vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Taxation in the United States
Excise taxes may be imposed on the sales price of goods or on a per unit or other basis . Excise tax may be required to be paid by the manufacturer at wholesale sale , or may be collected from the customer at retail sale . Excise taxes are imposed at the federal and state levels on a variety of goods , including alcohol , tobacco , tires , gasoline , diesel fuel , coal , firearms , telephone service , air transportation , unregistered bonds , and many other goods and services . Some jurisdictions require that tax stamps be affixed to goods to demonstrate payment of the tax .
Retail design
Retail spaces , especially when they form part of a retail chain , must also be designed to draw people into the space to shop . The storefront must act as a billboard for the store , often employing large display windows that allow shoppers to see into the space and the product inside . In the case of a retail chain , the individual spaces must be unified in their design .
History of Fort Worth, Texas
In 1875 , the Dallas Herald published an article by a former Fort Worth lawyer , Robert E. Cowart , noting the drop in population due to the Panic of 1873 and harsh winter , had dealt a severe blow to the cattle industry . The railroad company had stopped laying track 30 miles ( 48 km ) outside of Fort Worth , and Cowart said the city was so torpid that he saw a panther asleep in the street outside the courthouse . Although an intended insult , the nickname Panther City was embraced by residents as Fort Worth recovered the next year from the depression . In 1876 , the Texas and Pacific Railway arrived in Fort Worth , causing a boom and transforming the Fort Worth Stockyards into a premier cattle industry center of wholesale trade . The arrival of the railroad ushered in an era of tremendous growth , as migrants from other areas of the war - torn South continued to swell the population . Newly dubbed the `` Queen City of the Prairies '' , Fort Worth supplied a regional market via the growing transportation market .
Michigan
As of 2007 about 300,000 people in Southeastern Michigan trace their descent from the Middle East . Dearborn has a sizeable Arab community , with many Assyrian / Chaldean / Syriac , and Lebanese who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s along with more recent Yemenis and Iraqis .
History of Fort Worth, Texas
The cattle industry was key to producing the economic boom years of Fort Worth and its association as `` Cowtown . '' Fort Worth was a good resting point for cowboys driving their cattle to Abilene , Kansas . As many northern cattle buyers established headquarters in Fort Worth , new businesses set up in the city , including Pendery and Wilson 's Liquor Wholesale , B.C. Evans dry goods , and Martin B. Loyd 's Exchange Office . In 1873 Fort Worth was incorporated with a mayor - council government , and W.P. Burts was elected as the city 's first mayor .
Federalism in India
The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects . However , there are many provisions made in the constitution outside these lists permitting parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate . Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245 , the power to legislate on residuary subjects ( not mentioned anywhere in the constitution ) , rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248 . Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the procedure per Article 368 as constitutional amendments .
Democracy
Democracy has taken a number of forms , both in theory and practice . Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others . However , if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process , or any branch of government from altering the separation of powers in its own favour , then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy . World
Social class in the United States
Income and wealth statistics may serve as a helpful guideline as they can be measured in a more objective manner . In 2005 , approximately one and a half percent ( 1.5 % ) of households in the United States had incomes exceeding $250,000 with the top 5 % having incomes exceeding $157,000 . Furthermore , only 2.6 % of households held assets ( excluding home equity ) of more than one - million dollars . One could therefore fall under the assumption that less than five percent of American society are members of rich households . The richest 1 % of the American population owns as much as the combined wealth of the bottom 90 % , or perhaps even more .
Shoplifting
Retailers report that shoplifting has a significant effect on their bottom line , stating that about 0.6 % of all inventory disappears to shoplifters . According to the 2012 National Retail Security Survey , shoplifting costs American retailers approximately $14 B annually . In 2001 , it was claimed that shoplifting cost US retailers $25 million a day . Observers believe that industry shoplifting numbers are over half of by employee theft or fraud and the rest by patrons . Of course , if apprehended during the shoplifting the merchandise is generally recovered by the retailers and there is often no loss to the store owner when the merchandise is surrendered to the store by the suspects . In addition , in many states retailers have the right to recover civil damages to cover the cost of providing security .
Sales taxes in the United States
In May 2013 , the Senate passed the Marketplace Fairness Act , which would allow states to collect sales taxes for purchases made online . The legislation would give States the tools to collect sales taxes on cross-State sales transactions . The bill received support from retailers including Walmart and Amazon.com , who have claimed that it is unfair not to require online merchants to collect sales taxes . Groups like the National Retail Federation and the Retail Industry Leaders Association have said that requiring online vendors to collect sales taxes will help make brick and mortar retailers more competitive . However , U.S. House Speaker John Boehner stated that it would be difficult to implement such a system due to varying tax codes in different states . The National Taxpayers Union ( NTU ) spoke out against the bill , along with The Heritage Foundation , which indicated that it would harm Internet commerce and small businesses . Online retailer eBay believes it will hurt some of its sellers and lobbied Congress to exempt businesses that have less than $10 million in out - of - state sales or fewer than 50 employees . The Act failed to pass in either the 112th or 113th Congress .
List of smoking bans in the United States
Statewide smoking ban : On June 1 , 2009 , the Nebraska Clean Indoor Air Act passed in February 2008 went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Nebraska , including all bars and restaurants . The Act exempts tobacco retail stores , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , private residences , and places where scientific research about smoking is occurring . In April 2009 , the Act was amended to further exempt cigar bars , as well . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The French presence in India was led by the French East India Company operating out of its base at Pondicherry . Its forces were under the command of Joseph François Dupleix and Lally , a Jacobite . The veteran Dupleix had been in India a long time , and had established a key rapport with France 's Indian allies . Lally was more newly arrived , and was seeking a swift victory over the British - and was less concerned about diplomatic sensibilities .
Perfect competition
A decision to shut down means that the firm is temporarily suspending production . It does not mean that the firm is going out of business ( exiting the industry ) . If market conditions improve , and prices increase , the firm can resume production . Shutting down is a short - run decision . A firm that has shut down is not producing . The firm still retains its capital assets ; however , the firm can not leave the industry or avoid its fixed costs in the short run . Exit is a long - term decision . A firm that has exited an industry has avoided all commitments and freed all capital for use in more profitable enterprises .
History of coal mining
In the 1960s a series of mergers saw coal production shift from small , independent coal companies to large , more diversified firms . Several oil companies and electricity producers acquired coal companies or leased Federal coal reserves in the west of the United States . Concerns that competition in the coal industry could decline as a result of these changes were heightened by a sharp rise in coal prices in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis . Coal prices fell in the 1980s , partly in response to oil price movements , but primarily in response to the large increase in supply worldwide which was brought about by the earlier price surge . During this period , the industry in the U.S. was characterized by a move towards low - sulfur coal .
Retail design
The next evolution of retail design was the creation of the boutique in the 1960s , which emphasized retail design run by individuals . Some of the earliest examples of boutiques are the Biba boutique created by Barbara Hulanicki and the Habitat line of stores made by Terence Conran . The rise of the boutique was followed , in the next two decades , with an overall increase in consumer spending across the developed world . This rise made retail design shift to compensate for increased customers and alternative focuses . Many retail design stores redesigned themselves over the period to keep up with changing consumer tastes . These changes resulted on one side with the creation of multiple `` expensive , one - off designer shops '' catering to specific fashion designers and retailers .
Euthanasia
In discussing his definition , Wreen noted the difficulty of justifying euthanasia when faced with the notion of the subject 's `` right to life '' . In response , Wreen argued that euthanasia has to be voluntary , and that `` involuntary euthanasia is , as such , a great wrong '' . Other commentators incorporate consent more directly into their definitions . For example , in a discussion of euthanasia presented in 2003 by the European Association of Palliative Care ( EPAC ) Ethics Task Force , the authors offered : `` Medicalized killing of a person without the person 's consent , whether nonvoluntary ( where the person in unable to consent ) or involuntary ( against the person 's will ) is not euthanasia : it is murder . Hence , euthanasia can be voluntary only . '' Although the EPAC Ethics Task Force argued that both non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia could not be included in the definition of euthanasia , there is discussion in the literature about excluding one but not the other .
Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe was one of the few instances that resulted in the abandonment of the local currency . At independence in 1980 , the Zimbabwe dollar ( ZWD ) was worth about USD 1.25 . Afterwards , however , rampant inflation and the collapse of the economy severely devalued the currency . Inflation was steady until British Prime Minister Tony Blair reneged on Land reform agreements arrived at between Margaret Thatcher and Robert Mugabe continued land redistribution from the white farming community in 1998 , resulting in reductions in food production and the decline of foreign investment . Several multinational companies began hoarding of retail goods in warehouses in Zimbabwe and just south of the border , preventing commodities becoming available on the market The result was that to pay its expenditures Mugabe 's government and Gideon Gono 's Reserve Bank printed more and more notes with higher face values .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
The Federal government spent approximately $600 billion during 2016 on the Cabinet Departments and Agencies , excluding the Department of Defense , representing 16 % of budgeted expenditures or about 3.3 % of GDP . The 2011 budget included estimated spending for 2010 , shown in the graph at right for selected Departments and Agencies with over $10 billion in budget authority .
Spirit in the Sky
`` Spirit in the Sky '' -- 3 : 29 `` Will You Wait for Me ? '' -- 4 : 13 `` Interview With Gareth '' -- 5 : 00
Constitution of India
The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house , New Delhi . There are two original versions of this -- one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution can be viewed here .
Dutch East India Company
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( February 2018 )
The Arkansas Traveler (song)
Arkansas ' other official state songs are `` Arkansas '' ( state anthem ) as well as `` Arkansas ( You Run Deep In Me ) '' & `` Oh , Arkansas '' ( both state songs ) .
Samoa
Other agricultural industries have been less successful . Sugarcane production , originally established by Germans in the early 20th century , could be successful . Old train tracks for transporting cane can be seen at some plantations east of Apia . Pineapples grow well in Samoa , but beyond local consumption have not been a major export .
Dutch East India Company
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( February 2018 ) Main
Dutch East India Company
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( February 2018 ) See
Dead Sea
Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales ( equivalent to 4 percent of Jordan 's GDP ) .
Amazon Web Services
AWS also has `` pop - up lofts '' in different locations around the world . These market AWS to entrepreneurs and startups in different tech industries in a physical location . Visitors can work or relax inside the loft , or learn more about what they can do with AWS . In June 2014 , AWS opened their first temporary pop - up loft in San Francisco . In May 2015 they expanded to New York City , and in September 2015 expanded to Berlin . AWS opened their fourth location , in Tel Aviv from March 1 , 2016 to March 22 , 2016 . A pop - up loft was open in London from September 10 to October 29 , 2015 .
Lead poisoning
Residual lead in soil contributes to lead exposure in urban areas . It has been thought that the more polluted an area is with various contaminants , the more likely it is to contain lead . However , this is not always the case , as there are several other reasons for lead contamination in soil . Lead content in soil may be caused by broken - down lead paint , residues from lead - containing gasoline , used engine oil , or pesticides used in the past , contaminated landfills , or from nearby industries such as foundries or smelters . Although leaded soil is less of a problem in countries that no longer have leaded gasoline , it remains prevalent , raising concerns about the safety of urban agriculture ; eating food grown in contaminated soil can present a lead hazard .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
The economic history of the Netherlands may be written from different perspectives . The following section approaches it as a developing economy , going through several stages , resembling a life - cycle . A sectoral approach may be found in other articles , such as Maritime history of the Netherlands , Dutch East India Company and Dutch West India Company for trade ; the Greenland and Spitsbergen Fishery for whaling ; and Financial history of the Dutch Republic for banking and finance , plus sundry articles on the history of industries .
Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty
After the party , Archie is given a large sum of money by his parents . A few weeks later , he uses it for the down payment on an engagement ring for Veronica . He proposes to her in `` Spiffany 's '' just as Betty and Jughead happen to walk by and witness . Veronica accepts and Betty runs weeping in an unknown direction . Jughead later chastises Archie for not telling him his plan . Eventually , Archie and Veronica tell Mr. Lodge , who accepts Archie as his future son - in - law as long as he works for Lodge Industries . Without any other jobs lined up , Archie goes along with it as his fiancee plans the biggest wedding Riverdale has ever seen .
Romance languages
Other than French ( with consistent final stress ) , the position of the stressed syllable generally falls on one of the last three syllables . Exceptions may be caused by clitics or ( in Italian ) certain verb endings , e.g. Italian telefonano ( teˈlɛ.fo.na.no ) `` they telephone '' ; Spanish entregándomelo ( en. tɾe. ˈɣan. do. me. lo ) `` delivering it to me '' ; Italian mettiamocene ( meˈtːjaː.mo.tʃe.ne ) `` let 's put some of it in there '' ; Portuguese dávamo - vo - lo ( ˈda. vɐ.mu.vu.lu ) `` we were giving it to you '' . Stress on verbs is almost completely predictable in Spanish and Portuguese , but less so in Italian .
Wicked (musical)
Elphaba and Fiyero are both taken by surprise by the strength of their feelings for each other , and promise to be together always ( `` As Long As You 're Mine '' ) . Their happiness is interrupted when Elphaba suddenly has a vision of a house flying through the sky and Nessarose being in pain . Before Elphaba leaves to investigate , Fiyero tells her about a castle that his family owns that she can stay in .
Maldives
Garcia da Orta writes in his conversational book first published in 1563 as follows : `` I must tell you that I have heard it said that the natives do not call it Maldiva but Nalediva . In the Malabar language nale means four and diva island . So that in that language the word signifies `` four islands , '' while we , corrupting the name , call it Maldiva . ''
Payment card
For other types of transactions through telephone or online banking , this may be performed with an ATM card without in - person authentication . This includes account balance inquiries , electronic bill payments , or in some cases , online purchases ( see Interac Online ) . However now days , you can not buy stuff online or in real life if you are a minor with an ATM card .
Economy of Scotland
Scotland was one of the industrial powerhouses of Europe from the time of the Industrial Revolution onwards , being a world leader in manufacturing . This left a legacy in the diversity of goods and services which Scotland produces , from textiles , whisky and shortbread to jet engines , buses , computer software , ships , avionics and microelectronics , as well as banking , insurance , investment management and other related financial services . In common with most other advanced industrialised economies , Scotland has seen a decline in the importance of both manufacturing industries and primary - based extractive industries . This has , however , been combined with a rise in the service sector of the economy , which has grown to be the largest sector in Scotland .
It Ain't Me
`` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart with first - week sales of 31,380 units , giving Kygo his second top 10 single in the UK and Gomez her third . It rose to number seven in its second week , selling 33,466 units . In Australia , `` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number nine on the ARIA Singles Chart becoming both Kygo and Gomez 's first top 10 debut and highest - charting single in the country , as well as Kygo 's second top 10 entry after `` Firestone '' and Gomez 's third following `` Good for You '' and `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' .
Card throwing
Bullseye , from Marvel Comics , kills or injures several people ( including Elektra ) with a thrown Ace of Spades . Card throwing was one of the murder techniques used in the CSI episode `` Last Woman Standing '' . In Now You See Me ( 2013 ) , one of the magicians , Jack Wilder , proves to be a skilled card thrower . During a show , using a playing card , he cuts in half a pencil held by an audience member and later uses the technique to attack the FBI agent pursuing him . Also , in the movies ' sequel , Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) , The Four Horsemen , a group of magicians , steal a chip attached to a playing card in front of guards by throwing the card to each other while the guards are n't looking . In Smokin ' Aces , stage magician Buddy `` Aces '' Israel manages to temporarily incapacitate his bodyguard Ivy by striking him in the eye with a thrown playing card . In Jonathan Creek there is an episode where Jonathan uses his skills gained by reading the aforementioned book by Ricky Jay ; to incapacitate a potential shooter long enough for him to be apprehended by police
California Smog Check Program
Californian greenhouse gas emissions come mostly from transportation , utilities , and industries including refineries , cement , manufacturing , forestry , and agriculture . In 2004 , transportation accounted for approximately 40 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions in California . About 80 percent of that came from road transportation .
Zimbabwe
The ICT sector of Zimbabwe has been growing at a fast pace . A report by the mobile internet browser company , Opera , in June / July 2011 has ranked Zimbabwe as Africa 's fastest growing market . A
Three wise monkeys
It is not clear how or when the saying travelled ; in Ethiopia the Ge'ez language has the saying `` Let the eye fast , let the mouth fast , let the ears fast . ''
Population pyramid
`` Expansive '' pyramid A population pyramid that is very wide at the younger ages , characteristic of countries with high birth rate and low life expectancy . The population is said to be fast - growing , and the size of each birth cohort gets larger than the size of the previous year .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
The Hispanic or Latino population is young and fast - growing , due to immigration and higher birth rates . For decades it has contributed significantly to U.S. population increases , and this is expected to continue . The Census Bureau projects that by 2050 , one - quarter of the population will be Hispanic or Latino .
Chipotle Mexican Grill
In a list of fastest - growing restaurant chains in 2009 , Chipotle was ranked eighth , based on increases in U.S. sales over the past year , and in 2010 Chipotle was ranked third . Consumer Reports ranked Chipotle as the best Mexican fast - food chain in 2011 . The company serves approximately 750,000 customers per day .
Economy of Mexico
Some experts including analysts at Goldman Sachs who coined the term BRIC in reference to the growing economies of Brazil , Russia , India , and China for marketing purposes believe that Mexico is going to be the 5th or 6th biggest economy in the world by the year 2050 , behind China , United States , India , Brazil , and possibly Russia . Monetary