vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hard disk drive
As of 2010 , a typical 7,200 - rpm desktop HDD has a sustained `` disk - to - buffer '' data transfer rate up to 1,030 Mbit / s . This rate depends on the track location ; the rate is higher for data on the outer tracks ( where there are more data sectors per rotation ) and lower toward the inner tracks ( where there are fewer data sectors per rotation ) ; and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000 - rpm drives . A current widely used standard for the `` buffer - to - computer '' interface is 3.0 Gbit / s SATA , which can send about 300 megabyte / s ( 10 - bit encoding ) from the buffer to the computer , and thus is still comfortably ahead of today 's disk - to - buffer transfer rates . Data transfer rate ( read / write ) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file generator tools , then reading back the file . Transfer rate can be influenced by file system fragmentation and the layout of the files .
Leopard
japonensis ) ( Gray , 1862 ) It is native to central and northern China , where today only small and isolated populations remain . Amur leopard ( P. p. orientalis ) ( Schlegel , 1857 ) It lives in the cold regions of the Russian Far East and Northeast China and is Critically Endangered . It is currently extinct in the Korean Peninsula . Indochinese leopard ( P. p. delacouri ) Pocock , 1930 It inhabits mainland Southeast Asia , including Myanmar , Thailand , Malaysia , Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam and South China . Sri Lankan leopard ( P. p. kotiya ) Deraniyagala , 1956 It is native to Sri Lanka .
Phone connector (audio)
A phone connector , also known as phone jack , audio jack , headphone jack or jack plug , is a family of electrical connector typically used for analog signals . The phone connector was invented for use in telephone switchboards in the 19th century and is still widely used .
The Sixth Sense
The color red is intentionally absent from most of the film , but it is used prominently in a few isolated shots for `` anything in the real world that has been tainted by the other world '' and `` to connote really explosively emotional moments and situations '' . Examples include the door of the church where Cole seeks sanctuary ; the balloon , carpet , and Cole 's sweater at the birthday party ; the tent in which he first encounters Kyra ; the volume numbers on Crowe 's tape recorder ; the doorknob on the locked basement door where Malcolm 's office is located ; the shirt that Anna wears at the restaurant ; Kyra 's mother 's dress at the wake ; and the shawl wrapped around the sleeping Anna .
Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?
The song , and game , is featured as one of the sequences in Grandpa 's Magical Toys ; the only accusation that is missing is that of the Dutch Girl , and she reveals that she got all the toys and the last cookie . The song was also done on three episodes of Barney & Friends . A variation of the song has been used in Smart4life commercials in the US beginning in 2009 . The song was also used in the Family Guy episode `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein . '' The song was used in The Simpsons episode `` Kamp Krustier '' where Chief Wiggum arrests two kids after they sing it in a group activity .
Renaissance
The word `` Renaissance '' is borrowed from the French language , where it means `` re-birth '' . It was first used in the eighteenth century and was later popularized by French historian Jules Michelet ( 1798 -- 1874 ) in his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) .
Italian language
In some cases , colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used , and some continue to use this regional language . Examples are Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil , where Talian is used , and the town of Chipilo near Puebla , Mexico ; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the nineteenth century . Another example is Cocoliche , an Italian -- Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires , and Lunfardo .
Lectionary
The Gospel of John is read throughout Easter , and is used for other liturgical seasons including Advent , Christmas , and Lent where appropriate .
Great Depression in Canada
Case studies of four Canadian textile firms -- two cotton and two hosiery and knitting -- demonstrate the range of business response to the economic crisis . Each faced a different array of conditions , and each devised the appropriate restructuring strategies . The large corporations responded by investing in more expensive machinery and automation , hiring less skilled workers to tend the automated equipment , and tweaking their product lines to changing consumer tastes . However the smaller hosiery and knitting firms lacked the capital to invest or the research needed to monitor consumer tastes . They used time - tested `` Taylorized '' scientific management or made piecemeal changes . Power shifted upward to management , as strikes were too risky in the early 1930s and the opportunity to find a better job had drastically narrowed . By 1935 , however , the influence of militant American unions spilled over the border and Canadian unions became more forceful and harmonious . The activity was most notable in Ontario 's automobile factories , beginning in Windsor in late 1936 , where the new Automobile Workers of America ( UAW ) chartered its first Canadian local at the Kelsey - Hayes factory .
Hijab
The niqab is a term which is often incorrectly used interchangeably with burqa . It properly refers to a garment that covers a woman 's upper body and face , except for her eyes . It is particularly associated with the style traditionally worn in the Arabian Peninsula , where the veil is attached by one side and covers the face only below the eyes , thereby allowing the eyes to be seen .
Maya textiles
In woven textiles , the first step is preparing fiber , which can come from plants , such as cotton or maguey , or animals , such as wool from sheep . In Mesoamerica , only plant fibers were available before European contact . The loose fibers are spun into threads by hand , with spindles , a long stick - like device for holding the thread , and whorls , a weight held on the spindle to increase its motion . There were two kinds of looms used for weaving , `` the foot loom and the back - strap loom . The latter is almost invariably used by women , who attach one end of the loom to a tree or post and fix the other end behind their lower back . For this reason the width of the textile is constrained by what the particular woman can manage . Until the fairly recent past , foot looms were operated mostly by men , but this practice is changing . The threads are made of cotton , although silk is frequently interwoven with cotton in textiles destined for ceremonial use . ''
Industrial Revolution
The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder boring machine used for boring the large - diameter cylinders on early steam engines . The planing machine , the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century . Although the milling machine was invented at this time , it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century .
Border Collie
The original test is the ISDS sheepdog trial . It is still used today , where a dog and handler collect groups of livestock and move them quietly around a course . There are certain standard elements to this test depending on the level : national or international . For both levels , sheep must be gathered as calmly as possible without being distressed . For a national competition , normally held between England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales , trials run over a 400 - yard course . International courses use a 400 - yard course for the qualifying trials , but on the third and final day , trials are held in a course of 800 yards . The international test involves a `` double fetch '' , where the sheepdog must gather 10 sheep from 800 yards away , bring them on an angle to the center of the field , and then be sent back in another direction to gather another 10 sheep , also placed 800 yards from the handler . Five of those 20 sheep will have collars on , and at the end of a triangular drive , the sheep are gathered into a circular `` shedding ring '' and the 15 sheep without collars driven away as the five collared sheep are kept inside the ring and then penned . Sheepdogs must be directed through obstacles at varying distance from the handler , and then the dog must demonstrate the ability to do work close at hand by penning the sheep and sorting them out .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Suicide bombing was also used against the Japanese . A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at Sihang Warehouse . Chinese troops strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up . This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai , where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank , and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up . During one incident at Taierzhuang , Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles .
Kitchen cabinet
Accordingly , finishes formulated by differing manufacturers do not , in general , exactly match . Distressing the wood cabinets is another finish application and is often done in conjunction with glazes , stains , paints or dyes . This process consists of adding manufactured imperfections to cabinet doors to give the wood cabinets an aged , distressed , old - world rustic appearance . Common techniques include creating wormholes , rasping , dings and dents and sanding through the wood and layers of finish unevenly . Trade - off : solid wood versus particle board . Solid wood and plywood are durable and strong , but are more costly and offer less dimensional stability at manufacture than particle board . For cabinets and surface finishes that may sustain damage during long use , serviceability is a consideration . In case of damage , solid wood can be repaired by a qualified furniture refinisher , other than the manufacturer , to achieve a perfect match to the surrounding finish . Veneered MDF and particle board components , if damaged , must be replaced by the manufacturer . If water reaches the core , particleboard especially will swell irreversibly ( therefore it is never used in home sheathing applications , where oriented strand board OSB is used instead ) . Tolerances for the use of screw fasteners in particleboard are tighter than for solid wood or plywood , and screws often loosen over time if over-torqued . However , MDF and particle board are good choices where cabinets are well - constructed , will be cared - for , where service life is projected as intermediate , e.g. , where the kitchen will be remodeled approximately every 15 years , or where the manufacturer can be relied upon to supply replacement components if needed .
Counterfeit banknote detection pen
Counterfeit banknote detection pens are used to detect counterfeit Swiss franc , euro and United States banknotes , amongst others . Typically , genuine banknotes are printed on paper based on cotton fibers and do not contain the starches that are reactive with iodine . When the pen is used to mark genuine bills , the mark is yellowish or colourless .
Smocking
Smocking is an embroidery technique used to gather fabric so that it can stretch . Before elastic , smocking was commonly used in cuffs , bodices , and necklines in garments where buttons were undesirable . Smocking developed in England and has been practised since the Middle Ages and is unusual among embroidery methods in that it was often worn by laborers . Other major embroidery styles are purely decorative and represented status symbols . Smocking was practical for garments to be both form fitting and flexible , hence its name derives from smock -- a farmer 's work shirt . Smocking was used most extensively in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries .
Disneyland Monorail System
In order to remove old monorail trains and replace them with new ones , they are shunted to maintenance shop beam `` D '' where each car segment is prepared individually for removal by supporting the remaining segment and disconnecting the bellows , cables and articulated motor truck . The car is then rolled outside along the beam to a position where a custom crane - hoist harness is fitted to it and the car is hoisted off the beam and transferred to a truck trailer on which a transport beam is bolted . The Diesel / hydraulic tractor ( pictured ) is used as a switcher to carefully tow each car into and out of the maintenance shop . The procedure is reversed for fitting new segments of monorail train cars to the beam while testing each system and connection . Each fully assembled train is then slowly and methodically tested thoroughly over many months before it can be placed into revenue service for guests . It was determined after delivery of Mark VII Monorail Red that platform clearance was too tight for the new , elongated end - compartments , so Monorail Blue was modified at the manufacturer and entered service before Red .
Trinity
This language is often considered difficult because , if used regarding humans or other created things , it would imply time and change ; when used here , no beginning , change in being , or process within time is intended and is excluded . The Son is generated ( `` born '' or `` begotten '' ) , and the Spirit proceeds , eternally . Augustine of Hippo explains , `` Thy years are one day , and Thy day is not daily , but today ; because Thy today yields not to tomorrow , for neither does it follow yesterday . Thy today is eternity ; therefore Thou begat the Co-eternal , to whom Thou saidst , ' This day have I begotten Thee . ' ''
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
When I set out to write for the people of today and of the future , about the conquest and discovery that our Spaniards made here in Peru , I could not but reflect that I was dealing with the greatest matters one could possibly write about in all of creation as far as secular history goes . Where have men ever seen the things they have seen here ? And to think that God should have permitted something so great to remain hidden from the world for so long in history , unknown to men , and then let it be found , discovered and won all in our own time ! --
Software bug
In 1946 , when Hopper was released from active duty , she joined the Harvard Faculty at the Computation Laboratory where she continued her work on the Mark II and Mark III . Operators traced an error in the Mark II to a moth trapped in a relay , coining the term bug . This bug was carefully removed and taped to the log book . Stemming from the first bug , today we call errors or glitches in a program a bug .
Thanksgiving dinner
The centerpiece of contemporary Thanksgiving in the United States and Canada is a large meal , generally with a large roasted turkey . It is served with a variety of side dishes such as mashed potatoes , stuffing and cranberry sauce . The majority of the dishes in the traditional American version of Thanksgiving dinner are made from foods native to the New World . According to tradition , the Pilgrims learned how to grow these foods from the Native Americans . The Pilgrims were incredibly grateful for these new foods , which is where we get the name Thanksgiving . Today , Thanksgiving dinner is often a time where people reflect on all the things in their lives that they are thankful for . Thanksgiving dinner is the largest eating event in the United States ; most people eat more on Thanksgiving than on any other day of the year .
Communications satellite
Satellite communications are still used in many applications today . Remote islands such as Ascension Island , Saint Helena , Diego Garcia , and Easter Island , where no submarine cables are in service , need satellite telephones . There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent , for example large regions of South America , Africa , Canada , China , Russia , and Australia . Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of Antarctica and Greenland . Other land use for satellite phones are rigs at sea , a back up for hospitals , military , and recreation . Ships at sea , as well as planes , often use satellite phones .
Last Forever
Everything but the Girl 's acoustic cover of the Tom Waits song `` Downtown Train '' was used in the scene where Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station . Music supervisor Andy Gowan says that Carter Bays `` basically put it in the script , and wrote that script with that song in mind '' ; Gowan described the song as `` heartbreakingly beautiful '' and captured both the `` sweet and romantic '' and the `` somber , dark part '' of the scene .
History of the Latin script
`` The Parcae , Clotho , Lachesis , and Atropos invented seven Greek letters -- ABHTI Y . Others say that Mercury invented them from the flight of cranes , which , when they fly , form letters . Palamedes , too , son of Nauplius , invented eleven letters ; Simonides , too , invented four letters -- Ó EZ PH ; Epicharmus of Sicily , two -- P and PS . The Greek letters Mercury is said to have brought to Egypt , and from Egypt Cadmus took them to Greece . Cadmus in exile from Arcadia , took them to Italy , and his mother Carmenta changed them to Latin to the number of 15 . Apollo on the lyre added the rest . ''
Rules of netball
The side pass is a two - handed pass . It is used in situations requiring quick , straight throws . The bullet pass is a one - handed pass . It is used as a short or medium pass . The pass is fast and direct . The underarm pass is a one - handed pass . This short pass style is used in situations where an element of surprise is required .
Carmen Sandiego (video game series)
This title was released in 1986 . Similar to World , the goal of this game is track Carmen 's villains around the United States , and arrest them and later ultimately arrest Carmen herself . In order to make an arrest , the user must have a warrant and , obviously , it has to be the correct warrant . The user gets information from the bystanders on where the thief went next and what the thief looks like . When the user reaches his / her final destination where the villain is going to pass off the loot to Carmen , he / she have to arrest them . Where
Hōryū-ji
The temple was originally commissioned by Prince Shōtoku ; at the time it was called Ikaruga - dera ( 斑鳩 寺 ) , a name that is still sometimes used . This first temple is believed to have been completed by 607 . Hōryū - ji was dedicated to Yakushi Nyorai , the Buddha of healing and in honor of the prince 's father . Excavations done in 1939 confirmed that Prince Shotoku 's palace , the Ikaruga - no - miya ( 斑鳩 宮 ) , occupied the eastern part of the current temple complex , where the Tō - in ( 東院 ) sits today . Also discovered were the ruins of a temple complex which was southwest of the prince 's palace and not completely within the present temple complex . The original temple , named by modern historians and archaeologists Wakakusa - garan ( 若草 伽藍 ) , was lost , probably burned to the ground after being hit by lightning in 670 . The temple was reconstructed but slightly reoriented in a northwest position , which is believed to have been completed by around 711 . The temple was repaired and reassembled in the early twelfth century , in 1374 , and 1603 .
The finger
In countries where Spanish , Portuguese , or French are spoken , and especially in Spain , Portugal , Brazil , and France the gesture involving raising a fist and slapping the biceps on the same arm as the fist used , sometimes called the bras d'honneur or Iberian slap , is equivalent to the finger .
Standard Oil
Standard Oil 's market position was initially established through an emphasis on efficiency and responsibility . While most companies dumped gasoline in rivers ( this was before the automobile was popular ) , Standard used it to fuel its machines . While other companies ' refineries piled mountains of heavy waste , Rockefeller found ways to sell it . For example , Standard created the first synthetic competitor for beeswax and bought the company that invented and produced Vaseline , the Chesebrough Manufacturing Co. , which was a Standard company only from 1908 until 1911 .
Think globally, act locally
The term is also used in business strategy , where multinational corporations are encouraged to build local roots . This is sometimes expressed by converging the words `` global '' and `` local '' into the single word `` glocal , '' a term used by several companies ( notably Sony Corporation and other major Japanese multinationals ) in their advertising and branding strategies in the 1980s and 1990s .
Cell-free fetal DNA
Differences in gene activation between maternal and fetal DNA can be exploited . epigenetic modifications ( heritable modifications that change gene function without changing DNA sequence ) can be used to detect cffDNA . The hypermethylated RASSF1 A promoter is a universal fetal marker used to confirm the presence of cffDNA . In 2012 , White et al described a technique where cffDNA was extracted from maternal plasma and then digested with methylation - sensitive and insensitive restriction enzymes . Then , real - time PCR analysis of RASSF1A , SRY , and DYS14 was done . The procedure detected 79 out of 90 ( 88 percent ) maternal blood samples where hypermethylated RASSF1A was present . MRNA
Bayonet
Early bayonets were of the `` plug '' type , where the bayonet was fitted directly into the barrel of the musket . This allowed light infantry to be converted to heavy infantry and hold off cavalry charges . The bayonet had a round handle that slid directly into the musket barrel . This naturally prevented the gun from being fired . In 1671 , plug bayonets were issued to the French regiment of fusiliers then raised . They were issued to part of an English dragoon regiment raised in 1672 and disbanded in 1674 , and to the Royal Fusiliers when raised in 1685 . The danger incurred by the use of this bayonet ( which put a stop to all fire ) was felt so early that the younger Puységur invented a socket bayonet in 1678 that fitted over the muzzle using a circular band of metal , allowing the musket to be loaded and fired . However , it was not widely adopted at the time . Socket
Phone connector (audio)
The 3.5 mm or miniature and 2.5 mm or sub-miniature sizes were originally designed as two - conductor connectors for earpieces on transistor radios since the 1950s , the standard still used today . The roughly half - sized version of the original , the 3.5 mm connector , which is the most commonly used in portable application today , was popularized by the Sony EFM - 117J radio which was released in 1964 . It became very popular with its application on the Walkman in 1979 .
Friction
where θ is the angle from horizontal and μ is the static coefficient of friction between the objects . This formula can also be used to calculate μ from empirical measurements of the friction angle .
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
Subsequently , the painting was consigned and sold to several other Parisian and European merchants and collectors until it was purchased by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936 . The Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936 .
Space Shuttle retirement
Two modified Boeing 747s were used to fly the shuttles back to KSC when they landed at Edwards AFB . N911NA was retired on February 8 , 2012 and is now a parts hulk for the `` SOFIA '' 747 . Beginning in September 2014 , N911NA was loaned out to the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark , in Palmdale , CA , where it is on outdoor display next to the B - 52 . The other aircraft , N905NA was used to send Discovery , Endeavour and Enterprise to their museums and in September 2012 was found to have few parts for Sofia . It is currently a museum piece at the Johnson Space Center . NASA