vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the USAAF offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Civilians who took part in the war effort through such activities as building fortifications and manufacturing munitions and other war materials in factories and workshops were considered combatants in a legal sense and therefore liable to be attacked .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
In President Adams ' first message to Congress , he advocated not only the construction of roads and canals but also the establishment of observatories and a national university . President Jefferson had recommended many of these in 1806 for Congress to consider for creation of necessary amendments to the Constitution . Adams seemed oblivious to the limitations of the Constitution . In much alarm , Jefferson suggested to Madison the desirability of having Virginia adopt a new set of resolutions , bottomed on those of 1798 , and directed against the acts for internal improvements . In March 1826 , the general assembly declared that all the principles of the earlier resolutions applied `` with full force against the powers assumed by Congress '' in passing acts to protect manufacturers and to further internal improvements . That the administration would meet with opposition in Congress was a foregone conclusion .
Japanese cuisine
Ramen has been exported back to China in recent years where it is known as ri shi la mian ( 日 式 拉麵 , `` Japanese lamian '' ) . Japanese ramen chains serve ramen alongside distinctly Japanese dishes such as tempura and yakitori . Skewered versions of oden is a common convenience store item in Shanghai where it is known as guandongzhu ( 关东煮 ) .
Quechuan languages
Chawrana - qa puntataruu - qu trayaruptin - qa wamrata - qa mayna - shi Diosninchi - qa heqarkaykachisha syelutana - shi so : already - TOP at : the : peak - TOP arriving - TOP child - TOP already - IND our : God - TOP had : taken : her : up to : heaven : already - IND
Elliot Stabler
Child victims tend to respond to him . For example , Stabler successfully reaches out to a 15 - year - old girl ( Rachael Bella ) who regresses to a childlike state after being attacked by her father . SVU 's resident psychiatrist , Dr. George Huang ( B.D. Wong ) , theorizes that only Stabler would be able to reach her , as he is a father , and she is looking for another father figure .
Lebanon
The Shi'a residents primarily live in Southern Beirut , the Beqaa Valley , and Southern Lebanon .
Cardinal direction
Huangshan : `` Yellow Mountain '' in central China Huang He : `` Yellow River '' in central China Golden Horde : `` Central Army '' of the Mongols
Call of Duty: World at War
Call of Duty : World at War Zombies was released for the iPhone and iPod Touch on November 16 , 2009 by Activision , Treyarch , and Ideaworks Game Studio . The game is based on the Nazi Zombies mode in Call of Duty : World at War , and featured a tutorial map and maps called Nacht der Untoten , Shi No Numa and Der Riese , with a downloadable map named Zombie Verrückt . In 2010 , an HD iPad version was released with enhanced graphics and the Zombie Verrückt map free to play without buying , but without the Shi No Numa and Der Riese maps .
Battle of Badr
There is also a narration of the Battle in Kitab al - Kafi , a primary source of Shi'a Hadith , where Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al - Abidin describes the participation of the angels in the battle :
List of Formula One broadcasters
In China , the main commentators for CCTV are Sha Tong and Cheng Congfu . The commentators for Great Sports ( Shanghai Sports ) are Li Bing , Ye Fei and Shi Yiying . Main commentator for Tencent are Liu Yao and He Xin .
Quechuan languages
ima - lla - shi ayka - lla - sh juk machray - chru puñu - ya - n puka waaka what - LIM - REP how ^ much - LIM - REP one cave - LOC sleep - IMPF - 3 red cow
Chinese marriage
Endogamy among different classes in China were practiced , the upper class like the Shi class married among themselves , while commoners married among themselves also , avoiding marriage with slaves and other ordinary people . This practice was enforced under the law .
Surrender of Japan
In addition to August 14 and 15 , September 2 , 1945 , is also known as V-J Day . President Truman declared September 2 to be V-J Day , but noted that `` It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war nor of the cessation of hostilities . '' In Japan , August 15 is often called Shūsen - kinenbi ( 終戦 記念 日 ) , which literally means the `` memorial day for the end of the war , '' but the government 's name for the day ( which is not a national holiday ) is Senbotsusha o tsuitō shi heiwa o kinen suru hi ( 戦没 者 を 追悼 し 平和 を 祈念 する 日 , `` day for mourning of war dead and praying for peace '' ) .
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Originally the show focused around the detective pairings of Elliot Stabler & Olivia Benson and John Munch & Brian Cassidy . Stabler is a seasoned veteran of the unit who has seen it all and tries his best to protect his family from the horrors he sees every day . His partner Benson 's difficult past as the child of a rape victim is the reason she joined the unit . Backing them up is John Munch , and his first partner Brian Cassidy . Munch is a transfer from Baltimore 's homicide unit , who brings his acerbic wit , conspiracy theories , and street - honed investigative skills . While Cassidy is young and eager to learn from his fellow detectives . These two detective teams received support from Detectives Monique Jeffries and Ken Briscoe . When Cassidy transferred to Narcotics after thirteen episodes , Jeffries was partnered with Munch for the remaining of Season One and Briscoe was phased out . In the beginning of season two , Munch was then permanently partnered with Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola , whose unique yet sometimes vulgar sense of humor and investigative experience make him a formidable match for Munch . These detectives were supervised by veteran Captain Donald Cragen who oversaw the team from seasons 1 -- 15 . Cragen 's tough - but - supportive approach to the team 's complex cases guides the squad through the challenges they face every day . Also on the team 's payroll is FBI Special Agent Dr. George Huang and Medical Examiner Dr. Melinda Warner . As the resident psychiatrist for the Special Victims Unit , Huang helps keep the officers sane in a field that could drive ordinary people mad . He has also served as the squad 's resident criminal profiler , and his insights into the criminal mind have often helped the officers to crack the toughest perps , while Warner has become an integral part of the Manhattan Special Victims Unit , and her personal skills have contributed to the unit 's high success rate in closing cases .
Yemen
As of 2015 , Shi'a Houthis are fighting against the Islamic State , Al Qaeda , and Saudi Arabia . U.S. supports the Saudi - led military intervention in Yemen against the Houthis , but many in US SOCOM reportedly favor Houthis , as they have been an effective force to roll back al - Qaeda and recently ISIL in Yemen . The Guardian reported that `` The only groups poised to benefit from the war dragging on are the jihadis of Islamic State ( ISIL ) and al - Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP ) , the latter 's most powerful franchise , who are likely to gain influence amid the chaos . ISIL has claimed recent , bloody suicide bombings in Houthi mosques and Sana'a when it once had no known presence in the country , while AQAP has continued to seize territory in eastern Yemen unhindered by American drone strikes . '' In February 2016 Al - Qaeda forces and Saudi - led coalition forces were both seen fighting Houthi rebels in the same battle . Revolution
Lebanon
Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy that includes confessionalism , in which high - ranking offices are reserved for members of specific religious groups . The President , for example , has to be a Maronite Christian , the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim , the Speaker of the Parliament a Shi'a Muslim , the Deputy Prime Minister and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament Eastern Orthodox . This system is intended to deter sectarian conflict and attempts to represent fairly the demographic distribution of the 18 recognized religious groups in government .
End of the Han dynasty
While Cao Cao was attacking the Yuan clan in northern China , Liu Bei fled south to join Liu Biao and became a vassal under the latter . In 208 , Cao Cao launched a southern campaign to conquer Liu Biao 's Jing Province . Liu Biao was ill and dying , when a succession struggle broke out between his sons Liu Qi and Liu Cong . After Huang Zu 's defeat , Liu Qi was appointed by Liu Biao as Administrator of Jiangxia , which was previously governed by Huang . Liu Cong , who was favoured by Liu Biao 's second wife Lady Cai ( because he married her niece ) , remained in Jing Province 's capital , Xiangyang . Liu Cong became the new Governor of Jing Province after his father 's death . Fearing that he might be caught in a war on two fronts ( Cao Cao in the north and Liu Qi in the southeast ) , Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao , and most of Jing Province came under Cao Cao 's control . Liu Bei was unwilling to submit to Cao Cao and fled south . Along the way , one of Cao Cao 's light cavalry units caught up with Liu Bei 's retreating forces ( which included civilians ) and defeated them at the Battle of Changban . Liu Bei escaped with his life and fled to Dangyang ( 當 陽 ; in present - day Yichang , Hubei ) .
Hijab
The tradition of veiling hair in Iranian culture has ancient pre-Islamic origins , but the widespread custom was forcibly ended by Reza Shah 's regime in 1936 , as he claimed hijab to be incompatible with his modernizing ambitions and ordered `` unveiling '' act or Kashf - e hijab . The police arrested women who wore the veil and would forcibly remove it , and these policies outraged the Shi'a clerics , and ordinary men and women , to whom appearing in public without their cover was tantamount to nakedness . Many women refused to leave the house out of fear of being assaulted by Reza Shah 's police . In 1941 the compulsory element in the policy of unveiling was abandoned .
Facial hair in the military
From The Qin Dynasty to The Ming Dynasty beards were common in The Imperial Chinese Army , however during The Manchu ruled Qing Dynasty 1644 - 1911 beards were completely banned in the army and even for civilian men , only moustaches were permitted for high ranking officials and generals . Today moustaches and beards are not permited in The Peoples Libertation Army ( Peoples Republic of China ) and in The Armed Forces of The Republic of China . ( Taiwan )
Written Chinese
Because the majority of modern Chinese words contain more than one character , there are at least two measuring sticks for Chinese literacy : the number of characters known , and the number of words known . John DeFrancis , in the introduction to his Advanced Chinese Reader , estimates that a typical Chinese college graduate recognizes 4,000 to 5,000 characters , and 40,000 to 60,000 words . Jerry Norman , in Chinese , places the number of characters somewhat lower , at 3,000 to 4,000 . These counts are complicated by the tangled development of Chinese characters . In many cases , a single character came to be written in multiple ways . This development was restrained to an extent by the standardization of the seal script during the Qin dynasty , but soon started again . Although the Shuowen Jiezi lists 10,516 characters -- 9,353 of them unique ( some of which may already have been out of use by the time it was compiled ) plus 1,163 graphic variants -- the Jiyun of the Northern Song Dynasty , compiled less than a thousand years later in 1039 , contains 53,525 characters , most of them graphic variants .
History of Vietnam
This period is controversial as on one side , some Vietnamese historians consider Triệu 's rule as the starting point of the Chinese domination , since Triệu Đà was a former Qin general , whereas others consider it still an era of Vietnamese independence as the Triệu family in Nam Việt were assimilated to local culture . They ruled independently of what then constituted the Han Empire . At one point , Triệu Đà even declared himself Emperor , equal to the Han Emperor in the north .
Migration in China
Huang and Pieke divide the migration policy evolution after Chinese economic reform into four periods . The first period is from 1979 to 1983 , during which the government still prohibited migration . The second period is from 1984 to 1988 when farmers were allowed to enter urban areas on the condition that they provided their own food . The third period is from 1989 to 1991 when migration became much more popular and had attracted much attention from the government . The fourth period is from 1992 to 2000 , during which the government in some degree encouraged migration , while urban local governments controlled migration more strictly because of high unemployment rates in cities .
History of Vietnam
In 207 BC , Qin warlord Triệu Đà ( pinyin : Zhao Tuo ) established his own independent kingdom in present - day Guangdong / Guangxi area . He proclaimed his new kingdom as Nam Việt ( pinyin : Nanyue ) , starting the Triệu dynasty . Triệu Đà later appointed himself a commandant of central Guangdong , closing the borders and conquering neighboring districts and titled himself `` King of Nam Viet '' In 179 BC , he defeated King An Dương Vương and annexed Âu Lạc .
Ygritte
Ygritte is a wildling woman known for her red hair . She is fierce and headstrong . In wildling culture she is known as a spearwife : a woman who is also a warrior .
Call of Duty: Black Ops III
A fifth and final map pack , Zombies Chronicles , contains remastered versions of 8 Zombies maps from previous games : `` Nacht Der Untoten '' , `` Verrückt '' , and `` Shi no Numa '' from World at War , `` Kino Der Toten '' , `` Ascension '' , `` Shangri - La '' , and `` Moon '' from Black Ops , and `` Origins '' from Black Ops II , and is not included in the season pass of the game . The map pack was released on May 16 , 2017 for PlayStation 4 , and June 16 for Xbox One and PC .
Call of Duty: Black Ops
The fourth map pack , `` Rezurrection '' was released on August 23 , 2011 for the Xbox 360 and September 22 , 2011 on PlayStation 3 and PC . The Rezurrection Map Pack is made up of 5 Zombies mode only maps . It includes the first 4 maps from Call of Duty : World at War ( `` Shi No Numa '' / `` Swamp '' , `` Nacht Der Untoten '' / `` Night '' , `` Verruckt '' / `` Asylum '' , `` Der Riese '' / `` Factory '' ) and a new map called `` Moon '' . `` Moon '' allows players to fight zombies in zero gravity with both the player and the zombies under zero gravity influence .
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
For religious minorities , life has been mixed under the Islamic Republic . Khomeini also called for unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims ( Sunni Muslims are the largest religious minority in Iran ) . Pre-revolutionary statements by Khomeini were antagonistic towards Jews , but shortly after his return from exile in 1979 , he issued a fatwa ordering that Jews and other minorities ( except Baha'is ) be treated well . Non-Muslim religious minorities do not have equal rights in the Islamic Republic ( For example , senior government posts are reserved for Muslims and Jewish , Christian and Zoroastrian schools must be run by Muslim principals ) but four of the 270 seats in parliament are reserved for three non-Islamic minority religions .
Call of Duty: World at War
On April 30 , 2009 , Activision and Treyarch announced Map Pack 2 , which was released on June 11 . Map Pack 2 contains an additional four multiplayer maps . `` Shi No Numa '' ( Japanese : `` 死 の 沼 '' ' swamp of death ' ) is a new map on the Nazi Zombies co-op mode , set in a misty swamp - land surrounded by jungle . New features include flaming hellhounds , the Wunderwaffe DG - 2 weapon and ten new achievements / trophies . The map also introduced four new playable characters who have appeared in several subsequent Nazi Zombie maps : Tank Dempsey U.S.M.C , Nikolai Belinski of the Red Army , Nazi Doctor Edward Richtofen and Takeo Masaki of the Japanese Imperial Army . The multiplayer map `` Banzai '' is set in a jungle featuring a river bridge , villages , a waterfall and hidden caves . The `` Corrosion '' map is set in a run - down train yard in Russia , featuring broken pipelines and train cars . The `` Sub Pens '' map is located in a bombed - out Japanese submarine base with heavy rain .
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
He almost missed filming a scene in At World 's End , following injuries sustained by falling out of a tree . In June 2006 , Verbinski finally managed to make room in Richards ' schedule to shoot that September . Greg Ellis as Lieutenant Theodore Groves : second - in - command to Lord Beckett . Lauren Maher and Vanessa Branch as Scarlett and Giselle Angus Barnett and Giles New as Mullroy and Murtogg Reggie Lee as Tai Huang Dominic Scott Kay as Young Henry Turner : the son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann . Scott Kay was credited as Young William Turner , and was retroactively named Young Henry Turner following the release of Dead Men Tell No Tales .
Music of France
Bouyon ( Boo - Yon ) is a form of popular music of Dominica , also known as jump up music in Guadeloupe and Martinique . The best - known band in the genre is Windward Caribbean Kulture ( WCK ) , who originated the style in 1988 .
World Health Organization
The Regional Director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her Region . The RD manages and / or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres . The RD is also the direct supervising authority -- concomitantly with the WHO Director - General -- of all the heads of WHO country offices , known as WHO Representatives , within the Region .
Santiago de Compostela
Andrés Domínguez Candal ( 1918 - 1978 ) aka Pierita a Spanish footballer who played as a forward José Luis Veloso ( born 1937 ) a retired Spanish footballer , 278 pro appearances Tomás Reñones ( born 1960 ) known as Tomás , a retired Spanish footballer , nearly 500 pro appearances Moncho Fernández ( born 1969 ) a Spanish basketball manager and coach Emilio José Viqueira ( born 1974 ) a retired Spanish footballer who made 454 pro appearances Manuel Castiñeiras ( born 1979 ) a Spanish retired footballer , over 300 pro appearances Rubén González Rocha ( born 1982 ) known as Rubén , is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central defender Borja Golan ( born 1983 ) a professional squash player who represents Spain Iván Carril ( born 1985 ) a Spanish professional footballer Verónica Boquete ( born 1987 ) a Galician - born Spanish footballer José Ángel Antelo ( born 1987 ) a Spanish professional basketball player Alberto Manuel Domínguez Rivas ( born 1988 ) known as Alberto , is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Jump up ^ Olivia Benson was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 15 -- 17 ) Jump up ^ John Munch was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 9 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Belzer , first appeared on Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 - 99 ) Jump up ^ Captain Donald Cragen was the commanding officer of the unit until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Florek , first appeared in the first three seasons of Law & Order ( 1990 - 93 ) Jump up ^ George Huang was the unit 's forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 )
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The war began with Iraq 's invasion of Iran , in an attempt by Iraq 's dictator Saddam Hussein to take advantage of the perceived post-revolutionary military weakness in Iran and the Revolution 's unpopularity with Western governments . Much of the top leadership of Iran 's once - strong Iranian military had been executed . Saddam sought to expand Iraq 's access to the Persian Gulf and the oil reserves in Khuzestan ( which also only has a substantial Arab population ) , and to undermine Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shi'a majority of his country . The Iraqis used the WMDs against Iranian soldiers . Iranians also believe Saddam invaded with the encouragement of the United States , Saudi Arabia and other countries .
Metrication in the United States
For vitamins , nutrient amounts are given in gram denominations or WHO standardized international units , known as IU .
Missouri
Missouri is home to an endangered dialect of the French language known as Missouri French . Speakers of the dialect , who call themselves Créoles , are descendants of the French pioneers who settled the area then known as the Illinois Country beginning in the late 17th century . It developed in isolation from French speakers in Canada and Louisiana , becoming quite distinct from the varieties of Canadian French and Louisiana Creole French . Once widely spoken throughout the area , Missouri French is now nearly extinct , with only a few elderly speakers able to use it .
Epiphyseal plate
The plate is found in children and adolescents ; in adults , who have stopped growing , the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line . This replacement is known as epiphyseal closure .
List of D.Gray-man Hallow episodes
D. Gray - man Hallow ( stylised as `` D. Gray - man HALLOW '' ) is an anime series adapted from the Katsura Hoshino 's manga , D. Gray - man . Produced by TMS Entertainment and directed by Yoshiharu Ashino , it acts as a sequel to the previous D. Gray - man anime series and follows a young Exorcist named Allen Walker from the Black Order which are in charge of destroying weapons , known as Akuma , using objects known as `` Innocence '' . The Akuma are created by an ancient sorcerer known as the Millennium Earl , who is allied with the immortal Noah Family . The plot focuses on Allen 's connection with the Noah and his ally , Yu Kanda , who is planned to use by them .
Koko (gorilla)
Hanabiko `` Koko '' ( born July 4 , 1971 ) is a female western lowland gorilla who is known for having learned a large number of hand signs from a modified version of American Sign Language ( ASL ) .
Burping
While this is often employed as a means of entertainment or competition , it can also act as an alternative means of vocalisation for people who have undergone a laryngectomy , with the burp replacing laryngeal phonation . This is known as esophageal speech .
Written Chinese
Seal script in turn evolved into the other surviving writing styles ; the first writing style to follow was the clerical script . The development of such a style can be attributed to those of the Qin Dynasty who were seeking to create a convenient form of written characters for daily usage . In general , clerical script characters are `` flat '' in appearance , being wider than the seal script , which tends to be taller than it is wide . Compared with the seal script , clerical script characters are strikingly rectilinear . In running script , a semi-cursive form , the character elements begin to run into each other , although the characters themselves generally remain separate . Running script eventually evolved into grass script , a fully cursive form , in which the characters are often entirely unrecognizable by their canonical forms . Grass script gives the impression of anarchy in its appearance , and there is indeed considerable freedom on the part of the calligrapher , but this freedom is circumscribed by conventional `` abbreviations '' in the forms of the characters . Regular script , a non-cursive form , is the most widely recognized script . In regular script , each stroke of each character is clearly drawn out from the others . Even though both the running and grass scripts appear to be derived as semi-cursive and cursive variants of regular script , it is in fact the regular script that was the last to develop .