vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ohio State University Marching Band
Since the very early days of the band , there has been a drum major in charge of the band . The role of the drum major is to be the student in charge of the band on the field and during performances . Typically , the drum major would be the single point of contact in a military band `` chain of command '' that would directly interface with the directing staff in regards to complaints , comments , and questions from band members . The role of the drum major has evolved significantly over the years . Instead of simply marching in the front of the band , drum majors began doing tricks with their batons , and morphed into a single person show of pageantry on the field to complement the band during their formations .
PID controller
The distinguishing feature of the PID controller is the ability to use the three control terms of proportional , integral and derivative influence on the controller output to apply accurate and optimal control . The block diagram on the right shows the principles of how these terms are generated and applied . It shows a PID controller , which continuously calculates an error value e ( t ) ( \ displaystyle e ( t ) ) as the difference between a desired setpoint SP = r ( t ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( SP ) ) = r ( t ) ) and a measured process variable PV = y ( t ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( PV ) ) = y ( t ) ) , and applies a correction based on proportional , integral , and derivative terms . The controller attempts to minimize the error over time by adjustment of a control variable u ( t ) ( \ displaystyle u ( t ) ) , such as the opening of a control valve , to a new value determined by a weighted sum of the control terms .
Lagrangian mechanics
Taking the total derivative of the Lagrangian L = T − V with respect to time leads to the general result
Seafloor spreading
for the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean , where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years . To get the dependence on x , one must substitute t = x / v ~ Tx / L , where L is the distance between the ridge to the continental shelf ( roughly half the ocean width ) , and T is the ocean age .
George Takei
In 2008 , he got a role in the real - time strategy game Command & Conquer : Red Alert 3 as the Emperor Yoshiro of The Rising Sun .
List of mathematical symbols
The estimator μ ^ = ∑ i x i n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ hat ( \ mu ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) ) ( n ) ) ) produces a sample estimate μ ^ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ hat ( \ mu ) ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) for the mean μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) . ′ ′ ( \ displaystyle ' ) ' derivative ... prime ; derivative of calculus f ′ ( x ) means the derivative of the function f at the point x , i.e. , the slope of the tangent to f at x . ( The single - quote character ' is sometimes used instead , especially in ASCII text . ) If f ( x ) : = x , then f ′ ( x ) = 2x . ̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( \ , ) ) ) \ dot ( \ , ) derivative ... dot ; time derivative of calculus x ̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ) means the derivative of x with respect to time . That is x ̇ ( t ) = ∂ ∂ t x ( t ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ( t ) = ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial t ) ) x ( t ) ) . If x ( t ) : = t , then x ̇ ( t ) = 2 t ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ( t ) = 2t ) .
The Walt Disney Company
However , the deal must still be approved by the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division , which had already threatened to block a merger between AT&T and Time Warner early in the year ( see Time Warner 's proposed acquisition by AT&T and AT&T recent development ) . This operation , which would be studied for 12 to 18 months , has been subject to widespread criticism among critics , consumers , and businesses alike due to antitrust concerns , as it would reduce the numbers of film and sports competitors and can lead to a lack of competition . On the other hand , it may also be argued that the operation still leaves many competitors around , and that with its new properties Disney may compete with Netflix in the online streaming market in equal conditions .
Samurai
During the Boshin War ( 1868 -- 1869 ) , French soldiers joined the forces of the shōgun against the southern daimyōs favorable to the restoration of the Meiji Emperor . It is recorded that the French Navy officer Eugène Collache fought in samurai attire with his Japanese brothers - in - arms .
Hurricane Katrina
Many of the levees have been reconstructed since the time of Katrina . In reconstructing them , precautions were taken to bring the levees up to modern building code standards and to ensure their safety . For example , in every situation possible , the Corps of Engineers replaced I - walls with T - walls . T - walls have a horizontal concrete base that protects against soil erosion underneath the floodwalls .
Qing dynasty
China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period . Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics , but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend . The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well , so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people . Soon all available farmland was used up , forcing peasants to work ever - smaller and more intensely worked plots . The Qianlong Emperor once bemoaned the country 's situation by remarking , `` The population continues to grow , but the land does not . '' The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria , where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland . The emperor decreed for the first time that Han Chinese civilians were forbidden to settle . Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners , even into other Mongol Banners , and from crossing into neidi ( the Han Chinese 18 provinces ) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing .
Modem
The cost of using a wireless modem varies from country to country . Some carriers implement flat rate plans for unlimited data transfers . Some have caps ( or maximum limits ) on the amount of data that can be transferred per month . Other countries have plans that charge a fixed rate per data transferred -- per megabyte or even kilobyte of data downloaded ; this tends to add up quickly in today 's content - filled world , which is why many people are pushing for flat data rates .
Van de Graaff generator
The reason that the charge extracted from the belt moves to the outside of the sphere electrode even though it already has a high charge of the same polarity is explained by the Faraday ice pail experiment .
PID controller
In the standard form of the equation ( see later in article ) , K i ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ text ( i ) ) ) and K d ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ text ( d ) ) ) are respectively replaced by K p / T i ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ text ( p ) ) / T_ ( \ text ( i ) ) ) and K p T d ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ text ( p ) ) T_ ( \ text ( d ) ) ) ; the advantage of this being that T i ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ text ( i ) ) ) and T d ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ text ( d ) ) ) have some understandable physical meaning , as they represent the integration time and the derivative time respectively .
Emperor of Japan
Historically the titles of Tennō in Japanese have never included territorial designations as is the case with many European monarchs . The position of Emperor is a territory - independent phenomenon -- the Emperor is the Emperor , even if he has followers only in one province ( as was the case sometimes with the southern and northern courts ) .
Qing dynasty
These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi ( Wade -- Giles : Tz'u - Hsi ) in state affairs . She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor ( r . 1850 -- 1861 ) and came to power in 1861 after her five - year - old son , the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne . She , the Empress Dowager Ci'an ( who had been Xianfeng 's empress ) , and Prince Gong ( a son of the Daoguang Emperor ) , staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor . Between 1861 and 1873 , she and Ci'an served as regents , choosing the reign title `` Tongzhi '' ( ruling together ) . Following the emperor 's death in 1875 , Cixi 's nephew , the Guangxu Emperor , took the throne , in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation , and another regency began . In the spring of 1881 , Ci'an suddenly died , aged only forty - three , leaving Cixi as sole regent .
Peninsular War
After Napoleon 's decisive victory at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , Godoy quickly withdrew the proclamation . However , it was too late to avert the Emperor 's suspicions . Napoleon planned from that moment to deal with his inconstant ally at some future time . In the meantime , the Emperor dragooned Godoy and Charles IV into providing a division of Spanish troops to serve in northern Europe . The Division of the North spent the winter of 1807 -- 1808 in Swedish Pomerania , Mecklenburg and towns of the old Hanseatic League . Spanish troops marched into Denmark in early 1808 .
Bipolar junction transistor
If the emitter - base junction is reverse biased into avalanche or Zener mode and charge flows for a short period of time , the current gain of the BJT will be permanently degraded .
Mali Empire
Mahmud Keita , possibly a grandchild or great - grandchild of Mansa Gao Keita , was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita III in 1390 . During his reign , the Mossi emperor Bonga of Yatenga raided into Mali and plundered Macina . Emperor Bonga did not appear to hold the area , and it stayed within the Mali Empire after Maghan Keita III 's death in 1400 . Musa
Lagrangian mechanics
The Lagrange multipliers are arbitrary functions of time t , but not functions of the coordinates r , so the multipliers are on equal footing with the position coordinates . Varying this new Lagrangian and integrating with respect to time gives
Sales taxes in the United States
Since June 1 , 2008 , when products are purchased online and shipped into New York State , some retailers must charge the tax amount appropriate to the locality where the goods are shipped , and in addition , must also charge the appropriate tax on the cost of shipping and handling . The measure states that any online retailer that generates more than $10,000 in sales via in - state sales affiliates must collect New York sales tax . The cumulative gross receipts from sales to New York customers as a result of referrals by all of the seller 's resident representatives total more than $10,000 during the preceding four quarterly sales tax periods .
Ashoka
Some Greeks ( Yavana ) may have played an administrative role in the territories ruled by Ashoka . The Girnar inscription of Rudradaman records that during the rule of Ashoka , a Yavana Governor was in charge in the area of Girnar , Gujarat , mentioning his role in the construction of a water reservoir .
Magnetic field
The direction of force on a charge or a current can be determined by a mnemonic known as the right - hand rule ( see the figure ) . Using the right hand , pointing the thumb in the direction of the current , and the fingers in the direction of the magnetic field , the resulting force on the charge points outwards from the palm . The force on a negatively charged particle is in the opposite direction . If both the speed and the charge are reversed then the direction of the force remains the same . For that reason a magnetic field measurement ( by itself ) can not distinguish whether there is a positive charge moving to the right or a negative charge moving to the left . ( Both of these cases produce the same current . ) On the other hand , a magnetic field combined with an electric field can distinguish between these , see Hall effect below .
Pantheon, Rome
The building 's consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment , destruction , and the worst of the spoliation that befell the majority of ancient Rome 's buildings during the early medieval period . However , Paul the Deacon records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor Constans II , who visited Rome in July 663 :
Speed of sound
The distance between the microphones ( x ) , called microphone basis . The time of arrival between the signals ( delay ) reaching the different microphones ( t ) .
Parthenon
In the mid-5th century BC , when the Athenian Acropolis became the seat of the Delian League and Athens was the greatest cultural centre of its time , Pericles initiated an ambitious building project that lasted the entire second half of the century . The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today -- the Parthenon , the Propylaia , the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Nike -- were erected during this period . The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of the artist Phidias , who also had charge of the sculptural decoration . The architects Ictinos and Callicrates began their work in 447 BC , and the building was substantially completed by 432 , but work on the decorations continued until at least 431 .
Belvedere, Vienna
In 1776 Maria Theresa and her son , Emperor Joseph II decided to transfer the k.u.k. Gemäldegalerie ( `` Imperial Picture Gallery '' ) from the Imperial Stables -- a part of the city 's Hofburg Imperial Palace -- to the Upper Belvedere . Inspired by the idea of enlightened absolutism , the intention was to make the imperial collection accessible to the general public . The gallery opened five years later , making it one of the first public museums in the world . A series of eminent painters served as directors in charge of the imperial collection in the Upper Belvedere up to 1891 when it was transferred to the newly built Kunsthistorisches Museum ( Museum of Fine Arts ) on Vienna 's splendid Ringstrasse .
Time dilation
Relativistic time dilation effects for the solar system and the earth can be modeled very precisely by the Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein field equations . In the Schwarzschild metric , the interval d t E ( \ displaystyle dt_ ( \ text ( E ) ) ) is given by
Bird nest
King penguins and emperor penguins also do not build nests ; instead , they tuck their eggs and chicks between their feet and folds of skin on their lower bellies . They are thus able to move about while incubating , though in practice only the emperor penguin regularly does so . Emperor penguins breed during the harshest months of the Antarctic winter , and their mobility allows them to form huge huddled masses which help them to withstand the extremely high winds and low temperatures of the season . Without the ability to share body heat ( temperatures in the centre of tight groups can be as much as 10C above the ambient air temperature ) , the penguins would expend far more energy trying to stay warm , and breeding attempts would probably fail .
Time Stands Still (Degrassi: The Next Generation)
While cleaning up the house for the open house , Caitlin comes back from Africa and asks why Sydney 's name is on his lawn . Part
Mali Empire
In 1477 , the Yatenga emperor Nasséré made yet another Mossi raid into Macina , this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana ( Wagadou ) . Mansa
Armed Forces of the Philippines
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was also made Field Marshal of the Philippine Army with five - star rank in 1938 , the only person to hold that rank . Emilio Aguinaldo , the first President of the Philippines , holds an equivalent of five - star general under the title Generalissimo and Minister / Field Marshal as the first commander - in - chief of the AFP .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
During 14 April 1912 , Titanic 's radio operators received six messages from other ships warning of drifting ice , which passengers on Titanic had begun to notice during the afternoon . The ice conditions in the North Atlantic were the worst for any April in the previous 50 years ( which was the reason why the lookouts were unaware that they were about to steam into a line of drifting ice several miles wide and many miles long ) . Not all of these messages were relayed by the radio operators . At the time , all wireless operators on ocean liners were employees of the Marconi 's Wireless Telegraph Company and not members of their ship 's crew ; their primary responsibility was to send messages for the passengers , with weather reports as a secondary concern .
Eden Hazard
In May 2010 , Advocaat was replaced as manager by Georges Leekens . After featuring as a starter in Leekens first three matches in charge , Hazard began appearing as a substitute for Belgium during the 2010 -- 11 season . Leekens justified his benching of Hazard citing the players ' domestic performance , which had been underwhelming at the time , while also admitting that Hazard displayed a lack of desire in training with the national team and often neglected his defensive duties during international matches . After appearing as a substitute in two straight matches , Hazard returned to the starting lineup for the team 's November 2010 friendly match against Russia . In the match , which Belgium won 2 -- 0 , Hazard assisted on the team 's opening goal scored by Romelu Lukaku .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
From the time of the collision to the moment of her sinking , at least 35,000 long tons ( 36,000 t ) of water flooded into Titanic , causing her displacement to nearly double from 48,300 long tons ( 49,100 t ) to over 83,000 long tons ( 84,000 t ) . The flooding did not proceed at a constant pace , nor was it distributed evenly throughout the ship , due to the configuration of the flooded compartments . Her initial list to starboard was caused by asymmetrical flooding of the starboard side as water poured down a passageway at the bottom of the ship . When the passageway was fully flooded , the list corrected itself but the ship later began to list to port by up to ten degrees as that side also flooded asymmetrically .
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
The negative - going lobes in G and G are imposed to ensure that , at time T ( the spin echo maximum ) , phase only encodes spatial location in the Y direction .
Time dilation
Since the clock remains at rest in its inertial frame , it follows x a = x b ( \ displaystyle x_ ( a ) = x_ ( b ) ) , thus the interval Δ t ′ = t b ′ − t a ′ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ^ ( \ prime ) = t_ ( b ) ^ ( \ prime ) - t_ ( a ) ^ ( \ prime ) ) is given by
Lagrangian mechanics
where a is its acceleration and F the resultant force acting on it . In three spatial dimensions , this is a system of three coupled second order ordinary differential equations to solve , since there are three components in this vector equation . The solutions are the position vectors r of the particles at time t , subject to the initial conditions of r and v when t = 0 .
Root mean square
Average power can also be found using the same method that in the case of a time - varying voltage , V ( t ) , with RMS value V ,
Resting potential
In most quantitative treatments of membrane potential , such as the derivation of Goldman equation , electroneutrality is assumed ; that is , that there is no measurable charge excess in any side of the membrane . So , although there is an electric potential across the membrane due to charge separation , there is no actual measurable difference in the global concentration of positive and negative ions across the membrane ( as it is estimated below ) , that is , there is no actual measurable charge excess on either side . That occurs because the effect of charge on electrochemical potential is hugely greater than the effect of concentration so an undetectable change in concentration creates a great change in electric potential .
Bipolar junction transistor
Most bipolar transistors , and especially power transistors , have long base - storage times when they are driven into saturation ; the base storage limits turn - off time in switching applications . A Baker clamp can prevent the transistor from heavily saturating , which reduces the amount of charge stored in the base and thus improves switching time .
PID controller
The analysis for designing a digital implementation of a PID controller in a microcontroller ( MCU ) or FPGA device requires the standard form of the PID controller to be discretized . Approximations for first - order derivatives are made by backward finite differences . The integral term is discretised , with a sampling time Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) , as follows ,
Longitudinal wave
y is the amplitude of displacement , k is the angular wavenumber , x is the distance along the axis of propagation , ω is the angular frequency , t is the time , and φ is the phase difference .
Radioactive decay
where N is the value of N at time t = 0 , with the decay constant expressed as λ or 1 / τ
Tower of London
In 1288 , Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals . Edward III added other types of animals , two lions , a leopard and two wildcats . Under subsequent kings , the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types , jackals , hyenas , and an old brown bear , Max , gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian . In 1436 , during the time of Henry V , all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated .
Iran hostage crisis
The students observed the procedures of the Marine Security Guards from nearby rooftops overlooking the embassy . They also drew on their experiences from the recent revolution , during which the U.S. Embassy grounds were briefly occupied . They enlisted the support of police officers in charge of guarding the embassy and of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards .
Akbar
In 1555 , while Akbar was still a child , the Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis visited the Mughal Emperor Humayun . In 1569 , during the early years of Akbar 's rule , another Ottoman Admiral Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis arrived on the shores of the Mughal Empire . These Ottoman admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their Indian Ocean campaigns . During his reign Akbar himself is known to have sent six documents addressing the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent .
Normal distribution
In probability theory , the Fourier transform of the probability distribution of a real - valued random variable X ( \ displaystyle X ) is closely connected to the characteristic function φ X ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ varphi _ ( X ) ( t ) ) of that variable , which is defined as the expected value of e i t X ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( itX ) ) , as a function of the real variable t ( \ displaystyle t ) ( the frequency parameter of the Fourier transform ) . This definition can be analytically extended to a complex - value variable t ( \ displaystyle t ) . The relation between both is :
Nairobi
The first phase of the Standard Gauge Railway project was launched on 31 May 2017 by the President of Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta in a ceremony that saw thousands of Kenyans ride on the inaugural trip free of charge . The two passenger locomotives christened Madaraka Express currently operate daily trips between Nairobi and Mombasa with the fixed departure time of 9 : 00 AM . Jomo
Time dilation
The coordinate time t c ( \ displaystyle t_ ( c ) ) is the time that would be read on a hypothetical `` coordinate clock '' situated infinitely far from all gravitational masses ( U = 0 ( \ displaystyle U = 0 ) ) , and stationary in the system of coordinates ( v = 0 ( \ displaystyle v = 0 ) ) . The exact relation between the rate of proper time and the rate of coordinate time for a clock with a radial component of velocity is
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor , who in turn was succeeded by General MacArthur . Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor . The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902 , after which the civil Governor - General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines .