vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Partition of India
There are numerous eyewitness accounts of the maiming and mutilation of victims . The catalogue of horrors includes the disembowelling of pregnant women , the slamming of babies ' heads against brick walls , the cutting off of victims limbs and genitalia and the displaying of heads and corpses . While previous communal riots had been deadly , the scale and level of brutality during the Partition massacres was unprecedented . Although some scholars question the use of the term ' genocide ' with respect to the Partition massacres , much of the violence was manifested with genocidal tendencies . It was designed to cleanse an existing generation and prevent its future reproduction . ''
Trafficking of children
Recent research conducted by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers has also noted that girl soldiers must be uniquely recognized , in that they are especially vulnerable to acts of sexual violence . The incidence of child soldiers was the focus of the Kony 2012 movement , that aimed to arrest Joseph Kony , a Ugandan war criminal who is responsible for the trafficking of thousands of child soldiers and sex slaves .
Agatha Christie
Following the great success of Curtain , Christie gave permission for the release of Sleeping Murder sometime in 1976 but died in January 1976 before the book could be released . This may explain some of the inconsistencies compared to the rest of the Marple series -- for example , Colonel Arthur Bantry , husband of Miss Marple 's friend Dolly , is still alive and well in Sleeping Murder although he is noted as having died in books published earlier . It may be that Christie simply did not have time to revise the manuscript before she died .
1960 Valdivia earthquake
It has been estimated that about 40 percent of the houses in Valdivia were destroyed , leaving 20,000 people homeless . The most affected structures were those built of concrete , which in some cases collapsed completely due to lack of earthquake engineering . Traditional wooden houses fared better ; although many were uninhabitable , they did not collapse . Houses built upon elevated areas suffered considerably less damage compared to those on the lowlands , which absorbed great amounts of energy . Many city blocks with destroyed buildings in the city center remained empty until the 1990s and 2000s , with some of them still used as parking lots . Before the earthquake , some of these blocks had modern concrete buildings built after the Great Valdivia fire of 1909 .
Deus Ex: Human Revolution
The game was localized for and released in Japan for PS3 and Xbox 360 , and included all pre-order content . The PS3 version also included the English voice track . The game 's subtitle was cut for Japan , releasing simply as Deus Ex . It was given a `` Z '' rating by country 's CERO entertainment rating board , equivalent to the North American ESRB 's `` Adults Only '' rating , although it still underwent editing to remove some overtly violent and suggestive content , the display of which is prohibited under Japanese law . Initially planned for release alongside Bandai Namco 's Tales of Xillia , it was pushed forward into the following month due to CERO requesting a further edit . It eventually released on October 20 .
Julian calendar
The solar part of the Revised Julian calendar was accepted by only some Orthodox churches . Those that did accept it , with hope for improved dialogue and negotiations with the western denominations , were the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , the Patriarchates of Alexandria , Antioch , the Orthodox Churches of Greece , Cyprus , Romania , Poland ( from 1924 to 2014 ; it is still permitted to use the Revised Julian calendar in parishes that want it ) , Bulgaria ( in 1963 ) , and the Orthodox Church in America ( although some OCA parishes are permitted to use the Julian calendar ) . Thus these churches celebrate the Nativity on the same day that western Christians do , 25 December Gregorian until 2799 .
Russian Orthodox Church
Some Orthodox believers and even priests took part in the dissident movement and became prisoners of conscience . The Orthodox priests Gleb Yakunin , Sergiy Zheludkov and others spent years in Soviet prisons and exile for their efforts in defending freedom of worship . Among the prominent figures of that time were Father Dmitri Dudko and Father Aleksandr Men . Although he tried to keep away from practical work of the dissident movement intending to better fulfil his calling as a priest , there was a spiritual link between Fr Aleksandr and many of the dissidents . For some of them he was a friend ; for others , a godfather ; for many ( including Yakunin ) , a spiritual father .
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
At the beginning , when the Assembly was stripping the clergy of their titles they tried to ignore how the extreme anti-clerical elements were responding with violence against those who attended these Masses and against nuns who would not renounce their vocation . Ultimately the Assembly had to recognize the schism that was occurring because it was extremely evident , even while the replacement was occurring juror priests often faced a hostile and violent reception in their old parishes . On 7 May 1791 , the Assembly reversed itself , deciding that the non-juring priests , referred to as prêtres habitués ( `` habitual priests '' ) could say Mass and conduct services in other churches on condition that they would respect the laws and not stir up revolt against the Civil Constitution . The assembly had to allow this change to control the schism and in part because `` Constitutional Clergy '' ( those who had taken the oath ) were unable to properly conduct their service . The constitutional clergy often required the assistance of the National Guard due to the mayhem that would occur .
Sign of the cross
In some Reformed churches , such as the PCUSA and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church , Presbyterian Church in America the sign of the cross is used on the foreheads during baptism or during an Ash Wednesday service when ashes are imposed on the forehead . The sign of the cross in some instances is used during Communion and during the Confession of Sin and the Creeds . In instances during a Benediction , when the minister concludes the service using the Trinitarian blessing , a hand is extended and a sign of the cross is made out toward the congregation . This type of benediction is seen in quite a few High Presbyterian groups such as the Church of Scotland and congregations across the US especially on the Mid West and East Coast of the United States .
Cluedo
Besides some rule differences listed above , some versions label differently the names of characters , weapons , rooms and in some instances the actual game itself .
Society of the United States
The US is considered to have some of the most permissive gun laws among developed countries . Americans make up 4 percent of the world 's population but own 46 percent of the global stock of privately held firearms . This is about 294 million guns with a population of 301 million ( 2007 figures ) , almost one gun for every American on average . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate .
The Walking Dead (video game)
The Walking Dead occurs simultaneously with the events from the original comic series , where a zombie apocalypse overwhelms much of society . Characters in the game come to call the zombies `` walkers '' , due to the slowness of their movement . Although the survivors initially think that being bitten by a zombie is the only way to become infected , it is later discovered that one becomes a zombie upon death irrespective of the manner in which one dies ; only by damaging the brain can the reanimation be stopped . As with the comic and television series , the game 's events occur in the state of Georgia .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Soviet commitment in practice to proletarian internationalism declined since the founding of the Soviet state , although this component of ideology still had some effect on later formulation and execution of Soviet foreign policy . Although pragmatic raisons d'état undoubtedly accounted for much of more recent Soviet foreign policy , the ideology of class struggle still played a role in providing a worldview and certain loose guidelines for action in the 1980s . Marxist -- Leninist ideology reinforces other characteristics of political culture that create an attitude of competition and conflict with other states .
Gilded Age
In the face of years of mounting violence and intimidation directed at blacks during Reconstruction , the federal government was unable to guarantee constitutional protections to freedmen and women . In the Compromise of 1877 President Hayes withdrew Union troops from the South ; `` Redeemers '' ( White Democrats ) acted quickly to reverse the groundbreaking advances of Reconstruction . Black political power was eliminated in the 1880s , and in the 1890s new laws effectively blocked over 90 % of the Blacks from voting ( with some exceptions in Tennessee ; blacks did vote in the border states ) .
Branches of science
Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere . Studies in the field stretch back millennia , though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 17th century . The 19th century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several countries . After the development of the computer in the latter half of the 20th century , breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved . Space
Casualties of the Iraq War
Iraq war logs Classified US military documents released by WikiLeaks in October 2010 , record Iraqi and Coalition military deaths between January 2004 and December 2009 . The documents record 109,032 deaths broken down into `` Civilian '' ( 66,081 deaths ) , `` Host Nation '' ( 15,196 deaths ) , `` Enemy '' ( 23,984 deaths ) , and `` Friendly '' ( 3,771 deaths ) . Iraqi Health Ministry The Health Ministry of the Iraqi government recorded 87,215 Iraqi violent deaths between January 1 , 2005 , and February 28 , 2009 . The data was in the form of a list of yearly totals for death certificates issued for violent deaths by hospitals and morgues . The official who provided the data told the Associated Press said the ministry does not have figures for the first two years of the war , and estimated the actual number of deaths at 10 to 20 percent higher because of thousands who are still missing and civilians who were buried in the chaos of war without official records . The Associated Press Associated Press stated that more than 110,600 Iraqis had been killed since the start of the war to April 2009 . This number is per the Health Ministry tally of 87,215 covering January 1 , 2005 , to February 28 , 2009 combined with counts of casualties for 2003 -- 2004 , and after February 29 , 2009 , from hospital sources and media reports . For more info see farther down at The Associated Press and Health Ministry ( 2009 ) . Iraq Body Count The Iraq Body Count project ( IBC ) figure of Documented civilian deaths from violence is 173,686 -- 193,965 as of April 2017 . This includes reported civilian deaths due to Coalition and insurgent military action , sectarian violence and increased criminal violence . The IBC site states : `` it should be noted that many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media . '' The IBC website currently states that , `` Further analysis of the WikiLeaks ' Iraq War Logs may add 12,000 civilian deaths . '' Iraq Family Health Survey Iraq Family Health Survey for the World Health Organization . On January 9 , 2008 , the World Health Organization reported the results of the `` Iraq Family Health Survey '' published in The New England Journal of Medicine .
Diamond
In response to public concerns that their diamond purchases were contributing to war and human rights abuses in central and western Africa , the United Nations , the diamond industry and diamond - trading nations introduced the Kimberley Process in 2002 . The Kimberley Process aims to ensure that conflict diamonds do not become intermixed with the diamonds not controlled by such rebel groups . This is done by requiring diamond - producing countries to provide proof that the money they make from selling the diamonds is not used to fund criminal or revolutionary activities . Although the Kimberley Process has been moderately successful in limiting the number of conflict diamonds entering the market , some still find their way in . According to the International Diamond Manufacturers Association , conflict diamonds constitute 2 -- 3 % of all diamonds traded . Two major flaws still hinder the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process : ( 1 ) the relative ease of smuggling diamonds across African borders , and ( 2 ) the violent nature of diamond mining in nations that are not in a technical state of war and whose diamonds are therefore considered `` clean '' .
Hellenistic period
The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience , as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies . Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others . The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled , but in many cases , the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations . The Greek population and the native population did not always mix ; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture , but interaction did not always occur .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep ( REM ) has since its discovery been closely associated with dreaming . Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common experimental method for obtaining dream reports ; 80 % of neurotypical people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances . Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer more narrative descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing , and to estimate the duration of their dreams as longer . Lucid dreams are reported far more often in REM sleep . ( In fact these could be considered a hybrid state combining essential elements of REM sleep and waking consciousness . ) The mental events which occur during REM most commonly have dream hallmarks including narrative structure , convincingness ( experiential resemblance to waking life ) , and incorporation of instinctual themes . Sometimes they include elements of the dreamer 's recent experience taken directly from episodic memory . By one estimate , 80 % of dreams occur during REM .
First Shearith Israel Graveyard
Encroaching development and erosion necessitated several instances over the years in which the congregation was forced reduce the size of the Chatham Square Cemetery and disinter bodies , which were moved to their three other graveyards . In 1851 , city public health officials prohibited burial south of 86th Street and in partnership with other synagogues , the congregation purchased a large plot of land in Ridgewood , Queens as a fourth cemetery . The most notable of these instances was in 1855 , when a large portion of the cemetery was seized by eminent domain . This accommodated expansion of the Bowery -- including the cut - through of today 's St. James Place -- and some 256 graves were removed .
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
George Knight wrote , `` Although originally the smallest of the post-Millerite groups , it came to see itself as the true successor of the once - powerful Millerite movement . '' This view was endorsed by Ellen White . However , Seeking a Sanctuary sees it more as an offshoot of the Millerite movement .
Sleepy Hollow (film)
Sleepy Hollow was released in the United States on November 19 , 1999 in 3,069 theaters , grossing $30,060,467 in its opening weekend at the # 2 spot behind The World Is Not Enough . Sleepy Hollow eventually earned $101,071,502 in domestic gross , and $105 million in foreign sales , coming to a worldwide total of $206,071,502 . David Walsh of the National Institute on Media and the Family criticized the film 's financial success from the exaggeration of gore . `` The real impact is not so much that violent images create violent behavior , '' Walsh explained , `` but that they create an atmosphere of disrespect . '' Burton addressed the concerns as a matter of opinion . `` Everyone has a different perception of things . When I was a kid , '' Burton continued , `` I was probably more scared by seeing John Wayne or Barbra Streisand on the big screen than by seeing violence . ''
Italian Australians
Since the mid-1950s , the Italian flow of migrants to Australia assumed a sort of mass migration . Either nominated by relatives in Australia as a major component , or as assisted migrants , a notable number of migrants left Italy for Australia . Unlike the pre-war movement , most of the migrants of the 1950s and 1960s had planned to settle permanently in Australia . Within these two decades , the number of Italians who came to Australia was so high that their number increased tenfold . Although there are not precise figures , due to the fact that census refers only to those born in Italy , some scholars have suggested that , with their children born in Australia , the Italian ethnic group in Australia could be approaching almost 800,000 , thus still ranking it as the first non-English speaking ethnic community of Australia .
South Africa
Up to 1945 , more than 4900 species of fungi ( including lichen - forming species ) had been recorded . In 2006 , the total number of fungi which occur in South Africa was conservatively estimated at about 200,000 species , but that did not take into account fungi associated with insects . If correct , then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants . In at least some major South African ecosystems , an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur . The country 's biodiversity strategy and action plan does not mention fungi ( including lichen - forming fungi ) . Plants
Construction of the World Trade Center
Over time , numerous structural modifications were made to suit the needs of tenants in the Twin Towers . Modifications were made in accordance with the Port Authority 's Tenant Alteration Review Manual and were reviewed by the Port Authority to ensure the changes did not compromise structural integrity of the buildings . In many instances , openings were cut in the floors to accommodate new stairways to connect tenant floors . Some steel beams in the core were reinforced and strengthened to accommodate heavy live loads , such as large amounts of heavy files that tenants had on their floors .
Battle of Tippecanoe
American public opinion blamed the violence on British interference in American affairs through financial and munitions support for the Indians . This led to a further deterioration of relations with Britain and was a catalyst of the War of 1812 , which began six months later . By the time the US declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1812 , Tecumseh 's confederacy was ready to launch its war against the United States in alliance with the British . In preparation , the Natives soon rebuilt Prophetstown . Frontier violence in the region would continue until well after the War of 1812 , although Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of the Thames .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
A key figure on the rock end of the antiwar spectrum was Jimi Hendrix ( 1942 -- 1970 ) . Hendrix had a huge following among the youth culture exploring itself through drugs and experiencing itself through rock music . He was not an official protestor of the war ; one of Hendrix 's biographers contends that Hendrix , being a former soldier , sympathized with the anticommunist view . He did , however , protest the violence that took place in the Vietnam War . With the song `` Machine Gun '' , dedicated to those fighting in Vietnam , this protest of violence is manifest . David Henderson , author of ' Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky , describes the song as `` scary funk ( ... ) his sound over the drone shifts from a woman 's scream , to a siren , to a fighter plane diving , all amid Buddy Miles ' Gatling - gun snare shots . ( ... ) he says ' evil man make me kill you ( ... ) make you kill me although we 're only families apart . ' '' This song was often accompanied with pleas from Hendrix to bring the soldiers back home and cease the bloodshed . While Hendrix 's views may not have been analogous to the protestors , his songs became anthems to the antiwar movement . Songs such as `` Star Spangled Banner '' showed individuals that `` you can love your country , but hate the government . '' Hendrix 's anti-violence efforts are summed up in his words : `` when the power of love overcomes the love of power ... the world will know peace . '' Thus , Hendrix 's personal views did not coincide perfectly with those of the antiwar protestors ; however , his anti-violence outlook was a driving force during the years of the Vietnam War even after his death ( 1970 ) .
Facial hair in the military
All branches of the U.S. Military currently prohibit beards for a vast majority of recruits , although some mustaches are still allowed , based on policies that were initiated during the period of World War I .
Indigenous Australians
In 2009 the imprisonment rate for Indigenous people was 14 times higher than that of non-Indigenous people . In 2000 , Indigenous Australians were more likely per capita to be both victims of and perpetrators of reported crimes in New South Wales . In 2002 , Indigenous Australians were twice as likely as non-Indigenous Australians of the same age group to be a victim of violent aggression , with 24 % of Indigenous Australians reported as being a victim of violence in 2001 . In 2004 , Indigenous Australians were 11 times more likely to be in prison ( age - standardised figures ) . In June 2004 , 21 % of prisoners in Australia were Indigenous . There are frequent reports of domestic violence and community disturbances .
Circular motion
In uniform circular motion , total acceleration of an object in a circular path is equal to the radial acceleration . Due to the presence of tangential acceleration in non uniform circular motion , that does not hold true any more . To find the total acceleration of an object in non uniform circular , find the vector sum of the tangential acceleration and the radial acceleration .