vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Spratly Islands dispute
19th - century Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually sojourned on the Spratly islands for part of the year . 1870 British naval captain James George Meads established the micronation The Republic of Morac - Songhrati - Meads . 1883 When the Spratlys and Paracels were being surveyed by Germany in 1883 , China issued protests . 1887 The 1887 Chinese - Vietnamese Boundary convention signed between France and China after the Sino - French War of 1884 - 1885 recognised China as the owner of the Spratly and Paracel islands . 1900 Colonial French Indochina asserted that the state Bac Hai Company had exercised Vietnamese sovereignty in the Spratlys since the 18th century . 1927 The French ship SS De Lanessan conducted a scientific survey of the Spratly Islands . 1930 France launched a second expedition with the La Malicieuse , which raised the French flag on an island called Île de la Tempête . Chinese fishermen were present on the island ; the French made no attempt to expel them . 1933 Three French ships took control of nine of the largest islands and declared French sovereignty over the archipelago to the great powers including the UK , US , China and Japan , according to the principles found in the Berlin convention . France administered the area as part of Cochinchina . Japanese companies applied to the French authority in Cochichina for phosphate - mining licenses in the Spratlys . 1939 The Empire of Japan disputed French sovereignty over the islands , claiming that Japan was the first country to discover the islands . Japan declared its intention to place the island group under its jurisdiction . France and the United Kingdom protested and reasserted French sovereignty claims . 1941 Japan forcibly occupied the island group and remained in control until the end of World War II , administering the area as part of Taiwan . Japan established a submarine base on Itu Aba Island . 1945 After Japan 's surrender at the end of World War II , the Republic of China claimed the Paracel and Spratly Islands . The Republic of China sent troops to Itu Aba Island ; forces erected sovereignty markers and named it Taiping Island . 1946 France dispatched warships to the islands several times , but no attempts were made to evict Chinese forces .
Surrender of Japan
We can no longer direct the war with any hope of success . The only course left is for Japan 's one hundred million people to sacrifice their lives by charging the enemy to make them lose the will to fight .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
By August 8 , the 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb .
Technology during World War II
The German U-boats were used primarily for stopping / destroying the resources from the United States and Canada coming across the Atlantic . Submarines were critical in the Pacific Ocean as well as in the Atlantic Ocean . Advances in submarine technology included the snorkel . Japanese defenses against Allied submarines were ineffective . Much of the merchant fleet of the Empire of Japan , needed to supply its scattered forces and bring supplies such as petroleum and food back to the Japanese Archipelago , was sunk . Among the warships sunk by submarines was the war 's largest aircraft carrier , the Shinano .
Anne of Green Gables (1985 film)
AGGLA and the heirs tried to assert control over trademarks Sullivan had established to their various Anne movies ( Anne of Green Gables , Anne of Avonlea , Anne of Green Gables -- the Continuing Story ) and Road to Avonlea properties both in Canada , the US and Japan .
Modern history
The Meiji Restoration was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure that was taking a firm hold at the beginning of the Meiji Era which coincided the opening of Japan by the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry and made Imperial Japan a great power .
Marshall Plan
Marshal Plan funds were also used to support a Ukrainian right - wing guerilla group called Nightingale . The Nightingale battalion ( Nachtigall Battalion ) had been established by the invading Nazis in Spring 1941 to create a common front with Ukrainian fascists and other right - wing radical Ukrainian nationalists of the Ukrainian National Organization against the Soviets . The US point - person for Nightingale was Mykola Lebed ( sometimes spelled Mikola Lebed ) , founder of the terrorist arm of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army , which had murdered thousands of Jewish people , Russians and Poles during WWII . Starting in September 1949 , the US began parachuting Ukrainian militants into Ukraine , an operation that continued for five years . The aim of the CIA infiltration operation , ultimately unsuccessful , was to dislodge Moscow 's control over Ukraine .
Southern strategy
In addition to the splits in the Democratic Party , the population movements associated with World War II had a significant effect in changing the demographics of the South . More than 5 million African Americans migrated from the South to the North and West in the Second Great Migration , lasting from 1940 to 1970 . Starting before WWII , many had moved to California for jobs in the defense industry as well as to major industrial cities of the Midwest .
Primus inter pares
Starting with the Meiji Constitution of 1885 , as part of the `` Cabinet System Act '' , and lasting until the revision of the modern constitution in 1947 , the Prime Minister of Japan was considered to be of the same rank as the other ministers who formed the Cabinet . During this time , the Prime Minister was referred to as `` 同輩 中 の 首席 '' dōhai - chū no shuseki ( `` chief among peers '' ) .
Surrender of Japan
Satō advised Tōgō that in reality , `` unconditional surrender or terms closely equivalent thereto '' was all that Japan could expect . Moreover , in response to Molotov 's requests for specific proposals , Satō suggested that Tōgō 's messages were not `` clear about the views of the Government and the Military with regard to the termination of the war , '' thus questioning whether Tōgō 's initiative was supported by the key elements of Japan 's power structure .
Kenya
Trade in 2012 Exports $5.942 billion tea , coffee , horticultural products , petroleum products , cement , fish Major markets Uganda 9.9 % , Tanzania 9.6 % , Netherlands 8.4 % , UK , 8.1 % , US 6.2 % , Egypt 4.9 % , Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.2 % ( 2012 ) Imports $14.39 billion machinery and transportation equipment , petroleum products , motor vehicles , iron and steel , resins and plastics Major suppliers China 15.3 % , India 13.8 % , UAE 10.5 % , Saudi Arabia 7.3 % , South Africa 5.5 % , Japan 4.0 % ( 2012 )
Surrender of Japan
From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms ... The ultimate form of government of Japan shall , in accordance with the Potsdam Declaration , be established by the freely expressed will of the Japanese people .
Nissan Maxima
In the fall of 1984 , the first front - wheel drive Maxima ( based on the Bluebird U11 ) was introduced for the 1985 model year . This Maxima was available with a 157 hp ( 117 kW ) , 3.0 - liter VG30E V6 engine and a four - speed automatic or a five - speed manual transmission . In Japan , a smaller 2.0 - liter version of this engine was fitted . These engines were the first V6 engine to be mass - produced in Japan . The second generation was assigned compact status in the US market . This was the last generation to be available as a station wagon , a version which had been offered since the Datsun 810 days . 1987
Clint Eastwood
On July 22 , 2009 , Eastwood was honored by Emperor Akihito of Japan with the Order of the Rising Sun , 3rd class , Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon for his contributions to the enhancement of Japan -- United States relations .
Mains electricity
In the first decade after the introduction of alternating current in the US ( from the early 1880s to about 1893 ) a variety of different frequencies were used , with each electric provider setting their own , so that no single one prevailed . The most common frequency was 1331⁄3 Hz . The rotation speed of induction generators and motors , the efficiency of transformers , and flickering of carbon arc lamps all played a role in frequency setting . Around 1893 the Westinghouse Electric Company in the United States and AEG in Germany decided to standardize their generation equipment on 60 Hz and 50 Hz respectively , eventually leading to most of the world being supplied at one of these two frequencies . Today most 60 Hz systems deliver nominal 120 / 240 V , and most 50 Hz nominally 230 V . The significant exceptions are in Brazil , which has a synchronized 60 Hz grid with both 127 V and 220 V as standard voltages in different regions , and Japan , which has two frequencies : 50 Hz for East Japan and 60 Hz for West Japan .
Second Sino-Japanese War
In 1952 , the Treaty of Taipei was signed separately between the ROC and Japan that basically followed the same guideline of the Treaty of San Francisco , not specifying which country has sovereignty over Taiwan . However , Article 10 of the treaty states that the Taiwanese people and the juridical person should be the people and the juridical person of the ROC . Both the PRC and ROC governments base their claims to Taiwan on the Japanese Instrument of Surrender which specifically accepted the Potsdam Declaration which refers to the Cairo Declaration . Disputes over the precise de jure sovereign of Taiwan persist to the present . On a de facto basis , sovereignty over Taiwan has been and continues to be exercised by the ROC . Japan 's position has been to avoid commenting on Taiwan 's status , maintaining that Japan renounced all claims to sovereignty over its former colonial possessions after World War II , including Taiwan .
Surrender of Japan
I swallow my tears and give my sanction to the proposal to accept the Allied proclamation on the basis outlined by the Foreign Minister .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
In February 2018 , Japan renewed the export of fish caught off Fukushima 's nearshore zone . According to prefecture officials , no seafood had been found with radiation levels exceeding Japan safety standards since April 2015 . Thailand is the first country to receive a shipment of fresh fish from Japan 's Fukushima prefecture . A group campaigning to help prevent global warming has demanded the Food and Drug Administration disclose the name of the importer of fish from Fukushima and of the Japanese restaurants in Bangkok serving . Srisuwan Janya , chairman of the Stop Global Warming Association , said the FDA must protect the rights of consumers by ordering restaurants serving Fukushima fish to make that information available to their customers , so they could decide whether to eat it or not .
Surrender of Japan
On June 30 , Tōgō told Naotake Satō , Japan 's ambassador in Moscow , to try to establish `` firm and lasting relations of friendship . '' Satō was to discuss the status of Manchuria and `` any matter the Russians would like to bring up . '' Well aware of the overall situation and cognizant of their promises to the Allies , the Soviets responded with delaying tactics to encourage the Japanese without promising anything . Satō finally met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on July 11 , but without result . On July 12 , Tōgō directed Satō to tell the Soviets that :
Coffee
International Coffee Day , which is claimed to have originated in Japan in 1983 with an event organized by the All Japan Coffee Association , takes place on September 29 in several countries .
Spratly Islands dispute
The Philippines ' claims are based on sovereignty over the Spratlys on the issues of Res nullius and geography . The Philippines contend their claim was Res nullius as there was no effective sovereignty over the islands until the 1930s when France and then Japan acquired the islands . When Japan renounced their sovereignty over the islands according to the San Francisco Treaty , there was a relinquishment of the right to the islands without any special beneficiary . Therefore , the islands became Res nullius and available for annexation , according to the claim .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
In mid-1940 , Roosevelt moved the U.S. Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , to deter Japan . On October 8 , 1940 , Admiral James O. Richardson , Commander in Chief , Pacific Fleet , provoked a confrontation with Roosevelt by repeating his earlier arguments to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Harold R. Stark and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox that Pearl Harbor was the wrong place for his ships . Roosevelt believed relocating the fleet to Hawaii would exert a `` restraining influence '' on Japan .
Electric car
The Government of Japan , the U.S. Congress , and the European Parliament passed legislation to regulate the minimum level of sound for hybrids and plug - in electric vehicles when operating in electric mode , so that blind people and other pedestrians and cyclists can hear them coming and detect from which direction they are approaching . The Nissan Leaf was the first electric car to use Nissan 's Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians system , which includes one sound for forward motion and another for reverse . As of January 2014 , most of the hybrids and plug - in electric and hybrids available in the United States , Japan and Europe make warning noises using a speaker system . The Tesla Model S is one of the few electric cars without warning sounds , because Tesla Motors will wait until regulations are enacted . Volkswagen and BMW also decided to add artificial sounds to their electric drive cars only when required by regulation .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Previously a proponent of building more reactors , Kan took an increasingly anti-nuclear stance following the disaster . In May 2011 , he ordered the aging Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant closed over earthquake and tsunami concerns , and said he would freeze building plans . In July 2011 , Kan said , `` Japan should reduce and eventually eliminate its dependence on nuclear energy '' . In October 2013 , he said that if the worst - case scenario had been realized , 50 million people within a 250 - kilometer ( 160 mi ) radius would have had to evacuate .
Surrender of Japan
The `` prompt and utter destruction '' clause has been interpreted as a veiled warning about American possession of the atomic bomb ( which had been tested successfully on the first day of the conference ) . On the other hand , the declaration also made specific references to the devastation that had been wrought upon Germany in the closing stages of the European war . To contemporary readers on both sides who were not yet aware of the atomic bomb 's existence , it was easy to interpret the conclusion of the declaration simply as a threat to bring similar destruction upon Japan using conventional weapons .
Conquistador
In 1611 , Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and from the year of 1611 to 1614 he was ambassador of King Felipe III in Japan returning to Acapulco in the year of 1614 . In 1608 , he was sent to search for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro ( island of gold ) and Rico de Plata ( island of silver ) .
Subhas Chandra Bose
In 1943 , after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India 's independence , he left for Japan . He travelled with the German submarine U-180 around the Cape of Good Hope to the southeast of Madagascar , where he was transferred to the I - 29 for the rest of the journey to Imperial Japan . This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II .
History of Palau
Under the terms of the Anglo - Japanese Alliance , the Empire of Japan declared war on the German Empire in 1914 and invaded German overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean . Palau was seized by ships of the Japanese navy . After the war , the League of Nations awarded Palau to Japan as a Class C League of Nations Mandate .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Upon completion , the force was to return to Japan , re-equip , and re-deploy for `` Second Phase Operations '' .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
In many cases , the Japanese government 's reaction was judged to be less than adequate by many in Japan , especially those who were living in the region . Decontamination equipment was slow to be made available and then slow to be utilized . As late as June 2011 , even rainfall continued to cause fear and uncertainty in eastern Japan because of its possibility of washing radioactivity from the sky back to earth .
Bessemer process
The Japanese may have made use of the Bessemer process , which was observed by European travelers in the 17th century . The adventurer Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo describes the process in a book published in English in 1669 . He writes , `` They have , among others , particular invention for the melting of iron , without the using of fire , casting it into a tun done about on the inside without about half a foot of earth , where they keep it with continual blowing , take it out by ladles full , to give it what form they please . '' According to historian Donald Wagner , Madelslo did not personally visit Japan , so his description of the process is likely derived from accounts of other Europeans who had traveled to Japan . Wagner believes that the Japanese process may have been similar to the Bessemer process , but cautions that alternative explanations are also plausible .
Ryukyu Islands
Tanegashima is known in Japanese history for the introduction of European firearms to Japan . Around 1543 , a Chinese junk with Portuguese merchants on board was driven to Tanegashima . Tanegashima Tokitaka succeeded in reproducing matchlock rifles obtained from the Portuguese . Within a few decades , firearms , then known as tanegashima , were spread across Sengoku Japan .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Several Japanese naval officers had been impressed by the British action in the Battle of Taranto , in which 21 obsolete Fairey Swordfish disabled half the Regia Marina ( Italian Navy ) . Admiral Yamamoto even dispatched a delegation to Italy , which concluded a larger and better - supported version of Cunningham 's strike could force the U.S. Pacific Fleet to retreat to bases in California , thus giving Japan the time necessary to establish a `` barrier '' defense to protect Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies . The delegation returned to Japan with information about the shallow - running torpedoes Cunningham 's engineers had devised .
Ring of Fire
About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount
Ryukyu Islands
The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan , another government organization that is responsible for standardization of place names , disagrees with the Japan Coast Guard over some names and their extent , but the two are working on standardization . They agreed on February 15 , 2010 , to use Amami - guntō ( 奄美 群島 ) for the Amami Islands ; prior to that , Amami - shotō ( 奄美 諸島 ) had also been used .
1980 Summer Olympics boycott
Many countries ultimately joined the US in a full boycott of the Games . These included Japan and West Germany where Chancellor Schmidt was able to convince the National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) to support the boycott . China , the Philippines , Chile , Argentina and Canada also boycotted the Games entirely . Some of these countries competed at the alternative `` Liberty Bell Classic '' or Olympic Boycott Games held in Philadelphia that same year .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Michael Banach , the current Vatican representative to the IAEA , told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally . Auxiliary Bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this incident should cause Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects . He called on the worldwide Christian community to support this anti-nuclear campaign . Statements from Bishops ' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power . Author Kenzaburō Ōe , who received a Nobel prize in literature , urged Japan to abandon its reactors .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Japan , like the rest of the Pacific Rim , is in an active seismic zone , prone to earthquakes . The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) had expressed concern about the ability of Japan 's nuclear plants to withstand earthquakes . At a 2008 meeting of the G8 's Nuclear Safety and Security Group in Tokyo , an IAEA expert warned that a strong earthquake with a magnitude above 7.0 could pose a `` serious problem '' for Japan 's nuclear power stations . The region had experienced three earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8 , including the 869 Sanriku earthquake , the 1896 Sanriku earthquake , and the 1933 Sanriku earthquake .
Perry Expedition
After Perry returned to the United States in 1855 , Congress voted to grant him a reward of $20,000 in appreciation of his work in Japan . Perry used part of this money to prepare and publish a report on the expedition in three volumes , titled Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan . He was also advanced to the grade of rear - admiral on the retired list ( when his health began to fail ) as a reward for his services . Perry was known to have suffered severe arthritis that left him in frequent pain , that on occasion precluded him from his duties .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
In May 2011 , UK chief inspector of nuclear installations Mike Weightman traveled to Japan as the lead of an International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) expert mission . The main finding of this mission , as reported to the IAEA ministerial conference that month , was that risks associated with tsunamis in several sites in Japan had been underestimated .
Chinese Buddhism
The Esoteric Buddhist lineages transmitted to Japan under the auspices of the monks Kūkai and Saicho , later formulated the teachings transmitted to them to create the Shingon sect and the Tendai sect . Tang
North Pole
On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle .