vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fynbos
Many different microclimates occur , so the flora changes from west to east , and also varies with altitude up the hillsides away from the coast and according to compass direction . Lower elevations are covered with protea fynbos , with ericas taking over further up . Plant species include pincushions ( Leucospermum ) . The wildlife includes a number of endemic bees , beetles , horseflies , and ants , and birds such as Cape sugarbirds and the orange - breasted sunbird . Many of these birds and insects are important and specific pollinators for the fynbos , such as the mountain pride butterfly ( Aeropetes tulbaghia ) which only visits red flowers such as Disa uniflora and pollinates 15 different species . Larger animals include antelopes , particularly Cape grysbok ( Raphicerus melanotis ) , common duiker ( Sylvicapra grimmia ) , and klipspringer ( Oreotragus oreotragus ) . The extinct blue antelope and quagga were also fynbos natives .
Lion
Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that are the core of zoo exhibits since the late eighteenth century ; members of this group are invariably large vertebrates and include elephants , rhinoceroses , hippopotamuses , large primates , and other big cats ; zoos sought to gather as many of these species as possible . Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits , there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world . They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism , education and conservation purposes . Lions can reach an age of over 20 years in captivity ; Apollo , a resident lion of Honolulu Zoo in Honolulu , Hawaii , died at age 22 in August 2007 . His two sisters , born in 1986 , were still alive in August 2007 . Breeding programs need to note origins to avoid breeding different subspecies and thus reducing conservation value . However , several Asiatic - African lion crosses have been bred .
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Kohlberg 's stages are not culturally neutral , as demonstrated by its application to a number of different cultures . Although they progress through the stages in the same order , individuals in different cultures seem to do so at different rates . Kohlberg has responded by saying that although different cultures do indeed inculcate different beliefs , his stages correspond to underlying modes of reasoning , rather than to those beliefs .
Anti-lock braking system
There are many different variations and control algorithms for use in ABS . One of the simpler systems works as follows :
Evidence of common descent
Evolutionary developmental biology is the biological field that compares the developmental process of different organisms to determine ancestral relationships between species . A large variety of organism 's genomes contain a small fraction of genes that control the organisms development . Hox genes are an example of these types of nearly universal genes in organisms pointing to an origin of common ancestry . Embryological evidence comes from the development of organisms at the embryological level with the comparison of different organisms embryos similarity . Remains of ancestral traits often appear and disappear in different stages of the embryological development process . Examples include such as hair growth and loss ( lanugo ) during human development ; development and degeneration of a yolk sac ; terrestrial frogs and salamanders passing through the larval stage within the egg -- with features of typically aquatic larvae -- but hatch ready for life on land ; and the appearance of gill - like structures ( pharyngeal arch ) in vertebrate embryo development . Note that in fish , the arches continue to develop as branchial arches while in humans , for example , they give rise to a variety of structures within the head and neck .
Origin of language
Homo heidelbergensis was a close relative ( most probably a migratory descendant ) of Homo ergaster . Some researchers believe this species to be the first hominin to make controlled vocalizations , possibly mimicking animal vocalizations , and that as Homo heidelbergensis developed more sophisticated culture , proceeded from this point and possibly developed an early form of symbolic language . Homo
Talk:Mode (statistics)
Rather strange . A multimodal continuous case : several local maxima , possibly of different `` heights '' . But multimodal discrete case : several local maxima of the same `` height '' . Really so ? Boris Tsirelson ( talk ) 18 : 55 , 26 June 2017 ( UTC )
California High-Speed Rail
As of 2015 , the following stations and options are proposed . Existing train stations , if any , are linked . There is often a choice of alignments , some of which may involve the construction of a new station at a different location .
Juvenile court
In the United States specifically , there are arguments made against having a separate court for youths and juvenile delinquents . From this perspective , the construction of youth and being young is morphing and as such people believe the legal system should reflect these changes . Childhood currently , looks very different and is socially constructed in a much different pattern than in past historical context . Some argue that within our current social climate , a juvenile court system and having a separate deferment for people under the age of majority is no longer necessary as there are such blurred lines between the stages of childhood , youth , and young adulthood .
Season
Floral and animal activity variation near the equator depends more on wet / dry cycles than seasonal temperature variations , with different species flowering ( or emerging from cocoons ) at specific times before , during , or after the monsoon season . Thus , the tropics are characterized by numerous `` mini-seasons '' within the larger seasonal blocks of time .
Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
Currently , the general opinion is that the development of metallurgy took place independently in different places , at different times , with various techniques . One fact that supports this interpretation is that , although the final products ( beads , rings , sickles , swords , axes , etc . ) are quite similar throughout Europe , the method of production is not . Thus the use of crucibles was the technique utilized in the south of Spain , whereas central Europe employed a slagging process , but Cabrierés ( France ) used a primitive oxidizing non-slagging process ( Bourgarit , et al. 2003 ) , while in the British Isles the absence of debris , slag or ceramic suggests another technique ( Craddock 1995 ) .
Adaptive radiation
Another example of an adaptive radiation would be an endemic bird species of the Hawaiian Islands . The Hawaiian honeycreepers are a large , highly diverse species which have been part of a vast adaptive radiation , that began as the Hawaiian Islands started to form . The honeycreeper species was shaped by island formation and natural selection . The mechanism by which this adaptive radiation occurred can be described as allopatric speciation via the peripheral isolate model . Each time a new island formed , a dispersal event would occur which would result in new community structures on each island . New selection pressures forced the adaptive radiation of the Hawaiian honeycreepers , as they needed to exploit new resources from the different environments of each island . It has been determined that many of the similar morphologies and behaviors of the Hawaiian honeycreepers , located on distant islands , are due to convergence of analogous traits caused by similar environments .
Islamic architecture
There are different attitudes . Symbolic views of some scholars on Islamic architecture have consistently been criticized by historians for lacking historical evidence .
Rainbow
The colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum , and the colours are less saturated . There is spectral smearing in a rainbow owing to the fact that for any particular wavelength , there is a distribution of exit angles , rather than a single unvarying angle . In addition , a rainbow is a blurred version of the bow obtained from a point source , because the disk diameter of the sun ( 0.5 ° ) can not be neglected compared to the width of a rainbow ( 2 ° ) . The number of colour bands of a rainbow may therefore be different from the number of bands in a spectrum , especially if the droplets are particularly large or small . Therefore , the number of colours of a rainbow is variable . If , however , the word rainbow is used inaccurately to mean spectrum , it is the number of main colours in the spectrum .
Small intestine
In lampreys , the spiral valve is extremely small , possibly because their diet requires little digestion . Hagfish have no spiral valve at all , with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine , which is not subdivided into different regions .
Indigenous Australian art
Rock engraving depends on the type of rock being used . Many different methods are used to create rock engravings . There are several different types of Rock art across Australia , the most famous of which is Murujuga in Western Australia , the Sydney rock engravings around Sydney in New South Wales , and the Panaramitee rock art in Central Australia . The Toowoomba engravings , depicting carved animals and humans , have their own peculiar style not found elsewhere in Australia .
Quechuan languages
Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well . There are nonetheless significant local - level differences across each . ( Wanka Quechua , in particular , has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more difficult to understand , even for other Central Quechua speakers . ) Speakers from different major regions , particularly Central or Southern Quechua , are not able to communicate effectively .
Eukaryote
Based on the process of mutualistic symbiosis , the hypotheses can be categorized as -- the serial endosymbiotic theory ( SET ) , the hydrogen hypothesis ( mostly a process of symbiosis where hydrogen transfer takes place among different species ) , and the syntrophy hypothesis .
Homonym
The distinction between polysemy and homonymy is often subtle and subjective , and not all sources consider polysemous words to be homonyms . Words such as mouth , meaning either the orifice on one 's face , or the opening of a cave or river , are polysemous and may or may not be considered homonyms . Capitonyms are words that share the same spelling but have different meanings when capitalized ( and may or may not have different pronunciations ) . Such words include polish ( make shiny ) and Polish ( from Poland ) ; march ( walk in step ) and March ( the third month of the Year ) and the pair : reading ( using a book ) and Reading ( towns in , among other places , England ) .
BuzzFeed
Since 2016 , Tasty also sponsors a show named Worth It starring Steven Lim , Andrew Ilnyckyj , and Adam Bianchi . In each episode , the trio visit three different food places with three drastically different price points in one food category . Steven Lim also stars in BuzzFeed Blue 's `` Worth It -- Lifestyle '' videos . The series is similar , in that three items or experiences are valued from different companies , each at their different price point , but focus on material items and experiences , such as plane seats , hotel rooms , and haircuts .
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . The two membranes have different properties . Because of this double - membraned organization , there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion . They are :
Borneo
Peat swamp forests occupy the entire coastline of Borneo . The soil of the peat swamp are comparatively infertile , while it is known to be the home of various bird species such as the hook - billed bulbul , helmeted hornbill and rhinoceros hornbill . There are about 15,000 species of flowering plants with 3,000 species of trees ( 267 species are dipterocarps ) , 221 species of terrestrial mammals and 420 species of resident birds in Borneo . There are about 440 freshwater fish species in Borneo ( about the same as Sumatra and Java combined ) . In 2010 , the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) stated that 123 species have been discovered in Borneo since the `` Heart of Borneo '' agreement was signed in 2007 . The
Terror management theory
TMT theorists argue that MMM can not describe why different sets of meaning are preferred for a symbol by different people , and that while they may exist , `` different ( ( i.e. , more concrete ) ) types of meaning have different psychological functions '' . For example , MMM theorists argue that all types of meaning are basically equal , and yet one could not compare the likelihood of defensive responses resulting from exposure to a deck of cards containing black hearts with something like the September 11 attacks . TMT theorists argue , essentially , that unless something is an important element of a person 's anxiety - buffering worldview or self - esteem , it will not require broad meaning maintenance .
Kuwait Scientific Center
The Aquarium is home to a 1.5 million liter tank full of different kinds of fish and sharks . Also , it has visual representations of the nature of the Kuwaiti desert , sea and the coastline 's wildlife and marine life . There is also another 100,000 - liter tank which holds different sharks and coral .
Pi
There are n different complex numbers z satisfying z = 1 , and these are called the `` n - th roots of unity '' . They are given by this formula :
Big Five personality traits
Subsequent critical replies by Jack Block at the University of California Berkeley followed . It has been argued that there are limitations to the scope of the Big Five model as an explanatory or predictive theory . It has also been argued that measures of the Big Five account for only 56 % of the normal personality trait sphere alone ( not even considering the abnormal personality trait sphere ) . Also , the static Big Five is not theory - driven , it is merely a statistically - driven investigation of certain descriptors that tend to cluster together often based on less than optimal factor analytic procedures . Measures of the Big Five constructs appear to show some consistency in interviews , self - descriptions and observations , and this static five - factor structure seems to be found across a wide range of participants of different ages and cultures . However , while genotypic temperament trait dimensions might appear across different cultures , the phenotypic expression of personality traits differs profoundly across different cultures as a function of the different socio - cultural conditioning and experiential learning that takes place within different cultural settings .
The London Studios
In 1999 through to 2017 there have been a total of nine different studios during the complex 's lifespan , but currently there are six . It should also be noted that there are weather studios producing the ITV national , and some of the network 's regional forecasts ( these are now at Gray 's Inn Road ) .
Vasopressin
Evidence for an effect of AVP on monogamy vs promiscuity comes from experimental studies in several species , which indicate that the precise distribution of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors in the brain is associated with species - typical patterns of social behavior . In particular , there are consistent differences between monogamous species and promiscuous species in the distribution of AVP receptors , and sometimes in the distribution of vasopressin - containing axons , even when closely related species are compared .
Niche differentiation
Finally , niche differentiation can arise as an evolutionary effect of competition . In this case , two competing species will evolve different patterns of resource use so as to avoid competition . Here too , current competition is absent or low , and therefore detection of niche differentiation is difficult or impossible .
Bell pepper
The bell pepper ( also known as sweet pepper , pepper or capsicum / ˈkæpsɪkəm / ) is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum . Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colours , including red , yellow , orange , green , white , and purple . Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as `` sweet peppers '' .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Since Titanic 's wreck was discovered in 1985 , radical changes have been observed in the marine ecosystem around the ship . The 1996 expedition recorded 75 per cent more brittle stars and sea cucumbers than Ballard 's 1985 expedition , while crinoids and sea squirts had taken root all over the sea bed . Red krill had appeared and an unknown organism had built numerous nests across the seabed from black pebbles . The amount of rusticles on the ship had increased greatly . Curiously , the same thing had happened over about the same timescale to the wreck of the German battleship Bismarck , sunk at a depth of 4,791 metres ( 15,719 ft ) on the other side of the Atlantic . The mud around the ship was found to contain hundreds of different species of animals . The sudden explosion of life around Titanic may be a result of an increased amount of nutrients falling from the surface , possibly a result of human overfishing eliminating fish that would otherwise have consumed the nutrients .
Ashoka
He imposed a ban on killing of `` all four - footed creatures that are neither useful nor edible '' , and of specific animal species including several birds , certain types of fish and bulls among others . He also banned killing of female goats , sheep and pigs that were nursing their young ; as well as their young up to the age of six months . He also banned killing of all fish and castration of animals during certain periods such as Chaturmasa and Uposatha .
Enzyme
Enzymes are not rigid , static structures ; instead they have complex internal dynamic motions -- that is , movements of parts of the enzyme 's structure such as individual amino acid residues , groups of residues forming a protein loop or unit of secondary structure , or even an entire protein domain . These motions give rise to a conformational ensemble of slightly different structures that interconvert with one another at equilibrium . Different states within this ensemble may be associated with different aspects of an enzyme 's function . For example , different conformations of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase are associated with the substrate binding , catalysis , cofactor release , and product release steps of the catalytic cycle .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Bluth had to learn most of his information about specific dinosaur species before work began , stating `` I had to do lots and lots of research because I never was a fanatic about dinosaurs as a kid . But in many ways it became a fictional fantasy because it 's about these young children who are taught to hate each other ; anyone who is different from him . When they are separated from their parents , these five little children have to learn to get along with each other for survival . So there is a bit of a moral in it , too . '' The films creators wanted to have a Tyrannosaurus as the main villain , which became the `` Sharptooth '' that would define many similar antagonists throughout the series .
Neuron
Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals . Given their diversity of functions performed in different parts of the nervous system , there is a wide variety in their shape , size , and electrochemical properties . For instance , the soma of a neuron can vary from 4 to 100 micrometers in diameter .
Evidence of common descent
Research documenting speciation is abundant . Biologists have documented numerous examples of speciation in nature -- with evolution having produced far more species than any observer would consider necessary . For example , there are well over 350,000 described species of beetles . Great examples of speciation come from the observations of island biogeography and the process of adaptive radiation , both explained previously . Evidence of common descent can also be found through paleontological studies of speciation within geologic strata . The examples described below represent different modes of speciation and provide strong evidence for common descent . It is important to acknowledge that not all speciation research directly observes divergence from `` start - to - finish '' . This is by virtue of research delimitation and definition ambiguity , and occasionally leads research towards historical reconstructions . In light of this , examples abound , and the following are by no means exhaustive -- comprising only a small fraction of the instances observed . Once again , take note of the established fact that , `` ... natural selection is a ubiquitous part of speciation ... '' , and is the primary driver of speciation , so ; hereinafter , examples of speciation will often interdepend and correspond with selection .
Spider
Although the fossil record of spiders is considered poor , almost 1000 species have been described from fossils . Because spiders ' bodies are quite soft , the vast majority of fossil spiders have been found preserved in amber . The oldest known amber that contains fossil arthropods dates from 130 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period . In addition to preserving spiders ' anatomy in very fine detail , pieces of amber show spiders mating , killing prey , producing silk and possibly caring for their young . In a few cases , amber has preserved spiders ' egg sacs and webs , occasionally with prey attached ; the oldest fossil web found so far is 100 million years old . Earlier spider fossils come from a few lagerstätten , places where conditions were exceptionally suited to preserving fairly soft tissues . Palaeotarbus
Socioeconomic status
In a study by M. Keels , it was determined that when low - income families are moved from poor neighborhoods to suburban neighborhoods , there are reductions in delinquency in children . When comparing different social statuses of families , the environment of a neighborhood turns out to be major factor in contributing to the growth of a child . School
Geography of Asia
In evaluating the geographic position of nations of the edge of Asia some writers utilize the amorphous concept of `` transcontinental countries , '' which has different meanings to different authorities . Merriam - Webster defines it as `` going across a continent , '' as might a railroad . With regard to Asia , there is only one such country , the Russian Federation .
Allele frequency
If there are more than two different allelic forms , the frequency for each allele is simply the frequency of its homozygote plus half the sum of the frequencies for all the heterozygotes in which it appears .