , then plugged , with flood cocks , which would later be used for sinking the ship . Wreckage
Tower of London
Although he was rarely in London , Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower , costing £ 21,000 between 1275 and 1285 , over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign . Edward I was a seasoned castle builder , and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . At the Tower of London , Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line , creating a new enclosure . A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall . The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt , with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse . A new entrance was created , with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican . In an effort to make the castle self - sufficient , Edward I also added two watermills . Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278 , charged with coin clipping . Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion , forcing the Jews out of the country .
Foreign policy of the United States
American relations with the People 's Republic of China are quite strong , yet complex . A great amount of trade between the two countries necessitates positive political relations , although occasional disagreements over tariffs , currency exchange rates and the Political status of Taiwan do occur . Nevertheless , the United States and China have an extremely extensive partnership . The U.S. criticizes China on human rights issues and in recent years , China has criticized the United States on human rights in return .
2018 Commonwealth Games
On 31 March 2010 , a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota . Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami , and is undergoing a major face lift . The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China . The Mattala International Airport , which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota . A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built , which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup .
Tower Bridge
A partial replica of Tower Bridge has been built in the city of Suzhou in China . The replica differs from the original in having no lifting mechanism and having four separate towers .
Satellite
Afghanistan announced in April 2012 that it is planning to launch its first communications satellite to the orbital slot it has been awarded . The satellite Afghansat 1 was expected to be obtained by a Eutelsat commercial company in 2014 . Armenia in 2012 founded Armcosmos company and announced an intention to have the first telecommunication satellite ArmSat . The investments estimates as $250 million and country selecting the contractor for building within 4 years the satellite amongst Russia , China and Canada Cambodia 's Royal Group plans to purchase for $250 -- 350 million and launch in the beginning of 2013 the telecommunication satellite . Democratic Republic of the Congo ordered at November 2012 in China ( Academy of Space Technology ( CAST ) and Great Wall Industry Corporation ( CGWIC ) ) the first telecommunication satellite CongoSat - 1 which will be built on DFH - 4 satellite bus platform and will be launched in China till the end of 2015 . Croatia has a goal to construct a satellite by 2013 -- 2014 . Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider . Ethiopian Space Science Society planning the QB50 - family research CubeSat ET - SAT by help of Belgian Von Karman Institute till 2015 and the small ( 20 -- 25 kg ) Earth observation and remote sensing satellite Ethosat 1 by help of Finnish Space Technology and Science Group till 2019 . Ireland 's team of Dublin Institute of Technology intends to launch the first Irish satellite within European University program CubeSat QB50 . Jordan 's first satellite to be the private amateur pocketqube SunewnewSat . Kenyan University of Nairobi has plans to create the microsatellite KenyaSat by help of UK 's University of Surrey . Moldova 's first remote sensing satellite plans to start in 2013 by Space centre at national Technical University . Myanmar plans to purchase for $200 million the own telecommunication satellite . Nepal stated that planning to launch of own telecommunication satellite before 2015 by help of India or China . New Zealand 's private Satellite Opportunities company since 2005 plans to launch in 2010 or later a commercial satellite NZLSAT for $200 million .
Carthage
Carthage was built on a promontory with sea inlets to the north and the south . The city 's location made it master of the Mediterranean 's maritime trade . All ships crossing the sea had to pass between Sicily and the coast of Tunisia , where Carthage was built , affording it great power and influence . Two large , artificial harbors were built within the city , one for harboring the city 's massive navy of 220 warships and the other for mercantile trade . A walled tower overlooked both harbors . The city had massive walls , 37 km ( 23 mi ) in length , longer than the walls of comparable cities . Most of the walls were located on the shore , thus could be less impressive , as Carthaginian control of the sea made attack from that direction difficult . The 4.0 to 4.8 km ( 2.5 to 3 mi ) of wall on the isthmus to the west were truly massive and were never penetrated . The city had a huge necropolis or burial ground , religious area , market places , council house , towers , and a theater , and was divided into four equally sized residential areas with the same layout . Roughly in the middle of the city stood a high citadel called the Byrsa .
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
In the second half of the 11th century a fortified village was built higher up the hill by the Viscount Rostaing Béranger in the fiefdom of his brother , the bishop of Avignon . The wall of the present church building formed part of the fortification and the arrowslits in the clock tower are still visible . Two towers and other vestiges of these early fortifications have survived . The new village would have contained a suitable fortified residence for the bishop which is believed to have been located between the church and the site of the later castle .
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine named The Wolf of Wall Street as the third best film of 2013 , behind 12 Years a Slave and Gravity at numbers one and two , respectively . The movie was chosen as one of the top ten films of the year by the American Film Institute . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said `` it is the best and most enjoyable American film to be released this year . '' The Chicago Sun - Times 's Richard Roeper gave the film a `` B + '' score , saying the film was `` good , not great Scorsese '' .
Islamic architecture
The Great Mosque of Damascus ( completed in 715 by caliph Al - Walid I ) , built on the site of the basilica of John the Baptist after the Islamic invasion of Damascus , still bore great resemblance to 6th and 7th century Christian basilicas . Certain modifications were implemented , including expanding the structure along the transversal axis which better fit with the Islamic style of prayer .
Hoover Dam
As part of the contract , Six Companies , Inc. was to build Boulder City to house the workers . The original timetable called for Boulder City to be built before the dam project began , but President Hoover ordered work on the dam to begin in March 1931 rather than in October . The company built bunkhouses , attached to the canyon wall , to house 480 single men at what became known as River Camp . Workers with families were left to provide their own accommodations until Boulder City could be completed , and many lived in Ragtown . The site of Hoover Dam endures extremely hot weather , and the summer of 1931 was especially torrid , with the daytime high averaging 119.9 ° F ( 48.8 ° C ) . Sixteen workers and other riverbank residents died of heat prostration between June 25 and July 26 , 1931 . General
Gobi Desert
The Gobi Desert ( / ˈɡoʊ. bi / ) is a large desert region in Asia . It covers parts of northern and northwestern China , and of southern Mongolia . The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north , by the Taklamakan Desert to the west , by the Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to the southwest , and by the North China Plain to the southeast . The Gobi is notable in history as part of the great Mongol Empire , and as the location of several important cities along the Silk Road .
Spratly Islands dispute
There is no known official term for the projects ; the phrase `` great wall of sand '' was first used by Harry Harris , commander of the US Pacific Fleet , in March 2015 .
Causes of the Great Depression
In their 1963 book A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 , Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz laid out their case for a different explanation of the Great Depression . Essentially , the Great Depression , in their view , was caused by the fall of the money supply . Friedman and Schwartz write : `` From the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough in March 1933 , the stock of money fell by over a third . '' The result was what Friedman calls the `` Great Contraction '' -- a period of falling income , prices , and employment caused by the choking effects of a restricted money supply . Friedman and Schwartz argue that people wanted to hold more money than the Federal Reserve was supplying . As a result , people hoarded money by consuming less . This caused a contraction in employment and production since prices were not flexible enough to immediately fall . The Fed 's failure was in not realizing what was happening and not taking corrective action .
Nuclear weapon
Some scientists estimate that a nuclear war with 100 Hiroshima - size nuclear explosions on cities could cost the lives of tens of millions of people from long term climatic effects alone . The climatology hypothesis is that if each city firestorms , a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth , cutting out sunlight for years on end , causing the disruption of food chains , in what is termed a nuclear winter .
List of films considered the worst
Superman IV : The Quest for Peace was the last film in the Christopher Reeve series of Superman films , and co-starred Mark Pillow as the villain Nuclear Man . Despised by fans and critics alike , it is the lowest - grossing film in the series , only taking in $15,681,020 at the North American box office . Many critics pointed out the film 's poor screenplay , acting , and special effects ( such as a scene in which Superman repairs the Great Wall of China with his super-vision ) , while some have criticized it for its lack of attention to the comic book source material . Such special effects led Rita Kempley of The Washington Post to call it `` one of the cheesiest movies ever made '' . Film critic Jeffrey Lyles voiced similar hatred , claiming that the film `` is n't just one of the worst comic book films , it 's one of the worst films ever made '' . Currently , Superman IV holds a 12 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews . It appears on Empire 's list of the 50 worst movies of all time , as well as the MRQE 's 50 Worst Movies list . The film was nominated for two Razzies at the 8th Golden Raspberry Awards : Worst Supporting Actress ( Mariel Hemingway ) and Worst Visual Effects .
Grand Trunk Road
Sher Shah however remains the only mentioned person as the builder of what is now the complete stretch of GT Road , which was referred to as Shah Rah e Azam ( Urdu : شاہراہ اعظم ‬ ‎ or The Great Road ) . During his reign , Caravanserais were built and trees were planted along the entire stretch on both sides of the road to provide shade to travelers . Wells were also dug , especially along the Taxila section . The Mughuls later extended the road further east to Chittagong and west to Kabul and referred to the road as Sarak e Azam ( Urdu : سڑک اعظم ‬ ‎ , also meaning The Great Road ) .
Old City (Jerusalem)
During different periods , the city walls followed different outlines and had a varying number of gates . During the era of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem for instance , Jerusalem had four gates , one on each side . The current walls were built by Suleiman the Magnificent , who provided them with six gates ; several older gates , which had been walled up before the arrival of the Ottomans , were left as they were . As to the previously sealed Golden Gate , Suleiman at first opened and rebuilt it , but then walled it up again as well . The number of operational gates increased to seven after the addition of the New Gate in 1887 ; a smaller eighth one , the Tanners ' Gate , has been opened for visitors after being discovered and unsealed during excavations in the 1990s . The sealed historic gates comprise four that are at least partially preserved ( the double Golden Gate in the eastern wall , and the Single , Triple , and Double Gates in the southern wall ) , with several other gates discovered by archaeologists of which only traces remain ( the Gate of the Essenes on Mount Zion , the gate of Herod 's royal palace south of the citadel , and the vague remains of what 19th - century explorers identified as the Gate of the Funerals ( Bab al - Jana'iz ) or of al - Buraq ( Bab al - Buraq ) south of the Golden Gate ) .
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
In December 2013 , before the film 's premiere , the organization Friends of Animals criticized the use of the chimpanzee and organized a boycott of the film . Variety reported , `` Friends of Animals thinks the chimp ... suffered irreversible psychological damage after being forced to act . '' The Guardian said , `` Criticism of The Wolf of Wall Street 's use of a chimpanzee arrives as Hollywood comes under ever - increasing scrutiny for its employment of animals on screen , '' referring to a November 2013 report in The Hollywood Reporter that was critical of the American Humane Association 's treatment of animals in films . PETA also launched a campaign to highlight mistreatment of ape `` actors '' and to petition for DiCaprio not to work with great apes .
Tower of London
As a result of Henry 's expansion , St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower , was incorporated into the castle . Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows , and stalls for himself and his queen . It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period , although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century . Immediately west of Wakefield Tower , the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall , and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames . It was a simple structure , protected by a portcullis and gate . The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century , as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower . Between 1339 and 1341 , a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers . During the Tudor period , a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward . The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . In 1663 just over £ 4,000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward . Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688 , on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841 . The Waterloo Block , a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details , was built on the site and remains to this day , housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor .
Cell wall
The apparent rigidity of the cell wall thus results from inflation of the cell contained within . This inflation is a result of the passive uptake of water .
The Tortilla Curtain
The Mossbachers , Delaney 's family , are also having problems of their own , though of an altogether different nature . Comfortably settled in their new home , in a gated community , they are faced with the cruelty of nature when one of their two pet dogs is killed by a coyote . In addition , the majority of inhabitants of their exclusive estate feel increasingly disturbed and threatened by the presence of -- as they see it -- potentially criminal , illegal immigrants and vote for a wall to be built around the whole estate .
The Great Gatsby (2013 film)
The home of Nick Carraway was conceived as an intimate cottage , in contrast with the grandeur of the neighboring Gatsby mansion . Objects chosen adhered to a central theme of what the designers saw as classic Long Island . The architecture conjures American Arts and Crafts , with Gustav Stickley - type furnishings inside and an Adirondack - style swing out .
Nasal cavity
Nasal cavity Nasal cavity Nose and nasal cavities Normal Nose CT Front cross section Coronal section of nasal cavities . Anatomy of the nasal cavity The skull from the front . Left orbicularis oculi , seen from behind . Lateral wall of nasal cavity . Lateral wall of nasal cavity . ( Conchae removed to reveal openings in wall . ) Medial wall ( septum ) of nasal cavity . Nerves of the wall of the nasal cavity Nasal cavity
Separation of church and state in the United States
While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . ''
Mycenaean Greece
The most famous project of the Mycenaean era was the network of roads in the Peloponnese . This appears to have facilitated the speedy deployment of troops -- for example , the remnants of a Mycenaean road , along with what appears to have been a Mycenaean defensive wall on the Isthmus of Corinth . The Mycenaean era saw the zenith of infrastructure engineering in Greece , and this appears not to have been limited to the Argive plain .
Cockney
The traditional core districts of the East End are Bethnal Green , Whitechapel , Spitalfields , Stepney , Wapping , Limehouse , Poplar , Clerkenwell , Aldgate , Shoreditch , Millwall , Cubitt Town , Hackney , Hoxton , Bow and Mile End . `` The Borough '' to the south of Waterloo , London and Tower Bridge were also considered cockney before redevelopment all but extinguished the local working - class areas , and now Bermondsey is the only cockney area south of the River Thames , although Pearly Kings and Queens can be found as far out as Peckham and Penge . The area north of the Thames gradually expanded to include East Ham , Stratford , West Ham and Plaistow as more land was built upon . The Becontree estate was built by the Corporation of London to house poor residents of London 's East End on what was previously a rural area of Essex , and Peter Wright wrote that most of the residents identified as cockneys rather than as Essex folk .
Eiffel Tower
Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude .
Karachi
Karachi will be the terminus of the under construction M - 9 motorway , which will connect Karachi to Hyderabad . The road is being constructed as part of a much larger motorway network under construction as part of the expansive China Pakistan Economic Corridor . From Hyderabad , motorways have been built , or are being constructed , to provide high - speed road access to the northern Pakistani cities of Peshawar and Mansehra 1,100 kilometres ( 680 miles ) to the north of Karachi .
Treaty of Versailles
Many in China felt betrayed as the German territory in China was handed to Japan . Wellington Koo refused to sign the treaty and the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles at the signing ceremony . The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China like the May 4th movement and the fall of the nascent Chinese Republic 's government and poisoned relations with the West . There was immense dissatisfaction with Duan Qirui 's government , which had secretly negotiated with the Japanese in order to secure loans to fund their military campaigns again the south .