vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Early skyscrapers
Skyscraper development paused during the years of the Second World War . Once development began again in the 1950s and 1960s , the skyscraper entered a different phase of development , usually called the international or modern period . Some experimental designs in this style had been built in the U.S. using European architectural concepts in the early 1930s , most notably the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society and McGraw - Hill Buildings . Post-war , their modernist themes were used in a new generation of skyscrapers . These stood alone on individual plots in the fashion of the Rockefeller Centre 's RCA building , rather than as part of a row of buildings , forming huge slabs and towers featuring huge glass façades , breaking with earlier skyscraper traditions . Inside , new technologies such as fluorescent lighting and widespread air - conditioning meant that many older architectural features such as light courts and operable windows were unnecessary .
Algiers Motel incident
In January and February 1970 , the federal conspiracy trial was held in Flint , Michigan . It , like the August murder trial , had been moved from Detroit partially because of the publication of The Algiers Motel Incident . It meant it was nearly impossible to get any black persons on the jury . Defense lawyer Lippitt represented the policemen and admitted later that he felt the book publishing had helped his case as he felt that no black person in Detroit would be impartial . `` I would n't want a black man on the jury . I was hoping for all the prejudice I could get . ''
Edward O'Hare
On the night of November 26 , 1943 , the Enterprise introduced the experiment in the co-operative control of Avengers and Hellcats for night fighting , when the three - plane team from the ship broke up a large group of land - based bombers attacking Task Group TG 50.2 . O'Hare volunteered to lead this mission to conduct the first - ever Navy nighttime fighter attack from an aircraft carrier to intercept a large force of enemy torpedo bombers . When the call came to man the fighters , Butch O'Hare was eating . He grabbed up part of his supper in his fist and started running for the ready room . He was dressed in loose marine coveralls . The night fighter unit consisting of 1 VT and 2 VF was catapulted between 17 : 58 and 18 : 01 . The pilots for this flight were Butch O'Hare and Ensign Warren Andrew `` Andy '' Skon of VF - 2 in F6Fs and the Squadron Commander of VT - 6 , LCDR John C. Phillips in a TBF1 - C. The crew of the TBF torpedo plane consisted of LTJG Hazen B. Rand , a radar specialist and Alvin Kernan , A.B. , AOM1 / c . The ' Black Panthers ' , as the night fighters were dubbed , took off before dusk and flew out into the incoming mass of Japanese planes .
History of women in the United States
Another important event around this time was the Vietnam War . Approximately 7,000 American military women served in Vietnam during the Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 1975 ) , the majority of them as nurses . An Army nurse , Sharon Ann Lane , was the only U.S. military woman to die from enemy fire in Vietnam . An Air Force flight nurse , Capt Mary Therese Klinker , died when the C - 5A Galaxy transport evacuating Vietnamese orphans which she was aboard crashed on takeoff . Six other American military women also died in the line of duty . An important gain for military women occurred when in 1976 , the five federal United States Service academies ( West Point , Coast Guard Academy , Naval Academy , Air Force Academy , Merchant Marines Academy ) were required to admit women as a result of Public Law 94 - 106 signed by President Gerald Ford on October 7 , 1975 . The law passed the House by a vote of 303 to 96 and the Senate by voice vote after divisive argument within Congress , resistance from the Department of Defense and legal action initiated by women to challenge their exclusion . More than 300 women enrolled in the academies in 1976 .
Atlantic slave trade
Forms of slavery varied both in Africa and in the New World . In general , slavery in Africa was not heritable -- that is , the children of slaves were free -- while in the Americas , children of slave mothers were considered born into slavery . This was connected to another distinction : slavery in West Africa was not reserved for racial minorities , as it was in European colonies , although the case was otherwise in places such as Somalia , where Bantus were taken as slaves for the ethnic Somalis .
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
Khrushchev agreed on a deployment plan in May 1962 chiefly in response to NATO positioning their nuclear missiles in Turkey in 1958 , and by late July over sixty Soviet ships were on route to Cuba , some of them already carrying military material . A U.S. U-2 flight on the morning of October 14 photographed a series of SAM ( surface - to - air missile ) sites being constructed . In a televised address on October 22 , U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced the discovery of the installations and proclaimed that any nuclear missile attack from Cuba would be regarded as an attack by the Soviet Union and would be responded to accordingly . Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy on October 23 and 24 claiming the deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions of the Soviet Union . On October 26 , the Soviets offered to withdraw the missiles in return for a U.S. guarantee not to invade Cuba or support any invasion and to remove all missiles set in southern Italy and in Turkey . This deal was accepted and the crisis abated .
Carbon
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations . Diamonds were known probably as early as 2500 BCE in China , while carbon in the form of charcoal was made around Roman times by the same chemistry as it is today , by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude air . Carl
Korean War
In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter ( August -- September 1950 ) , the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge , P'ohang - dong , and Taegu . The United States Air Force ( USAF ) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges , halting most daytime road and rail traffic . KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night . To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs . Consequently , the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south . On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident . The U.S. proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the U.S. should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the U.S. proposal .
Samurai
The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180 , beginning the Genpei War , which ended in 1185 . Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan - no - ura , at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyūshū in 1185 . The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy . In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i Taishōgun , establishing the Kamakura shogunate , or Kamakura bakufu . Instead of ruling from Kyoto , he set up the shogunate in Kamakura , near his base of power . `` Bakufu '' means `` tent government '' , taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in , in accordance with the Bakufu 's status as a military government .
Return of the Jedi
`` I played a very important part in bringing Harrison back for Return of the Jedi . Harrison , unlike Carrie Fisher and Mark Hamill signed only a two picture contract . That is why he was frozen in carbonite in The Empire Strikes Back . When I suggested to George we should bring him back , I distinctly remember him saying that Harrison would never return . I said what if I convinced him to return . George simply replied that we would then write him in to Jedi . I had just recently negotiated his deal for Raiders of the Lost Ark with Phil Gersh of the Gersh Agency . I called Phil who said he would speak with Harrison . When I called back again , Phil was on vacation . David , his son , took the call and we negotiated Harrison 's deal . When Phil returned to the office several weeks later he called me back and said I had taken advantage of his son in the negotiations . I had not . But agents are agents . ''
Bee Gees
In 2001 , the group released what turned out to be their final album of new material as a group , This Is Where I Came In . The album was another success , reaching the Top 10 in the UK ( being certified Gold ) , and the Top 20 in the US . The title track was also a UK Top 20 hit single . The album gave each member of the group a chance to write in his own way , as well as composing songs together . For example , Maurice 's compositions and leads are the `` Man in the Middle '' and `` Walking on Air '' , while Robin contributed `` Déjà Vu '' , `` Promise the Earth '' , and `` Embrace '' , and Barry contributed `` Loose Talk Costs Lives '' , `` Technicolour Dreams '' and `` Voice in the Wilderness '' . The other songs are collaborative in writing and vocals . They performed many tracks from This Is Where I Came In , plus many of their biggest hits , on the live televised concert series Live by Request , shown on the A&E Network . The last concert of the Bee Gees as a trio was at the Love and Hope Ball in 2002 .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts .
World War I
The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts . Serbian
Hungary in World War I
The military forces of Austria - Hungary remained largely unified over the course of the war , in spite of their multi-ethnic nature and some expectations to the contrary . While German support was undoubtedly critical to the success of various offensives ( such as the Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive and the Battle of Caporetto ) , the multi-ethnic armies of Austria - Hungary proved fully capable in a defensive role in all the theaters of the war in which they were engaged .
Malayan Union
The Sultans , the traditional rulers of the Malay states , conceded all their powers to the British Crown except in religious matters . The Malayan Union was placed under the jurisdiction of a British Governor , signalling the formal inauguration of British colonial rule in the Malay peninsula . Moreover , while the State Councils were still kept functioning in the former Federated Malay States , they lost the limited autonomy that they enjoyed , left to administer only some less important local aspects of government , and became an extended hand of the Federal government in Kuala Lumpur . Also , British Residents replacing the Sultans as the head of the State Councils meant that the political status of the Sultans was greatly reduced .
Hot air balloon
Baskets are commonly made of woven wicker or rattan . These materials have proven to be sufficiently light , strong , and durable for balloon flight . Such baskets are usually rectangular or triangular in shape . They vary in size from just big enough for two people to large enough to carry thirty . Larger baskets often have internal partitions for structural bracing and to compartmentalize the passengers . Small holes may be woven into the side of the basket to act as foot holds for passengers climbing in or out .
St. Johns River
The final 35 miles ( 56 km ) of the river 's course runs through Jacksonville , the largest city by area in the contiguous United States , with a population of more than a million . Much of the economic base of Jacksonville depends on the river : 18,000,000 short tons ( 16,000,000 t ) of goods are shipped in and out of Jacksonville annually . Exports include paper , phosphate , fertilizers , and citrus , while major imports include oil , coffee , limestone , cars , and lumber . The Port of Jacksonville produces $1.38 billion in the local economy and supports 10,000 jobs . The U.S. Navy has two bases in the Jacksonville area : Naval Station Mayport , at the mouth of the river , serves as the second largest Atlantic Fleet operation and home port in the country . Naval Air Station Jacksonville is one of the service 's largest air installations , home to two air wings and over 150 fixed - wing and rotary - wing aircraft , and the host for one of only two full - fledged Naval Hospitals remaining in Florida . If
History of the harpsichord
French builders were responsible for important further development of the Ruckers - type instrument . The first step , taken in the mid-17th century , was to change the purpose of the second manual in two - manual instruments : whereas in the Flemish school this had been for allowing the player to transpose , the French makers used the second keyboard to permit rapid changes ( i.e. , while playing ) between different choirs of strings ; in other words , they were `` expressive doubles '' .
Central Intelligence Agency
On September 11 , 2001 , 19 Al - Qaeda members hijacked four passenger jets within the Northeastern United States in a series of coordinated terrorist attacks . Two planes crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , the third into the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia , and the fourth inadvertently into a field near Shanksville , Pennsylvania . The attacks cost the lives of 2,996 people ( including the 19 hijackers ) , caused the destruction of the Twin Towers , and damaged the western side of the Pentagon . Soon after 9 / 11 , The New York Times released a story stating that the CIA 's New York field office was destroyed in the wake of the attacks . According to unnamed CIA sources , while first responders , military personnel and volunteers were conducting rescue efforts at the World Trade Center site , a special CIA team was searching the rubble for both digital and paper copies of classified documents . This was done according to well - rehearsed document recovery procedures put in place after the Iranian takeover of the United States Embassy in Tehran in 1979 . While it was not confirmed whether the agency was able to retrieve the classified information , it is known that all agents present that day fled the building safely .
Chance the Rapper
While Bennett 's fashion style is not a large part of his public image , he has taken interest in the industry . Bennett has designed hats for the Chicago White Sox . The Hollywood Reporter has said that Bennett is `` redefining fashion '' with his style of generally wearing overalls and contesting traditional hip - hop fashion norms . Bennett wore a suit that was meant to imitate Michael Jackson at the 2017 BET Awards . Bennett was seen wearing Thom Browne clothing at the 2017 Grammys .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike , and two thirds of Japan 's losses were incurred during the second wave . Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike , he would be risking three quarters of the Combined Fleet 's strength to wipe out the remaining targets ( which included the facilities ) while suffering higher aircraft losses . The location of the American carriers remained unknown . In addition , the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land - based bombers . Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers . A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time , and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night . At the time , only the Royal Navy had developed night carrier techniques , so this was a substantial risk . The task force 's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer , since he was at the very limit of logistical support . To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel , perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home . He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission -- the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet -- and did not wish to risk further losses . Moreover , it was Japanese Navy practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy .
Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)
In the fourth season , Red Coat continues to play the game . The disguise is briefly abandoned , after the Red Coat who flew into the Lodge burned her coat and mask in the Lodge fire , but Red Coat returns mid-season and films a video of herself in an Emily mask . She then begins sneaking under the DiLaurentis home and surveilling the residence . Toby and Caleb begin looking for clues on her identity and discover that CeCe Drake is the one who set up the flight plan for Red Coat to go to the Lodge . The Liars hunt for CeCe but with no luck . In `` Bring Down the Hoe , '' she returns and is seen in a room filled with photos of Alison and a red coat laying on a chair . Red Coat shows up to the Rosewood High Hoedown and Spencer and Emily manage to take her coat . They discover that the coat is missing the same button which they found earlier underneath the DiLaurentis house . Meanwhile , CeCe lurks outside Ezra 's apparent in the same attire that Red Coat wears but now in a black hoodie .
Air Jordan
The Air Jordan XII was inspired by Nisshoki ( the Japanese flag ) , and a 19th - century women dress boot . However , featuring gold - plated steel lace loops , embossed lizard skin pattern and a full length zoom air unit with a carbon fiber shank plate , this model set a new direction in style and technology in shoe design . Though not as light weight as previous models , the construction and firmness of the shoe is widely considered to be the most durable and sturdy shoes from the Air Jordan line . The first model released after the creation of subsidiary Jordan Brand , the Air Jordan XII has no Nike branding on it of any kind , while all the models before it have Nike Air or other Nike branding outwardly ( Air Jordans I - VI ) or just simply on the insoles ( Air Jordans VII - XI ) . This shoe came in 5 colorways and was released on March 13 . The shoe was re-released on December 25 , 2008 with the Eleven as the final countdown pack . In addition , the Twelve was combined with the Thirteen numbered Jordan to produce the 12.5 . As of today , the 11 / 12 countdown package ( retro ) retails for US $ 750 -- US $800 , well above the starting price of US $310 . The Air Jordan XII has been subject to many highly limited colorways recently such as the Air Jordan 12 x PSNY collaboration , the Wings colorway that was limited to 12,000 pairs , and the OVO collaboration .
The Deer Hunter
Cimino 's next film , Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) , debuted to lacerating reviews and took in only $3 million in ticket sales , effectively leaving United Artists bankrupt . The failure of Heaven 's Gate led several critics to revise their positions on The Deer Hunter . Canby said in his famous review of Heaven 's Gate , `` ( The film ) fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to the Devil to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter , and the Devil has just come around to collect . '' Andrew Sarris wrote in his review of Heaven 's Gate , `` I 'm a little surprised that many of the same critics who lionized Cimino for The Deer Hunter have now thrown him to the wolves with equal enthusiasm . '' Sarris added , `` I was never taken in ... Hence , the stupidity and incoherence in Heaven 's Gate came as no surprise since very much the same stupidity and incoherence had been amply evident in The Deer Hunter . '' In his book Final Cut : Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven 's Gate , Steven Bach wrote , `` critics seemed to feel obliged to go on the record about The Deer Hunter , to demonstrate that their critical credentials were un-besmirched by having been , as Sarris put it , ' taken in . ' ''
History of Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
Despite relegation , the board kept faith with Burkinshaw and the team immediately won promotion to the top flight , although it took until the final league game to be promoted . A sudden loss of form at the end of the 1977 -- 78 season meant the club needed a point in the last game at Southampton . To Tottenham 's great relief , the game ended 0 -- 0 and Spurs returned to the first division . A memorable game early in the season came at home to Bristol Rovers , when Spurs won 9 -- 0 , with four of their goals coming from debutant striker Colin Lee . The glut of goals would prove significant later on as Tottenham won promotion through goal difference .
Thermoregulation
Thermogenesis occurs in the flowers of many plants in the Araceae family as well as in cycad cones . In addition , the sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) is able to thermoregulate itself , remaining on average 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) above air temperature while flowering . Heat is produced by breaking down the starch that was stored in their roots , which requires the consumption of oxygen at a rate approaching that of a flying hummingbird .
Gun laws in New Jersey
However , the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has found that this provision only applies to transporting a firearm in a vehicle , and that carrying a firearm in a locked container in checked luggage in an airport terminal to declare it to the airline constitutes unlawful possession and is not protected under the law . This decision was a direct result of a 2005 incident where Gregg C. Revell , a Utah Resident with a valid Utah Concealed Firearm Permit was traveling through Newark Airport en route to Allentown , Pennsylvania . Because of a missed flight , he was given his luggage , which included a properly checked firearm , and was forced to spend the night in a hotel in New Jersey . When he returned to the airport the following day to check his handgun for the last portion of the trip , he was arrested for illegal possession of a firearm . Revell lost his lawsuit after The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held in Gregg C. Revell v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , ( 222 ) held that `` Section 926A does not apply to Revell because his firearm and ammunition were readily accessible to him during his stay in New Jersey . '' This opinion will apply to NJ airports . If you miss a flight or for any other reason your flight is interrupted and the airline tries to return you luggage that includes a checked firearm , you can not take possession of the firearm if you are taking a later flight . The Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs ( ANJRPC ) later also sued the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , which resulted in a similar decision .