vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Australian Army during World War II
More than 21,000 members of the AIF were captured by the Japanese during the first months of 1942 . Most of these men were members of the 8th Division captured at Singapore , the NEI and Rabaul , but about 2,000 members of the I Corps party sent to Java in early 1942 were taken prisoner there . Throughout captivity these POWs were treated harshly , resulting in a high death rate . Australians were held in camps across the Asia - Pacific region and many endured long voyages in grossly overcrowded ships . While most of the Australian POWs who died in Japanese captivity were the victim of deliberate malnutrition and disease , hundreds were murdered by their guards . The Burma - Thai Railway was the most notorious of the prisoner of war experiences , as 13,000 Australians worked on it at various times during 1942 and 1943 alongside thousands of other Allied POWs and Asians conscripted by the Japanese ; nearly 2,650 Australians died there . Thousands of Australian POWs were also sent to the Japanese home islands where they worked in factories and mines in generally harsh conditions . The POWs held in camps at Ambon and Borneo suffered the highest death rates ; 77 percent of those at Ambon died and few of the 2,500 Australian and British prisoners in Borneo survived ; almost all were killed by overwork and a series of death marches in 1945 . Overall , only 14,000 of the Australian prisoners taken by the Japanese survived captivity . The majority of these deaths were caused by malnutrition and disease . The treatment of the POWs prompted many Australians to remain hostile towards Japan after the war . Australian authorities investigated the abuses against Allied POWs in their country 's zone of responsibility after the war , and guards who were believed to have mistreated prisoners were among those tried by Australian - administered war crimes trials .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Meanwhile , as workers struggled to supply power to the reactors ' coolant systems and restore power to their control rooms , a number of hydrogen - air chemical explosions occurred , the first in Unit 1 , on 12 March and the last in Unit 4 , on 15 March . It is estimated that the hot zirconium fuel cladding - water reaction in Reactors 1 -- 3 produced 800 to 1000 kilograms of hydrogen gas each . The pressurized gas was vented out of the reactor pressure vessel where it mixed with the ambient air , and eventually reached explosive concentration limits in Units 1 and 3 . Due to piping connections between Units 3 and 4 , or alternatively from the same reaction occurring in the spent fuel pool in Unit 4 itself , Unit 4 also filled with hydrogen , resulting in an explosion . In each case , the hydrogen - air explosions occurred at the top of each unit , that was in their upper secondary containment buildings . Drone overflights on 20 March and afterwards captured clear images of the effects of each explosion on the outside structures , while the view inside was largely obscured by shadows and debris .
Peninsular War
As the French regrouped , the allies advanced towards Burgos . Wellington besieged Burgos between 19 September and 21 October , but failed to capture it . Together , Joseph and the three marshals planned to recapture Madrid and drive Wellington from central Spain . The French counteroffensive caused Wellington to lift the Siege of Burgos and retreat to Portugal in the autumn of 1812 , pursued by the French and losing several thousand men . Napier wrote that about 1,000 allied troops were killed , wounded and missing in action , and that Hill lost 400 between the Tagus and the Tormes , and another 100 in the defence of Alba de Tormes. 300 were killed and wounded at the Huebra where many stragglers died in woodland , and 3,520 allied prisoners were taken to Salamanca up to 20 November . Napier estimated that the double retreat cost the allies around 9,000 , including the loss in the siege , and said French writers said 10,000 were taken between the Tormes and the Agueda . But Joseph 's dispatches said the whole loss was 12,000 , including the garrison of Chinchilla , whereas English authors mostly reduced the British loss to hundreds . As a consequence of the Salamanca campaign , the French were forced to evacuate the provinces of Andalusia and Asturias . For Napoleon , losing in Spain in 1812 or 1813 would have meant little if a decisive victory had occurred in Germany or Russia .
Phase (matter)
Water in a closed jar with an air space over it forms a two phase system . Most of the water is in the liquid phase , where it is held by the mutual attraction of water molecules . Even at equilibrium molecules are constantly in motion and , once in a while , a molecule in the liquid phase gains enough kinetic energy to break away from the liquid phase and enter the gas phase . Likewise , every once in a while a vapor molecule collides with the liquid surface and condenses into the liquid . At equilibrium , evaporation and condensation processes exactly balance and there is no net change in the volume of either phase .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
In the 20th century , to seek jobs and escape racial violence , African Americans left the South in the Great Migration and Second Great Migration , moving to Northern , Midwestern , and Western cities , where they had to compete with recent European immigrants . Especially as transportation systems have improved over the centuries , it has become relatively easy for many Americans to move from one part of the country to another , given the lack of internal borders and dominance of English in most areas . Many do so for reasons of economic opportunity , climate , or culture . The American Industrial Revolution , promoted urbanization of what was previously a largely agrarian society Railroads , promoting migration westwards and streetcar suburbs , created significant ethnic shifts in urban areas . Economics and natural disasters have driven migration , for example during the Dust Bowl , World War II , and since the decline of the Rust Belt Suburbanization period after World War II , with `` white flight '' to new housing and away from later social unrest , followed by `` black flight '' The majority of Native Hawaiians who moved to the mainland U.S. have settled in California . Air conditioning has promoted migration from northern areas to the Sun Belt , aided by states ' rules against union labor and having low taxes for businesses . The Jet Age promoted vacationing and part - time living in warmer areas ( snowbirding ) .
History of women in the United States
The 1920s saw significant change in the lives of working women . World War I had temporarily allowed women to enter into industries such as chemical , automobile , and iron and steel manufacturing , which were once deemed inappropriate work for women . Black women , who had been historically closed out of factory jobs , began to find a place in industry during World War I by accepting lower wages and replacing the lost immigrant labor and in heavy work . Yet , like other women during World War I , their success was only temporary ; most black women were also pushed out of their factory jobs after the war . In 1920 , seventy - five percent of the black female labor force consisted of agricultural laborers , domestic servants , and laundry workers . The booming economy of the 1920s meant more opportunities even for the lower classes . Many young girls from working - class backgrounds did not need to help support their families as prior generations did and were often encouraged to seek work or receive vocational training which would result in social mobility .
Damocles
A much later representation of the phrase is seen in Richard O'Brien 's 1973 musical , The Rocky Horror Show , and its subsequent 1975 film counterpart , in the 6th song of the show , titled `` The Sword of Damocles '' . In this song , the titular character , Rocky Horror , is created in a Frankenstein-esque fashion by the housemaster , Dr. Frank - N - Furter , and his first words & thoughts ( presented in song form ) upon creation were `` The sword of Damocles is hanging over my head , and I 've got the feeling someone 's gon na be cutting the thread ! '' This is meant to act as a foreshadowing of the events following the show 's second act , as Rocky seems to find himself in constant danger of torment at the hands of Riff Raff , the in - house handyman , who tortures him using a lit candle ( the torture device varies , depending on the version of the show ) .
Conquistador
In 1578 the Saadi sultan Ahmad al - Mansur , contemporary of Queen Elizabeth I , defeated Portugal at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir , beating the young king Sebastian I , a devout Christian who believed in the crusade to defeat Islam . Portugal had landed in North Africa after Abu Abdallah asked him to help recover the Saadian throne . Abu Abdallah 's uncle , Abd Al - Malik , had taken it from Abu Abdallah with Ottoman Empire support . The defeat of Abu Abdallah and the death of Portugal 's king led to the end of the Portuguese Aviz dynasty and later to the integration of Portugal and its empire at the Iberian Union for 60 years under Sebastian 's uncle Philip II of Spain . Philip was married to his relative Mary I cousin of his father , due to this , Philip was King of England and Ireland in a dynastic union with Spain .
Shotgun
Of this general class , the most common subset is birdshot , which uses a large number ( from dozens to hundreds ) of small pellets , meant to create a wide `` kill spread '' to hunt birds in flight . Shot shells are described by the size and number of the pellets within , and numbered in reverse order ( the smaller the number , the bigger the pellet size , similar to bore gauge ) . Size nine ( # 9 ) shot is the smallest size normally used for hunting and is used on small upland game birds such as dove and quail . Larger sizes are used for hunting larger upland game birds and waterfowl .
Australian Army during World War II
While the 9th Division secured the coastal region of the Huon Peninsula the 7th Division drove the Japanese from the inland Finisterre Range . The Finisterre Range campaign began on 17 September when the 2 / 6th Independent Company was air - landed in the Markham Valley . The company defeated a larger Japanese force at Kaiapit and secured an airstrip which was used to fly in the division 's 21st and 25th Brigades . Through aggressive patrolling the Australians forced the Japanese out of positions in extremely rugged terrain and in January 1944 the division began its attack on the key Shaggy Ridge position . The ridge was taken by the end of the month , with the RAAF playing a key supporting role . Following this success the Japanese withdrew from the Finisterre Range and Australian troops linked up with American patrols from Saidor on 21 April and secured Madang on 24 April .
Annealing (metallurgy)
Typically , large ovens are used for the annealing process . The inside of the oven is large enough to place the workpiece in a position to receive maximum exposure to the circulating heated air . For high volume process annealing , gas fired conveyor furnaces are often used . For large workpieces or high quantity parts , car - bottom furnaces are used so workers can easily move the parts in and out . Once the annealing process is successfully completed , workpieces are sometimes left in the oven so the parts cool in a controllable way . While some workpieces are left in the oven to cool in a controlled fashion , other materials and alloys are removed from the oven . Once removed from the oven , the workpieces are often quickly cooled off in a process known as quench hardening . Typical methods of quench hardening materials involve media such as air , water , oil , or salt . Salt is used as a medium for quenching usually in the form of brine ( salt water ) . Brine provides faster cooling rates than water . This is because when an object is quenched in water air bubbles form on the surface of the object reducing the surface area the water is in contact with . The salt in the brine reduces the formation of air bubbles on the object 's surface , meaning there is a larger surface area of the object in contact with the water , providing faster cooling rates . Quench hardening is generally applicable to some ferrous alloys , but not copper alloys .
Stamp Act 1765
They protected by your arms ? They have nobly taken up arms in your defence , have exerted a valour amidst their constant and laborious industry for the defence of a country whose frontier while drenched in blood , its interior parts have yielded all its little savings to your emolument ... The people I believe are as truly loyal as any subjects the king has , but a people jealous of their liberties and who will vindicate them if ever they should be violated ; but the subject is too delicate and I will say no more . ''
I'll Make a Man Out of You
In July 2013 , a parody of the song was uploaded to YouTube titled `` I 'll Make a Mann Out Of You '' . The video uses the song with animation made in Source Filmmaker in which the Soldier from Team Fortress 2 motivates his fellow RED teammates against the BLU team . In October 2014 , a parody of `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' was uploaded to YouTube entitled `` I 'll Make a ' Mon Out of You '' . A mashup of Mulan and the popular Pokémon franchise , the video features Digimon Gatomon attempting to masquerade as Pokémon Meowth in lieu of Mulan , while Ash occupies the role of Shang as his trainer , according to Smosh . Another parody of the song , based on the Dragon Ball franchise was uploaded to YouTube by TeamFourStar .
British Army during World War I
General Hubert Gough commanded a mounted infantry regiment with distinction during the relief of Ladysmith , but his command was destroyed while attacking a larger Boer force in 1901 . When he joined the BEF , he was in command of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade , and was promoted from a brigade to a corps command in less than a year . He was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Division in September 1914 , the 7th Division in April 1915 , and the British I Corps in July 1915 . He commanded I Corps during the battle of Loos . In May 1916 , he was appointed commander of the Fifth Army , which suffered heavy losses at the battle of Passchendaele . The collapse of the Fifth Army was widely viewed as the reason for the German breakthrough in the Spring Offensive , and Gough was dismissed as its commander in March 1918 , being succeeded by General William Birdwood for the last months of the war . Birdwood had previously commanded the Australian Corps , an appointment requiring a combination of tact and tactical flair .
Carol Danvers
Beginning in October 2015 , Danvers starred in the ninth volume of Captain Marvel , written by Agent Carter showrunners Tara Butters and Michele Fazekas with artwork by Kris Anka , as part of the `` All - New , All - Different Marvel '' initiative . The series , set eight months after Secret Wars , sees Danvers taking over the responsibilities of S.W.O.R.D. , the military agency that was previously designated to protect Earth from intergalactic threats . Editor Sana Amanat said , `` This is really meant to be the next level for Captain Marvel . Carol is really meant to be a soldier and a commander , and also a diplomat . We 're really trying to build up this space complex and this space world . '' At this time , Danvers also joined The Ultimates . Series writer Al Ewing said , `` Carol 's currently running Alpha Flight , which is Earth 's premier space agency . ( She has ) seen the highs and the lows of the superhero business , and come out the other side . Right now , Carol 's in the ascendant , culturally , both in - universe and outside it ... Carol 's story in The Ultimates is very much about her links with the ordinary super-hero world , and about trying to form a bridge between that world and the world of The Ultimates . ''
Thermal comfort
Relative humidity ( dH ) is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor that the air could hold at the specific temperature and pressure . While the human body has sensors within the skin that are fairly efficient at feeling heat and cold , relative humidity is detected indirectly . Sweating is an effective heat loss mechanism that relies on evaporation from the skin . However at high RH , the air has close to the maximum water vapor that it can hold , so evaporation , and therefore heat loss , is decreased . On the other hand , very dry environments ( RH < 20 - 30 % ) are also uncomfortable because of their effect on the mucous membranes . The recommended level of indoor humidity is in the range of 30 - 60 % in air conditioned buildings , but new standards such as the adaptive model allow lower and higher humidities , depending on the other factors involved in thermal comfort .
Monongahela River
Legend has it that Monongy , the man - fish , lives in the river . Some claim that there are records as far back as the French and Indian War ( 1754 - 1763 ) that describe encounters between British soldiers and strange aquatic creatures . The local Indian tribes referred to this creature as `` Monongy '' . There was even a Monongy craze in the early 1930s through the late 1950s . Sightings occurred on a weekly basis and the police department created a task force whose sole purpose was to investigate sightings of the creature . No evidence was ever produced to lend credence to the claims until May 12 , 2003 , when a privately owned fishing vessel was the first to take photos of the creature . The photos were available online for a short time until they were inexplicably taken down . Speculation persists that the government has procured the photographs and are covering up the existence of Monongy . Crypto - zoologists from around the world still visit the Monongahela every year to catch a glimpse of the elusive water beast .
History of education in the United States
While the colleges and academies were generally coeducational , until the late 20th century , historians had taken little notice of the role of women as students and teachers . Influence
Elf (Middle-earth)
In The Lord of the Rings Tolkien pretends to be merely the translator of Bilbo and Frodo 's memoirs , collectively known as the Red Book of Westmarch . He says that those names and terms in the work ( as well in the earlier The Hobbit ) that appear in English are meant to be his purported translations from the Common Speech .
War of the Austrian Succession
When Charles succeeded his elder brother Joseph I in 1711 , he was the last male Hapsburg heir in the direct line ; this meant their lands would be divided on his death as Salic law prevented women inheriting in their own right . A family issue became a European one due to tensions within the Holy Roman Empire , a loose confederation of Germanic states whose monarch was officially chosen by seven prince - electors . The Thirty Years ' War of 1618 - 48 divided the Empire into Protestant and Catholic regions , substantially weakening the bonds holding it together , while by the mid 18th century states like Bavaria , Prussia and Saxony had increased dramatically in both size and power . The same was also true of the Hapsburgs , who now viewed the title of Emperor as being hereditary in practice if not principle ( Sigismund the last non-Hapsburg Emperor ruled from 1368 - 1437 . ) These centrifugal forces led to a war that reshaped the traditional European balance of power ; the various legal claims were largely pretexts and seen as such .
Military history of Australia during World War I
In 1915 the light cruisers Melbourne and Sydney were deployed to the Atlantic where they worked alongside the Royal Navy 's North American and West Indies Squadrons , which were engaged in surveillance operations on the large number of German ships that had taken refuge in neutral American ports when the war had broken out . This continued until September 1916 when both cruisers were moved to the North Sea where they joined Australia , which had been assisting the Royal Navy in its blockade of the German High Seas Fleet .
Military history of Australia during World War I
By late 1915 the AFC began forming complete squadrons . At British request No. 1 Squadron was dispatched to Egypt with 28 officers and 195 other ranks , where they were equipped with British aircraft including BE2c and Martinsyde G100 . The squadron operated from Heliopolis , Palestine and Syria over the next two years , supporting ground forces in all the major battles of the Palestine campaign against the Turks . Missions included aerial reconnaissance , bombing enemy positions , communications and artillery spotting . They were also involved in many air - to - air battles with German aircraft , while it was in this theatre that the Australians first encountered anti-aircraft fire . The squadron was re-equipped in 1917 with BE2a , RE8 and Martinsyde G102 aircraft , while by 1918 these types were replaced with Bristol F. 2 Fighters . Notably during this time Lieutenant Frank McNamara was awarded the Victoria Cross for rescuing another Australian pilot who had been shot down by ground fire and forced to land close to Turkish positions on 20 March 1917 . No. 1 Squadron also took part in the actions at Wadi Fara on 21 September 1918 as part of the Battle of Megiddo , which witnessed the destruction of the bulk of the Turkish Seventh Army by British airpower .
Speed of sound
Mach number , a useful quantity in aerodynamics , is the ratio of air speed to the local speed of sound . At altitude , for reasons explained , Mach number is a function of temperature . Aircraft flight instruments , however , operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number , not temperature . The assumption is that a particular pressure represents a particular altitude and , therefore , a standard temperature . Aircraft flight instruments need to operate this way because the stagnation pressure sensed by a Pitot tube is dependent on altitude as well as speed .
Italian Australians
Italian migration to Australia increased markedly only after heavy restrictions were placed on Italians ' entry to the United States . More than two million Italian migrants entered the United States from the start of the 20th century to the outbreak of the First World War , whereas only about twelve thousand Italians had entered Australia in the same period . In 1917 , while war was still on , the United States introduced a Literacy Act to curtail its immigration flow -- which had reached a high number in the years immediately before the war -- and Canada enacted similar legislation two years later . In 1921 , United States policy became even stricter , with the establishment of a quota system that limited the total intake of Italian immigrants in any one year to about 41,000 ( calculated as 3 % of the number of Italians residing in the United States in 1910 ) . Furthermore , in 1924 , the figures related to the entry of Italians were cut almost to zero , as they were meant to represent the 2 % of the Italian component in the United States in 1890 .
Barn swallow
The swallow is cited in several of William Shakespeare 's plays for the swiftness of its flight , with `` True hope is swift , and flies with swallow 's wings '' from Act 5 of Richard III , and `` I have horse will follow where the game Makes way , and run like swallows o'er the plain . '' from the second act of Titus Andronicus . Shakespeare references the annual migration of the species in The Winter 's Tale , Act 4 : `` Daffodils , That come before the swallow dares , and take The winds of March with beauty '' .