vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
If a tree falls in a forest
Philosopher George Berkeley , in his work , A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ( 1710 ) , proposes , `` But , say you , surely there is nothing easier than for me to imagine trees , for instance , in a park ( ... ) and nobody by to perceive them . ( ... ) The objects of sense exist only when they are perceived ; the trees therefore are in the garden ( ... ) no longer than while there is somebody by to perceive them . '' ( It is worth noting that the quote from section 45 is arguably a statement of an objection to Berkeley 's view , and not a proclamation of it . ) Nevertheless , Berkeley never actually wrote about the question .
Cockney
The cockney accent has long been looked down upon and thought of as inferior by many . For example , in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by the London County Council , stating that `` the Cockney mode of speech , with its unpleasant twang , is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials , and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the Empire '' . Others defended the language variety : `` The London dialect is really , especially on the South side of the Thames , a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of the old kentish tongue ( ... ) the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect , flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech '' . Since then , the cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than an inferior one . In the 1950s , the only accent to be heard on the BBC ( except in entertainment programmes such as The Sooty Show ) was RP , whereas nowadays many different accents , including cockney or accents heavily influenced by it , can be heard on the BBC . In a survey of 2,000 people conducted by Coolbrands in the autumn of 2008 , cockney was voted equal fourth coolest accent in Britain with 7 % of the votes , while The Queen 's English was considered the coolest , with 20 % of the votes . Brummie was voted least popular , receiving just 2 % .
One-child policy
In 2013 , Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that `` China 's population will not grow substantially in the short term '' . A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children , mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child .
Salt Lake City
As of 2010 , 37.0 % of the population had a bachelor 's degree or higher . 18.5 % of the population was foreign born and another 1.1 % was born in Puerto Rico , U.S. insular territories , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) . 27.0 % spoke a language other than English at home .
Elf (Middle-earth)
In `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' that is found in Appendix A , Tolkien depicts a Middle - earth where most Elves have already left . The majority of those who remained lived in Mirkwood , while a much smaller population was in Lindon . Aragorn speaks of the empty garden of Elrond in Rivendell . Most strikingly , after Elessar 's voluntary death , Arwen flees to a Lórien that is depicted as wholly abandoned , and gives up her own spirit in its sad and silent confines .
Norman conquest of England
A direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the Catholic Church in England . William systematically dispossessed English landowners and conferred their property on his continental followers . The Domesday Book meticulously documents the impact of this colossal programme of expropriation , revealing that by 1086 only about 5 per cent of land in England south of the Tees was left in English hands . Even this tiny residue was further diminished in the decades that followed , the elimination of native landholding being most complete in southern parts of the country .
Official bilingualism in Canada
Section 57 states that the `` English and French versions of this Act ( ie . the Constitution Act , 1982 ) are equally authoritative . '' The purpose of this provision is to clear up any ambiguity that might have existed about the equal status of the two versions as a result of the novel way in which this part of Canada 's supreme law came into force . Had the Constitution Act , 1982 been enacted as most preceding amendments to Canada 's constitution had been , as a statute of the British parliament , it would , like any other British statute , have been an English - only document . Instead , the British parliament enacted a very concise law , ( the Canada Act 1982 ) , written in English only . The operative clauses of the Canada Act , 1982 simply state that an appendix to the Act ( the appendix is formally referred to as a `` schedule '' ) is to be integrated into the Canadian constitution . The schedule contains the complete text of the Constitution Act , 1982 , in both English and French .
Time dilation
In the Minkowski diagram from the second image on the right , clock C resting in inertial frame S ′ meets clock A at d and clock B at f ( both resting in S ) . All three clocks simultaneously start to tick in S . The worldline of A is the ct - axis , the worldline of B intersecting f is parallel to the ct - axis , and the worldline of C is the ct ′ - axis . All events simultaneous with d in S are on the x-axis , in S ′ on the x ′ - axis .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
In the past , the assessment of aphasia in bilinguals or multilinguals was only available in the language of the hospital . This was problematic because the professionals performing these assessments often misjudged the patient 's recovery progress in the non native languages of the professional . To solve this issue , The Bilingual Aphasia Test ( BAT ) was developed by Michel Paradis and associates . The test was developed as an instrument to assess aphasia with more accuracy . The test is available in many different languages and is designed to be equivalent in its content , and not merely translations of each other . Components of linguistic construction of some languages do not directly translate to other languages ( i.e. passive in English ) . Therefore , the tests are designed to be culturally and linguistically equivalent . The goal of the tests is to tap into the same information in different languages with respect to the rationale that motivated the constructions . The BAT consists of 3 major sections , each listed as Part A , Part B , and Part C. Patients are required to take each section accordingly . Part B examines language performance in 4 modalities : hearing , speaking , reading , and writing . At the word , sentence , and paragraph level , the patient is tested on level of linguistic skill ( phonological , morphological , syntactic , lexical , semantic ) . Part C is used to assess the ability of the subject to translate material between given pairs of their known languages . There are currently 65 available languages for Part B and 160 language pairs available for Part C. The specifics and associated cultures of each languages were accounted for and the materials of these sections were adapted accordingly rather than being directly translated . An example follows where , in a Fruilian and English pair , the English stimuli included `` mat , cat , bat , hat '' and the Friulian counterpart ( which included 4 words that differed solely by one initial phoneme ) was represented as `` ' cjoc , c  ̧ oc , poc , toc ' ( drunk , log , chicory , piece ) . '' The response of the patients are recorded and processed with computer programs that indicate the percentage of correct answers for each linguistic skill . Thus , with the BAT , the assessment of bilingual aphasia allows a direct comparison of the knowledge and performance of each of the patient 's languages to determine the severity of the aphasia .
One-drop rule
In the early colonial years , marriages between Natives and non-Natives usually consisted of a white father and an Indian mother . This was due to the majority of the early colonists being male . Among many tribes , mixed - race children are considered part of the community if they are raised in the culture . This is particularly the case in matrilineal nations , where if the mother is a citizen of the nation , so are all her children , no matter who the father may be . Among patrilineal tribes , such as the Omaha , a child born to an Omaha mother and a white father could belong officially to the Omaha tribe only if the child were formally adopted into it by a male citizen .
Miranda v. Arizona
United States v. Garibay ( 1998 ) pointed out an important matter in regards to expansion of Miranda . Garibay barely spoke English and clearly showed a lack of understanding ; indeed , `` the agent admitted that he had to rephrase questions when the defendant appeared confused . '' The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled a `` clear error '' when the district court found that Garibay had `` knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights '' due to the defendant 's low I.Q. and poor English language skills . The court investigated many facets of his waiver and discovered that Mr. Garibay was missing all items that they were looking for : he never signed a waiver , he only received his warnings verbally and in English , and no interpreter was provided although they were available . With an opinion that stressed `` the requirement that a defendant ' knowingly and intelligently ' waive his Miranda rights '' , the Court reversed Garibay 's conviction and remanded his case .
Oklahoma
The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010 . The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English , and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland , South Midland , and Southern dialects . In 2000 , 2,977,187 Oklahomans -- 92.6 % of the resident population five years or older -- spoke only English at home , a decrease from 95 % in 1990 . 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census , about 7.4 % of the state 's population . Spanish is the second-most commonly spoken language in the state , with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000 . The two most commonly spoken native North American languages are Cherokee and Choctaw with 10,000 Cherokee speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma , and another 10,000 Choctaw speakers living in the Choctaw Nation directly south of the Cherokees . Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians .
GoFundMe
GoFundMe Type of site Crowdfunding for donations Available in English Headquarters San Diego , California , U.S. Slogan ( s ) Get money get going Website www.gofundme.com Alexa rank 1,019 ( August 2016 ) Launched May 10 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 05 - 10 ) Current status Active
Lego Mindstorms
The Scout is based on a Toshiba microcontroller with 32KB of ROM and 1KB of RAM , where about 400 bytes are available for user - programs . Due to the extremely limited amount of RAM , many predefined subroutines were provided in ROM . The Scout only supports passive external sensors , which means that only touch , temperature and other unpowered sensors can be used . The analog - to - digital converters used in the Scout only have a resolution of 8 bits in contrast to the 10 - bit converters of the RCX .
Spanish Armada
In the Spanish Netherlands , 30,000 soldiers awaited the arrival of the Armada , the plan being to use the cover of the warships to convey the army on barges to a place near London . All told , 55,000 men were to have been mustered , a huge army for that time . On the day the Armada set sail , Elizabeth 's ambassador in the Netherlands , Valentine Dale , met Parma 's representatives in peace negotiations . The English made a vain effort to intercept the Armada in the Bay of Biscay . On 6 July negotiations were abandoned , and the English fleet stood prepared , if ill - supplied , at Plymouth , awaiting news of Spanish movements . The English fleet outnumbered the Spanish , 200 ships to 130 , while the Spanish fleet outgunned the English -- its available firepower was 50 % more than that of the English . The English fleet consisted of the 34 ships of the Royal Fleet ( 21 of which were galleons of 200 to 400 tons ) and 163 other ships ( 30 of which were of 200 to 400 tons and carried up to 42 guns each ) , 12 of these were privateers owned by Lord Howard of Effingham , Sir John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake . Signal
Made in Chelsea
Educating Binky is a series of short episodes available to watch on Channel 4 's online service 4oD . Made in Chelsea 's Mark Francis takes fellow cast member Binky Felstead on a tour of London to educate her in the ways of high - end style . As of 29 December 2014 , a total of eight episodes have been made available to watch on the online platform .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
A swarm of green insects who invade Rabbit 's garden in several episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and try to eat his vegetables . They resemble caterpillars , but are much shorter and have only six limbs . The leader wears an old - fashioned bicorne and acts like an army general . They are the main antagonists in Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too .
Jury trial
Some jurisdictions with jury trials allow the defendant to waive their right to a jury trial , thus leading to a bench trial . Jury trials tend to occur only when a crime is considered serious . In some jurisdictions , such as France and Brazil , jury trials are reserved , and compulsory , for the most severe crimes and are not available for civil cases . In Brazil , for example , trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life , such as first and second degree murder , forced abortion and instigation of suicide , even if only attempted . In others , such as the United Kingdom , jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases ( defamation , malicious prosecution , civil fraud and false imprisonment ) . In the United States , jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases . In Canada , an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court , by judge alone in a superior court , or by judge and jury in a superior court ; summary offences can not be tried by jury .
Child care
Commercial care center also known as daycares are open for set hours , and provide a standardized and regulated system of care for children . Parents may choose from a commercial care center close to their work , and some companies may even offer care at their facilities . A form in which parents pick the child care facility can be based on their mission statement and the objectives they find necessary to be addressed . Center based child care should have their mission written out and include one of the main components which is health promotion . These objectives should be shaped to the needs of every child and can change from one to another . The child care provider must see how these objectives are most fit for the child and mend them case by case to their specific needs . In setting up activities for these objectives , both indoor and outdoor activities must be taken into account . The child must have an experience that partakes in all the different forms . This may then cause discussion between the parents and the caregivers. The parents tend to give their input on what they deem as necessary when the needs of their children may be different . Parents are able to communicate with the staff of these facilities because workers who speak the same native language or language of preference must be available for these conversations .
List of multilingual countries and regions
In Lebanon , Arabic is the official and national language ; the Constitution provides for the conditions of using French to be provided by law . Many Lebanese are fluent in English and in French . Armenian is also a language mainly used in the Armenian community . Syria : Rojava : the constitution of the de facto autonomous region designates Kurdish , Arabic and Syriac as official languages . United Arab Emirates : Arabic is the official language of the country , although English is an unofficial language it is widely accepted as the lingua franca as over 89 % of the population is migrant . Almost everyone has a working knowledge of English . All road signs are written in both Arabic and English . English is the dominant in higher education and is a required ability for most local jobs . English is a compulsory subject in all public schools and is the language of instruction for mathematics and science .
Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
The UK government maintains a position that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) is not legally enforceable and is hence ' aspirational ' only , although a 2003 ECHR ruling states that , `` The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realising these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child . '' Eighteen years after ratification , the four Children 's Commissioners in the UK ( including those for the three devolved administrations ) have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation , making children 's rights recognised and legally binding .
Multilingual User Interface
MUI products for these versions were available only through volume agreements from Microsoft . They were not available through retail channels . However , some OEMs distributed the product . Up to Windows XP , MUI packs for a product are applied on top of an English version to provide a localized user experience .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
The structure of the fairs reflected the importance of foreign merchants in the English economy and by 1273 only one - third of the English wool trade was actually controlled by English merchants . Between 1280 and 1320 the trade was primarily dominated by Italian merchants , but by the early 14th century German merchants had begun to present serious competition to the Italians . The Germans formed a self - governing alliance of merchants in London called the `` Hanse of the Steelyard '' -- the eventual Hanseatic League -- and their role was confirmed under the Great Charter of 1303 , which exempted them from paying the customary tolls for foreign merchants . One response to this was the creation of the Company of the Staple , a group of merchants established in English - held Calais in 1314 with royal approval , who were granted a monopoly on wool sales to Europe . Jewish
Dodo
The dodo was variously declared a small ostrich , a rail , an albatross , or a vulture , by early scientists . In 1842 , Danish zoologist Johannes Theodor Reinhardt proposed that dodos were ground pigeons , based on studies of a dodo skull he had discovered in the collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark . This view was met with ridicule , but was later supported by English naturalists Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alexander Gordon Melville in their 1848 monograph The Dodo and Its Kindred , which attempted to separate myth from reality . After dissecting the preserved head and foot of the specimen at the Oxford University Museum and comparing it with the few remains then available of the extinct Rodrigues solitaire ( Pezophaps solitaria ) they concluded that the two were closely related . Strickland stated that although not identical , these birds shared many distinguishing features of the leg bones , otherwise known only in pigeons . Sketch
Electric car
Tesla Motors designed its Model S to allow fast battery swapping . In June 2013 , Tesla announced their goal to deploy a battery swapping station in each of its supercharging stations . At a demonstration event Tesla showed that a battery swap operation with the Model S takes just over 90 seconds , about half the time it takes to refill a gasoline - powered car . The first stations are planned to be deployed along Interstate 5 in California where , according to Tesla , a large number of Model S sedans make the San Francisco - Los Angeles trip regularly . These will be followed by the Washington , DC to Boston corridor . Each swapping station will cost US $500,000 and will have about 50 batteries available without requiring reservations . The service would be offered for the price of about 15 US gallons ( 57 l ; 12 imp gal ) of gasoline at the current local rate , around US $60 to US $80 at June 2013 prices . Range
I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For
Island Records commissioned New York choir director , Dennis Bell , to record a gospel version of the song , and Island intended to release it after U2 's single . However , Island boss Chris Blackwell vetoed the plan . Bell subsequently formed his own label and Rohit Jagessar picked it up for distribution in US . While in Glasgow in late July 1987 during the Joshua Tree Tour , Rob Partridge of Island Records played the demo that Bell and his choir , the New Voices of Freedom , had made . In late September , U2 rehearsed with Bell 's choir in Greater Calvary Baptist Church in Harlem for a performance together in a few days at U2 's Madison Square Garden concert . The Edge 's guitar was the only instrument that U2 brought to the church although Mullen borrowed a conga drum . The rehearsal was done with the church 's audio system and footage was used in the Rattle and Hum motion picture . Several performances were made with a piano player ; however , the version used in the film includes only Bono , the Edge , Mullen , and the choir . Audio from the Madison Square Garden performance appears on the accompanying album .
National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)
In Czech Republic , this channel is available since the spring of 2008 on digital cable from UPC Digital , channel 54 . Both Czech and Slovak feeds of NGC HD were transmitted directly from the UK ( Sky+ HD ) and came with an English audio track only ( DD / AC3 ) . This was later changed and these countries now have the European feed , which was expected to be localized in the Czech language in the autumn of 2011 . Since July 20 , 2011 , this channel is also available in both countries in Skylink .
History of women in the United States
Jamestown , the first English settlement in America , was established in 1607 in what is now Virginia . The first women to arrive in Jamestown , ( known in the ship 's manifest as ) Mistress Forrest , wife of Thomas Forrest , Esq and her fourteen - year - old maid , Anne Burras , arrived in late 1608 . In December 1608 Anne Burras married a carpenter and laborer named John Laydon in the first wedding ceremony held in Jamestown , and in 1609 they had a child named Virginia Laydon ( not to be confused with Virginia Dare ) , who was the first child born in Jamestown . The first American slaves since those in Lucas Vasquez de Allyon 's unsuccessful colony in 1526 -- 1527 were brought to Jamestown in 1619 . These slaves were from the Caribbean , and there were twenty of them , including three women .
Culture
The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is `` the way of life , especially the general customs and beliefs , of a particular group of people at a particular time . '' Terror management theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as `` person ( s ) of worth within the world of meaning '' -- raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence , in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain .