vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Petra 's use for the movie 's climactic scenes greatly contributed to its popularity as an international tourist destination . Before the film 's release , only a few thousand visitors per year made the trip ; since then it has grown to almost a million annually . Shops and hotels near the site play up the connection , and it is mentioned prominently in itineraries of locations used in the film series . Jordan 's tourism board mentions the connection on its website . In 2012 the satirical news site The Pan-Arabia Enquirer ran a mock story claiming that the board had officially renamed Petra `` That Place from Indiana Jones '' to reflect how the world more commonly refers to it .
Ecuador
The rehabilitation and reopening of the Ecuadorian railroad and use of it as a tourist attraction is one of the recent developments in transportation matters .
PageRank
In the past , the PageRank shown in the Toolbar was easily manipulated . Redirection from one page to another , either via a HTTP 302 response or a `` Refresh '' meta tag , caused the source page to acquire the PageRank of the destination page . Hence , a new page with PR 0 and no incoming links could have acquired PR 10 by redirecting to the Google home page . This spoofing technique was a known vulnerability . Spoofing can generally be detected by performing a Google search for a source URL ; if the URL of an entirely different site is displayed in the results , the latter URL may represent the destination of a redirection .
California Gold Rush
In addition , the standard route shield of state highways in California is in the shape of a miner 's spade to honor the California Gold Rush . Today , aptly named State Route 49 travels through the Sierra Nevada foothills , connecting many Gold Rush - era towns such as Placerville , Auburn , Grass Valley , Nevada City , Coloma , Jackson , and Sonora . This state highway also passes very near Columbia State Historic Park , a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of Columbia ; the park has preserved many Gold Rush - era buildings , which are presently occupied by tourist - oriented businesses .
Peaks of Otter
In 1834 the first local inn was created by Polly Wood , a widower who opened an `` Ordinary '' in her log cabin where settlers could stay the night and get a warm meal . By the 1870 's , Benjamin Wilkes had opened the famous Mons Hotel , and the Peaks of Otter was home to over 20 families , a school , a church , and the hotel . One of the families included the Johnson family , which lived for 3 generations until the 1930 's on the now - preserve Johnson farmstead . By the early 1900 's the Peaks of Otter became a popular local tourist spot and became especially noticed by the National Park Service . Abbott Lake , the lake at the base of the peaks , was man made and created in 1964 along with the official Peaks of Otter Lodge , which still stands today .
Great Barrier Reef
A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered , from single day trips , to longer voyages . Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts . Glass - bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular , as are helicopter flights . By far , the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving , for which pontoons are often used , and the area is often enclosed by nets . The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities , due to water quality .
Foreign trade of the United States
Today the United States ' largest trading partner is Canada . China has seen substantial economic growth in the past 50 years and though a nuclear - security summit that took place in early 2010 President Obama hoped to insure another 50 years of growth between the two countries . On April 19 , 2010 , President Obama met with China 's President Hu Jintao to discuss trade policies between the two countries .
Causes of the Great Depression
Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right , or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending , particularly investment , is the primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression . Today the controversy is of lesser importance since there is mainstream support for the debt deflation theory and the expectations hypothesis that building on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz add non-monetary explanations .
Coat of arms of Ireland
Historically , the harp was frequently seen surmounted by a crown . In this case , the depiction is as heraldic badge , a device used to indicate allegiance to or the property of someone or something . Elizabeth I used the badge as her second Great Seal of 1586 . This motif had earlier featured of the coins of the Lordship of Ireland during the Tudor period and continued to be used on the coins of the Kingdom of Ireland . Following the creation of the United Kingdom , the device was used on the cap badges of the Royal Irish Constabulary and later the Royal Ulster Constabulary . The badge can be seen today on the cap badge of the Royal Irish Regiment of the British Army . The harp , unsurmounted by a crown , is used as a badge in the Republic of Ireland today , but the harp surmounted by a crown is also found ( e.g. in ' colours ' ties of Trinity College sports teams ) .
Great Salt Lake
Several islands in the lake provide critical nesting areas for various birds . Access to Hat , Gunnison , and Cub islands is strictly limited by the State of Utah in an effort to protect nesting colonies of American white pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) . The islands within the Great Salt Lake also provide habitat for lizard and mammalian wildlife and a variety of plant species . Some species may have been extirpated from the islands . For example , a number of explorers who visited the area in the mid-1800s ( e.g. Emmanuel Domenech , Howard Stansbury , Jules Rémy ) noted an abundance of yellow - flowered `` onions '' on several of the islands , which they identified as Calochortus luteus . This species today occurs only in California , however , at that time the name C. luteus was applied to plants that later were named C. nuttallii A yellow - flowered Calochortus was first named as a variety of C. nuttallii but was later separated into a new species C. aureus . This species occurs in Utah today , though apparently no longer on the islands of the Great Salt Lake .
Colombo
Galle Face Green is located in the heart of the city along the Indian Ocean coast , and is a popular destination for tourists and residents alike . The Galle Face Hotel is a historic landmark on the southern edge of this promenade .
Transport in London
The London Pass offers tourists visiting London a combination of the Travelcard and admissions to a number of tourist attractions for a set fee in advance .
St. Augustine, Florida
When Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railroad was extended southward to Palm Beach and then Miami in the early 20th Century , the rich mostly abandoned St. Augustine . Wealthy vacationers began to customarily spend their winters in South Florida , where the climate was warmer and freezes were rare . St. Augustine nevertheless still attracted tourists , and eventually became a destination for families traveling in automobiles as new highways were built and Americans took to the road for annual summer vacations . The tourist industry soon became the dominant sector of the local economy .
OSI model
The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable - length data sequences from a source to a destination host , while maintaining the quality of service functions .
Field of Dreams
After shooting , Ameskamp again grew corn on his property ; Lansing maintained his as a tourist destination . He did not charge for admission or parking , deriving revenue solely from the souvenir shop . By the film 's twentieth anniversary , approximately 65,000 people visited annually . In July 2010 , the farm containing the `` Field '' was listed as for sale . It was sold on October 31 , 2011 , to Go The Distance Baseball , LLC , for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around $5.4 million .
Catalonia
In the nineteenth century , Catalonia was severely affected by the Napoleonic and Carlist Wars . In the second half of the century , Catalonia experienced significant industrialisation . As wealth from the industrial expansion grew , Catalonia saw a cultural renaissance coupled with incipient nationalism while several workers movements appeared . In 1914 , the four Catalan provinces formed a commonwealth , and with the return of democracy during the Second Spanish Republic ( 1931 -- 1939 ) , the Generalitat of Catalonia was restored as an autonomous government . After the Spanish Civil War , the Francoist dictatorship enacted repressive measures , abolishing Catalan institutions and banning the official use of the Catalan language again . From the late 1950s through to the early 1970s , Catalonia saw rapid economic growth , drawing many workers from across Spain , making Barcelona one of Europe 's largest industrial metropolitan areas and turning Catalonia into a major tourist destination . Since the Spanish transition to democracy ( 1975 -- 1982 ) , Catalonia has regained considerable local autonomy in political , educational , environmental , and cultural affairs and is now one of the most economically dynamic communities of Spain .
Land of Nod
In The Sandman : Preludes & Nocturnes book , The Land of Nod is a pun on the mythical land of sleep , or The Dreaming , Cain 's destination after murdering his brother .
Housewarming party
Gifts are customarily necessary . They usually consist of something for the new house ( such as a potted plant , a vase , or a picture frame ) or something to be enjoyed during the party ( such as a bottle of whiskey , a bouquet of flowers , or a gift basket of foodstuffs ) . Bluebirds are often given in some countries as they are believed to bless the new house with happiness and good luck . Today it is also customary to provide bluebird - themed paraphernalia such as china . Pineapples and coconuts are also common housewarming gifts and the pineapple and coconuts have served as a symbol of hospitality and warm welcome through the history of the Americas .
Great Lakes region
Mass marketing in the modern sense was born in the region . Two competing Chicago retailers -- Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck -- developed mass marketing and sales through catalogues , mail - order distribution , and the establishment of their brand names as purveyors of consumer goods . The region 's natural features , cultural institutions , and resorts make it a popular destination for tourism .
Great Barrier Reef
The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills ( most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs or , in rare cases , volcanoes ) . The Reef Research Centre , a Cooperative Research Centre , has found coral ' skeleton ' deposits that date back half a million years . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600,000 years ago . According to the GBRMPA , the current , living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20,000 years ago . The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees , placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum . At around that time , sea level was 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today .
Warped wall
The warped wall is a steeply curving tall wall obstacle with a short run - up , that the competitor must reach the top of and climb up .
Charging Bull
As soon as the sculpture was set up at Bowling Green , it became `` an instant hit . '' One of the city 's most photographed artworks , it has become a tourist destination in the Financial District . `` Its popularity is beyond doubt '' , a New York Times article said of the artwork . `` Visitors constantly pose for pictures around it . '' Adrian Benepe , the New York City parks commissioner , said in 2004 , `` It 's become one of the most visited , most photographed and perhaps most loved and recognized statues in the city of New York . I would say it 's right up there with the Statue of Liberty . '' In 1993 , Arthur J. Piccolo , chairman of the Bowling Green Association , made the same point with the same comparison . Henry J. Stern , the city parks commissioner when the statue first appeared in the Financial District , said in 1993 : `` People are crazy about the bull . It captured their imagination . ''
GEICO advertising campaigns
The GEICO ad appears to be over as an entirely different commercial in another room advertises the `` Birds of America collection '' ( 50 state bird hand - painted china plate collection ) . It is then promptly given a `` bull in a china shop '' treatment when Taz bursts through the wall from the other commercial and demolishes the plates and displays . Did You Know Genies Can Be Really Literal ? : A man finds a genie in a lamp and wishes for `` a million bucks '' , clearly meaning `` $1 million '' . The genie proceeds to grant him a million male deers . This bit was extended into a web series .
Changshan
Changshan are traditionally worn for formal pictures , weddings , and other formal Chinese events . A black changshan , along with a rounded black hat , was , and sometimes still is , the burial attire for Chinese men . Changshan are not often worn today in mainland China , except during traditional Chinese celebrations but , with the revival of some traditional clothing in urban mainland China , the Shanghainese style functions as a stylish party dress ( cf . Mao suit ) .
Karachi
Much of Karachi 's citizenry descend from Urdu - speaking migrants from North India who became known by the Arabic term for `` Mohajir '' -- Muhajir . The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the Great Calcutta Killings and subsequent 1946 Bihar riots . The city 's wealthy Hindus migrated to India and Urdu Speaking migrated & settled in Karachi . In June 1947 , it was initially proposed to settle the Muhajirs on a large plot of land in Bunder Road Extension , a well heeled suburb of Karachi . This was , however , a residential area dominated by affluent Sindhi Hindus , who became nervous about such a large number of migrants . Given their influence , the Hindus were able to sway the government into transferring the proposed resettlement site to Lyari , a more congested and lower middle class area . The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following Partition , who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white - collar job opportunities . Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades . The Muhajir community today forms an estimated 48 % of Karachi 's population . Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi 's middle class . Muhajirs are regarded as the city 's most secular community , while other minorities such as Christians and Hindus increasingly regard themselves as part of the Muhajir community .
Great Depression in the United States
The Great Depression began in August 1929 , when the United States economy first went into an economic recession . Although the country spent two months with declining GDP , it was not until the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 that the effects of a declining economy were felt , and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued . The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment , poverty , low profits , deflation , plunging farm incomes , and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement . Although its causes are still uncertain and controversial , the net effect was a sudden and general loss of confidence in the economic future .
Migration in China
Migrant networks have a significant role in labor migration . Migrant networks are `` sets of interpersonal ties that connect migrants , former migrants , and nonimmigrants '' through the ties of family members , friendships , and the overall community . The role is `` particularly prominent in situations in which migration involves large informational or psychic costs , such as when moving to a completely different culture or environment or if the destination labor market is hostile to immigrants '' . China 's migrants are heavily dependent on their migrant networks to assist them in finding jobs and houses , while also making sure they are financially stable . Migrant networks can reduce the cost of labor migration by providing job information and supportive relationships to the immigrants , as well as job search assistance . These networks can be described by the Chinese term Guanxi which `` describes the basic dynamic in personalized networks of inluence . '' Migrant workers can potentially find jobs at a restaurant or within the garment industry run by migrants from the same origins . In a study conducted by Liang and Morroka , whose research focuses on migration in China , they reported that female migrants are more likely to rely on the developed migration networks , while younger migrants and those with higher level of education are less likely to depend on the networks .
Old City (Jerusalem)
The Muslim Quarter ( Arabic : حارَة المُسلِمين ‎ ‎ , Hārat al - Muslimīn ) is the largest and most populous of the four quarters and is situated in the northeastern corner of the Old City , extending from the Lions ' Gate in the east , along the northern wall of the Temple Mount in the south , to the Western Wall -- Damascus Gate route in the west . Its population was 22,000 in 2005 . Like the other three quarters of the Old City , until the riots of 1929 the Muslim quarter had a mixed population of Muslims , Christians , and also Jews . Today , there are `` many Israeli settler homes '' and `` several yeshivas '' , including Yeshivat Ateret Yerushalayim , in the Muslim Quarter .
Great Salt Lake
Spiral Jetty The northwest arm of the lake , near Rozel Point , is the location for Robert Smithson 's work of land art , Spiral Jetty ( 1970 ) , which is only visible when the level of Great Salt Lake drops below 4,197.8 feet ( 1,280.2 m ) above sea level . Oolitic sand The lake and its shores contain oolitic sand , which are small , rounded , or spherical grains of sand made up of a nucleus ( generally a small mineral grain ) and concentric layers of calcium carbonate ( lime ) and look similar to very small pearls . Whales in the Great Salt Lake Local legend maintains that in 1875 , entrepreneur James Wickham had two whales released into the Great Salt Lake , with the intent of using them as a tourist attraction . The whales are said to have disappeared into the lake and subsequently sighted multiple times over a number of months , but there have never been any confirmed sightings of the whales since the time of their supposed release . Lake monster In mid-1877 , J.H. McNeil was with many other Barnes and Co . Salt Works employees on the lake 's north shore in the evening . They claimed to have seen a large monster with a body like a crocodile and a horse 's head in the lake . They claimed this monster attacked the men , who quickly ran away and hid until morning . This creature is regarded by some to have simply been a buffalo in the lake . Thirty years prior , `` Brother Bainbridge '' claimed to have sighted a creature that looked like a dolphin in the lake near Antelope Island . This monster is called by some the North Shore Monster. :
Law
Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law , and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice . The Arthashastra , probably compiled around 100 AD ( although it contains older material ) , and the Manusmriti ( c. 100 -- 300 AD ) were foundational treatises in India , and comprise texts considered authoritative legal guidance . Manu 's central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism , and was cited across Southeast Asia . This Hindu tradition , along with Islamic law , was supplanted by the common law when India became part of the British Empire . Malaysia , Brunei , Singapore and Hong Kong also adopted the common law . The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences . Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines , by importing bits of the French , but mostly the German Civil Code . This partly reflected Germany 's status as a rising power in the late 19th century . Similarly , traditional Chinese law gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the Qing Dynasty in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law . Today Taiwanese law retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period , because of the split between Chiang Kai - shek 's nationalists , who fled there , and Mao Zedong 's communists who won control of the mainland in 1949 . The current legal infrastructure in the People 's Republic of China was heavily influenced by Soviet Socialist law , which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights . Due to rapid industrialisation , today China is undergoing a process of reform , at least in terms of economic , if not social and political , rights . A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination . Furthermore , after negotiations lasting fifteen years , in 2001 China joined the World Trade Organisation .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Based on a study published in 2014 , of the Main Frontal Thrust , on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region . A study from 2015 found a 700 - year delay between earthquakes in the region . The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup , the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected , following a historic earthquake pattern . A 2016 study on historical great ( M ≥ 8 ) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West China region through the 2020s .
Colombo
The Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre is a world - class theatre that opened in December 2011 . Designed in the form of the Lotus Pond in Polonnaruwa , the theatre is a major theatre destination .
Brown bear
In Asia , brown bears are found in nearly every part of Russia , thence to the southeast in a small area of Northeast China , western China , and parts of North Korea . Further west , they reach the southern limits of their worldwide distribution , dwelling spottily in northern Pakistan , Afghanistan and the northernmost point of India , i.e. Jammu and Kashmir . They possibly persist in northern Nepal , northern Bhutan and northern Myanmar but are not confirmed residents today in these nations .
Cell wall
A second type of archaeal cell wall is found in Methanosarcina and Halococcus . This type of cell wall is composed entirely of a thick layer of polysaccharides , which may be sulfated in the case of Halococcus . Structure in this type of wall is complex and not fully investigated .