vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
New Zealand
New Zealand 's geographic isolation for 80 million years and island biogeography has influenced evolution of the country 's species of animals , fungi and plants . Physical isolation has not caused biological isolation , and this has resulted in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species . About 82 % of New Zealand 's indigenous vascular plants are endemic , covering 1,944 species across 65 genera and includes a single endemic family . The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand , including lichen - forming species , is not known , nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic , but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen - forming fungi in New Zealand and 40 % of these are endemic . The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent podocarps , or by southern beech in cooler climates . The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands , the majority of which are tussock .
Speed limits in the United States
In addition to the legally defined maximum speed , minimum speed limits may be applicable . Occasionally , there are default minimum speed limits for certain types of roads , generally freeways .
Striated muscle tissue
Striated muscle tissue is a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres , in contrast with smooth muscle tissue which does not . The presence of sarcomeres manifests as a series of bands visible along the muscle fibers , which is responsible for the striated appearance observed in microscopic images of this tissue . There are 3 types of striated muscles :
HTML
HTML defines several data types for element content , such as script data and stylesheet data , and a plethora of types for attribute values , including IDs , names , URIs , numbers , units of length , languages , media descriptors , colors , character encodings , dates and times , and so on . All of these data types are specializations of character data .
Anti-lock braking system
Anti-lock brakes are the subject of some experiments centred around risk compensation theory , which asserts that drivers adapt to the safety benefit of ABS by driving more aggressively . In a Munich study , half a fleet of taxicabs was equipped with anti-lock brakes , while the other half had conventional brake systems . The crash rate was substantially the same for both types of cab , and Wilde concludes this was due to drivers of ABS - equipped cabs taking more risks , assuming that ABS would take care of them , while the non-ABS drivers drove more carefully since ABS would not be there to help in case of a dangerous situation .
Nuclear weapon
Different forms of nuclear weapons delivery ( see above ) allow for different types of nuclear strategies . The goals of any strategy are generally to make it difficult for an enemy to launch a pre-emptive strike against the weapon system and difficult to defend against the delivery of the weapon during a potential conflict . This can mean keeping weapon locations hidden , such as deploying them on submarines or land mobile transporter erector launchers whose locations are difficult to track , or it can mean protecting weapons by burying them in hardened missile silo bunkers . Other components of nuclear strategies included using missile defenses to destroy the missiles before they land , or implementing civil defense measures using early - warning systems to evacuate citizens to safe areas before an attack .
Neuron
The conduction of nerve impulses is an example of an all - or - none response . In other words , if a neuron responds at all , then it must respond completely . Greater intensity of stimulation does not produce a stronger signal but can produce a higher frequency of firing . There are different types of receptor responses to stimuli , slowly adapting or tonic receptors respond to steady stimulus and produce a steady rate of firing . These tonic receptors most often respond to increased intensity of stimulus by increasing their firing frequency , usually as a power function of stimulus plotted against impulses per second . This can be likened to an intrinsic property of light where to get greater intensity of a specific frequency ( color ) there have to be more photons , as the photons ca n't become `` stronger '' for a specific frequency .
National identification number
None of these numbers are commonly used for other than their specific purpose , nor is such ( ab ) use legal . German identity documents do not contain any of the mentioned numbers , only a document number . People are not expected to know their number when dealing with an authority , so there are some troubles about people being mismatched .
2 Fast 2 Furious
Principal photography began in the fall of 2002 , and Matthew F. Leonetti served as the director of photography . Filming was done mostly in various parts of Florida such as Miami Beach , Seven Mile Bridge , and Homestead Air Force Base . Hauser 's character 's mansion was shot in Coral Gables , which was owned by Sylvester Stallone .
Lincoln Memorial
Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital visual effects , due to restrictive filming rules . As of 2017 , according to the National Park Service , `` Filming / photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial . ''
Overview of gun laws by nation
The legislation which restricts small arms may also restrict other weapons , such as explosives , crossbows , swords , electroshock weapons , air guns , and pepper spray . It may also restrict firearm accessories , notably high - capacity magazines and sound suppressors . There may be restrictions on the quantity or types of ammunition purchased , with certain types prohibited . Due to the global scope of this article , detailed coverage can not be provided on all these matters ; the article will instead attempt to briefly summarize each country 's weapon laws in regard to small arms use and ownership by civilians .
Dental anesthesia
This anaesthesia technique that can be useful in the maxilla intra-orally when infiltration is not effective or multiple sites or large area of anaesthesia is required at a time . There are different types of regional block techniques specifically used in dentistry to achieve dental anaesthesia in required areas within the maxilla .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Despite the lack of a ballcourt , ball games were not unknown there . The murals of the Tepantitla compound at Teotihuacan show a number of small scenes that seem to portray various types of ball games , including :
Colonies in antiquity
There were two similar types of colony , one known as an ἀποικία - apoikia ( pl. : ἀποικίαι , apoikiai ) and the other as an ἐμπόριov - emporion ( pl. : ἐμπόρια , emporia ) . The first type of colony was a city - state on its own ; the second was a Greek trading - colony .
Depoe Bay Whale Watching Center
Approximately 20,000 whales migrate southward past the center from mid-December to end of January each year . The same number migrate northward , but are distributed throughout mid-March through the first week of June . Gray whales are the most commonly sighted whales year round along the Oregon Coast . Prime viewing is during the migration seasons of December through January , and March through June . July will bring summer feeding whales with peak viewing August through October . Summer is when the whales are the closest to shore making them easier to watch . Other types of whales observed are humpbacks , minkes , orca , and sometimes sperm and blue whale . There are approximately 2500 unique whale individuals observed from the center each year .
Returns to scale
The laws of returns to scale are a set of three interrelated and sequential laws : Law of Increasing Returns to Scale , Law of Constant Returns to Scale , and Law of Diminishing returns to Scale . If output increases by that same proportional change as all inputs change then there are constant returns to scale ( CRS ) . If output increases by less than that proportional change in inputs , there are decreasing returns to scale ( DRS ) . If output increases by more than the proportional change in inputs , there are increasing returns to scale ( IRS ) . A firm 's production function could exhibit different types of returns to scale in different ranges of output . Typically , there could be increasing returns at relatively low output levels , decreasing returns at relatively high output levels , and constant returns at one output level between those ranges .
Italian language
There are both indefinite and definite articles in Italian . There are four indefinite articles , which vary based on the gender and first letter of the noun they modify . Uno is used before a masculine singular noun beginning with z , s + consonant , gn , or ps . Un is used before masculine singular nouns beginning with any other letters . Una is used before a feminine singular noun beginning with any consonant . Un ' is used before a feminine singular noun beginning with any vowel . There are seven definite articles , both singular and plural . In the singular : lo , which corresponds to the uses of uno ; il , which corresponds to the uses of un , la , which corresponds to the uses of una ; l ' , used before both masculine and feminine nouns and corresponds to un ' in the feminine and un in the masculine . In the plural : gli , the plural of lo and l ' ; i , the plural of il ; and le , the plural of la and l ' . If an adjective also precedes the noun , the article used corresponds with the adjective .
Italian language
There are 27 pronouns , grouped in clitic and tonic pronouns . Personal pronouns are separated into three groups : subject , object ( which take the place of both direct and indirect objects ) , and reflexive . Second person subject pronouns have both a polite and a familiar form . These two different types of address are very important in Italian social distinctions . All object pronouns have two forms : stressed and unstressed . Unstressed object pronouns are much more frequently used , and come before the verb . Stressed object pronouns come after the verb , and are used when emphasis is required or to avoid ambiguity . Aside from personal pronouns , Italian also has demonstrative , interrogative , possessive , and relative pronouns . There are two types of demonstrative pronouns : relatively near ( this ) and relatively far ( that ) . Demonstratives in Italian are repeated before each noun , unlike in English .
Japanese swordsmithing
In addition to folding the steel , high quality Japanese swords are also composed of various distinct sections of different types of steel . This manufacturing technique uses different types of steel in different parts of the sword to accentuate the desired characteristics in various parts of the sword beyond the level offered by differential heat treatment .
High- and low-level
Due to the nature of complex systems , the high - level description will often be completely different from the low level one . For example , there are features to an ant colony that are not features of any individual ant ; features of the human mind that are not known to be descriptive of individual neurons in the brain , features of oceans which are not features of any individual water molecule , and features to a human personality that are not features of any cell in a body . The descriptions of these differ depending at what level they are studied . Features which emerge only at a high level of description are known as epiphenomena .
Hindu temple
Ancient Indian texts call the craftsmen and builders of temples as ' ' Silpin ' ' ( Sanskrit : शिल्पिन् ) , derived from ' ' Silpa ' ' . One of earliest mentions of Sanskrit word Silpa is in Atharvaveda , from about 1000 BC , which scholars have translated as any work of art . Other scholars suggest that the word Silpa has no direct one word translation in English , nor does the word ' ' Silpin ' ' . Silpa , explains Stella Kramrisch , is a multicolored word and incorporates art , skill , craft , ingenuity , imagination , form , expression and inventiveness of any art or craft . Similarly a Shilpin , notes Kramrisch , is a complex Sanskrit word , describing any person who embodies art , science , culture , skill , rhythm and employs creative principles to produce any divine form of expression . Silpins who built Hindu temples , as well as the art works and sculpture within them , were considered by the ancient Sanskrit texts to deploy arts whose number are unlimited , Kala ( techniques ) that were 64 in number , and Vidya ( science ) that were of 32 types .
Trinity Western University
Approximately 80 % of undergraduates enrolled self - identify as Christian . There are many Christian clubs , organizations , and ministries on campus . There is no compulsory participation in any religious liturgies . Students and clubs of other religious denominations are welcomed and supported . Nearly every resident hall has a Chaplain in residence . In the morning on every weekday there is Chapel , at which attendance is voluntary , and communion is offered each Friday . Within the university Core , students are required four terms of Religious Studies . One term is allotted to a Survey of the Old Testament , and one to a Survey of the New Testament . Another term must be a class in Religious and Cultural studies . Northwest
Justice of the peace
In addition to the lay justices , there are a small number of district judges , formerly known as stipendiary magistrates . These are legally qualified , full - time members of the magistracy and hear cases alone , without any other magistrates on the bench . It is important to distinguish the district judge ( magistrates ' court ) from the district judges who usually sit in the county court .
Overview of gun laws by nation
Once obtained , firearms must be stored in a safe and annually inspected by police . Firearms may only be used in self - defense as a matter of `` equal force '' . Fully automatic firearms are banned , but there are otherwise few restrictions : semi-automatics , handguns , and magazines of all sizes are legal , as are all types of ammunition . A licensed gun owner may only have five firearms registered to his or her license at one time . Poland
Atom
In the early 1800s , John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers ( the law of multiple proportions ) . For instance , there are two types of tin oxide : one is 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen and the other is 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . This means that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen . 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 , a ratio of small whole numbers . This common pattern in chemistry suggested to Dalton that elements react in whole number multiples of discrete units -- in other words , atoms . In the case of tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms .
Brown bear
There are an average of two fatal attacks by bears per year in North America . In Scandinavia , there are only four known cases since 1902 of bear encounters which have resulted in death . The two most common causes for bear attack are surprise and curiosity . Some types of bears , such as polar bears , are more likely to attack humans when searching for food , while American black bears are much less likely to attack . Despite their boldness and potential for predation if the bear is hungry , polar bears rarely attack humans because they are infrequently encountered in the Arctic sea .
Elk
The introduction of deer to New Zealand began in the middle of the 19th century , and current populations are primarily European red deer , with only 15 percent being elk . There is significant hybridization of elk with the more numerous red deer to the extent that pure elk may no longer exist in the wild in New Zealand . These deer have had an adverse impact on forest regeneration of some plant species , as they consume more palatable species which are replaced with those that are less favored by the elk . The long - term impact will be an alteration of the types of plants and trees found , and in other animal and plant species dependent upon them . As in Chile and Argentina , the IUCN has declared that red deer and elk populations in New Zealand are an invasive species .
Gupta Empire
Although , the narrative of the Devichandragupta is not supported by any contemporary epigraphical evidence , the historicity of Rama Gupta is proved by his Durjanpur inscriptions on three Jaina images , where he is mentioned as the Maharajadhiraja . A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the Eran - Vidisha region and classified in five distinct types , which include the Garuda , Garudadhvaja , lion and border legend types . The Brahmi legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style . In the opinion of art historian Dr. R.A. Agarawala , D. Litt. , Rama Gupta may be the eldest son of Samudragupta . He became king because of being the eldest . It is possible that he was dethroned because of being considered unfit to rule , and his younger brother Chandragupta II took over .
Payment card
An ATM card ( known under a number of names ) is any card that can be used in automated teller machines ( ATMs ) for transactions such as deposits , cash withdrawals , obtaining account information , and other types of transactions , often through interbank networks . Cards may be issued solely to access ATMs , and most debit or credit cards may also be used at ATMs , but charge and proprietary cards can not .
Parking meter
More modern parking meters are generically called multispace meters ( as opposed to single space meters ) and control multiple spaces per block ( typically 8 - 12 ) or lot ( unlimited ) . While with these meters the parker may have to walk several car lengths to the meter , there are significant benefits in terms of customer service , performance and efficiency . Multispace meters incorporate more customer - friendly features such as on - screen instructions and acceptance of credit cards for payment -- no longer do drivers have to have pockets full of coins . While they still may be prone to coin jams and other types of vandalism , most of these meters are wireless and can report problems immediately to maintenance staff , who can then fix the meters so that they are not out of service for very long .
Fuel cell
The theoretical maximum efficiency of any type of power generation system is never reached in practice , and it does not consider other steps in power generation , such as production , transportation and storage of fuel and conversion of the electricity into mechanical power . However , this calculation allows the comparison of different types of power generation . The maximum theoretical energy efficiency of a fuel cell is 83 % , operating at low power density and using pure hydrogen and oxygen as reactants ( assuming no heat recapture ) According to the World Energy Council , this compares with a maximum theoretical efficiency of 58 % for internal combustion engines .
Nervous system
The brains of many molluscs and insects also contain substantial numbers of identified neurons . In vertebrates , the best known identified neurons are the gigantic Mauthner cells of fish . Every fish has two Mauthner cells , located in the bottom part of the brainstem , one on the left side and one on the right . Each Mauthner cell has an axon that crosses over , innervating neurons at the same brain level and then travelling down through the spinal cord , making numerous connections as it goes . The synapses generated by a Mauthner cell are so powerful that a single action potential gives rise to a major behavioral response : within milliseconds the fish curves its body into a C - shape , then straightens , thereby propelling itself rapidly forward . Functionally this is a fast escape response , triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging on the lateral line organ of the fish . Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish -- there are about 20 more types , including pairs of `` Mauthner cell analogs '' in each spinal segmental nucleus . Although a Mauthner cell is capable of bringing about an escape response individually , in the context of ordinary behavior other types of cells usually contribute to shaping the amplitude and direction of the response .
Official bilingualism in Canada
In addition to English and French , the Northwest Territories accords official status to nine aboriginal languages ( Chipewyan , Cree , Gwich'in , Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun , North Slavey , South Slavey and Tłįchǫ or Dogrib ) . NWT residents have the right to use any of the territory 's eleven official languages in a territorial court and in debates and proceedings of the legislature . However , laws are legally binding only in their French and English versions , and the government publishes laws and other documents in the territory 's other official languages only when asked by the legislature . Furthermore , access to services in any language is limited to institutions and circumstances where there is significant demand for that language or where it is reasonable to expect it given the nature of the services requested . In practice , this means that only English language services are universally available , and there is no guarantee that any particular government service will use other languages except the courts . Following a 2006 court ruling , universal French - language services are also mandatory .
List of poker hands
Five of a kind is a poker hand containing five cards of the same rank , such as 3 ♥ 3 3 ♣ 3 ♠ 3 ( `` five of a kind , threes '' ) . It ranks above a straight flush but is only possible when using one or more wild cards , as there are only four cards of each rank in a standard 52 - card deck . A five of a kind becomes possible when a joker is added to the deck as a bug , a form of wild card that may either act as a fifth ace or be used to complete any straight , flush or straight flush . Under these rules , the only possible five of a kind is five aces , A ♥ A A ♣ A ♠ Jkr . Other wild card rules allow jokers or other designated wild cards to represent any card in the deck , enabling the formation of five of a kind of any rank .
Stress (linguistics)
These particular distinguishing features of stress , or types of prominence in which particular features are dominant , are sometimes referred to as particular types of accent -- dynamic accent in the case of loudness , pitch accent in the case of pitch ( although this term usually has more specialized meanings ) , quantitative accent in the case of length , and qualitative accent in the case of differences in articulation . These can be compared to the various types of accent in music theory . In some contexts , the term stress or stress accent is used to mean specifically dynamic accent ( or as an antonym to pitch accent in its various meanings ) .
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened , membrane - enclosed sacs or tube - like structures known as cisternae . The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane . The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cells , but is absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa . There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum : rough and smooth . The outer ( cytosolic ) face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis . The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes . The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism , the production of steroid hormones , and detoxification . The smooth ER is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells . The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 using electron microscopy .