vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kurt Angle
Angle returned on the November 17 episode of Impact Wrestling , attacking James Storm and revealing himself as the man who had attacked and bloodied him also the previous week , costing him his match with Bobby Roode for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On December 11 at Final Resolution , Angle was defeated by Storm in a singles match . On January 8 , 2012 at Genesis , Angle defeated Storm in a rematch . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Storm defeated Angle in a number one contender 's match . Angle returned on the February 16 episode of Impact Wrestling , costing Jeff Hardy his shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On March 18 at Victory Road , Angle defeated Hardy in a singles match , pinning him while grabbing a hold of the ring ropes . On April 15 at Lockdown , Hardy defeated Angle in a rematch , contested inside a steel cage . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle defeated A.J. Styles , following interference from Styles ' rivals Christopher Daniels and Kazarian . The following week , Angle warned the two Immortal associates never to interfere in one of his matches again .
Desert
Deserts have been defined and classified in a number of ways , generally combining total precipitation , number of days on which this falls , temperature , and humidity , and sometimes additional factors . For example , Phoenix , Arizona , receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of precipitation per year , and is immediately recognized as being located in a desert because of its aridity - adapted plants . The North Slope of Alaska 's Brooks Range also receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of precipitation per year and is often classified as a cold desert . Other regions of the world have cold deserts , including areas of the Himalayas and other high - altitude areas in other parts of the world . Polar deserts cover much of the ice - free areas of the Arctic and Antarctic . A non-technical definition is that deserts are those parts of the Earth 's surface that have insufficient vegetation cover to support a human population .
Hijab
In recent times , wearing hijab in public has been required by law in Saudi Arabia ( for Muslims ) , Iran and the Indonesian province of Aceh . Other countries , both in Europe and in the Muslim world , have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales . Women in different parts of the world have also experienced unofficial pressure to wear or not wear hijab .
Sustainability
Emerging economies like those of China and India aspire to the living standards of the Western world as does the non-industrialized world in general . It is the combination of population increase in the developing world and unsustainable consumption levels in the developed world that poses a stark challenge to sustainability .
Spanish language
In Spain and in some other parts of the Spanish - speaking world , Spanish is called not only español ( Spanish ) but also castellano ( Castilian ) , the language from the kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian and Catalan .
Bessemer process
Bessemer was sued by the patent purchasers who could n't get it to work . In the end Bessemer set up his own steel company because he knew how to do it , even though he could not convey it to his patent users . Bessemer 's company became one of the largest in the world and changed the face of steel making .
Quakers
After the two great wars had brought the different kinds of Quakers closer together , Friends from different yearly meetings -- many of whom had served together in the Friends Ambulance Unit , and on the American Friends Service Committee and in other relief work -- later held several Quaker World Conferences ; this subsequently resulted in the creation of a standing body of Friends named Friends World Committee for Consultation .
Elgin Marbles
Elgin consulted with sculptor Antonio Canova in 1803 about how best to restore the marbles . Canova was considered by some to be the world 's best sculptural restorer of the time ; Elgin wrote that Canova declined to work on the marbles for fear of damaging them further .
Euthanasia
Suicide and euthanasia became more accepted during the Age of Enlightenment . Thomas More wrote of euthanasia in Utopia , although it is not clear if More was intending to endorse the practice . Other cultures have taken different approaches : for example , in Japan suicide has not traditionally been viewed as a sin , as it is used in cases of honor , and accordingly , the perceptions of euthanasia are different from those in other parts of the world .
United Church of Christ
The UCC 's `` Covenantal Polity '' is best expressed in Article III of the 1999 revision of the Bylaws and Constitution of the United Church of Christ . `` Within the United Church of Christ , the various expressions of the church relate to each other in a covenantal manner . Each expression of the church has responsibilities and rights in relation to the others , to the end that the whole church will seek God 's will and be faithful to God 's mission . Decisions are made in consultation and collaboration among the various parts of the structure . As members of the Body of Christ , each expression of the church is called to honor and respect the work and ministry of each other part . Each expression of the church listens , hears , and carefully considers the advise , counsel and requests of others . In this covenant , the various expressions of the United Church of Christ seek to walk together in all God 's ways . ''
Summer Time in Europe
European Summer Time is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries , not including Iceland , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Turkey and Russia -- in the period between spring and autumn , during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year , in order to make the most efficient use of seasonal daylight . It corresponds to the notion and practice of `` daylight saving time '' to be found in many other parts of the world .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
Despite the growth of multilingualism in different parts of the world , there are controversies on the positive and negative impacts of bilingualism on the education of children . Studies have brought part of the answer to frequent questions such as : are bilingual children distressed ? Does multilingualism make children smarter ? Defenders of multilingualism assert that speaking another language contributes to an intelligent and healthy brain whereas opponents of multilingualism vehemently insist that speaking another language does not make children smarter and that on the contrary , it can disturb their learning journey . Researcher Ellen Bialystok examined the effect of multilingualism on Alzheimer 's disease and found that it delays its onset by about 4 years . The researcher 's study found that those who spoke two or more languages showed symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease at a later time than speakers of a single language . Interestingly , the study found that the more languages the multilingual knows , the later the onset of Alzheimer 's disease . Multilingualism aids in the building up of cognitive reserves in the brain ; these cognitive reserves force the brain to work harder -- they , themselves , restructure the brain . Multilingualism leads to greater efficiency of use in the brain , and organizes the brain to be more efficient and conservative in using energy . More research is required to determine whether learning another language later in life has the same protective effects ; nonetheless , it is evident from the variety of studies performed on the effects of multilingualism and bilingualism on the brain , that learning and knowing multiple languages sets the stage for a cognitive healthy life .
Early world maps
Hecataeus of Miletus ( died c. 476 BCE ) is credited with a work entitled Ges Periodos ( `` Travels round the Earth '' or `` World Survey ' ) , in two books each organized in the manner of a periplus , a point - to - point coastal survey . One on Europe , is essentially a periplus of the Mediterranean , describing each region in turn , reaching as far north as Scythia . The other book , on Asia , is arranged similarly to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea of which a version of the 1st century CE survives . Hecataeus described the countries and inhabitants of the known world , the account of Egypt being particularly comprehensive ; the descriptive matter was accompanied by a map , based upon Anaximander 's map of the earth , which he corrected and enlarged . The work only survives in some 374 fragments , by far the majority being quoted in the geographical lexicon Ethnika compiled by Stephanus of Byzantium .
Industrial Revolution
Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen -- millwrights built water and wind mills , carpenters made wooden framing , and smiths and turners made metal parts . Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity , and the various joints tended to rack ( work loose ) over time . As the Industrial Revolution progressed , machines with metal parts and frames became more common . Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners , such as machine screws , bolts and nuts . There was also the need for precision in making parts . Precision would allow better working machinery , interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners .
Statue of Liberty
Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction
Welsh language
The differences in dialect are marked in pronunciation and in some vocabulary but also in minor points of grammar . For example : consider the question `` Do you want a cuppa ( a cup of tea ) ? '' In Gwynedd this would typically be Dach chi isio panad ? while in Glamorgan one would be more likely to hear Ych chi'n moyn dishgled ? ( though in other parts of the South one would not be surprised to hear Ych chi isie paned ? as well , among other possibilities ) . An example of a pronunciation difference is the tendency in some southern dialects to palatalise the letter `` s '' , e.g. mis ( month ) , usually pronounced ( miːs ) , but as ( miːʃ ) in parts of the south . This normally occurs next to a high front vowel like / i / , although exceptions include the pronunciation of sut `` how '' as ( ʃʊd ) in the southern dialects ( compared with northern ( sɨt ) ) .
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
District 3 specializes in the production of electronics . Most of its inhabitants work in factories and are very adept in skills such as engineering , which its tributes have used to their advantage in the Games . In the Seventy - fourth Hunger Games , the male tribute from District 3 manages to reactivate the land mines surrounding the Cornucopia so they can be used to protect the supplies of the Careers . One of the previous victors to come from District 3 , Beetee , won his Games by setting a trap that electrocuted six tributes at once , crowning him the victor . He also used his skills after being chosen to compete in the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games in Catching Fire . The other victor chosen to compete in the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games is a woman named Wiress , who discovered that the arena operated like a clock and told Katniss how to detect force fields , after she pointed ( or at least started to point ) out the force field put up between the Gamemakers and the victors . Wiress died during the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games , while Beetee joins the technological division for the Second Rebellion 's war effort and becomes the only surviving Victor from District 3 . After the war 's end , Beetee made a special bow and arrows for Katniss . The arrows included explosive arrows and regular arrows . Although District 3 seems to have technological advantages over other districts , it is actually the poorest of the wealthy districts and typically does not do well in the Games .
Climate of the United Kingdom
There have also been occurrences of severe flash floods caused by intense rainfall ; the most severe was the Lynmouth disaster of 1952 in which 34 people died and 38 houses and buildings were completely destroyed . In the summer of 2004 , a severe flash flood devastated the town of Boscastle in Cornwall . However , the worst floods in the United Kingdom in modern times occurred in the North Sea flood of 1953 . A powerful storm from the Atlantic moved around Scotland and down the east coast of England . As it moved south it produced a storm surge which was magnified as the North Sea became narrower further south . By the time the storm affected south - east England and the Netherlands , the surge had reached the height of 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) . Over 300 people were killed by the floods in eastern England .
Mass production
The United States Department of War sponsored the development of interchangeable parts for guns produced at the arsenals at Springfield , Massachusetts and Harpers Ferry , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) in the early decades of the 19th century , finally achieving reliable interchangeability by about 1850 . This period coincided with the development of machine tools , with the armories designing and building many of their own . Some of the methods employed were a system of gauges for checking dimensions of the various parts and jigs and fixtures for guiding the machine tools and properly holding and aligning the work pieces . This system came to be known as armory practice or the American system of manufacturing , which spread throughout New England aided by skilled mechanics from the armories who were instrumental in transferring the technology to the sewing machines manufacturers and other industries such as machine tools , harvesting machines and bicycles . Singer Manufacturing Co. , at one time the largest sewing machine manufacturer , did not achieve interchangeable parts until the late 1880s , around the same time Cyrus McCormick adopted modern manufacturing practices in making harvesting machines .
Child labour
Small - scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world . This form of mining uses labour - intensive and low - tech methods . It is informal sector of the economy . Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines . In west Africa , in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining . Locally known as orpaillage , children as young as 6 years old work with their families . These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury , and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground , pulling up , carrying and crushing the ore . The poor work practices harm the long term health of children , as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers , ground water and lakes . Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana . For Mali , it is the second largest earner of its export revenue . For many poor families with children , it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income .
BIOS
IBM published the entire listings of the BIOS for its original PC , PC XT , PC AT , and other contemporary PC models , in an appendix of the Technical Reference manual for each machine type . The effect of the publication of the BIOS listings is that anyone can see exactly what a definitive BIOS does and how it does it . Phoenix Technologies was the first company to write a fully compatible and completely legal BIOS through clean - room reverse engineering .
Santiago de Compostela
The 1,000 - year - old pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is known in English as the Way of St. James and in Spanish as the Camino de Santiago . Over 100,000 pilgrims travel to the city each year from points all over Europe and other parts of the world . The pilgrimage has been the subject of many books , television programmes , and films , notably Brian Sewell 's The Naked Pilgrim produced for the British television channel Channel 5 and the Martin Sheen / Emilio Estevez collaboration The Way .
Thermoregulation
The most heat - resistant insects are three genera of desert ants recorded from three different parts of the world . The ants have developed a lifestyle of scavenging for short durations during the hottest hours of the day , in excess of 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , for the carcasses of insects and other forms of life which have succumbed to heat stress .
Apollo
At the beginning of the Classical period , it was considered that beauty in visible things as in everything else , consisted of symmetry and proportions . The artists tried also to represent motion in a specific moment ( Myron ) , which may be considered as the reappearance of the dormant Minoan element . Anatomy and geometry are fused in one , and each does something to the other . The Greek sculptors tried to clarify it by looking for mathematical proportions , just as they sought some reality behind appearances . Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements ( materials ) , but of the parts , that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole . It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras . The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type , in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm . The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century , modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE , in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic . The Apollo held the cythara against his extended left arm , of which in the Louvre example , a fragment of one twisting scrolling horn upright remains against his biceps .
How to Train Your Dragon
Cowell published the supplementary spin - off stories as part of the series : The Day of the Dreader is a short story published in 2012 and the novella How To Train Your Viking was published as part of World Book Day 2006 and is claimed to be written by the dragon Toothless and translated by Cowell . Both of these titles were published in the USA as part of the May 2014 How to Train Your Dragon Special Edition : With Brand New Short Stories ! paperback movie tie - in edition . A picture book , Hiccup the Seasick Viking published in 2000 , is not considered a part of the series despite featuring the same character of Hiccup . An illustrative guide to the dragon world , titled The Incomplete Book of Dragons , was released in June 2014 ( in the US it is titled The Complete Book of Dragons ) .
Hurricane Katrina
By August 26 , the possibility of unprecedented cataclysm was already being considered . Many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles ( 240 km ) westward from the Florida Panhandle , putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities ; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17 % , with strike probability rising to 29 % by August 28 . This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level . Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane 's right - front quadrant ( containing the strongest winds ) was forecast to be 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) , while the levees offered protection to 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) , emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city , causing major flooding .
A Song of Ice and Fire
The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books .
Field-effect transistor
All FETs have source , drain , and gate terminals that correspond roughly to the emitter , collector , and base of BJTs . Most FETs have a fourth terminal called the body , base , bulk , or substrate . This fourth terminal serves to bias the transistor into operation ; it is rare to make non-trivial use of the body terminal in circuit designs , but its presence is important when setting up the physical layout of an integrated circuit . The size of the gate , length L in the diagram , is the distance between source and drain . The width is the extension of the transistor , in the direction perpendicular to the cross section in the diagram ( i.e. , into / out of the screen ) . Typically the width is much larger than the length of the gate . A gate length of 1 μm limits the upper frequency to about 5 GHz , 0.2 μm to about 30 GHz .
Israel
Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday ( for a five - day workweek ) , or Friday ( for a six - day workweek ) . In observance of Shabbat , in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish , Friday is a `` short day '' , usually lasting till 14 : 00 in the winter , or 16 : 00 in the summer . Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world , and make Sunday a non-working day , while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day .
The Left Hand of Darkness
The theme of loyalty and trust is related to the novel 's other major theme of gender . Ai has considerable difficulty in completing his mission because of his prejudice against the ambisexual Gethenians and his inability to establish a personal bond with them . Ai 's preconceived ideas of how men should behave prevents him from trusting Estraven when the two meet ; Ai labels Estraven `` womanly '' and distrusts him because Estraven exhibits both male and female characteristics . Estraven also faces difficulties communicating with Ai , who does not understand shifgrethor , the Gethenians ' indirect way of giving and receiving advice . A related theme that runs through Le Guin 's work is that of being rooted or rootless in society , explored through the experiences of lone individuals on alien planets .