vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Alexander perhaps undercut his own rule by demonstrating signs of megalomania . While utilizing effective propaganda such as the cutting of the Gordian Knot , he also attempted to portray himself as a living god and son of Zeus following his visit to the oracle at Siwah in the Libyan Desert ( in modern - day Egypt ) in 331 BC . His attempt in 327 BC to have his men prostrate before him in Bactra in an act of proskynesis borrowed from the Persian kings was rejected as religious blasphemy by his Macedonian and Greek subjects after his court historian Callisthenes refused to perform this ritual . When Alexander had Parmenion murdered at Ecbatana ( near modern Hamadan , Iran ) in 330 BC , this was `` symptomatic of the growing gulf between the king 's interests and those of his country and people '' , according to Errington . His murder of Cleitus the Black in 328 BC is described as `` vengeful and reckless '' by Dawn L. Gilley and Ian Worthington . Continuing the polygamous habits of his father , Alexander encouraged his men to marry native women in Asia , leading by example when he wed Roxana , a Sogdian princess of Bactria . He then married Stateira II , eldest daughter of Darius III , and Parysatis II , youngest daughter of Artaxerxes III , at the Susa weddings in 324 BC .
Audit committee
In India , according to Section 177 ( 1 ) of the Companies Act 2013 , the Board of Directors of every listed company and such other class or classes of companies , as may be prescribed , shall constitute an Audit Committee .
Morality
Religion and morality are not synonymous . Morality does not depend upon religion although for some this is `` an almost automatic assumption '' . According to The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics , religion and morality `` are to be defined differently and have no definitional connections with each other . Conceptually and in principle , morality and a religious value system are two distinct kinds of value systems or action guides . ''
Macedonia (terminology)
Macedonia ( Македонија ) can refer to either the region of Macedonia or the Republic of Macedonia . Macedonians ( Македонци ) generally refers to the Macedonian ethnic group associated with the Republic of Macedonia , neighbouring countries and abroad . Aegean Macedonia ( Егејска Македонија -- Egejska Makedonija ) refers to Macedonia in Greece ( as defined by the administrative division of Greece ) . Pirin Macedonia ( Пиринска Македонија -- Pirinska Makedonija ) refers to the Blagoevgrad Province of Bulgaria ( as defined by the administrative division of Bulgaria ) . Bugarashi ( бугараши ) or bugarofili ( бугарофили ) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self - identifying as Bulgarian , or having a pro-Bulgarian orientation . Egejci ( Егејци ) refers to people living in the Republic of Macedonia and abroad that are originating from Aegean Macedonia ( Greek Macedonia ) , mainly refugees from the Greek Civil War , also knowns as Aegean Macedonians . Grkomani ( гркомани ) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the Slavic - speaking minority of Macedonia in Greece who self - identify as Greeks . Srbomani ( србомани ) or srbofili ( србофили ) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self - identifying as Serbian , or having a pro-Serb orientation .
Trustee model of representation
The trustee model of representation is a model for how we should understand the role of representatives , and is frequently contrasted with the delegate model of representation . Constituents elect their representatives as ' trustees ' ( or ' entrust ' them ) for their constituency . These ' trustees ' have sufficient autonomy to deliberate and act in favour of the greater common good and national interest , even if it means going against the short - term interests of their own constituencies . The model provides a solution to the problem of uninformed constituents who lack the necessary knowledge on issues to take an educated position . By contrast , in the delegate model , the representative is expected to act strictly in accordance to a mandate from the represented .
Causes of World War II
In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the spirit of the Locarno Pact and the Stresa Front , Germany re-militarized the Rhineland on March 7 , 1936 . It moved German troops into the part of western Germany where , according to the Versailles Treaty , they were not allowed . France could not act because of political instability at the time . According to his official Biography , King Edward VIII , who thought the Versailles provision was unjust , ordered the government to stand down .
The Rite of Spring
In 1963 , 50 years after the premiere , Monteux ( then aged 88 ) agreed to conduct a commemorative performance at London 's Royal Albert Hall . According to Isaiah Berlin , a close friend of the composer , Stravinsky informed him that he had no intention of hearing his music being `` murdered by that frightful butcher '' . Instead he arranged tickets for that particular evening 's performance of Mozart 's opera The Marriage of Figaro , at Covent Garden . Under pressure from his friends , Stravinsky was persuaded to leave the opera after the first act . He arrived at the Albert Hall just as the performance of The Rite was ending ; composer and conductor shared a warm embrace in front of the unaware , wildly cheering audience . Monteux 's biographer John Canarina provides a different slant on this occasion , recording that by the end of the evening Stravinsky had asserted that `` Monteux , almost alone among conductors , never cheapened Rite or looked for his own glory in it , and he continued to play it all his life with the greatest fidelity '' .
Cardinal direction
With the cardinal points thus accurately defined , by convention cartographers draw standard maps with north ( N ) at the top , and east ( E ) at the right . In turn , maps provide a systematic means to record where places are , and cardinal directions are the foundation of a structure for telling someone how to find those places .
Magnetic field
The formulas derived for the magnetic field above are correct when dealing with the entire current . A magnetic material placed inside a magnetic field , though , generates its own bound current , which can be a challenge to calculate . ( This bound current is due to the sum of atomic sized current loops and the spin of the subatomic particles such as electrons that make up the material . ) The H - field as defined above helps factor out this bound current ; but to see how , it helps to introduce the concept of magnetization first .
Grand juries in the United States
Besides the above stated reform proposals , the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) established The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury , a bi-partisan , blue - ribbon panel that included current and former prosecutors , as well as academics and defense attorneys . The unanimous conclusions and proposals of this diverse group were contained in the publication Federal Grand Jury Reform Report & ' Bill of Rights ' . Among the reforms detailed in that report were the right to counsel for grand jury witnesses who are not receiving immunity , an obligation to present evidence which may exonerate the target or subject of the offense , and the right for targets or subjects to testify .
Official bilingualism in Canada
The first , An Act to amend the Official Languages Act ( Charter of the French Language ) ( Bill C - 482 ) , was introduced by Bloc MP Pauline Picard . If adopted , it would have had the effect of amending the Official Languages Act , the Canada Labour Code , and the Canada Business Corporations Act , to cause them to conform to the Charter of the French Language , `` effectively making the federal government French - only in the province , '' according to Maclean 's . This bill was defeated on May 2008 , with Bloc and NDP MPs voting in favour and Conservative and Liberal MPs opposed .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
During the original congressional debate over the amendment Senator Jacob M. Howard of Michigan -- the author of the Citizenship Clause -- described the clause as having the same content , despite different wording , as the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1866 , namely , that it excludes Native Americans who maintain their tribal ties and `` persons born in the United States who are foreigners , aliens , who belong to the families of ambassadors or foreign ministers . '' According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University , `` A good number of his fellow senators supported his view of the citizenship clause . '' Others also agreed that the children of ambassadors and foreign ministers were to be excluded .
Doctor (title)
In Bangladesh , use of the title of Doctor ( Dr . ) is permitted for Ph. D. degree holders and registered medical practitioners . According to an amendment , universities are allowed to approve or reject any subject proposed for a thesis by a candidate for the degree of `` Doctor '' in any subject . For registered medical practitioners , only MBBS and BDS degree holders are allowed to use the title `` Dr . '' and be called `` Medical Doctors '' . Registered veterinary practitioners may use the title `` Dr . '' after earning the `` Doctor of Veterinary Medicine '' ( DVM ) degree . However , Registered Homeopath practitioners also use the title `` Dr . '' even though , according to Homeopathic Practitioners Ordinance 1983 , they are only permitted to use `` Homeopath '' . Currently , Physiotherapy has no separate council and no authorized act at present permits the use of the prefix `` Dr . '' for physiotherapist . According to Bangladesh Unani & Ayurvedic Practitioners Ordinance 1983 , practitioners of the Unani system are called `` Tabib '' or `` Hakim '' and are strictly prohibited from using the title `` Dr . '' ; similarly , practitioners of Ayurvedic system are called `` Vaid '' or `` Kabiraj '' and are also strictly prohibited from using `` Dr . '' . Currently , medical practitioners having MBBS degree or dental surgeons having BDS are legally permitted to use `` Dr . '' prefix . Using `` Dr . '' for other medical practitioners remains controversial . Hong
Constitutional Convention (United States)
The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the upper legislative house in the future bicameral Congress , to be known as the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single chief executive to be called the President , how to elect the President , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's proposed Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4th recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on by the delegates , inscribed on parchment with engraving for printing and sent to the states and their legislatures .
Chinese marriage
The number of concubines was sometime regulated , which differs according to the men 's rank . In ancient China , men of higher social status often supported several concubines , and Chinese emperors almost always have dozens of , even hundreds of royal concubines . A
Free market
One famous statement of the scholarly approach to the concept of free markets within political science is Freer Markets , More Rules by Steven K. Vogel . As the title suggests , the scholarly study of free markets is more accurately understood as the act of increasing or decreasing how strict rules are ( more free or less free ; liberalizing or deliberalizing ) rather than the idealized concept of free markets as a state of the world . Free markets as a verb phrase , rather than free markets as a noun phrase .
New Year
Bengali New Year ( Bengali : পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or Bengali : বাংলা নববর্ষ Bangla Nôbobôrsho ) is celebrated on the 1st of Boishakh ( 14 -- 15 April ) in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Odia New Year ( Maghe Sankranti ) is celebrated on 14 April in the Indian state of Odisha . It is also called Vishuva Sankranti or Pana Sankranti . Manipuri New Year or Cheirouba is celebrated on 14 April in the Indian State of Manipur with much festivities and feasting . Sinhalese New Year is celebrated with the harvest festival ( in the month of Bak ) when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya ( House of Pisces ) to the Mesha Rashiya ( House of Aries ) . Sri Lankans begin celebrating their National New Year `` Aluth Avurudda ( අලුත් අවුරුද්ද ) '' in Sinhala and `` Puththandu ( புத்தாண்டு ) '' in Tamil . However , unlike the usual practice where the new year begins at midnight , the National New Year begins at the time determined by the astrologers by calculating the exact time that sun goes from Meena Rashiya ( House of Pisces ) to the Mesha Rashiya ( House of Aries ) . Not only the beginning of the new year but the conclusion of the old year is also specified by the astrologers . And unlike the customary ending and beginning of the new year , there is a period of a few hours in between the conclusion of the Old Year and the commencement of the New Year , which is called the `` nona gathe '' ( neutral period ) Where part of sun in House of Pisces and Part is in House of Aries . Malayali New Year ( Vishu ) is celebrated in the South Indian state of Kerala in mid April . Western parts of Karnataka where Tulu is spoken , the new year is celebrated along with Tamil / Malayali New year 14 or 15 April , although in other parts most commonly celebrated on the day of Gudi Padwa , the Maharashtrian new year .
Species
An ecological species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources , called a niche , in the environment . According to this concept , populations form the discrete phenetic clusters that we recognise as species because the ecological and evolutionary processes controlling how resources are divided up tend to produce those clusters .
Plate tectonics
The lithosphere , which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet ( the crust and upper mantle ) , is broken into tectonic plates . The Earth 's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates ( depending on how they are defined ) and many minor plates . Where the plates meet , their relative motion determines the type of boundary : convergent , divergent , or transform . Earthquakes , volcanic activity , mountain - building , and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries ( or faults ) . The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 100 mm annually .
Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady
On the day of Jennifer 's wedding to Frankie Brady , Steve and Jack arrived . Everyone was shocked when Jack interrupted the ceremony . Meanwhile , overwhelmed by the pain of returning to Salem where she had enjoyed such a short time of joy with Steve , Kayla was crying at Steve 's graveside at the cemetery at the church , unable to sit through the wedding without breaking down .
Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences , a phase is a region of space ( a thermodynamic system ) , throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform . Examples of physical properties include density , index of refraction , magnetization and chemical composition . A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform , physically distinct , and ( often ) mechanically separable . In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar , the ice cubes are one phase , the water is a second phase , and the humid air over the water is a third phase . The glass of the jar is another separate phase . ( See state of matter # Glass )
Confidence interval
Estimating equations The estimation approach here can be considered as both a generalization of the method of moments and a generalization of the maximum likelihood approach . There are corresponding generalizations of the results of maximum likelihood theory that allow confidence intervals to be constructed based on estimates derived from estimating equations . Via significance testing If significance tests are available for general values of a parameter , then confidence intervals / regions can be constructed by including in the 100p % confidence region all those points for which the significance test of the null hypothesis that the true value is the given value is not rejected at a significance level of ( 1 − p ) . Bootstrapping In situations where the distributional assumptions for that above methods are uncertain or violated , resampling methods allow construction of confidence intervals or prediction intervals . The observed data distribution and the internal correlations are used as the surrogate for the correlations in the wider population .
To Kill a Mockingbird
Initial reactions to the novel were varied . The New Yorker declared Lee `` a skilled , unpretentious , and totally ingenuous writer '' , and The Atlantic Monthly 's reviewer rated the book `` pleasant , undemanding reading '' , but found the narrative voice -- `` a six - year - old girl with the prose style of a well - educated adult '' -- to be implausible . Time magazine 's 1960 review of the book states that it `` teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life '' and calls Scout Finch `` the most appealing child since Carson McCullers ' Frankie got left behind at the wedding '' . The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even - handed approach to the narration of the novel 's events , writing : `` This is in no way a sociological novel . It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance . ''
British Empire
The British mandate in Palestine , where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority , presented the British with a similar problem to that of India . The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust , while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state . Frustrated by the intractability of the problem , attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence , Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve . The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state .
Confidence interval
While the formulations of the notions of confidence intervals and of statistical hypothesis testing are distinct , they are in some senses related and to some extent complementary . While not all confidence intervals are constructed in this way , one general purpose approach to constructing confidence intervals is to define a 100 ( 1 − α ) % confidence interval to consist of all those values θ for which a test of the hypothesis θ = θ is not rejected at a significance level of 100α % . Such an approach may not always be available since it presupposes the practical availability of an appropriate significance test . Naturally , any assumptions required for the significance test would carry over to the confidence intervals .
New Testament
The books of the New Testament were all or nearly all written by Jewish Christians -- that is , Jewish disciples of Christ , who lived in the Roman Empire , and under Roman occupation . Luke , who wrote the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts , is frequently thought of as an exception ; scholars are divided as to whether Luke was a Gentile or a Hellenistic Jew . A few scholars identify the author of the Gospel of Mark as probably a Gentile , and similarly for the Gospel of Matthew , though most assert Jewish - Christian authorship .
Israel
The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman - ruled Palestine , known as the First Aliyah , began in 1881 , as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe . Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice , Austro - Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism , a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel , thus offering a solution to the so - called Jewish question of the European states , in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time . In 1896 , Herzl published Der Judenstaat ( The Jewish State ) , offering his vision of a future Jewish state ; the following year he presided over the First Zionist Congress .
Gray code
Gray codes are not uniquely defined , because a permutation of the columns of such a code is a Gray code too . The above procedure produces a code in which the lower the significance of a digit , the more often it changes , making it similar to normal counting methods .
History of the Jews in Egypt
In the beginning of the 12th century a Jewish man named Abu al - Munajja ibn Sha'yah was at the head of the Department of Agriculture . He is especially known as the constructor of a Nile sluice ( 1112 ) , which was called after him `` Baḥr Abi al - Munajja '' . He fell into disfavor because of the heavy expenses connected with the work , and was incarcerated in Alexandria , but was soon able to free himself . A document concerning a transaction of his with a banker has been preserved . Under the vizier Al - Malik al - Afḍal ( 1137 ) there was a Jewish master of finances , whose name , however , is unknown . His enemies succeeded in procuring his downfall , and he lost all his property . He was succeeded by a brother of the Christian patriarch , who tried to drive the Jews out of the kingdom . Four leading Jews worked and conspired against the Christian , with what result is not known . There has been preserved a letter from this ex-minister to the Jews of Constantinople , begging for aid in a remarkably intricate poetical style . One of the physicians of the caliph Al - Ḥafiẓ ( 1131 -- 49 ) was a Jew , Abu Manṣur ( Wüstenfeld , p. 306 ) . Abu al - Faḍa'il ibn al - Nakid ( died 1189 ) was a celebrated oculist .
Amy Winehouse
London 's Mall Galleries opened an exhibition in May 2008 that included a sculpture of Winehouse , titled Excess . The piece , created by Guy Portelli , had a miniature of the singer lying on top of a cracked champagne bottle , with a pool of spilled liquid underneath . The body was covered with what appeared to be tiny pills , while one outstretched hand held a glass . Another piece , a print titled Celebrity 1 by artist Charlotte Suckling , was shown in the same exhibition .
Siege
Muhammad , considered a prophet for Muslims , made use of sieges extensively during his military campaigns . The first use was during the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa . According to Islamic tradition , the invasion of Banu Qaynuqa occurred in 624 AD . The Banu Qaynuqa were a Jewish tribe expelled by Muhammad for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman , which led to her being stripped naked . A Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation , and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man . This escalated to a chain of revenge killings , and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa , leading to the siege of their fortress . The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad , who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa , but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy 's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa .