vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Necessity is the mother of invention
In 1964 Frank Zappa took over leadership of the American rock band The Soul Giants . He renamed the band The Mothers , referring to the jazz compliment of mother for a great musician . However , their record company , Verve Records , objected to the insinuation and by necessity Zappa had to change the name , creating ( and defining ) The Mothers of Invention . Danish economist Ester Boserup believed `` necessity is the mother of invention '' and this was a major point in her book The Conditions of Agricultural Growth : The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure . The headquarters of Project Freelancer in the web series Red vs. Blue is a spaceship called the `` Mother of Invention '' , referencing the Director of Project Freelancer using any means he thinks are necessary to ensure the survival and advancement of humanity .
Corazon Aquino
President Aquino envisioned agrarian and land reform as the centerpiece of her administration 's social legislative agenda . However , her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda . On February 22 , 1987 , three weeks after the resounding ratification of the 1987 Constitution , agrarian workers and farmers marched to the historic Mendiola Street near the Malacañan Palace to demand genuine land reform from Aquino 's administration . However , the march turned violent when Marine forces fired at farmers who tried to go beyond the designated demarcation line set by the police . As a result , at least 12 were killed and 51 protesters were injured in this incident now known as the Mendiola Massacre . This incident led some prominent members of the Aquino Cabinet to resign their government posts .
History of Texas
Although not recognized as such by Mexico , Texas declared itself an independent nation , the Republic of Texas . Attracted by the rich lands for cotton plantations and ranching , tens of thousands of immigrants arrived from the U.S. and from Germany as well . In 1845 , Texas joined the United States , becoming the 28th state , when the United States annexed it . Only after the conclusion of the Mexican - American War , with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , did Mexico recognize Texan independence . Texas declared its secession from the United States in 1861 to join the Confederate States of America . Only a few battles of the American Civil War were fought in Texas ; most Texas regiments served in the east . When the war ended , the enslaved African Americans were freed . Texas was subject to Reconstruction , a process that left a residue of bitterness among whites . They regained political dominance and passed laws in the late 19th century creating second - class status for blacks in a Jim Crow system of segregation and disenfranchising them in 1901 through passage of a poll tax . Blacks were excluded from the formal political system until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s .
Cobalt-60
In 2000 , a disused radiotherapy head containing a Co source was stored at an unsecured location in Bangkok , Thailand and then accidentally sold to scrap collectors . Unaware of the dangers , a junkyard employee dismantled the head and extracted the source , which remained unprotected for a period of days at the junkyard . Ten people , including the scrap collectors and workers at the junkyard , were exposed to high levels of radiation and became ill . Three of the junkyard workers subsequently died as a result of their exposure , which was estimated to be over 6 Gy . Afterward , the source was safely recovered by the Thai authorities .
Air Jordan
This package is the only original colorway of the Air Jordan V model that was not released in the last round of re-releases . Like the Air Jordan V model , the outsole is a mix of black and clear rubber ; there is no visible air sole unit in these shoes . The shoe a rubber loop in the back , middle upright cotton jumpman , rubber tongue , and the lace lock first was brought in an infrared colorway . It is said Michael Jordan wears these shoes in his practice games . Air
History of hip-hop dance
Popping is based on the technique of quickly contracting and relaxing muscles to cause a jerk in the dancer 's body , referred to as a pop or a hit . Popping is also an inadvertent umbrella term that includes several other illusory dance styles such as ticking , liquid , tutting , waving , gliding , twisto - flex , and sliding . Most of these can not be traced to a specific person or group and may have influences earlier than hip - hop . Earl `` Snake Hips '' Tucker was a professional dancer in the 1920s who appeared in the film Symphony in Black and performed at the Cotton Club in Harlem . Since hip - hop did not exist in the 1920s his style was considered jazz , but his `` slithering , writhing '' movement foreshadowed waving and sliding .
Aggregate demand
Carefully using ideas from the theory of supply and demand , aggregate supply can help determine the extent to which increases in aggregate demand lead to increases in real output or instead to increases in prices ( inflation ) . In the diagram , an increase in any of the components of A D ( \ displaystyle AD ) ( at any given P ( \ displaystyle P ) ) shifts the A D ( \ displaystyle AD ) curve to the right . This increases both the level of real production ( Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) ) and the average price level ( P ( \ displaystyle P ) ) .
Lego Mindstorms
The Control Lab was designed for schools and educational use and was as a result not available to the mass market . It was later replaced by the RCX and the educational release of the Robot Invention System which allowed for mobile inventions in addition to stationary inventions .
Microphone
In order to speak to larger groups of people , a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice . The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones . Some of the first examples , from fifth century BC Greece , were theater masks with horn - shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voice of actors in amphitheatres . In 1665 , the English physicist Robert Hooke was the first to experiment with a medium other than air with the invention of the `` lovers ' telephone '' made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end .
Aggregate demand
The aggregate demand curve illustrates the relationship between two factors : the quantity of output that is demanded and the aggregate price level . Aggregate demand is expressed contingent upon a fixed level of the nominal money supply . There are many factors that can shift the AD curve . Rightward shifts result from increases in the money supply , in government expenditure , or in autonomous components of investment or consumption spending , or from decreases in taxes .
Chernobyl disaster
The force of the second explosion , and the ratio of xenon radioisotopes released after the accident , a vital tool in nuclear forensics , indicated to Yuri V. Dubasov in a 2009 publication , that as suggested by checherov before him in 1998 , the second explosion could have been a nuclear power transient ; the result of the melting core material , in the absence of its water coolant and moderator . Dubasov argues that the reactor did not simply undergo a runaway delayed - supercritical / exponential increase in power into the multi-gigawatt power range , which is somewhat similar to the conditions of a normal reactor coming up to its commercial power level , though with the notable exception that the older RBMK reactor design had the largest positive void coefficient of reactivity of any reactor then operating commercially , that permitted a dangerous `` positive feedback '' / runaway condition as it had no inherent safety stops when power levels began to increase above the commercial level ; while this is the more accepted explanation for the cause of the explosions , a positive - feedback power increase which was then ended when the reactor disassembled itself by means of its internal energy and external steam explosions , Dubasov instead argues that a runaway prompt supercriticality occurred , with the internal physics of which being more similar to the explosion of a fizzled nuclear weapon and this failed / fizzle event , produced the second explosion .
GameCube controller
Official controllers are becoming scarce at retailers , as a result of increased demand of the controller due to the Wii 's backward compatibility with GameCube games and the fact that several Wii games support the controller as a primary method of control . In response to the regained popularity , Nintendo decided to re-launch the Gamecube controller .
List of the oldest Scout groups
The Scout Movement arrived in India in 1909 . A troop was formed in Bangalore by a Captain Baker , a retired naval officer . The troop had boys from St. Joseph 's , Baldwin 's , St. Andrew 's , and Bishop Cotton 's . The troop was registered with Boy Scout Headquarters in London in November 1909 and , according to records , was the first Scout troop in Asia .
Ciompi Revolt
The Revolt of the Ciompi was a popular revolt in Florence in 1378 spearheaded by wool carders known as Ciompi ( Italian pronunciation : ( ˈtʃompi ) ) and other non-guilded workers who rose up to demand a voice in the commune 's ordering in addition to enacting debt and tax reforms . The revolt was an outburst of proletariat unrest in the city of Florence that began in June 1378 and consisted of three phases ending in August of the same year . It was the result of a power struggle between Florence 's ruling elites , the established artisan guilds of Florence , and Sotto posti ( or un-guilded ) which included the Ciompi ; mainly a group of low - wage textile workers employed in Florence 's thriving wool industry . At its height , this trade sold fabrics throughout Italy as well as overseas and employed up to a third of Florence 's population . Many of the issues leading to the revolt of the Ciompi involved the politics and relations between guild and non-guild members , as well as the ruling elites of the city ( the Signoria ) . Guild members and the guild system were important aspects of Florence 's politics by 1378 , where they acted as political intermediaries between the individuals in their guild and the state . Guilds enforced industrial , fiscal , and monetary policy which benefited their trades and the lives of their workers in addition to representing them politically , regulating their industries , and controlling who could become a member . As mentioned previously the guild system involved a hierarchy between the seven major and fourteen minor guild associations ; the former represented those who had become a class of prosperous cloth merchants and bankers / financiers , and the latter consisting of various artisans , craftsmen and skilled labourers including , but not limited to , shoemakers , tailors and wine merchants . Coat
Demand curve
The graph of the demand curve uses the inverse demand function in which price is expressed as a function of quantity . The standard form of the demand equation can be converted to the inverse equation by solving for P or P = a / b − Q / b .
Karnataka
Though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka , the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu , meaning `` elevated land '' . Karu nadu may also be read as karu , meaning `` black '' , and nadu , meaning `` region '' , as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the Bayalu Seeme region of the state . The British used the word Carnatic , sometimes Karnatak , to describe both sides of peninsular India , south of the Krishna .
Sugar Act
The Molasses Act was set to expire in 1763 . The Commissioners of Customs anticipated greater demand for both molasses and rum as a result of the end of the war and the acquisition of Canada . They believed that the increased demand would make a sharply reduced rate both affordable and collectible . When passed by Parliament , the new Sugar Act of 1764 halved the previous tax on molasses . In addition to promising stricter enforcement , the language of the bill made it clear that the purpose of the legislation was not to simply regulate the trade ( as the Molasses Act had attempted to do by effectively closing the legal trade to non-British suppliers ) but to raise revenue .
Hotel rating
( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) First Class In addition to the comfort star ( * * * ) hotels : Reception opened 18 hours , accessible by phone 24 hours from inside and outside Lobby with seats and beverage service Breakfast buffet or breakfast menu card via room service Minibar or 24 hours beverages via room service Upholstered chair / couch with side table Bath robe and slippers on demand Cosmetic products ( e.g. shower cap , nail file , cotton swabs ) , vanity mirror , tray of a large scale in the bathroom Internet access and internet terminal `` À la carte '' - restaurant S ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ mathbf ( S ) ) First Class Superior The Superior flag is provided when the first class hotel has a proven high quality not only in the rooms . The superior hotels provide for additional facilities in the hotel like a sauna or a workout room . The quality is checked regularly by mystery guesting of an external inspection service . ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar ) Luxury In addition to the first class ( * * * * ) hotels : Reception opened 24 hours , multilingual staff Doorman - service or valet parking Concierge , page boy Spacious reception hall with several seats and beverage service Personalized greeting for each guest with fresh flowers or a present in the room Minibar and food and beverage offer via room service during 24 hours Personal care products in flacons Internet - PC in the room Safe in the room Ironing service ( return within 1 hour ) , shoe polish service Turndown service in the evening Mystery guesting S ( \ displaystyle \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ bigstar \ mathbf ( S ) ) Superior Luxury The Luxury star hotels need to attain high expectations of an international guest service . The Superior Luxury star is only awarded with a system of intensive guest care .
Supply (economics)
There is no such thing as a monopoly supply curve . Perfect competition is the only market structure for which a supply function can be derived . In a perfectly competitive market the price is given by the marketplace from the point of view of the supplier ; a manager of a competitive firm can state what quantity of goods will be supplied for any price by simply referring to the firm 's marginal cost curve . To generate his supply function the seller could simply initially hypothetically set the price equal to zero and then incrementally increase the price ; at each price he could calculate the hypothetical quantity supplied using the marginal cost curve . Following this process the manager could trace out the complete supply function . A monopolist can not replicate this process , because price is not imposed by the marketplace and hence is not an independent variable from the point of view of the firm ; instead , the firm simultaneously chooses both the price and the quantity subject to the stipulation that together they form a point on the customers ' demand curve . A change in demand can result in `` changes in price with no changes in output , changes in output with no changes in price or both '' . There is simply not a one - to - one relationship between price and quantity supplied . There is no single function that relates price to quantity supplied .
Aggregate demand
Similarly , changes in the repayment rate ( debtors paying down their debts ) impact aggregate demand in proportion to the level of debt . Thus , as the level of debt in an economy grows , the economy becomes more sensitive to debt dynamics , and credit bubbles are of macroeconomic concern . Since write - offs and savings rates both spike in recessions , both of which result in shrinkage of credit , the resulting drop in aggregate demand can worsen and perpetuate the recession in a vicious cycle .
Migration in China
The Chinese hukou system is a social management system . This system links a person to their birth city . China 's hukou system is a social management system . This system links every Chinese resident with their birthplace . One can only access their health care , pension and education for their children in their birth city . Cai Fang , director of the Insistute of Population Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , stated that migrant workers do not have the same benefits as the urban residents . As a result of unequal benefits the migrant workers have limited participation in the labor market . Mr Cai estimates that more than 200 million migrant workers ca n't participate fully in the labor market due to the limitations from the Chinese hukou system .
Causes of the Great Depression
Peter Temin , an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , explains a tariff is an expansionary policy , like a devaluation as it diverts demand from foreign to home producers . He notes that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929 , they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff . He concludes that contrary the popular argument , contractionary effect of the tariff was small . ( Temin , P. 1989 . Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , Cambridge , Mass )
List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean
In the first film , Captain Jack Sparrow and Will Turner moor their stolen ship , the Interceptor , in Tortuga to recruit a crew . Their crew included Joshamee Gibbs , Anamaria , Cotton , and Marty . Here , Jack Sparrow also encounters Giselle and Scarlett , with whom has he had past romantic relationships .
Peabody Hotel
In 1940 , a Bellman by the name of Edward Pembroke volunteered to care for the ducks . Pembroke was given the position of `` Duckmaster '' and served in that position until 1991 . As a former circus animal trainer , he taught the ducks to march into the hotel lobby , which started the famous Peabody Duck March . Every day at 11 : 00 a.m. , the Peabody Ducks are escorted from their penthouse home , on the Plantation Roof , to the lobby via elevator . The ducks , accompanied by the King Cotton March by John Philip Sousa , then proceed across a red carpet to the hotel fountain , made of a solid block of Italian travertine marble . The ducks are then ceremoniously led back to their penthouse at 5 : 00 p.m.
Demand curve
In economics , the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at any given price . It is a graphic representation of a market demand schedule . The demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer : the individual demands at each price are added together , assuming independent decision - making .
Labor history of the United States
The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions began in 1881 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers . Like the National Labor Union , it was a federation of different unions and did not directly enroll workers . Its original goals were to encourage the formation of trade unions and to obtain legislation , such as prohibition of child labor , a national eight hour day , and exclusion of Chinese and other foreign contract workers .
Dutch East India Company
The attempt to continue as before as a low volume - high profit business enterprise with its core business in the spice trade had therefore failed . The Company had however already ( reluctantly ) followed the example of its European competitors in diversifying into other Asian commodities , like tea , coffee , cotton , textiles , and sugar . These commodities provided a lower profit margin and therefore required a larger sales volume to generate the same amount of revenue . This structural change in the commodity composition of the VOC 's trade started in the early 1680s , after the temporary collapse of the EIC around 1683 offered an excellent opportunity to enter these markets . The actual cause for the change lies , however , in two structural features of this new era .
Indo-Roman trade relations
The regional ports of Barbaricum ( modern Karachi ) , Sounagoura ( central Bangladesh ) Barygaza , Muziris ( in Kerala ) Korkai , Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on the southern tip of present - day India were the main centers of this trade , along with Kodumanal , an inland city . The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco - Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum `` thin clothing , figured linens , topaz , coral , storax , frankincense , vessels of glass , silver and gold plate , and a little wine '' in exchange for `` costus , bdellium , lycium , nard , turquoise , lapis lazuli , Seric skins , cotton cloth , silk yarn , and indigo '' . In Barygaza , they would buy wheat , rice , sesame oil , cotton and cloth . Barigaza
Florence Cathedral
The commission for this bronze ball ( atop the lantern ) went to the sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio , in whose workshop there was at this time a young apprentice named Leonardo da Vinci . Fascinated by Filippo 's ( Brunelleschi 's ) machines , which Verrocchio used to hoist the ball , Leonardo made a series of sketches of them and , as a result , is often given credit for their invention .
Modem
Later in V. 92 , the digital PCM technique was applied to increase the upload speed to a maximum of 48 kbit / s , but at the expense of download rates . A 48 kbit / s upstream rate would reduce the downstream as low as 40 kbit / s due to echo on the telephone line . To avoid this problem , V. 92 modems offer the option to turn off the digital upstream and instead use a 33.6 kbit / s analog connection , in order to maintain a high digital downstream of 50 kbit / s or higher . V. 92 also adds two other features . The first is the ability for users who have call waiting to put their dial - up Internet connection on hold for extended periods of time while they answer a call . The second feature is the ability to quickly connect to one 's ISP . This is achieved by remembering the analog and digital characteristics of the telephone line , and using this saved information when reconnecting . Using
Tooth decay
The classic DMF ( decay / missing / filled ) index is one of the most common methods for assessing caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations . This index is based on in - field clinical examination of individuals by using a probe , mirror and cotton rolls . Because the DMF index is done without X-ray imaging , it underestimates real caries prevalence and treatment needs .
History of West Africa
Benin was never a significant exporter of slaves , as Alan Ryder 's book Benin and the Europeans showed . By the early 1700s , it was wrecked with dynastic disputes and civil wars . However , it regained much of its former power in the reigns of Oba Eresoyen and Oba Akengbuda . After the 16th century , Benin mainly exported pepper , ivory , gum , and cotton cloth to the Portuguese and Dutch who resold it to other African societies on the coast . In 1897 , the British sacked the city . Niger