vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Standardized test
Validity , efficacy , and predictive power . Many contend that overuse and misuse of these tests harms teaching and learning by narrowing the curriculum . According to the group FairTest , when standardized tests are the primary factor in accountability , schools use the tests to narrowly define curriculum and focus instruction . Accountability creates an immense pressure to perform and this can lead to the misuse and misinterpretation of standardized tests . FairTest says that negative consequences of test misuse include narrowing the curriculum , teaching to the test , pushing students out of school , driving teachers out of the profession , and undermining student engagement and school climate . Critics say that `` teaching to the test '' disfavors higher - order learning . While it is possible to use a standardized test without letting its contents determine curriculum and instruction , frequently , what is not tested is not taught , and how the subject is tested often becomes a model for how to teach the subject . Uncritical use of standardized test scores to evaluate teacher and school performance is inappropriate , because the students ' scores are influenced by three things : what students learn in school , what students learn outside of school , and the students ' innate intelligence . The school only has control over one of these three factors . Value - added modeling has been proposed to cope with this criticism by statistically controlling for innate ability and out - of - school contextual factors . In a value - added system of interpreting test scores , analysts estimate an expected score for each student , based on factors such as the student 's own previous test scores , primary language , or socioeconomic status . The difference between the student 's expected score and actual score is presumed to be due primarily to the teacher 's efforts . Notable Opponents . In her book , Now You See It , Cathy Davidson criticizes standardized tests . She describes our youth as `` assembly line kids on an assembly line model , '' meaning the use of standardized test as a part of a one - size - fits - all educational model . She also criticizes the narrowness of skills being tested and labeling children without these skills as failures or as students with disabilities . Widespread and organized cheating has been a growing culture in today 's reformation of schools .
Computer keyboard
The QWERTZ layout is widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe . The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped , and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters .
Supply (economics)
Difference between stock and supply : Stock is the total amount of the commodity available with the producer . Supply is the only part of total stock which producers are willing to bring into the market and offer sale at particular price .
Vietnam War
The primary military organizations involved in the war were , on one side , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) and the United States armed forces , and , on the other side , the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) ( more commonly called the North Vietnamese Army , or NVA , in English - language sources ) , and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , more commonly known as the Viet Cong in English language sources ) , a South Vietnamese communist guerrilla force .
Glycogen
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Dead Sea
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Global Positioning System
If the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite i and the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite j are subtracted , p − p , the common receiver clock bias ( b ) cancels out , resulting in a difference of distances d − d . The locus of points having a constant difference in distance to two points ( here , two satellites ) is a hyperbola on a plane and a hyperboloid of revolution in 3D space ( see Multilateration ) . Thus , from four pseudorange measurements , the receiver can be placed at the intersection of the surfaces of three hyperboloids each with foci at a pair of satellites . With additional satellites , the multiple intersections are not necessarily unique , and a best - fitting solution is sought instead . Inscribed
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and the English Toy Spaniel can be often confused with each other . In the United Kingdom , the English Toy Spaniel is called the King Charles Spaniel while in the United States , one of the colours of the Toy Spaniel is known as King Charles . The two breeds share similar history and only diverged from each other about 100 years ago . There are several major differences between the two breeds , with the primary difference being the size . While the Cavalier weighs on average between 13 to 18 pounds ( 5.9 to 8.2 kg ) , the King Charles is smaller at 9 to 15 pounds ( 4.1 to 6.8 kg ) . In addition their facial features while similar , are different ; the Cavalier 's ears are set higher and its skull is flat while the King Charles 's is domed . Finally the muzzle length of the Cavalier tends to be longer than that of its King Charles cousin .
Samoa
Intimate sociocultural and genetic ties were maintained between Samoa , Fiji , and Tonga , and the archaeological record supports oral tradition and native genealogies that indicate inter-island voyaging and intermarriage between pre-colonial Samoans , Fijians , and Tongans . Notable figures in Samoan history included the Tui Manu'a line and Queen Salamasina ( 15th century ) . Nafanua was a famous woman warrior who was deified in ancient Samoan religion . Studio
Democratic Party (United States)
GSS surveys of more than 11,000 Democrats and Republicans conducted between 1996 and 2006 came to the result that the differences in fertility rates are not statistically significant between these parties , with the average Democrat having 1.94 children and the average Republican having 1.91 children . However , there is a significant difference in fertility rates between the two related groups liberals and conservatives , with liberals reproducing at a much lower rate than conservatives .
Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
Roughly , the Copper Age could be situated chronologically between the 5th and 6th millennia BC in places like the archaeological sites of Majdanpek , Јarmovac and Pločnik ( a copper axe from 5500 BC belonging to the Vinča culture ) . Somewhat later , in the 5th millennium BC , metalwork is attested at Rudna Glava mine in Serbia , and at Ai Bunar mine in Bulgaria .
Federal Reserve System
The original Aldrich Plan was dealt a fatal blow in 1912 , when Democrats won the White House and Congress . Nonetheless , President Woodrow Wilson believed that the Aldrich plan would suffice with a few modifications . The plan became the basis for the Federal Reserve Act , which was proposed by Senator Robert Owen in May 1913 . The primary difference between the two bills was the transfer of control of the Board of Directors ( called the Federal Open Market Committee in the Federal Reserve Act ) to the government . The bill passed Congress on December 23 , 1913 , on a mostly partisan basis , with most Democrats voting `` yea '' and most Republicans voting `` nay '' .
Mental calculation
492 is close to 500 , which is easy to multiply by . Add and subtract 8 ( the difference between 500 and 492 ) to get
Microphone
The inner elements of a microphone are the primary source of differences in directivity . A pressure microphone uses a diaphragm between a fixed internal volume of air and the environment , and responds uniformly to pressure from all directions , so it is said to be omnidirectional . A pressure - gradient microphone uses a diaphragm that is at least partially open on both sides . The pressure difference between the two sides produces its directional characteristics . Other elements such as the external shape of the microphone and external devices such as interference tubes can also alter a microphone 's directional response . A pure pressure - gradient microphone is equally sensitive to sounds arriving from front or back , but insensitive to sounds arriving from the side because sound arriving at the front and back at the same time creates no gradient between the two . The characteristic directional pattern of a pure pressure - gradient microphone is like a figure - 8 . Other polar patterns are derived by creating a capsule that combines these two effects in different ways . The cardioid , for instance , features a partially closed backside , so its response is a combination of pressure and pressure - gradient characteristics .
Costa Maya
The history of Xcalak dates back to pre-Hispanic times , with 16 archaeological sites having been discovered between Punta Herrero ( south of Bahia Espiritu Santo ) and Boca Bacalar Chico . Seven of these sites are located between Punta Gavilan ( just north of Guacamaya ) and Boca Bacalar Chico , the border with Belize .
Republic of Ireland
Ireland has three levels of education : primary , secondary and higher education . The education systems are largely under the direction of the Government via the Minister for Education and Skills . Recognised primary and secondary schools must adhere to the curriculum established by the relevant authorities . Education is compulsory between the ages of six and fifteen years , and all children up to the age of eighteen must complete the first three years of secondary , including one sitting of the Junior Certificate examination .
Metrology
Traceability is most often obtained by calibration , establishing the relationship between an indication on a measuring instrument ( or secondary standard ) and the value of the standard . A calibration is an operation that establishes a relation between a measurement standard with a known measurement uncertainty and the device that is being evaluated . The process will determine the measurement value and uncertainty of the device that is being calibrated and create a traceability link to the measurement standard . The four primary reasons for calibrations are to provide traceability , to ensure that the instrument ( or standard ) is consistent with other measurements , to determine accuracy , and to establish reliability . Traceability works as a pyramid , at the top level there is the international standards , at the next level national metrology institutes calibrate the primary standards through realisation of the units creating the traceability link from the primary standard and the unit definition . Through subsequent calibrations between national metrology institutes , calibration laboratories , and industry and testing laboratories the realisation of the unit definition is propagated down through the pyramid . The traceability chain works upwards from the bottom of the pyramid , where measurements done by industry and testing laboratories can be directly related to the unit definition at the top through the traceability chain created by calibration .
Battle of Towton
Very few historical sources give detailed accounts of the battle and they do not describe the exact deployments of the armies . The paucity of such primary sources led early historians to adopt Hall 's chronicle as their main resource for the engagement , despite its authorship 70 years after the event and questions over the origin of his information . The Burgundian chronicler Jehan de Waurin ( 1398 -- 1474 ) was a more contemporary source , but his chronicle was made available to the public only from 1891 , and several mistakes in it discouraged historians at that time from using it . Later reconstructions of the battle were based on Hall 's version , supplemented by minor details from other sources .
Mesopotamia
A further distinction is usually made between Northern or Upper Mesopotamia and Southern or Lower Mesopotamia . Upper Mesopotamia , also known as the Jazira , is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad . Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf and includes Kuwait and parts of western Iran .
Central Intelligence Agency
The CIA acts as the primary US HUMINT and general analytic agency , under the Director of National Intelligence , who directs or coordinates the 16 member organizations of the United States Intelligence Community . In addition , it obtains information from other U.S. government intelligence agencies , commercial information sources , and foreign intelligence services .
Three-phase electric power
The phase angle difference between voltage and current of each phase is not necessarily 0 and is dependent on the type of load impedance , Z . Inductive and capacitive loads will cause current to either lag or lead the voltage . However , the relative phase angle between each pair of lines ( 1 to 2 , 2 to 3 , and 3 to 1 ) will still be − 120 ° .
Rainbow
Unlike a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs , the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that split from a single base . The colours in the second bow , rather than reversing as in a secondary rainbow , appear in the same order as the primary rainbow . A `` normal '' secondary rainbow may be present as well . Twinned rainbows can look similar to , but should not be confused with supernumerary bands . The two phenomena may be told apart by their difference in colour profile : supernumerary bands consist of subdued pastel hues ( mainly pink , purple and green ) , while the twinned rainbow shows the same spectrum as a regular rainbow . The cause of a twinned rainbow is the combination of different sizes of water drops falling from the sky . Due to air resistance , raindrops flatten as they fall , and flattening is more prominent in larger water drops . When two rain showers with different - sized raindrops combine , they each produce slightly different rainbows which may combine and form a twinned rainbow . A numerical ray tracing study showed that a twinned rainbow on a photo could be explained by a mixture of 0.40 and 0.45 mm droplets . That small difference in droplet size resulted in a small difference in flattening of the droplet shape , and a large difference in flattening of the rainbow top . Circular
Relationship between religion and science
According to Neil deGrasse Tyson , the central difference between the nature of science and religion is that the claims of science rely on experimental verification , while the claims of religions rely on faith , and these are irreconcilable approaches to knowing . Because of this both are incompatible as currently practiced and the debate of compatibility or incompatibility will be eternal . Philosopher and physicist Victor J. Stenger 's view is that science and religion are incompatible due to conflicts between approaches of knowing and the availability of alternative plausible natural explanations for phenomena that is usually explained in religious contexts .
PageRank
The difference between them is that the PageRank values in the first formula sum to one , while in the second formula each PageRank is multiplied by N and the sum becomes N. A statement in Page and Brin 's paper that `` the sum of all PageRanks is one '' and claims by other Google employees support the first variant of the formula above .
Allostasis
The difference between allostasis and homeostasis is popularized by Robert Sapolsky 's book Why Zebras Do n't Get Ulcers :
Microphone
The dynamic range of a microphone is the difference in SPL between the noise floor and the maximum SPL . If stated on its own , for example `` 120 dB '' , it conveys significantly less information than having the self - noise and maximum SPL figures individually .
List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters
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Deaf education
The difference between mainstreaming and inclusion is not made explicit in the law , and use may vary from district to district . Further , within the Deaf community , the term ' mainstreaming ' often refers to any educational setting outside of a residential school .
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
Beyond the ancient textual history , archaeological evidence such as inscriptions refer to this temple , but these stone inscriptions are from late 1st millennium AD . The inscriptions in the temple belong to the Chola , Pandya , Hoysala and Vijayanagar dynasties who ruled over the region . These inscriptions range in date between the 9th and 16th centuries .
Primary color
All sets of real and color - space primaries are arbitrary , in the sense that there is no one set of primaries that can be considered the canonical set . Primary pigments or light sources selected for a given application on the basis of subjective preferences as well as practical factors such as cost , stability , availability etc . Color - space primaries can be subjected to meaningful one - to - one transformations so that the transformed space is still complete and each color is specified with a unique sum .
Apartheid
Before South Africa became a republic in 1961 , politics among white South Africans was typified by the division between the mainly Afrikaner pro-republic conservative and the largely English anti-republican liberal sentiments , with the legacy of the Boer War still a factor for some people . Once South Africa became a republic , Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd called for improved relations and greater accord between people of British descent and the Afrikaners . He claimed that the only difference was between those in favour of apartheid and those against it . The ethnic division would no longer be between Afrikaans and English speakers , but between blacks and whites .
History of the Isle of Wight
Little archaeological evidence of this period survives . The main sites are cemeteries at Chessell Down and Bowcombe Down , both excavated in the nineteenth century to produce skeletons , iron swords , knives , and jewellery such as brooches and buckles . The biggest brooches are in the British Museum but some swords , parts of shields , small brooches and buckles are retained in the county archaeological centre .
Lexicographical order
In general , the difference between the colexicographical order and the lexicographical order is not very significant . However , when considering increasing sequences , typically for coding subsets , the two orders differ significantly .
Solomon's Temple
Because of the religious sensitivities involved , and the politically volatile situation in Jerusalem , only limited archaeological surveys of the Temple Mount have been conducted . No archaeological excavations have been allowed on the Temple Mount during modern times . Therefore , there are very few pieces of archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon 's Temple . An Ivory pomegranate which mentions priests in the house `` of -- - h '' , and an inscription recording the Temple 's restoration under Jehoash have both appeared on the antiquities market , but their authenticity has been challenged and they are the subject of controversy .
Argentine tango
A striking difference between Argentine tango and ballroom tango is in the shape and feel of the embrace . Ballroom technique dictates that partners arch their upper bodies away from each other , while maintaining contact at the hip , in an offset frame .
Internal energy
where ΔU denotes the difference between the internal energy of the given state and that of the reference state , and the E are the various energies transferred to the system in the steps from the reference state to the given state . It is the energy needed to create the given state of the system from the reference state .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
There is some disagreement among both ancient authors and modern scholars about the ethnic identity of the ancient Macedonians . Ernst Badian notes that nearly all surviving references to antagonisms and differences between Greeks and Macedonians exist in the written speeches of Arrian , who lived at the time of the Roman Empire , when any notion of an ethnic disparity between Macedonians and other Greeks was incomprehensible . Hatzopoulos argues that there was no real ethnic difference between Macedonians and Greeks , only a political distinction contrived after the creation of the League of Corinth in 337 BC ( which was led by Macedonia through the league 's elected hegemon Philip II , when he was not a member of the league itself ) , N.G.L. Hammond asserts that ancient views differentiating Macedonia 's ethnic identity from the rest of the Greek - speaking world should be seen as an expression of conflict between two different political systems : the democratic system of the city - states ( e.g. Athens ) versus the monarchy ( Macedonia ) . Other academics who concur that the difference between the Macedonians and Greeks was a political rather than a true ethnic discrepancy include Michael B. Sakellariou , Malcolm Errington , and Craige B. Champion .
Account planning
In present - day society , there is no doubt that consumers around the world have knowledge and interest in advertising . It is something that has become part of our society and it possesses a `` means of contributing meaning and values that are necessary and useful to people in structuring their lives , their social relationships and their rituals . '' However , there is a difference among cultures concerning advertising . One such difference is between the UK and the US . While in the UK there is a high approval for advertising among consumers , consumers in the United States believe that advertising insults their intelligence . There are seven goals that have been achieved in the UK thanks to account planning :
Active transport
Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases . A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium - potassium pump , which helps to maintain the cell potential . The sodium - potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two K+ ions moved into the cell . Other sources of energy for Primary active transport are redox energy and photon energy ( light ) . An example of primary active transport using Redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient . An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH .
ISO 9000
The 2000 standard uses a different approach . Auditors are expected to go beyond mere auditing for rote conformance by focusing on risk , status , and importance . This means they are expected to make more judgments on what is effective , rather than merely adhering to what is formally prescribed . The difference from the previous standard can be explained thus :
Queen's Counsel
The Commonwealth of Australia at the federal level , and most state and territory governments , began in 1994 to replace the title of Queen 's Counsel and appointment by letters patent with the title Senior Counsel ( SC ) as an honorific conferred by the legal profession . There is no difference in status between a Queen 's Counsel and a Senior Counsel .