vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cakewalk
Tom Fletcher , who was born in 1873 and had a show business career beginning in 1888 , wrote in 1954 that when he was a child , his grandparents told him about the chalk - line walk / cakewalk , but they did not know when it started . Fletcher 's grandfather told him , `` your grandmother and I , we won all the prizes and were taken from plantation to plantation . The dance became a great fad . It took skill and good nerves ... The plantation is where shows like yours first started , son . '' Fletcher adds that the dance was called the `` chalk like walk '' and `` There was no prancing , just a straight walk on a path made by turns and so forth , along which the dancers made their way with a pail of water on their heads . The couple that was the most erect and spilled the least water or no water at all was the winner . '' He describes it being `` revived with fancy steps by Charlie Johnson , a clever eccentric dancer '' and becoming known as the `` Cake Walk '' .
Kerosene heater
`` For every gallon of kerosene burned in an unvented kerosene heater , 1.1 gallons of water is produced . In very tightly sealed homes , such as those that are well insulated , weather - stripped and have storm windows , use of an unvented kerosene space heater can at least double the amount of moisture vapour generated in a house each day . ''
Derek Shepherd
Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything , who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming , devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of , and a man that often makes the wrong decisions , and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker . Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning , because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed . USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could , at times , seem like two people , warm and funny one minute , cold and self - involved the next . Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person , while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole . ''
Alternative energy
The heat can be used to power building systems ( such as heat process water ) or to produce energy . Biofuel is oil extracted from the algae upon maturity , and used to create energy similar to the use of biodiesel . The biomass is the matter left over after extracting the oil and water , and can be harvested to produce combustible methane for energy production , similar to the warmth felt in a compost pile or the methane collected from biodegradable materials in a landfill . Additionally , the benefits of algae biofuel are that it can be produced industrially , as well as vertically ( i.e. as a building facade ) , thereby obviating the use of arable land and food crops ( such as soy , palm , and canola ) .
The Last Song (film)
Due to the conflicting personalities of his protagonist couple , Sparks faced difficulty in finding a vehicle that would draw Will and Ronnie to spend time together . `` It had to be during the summer , she ( Ronnie ) had to be new in town , and whatever happened had to start in June and end in August . Because you always want a conclusion , '' said Sparks of his requirements . He mentioned summer camp or a summer job as typical vehicles used in books , but dismissed them as unoriginal and boring . `` So it 's got to be original , it 's got to be interesting , and at the same time it 's got to be universal , that you feel like it could happen to anybody . '' Sparks eventually chose to have Will and Ronnie bond over a loggerhead sea turtle nest , knowing that Loggerhead eggs often hatch in August . The scene of the hatching nest took place during the first week of August and involved 26 live loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings . Sea turtle hatchlings have an innate sense to head toward the ocean water as soon as they are born , so scenes of the nest hatching had to be taken swiftly . Said Mike Dodd of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources , the biologist who supervised the scene , the hatchlings `` did all they know how to do : They crawled down to the water and swam off . '' Sparks told an interviewer he suspected filmmakers would digitally add more turtles to the scene . At the time of filming , the loggerhead sea turtle was listed as a threatened species . The environmentally friendly theme was an added bonus to Tybee Island , which was then promoting ecotourism .
Cinderella
A wealthy widower marries a proud and haughty woman as his second wife . She has two daughters , who are equally vain and selfish . The gentleman has a beautiful young daughter , a girl of unparalleled kindness and sweet temper . The man 's daughter is forced into servitude by the girl 's stepmother , where she is made to work day and night doing menial chores . After the girl 's chores are done for the day , she curls up near the fireplace in an effort to stay warm . She often arises covered in cinders , giving rise to the mocking nickname `` Cinderella '' by her stepsisters . Cinderella bears the abuse patiently and does not tell her father , who would have scolded her . One day , the Prince invites all the young ladies in the land to a royal ball , planning to choose a wife . The two stepsisters gleefully plan their wardrobes for the ball , and taunt Cinderella by telling her that maids are not invited to the ball . As the sisters depart to the ball , Cinderella cries in despair . Her Fairy Godmother magically appears and immediately begins to transform Cinderella from house servant to the young lady she was by birth , all in the effort to get Cinderella to the ball . She turns a pumpkin into a golden carriage , mice into horses , a rat into a coachman , and lizards into footmen . She then turns Cinderella 's rags into a beautiful jeweled gown , complete with a delicate pair of glass slippers . The Godmother tells her to enjoy the ball , but warns her that she must return before midnight , when the spells will be broken . At the ball , the entire court is entranced by Cinderella , especially the Prince . At this first ball , Cinderella remembers to leave before midnight . Back home , Cinderella graciously thanks her Godmother . She then innocently greets the stepsisters , who had not recognized her earlier , and talk of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball . Another ball is held the next evening , and Cinderella again attends with her Godmother 's help .
Factory Acts
In the debates on Mundella 's bills and the 1874 Act , it had been noted that years of piece - meal legislation had left factory law in an unsatisfactory and confusing state ; the government had spoken of the need to consolidate and extend factory law by a single Act replacing all previous legislation , but had not felt itself able to allocate the necessary legislative time . In March 1875 , a Royal Commission ( headed by Sir James Fergusson ) was set up to look at the consolidation and extension of factory law . It took evidence in the principal industrial towns , and published its report in March 1876 . It recommended consolidation of legislation by a single new Act . The new Act should include workplaces in the open air , and carrying , washing and cleaning ; however mines and agriculture should be excluded . Work by protected persons should be within a twelve - hour window ( between 6 am and 7 pm : exceptionally for some industries the window could be 8 am to 8 pm ) . Within that window : in factories two hours should be allowed for meals and no work session should exceed four and a half hours ; in workshops work sessions should not exceed five hours and meal breaks should total at least one and a half hours . Sunday working should be permitted where both worker and employer were Jewish . All children should attend school from five until fourteen ; they should not be allowed to attend half - time , nor be employed under the new Act , until ten . From ten to fourteen employment would be conditional upon satisfactory school attendance and educational achievement .
Military history of the United States during World War II
In late 1944 the Japanese invented an unexpected and highly effective new tactic , the Kamikaze suicide plane aimed like a guided missile at American ships . The attacks began in October 1944 and continued to the end of the war . Experienced pilots were used to lead a mission because they could navigate ; they were not Kamikazes , and they returned to base for another mission . The Kamikaze pilots were inexperienced and had minimal training ; however most were well educated and intensely committed to the Emperor . A
Lego Mindstorms
The manual controls could be used to independently control the three motors . To record a program ; the controller had to be put in programming mode , and then any manual control would be recorded to the program . Pauses could also be included in a program . When the recording was done , the controller could successfully recall and execute any manual action done during the recording . The executing program could be set to loop infinitely .
Gotham City
In Batman Begins , the art deco Chicago Board of Trade Building was used for the film 's Wayne Tower , which in the film , was also as the hub of Gotham 's water and elevated railway systems . Garrick Theatre stood in as Gotham 's opera house . 35 East Wacker was used as the Gotham courthouse . Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire was used to portray Wayne Manor . Nolan desired that Gotham appeared as a large , modern city that nonetheless reflected a variety of architecture styles and periods , as well as different socioeconomic strata . The production 's approach depicted Gotham as an exaggeration of New York , with elements taken from Chicago , the elevated freeways and monorails of Tokyo , and the `` walled city of Kalhoon '' ( sic ) in Hong Kong , which was the basis for the slum in the film known as The Narrows .
Execution of the Romanov family
The 16 men of the internal guard slept in the basement , hallway and commandant 's office during shifts . The external guard led by Pavel Medvedev numbered 56 and were accommodated in the Popov House opposite . The guards were allowed to bring in women for sex and drinking sessions in the Popov House and basement rooms of the Ipatiev House . There were four machine gun emplacements : one in the bell tower of the Voznesensky Cathedral aimed toward the house ; a second in the basement window of the Ipatiev House facing the street ; a third monitored the balcony overlooking the garden at the back of the house ; and a fourth in the attic overlooking the intersection , directly above the tsar and tsarina 's bedroom . There were ten guard posts in and around the Ipatiev House , and the exterior was patrolled twice hourly day and night . In early May the guards deprived the prisoners of the piano in the dining room and moved it to the commandant 's office located next door to the Romanovs ' bedrooms . Here they took pleasure in humiliating them in the evenings by singing Russian revolutionary songs while drinking and smoking . They also listened to the Romanovs ' gramophone records on the confiscated phonograph . The lavatory on the landing was also used by the guards who scribbled political slogans and crude graffiti on the walls . The number of Ipatiev House guards totaled 300 when the imperial family was killed .
White House
Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration , and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration . A Carter - era innovation , a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House , was removed during Reagan 's presidency . Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years . The house was accredited as a museum in 1988 .
List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
Miss Maude `` Maudie '' Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family . She had known the Finches for many years , having been brought up on the Buford place , which was near the Finches ' ancestral home , Finch 's Landing . She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening ; her cakes are especially held in high regard . However , she is frequently harassed by devout `` Foot - Washing Baptists '' , who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin . The Foot - Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well . Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy . It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship . Also , she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect . She does not act condescendingly towards them , even though they are young children . During the course of the novel , her house burns down ; however , she shows remarkable courage throughout this ( even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers ) . She is not prejudiced , though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford , unlike many of her Southern neighbors , and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature . It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that `` it is a sin to kill a mockingbird '' , whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but does n't go into depth . When Jem gets older , and does n't want to be bothered by Scout , Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry . Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film .
Hurricane Harvey
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the Windward Islands were issued starting at 15 : 00 UTC on August 17 , about six hours before Harvey developed . At that time , a tropical storm watch was posted for Dominica , while a tropical storm warning became in effect in Barbados , Martinique , Saint Lucia , and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . All watches and warnings were discontinued by late on August 18 , as the storm continued westward into the Caribbean .
Lake District
The lakes of the Lake District support three rare and endangered species of fish : the vendace , which can be found only in Derwent Water and until 2008 in Bassenthwaite Lake . Vendace have struggled in recent years with naturally occurring algae becoming a threat and the lakes gradually getting warmer . Vendace have been moved to higher lakes on a number of occasions to preserve the species , notably in 2005 and 2011 . The Lakes are also home to two other rare species : the schelly , which lives in Brothers Water , Haweswater , Red Tarn and Ullswater , and the Arctic charr , which can be found in Buttermere , Coniston Water , Crummock Water , Ennerdale Water , Haweswater , Loweswater , Thirlmere , Wast Water , and Windermere . The
Thin-layer chromatography
Thin - layer chromatography can be used to monitor the progress of a reaction , identify compounds present in a given mixture , and determine the purity of a substance . Specific examples of these applications include : analyzing ceramides and fatty acids , detection of pesticides or insecticides in food and water , analyzing the dye composition of fibers in forensics , assaying the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals , or identification of medicinal plants and their constituents
Battle of Bunker Hill
However , the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills , which could be used to advantage . If the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces , these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered . It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition , led by Henry Knox , later transported cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Boston area .
Cell theory
Over the same time period , it was shown ( Procter & Wilson , 1916 ) that gels , which do not have a semipermeable membrane , would swell in dilute solutions . Loeb ( 1920 ) also studied gelatin extensively , with and without a membrane , showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane . In particular , he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed , based on the H concentration . Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s , based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000 . A lipid layer can not stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork ( thereby losing its barrier properties . Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties . In 1938 , Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form -- the protoplasm represents a combination of protein , salt and water -- and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels . Dimitri Nasonov ( 1944 ) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell , including electrical properties . By the 1940s , the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories . In 1941 , Brooks & Brooks published a monograph , `` The Permeability of Living Cells '' , which rejects the bulk phase theories .
Environmental impact of mining
Microorganisms have a wide variety of genes among their total population , so there is a greater chance of survival of the species due to the existence of resistance or tolerance genes in some colonies , as long as modifications are not too extreme . Nevertheless , survival in these conditions will imply a big loss of gene diversity , resulting in reduced potential adaptations to subsequent changes . The presence of few developed soil in heavy metal contaminated areas could be a sign of reduced activity by soils microfauna and microflora , indicating a reduced number of individuals or reduced activity . Twenty years after disturbance , even in rehabilitation area , microbial biomass is still greatly reduced compared to undisturbed habitat . Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi are especially sensitive to the presence of chemicals , and the soil is sometimes so disturbed that they are no longer able to associate with root plants . Some fungi possess however contaminant accumulation capacity , soil cleaning capacity by changing the biodisponibility of contaminants , and can protect plants from damages caused by chemicals . Their presence in contaminated sites could prevent loss of biodiversity due to mine - waste contamination , or allow bioremediation , that is , the removal of undesired chemicals from contaminated soils . On the contrary , some microbes can deteriorate the environment : which mean elevated SO4 in the water can also increase microbial production of hydrogen sulfide , a toxin for many aquatic plants and organisms .
Coahuila y Tejas
Many inhabitants of the Mexican frontier chafed at rules that limited trade with the United States . As these areas , including Texas , were far from federal -- and often state -- control , smuggling was rampant . Coahuila did not have a coastline , and thus could not import goods from other countries . From 1823 through 1830 , Texas settlers had an exemption on tariffs for some goods . Tariffs could not be collected on other goods because there was no customs house to collect the duties . A customs house was established in Anahuac in 1830 , but the soldiers were expelled by settlers in 1832 . A similar incident occurred in 1835 , again resulting in the closure of the customs house . Texas continued to serve as a smuggling haven , with some of the goods being sent into the Mexican interior and into the territory of New Mexico .
Execution of the Romanov family
To maintain a sense of normality , the Bolsheviks assured the Romanovs on 13 July 1918 that two of their loyal servants , Klementy Nagorny ( Alexei 's sailor nanny ) and Ivan Sednev ( OTMA 's footman ; Leonid Sednev 's uncle ) , `` had been sent out of this government '' ( i.e. out of the jurisdiction of Ekaterinburg and Perm province ) . However , both men were already dead , after the Bolsheviks removed them from the Ipatiev House in May , they were shot by the Cheka with a group of other hostages on 6 July in reprisal for the death of a local Bolshevik hero who was killed by the Whites . On 14 July , a priest and deacon conducted a liturgy for the Romanovs . The following morning , four housemaids were hired to wash the floors of the Popov House and Ipatiev House ; they were the last civilians to see the family alive . On both occasions they were under strict instructions not to engage in conversation of any kind to the family . Yurovsky always kept watch during the liturgy and while the housemaids were cleaning the bedrooms with the family .
London Bridge
By the Tudor era there were some 200 buildings on the bridge . Some stood up to seven storeys high , some overhung the river by seven feet , and some overhung the road , to form a dark tunnel through which all traffic had to pass , including ( from 1577 ) the palatial Nonsuch House . The roadway was just 12 feet ( 4 m ) wide , divided into two lanes , so that in each direction , carts , wagons , coaches and pedestrians shared a single file lane six feet wide . When the bridge was congested , crossing it could take up to an hour . Those who could afford the fare might prefer to cross by ferry , but the bridge structure had several undesirable effects on river traffic . The narrow arches and wide pier bases restricted the river 's tidal ebb and flow , so that in hard winters , the river upstream of the bridge became more susceptible to freezing and impassable by boat . The flow was further obstructed in the 16th century by waterwheels ( designed by Peter Morice ) installed under the two north arches to drive water pumps , and under the two south arches to power grain mills ; the difference in water levels on the two sides of the bridge could be as much as 6 feet ( 2 m ) , producing ferocious rapids between the piers resembling a weir . Only the brave or foolhardy attempted to `` shoot the bridge '' -- steer a boat between the starlings when in flood -- and some were drowned in the attempt . The bridge was `` for wise men to pass over , and for fools to pass under . '' This
Bradford
Like many cities , Bradford lost a number of notable buildings to developers in the 1960s and 1970s : particularly mourned at the time were the Swan Arcade and the old Kirkgate Market . In recent years some buildings from that era have themselves been demolished and replaced : Provincial House , next to Centenary Square , was demolished by controlled explosion in 2002 , and Forster House was pulled down in 2005 as part of the Broadway development .