vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Child labour
From European settlement in 1788 , child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work . Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain . With a low population , agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries . Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws , and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain . From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsory schooling .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done .
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
The Baron , his Italian greyhound , Azor ( which he took with him everywhere ) , his young aide de camp Louis de Pontière , his military secretary , Peter Stephen Du Ponceau ( then called Pierre Etienne Du Ponceau ) , and two other companions , reached Portsmouth , New Hampshire on December 1 , 1777 , where they were almost arrested for being British because Steuben had mistakenly outfitted them in red uniforms . They were extravagantly entertained in Boston . On February 5 , 1778 Steuben and his party arrived in York , Pennsylvania , where the Continental Congress had relocated after being ousted from Philadelphia by the British advance . Arrangements were made for Steuben to be paid following the successful completion of the war according to his contributions . He arrived at Valley Forge on February 23 , 1778 , and reported for duty as a volunteer . One soldier 's first impression of the Baron was `` of the ancient fabled God of War ... he seemed to me a perfect personification of Mars . The trappings of his horse , the enormous holsters of his pistols , his large size , and his strikingly martial aspect , all seemed to favor the idea . He turned the volunteers into a great army ''
Spinal cord
Cortical upper motor neurons originate from Brodmann areas 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 6 and then descend in the posterior limb of the internal capsule , through the crus cerebri , down through the pons , and to the medullary pyramids , where about 90 % of the axons cross to the contralateral side at the decussation of the pyramids . They then descend as the lateral corticospinal tract . These axons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns of all levels of the spinal cord . The remaining 10 % of axons descend on the ipsilateral side as the ventral corticospinal tract . These axons also synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns . Most of them will cross to the contralateral side of the cord ( via the anterior white commissure ) right before synapsing .
Lion
Lions tend to dominate smaller felids such as African cheetahs and leopards where they co-occur , stealing their kills and killing their cubs and even adults when given the chance . The cheetah in particular has a 50 % chance of losing its kill to lions or other predators . Lions are major killers of cheetah cubs , accounting for up to 78.2 % of predator - killed juveniles in one study . Cheetahs avoid their competitors using different temporal ( time ) and spatial ( habitat ) niches . Leopards are able to take refuge in trees ; however , lionesses will occasionally be successful in climbing to retrieve leopard kills . Similarly , lions dominate African wild dogs , not only taking their kills but also preying on young and ( rarely ) adult dogs . Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant . However , there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs . African lions may also conflict with Nile crocodiles . Depending on the size of the crocodile and the lion , either can lose kills or carrion to the other . Lions have been known to kill crocodiles venturing onto land , while the reverse is true for lions entering waterways , as evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs .
Bennet Omalu
Omalu 's efforts to study and publicize CTE in the face of NFL opposition were reported in a GQ magazine article in 2009 by journalist Jeanne Marie Laskas . The article was later expanded by Laskas into a book , Concussion ( Penguin Random House , 2015 ) , and adapted into a film of the same name where Omalu , portrayed by Will Smith , is the central character . The film has been criticized for not being truthful to the actual events . Nevertheless , the movie 's production led to the creation of a foundation named after Omalu to advance CTE and concussion research .
Factory Acts
Althorp 's Act had claimed superiority over Ashley 's Bill of 1833 because of its shorter working hours for children and its provision for education . Those provisions had been violated from the outset , and continued to be violated , and the government connived at those violations : `` notwithstanding the urgent representations and remonstrances of their own inspectors , the Government had done nothing whatever to assist them in the discharge of their duties '' Millowners sat on the bench and adjudicated in their own cases ( because Althorp 's Act had repealed the provisions in Hobhouse 's Act forbidding this ) : they countersigned surgeon 's certificates for children employed in their own factory . One factory inspector had reported a case of a millowner sitting as magistrate on a case brought against his own sons , as tenants of a mill he owned . Magistrates had the power to mitigate the penalties specied in the Act . The inspectors reported that magistrates habitually did so , and to an extent which defeated the law ; it was more profitable to break the law and pay the occasional fine than to comply with the Act .
Labor history of the United States
These conditions led to the first labor combination cases in America . Over the first half of the 19th century , there are twenty - three known cases of indictment and prosecution for criminal conspiracy , taking place in six states : Pennsylvania , Maryland , New York , Louisiana , Massachusetts , and Virginia . The central question in these cases was invariably whether workmen in combination would be permitted to use their collective bargaining power to obtain benefits -- increased wages , decreased hours , or improved conditions -- which were beyond their ability to obtain as individuals . The cases overwhelmingly resulted in convictions . However , in most instances the plaintiffs ' desire was to establish favorable precedent , not to impose harsh penalties , and the fines were typically modest .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Tokyo was hit repeatedly , and during the first massive fire raid of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 suffered a conflagration of about 16 square miles ( 41 km2 ) in area , that killed at least 83,000 . On 5 June , 51,000 buildings in four miles of Kobe were burned out by 473 B - 29s ; the Japanese were learning to fight back , as 11 B - 29s went down and 176 were damaged . Osaka , where one - sixth of the Empire 's munitions were made , was hit by 1,733 tons of incendiaries dropped by 247 B - 29s . A firestorm burned out 8.1 square miles , including 135,000 houses ; 4,000 died . The Japanese local officials reported :
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
Armaggon is a mutant shark that is exclusive to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures comics . Armaggon came from the future and teams up with Shredder and Verminator - X . He was first seen in the `` Mighty Mutanimals '' prelude to his first appearance where he fought Ray Fillet and Merdude where Armaggon claimed that he had fought Ray Fillet before in the future .
Impeachment in the United States
While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced , several did have their intended effect . Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings , and , most famously , President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the House Judiciary Committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor .
World War I
After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles .
Ecuador
In July 21 , 1924 the Ponce - Castro Oyanguren Protocol was signed between Ecuador and Peru where both agreed to hold direct negotiations and to resolve the dispute in an equitable manner and to submit the differing points of the dispute to the United States for arbitration . Negotiations between the Ecuadorian and Peruvian representatives began in Washington on September 30 , 1935 . These negotiations were long and tiresome . Both sides logically presented their cases , but no one seemed to give up their claims . Then on February 6 , 1937 , Ecuador presented a transactional line which Peru rejected the next day . The negotiations turned into intense arguments during the next 7 months and finally on September 29 , 1937 the Peruvian representatives decided to break off the negotiations without submitting the dispute to arbitration because the direct negotiations were going nowhere .
American Revolution
The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented .
Magnetic field
where μ is a material dependent parameter called the permeability . In some cases the permeability may be a second rank tensor so that H may not point in the same direction as B. These relations between B and H are examples of constitutive equations . However , superconductors and ferromagnets have a more complex B to H relation ; see magnetic hysteresis .
American Indian Wars
In Utah , expanding Mormon settlement pushed natives from the fertile and well - watered valleys where they had lived and the cattle of the Mormons consumed the grasses and other plants which made up the traditional Shoshone diet . While unwilling to compensate the Shoshone , or the Ute , for their lands the Mormons did offer food to the Indians . However relations were not smooth , with the Indians being aggressive and demanding while the Mormons found the burden imposed by the Church leadership onerous . The federal government had little presence in the Great Basin and made little effort to ameliorate the situation .
Indigo revolt
The revolt started from the villages of Gobindapur and Chaugacha in Krishnanagar , Nadia district , where Bishnucharan Biswas and Digambar Biswas first led the rebellion against the planters . It spread rapidly in Murshidabad , Birbhum , Burdwan , Pabna , Khulna , and Narail . Some indigo planters were given a public trial and executed . The indigo depots were burned down . Many planters fled to avoid being caught . The zamindars were also targets of the rebellious peasants . Mongolganj
Romare Bearden
In 1929 he graduated from Peabody High School in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He then enrolled in Lincoln University , the nation 's first Historically Black College and University founded in 1854 . He later transferred to Boston University where he served as art director for Beanpot , Boston University 's student humor magazine . Bearden continued his studies at New York University ( NYU ) , where he started to focus more on his art and less on athletics , and became a lead cartoonist and art editor for the Eucleian Society 's ( a secretive student society at NYU ) monthly journal , The Medley . Bearden studied art , education , science and mathematics , graduating with a degree in science and education in 1935 . He continued his artistic study under German artist George Grosz at the Art Students League in 1936 and 1937 . During this period he supported himself as a political cartoonist for African - American newspapers , including the Baltimore Afro - American , where he did a weekly cartoon from 1935 until 1937 .
Long Island Sound
Crustaceans include crabs , shrimp and lobsters . In the Sound there are the green crab ( a non-native species first reported in Boston around 1900 , but a common crab found on the shore , where it feeds on eastern oysters and soft - shell clams ) , blue crab , red crab , Jonah crab in deepwater areas , and the Atlantic rock crab , which settles in large numbers along rocky shores , especially around Millstone Point , Niantic Bay and Fishers Island Sound . Other crabs found include the lady crab , spider crabs , and fiddler crabs ; hermit crabs and mole crabs are also found . By the late 1980s , the Japanese shore crab , an invasive species , was the most commonly found crab in the sound .
New Spain
In the seventeenth century , patterns shifted in Yucatán and Tabasco , as the English took territory the Spanish claimed but did not control , especially what became British Honduras ( now Belize ) , where they cut dyewood and in Laguna de Términos ( Isla del Carmen ) where they cut logwood . In 1716 -- 17 viceroy of New Spain organized a sufficient ships to expel the foreigners , where the crown subsequently built a fortress at Isla del Carmen . But the British held onto their territory in the eastern portion of the peninsula into the twentieth century . In the nineteenth century , the enclave supplied guns to the rebellious Maya in the Caste War of Yucatan . Valley
Uluru
It is sometimes reported that those who take rocks from the formation will be cursed and suffer misfortune . There have been many instances where people who removed such rocks attempted to mail them back to various agencies in an attempt to remove the perceived curse .
Juvenile court
Juvenile court is a special court or department of a trial court that deals with under - age defendants who are charged with crimes , are neglected , or are out of the control of their parents . The normal age of these defendants is under 18 , but the age of majority changes based on the state or nation . Juvenile court does not have jurisdiction in cases in which minors are charged as adults . The procedure in juvenile court is not always adversarial , although the minor is entitled to legal representation by a lawyer . Parents or social workers and probation officers may be involved in the process to achieve positive results and save the minor from involvement in future crimes . However , serious crimes and repeated offenses can result in sentencing juvenile offenders to prison , with transfer to a state prison upon reaching adulthood with limited maximum sentences , often until the age of 18 , 21 , 23 or 25 . Where parental neglect or loss of control is a problem , the juvenile court may seek out foster homes for the juvenile , treating the child as a ward of the court . A juvenile court handles cases of both delinquency and dependency . Delinquency refers to crimes committed by minors , and dependency includes cases where a non-parental person is chosen to care for a minor .
Hijab
Successful informal coercion of women by sectors of society to wear hijab has been reported in Gaza where Mujama ' al - Islami , the predecessor of Hamas , reportedly used `` a mixture of consent and coercion '' to `` ' restore ' hijab '' on urban educated women in Gaza in the late 1970s and 1980s .
Southern United States
In 1780 and 1781 , the British largely halted reconquest of the northern states , and concentrated on the south , where they were told there was a large Loyalist population ready to leap to arms once the royal forces arrived . The British took control of Savannah and Charleston , capturing a large American army in the process , and set up a network of bases inland . There were many more Loyalists in the South than in the North , but they were concentrated in larger coastal cities and were not great enough in number to overcome the revolutionaries . Large numbers of loyalists from South Carolina fought for the British in the Battle of Camden . The British forces at the Battle of Monck 's Corner and the Battle of Lenud 's Ferry consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer ( Banastre Tarleton ) . Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the Battle of Kemp 's Landing in Virginia . Led by Nathanael Greene and other generals , the Americans engaged in Fabian tactics designed to wear down the British invasion force , and to neutralize its strong points one by one . There were numerous battles large and small , with each side claiming some victories . By 1781 , however , British General Cornwallis moved north to Virginia , where an approaching army forced him to fortify and await rescue by the British Navy . The British Navy did arrive , but so did a stronger French fleet , and Cornwallis was trapped . American and French armies , led by Washington , forced Cornwallis to surrender his entire army in Yorktown , Virginia in October 1781 , effectively winning the North American part of the war .
Vehicle registration plates of France
Each code consists of two digits except for Corse - du - Sud and Haute - Corse ( 2A and 2B ) and the overseas départments where the identifier consists of 3 digits ( in the series 971 to 978 ) , the first two digits were often stacked on plates to save space .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
Isaac did not directly impact Venezuela , but the storm 's outer bands produced heavy rains over part of the country . In the state of Sucre , the Manzanares River overflowed its banks in the town of Cumanacoa , flooding approximately 1,200 homes , many of which were damaged and a few destroyed . Some residents had to be airlifted to safety . Similar flooding occurred elsewhere in the country , such as in Caracas where 40 families had to be evacuated . Across Caracas , transportation was significantly disrupted as the local Metro suspended service and debris blocked local roads . The most significant flooding in the city occurred in western areas where hundreds of families had to be evacuated . In the state of Monagas , heavy rains and high winds damaged a total of 47 homes . Several roads were blocked by downed trees and flooding , temporarily isolating a few cities . Across the states of Anzoátegui , Monagas , and Sucre , 3,200 families were affected by the floods and 600 homes were damaged or destroyed . In the state of Yaracuy , flooding destroyed 10 homes and affected 70 others . At least two people were killed and two others were listed as missing in various events related to the storm .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Iraqi Human Rights Ministry The Human Rights Ministry of the Iraqi government recorded 250,000 Iraqi injuries between 2003 and 2012 . The ministry had earlier reported that 147,195 injuries were recorded for the period 2004 -- 2008 . Iraqi Government Iraqi Government spokesman Ali al - Dabbagh reported that 239,133 Iraqi injuries were recorded by the government between 2004 and 2011 . Iraq war logs Classified US military documents released by WikiLeaks in October 2010 , recorded 176,382 injuries , including 99,163 civilian injuries between January 2004 and December 2009 . Iraq Body Count The Iraq Body Count project reported that there were at least 20,000 civilian injuries in the earliest months of the war between March and July 2003 . A follow up report noted that at least 42,500 civilians were reported wounded in the first two years of the war between March 2003 and March 2005 . UN Assistance Mission for Iraq The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq ( UNAMI ) reported that there were 36,685 Iraqi injuries during the year 2006 . Iraqi Health Ministry The Health Ministry of the Iraqi government reported that 38,609 Iraqi injuries had occurred during the year 2007 , based on statistics derived from official Iraqi health departments ' records . Baghdad had the highest number of injuries ( 18,335 ) , followed by Nineveh ( 6,217 ) , Basra ( 1,387 ) and Kirkuk ( 655 ) .
Doctor (title)
Despite being historically associated with doctorates in law , the title of doctor for lawyers has not customarily been used in English - speaking countries , where lawyers were traditionally not required to have a university degree and were trained by other lawyers by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court . The exception being those areas where , up to the 19th century , civil law rather than common law was the governing tradition , including admiralty law , probate and ecclesiastical law : such cases were heard in the Doctor 's Commons , and argued by advocates who held degrees either of doctor of civil law at Oxford or doctor of law at Cambridge . As such , lawyers practicing common law in England were not doctoral candidates and had not earned a doctorate . When university degrees became more common for those wanting to qualify as a lawyer in England , the degree awarded was the Bachelor of Laws ( LL. B . ) . Similarly in the US , even though degrees became standard for lawyers much earlier , the degree was again the LL. B. , only becoming the Juris Doctor generally in the latter half of the 20th century .