vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
European exploration of Africa
The Dano - Norwegian colonized the Danish Gold Coast , from 1674 to 1755 the settlements were administered by the Danish West India - Guinea Company . From December 1680 to 29 August 1682 , the Portuguese occupied Fort Christiansborg . In 1750 it was made a Danish crown colony . From 1782 to 1785 it was under British occupation. From 1814 it was made part of the territory of Denmark .
Czechoslovakia
For the Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia , German occupation was a period of brutal oppression . Czech losses resulting from political persecution and deaths in concentration camps totaled between 36,000 and 55,000 . The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia ( 118,000 according to the 1930 census ) was virtually annihilated . Many Jews emigrated after 1939 ; more than 70,000 were killed ; 8,000 survived at Terezín . Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout the occupation .
Marshall Plan
In January 1946 the Allied Control Council set the foundation of the future German economy by putting a cap on German steel production . The maximum allowed was set at about 5,800,000 tons of steel a year , equivalent to 25 % of the pre-war production level . The UK , in whose occupation zone most of the steel production was located , had argued for a more limited capacity reduction by placing the production ceiling at 12 million tons of steel per year , but had to submit to the will of the US , France and the Soviet Union ( which had argued for a 3 million ton limit ) . Steel plants thus made redundant were to be dismantled . Germany was to be reduced to the standard of life it had known at the height of the Great Depression ( 1932 ) . Consequently , car production was set to 10 % of pre-war levels , and the manufacture of other commodities was reduced as well .
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Pennsylvania Governor Hartranft declared Scranton to be under martial law ; it was occupied by state and federal troops armed with Gatling guns . Later the posse leader and about 20 of his men were charged with assault and murder . They were all acquitted . Under the effects of the shootings and military occupation , the miners ended their strike without gaining any of their demands .
Iran crisis of 1946
In the aftermath of the occupation of Iran , those Allied forces agreed to withdraw from Iran within six months after the cessation of hostilities . However , when this deadline came in early 1946 , the Soviets , under Joseph Stalin , remained in Iran and local pro-Soviet Iranians proclaimed a separatist People 's Republic of Azerbaijan . In late 1945 , in addition to the People 's Republic of Azerbaijan , the Republic of Mahabad also came into existence , fueled by Kurdish separatists . Soon , the alliance of the Kurdish and People 's Azerbaijani forces , supported in arms and training by the Soviet Union , engaged in fighting with Iranian forces , resulting in a total of 2,000 casualties . Negotiation by Iranian premier Ahmad Qavam and diplomatic pressure on the Soviets by the United States eventually led to Soviet withdrawal and dissolution of the separatist Azeri and Kurdish states . The crisis is seen as one of the early conflicts in the growing Cold War at the time .
Warsaw
On 17 January 1945 -- after the beginning of the Vistula -- Oder Offensive of the Red Army -- Soviet troops and Polish troops of the First Polish Army entered the ruins of Warsaw , and liberated Warsaw 's suburbs from German occupation . The city was swiftly taken by the Soviet Army , which rapidly advanced towards Łódź , as German forces regrouped at a more westward position .
Appeasement
In this atmosphere of growing conflict , Mussolini persuaded Hitler to put the dispute to a four - power conference and on 29 September 1938 , Hitler , Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier ( the French Prime Minister ) and Mussolini met in Munich . Czechoslovakia was not to be a party to these talks , nor was the Soviet Union . The four powers agreed that Germany would complete its occupation of the Sudetenland but that an international commission would consider other disputed areas . Czechoslovakia was told that if it did not submit , it would stand alone . At Chamberlain 's request , Hitler readily signed a peace treaty between the United Kingdom and Germany . Chamberlain returned to Britain promising `` peace for our time '' . Before Munich , President Roosevelt sent a telegram to Chamberlain saying `` Goodman '' , and afterward told the American ambassador in Rome , `` I am not a bit upset over the final result . ''
Treaty of Versailles
Belgium maintained an occupation force of roughly 10,000 troops throughout the initial years . This figure fell to 7,102 by 1926 , and continued to fall as a result of diplomatic developments .
Causes of World War II
After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Benito Mussolini feared for Italy becoming a second - rate member of the Axis . Rome delivered Tirana an ultimatum on March 25 , 1939 , demanding that it accede to Italy 's occupation of Albania . King Zog refused to accept money in exchange for countenancing a full Italian takeover and colonization of Albania . On April 7 , 1939 , Italian troops invaded Albania . Albania was occupied after a 3 days campaign with minimal resistance offered by the Albanian forces .
United States embargo against Cuba
In May 1960 , the Cuban government began to openly purchase regular armaments from the Soviet Union , citing the US arms embargo . In July 1960 , the United States reduced the Cuban import quota of brown sugar to 700,000 tons , under the Sugar Act of 1948 ; and the Soviet Union responded by agreeing to purchase the sugar instead .
British Hong Kong
British Hong Kong was the period during which Hong Kong was under British colonial rule , from 1841 to 1997 ( excluding the Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945 ) . Colonial rule began with the British occupation of Hong Kong Island on 26 January 1841 during the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . The island was ceded to the United Kingdom by the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842 and established as a Crown colony on 26 June 1843 . It was later designated a British Dependent Territory in 1981 . The Kowloon Peninsula was added to the colony after the Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 1860 ) . Finally , the New Territories were added under a 99 - year lease in 1898 . Although Hong Kong Island and Kowloon were ceded to Britain in perpetuity , the New Territories -- which comprised over 90 per cent of Hong Kong 's land -- had such a vital role in the economy that the British government agreed to transfer sovereignty of the entirety of Hong Kong to China upon the expiration of the lease in 1997 . The transfer has been considered by many as marking the end of the British Empire .
Axis powers
Reichskommissariat Niederlande was an occupation authority and territory established in the Netherlands in 1940 designated as a colony to be incorporated into the planned Greater Germanic Reich .
Hyperinflation
With the German invasion in April 1941 , there was an abrupt increase in prices . This was due to psychological factors related to the fear of shortages and to the hoarding of goods . During the German and Italian Axis occupation of Greece ( 1941 - 1944 ) , the agricultural , mineral , industrial etc. production of Greece were used to sustain the occupation forces , but also to secure provisions for the Afrika Korps . One part of these `` sales '' of provisions was settled with bilateral clearing through the German DEGRIGES and the Italian Sagic companies at very low prices . As the value of Greek exports in drachmas fell , the demand for drachmas followed suit and so did its forex rate . While shortages started due to naval blockades and hoarding , the prices of commodities soared . The other part of the `` purchases '' was settled with drachmas secured from the Bank of Greece and printed for this purpose by private printing presses . As prices soared , the Germans and Italians started requesting more and more drachmas from the Bank of Greece to offset price increases ; each time prices increased , the note circulation followed suit soon afterwards . For the year November 1943 - November 1944 , the inflation rate was 2.5 × 10 % , the circulation was 6.28 × 10 drachmae and one gold sovereign cost 43,167 billion drachmas . The hyperinflation started subsiding immediately after the departure of the German occupation forces , but inflation rates took several years before they fell below 50 % .
History of Manila
After the battle and occupation of Manila by Britain in 1762 , the city was pillaged for 40 hours . The next two consecutive battles for Manila ; the battle in 1896 and the battle in 1898 did little damage to the city as whole . The battle of 1899 , the first battle of the Philippine -- American War , caused more than 200 Filipino casualties .
Shotgun
A riot shotgun has many advantages over a handgun or rifle . Compared to `` defense - caliber '' handguns ( chambered for 9mm Parabellum , . 38 Special , . 357 Magnum , . 40 S&W , . 45 ACP and similar ) , a shotgun has far more power and damage potential ( up to 10 times the muzzle energy of a . 45 ACP cartridge ) , allowing a `` one - shot stop '' that is more difficult to achieve with typical handgun loads . Compared to a rifle , riot shotguns are easier to maneuver due to the shorter barrel , still provide better damage potential at indoor distances ( generally 3 -- 5 meters / yards ) , and reduce the risk of `` overpenetration '' ; that is , the bullet or shot passing completely through the target and continuing beyond , which poses a risk to those behind the target through walls . The wide spread of the shot reduces the importance of shot placement compared to a single projectile , which increases the effectiveness of `` point shooting '' - rapidly aiming simply by pointing the weapon in the direction of the target . This allows easy , fast use by novices . Lever
Emancipation Proclamation
Around 25,000 to 75,000 slaves in regions where the US Army was active were immediately emancipated . It could not be enforced in areas still under rebellion , but , as the Union army took control of Confederate regions , the Proclamation provided the legal framework for freeing more than three million slaves in those regions . Prior to the Proclamation , in accordance with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , escaped slaves were either returned to their masters or held in camps as contraband for later return . The Proclamation applied only to slaves in Confederate - held lands ; it did not apply to those in the four slave states that were not in rebellion ( Kentucky , Maryland , Delaware , and Missouri , which were unnamed ) , nor to Tennessee ( unnamed but occupied by Union troops since 1862 ) and lower Louisiana ( also under occupation ) , and specifically excluded those counties of Virginia soon to form the state of West Virginia . Also specifically excluded ( by name ) were some regions already controlled by the Union army . Emancipation in those places would come after separate state actions or the December 1865 ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment , which made slavery and indentured servitude , except for those duly convicted of a crime , illegal everywhere subject to United States jurisdiction . Abraham
Soviet Union in World War II
The pact was reached two days after the breakdown of Soviet military talks with British and French representatives in August 1939 over a potential Franco - Anglo - Soviet alliance . Political discussions had been suspended on 2 August , when Molotov stated that they could not be resumed until progress was made in military talks late in August , after the talks had stalled over guarantees for the Baltic states , while the military talks upon which Molotov insisted started on 11 August . At the same time , Germany -- with whom the Soviets had started secret negotiations on 29 July -- argued that it could offer the Soviets better terms than Britain and France , with Ribbentrop insisting , `` there was no problem between the Baltic and the Black Sea that could not be solved between the two of us . '' German officials stated that , unlike Britain , Germany could permit the Soviets to continue their developments unmolested , and that `` there is one common element in the ideology of Germany , Italy and the Soviet Union : opposition to the capitalist democracies of the West '' . By that time , Molotov had obtained information regarding Anglo - German negotiations and a pessimistic report from the Soviet ambassador in France . Soviet
Central Intelligence Agency
On September 25 , 1957 , Eisenhower ordered the CIA to start a revolution in Indonesia with the goal of regime change . Three days later , Blitz , a Soviet - controlled weekly in India , reported that the US was plotting to overthrow Sukarno . The story was picked up by the media in Indonesia . One of the first parts of the operation was an 11,500 ton US navy ship landing at Sumatra , delivering weapons for as many as 8,000 potential revolutionaries .
Treaty of Versailles
The French Army of the Rhine was initially 250,000 men strong , including at a peak 40,000 African colonial troops ( Troupes coloniales ) . By 1923 , the French occupation force had decreased to roughly 130,000 men , including 27,126 African troops . The troop numbers peaked again at 250,000 during the occupation of the Ruhr , before decreasing to 60,000 men by 1926 . Germans viewed the use of French colonial troops as a deliberate act of humiliation , and used their presence to create a propaganda campaign dubbed the Black shame . This campaign lasted throughout the 1920s and 30s , although peaked in 1920 and 1921 . For example , a 1921 German Government memo detailed 300 acts of violence from colonial troops , which included 65 murders and 170 sexual offenses . Historical consensus is that the charges were exaggerated for political and propaganda purposes , and that the colonial troops behaved far better than their white counterparts . An estimated 5 - 800 Rhineland Bastards were born as a result of fraternization between colonial troops and German women , and whom would latter be persecuted .
Socioeconomic status
Socioeconomic status ( SES ) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person 's work experience and of an individual 's or family 's economic and social position in relation to others , based on income , education , and occupation . When analyzing a family 's SES , the household income , earners ' education , and occupation are examined , as well as combined income , whereas for an individual 's SES only their own attributes are assessed . However , SES is more commonly used to depict an economic difference in society as a whole .
Allies of World War II
Greece was invaded by Italy on 28 October 1940 and subsequently joined the Allies . The Greek Army managed to stop the Italian offensive from Italy 's protectorate of Albania , and Greek forces pushed Italian forces back into Albania . However , after the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 , German forces managed to occupy mainland Greece and , a month later , the island of Crete . The Greek government went into exile , while the country was placed under a puppet government and divided into occupation zones run by Italy , Germany and Bulgaria . From 1942 , a strong Resistance movement appeared , chiefly in the mountainous interior , where it established a `` Free Greece '' by mid-1943 . Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans . Axis forces left mainland Greece in October 1944 , although some Aegean islands , notably Crete , remained under German occupation until the end of the war .
How to Train Your Dragon 2
The film was released on June 13 , 2014 , and like its predecessor , received wide acclaim . Critics praised the film for its animation , voice acting , action scenes , musical score , emotional depth , and darker , more serious tone compared to its predecessor . It received the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . The film won six Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature and Best Director . The film grossed over $621 million worldwide , making it the 12th - highest - grossing film of 2014 . It earned less than its predecessor at the US box office , but performed better internationally . A third installment in the trilogy , How to Train Your Dragon 3 , is scheduled to be released on March 1 , 2019 .
Spanish language
A related dialect is Haketia , the Judaeo - Spanish of northern Morocco . This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish , during the Spanish occupation of the region .
Spanish–American War
The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico , like the occupation of Cuba , brought about major changes in both the insular and US economies . Before 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century . In the second half of the nineteenth century , technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry . Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production , which required less capital and land accumulation . However , these trends were reversed with US hegemony . Early US monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land . This , along with the large capital reserves of American businesses , led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican nuts and sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes . Spanish
Allies of World War II
During the early part of 1945 , Peru , Chile , Paraguay , Venezuela , Uruguay , Turkey , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Lebanon , Syria ( these latter two French colonies had been declared independent nations by British occupation troops , despite big protests by Pétain before , and De Gaulle after ) and Ecuador became signatories . Ukraine and Belarus , which were not independent nations but parts of the Soviet Union , were accepted as members of the United Nations as way to provide greater influence to Stalin , who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance .
Spanish–American War
Banana Wars Cuba First US Occupation ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Second US Occupation ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Campaign ( 1898 ) Honduras ( 1903 -- 1925 ) Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Granada Masaya Coyotepe Hill 1926 -- 1927 civil war La Paz Centro Ocotal San Fernando Santa Clara Telpaneca Sapotillal 1st Las Cruces 2nd Las Cruces Quilali El Bramadero La Flor Achuapa Agua Carta El Sauce Mexico ( 1914 ) Veracruz Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Fort Dipitie Fort Rivière 1st Port - au - Prince 2nd Port - au - Prince Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Santo Domingo Guayacanas San Francisco de Macoris
History of Manila
In 1935 , the United States government committed itself to granting the Philippines Independence after a ten - year transition , a period that was extended by one year due to World War II . The establishment of the General Headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was stationed in the capital city in Ermita , Manila under the Commonwealth government was active on December 21 , 1935 to January 3 , 1942 was followed by the Japanese Occupation and March 4 , 1945 to June 30 , 1946 after the liberating Battle of Manila .
Reservation in India
According to the Dharma Shastras in Hinduism , the society can be divided into four categories based on the birth and occupation of the family , a person is born into .
Damocles
Damocles In Richard Westall 's Sword of Damocles , 1812 , the boys of Cicero 's anecdote have been changed to maidens for a neoclassical patron , Thomas Hope . Information Occupation Courtier For
Maldives
For many centuries the Maldivian economy was entirely dependent on fishing and other marine products . Fishing remains the main occupation of the people and the government gives priority to the fisheries sector .
Lithuania
Jazz scene was active even during the years of Soviet occupation . The real breakthrough would occur in 1970 - 71 with the coming together of the Ganelin / Tarasov / Chekasin trio , the alleged instigators of the Vilnius Jazz School . Most known annual events are Vilnius Jazz Festival , Kaunas International Jazz Festival , Birštonas Jazz .
Iran crisis of 1946
A fourth stage was initiated in 1947 and centered on the issue of Soviet designs on Iran 's northern oil resources . Following the election that year of a new Majlis , the newly elected deputies were reluctant to ratify the Soviet - Iranian oil agreement , which had been concluded under duress in March 1946 and had granted the Soviets 51 % ownership and de facto control . On September 11 , 1947 , US ambassador George V. Allen publicly decried intimidation and coercion used by foreign governments to secure commercial concessions in Iran , and promised full US support for Iran to freely decide about its own natural resources . With this unequivocal encouragement , the Majlis refused to ratify the Soviet oil agreement on October 22 , 1947 ; the vote was 102 to 2 .
Lithuania
A new occupation had begun . Nationalized assets were not returned to the residents . Some of them were forced to fight for Nazi Germany or were taken to German territories as a forced laborers . Jewish people were herded into ghettos and gradually killed by shooting or sending them out to concentration camps . 1944
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
`` That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents . The United States in the possession of Manila city , Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces . The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President . Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end . '' General
Abner Doubleday
A sign at the Doubleday Hill Monument , erected in Williamsport , Maryland to commemorate Doubleday 's occupation of a hill there during the Civil War , claims he invented the game in 1835 .
Australian Army during World War II
The Australian Army was the largest service in the Australian military during World War II . Prior to the outbreak of war the Australian Army was split into the small full - time Permanent Military Forces ( PMF ) and the larger part - time Militia . Following the outbreak of war , on 14 September 1939 Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that 40,000 members of the Militia would be called up for training and a 20,000 - strong expeditionary force , designated the Second Australian Imperial Force ( Second AIF ) , would be formed for overseas service . Meanwhile , conscription was introduced in October 1939 to keep the Militia at strength as its members volunteered for the AIF . The Australian Army subsequently made an important contribution to the Allied campaigns in the Mediterranean , the Middle East and North Africa fighting the Germans , Italians and Vichy French during 1940 and 1941 , and later in the jungles of the South West Pacific Area fighting the Japanese between late 1941 and 1945 . Following the Japanese surrender Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces across the South West Pacific . Meanwhile , the Army contributed troops to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) in Japan from 1946 .
Axis powers
Albania was an Italian protectorate and dependency from 1939 to 1943 . In spite of Albania 's long - standing protection and alliance with Italy , on 7 April 1939 Italian troops invaded Albania , five months before the start of the Second World War . Following the invasion , Albania became a protectorate under Italy , with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy being awarded the crown of Albania . An Italian governor controlled Albania . Albanian troops under Italian control were sent to participate in the Italian invasion of Greece and the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia . Following Yugoslavia 's defeat , Kosovo was annexed to Albania by the Italians .