vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Foreign trade of the United States
The US last had a trade surplus in 1975 . However , recessions may cause short - run anomalies to rising trade deficits . The balance of trade in the United States has been a concern among economists and business people . Warren Buffett , founder of Berkshire Hathaway , was quoted in the Associated Press ( January 20 , 2006 ) as saying `` The U.S. trade deficit is a bigger threat to the domestic economy than either the federal budget deficit or consumer debt and could lead to political turmoil ... Right now , the rest of the world owns $3 trillion more of us than we own of them . ''
Congress of Vienna
Congress Secretary Friedrich von Gentz reported , `` The intervention of Talleyrand and Labrador has hopelessly upset all our plans . Talleyrand protested against the procedure we have adopted and soundly ( be ) rated us for two hours . It was a scene I shall never forget . '' The embarrassed representatives of the Allies replied that the document concerning the protocol they had arranged actually meant nothing . `` If it means so little , why did you sign it ? '' snapped Labrador .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
From 17 to 19 March 2011 , US military aircraft measured radiation within a 45 km ( 28 mi ) radius of the site . The data recorded 125 micro sieverts per hour of radiation as far as 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) northwest of the plant . The US provided detailed maps to the Japanese Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry ( METI ) on 18 March and to the Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) two days later , but officials did not act on the information .
Why Don't We
List of extended plays , with selected details , chart positions and sales Title Extended play details Peaks US US Heat NZ Heat Only the Beginning Released : November 25 , 2016 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- -- Something Different Released : April 21 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- 6 -- Why Do n't We Just Released : June 2 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- Invitation Released : September 26 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download 113 7 A Why Do n't We Christmas Released : November 23 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory .
Tax protester statutory arguments
Some tax protesters claim the following language from a court decision in Schulz v. Internal Revenue Service ( 2005 ) means that a taxpayer has a due process right to demand a response from the IRS as to why he or she is subject to taxation :
Freedom of the seas
The World Trade Organization states that `` The ocean is a big part of the free trade happening around the world . Every day we see silk imported from China , fruits from Mexico , spices from India , chocolate from Africa and many more goods in our home were imported from another country . The ocean made it possible for many countries to put their cargoes on to ships and transfer them across the ocean . Hundreds of nations joined the World Trade Organization . With goods to be traded from one nation to another through the transportation on various size vessels from coast to coast , trade promoted more economic value to goods where goods and services are produced to support the supply and demand of the participants in the organization . ''
Fair trade
In the early 1980s , Alternative Trading Organizations faced major challenges : the novelty of some fair trade products began to wear off , demand reached a plateau , and some handicrafts began to look `` tired and old fashioned '' in the marketplace . The decline of segments of the handicrafts market forced fair trade supporters to rethink their business model and their goals . Moreover , several fair trade supporters during this period were worried by the contemporary effect on small farmers of structural reforms in the agricultural sector as well as the fall in commodity prices . Many of them came to believe it was the movement 's responsibility to address the issue and remedies usable in the ongoing crisis in the industry .
Foreign trade of the United States
Foreign trade of the United States comprises the international imports and exports of the United States , one of the world 's most significant economic markets . The country is among the top three global importers and exporters . US
North America
The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect .
New trade theory
New trade theory and `` new '' new trade theory ( NNTT ) need their own trade theory . New trade theories are often based on assumptions such as monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale . One of the typical explanations , given by Paul Krugman , depends on the assumption that all firms are symmetrical , meaning that they all have the same production coefficients . This is too strict as an assumption and deprived general applicability of Krugman 's explanation . Shiozawa , based on much more general model , succeeded in giving a new explanation on why the traded volume increases for intermediates goods when the transport cost decreases .
The Very Hungry Caterpillar
The differently shaped pages with holes representing the caterpillar 's trail through foodstuffs were a challenge . No US printer could do the work economically but Beneduce found one in Japan .
Pelican Bay State Prison
Abolish the Debriefing Policy , and Modify Active / Inactive Gang Status Criteria demand was a result of `` gang members '' being placed in isolation . Comply with the US Commission on Safety and Abuse in America 's Prisons 2006 Recommendations Regarding an End to Long - Term Solitary Confinement demand is in response to prisoners not being able to engage in meaningful self - help treatments or have contact with anyone . Provide Adequate and Nutritious Food demand is in response to prisoners using food as an excuse to punish inmates . The last demand of Expand and Provide Constructive Programming and Privileges for Indefinite SHU Status Inmates is in response to prisoners mistreatment . The examples they stated for this demand were getting photos , weekly phone calls , packages , more TV , and expand visiting time .
Run (Snow Patrol song)
`` Run '' was expected to be released as a single following Lewis 's performance on the British The X Factor , but the single did not appear on any online music stores . It was believed that Lewis 's record label , Sony , wanted to shift the sales towards the reissue of Spirit , which did return the album to number one . A spokesman for Lewis reported that the song `` has never been scheduled for release as a single '' , but due to `` overwhelming public demand '' , Lewis ' management and record label decided to release it in the UK on 30 November . In the US , a radio edit of `` Run '' was released as a digital download on 16 December 2008 .
Free market
In economics , a free market is an idealized system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers , in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government , price - setting monopoly , or other authority . Proponents of the concept of free market contrast it with a regulated market , in which a government intervenes in supply and demand through various methods such as tariffs used to restrict trade and protect the economy . In an idealized free market economy , prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy .
United States embargo against Cuba
In November 1991 , the Cuban ambassador , Ricardo Alarcon , in a speech to the UN General Assembly , cited 27 recent cases of trade contracts interrupted by US pressure . The British journal Cuba Business claimed that British Petroleum was seemingly dissuaded by US authorities from investing in offshore oil exploration in Cuba despite being initially keenly interested . The Petroleum economist claimed , in September 1992 , that the US State Department vigorously discouraged firms like Royal Dutch Shell and Clyde Petroleum from investing in Cuba . This pressure did not work in all cases . According to the Mexican Newspaper El Financiero , the US ambassador to Mexico , John Negroponte travelled to meet two Mexican business men who had signed a textile deal with Cuba on October 17 , 1992 . Despite the representation , the deal went ahead and was eventually worth $500 million in foreign capital . All of this happened before the signing of the Cuban Democracy Act .
Spice trade
From there , overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts . From the 8th until the 15th century , the Republic of Venice and neighboring maritime republics held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East . The silk and spice trade , involving spices , incense , herbs , drugs and opium , made these Mediterranean city - states phenomenally rich . Spices were among the most expensive and in - demand products of the Middle Ages , used in medicine . They were all imported from Asia and Africa . Venetian merchants distributed then the goods through Europe until the rise of the Ottoman Empire , which eventually led to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 , barring Europeans from important combined land - sea routes .
Great Depression
One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was the gold standard . At that time , the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the Federal Reserve Act , which required 40 % gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued . By the late 1920s , the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession . This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes . A `` promise of gold '' is not as good as `` gold in the hand '' , particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40 % of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding . During the bank panics a portion of those demand notes were redeemed for Federal Reserve gold . Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit , any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit . On April 5 , 1933 , President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 making the private ownership of gold certificates , coins and bullion illegal , reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold . Common
Causes of the Great Depression
Nobel laureate Maurice Allais , thinks that tariff was rather helpful in the face of deregulation of competition in the global labor market and excessively loose credit prior to the Crash which , according to him , caused the crisis Financial and banking sectors . He notes higher trade barriers were partly a means to protect domestic demand from deflation and external disturbances . He obserses domestic production in the major industrialized countries fell faster than international trade contracted ; if contraction of foreign trade had been the cause of the Depression , he argues , the opposite should have occurred . So , the decline in trade between 1929 and 1933 was a consequence of the Depression , not a cause . Most of the trade contraction took place between January 1930 and July 1932 , before the introduction of the majority of protectionist measures , excepting limited American measures applied in the summer of 1930 . It was the collapse of international liquidity that caused of the contraction of trade .
Economy of New Zealand
A growing number of New Zealand companies use the United Kingdom as a base to supply their products to the European market . However trade with the European Union is declining as demand from Asia continues to grow . The EU currently takes only 8 % of New Zealand exports but provides around 12 % of imports .
Fur trade
The primary way for the Muscovite state to obtain furs was by exacting a fur tribute from the Siberian natives , called a yasak . Yasak was usually a fixed number of sable pelts which every male tribe member who was at least fifteen years old had to supply to Russian officials . Officials enforced yasak through coercion and by taking hostages , usually the tribe chiefs or members of the chief 's family . At first , Russians were content to trade with the natives , exchanging goods like pots , axes , and beads for the prized sables that the natives did not value , but greater demand for furs led to violence and force becoming the primary means of obtaining the furs . The largest problem with the yasak system was that Russian governors were prone to corruption because they received no salary . They resorted to illegal means of getting furs for themselves , including bribing customs officials to allow them to personally collect yasak , extorting natives by exacting yasak multiple times over , or requiring tribute from independent trappers .
Fur trade
In 1834 John Jacob Astor , who had created the huge monopoly of the American Fur Company , withdrew from the fur trade . He could see the decline in fur animals and realized the market was changing , as beaver hats went out of style . Expanding European settlement displaced native communities from the best hunting grounds . European demand for furs subsided as fashion trends shifted . The Native Americans ' lifestyles were altered by the trade . To continue obtaining European goods on which they had become dependent and to pay off their debts , they often resorted to selling land to the European settlers . Their resentment of the forced sales contributed to future wars . Fur
Standard Oil
The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits the restraint of trade . Defenders of Standard Oil insist that the company did not restrain trade ; they were simply superior competitors . The federal courts ruled otherwise .
War of 1812
At home , British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and Britain ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the US government near to bankruptcy . Neither side wanted to continue fighting . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware of the treaty , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the US on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) .
Indo-Roman trade relations
The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a time when sea trade between Egypt and the subcontinent did not involve direct sailings . The cargo under these situations was shipped to Aden :
The Gambia
Previously , the United Kingdom and other EU countries constituted the major Gambian export markets . However , in recent years Senegal , the United States , and Japan have become significant trade partners of the Gambia . In Africa , Senegal represented the biggest trade partner of the Gambia in 2007 , which is a defining contrast to previous years that had Guinea - Bissau and Ghana as equally important trade partners . Globally , Denmark , the United States , and China have become important source countries for Gambian imports . The UK , Germany , Ivory Coast , and the Netherlands also provide a fair share of Gambian imports . The Gambian trade deficit for 2007 was $331 million .
Spice trade
Rome played a part in the spice trade during the 5th century , but this role , unlike the Arabian one , did not last through the Middle Ages . The rise of Islam brought a significant change to the trade as Radhanite Jewish and Arab merchants particularly from Egypt eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant to Europe .
Ford Explorer
Outside of North America , this generation of the Explorer was marketed in right - hand drive configurations As of 2018 , RHD countries ( such as Japan ) export used examples of the Explorer to other countries ( such as Australia and New Zealand ) where there is demand for right - hand drive SUVs . Due to Japan 's strict Shaken Laws , used vehicles tend to have low mileage with detailed repair histories . In the United States , the second - generation Ford Explorer has the ( dubious ) distinction of being two of the top five vehicles traded in under the 2009 `` Cash for Clunkers '' program , with the 4WD model topping the list and the 2WD model coming in at number 4 .
Construction of the World Trade Center
In 1946 , a year after the war formally ended , the New York State Legislature passed a bill that called for a `` world trade center '' to be established . This trade center would increase New York City 's role in transatlantic trade . The World Trade Corporation was founded , and a board was appointed by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to develop plans for the project . Less than four months after the board was named , plans for a `` world trade center '' were put on hold . By then , architect John Eberson and his son Drew had devised a plan that included 21 buildings over a ten - block area , at an estimated cost of $150 million . However , projections determined that such a complex would not be profitable due to a lack of demand ; one estimated that the World Trade Center project would only be successful if at least 4,800 of the United States ' largest 6,000 companies were involved . In 1949 , the World Trade Corporation was dissolved by the New York State Legislature .
Construction of the World Trade Center
By 1964 , by which time the intended scale of the scheme had been made public with plans for twin 110 - story towers , private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York also expressed concerns about the World Trade Center 's much - `` subsidized '' office space going on the open market , competing with the many vacancies in the private sector . One notable critic was Lawrence Wien , a co-owner of the Empire State Building , which would lose its title of tallest building in the world . Wien organized a group of builders into a group called the `` Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center '' to demand that the project be scaled down . This group approached the city for assistance in trying to reduce the size of the World Trade Center project . They claimed that the large amount of floor space in the World Trade Center would create an excess of real estate , causing a reduction in other developers ' profits . The city and developers used a myriad of arguments to stall construction for two years .
Horn of Africa
Over 95 % of cross-border trade within the region is unofficial and undocumented , carried out by pastoralists trading livestock . The unofficial trade of live cattle , camels , sheep and goats from Ethiopia sold to other countries in the Horn and the wider Eastern Africa region , including Somalia and Djibouti , generates an estimated total value of between US $250 and US $300 million annually ( 100 times more than the official figure ) . This trade helps lower food prices , increase food security , relieve border tensions and promote regional integration . However , there are also risks as the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks , such as allow disease to spread more easily across national borders . Furthermore , governments are unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues .
George Takei
In 2004 , the government of Japan conferred upon Takei the Order of the Rising Sun , Gold Rays with Rosette , which represents the fourth highest of six classes associated with the award . This decoration was presented in acknowledgment of his contributions to US - Japanese relations .
Foreign trade of the United States
Proportion of US exports to imports 1960 -- 2004 US exports of goods and services 1960 -- 2004 US imports of goods and services 1960 -- 2004
Construction of the World Trade Center
Sullivan published his study , `` A World Trade Center in the Port of New York '' , on March 10 , 1961 . The report recommended building a trade center along the waterfront to facilitate commerce within the Port of New York . The study also stated that Rockefeller 's suggested site near the South Street Seaport was the most ideal location for the trade center , but did not take locals ' possible objections into account . The Port Authority formally backed the project the next day .
Fair trade
On July 6 , 2006 , the European Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution on fair trade , recognizing the benefits achieved by the Fair Trade movement , suggesting the development of an EU - wide policy on Fair Trade , defining criteria that need to be fulfilled under fair trade to protect it from abuse and calling for greater support to Fair Trade ( EP resolution `` Fair Trade and development '' , 6 July 2006 ) . `` This resolution responds to the impressive growth of Fair Trade , showing the increasing interest of European consumers in responsible purchasing , '' said Green MEP Frithjof Schmidt during the plenary debate . Peter Mandelson , EU Commissioner for External Trade , responded that the resolution will be well received at the European Commission . `` Fair Trade makes the consumers think and therefore it is even more valuable . We need to develop a coherent policy framework and this resolution will help us . ''
Economy of Mexico
By 2009 Mexico ranked once again number 15 on World 's leading exporters with US $230 billion ( And amongst the top ten excluding Intra-EU countries ) . Mexican trade is fully integrated with that of its North American partners : close to 90 % of Mexican exports and 50 % of its imports are traded with the United States and Canada . Nonetheless , NAFTA has not produced trade diversion . While trade with the United States increased 183 % from 1993 to 2002 , and that with Canada 165 % , other trade agreements have shown even more impressive results : trade with Chile increased 285 % , with Costa Rica 528 % and Honduras 420 % . Trade with the European Union increased 105 % over the same time period . 2016
Fur trade
Captain Chauvin made the first organized attempt to control the fur trade in New France . In 1599 he acquired a monopoly from Henry IV and tried to establish a colony near the mouth of the Saguenay River at Tadoussac . French explorers , voyageurs and Coureur des bois such as Étienne Brûlé , Samuel de Champlain , Radisson , La Salle , and Le Sueur , while seeking routes through the continent , established relationships with Amerindians and continued to expand the trade of fur pelts for items considered ' common ' by the Europeans . Mammal winter pelts were prized for warmth , particularly animal pelts for beaver wool felt hats , which were an expensive status symbol in Europe . The demand for beaver wool felt hats was such that the beaver in Europe and European Russia had largely disappeared through exploitation .