vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Consciousness
The two most widely accepted altered states are sleep and dreaming . Although dream sleep and non-dream sleep appear very similar to an outside observer , each is associated with a distinct pattern of brain activity , metabolic activity , and eye movement ; each is also associated with a distinct pattern of experience and cognition . During ordinary non-dream sleep , people who are awakened report only vague and sketchy thoughts , and their experiences do not cohere into a continuous narrative . During dream sleep , in contrast , people who are awakened report rich and detailed experiences in which events form a continuous progression , which may however be interrupted by bizarre or fantastic intrusions . Thought processes during the dream state frequently show a high level of irrationality . Both dream and non-dream states are associated with severe disruption of memory : it usually disappears in seconds during the non-dream state , and in minutes after awakening from a dream unless actively refreshed .
List of The League of Gentlemen characters
The couple 's piggy noses may have something to do with the family 's bestiality towards pigs meaning that the reason for their strange noses are genetic . This is implied in the second episode of the first series where Tubbs is shown breast - feeding a piglet . The noses , and Edward 's appearance in particular , may also be indicative of congenital syphilis . Their ages are unknown with certainty ; the Series 1 DVD biographies claim that Edward is 84 years old and Tubbs is 33 ( which is almost impossible given they share the same mother and have an adult son ) . The audio commentaries note a time in the 16th century when Tubbs betrayed Edward and that the couple got married in the 14th century , making them both over 700 years old .
Sleeping positions
Feng shui also factors in the configuration of the bedroom in the positioning of the bed . In Islamic culture , some sleep positions are encouraged while others are discouraged based on the practice ( Sunnah ) and recommendations of Muhammad . Thus , many Muslims sleep on their right side , particularly , in the initial part of sleep . Muhammad said , `` Whenever you go to bed , perform ablution like that for the prayer , and lie on your right side '' ( SM 2710 ) . In description of the sleep of Muhammad , a Hadith states , `` When the Prophet wants to go to sleep , he puts his right hand under his cheek '' ( SM 2713 ) . Modern scientific studies have suggested a beneficial effect of right lateral decubitus position on the heart . In particular , one study assessed the autonomic effect of three sleep positions ( supine , left lateral decubitus , and right lateral decubitus ) in healthy subjects using spectral heart rate variability analysis . The results indicated that cardiac vagal activity was greatest when subjects were in the right lateral decubitus position .
Sleep
The quality of sleep may be evaluated from an objective and a subjective point of view . Objective sleep quality refers to how difficult it is for a person to fall asleep and remain in a sleeping state , and how many times they wake up during a single night . Poor sleep quality disrupts the cycle of transition between the different stages of sleep . Subjective sleep quality in turn refers to a sense of being rested and regenerated after awaking from sleep . A study by A. Harvey et al. ( 2002 ) found that insomniacs were more demanding in their evaluations of sleep quality than individuals who had no sleep problems .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
The pond soon becomes an ocean . Max , still in his wolf suit , eventually reaches an island . There , he stumbles upon a group of seven large , monstrous creatures . One of them , Carol , is in the middle of a destructive tantrum ( caused by the departure of a female Wild Thing named K.W. ) while the others attempt to stop him . As Carol wreaks havoc Max tries to join in on the mayhem , but soon finds himself facing the suspicious anger of the Wild Things . When they contemplate eating him , Max convinces them that he is a king with magical powers capable of bringing harmony to the group . They crown him as their new king . Shortly after , K.W. returns and Max declares a wild rumpus , in which the Wild Things smash trees and tackle each other .
Australian Army during World War II
In order to be able to move troops to the front in New Guinea more rapidly , to acclimatise them during the process , and to allow more realistic training of large formations in jungle and mountainous but malaria - free terrain , Blamey decided to establish a training and staging area on the Atherton Tableland in November 1942 . Eventually , accommodation was provided there for 70,000 troops . As divisions returned from tours of duty in New Guinea in 1943 and 1944 , they were sent to Atherton for anti-malaria treatment . The men then went on leave , after which they returned to Atherton where training was conducted before staging and departing again .
Land of Nod
Nod is the name of a 2012 novel by Adrian Barnes in which humanity stops being able to sleep . The title refers both to the Land of Sleep and the place described in the Bible .
Sleep
Awakening can mean the end of sleep , or simply a moment to survey the environment and readjust body position before falling back asleep . Sleepers typically awaken soon after the end of a REM phase or sometimes in the middle of REM . Internal circadian indicators , along with successful reduction of homeostatic sleep need , typically bring about awakening and the end of the sleep episode . Awakening involves heightened electrical activation in the brain , beginning with the thalamus and spreading throughout the cortex .
Sleeping with the Enemy (The Simpsons)
Marge thinks her children do n't appreciate her anymore , so when she finds Nelson eating tadpoles from a fountain at the zoo she decides to become a mother figure in his life and spend some quality time with him . She brings Nelson home and pays him to do some chores . Nelson 's mother finds this out and does not want Marge giving them any `` charity '' . Later that night , Nelson 's mom has left town , and Nelson , having no place else to go , decides to stay with the Simpsons . Marge lets him sleep in Bart 's room , forcing Bart to sleep on the floor , underneath his bed .
Neolithic Revolution
Selectively propagated figs , wild barley and wild oats were cultivated at the early Neolithic site of Gilgal I , where in 2006 archaeologists found caches of seeds of each in quantities too large to be accounted for even by intensive gathering , at strata datable to c. 11,000 years ago . Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in the Ancient Near East , at sites like Gilgal , were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world .
Rapid eye movement sleep
REM sleep is `` paradoxical '' because of its similarities to wakefulness . Although the body is paralyzed , the brain acts somewhat awake , with cerebral neurons firing with the same overall intensity as in wakefulness . Electroencephalography during REM deep sleep reveal fast , low amplitude , desynchronized neural oscillation ( brainwaves ) that resemble the pattern seen during wakefulness which differ from the slow δ ( delta ) waves pattern of NREM deep sleep . An important element of this contrast is the θ ( theta ) rhythm in the hippocampus that show 40 -- 60 Hz gamma waves , in the cortex , as it does in waking . The cortical and thalamic neurons in the waking and REM sleeping brain are more depolarized ( fire more readily ) than in the NREM deep sleeping brain .
Black Sabbath
To capitalise on their chart success in the U.S. , the band returned to the studio in June 1970 , just four months after Black Sabbath was released . The new album was initially set to be named War Pigs after the song `` War Pigs '' , which was critical of the Vietnam War ; however , Warner changed the title of the album to Paranoid . The album 's lead - off single , `` Paranoid '' , was written in the studio at the last minute . Ward explains : `` We did n't have enough songs for the album , and Tony just played the ( Paranoid ) guitar lick and that was it . It took twenty , twenty - five minutes from top to bottom . '' The single was released in September 1970 and reached number four on the UK charts , remaining Black Sabbath 's only top ten hit . The album followed in the UK in October 1970 , where , pushed by the success of the `` Paranoid '' single , it made number one in the charts .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Selective REMS deprivation causes a significant increase in the number of attempts to go into REM stage while asleep . On recovery nights , an individual will usually move to stage 3 and REM sleep more quickly and experience an REM rebound , which refers to an increase in the time spent in REM stage over normal levels . These findings are consistent with the idea that REM sleep is biologically necessary . However , the `` rebound '' REM sleep usually does not last fully as long as the estimated length of the missed REM periods .
Human brain
The hypothalamus in the diencephalon , is involved in regulating many functions of the body . Functions include neuroendocrine regulation , regulation of the circadian rhythm , control of the autonomic nervous system , and the regulation of fluid , and food intake . The circadian rhythm is controlled by two main cell groups in the hypothalamus . The anterior hypothalamus includes the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus which through gene expression cycles , generates a roughly 24 hour circadian clock . In the circadian day an ultradian rhythm takes control of the sleeping pattern . Sleep is an essential requirement for the body and brain and allows the closing down and resting of the body 's systems . There are also findings that suggest that the daily build - up of toxins in the brain are removed during sleep . Whilst awake the brain consumes a fifth of the body 's total energy needs . Sleep necessarily reduces this use and gives time for the restoration of energy - giving ATP . The effects of sleep deprivation show the absolute need for sleep .
Species
It can be argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection . Mayr 's definition excludes unusual or artificial matings that result from deliberate human action , or occur only in captivity , or that involve animals capable of mating but that do not normally do so in the wild .
Video poker
There are many variations of video poker . They include Deuces Wild , where a two serves as a wild card ; Joker 's Wild , where a joker serves as a wild card ; pay schedule modification , where four aces with a five or smaller kicker pays an enhanced amount ( these games usually have some adjective in the title such as `` bonus '' , `` double '' , or `` triple '' ) ; and multi-play poker , where the player starts with a base hand , and each additional played hand draws from a different set of cards with the base hand . ( Multi-play games are offered in `` Triple Play '' , `` Five Play '' , `` Ten Play '' , `` Fifty Play '' and `` One Hundred Play '' versions . )
Sleep
One neurochemical indicator of sleep debt is adenosine , a neurotransmitter that inhibits many of the bodily processes associated with wakefulness . Adenosine levels increase in the cortex and basal forebrain during prolonged wakefulness and decrease during the sleep - recovery period , potentially acting as a homeostatic regulator of sleep . Coffee and caffeine temporarily block the effect of adenosine , prolong sleep latency , and reduce total sleep time and quality .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Brain energy use in REM sleep , as measured by oxygen and glucose metabolism , equals or exceeds energy use in waking . The rate in non-REM sleep is 11 -- 40 % lower . Brain
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
A series of collectible vinyl dolls of the Wild Things and Max was released from the Japanese company MediCom Toys . Other releases include an eight - inch articulated figure of Max in wolf costume and smaller scale sets of the characters released under their Kubrick figure banner .
Sleep
The human organism physically restores itself during sleep , healing itself and removing waste which builds up during periods of activity . This restoration takes place mostly during slow - wave sleep , during which body temperature , heart rate , and brain oxygen consumption decrease . The brain , especially , requires sleep for restoration , whereas in the rest of the body these processes can take place during quiescent waking . In both cases , the reduced rate of metabolism enables countervailing restorative processes .
Sabbath in Christianity
Orthodoxy recognizes no mandated time for rest , a day or any other span , but the Church leads the individual to holiness in different ways , and recognizes the need for economy and for rest . Activities such as sleep , relaxation , and recreation become a matter of balance and proper handling , and acceptance of God 's mercy . St. Basil the Great expresses thanks for this in a prayer often said by Orthodox Christians in the morning , after rising : `` You do we bless , O Most High God and Lord of mercy , ... Who has given unto us sleep for rest from our infirmity , and for repose of our much - toiling flesh . '' In recognition of God 's gifts , therefore , the Church welcomes and supports civil laws that provide a day away from labor , which then become opportunities for Christians to pray , rest , and engage in acts of mercy . In grace do Christians respond , remembering both the example of the Sabbath rest , and Christ 's lordship ( Mk. 2 : 21 - 28 ) . Eastern
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
Internationally , the film was released in Australia on December 4 , 2009 ; in Ireland and the UK on December 11 , 2009 ; and in Germany on December 17 , 2009 . It was released in Russia on February 4 , 2010 .
Indentured servitude
Australia 's own colonies of Papua and New Guinea ( joined after the Second World War to form Papua New Guinea ) were the last jurisdictions in the world to use indentured servitude .
Sleep
Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body , characterized by altered consciousness , relatively inhibited sensory activity , inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles , and reduced interactions with surroundings . It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli , but is more easily reversed than the state of being comatose . Sleep occurs in repeating periods , in which the body alternates between two distinct modes known as non-REM and REM sleep . Although REM stands for `` rapid eye movement '' , this mode of sleep has many other aspects , including virtual paralysis of the body . A well - known feature of sleep is the dream , an experience typically recounted in narrative form , which resembles waking life while in progress , but which usually can later be distinguished as fantasy .
Consciousness
In the 2013 , the perturbational complexity index ( PCI ) was proposed , a measure of the algorithmic complexity of the electrophysiological response of the cortex to transcranial magnetic stimulation . This measure was shown to be higher in individuals that are awake , in REM sleep or in a locked - in state than in those who are in deep sleep or in a vegetative state , making it potentially useful as a quantitative assessment of consciousness states .
Sleep
Older people may be more easily awakened by disturbances in the environment and may to some degree lose the ability to consolidate sleep .
Coffea arabica
The conservation of the genetic variation of C. arabica relies on conserving healthy populations of wild coffee in the Afromontane rainforests of Ethiopia . Genetic research has shown coffee cultivation is threatening the genetic integrity of wild coffee because it exposes wild genotypes to cultivars . Nearly all of the coffee that has been cultivated over the past few centuries originated with just a handful of wild plants from Ethiopia , and today the coffee growing on plantations around the world contains less than 1 % of the diversity contained in the wild in Ethiopia alone .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Generally speaking , the body suspends homeostasis during paradoxical sleep . Heart rate , cardiac pressure , cardiac output , arterial pressure , and breathing rate quickly become irregular when the body moves into REM sleep . In general , respiratory reflexes such as response to hypoxia diminish . Overall , the brain exerts less control over breathing ; electrical stimulation of respiration - linked brain areas does not influence the lungs , as it does during non-REM sleep and in waking . The fluctuations of heart rate and arterial pressure tend to coincide with PGO waves and rapid eye movements , twitches , or sudden changes in breathing .
Spanish language
In Africa , Spanish is official ( along with Portuguese and French ) in Equatorial Guinea , as well as an official language of the African Union . In Equatorial Guinea , Spanish is the predominant language when native and non-native speakers ( around 500,000 people ) are counted , while Fang is the most spoken language by number of native speakers .
World War I
New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained . African
Rapid eye movement sleep
Consequently , hot or cold environmental temperatures can reduce the proportion of REM sleep , as well as amount of total sleep . In other words , if at the end of a phase of deep sleep , the organism 's thermal indicators fall outside of a certain range , it will not enter paradoxical sleep lest deregulation allow temperature to drift further from the desirable value . This mechanism can be ' fooled ' by artificially warming the brain .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
Where the Wild Things Are started its development life in the early 1980s , originally to be an animated feature by Disney that would have blended traditionally animated characters with computer - generated settings . Animators Glen Keane and John Lasseter ( who later moved on to Pixar ) had completed a test film to see how the animation hybridizing would work out , but the project proceeded no further . Universal Studios acquired rights to the book 's adaptation in 2001 and initially attempted to develop a computer - animated adaptation with Disney animator Eric Goldberg , but in 2003 the CGI concept was replaced with a live - action one , and Goldberg was replaced with Spike Jonze .
Sleep
In some societies , people sleep with at least one other person ( sometimes many ) or with animals . In other cultures , people rarely sleep with anyone except for an intimate partner . In almost all societies , sleeping partners are strongly regulated by social standards . For example , a person might only sleep with the immediate family , the extended family , a spouse or romantic partner , children , children of a certain age , children of specific gender , peers of a certain gender , friends , peers of equal social rank , or with no one at all . Sleep may be an actively social time , depending on the sleep groupings , with no constraints on noise or activity .
Sleep
Many people have a temporary drop in alertness in the early afternoon , commonly known as the `` post-lunch dip . '' While a large meal can make a person feel sleepy , the post-lunch dip is mostly an effect of the circadian clock . People naturally feel most sleepy at two times of the day about 12 hours apart -- for example , at 2 : 00 a.m. and 2 : 00 p.m. At those two times , the body clock `` kicks in . '' At about 2 p.m. ( 14 : 00 ) , it overrides the homeostatic buildup of sleep debt , allowing several more hours of wakefulness . At about 2 a.m. ( 02 : 00 ) , with the daily sleep debt paid off , it `` kicks in '' again to ensure a few more hours of sleep .
Sleep
Writing about the thematical representations of sleep in art , physician and sleep researcher Meir Kryger noted : `` ( Artists ) have intense fascination with mythology , dreams , religious themes , the parallel between sleep and death , reward , abandonment of conscious control , healing , a depiction of innocence and serenity , and the erotic . ''
Extinction
The smallpox virus is now extinct in the wild , although samples are retained in laboratory settings . The rinderpest virus , which infected domestic cattle , is now extinct in the wild . Proposed
Apollo
In Euripides ' play Ion , Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa , wife of Xuthus . Creusa left Ion to die in the wild , but Apollo asked Hermes to save the child and bring him to the oracle at Delphi , where he was raised by a priestess .
Sleeping Beauty
There are earlier elements that contributed to the tale . In the medieval courtly romance Perceforest ( published in 1528 ) , a princess named Zellandine falls in love with a man named Troylus . Her father sends him to perform tasks to prove himself worthy of her , and while he is gone , Zellandine falls into an enchanted sleep . Troylus finds her and impregnates her in her sleep ; when their child is born , he draws from her finger the flax that caused her sleep . She realizes from the ring he left her that the father was Troylus , who later returns to marry her .
Ring Out, Wild Bells
Ring out , wild bells , to the wild sky , The flying cloud , the frosty light : The year is dying in the night ; Ring out , wild bells , and let him die .
Bogeyman
In Brazilian folklore , a similar character called Cuca is depicted as a female humanoid alligator . There 's a famous lullaby sung by most parents to their children that says that the Cuca will come to get them if they do not sleep , just as in Spain . The Cuca is also a character of Monteiro Lobato 's Sítio do Picapau Amarelo , a series of short novels written for children which contain a large number of characters from Brazilian folklore .
Rapid eye movement sleep
During a night of sleep , humans usually experience about four or five periods of REM sleep ; they are shorter ( ~ 15m ) at the beginning of the night and longer ( ~ 25m ) toward the end . Many animals and some people tend to wake , or experience a period of very light sleep , for a short time immediately after a bout of REM . The relative amount of REM sleep varies considerably with age . A newborn baby spends more than 80 % of total sleep time in REM .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Sleep in general aids memory . REM sleep may favor the preservation of certain types of memories : specifically , procedural memory , spatial memory , and emotional memory . In rats , REM sleep increases following intensive learning , especially several hours after , and sometimes for multiple nights . Experimental REM sleep deprivation has sometimes inhibited memory consolidation , especially regarding complex processes ( e.g. , how to escape from an elaborate maze ) . In humans , the best evidence for REM 's improvement of memory pertains to learning of procedures -- new ways of moving the body ( such as trampoline jumping ) , and new techniques of problem solving . REM deprivation seemed to impair declarative ( i.e. , factual ) memory only in more complex cases , such as memories of longer stories . REM sleep apparently counteracts attempts to suppress certain thoughts .