vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Consciousness
The origin of the modern concept of consciousness is often attributed to John Locke 's Essay Concerning Human Understanding , published in 1690 . Locke defined consciousness as `` the perception of what passes in a man 's own mind '' . His essay influenced the 18th - century view of consciousness , and his definition appeared in Samuel Johnson 's celebrated Dictionary ( 1755 ) . `` Consciousness '' ( French : conscience ) is also defined in the 1753 volume of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie , as `` the opinion or internal feeling that we ourselves have from what we do . ''
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
The annual temple chariot festival , called Rathothsavam is celebrated during the Tamil month of thai ( January -- February ) and the processional deity , utsavar is taken round the temple in the temple car . Chitra Poornima is a festival based on the mythological incident of Gaj - graha ( elephant crocodile ) . The elephant suffered in the jaws of crocodile and god rescued the elephant . Vasanthothsavam is celebrated during the Tamil month of vaikasi ( May -- June ) which according to inscriptions is celebrated from 1444 AD .
Derek Shepherd
Shepherd was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death . In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith has a flashback of their first ever surgery together when the patient Katie Bryce returns to the hospital with a brain aneurysm . Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to . At the end of the season , prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt , she goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away , him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings .
Demographics of Mexico
The category of `` indigena '' ( indigenous ) in Mexico has been defined based on different criteria through history , this means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as `` indigenous '' varies according to the definition applied . It can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak an Indigenous language , based on this criteria approximately 5.4 % of the population is Indigenous . Nonetheless , activists for the rights of indigenous peoples have referred to the usage of this criteria for census purposes as `` statistical genocide '' Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and people who do not speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self - identifies as Indigenous . According to this criteria , the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples ( Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas , or CDI in Spanish ) and the INEGI ( Mexico 's National Institute of Statistics and Geography ) , state that there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups , which constitute 14.9 % of the population in the country . Finally According to the latest intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government on 2015 , Indigenous people make up 21.5 % of Mexico 's population . In this occasion , people who self - identified as `` Indigenous '' and people who self - identified as `` partially Indigenous '' were classified in the `` Indigenous '' category altogheter .
Vespers
Vesper time varied according to the season between the tenth hour ( 4 p.m. ) and the twelfth ( 6 p.m. ) . As a matter of fact it was no longer the evening hour , but the sunset hour , so that it was celebrated before the day had departed and consequently before there was any necessity for artificial light ( Regula S. Benedicti , xli ) . This is a point to be noted , as it was an innovation . Before this epoch this evening synaxis was celebrated with all the torches alight . The reason of this is that St Benedict introduced in the cursus , another hour -- that of Compline -- which was prescribed to be celebrated in the evening , and which might be considered as a kind of doubling of the Office of Lucernarium .
Chinese marriage
The first one is no - fault divorce . According to the legal code of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) , a marriage may be dissolved due to personal incompatibility , provided that the husband writes a divorce note .
House of Saud
Ibn Saud died in 1953 , after having cemented an alliance with the United States in 1945 . He is still celebrated officially as the `` Founder , '' and only his direct descendants may take on the title of `` his or her Royal Highness . '' The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia 's centennial in 1999 ( according to the Islamic lunar calendar ) .
Spratly Islands dispute
Malaysia 's claims are based upon the continental shelf principle , and have clearly defined coordinates within the limits of its EEZ defined in 1979 . This argument requires that the islands were res nullius and this requirement is said to be satisfied as when Japan renounced their sovereignty over the islands according to the San Francisco Treaty , there was a relinquishment of the right to the islands without any special beneficiary . Therefore , the islands became res nullius and available for annexation .
Global Positioning System
The U.S. Department of Defense is required by law to `` maintain a Standard Positioning Service ( as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification ) that will be available on a continuous , worldwide basis , '' and `` develop measures to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses . ''
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
Blue Cross and Blue Shield insurance companies are licensees , independent of the association and traditionally of each other , offering insurance plans within defined regions under one or both of the association 's brands . Blue Cross Blue Shield insurers offer some form of health insurance coverage in every U.S. state . They also act as administrators of Medicare in many states or regions of the U.S. and provide coverage to state government employees as well as to the federal government employees under a nationwide option of the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program .
Jumping the broom
Local variations of the custom were developed in different parts of England and Wales . Instead of placing the broom on the ground , and jumping together , the broom was placed in an angle by the doorway . The groom jumped first , followed by the bride . In southwest England , in Wales , and in the border areas between Scotland and England , `` ( while some ) couples ... agreed to marry verbally , without exchanging legal contracts ( , ) ... ( o ) thers jumped over broomsticks placed across their thresholds to officialize their union and create new households '' , indicating that contractless weddings and jumping the broomstick were different kinds of marriage .
Baby boom
The U.S. birthrate exploded after World War II . From 1944 to 1961 , more than 65 million children were born in the United States . At the height of this baby boom , a child was born every seven seconds . Factors that contributed to the baby boom consisted of young couples who started families after putting off marriage during the War , government encouragement of growth of families through the aid of GI benefits , and popular culture that celebrated pregnancy , parenthood , and large families .
New Year
Even tourists are not exempt ; although free to do as they wish inside their hotels , no one is allowed onto the beaches or streets , and the only airport in Bali remains closed for the entire day . The only exceptions granted are for emergency vehicles carrying those with life - threatening conditions and women about to give birth . Also the Javanese people celebrate their Satu Suro on this day . Ugadi , the Telugu and Kannada New Year , generally falls in the months of March or April . The people of Andhra Pradesh , Telangana and Karnataka states in southern India celebrate the advent of New Year 's Day in these months . This day is celebrated across entire Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka as Ugadi ( in Sanskrit , Yuga ( era or epoch or year ) + adi ( the beginning or the primordial ) , start of a new year ) . The first month is Chaitra Masa . Masa means month . Kashmiri Calendar , Navreh ( New Year ) : 5083 Saptarshi / 2064 Vikrami / 2007 -- 08 AD , 19 March . This holy day of Kashmiri Brahmins has been celebrated for several millennia . Gudi Padwa is celebrated as the first day of the Hindu year by the people of Maharashtra , India and Sanskar Padwa is celebrated in Goa . This day falls in March or April and coincides with Ugadi . ( see : Deccan ) Sindhi festival of Cheti Chand is celebrated on the same day as Ugadi / Gudi Padwa to mark the celebration of the Sindhi New Year . The Thelemic New Year on 20 March ( or on April 8 by some accounts ) is usually celebrated with an invocation to Ra - Hoor - Khuit , commemorating the beginning of the New Aeon in 1904 . It also marks the start of the twenty - two - day Thelemic holy season , which ends at the third day of the writing of The Book of the Law . This date is also known as The Feast of the Supreme Ritual .
Gun laws in the United States by state
( 2 ) The person using force or deadly force in defense of habitation is presumed for the purpose of both civil and criminal cases to have acted reasonably and had a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or serious bodily injury if the entry or attempted entry is unlawful and is made or attempted by use of force , or in a violent and tumultuous manner , or surreptitiously or by stealth , or for the purpose of committing a felony . '' Stand Your Ground law ? Yes Yes 76 - 2 - 402 Force in defense of person -- Forcible felony defined . `` ( 1 ) ( a ) A person is justified in threatening or using force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that force or a threat of force is necessary to defend the person or a third person against another person 's imminent use of unlawful force . ( b ) A person is justified in using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if the person reasonably believes that force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to the person or a third person as a result of another person 's imminent use of unlawful force , or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony . '' Background checks required for private sales ? No No
Brown bear
A study by US and Canadian researchers has found pepper spray to be more effective at stopping aggressive bear behavior than guns , working in 92 % of studied incidents versus 67 % for guns . Carrying pepper spray is highly recommended by many authorities when traveling in bear country ; however , carrying two means of deterrent , one of which is a large caliber gun , is also advised . Solid shotgun slugs , or three buckshot rounds , or a pistol of . 44 caliber or more is suggested if a heavy hunting rifle is not available . Guns remain a viable , last resort option to be used in defense of life from aggressive bears . Too often , people do not carry a proper caliber weapon to neutralize the bear . According to the Alaska Science Center , a 12 gauge shotgun with slugs has been the most effective weapon . There have been fewer injuries as a result of only carrying lethal loads in the shotgun , as opposed to deterrent rounds . State of Alaska Defense of Life or Property ( DLP ) laws require one to report the kill to authorities , and salvage the hide , skull , and claws . A page at the State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources website offers information about how to `` select a gun that will stop a bear ( 12 - gauge shotgun or . 300 mag rifle ) . ''
Foreign policy of the United States
In February 2007 , the U.S. started formal negotiations with Poland and Czech Republic concerning construction of missile shield installations in those countries for a Ground - Based Midcourse Defense system ( in April 2007 , 57 % of Poles opposed the plan ) . According to press reports the government of the Czech Republic agreed ( while 67 % Czechs disagree ) to host a missile defense radar on its territory while a base of missile interceptors is supposed to be built in Poland .
Maldives
According to the Constitution of Maldives , `` the judges are independent , and subject only to the Constitution and the law . When deciding matters on which the Constitution or the law is silent , judges must consider Islamic Shari'ah '' . Article 15 of the Act Number 1 / 81 ( Penal Code ) gives provision for hudud punishments . Article 156 of the constitution states that law includes the norms and provisions of sharia .
Algiers Motel incident
The trial concluded on June 9 with summations by prosecutor Avery Weisswasser and defense attorney Norman Lippitt . Judge William Beer instructed the all - white jury to either convict August of first - degree murder or acquit him . They could not return a verdict of the lesser charges of second - degree murder or manslaughter , as both the defense and the prosecution had requested . According to the Free Press , legal sources described Beer 's instructions to the jury as a direction to find an acquittal on the other possible options . Beer 's instructions to the jury were criticized by black leaders as `` having all but guaranteed an acquittal '' for August . After deliberating for 2 1 / 2 hours , the jury found August not guilty .
International System of Units
Derived units may be defined in terms of base units or other derived units . They are adopted to facilitate measurement of diverse quantities . The SI is intended to be an evolving system ; units and prefixes are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves . The most recent derived unit , the katal , was defined in 1999 .
Citizenship
The liberal - individualist or sometimes liberal conception of citizenship suggests that citizens should have entitlements necessary for human dignity . It assumes people act for the purpose of enlightened self - interest . According to this viewpoint , citizens are sovereign , morally autonomous beings with duties to pay taxes , obey the law , engage in business transactions , and defend the nation if it comes under attack , but are essentially passive politically , and their primary focus is on economic betterment . This idea began to appear around the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , and became stronger over time , according to one view . According to this formulation , the state exists for the benefit of citizens and has an obligation to respect and protect the rights of citizens , including civil rights and political rights . It was later that so - called social rights became part of the obligation for the state .
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
In Mockingjay , District 13 is the center of the new rebellion . It is led by President Alma Coin , who aspires to succeed Snow as President of Panem and has orchestrated the events in books two and three to circumvent District 13 's truce with the Capitol . The lifestyle in District 13 is very strict because of their circumstances . When a citizen wakes up , they are given a temporary tattoo of their personalized schedule for the day , though Katniss usually ignores it , wandering around and sleeping . They are very thrifty and ration food carefully -- even a small thing wasted is heavily frowned upon and minor theft is punished by detention ; everyone wears the same grey uniform and sleeps in identical living quarters . Everyone over the age of 14 is addressed as `` Soldier '' because almost everyone in District 13 is being trained for a military rebellion against the Capitol . On the other hand , free education is provided , and all refugees are allowed to become citizens . This is , in part , due to the eagerness of the district to add more genetic diversity in the population due to a deadly virus hitting the district years before which made many infertile . Weddings are usually not celebrated since marriages are done through simple paper - signing , though the wedding of Finnick Odair and Annie Cresta in Mockingjay deviates from this .
Acts of the Apostles
Luke -- Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem , namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church ; the answer it provides , and its central theme , is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it . Luke -- Acts can be also seen as a defense of ( or `` apology '' for ) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews : the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences , with the Romans serving as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law . On the one hand , Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews , and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion ; on the other , Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians , celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God 's promised Messiah .
Utilitarianism
In Chapter IV , Bentham introduces a method of calculating the value of pleasures and pains , which has come to be known as the hedonic calculus . Bentham says that the value of a pleasure or pain , considered by itself , can be measured according to its intensity , duration , certainty / uncertainty and propinquity / remoteness . In addition , it is necessary to consider `` the tendency of any act by which it is produced '' and , therefore , to take account of the act 's fecundity , or the chance it has of being followed by sensations of the same kind and its purity , or the chance it has of not being followed by sensations of the opposite kind . Finally , it is necessary to consider the extent , or the number of people affected by the action .
Dutch oven
Among the South African indigenous peoples ( specifically Zulus ) these pots also became known as phutu pots , after a popular food prepared in it . The larger pots are normally used for large gatherings e.g. Funerals or weddings to prepare large quantities of food . Wooden spoons referred to as Kombe in the Tsonga language are used for mixing and stirring .
Grand jury
The grand jury was introduced in Scotland , solely for high treason , a year after the union with England , by the Treason Act 1708 , an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain . Section III of the Act required the Scottish courts to try cases of treason and misprision of treason according to English rules of procedure and evidence . This rule was repealed in 1945 .
Baptism
According to Latter - day Saint theology , faith and repentance are prerequisites to baptism . The ritual does not cleanse the participant of original sin , as Latter - day Saints do not believe the doctrine of original sin . Mormonism rejects infant baptism and baptism must occur after the age of accountability , defined in Latter - day Saint scripture as eight years old .
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
Current monthly income is defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101 ( 10A ) as the monthly average of the income received by the debtor ( and the debtor 's spouse in a joint case ) during a defined six - month time period prior to the filing of the bankruptcy case . Some narrow classes of payments , for example , social security , are excluded from these figures . Notably , the average income may be higher or lower than the debtor 's actual income at the time of filing for bankruptcy . This has led some commentators to refer to the bankruptcy code 's `` current monthly income '' as `` presumed income '' . It should be noted that if the debtor 's debt is not primarily consumer debt , then the means test is inapplicable .
Iran hostage crisis
The U.S. military later awarded the 20 servicemen among the hostages the Defense Meritorious Service Medal . The only hostage serviceman not issued the medal was Staff Sgt Joseph Subic , Jr. , who `` did not behave under stress the way noncommissioned officers are expected to act '' -- that is , he cooperated with the hostage - takers , according to other hostages .
Thebes, Egypt
More than sixty annual festivals were celebrated in Thebes . The major festivals among these according to the Edfu Geographical Text were : the Beautiful Feast of Opet , the Khoiak ( Festival ) , Festival of I Shemu , and Festival of II Shemu . Another popular festivity was the halloween - like Beautiful Festival of the Valley .
Shotgun
Shotguns intended for defensive use have barrels as short as 18 inches ( 46 cm ) for private use ( the minimum shotgun barrel length allowed by law in the United States without federal registration . Barrel lengths of less than 18 inches ( 46 cm ) as measured from the breechface to the muzzle when the weapon is in battery , or have an overall length of less than 26 inches ( 66 cm ) are classified as short barreled shotguns ( SBS ) under the 1934 National Firearms Act and are regulated . A similar short barreled weapon having a pistol grip may be classified as an AOW or `` Any Other Weapon '' . A shotgun is defined as a weapon ( with a buttstock ) designed to be fired from the shoulder . The classification varies depending on how the weapon was originally manufactured .
Windsor Castle
Windsor was not initially used as a royal residence ; the early Norman kings preferred to use the former palace of Edward the Confessor in the village of Old Windsor . The first king to use Windsor Castle as a residence was Henry I , who celebrated Whitsuntide at the castle in 1110 during a period of heightened insecurity . Henry 's marriage to Adela , the daughter of Godfrey of Louvain , took place in the castle in 1121 . During this period the keep suffered a substantial collapse -- archaeological evidence shows that the southern side of the motte subsided by over 6 ft ( 2 m ) . Timber piles were driven in to support the motte and the old wooden keep was replaced with a new stone shell keep , with a probable gateway to the north - east and a new stone well . A chemise , or low protective wall , was subsequently added to the keep .
The Piano Lesson
Grace : One of the last figures to be added to the play , Grace shows the desires of both Boy Willie and Lymon . Both men attempt to be with her and play to her good graces . Since she is not a member of the Charles family , the tension she feels in the last scene of Act Two demonstrates how strong the presence of the ancestral ghosts are in the Charles household .
Apartheid
Further laws had the aim of suppressing resistance , especially armed resistance , to apartheid . The Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 banned any party subscribing to Communism . The act defined Communism and its aims so sweepingly that anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as a Communist . Since the law specifically stated that Communism aimed to disrupt racial harmony , it was frequently used to gag opposition to apartheid . Disorderly gatherings were banned , as were certain organisations that were deemed threatening to the government .
Phase (waves)
Phase is the position of a point in time ( an instant ) on a waveform cycle . A complete cycle is defined as the interval required for the waveform to return to its arbitrary initial value . The graph to the right shows how one cycle constitutes 360 ° of phase . The graph also shows how phase is sometimes expressed in radians , where one radian of phase equals approximately 57.3 ° . '
Star formation
The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M or less . In high mass stars , the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution , much shorter , and the process is not so well defined . The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution .