vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
The exact cause of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome ( TTS ) can vary from patient to patient . However the same end result is true for all patients , the compression of the posterior tibial nerve and it branches as it travels around the medial malleolus causes pain and irritation for the patient . There are many possible causes for compression of the tibial nerve therefore there are a variety of prevention strategies . One being immobilization , by placing the foot in a neutral position with a brace , pressure is relieved from the tibial nerve thus reducing patients pain . Eversion , inversion , and plantarflexion ( as seen in figure 1 ) all can cause compression of the tibial nerve therefore in the neutral position the tibial nerve is less agitated . Typically this is recommended for the patient to do while sleeping ( see figure 2 ) . Another common problem is improper footwear , having shoes deforming the foot due to being too tight can lead to increased pressure on the tibial nerve . Having footwear that tightens the foot for extended periods of time even will lead to TTS . Therefore , by simply having properly fitted shoes TTS can be prevented .
Social media
There are over 39 million students and recent college graduates on LinkedIn , becoming the fastest - growing demographic on the site . There are many ways that LinkedIn can be used in the classroom . First and foremost , using LinkedIn in the classroom encourages students to have a professional online social presence and can help them become comfortable in searching for a job or internship . `` The key to making LinkedIn a great social learning tool is to encourage learners to build credibility through their profiles , so that experts and professionals wo n't think twice about connecting with them and share knowledge . '' Dedicating class time solely for the purpose of setting up LinkedIn accounts and showing students how to navigate it and build their profile will set them up for success in the future . Next , professors can create assignments that involve using LinkedIn as a research tool . The search tool in LinkedIn gives students the opportunity to seek out organizations they are interested in and allow them to learn more .
Automated teller machine
Another attack method , plofkraak , is to seal all openings of the ATM with silicone and fill the vault with a combustible gas or to place an explosive inside , attached , or near the machine . This gas or explosive is ignited and the vault is opened or distorted by the force of the resulting explosion and the criminals can break in . This type of theft has occurred in the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Denmark , Germany and Australia . These types of attacks can be prevented by a number of gas explosion prevention devices also known as gas suppression system . These systems use explosive gas detection sensor to detect explosive gas and to neutralise it by releasing a special explosion suppression chemical which changes the composition of the explosive gas and renders it ineffective .
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
There are multiple ways that tarsal tunnel can be treated and the pain can be reduced . The initial treatment , whether it be conservative or surgical , depends on the severity of the tarsal tunnel and how much pain the patient is in . There was a study done that treated patients diagnosed with tarsal tunnel syndrome with a conservative approach . Meaning that the program these patients were participated in consisted of physiotherapy exercises and orthopedic shoe inserts in addition to that program . There were fourteen patients that had supplementary tibial nerve mobilization exercises . They were instructed to sit on the edge of a table in a slumped position , have their ankle taken into dorsiflexion and ankle eversion then the knee was extended and flexed to obtain the optimal tibial nerve mobilization . Patients in both groups showed positive progress from both programs . The medial calcaneal , medial plantar and lateral plantar nerve areas all had a reduction in pain after successful nonoperative or conservative treatment . There is also the option of localized steroid or cortisone injection that may reduce the inflammation in the area , therefore relieving pain . Or just a simple reduction in the patient 's weight to reduce the pressure in the area . Tarsal
Will Horton
On his 2017 return , Massey noted how the character had developed , saying : `` He has grown up to be very much like his mother Sami , which is fun to play . Will can be bitchy , like Sami , '' adding it would be fun for the audience too , saying `` audacity can be very entertaining '' . Massey enthused about the characteristics of Will that he loves playing , saying `` I love how mad Will can get sometimes ! And I love that Will can yell at people . And I love that he is fearlessly protective of Ari , his daughter . And he 's not afraid to confront and embrace confrontation . In real life that 's discouraged -- yelling at people is largely discouraged -- but on Days of Our Lives that 's how people thrive ! I like being able to explore Will 's wide range of emotions , and really being able to go there in ways that you ca n't always in real life . '' In the show , Will cheats death , but is left with total amnesia of his life before -- and Massey discussed the challenges of playing a character who does not know his own past : `` It was almost like starting with a blank canvas again . Amnesia 's often associated with some pretty drastic personality changes , so it was a chance to completely recreate Will 's personality in some sense ... and yet I also tried to stay faithful to the kind of things that might be hardwired into his body . ''
Institution
There are some criticisms to Lustick 's application of natural selection theory to institutional change . Lustick himself notes that identifying the inability of institutions to adapt as a symptom of being stuck on a local maxima within a fitness landscape does nothing to solve the problem . At the very least , however , it might add credibility to the idea that truly beneficial change might require short - term harm to institutions and their members . David Sloan Wilson notes that Lustick needs to more carefully distinguish between two concepts : multilevel selection theory and evolution on multi-peaked landscapes . Bradley Thayer points out that the concept of a fitness landscape and local maxima only makes sense if one institution can be said to be `` better '' than another , and this in turn only makes sense insofar as there exists some objective measure of an institution 's quality . This may be relatively simple in evaluating the economic prosperity of a society , for example , but it is difficult to see how objectively a measure can be applied to the amount of freedom of a society , or the quality of life of the individuals within .
Institution
Informal institutions have been largely overlooked in comparative politics , but in many countries it is the informal institutions and rules that govern the political landscape . To understand the political behaviour in a country it is important to look at how that behaviour is enabled or constrained by informal institutions , and how this affects how formal institutions are run . For example , if there are high levels of extra judicial killings in a country , it might be that while it is prohibited by the state the police are actually enabled to carry out such killings and informally encouraged to prop up an inefficient formal state police institution . An informal institution tends to have socially shared rules , which are unwritten and yet are often known by all inhabitants of a certain country , as such they are often referred to as being an inherent part of the culture of a given country . Informal practices are often referred to as `` cultural '' , for example clientelism or corruption is sometimes stated as a part of the political culture in a certain place , but an informal institution itself is not cultural , it may be shaped by culture or behaviour of a given political landscape , but they should be looked at in the same way as formal institutions to understand their role in a given country . Informal institutions might be particularly used to pursue a political agenda , or a course of action that might not be publicly popular , or even legal , and can be seen as an effective way of making up for lack of efficiency in a formal institution . For example , in countries where formal institutions are particularly inefficient , an informal institution may be the most cost effective way or actually carrying out a given task , and this ensures that there is little pressure on the formal institutions to become more efficient . The relationship between formal and informal institutions is often closely aligned and informal institutions step in to prop up inefficient institutions . However , because they do not have a centre , which directs and coordinates their actions , changing informal institutions is a slow and lengthy process . It is as such important to look at any given country and note the presence of informal institutions when looking at the political landscape , and note that they are not necessarily a rejection of the state , but an integral part of it and broadening the scope of the role of the state in a given country .
Nosebleed
There are two types of nasal packing , anterior nasal packing and posterior nasal packing . There are a number of different types of anterior nasal packs . Some use gauze and others use balloons . Posterior packing can be achieved by using a Foley catheter , blowing up the balloon when it is in the back of the throat , and applying traction . Ribbon gauze or Merocel packing can also be used . There are also several dissolvable packing materials , such as surgicel that function as a pack but are not removed and dissolve after a few days . Packing is generally left in for two to five days .
No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)
Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave a negative review saying that season five of the show has been the worst by far . `` ( The show ) stopped being a fast - paced , well - written vampire show and became a long - running soap that happened to have mythical creatures in it . That 's not what any of us signed up for but , with the Katherine storyline presumably on its way out now that Stefan and Caroline have figured out the deceit and Nadia has a dreaded werewolf bite to contend with , maybe the next half - arsed arc will be better ? Let 's hope so because , since we all know how fantastically entertaining this show can be at its best , there is always a glimmer of hope that it can return to form . ''
Human rights and development
International human rights law predate the MDGs , and States have existing legal obligations to realize human rights such that development goals targets and indicators need to be aligned with a human rights approach . The process of alignment should involve 1 ) adapting each target to the relevant economic , social or cultural right ; 2 ) mainstreaming gender ; 3 ) ensuring the excluded are included ; and 4 ) ensuring indicators are rights sensitive . There must be minimum standards for the process agreed on by all participants that includes the design , implementation and monitoring of development strategies ; which are inclusive of women and marginalized groups . Elite capture and reinforcement of existing social hierarchies and power relations must be prevented and information must be transparent and accessible , finally there must be accountability mechanisms to ensure the participatory process is kept to these standards such that overall there is a prioritization of human rights in policy and resource allocation .
Public administration
Comparative public administration lacks curriculum , which has prevented it from becoming a major field of study . This lack of understanding of the basic concepts that build this field 's foundation has ultimately led to its lack of use . For example , William Waugh , a professor at Georgia State University has stated `` Comparative studies are difficult because of the necessity to provide enough information on the sociopolitical context of national administrative structures and processes for readers to understand why there are differences and similarities . '' He also asserts , `` Although there is sizable literature on comparative public administration it is scattered and dated . ''
Native Hawaiians
In some Native Hawaiian communities , there is a constant use of `` talk story '' which plays an essential role in promoting solidarity in the community by not overpowering or making the members of the community feel inadequate for not understanding something . Talk story can consist of recalled events , folktales , and joking . Joking can be used to tease and guide the children about how to do a chore better or to avoid serious trouble . Talk story relates to an Indigenous way of learning by providing conversations such as narratives and dramatizations with verbal and nonverbal communication between the elder and children .
Van de Graaff generator
A Van de Graaff generator terminal does not need to be sphere - shaped to work , and in fact , the optimum shape is a sphere with an inward curve around the hole where the belt enters . A rounded terminal minimizes the electric field around it , allowing greater potentials to be achieved without ionization of the air , or other dielectric gas , surrounding . Outside the sphere , the electric field becomes very strong and applying charges directly from the outside would soon be prevented by the field . Since electrically charged conductors do not have any electric field inside , charges can be added continuously from the inside without increasing them to the full potential of the outer shell . Since a Van de Graaff generator can supply the same small current at almost any level of electrical potential , it is an example of a nearly ideal current source .
Eric Northman
Eric is portrayed in the books as being somewhat arrogant , but having a true joie de vivre . He is confident almost to a fault , once reprimanding a thug in the third book , Club Dead , for threatening Sookie and referring to her as his `` future lover '' although no potentially romantic relationship between Eric and Sookie yet existed . He can be manipulative to suit his needs . He is not above using deceit though it seems to be a last resort when it comes to Sookie . However , he is typically upfront regarding any action he takes and if he is manipulative he is very frank and open regarding his wishes . Due to his frank nature , Sookie comments to herself how she can always know where she stands with Eric . Indeed , Sookie frequently remarks how conversations with Eric are seldom single layered and how he never says something without reason . He is not sentimental in the least but shows a great deal of concern over Sookie and her happiness and well - being , perhaps making the relationship between Eric and Sookie all the more impressive . Sookie believes that , although Eric has created a modest , but thriving business empire and carved out a position of authority in the delicate vampire hierarchy , at heart he remains a born - Viking warrior , ready to leap into battle at any instant .
Electoral College (United States)
The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors .
Confidence interval
The questions concerning how an interval expressing uncertainty in an estimate might be formulated , and of how such intervals might be interpreted , are not strictly mathematical problems and are philosophically problematic . Mathematics can take over once the basic principles of an approach to ' inference ' have been established , but it has only a limited role in saying why one approach should be preferred to another : For example , a confidence level of 95 % is often used in the biological sciences , but this is a matter of convention or arbitration . In the physical sciences , a much higher level may be used .
Consciousness
In medicine , consciousness is assessed by observing a patient 's arousal and responsiveness , and can be seen as a continuum of states ranging from full alertness and comprehension , through disorientation , delirium , loss of meaningful communication , and finally loss of movement in response to painful stimuli . Issues of practical concern include how the presence of consciousness can be assessed in severely ill , comatose , or anesthetized people , and how to treat conditions in which consciousness is impaired or disrupted . The degree of consciousness is measured by standardized behavior observation scales such as the Glasgow Coma Scale .
Corrosion
Certain conditions , such as low concentrations of oxygen or high concentrations of species such as chloride which complete as anions , can interfere with a given alloy 's ability to re-form a passivating film . In the worst case , almost all of the surface will remain protected , but tiny local fluctuations will degrade the oxide film in a few critical points . Corrosion at these points will be greatly amplified , and can cause corrosion pits of several types , depending upon conditions . While the corrosion pits only nucleate under fairly extreme circumstances , they can continue to grow even when conditions return to normal , since the interior of a pit is naturally deprived of oxygen and locally the pH decreases to very low values and the corrosion rate increases due to an autocatalytic process . In extreme cases , the sharp tips of extremely long and narrow corrosion pits can cause stress concentration to the point that otherwise tough alloys can shatter ; a thin film pierced by an invisibly small hole can hide a thumb sized pit from view . These problems are especially dangerous because they are difficult to detect before a part or structure fails . Pitting remains among the most common and damaging forms of corrosion in passivated alloys , but it can be prevented by control of the alloy 's environment .
Shoplifting
Shoplifting may be detected , discouraged and prevented . A number of measures can reduce losses due to shoplifting . Many stores will put up signs warning about the consequences of shoplifting or signs warning about the use of surveillance cameras in the store . This is intended to deter people from trying to shoplift .
Serial killer
A serial murder investigation generates staggering amounts of data , all of which needs to be reviewed and analyzed . A standardized method of documenting and distributing information must be established and investigators must be allowed time to complete reports while investigating leads and at the end of a shift ( FBI 2008 ) . When the mechanism for data management is insufficient , leads are not only lost or buried but the investigation can be hindered and new information can become difficult to obtain or become corrupted . During the Green River Killer investigation , reporters would often find and interview possible victims or witnesses ahead of investigators . The understaffed investigation was unable to keep up the information flow , which prevented them from promptly responding to leads . To make matters worse , investigators believed that the journalists , untrained in interviewing victims or witnesses of crimes , would corrupt the information and result in unreliable leads ( Guillen 2007 ) .
Gatekeeping (communication)
He concludes that as Mr. Gates is representing `` gate keepers '' and wire editors as a whole , there does n't seem to be a particular choice of news by categories . During the week the case study took place , however , there was a strong emphasis on Human Interest stories because there was a large appeal to a story regarding a Cardinal of the Catholic Church . Mr. Gates also concludes that the gate keeper 's standards and taste should refer back to the audience and that they are the ones being served and pleased . His concluding remarks provide a great summary of the purpose and findings of the study . `` Through studying his overt reasons for rejecting news stories from the press associations we see how highly subjective , how based on the `` gate keeper 's '' own set of experiences , attitudes and expectations the communication of `` news '' really is '' ( 390 ) .
Marco Polo (game)
Marco Polo is an `` easily modifiable game '' , and is based on the notion of call - and - response . Marco Polo is not a location - based game because players are confined to a set space and because players must locate each other using auditory clues . Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society argues `` there is bipolarity in the reversal of roles ... there are repeated actions , a routine to be repeated , rules to be observed , and verbal signs to be used '' . Playing this game can allow children to experiment with different social roles , for example learning what it means to be an outcast in the role of `` It '' ( isolated , confined to a space , and unable to see others ) . According to the Nevada Regional Medical Center , `` Marco Polo is not only fun , it can be a good workout . It also puts less stress on your bones and joints because the water makes your body float . ''
Benedict's reagent
Benedict 's quantitative reagent contains potassium thiocyanate and is used to determine how much reducing sugar is present . This solution forms a copper thiocyanate precipitate which is white and can be used in a titration . The titration should be repeated with 1 % glucose solution instead of the sample for calibration .
Quechuan languages
Irony Irony in language can be a somewhat complicated topic in how it functions differently in languages , and by its semantic nature , it is already somewhat vague . For these purposes , it is suffice to say that when irony takes place in Wanka Quechua , the -- chr ( a ) marker is used .
Lobbying in the United States
Generally , the United States requires systematic disclosure of lobbying , and it may be one of the few countries to have such extensive requirements . Disclosure in one sense allows lobbyists and public officials to justify their actions under the banner of openness and with full compliance of the law . The rules often specify how much a lobbyist can spend on specific activities , and how to report expenses ; many of the laws and guidelines are specified in the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 . Transparency and disclosure requirements mean that there are volumes of statistics available for all kinds of analyses -- by journalists , by the public , by rival lobbying efforts . Researchers can subdivide lobbying expenditures by numerous breakdowns , such as by contributions from energy companies .
Elvis Presley
Larry Geller became Presley 's hairdresser in 1964 . Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia , he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how , from their first conversation , Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties : `` I mean there has to be a purpose ... there 's got to be a reason ... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley ... I swear to God , no one knows how lonely I get . And how empty I really feel . '' Thereafter , Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism , which the singer read voraciously . Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life , taking trunkloads of books with him on tour .