vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Primary election
United States presidential primary . Democratic Party presidential primaries ( current : 2016 ) . Republican Party presidential primaries ( current : 2016 , recent : 2012 ) . Canada : Liberal Party of Canada leadership election , 2013 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election , 2017 New Democratic Party leadership election , 2017 Primary elections in Italy . Argentine general election , 2011 , Argentine legislative election , 2013 , Argentine general election , 2015 Chile . Uruguay , since 1999 . United New Democratic Party ( South Korea , 2007 ) . United Kingdom Conservative Party parliamentary primaries Armenia . In an innovation on 2007 November 24 and 25 , one political party conducted a non-binding Armenia - wide primary election . The party , the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , invited the public to vote to advise the party which of two candidates they should formally nominate for President of Armenia in the subsequent official election . What characterized it as a primary instead of a standard opinion poll was that the public knew of the primary in advance , all eligible voters were invited , and the voting was by secret ballot . `` Some 68,183 people ... voted in make - shift tents and mobile ballot boxes ... '' Colombia In 2006 , the Liberal Party and the socialist Democratic Pole hold primary elections , electing Horacio Serpa as liberal candidate and Carlos Gaviria as candidate of the Democratic Pole . For 2010 presidential electiones , four parties held primary elections : The Liberal Party elected former minister Rafael Pardo as candidate , the Democratic Pole elected senator Gustavo Petro , the Conservative Party chose ambassador Noemi Sanin and the Green Party chose former mayor of Bogota Antanas Mockus . Costa Rica , the three main political forces National Liberation Party , Social Christian Unity Party and Citizens ' Action Party have all run primary elections several times . Republic of China ( Taiwan ) : The Democratic Progressive Party selects all its candidates via opinion polls . The candidate with the highest poll rating will be nominated . The KMT selects candidates using a combination of opinion polls ( worth 70 % ) and primary elections ( worth 30 % ) . Russia . The largest party in Russia , United Russia is holding primaries for the candidates to State Duma , a Russian lower - house chamber of the parliament . In Australia , the Australian Labor Party and the National Party have conducted limited experiments with primary - style pre-selections .
United States presidential primary
Another trend is to stage earlier and earlier primaries , given impetus by Super Tuesday and the mid-1990s move ( since repealed ) of the California primary and its bloc of votes -- the largest in the nation -- from June to March . To retain its tradition as the first primary in the country ( and adhere to a state law which requires it to be ) , New Hampshire moved their primary forward , from early March to early January .
First Transcontinental Railroad
At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge .
Serial killer
Juvenile serial killers are rare . There are three main categories that juvenile serial killers can fit into : primary , maturing , and secondary killers . There have been studies done to compare and contrast these three groups and to discover similarities and differences between them . Although these types of serial killers are less common , oftentimes adult serial killers may make their debut at an early age and it can be an opportunity for researchers to study what factors brought about the behavior .
Primary election
When a qualifying primary is applied to a partisan election , it becomes what is generally known as a blanket or Louisiana primary : typically , if no candidate wins a majority in the primary , the two candidates receiving the highest pluralities , regardless of party affiliation , go on to a general election that is in effect a run - off . This often has the effect of eliminating minor parties from the general election , and frequently the general election becomes a single - party election . Unlike a plurality voting system , a run - off system meets the Condorcet loser criterion in that the candidate that ultimately wins would not have been beaten in a two - way race with every one of the other candidates .
Human skin color
A number of genes have been positively associated with the skin pigmentation difference between European and non-European populations . Mutations in SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are believed to account for the bulk of this variation and show very strong signs of selection . A variation in TYR has also been identified as a contributor .
Branches of science
Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science and science that study non-living systems , in contrast to the life sciences . However , the term `` physical '' creates an unintended , somewhat arbitrary distinction , since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena . There is a difference between physical science and physics . Physics
River Song (Doctor Who)
Kingston describes the character as being `` like a female Indiana Jones '' with regard to both characters being archaeologists and having action hero qualities . She also took inspiration from Sigourney Weaver 's portrayal of Ellen Ripley in the Alien film franchise commenting that she 'd always been `` so envious of her for having that kind of role . '' Kingston has also praised the way the love story between River and the Doctor has been deftly handled , stating that `` I 'm not sure you 'd get that kind of dynamic in America '' . For Kingston , the physical age difference between herself and Matt Smith adds to the success of the pairing , whilst she feels that viewers have responded warmly to the notion of an action hero in her 40s . Matt Smith has noted that in his characterisation of the Doctor that `` River Song frightens the Doctor but he finds himself strangely attracted to her '' and that `` what makes her a great companion is that when she turns up all hell breaks loose ! '' .
Bipolar junction transistor
The low - performance `` lateral '' bipolar transistors sometimes used in CMOS processes are sometimes designed symmetrically , that is , with no difference between forward and backward operation .
Novel
The new romances challenged the idea that the novel involved a realistic depictions of life , and destabilized the difference the critics had been trying to establish , between serious classical art and popular fiction . Gothic romances exploited the grotesque , and some critics thought that their subject matter deserved less credit than the worst medieval tales of Arthurian knighthood , and that if the Amadis had troubled Don Quixote with curious fantasies , the new romantic tales were worse : they described a nightmare world , and explored sexual fantasies .
American Equal Rights Association
During the debate over the Fifteenth Amendment , Stanton wrote articles for The Revolution with language that was sometimes elitist and racially condescending . She believed that a long process of education would be needed before what she called the `` lower orders '' of former slaves and immigrant workers would be able to participate meaningfully as voters . Stanton wrote , `` American women of wealth , education , virtue and refinement , if you do not wish the lower orders of Chinese , Africans , Germans and Irish , with their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for you and your daughters ... demand that women too shall be represented in government . '' After first saying in another article , `` There is only one safe , sure way to build a government , and that is on the equality of all its citizens , male and female , black and white '' , Stanton then objected to laws being made for women by `` Patrick and Sambo and Hans and Yung Tung who do not know the difference between a Monarchy and a Republic '' .
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Observing the cultural and archaeological continuities through and beyond the period of lost political control , the process has been described as a complex cultural transformation , rather than a fall .
Jamestown, Virginia
The Jamestown settlers arrived in Virginia during a severe drought , according to a research study conducted by the Jamestown Archaeological Assessment ( JAA ) team in the 1990s . The JAA analyzed information from a study conducted in 1985 by David Stahle and others , who obtained borings of 800 year - old baldcypress trees along the Nottoway and Blackwater rivers . The lifespan of these trees is up to 1,000 years and their rings offer a good indication of an area 's annual amount of rainfall . The borings revealed that the worst drought in 700 years occurred between 1606 and 1612 . This severe drought affected the Jamestown colonists and Powhatan tribe 's ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water . Salt
List of highest-grossing films
Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year , earning $3 million . However , no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas , so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to . If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year , but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era , and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists .
Economic history of Argentina
Duncan and Fogarty ( 1984 ) argued that the key difference lies in the contrast between the stable , flexible government of Australia and the poor governance of Argentina . According to Platt and Di Tella ( 1985 ) the political tradition and immigration from different regions were the key factors , while Díaz Alejandro ( 1985 ) suggested that a restrictive immigration policy , similar to Australia 's , would have increased productivity encouraged by the relative scarcity of labour .
Logic
Hegel was deeply critical of any simplified notion of the Law of Non-Contradiction . It was based on Leibniz 's idea that this law of logic also requires a sufficient ground to specify from what point of view ( or time ) one says that something can not contradict itself . A building , for example , both moves and does not move ; the ground for the first is our solar system and for the second the earth . In Hegelian dialectic , the law of non-contradiction , of identity , itself relies upon difference and so is not independently assertable .
PID controller
The sensed position is the process variable ( PV ) . The desired position is called the setpoint ( SP ) . The difference between the PV and SP is the error ( e ) , which quantifies whether the arm is too low or too high and by how much . The input to the process ( the electric current in the motor ) is the output from the PID controller . It is called either the manipulated variable ( MV ) or the control variable ( CV ) .
Arctic fox
As with many other game species , the best sources of historical and large - scale population data are hunting bag records and questionnaires . Several potential sources of error occur in such data collections . In addition , numbers vary widely between years due to the large population fluctuations . However , the total population of the Arctic fox must be in the order of several hundred thousand animals .
Humanism
Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory and B.F. Skinner 's Behaviorism . The approach emphasizes an individual 's inherent drive towards self - actualization and creativity . Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive , humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s . Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology .
Thermoregulation
By numerous observations upon humans and other animals , John Hunter showed that the essential difference between the so - called warm - blooded and cold - blooded animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former , and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter . Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air ( homeothermy ) . Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature , dependent on their surroundings ( poikilothermy ) .
Jackie Burkhart
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Solomon's Temple
Because of the religious and political sensitivities involved , no archaeological excavations and only limited surface surveys of the Temple Mount have been conducted since Charles Warren 's expedition of 1867 -- 70 . There is no archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon 's Temple , and the building is not mentioned in surviving extra-biblical accounts . Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that the first Jewish temple in Jerusalem was not built until the end of the 7th century BCE , around three hundred years after Solomon . They believe the temple should not really be assigned to Solomon , who they see as little more than a small - time hill country chieftain , and argue that it was most likely built by Josiah , who governed Judah from 639 to 609 BCE .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Snow later used a dot map to illustrate how cases of cholera occurred around this pump . Snow 's efforts to connect the incidence of cholera with potential geographic sources was based on creating what is now known as a Voronoi diagram . He mapped the locations of individual water pumps and generated cells which represented all the points on his map which were closest to each pump . The section of Snow 's map representing areas in the city where the closest available source of water was the Broad Street pump included the highest incidence of cholera cases . He also used statistics to compare fatalities among the customers of London 's different water suppliers , and to illustrate the connection between the quality of the source of water and the number of cholera cases .
Modern history
The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country , rich or poor . International trade plunged by half to two - thirds , as did personal income , tax revenue , prices and profits . Cities all around the world were hit hard , especially those dependent on heavy industry . Construction was virtually halted in many countries . Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent . Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs , areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most .
List of oldest trees
This is a list of the oldest known trees , as reported in reliable sources . Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary . In addition , tree ages are derived from a variety of sources , including documented `` tree - ring '' count core samples , and from estimates . For these reasons , this article presents three lists of `` oldest trees , '' each using varying criteria .
Primary color
There are numerous competing primary colour systems throughout history . Scholars and scientists engaged in debate over which hues best describe the primary color sensations of the eye . Thomas Young proposed red , green , and violet as the three primary colors , while James Clerk Maxwell favoured changing violet to blue . Hermann von Helmholtz proposed `` a slightly purplish red , a vegetation - green , slightly yellowish , and an ultramarine - blue '' as a trio . In modern understanding , human cone cells do not correspond precisely to a specific set of primary colors , as each cone type responds to a relatively broad range of wavelengths .
American Civil War
Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said :
Elections in the United States
A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction ( nominating primary ) select a political party 's candidate for a later election . There are various types of primary : either the whole electorate is eligible , and voters choose one party 's primary at the polling booth ( an open primary ) ; or only independent voters can choose a party 's primary at the polling booth ( a semi-closed primary ) ; or only registered members of the party are allowed to vote ( closed primary ) . The blanket primary , when voters could vote for all parties ' primaries on the same ballot was struck down by the United States Supreme Court as violating the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of assembly in the case California Democratic Party v. Jones . Primaries are also used to select candidates at the state level , for example in gubernatorial elections .
Citric acid cycle
One of the primary sources of acetyl - CoA is from the breakdown of sugars by glycolysis which yield pyruvate that in turn is decarboxylated by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase generating acetyl - CoA according to the following reaction scheme :
History of Texas
By the early 20th century , the Democratic Party in Texas started using a `` white primary . '' Restricting the Democratic primary to white voters was another way of closing minorities out of politics , as the primary was the only competitive contest for office in the one - party state . By 1906 , the number of black voters had dropped from more than 100,000 in the 1890s to 5,000 . The state also passed a law for white primaries . In 1896 , 86.6 % of all voters in Texas voted in the presidential election ; following disenfranchisement , voter turnout in 1904 was 29.2 % and in 1920 was 21.6 % .
Mercury pollution in the ocean
Mercury release occurs by both natural and anthropogenic processes . Natural processes are mainly geogenic such as volcanic activities and land emissions through soil . Volcanoes release mercury from the underground reservoirs upon eruption . Land emissions are usually observed in the regions closer to plate tectonic boundaries where soils are enriched with minerals such as cinnabar containing Mercury sulfide ( HgS ) . This mercury is released by either natural weathering of the rocks or by geothermal reactions . While natural phenomena account for a certain percentage of present - day emissions , anthropogenic emissions alone have increased mercury concentration in the environment by threefold . Global Mercury Assessment 2013 states main anthropogenic sources of mercury emission are artisanal and small - scale gold mining , fossil fuel burning and primary production of non-ferrous metals . Other sources such as cement production , consumer products waste , contaminated sites and chlor - alkali industry also contributes in relatively small percentages .
New Testament
Biblical criticism is the scholarly `` study and investigation of biblical writings that seeks to make discerning judgments about these writings . '' Viewing biblical texts as having human rather than supernatural origins , it asks when and where a particular text originated ; how , why , by whom , for whom , and in what circumstances it was produced ; what influences were at work in its production ; what sources were used in its composition ; and what message it was intended to convey .
Primary election
Primaries can be used in nonpartisan elections to reduce the set of candidates that go on to the general election ( qualifying primary ) . ( In the U.S. , many city , county and school board elections are non-partisan . ) Generally , if a candidate receives more than 50 % of the vote in the primary , he or she is automatically elected , without having to run again in the general election . If no candidate receives a majority , twice as many candidates pass the primary as can win in the general election , so a single seat election primary would allow the top two primary candidates to participate in the general election following .
United States presidential primary
Because these states are small , campaigning takes place on a much more personal scale . As a result , even a little - known , underfunded candidate can use `` retail politics '' to meet intimately with interested voters and perform better than expected . The Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary have produced a number of headline - making upsets in history :
History of calendars
The Greek calendars were greatly diversified by the Hellenistic period , with separate traditions in every Greek state . Of primary importance for the reconstruction of the regional Greek calendars is the calendar of Delphi , because of the numerous documents found there recording the manumission of slaves , many of which are dated both in the Delphian and in a regional calendar .
Astronomical spectroscopy
In the 1950s , strong radio sources were found to be associated with very dim , very red objects . When the first spectrum of one of these objects was taken there were absorption lines at wavelengths where none were expected . It was soon realised that what was observed was a normal galactic spectrum , but highly red shifted . These were named quasi-stellar radio sources , or quasars , by Hong - Yee Chiu in 1964 . Quasars are now thought to be galaxies formed in the early years of our universe , with their extreme energy output powered by super-massive black holes .