vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of rail transport in the United States
Union Pacific acquired the Missouri Pacific and Missouri -- Kansas -- Texas Railroad in the 1980s , the Chicago and North Western in 1995 , and the Southern Pacific in 1996 CSX was formed in 1986 from the Chessie System and the Seaboard System BNSF Railway was formed in 1996 from the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe ( the `` Santa Fe '' ) and Burlington Northern Norfolk Southern was formed in 1982 from the Norfolk and Western and Southern Railway Canadian Pacific acquired the Delaware and Hudson in 1991 Canadian National acquired the Illinois Central in 1999 CSX and Norfolk Southern acquired most of the Conrail freight rail assets in 1997 .
French Revolution
The new - born Republic followed up on this success with a series of victories in Belgium and the Rhineland in the fall of 1792 . The French armies defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November , and had soon taken over most of the Austrian Netherlands . This brought them into conflict with Britain and the Dutch Republic , which wished to preserve the independence of the southern Netherlands from France . After the king 's execution in January 1793 , these powers , along with Spain and most other European states , joined the war against France . Almost immediately , French forces faced defeat on many fronts , and were driven out of their newly conquered territories in the spring of 1793 . At the same time , the republican regime was forced to deal with rebellions against its authority in much of western and southern France . But the allies failed to take advantage of French disunity , and by the autumn of 1793 the republican regime had defeated most of the internal rebellions and halted the allied advance into France itself .
Zimbabwe
On 11 December 1979 , the Rhodesian House of Assembly voted 90 to nil to revert to British colonial status ( the ' aye ' votes included Ian Smith himself ) . The bill then passed the Senate and was assented to by the President . With the arrival of Lord Soames , the new Governor , just after 2 p.m. on 12 December 1979 , Britain formally took control of Zimbabwe Rhodesia as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia , although on 13 December Soames declared that during his mandate the name Rhodesia and Zimbabwe Rhodesia would continue to be used . Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December , and the United Nations on 16 December , before calling on its member states to do likewise on 21 December . Thus Zambia , Mozambique , Tanzania , Angola and Botswana lifted sanctions on 22 -- 23 December ; Australia partly pre-empted this , lifting all but trade sanctions on 18 December , and trade sanctions on 21 December .
Midwestern United States
The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession by the Southern states . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the Crittenden Compromise , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction .
Economy of Nazi Germany
By the late 1930s , the aims of German trade policy were to use economic and political power to make the countries of Southern Europe and the Balkans dependent on Germany . The German economy would draw its raw materials from that region , and the countries in question would receive German manufactured goods in exchange . Germany would also leverage productive trade relationships with Spain , Switzerland and Sweden in areas ranging from iron ore imports and clearing and payment services . Throughout the 1930s , German businesses were also encouraged to form cartels , monopolies and oligopolies , whose interests were then protected by the state .
History of rail transport in the United States
In 1860 , the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $1.8 billion ; 1897 it reached $10.6 billion ( compared to a total national debt of $1.2 billion ) . Funding came from financiers throughout the Northeast , and from Europe , especially Britain . The federal government provided no cash to any other railroads . However it did provide unoccupied free land to some of the Western railroads , so they could sell it to farmers and have customers along the route . Some cash came from states , or from local governments that use money as a leverage to prevent being bypassed by the main line . Larger sound came from the southern states during the Reconstruction era , as they try to rebuild their destroyed rail system . Some states such as Maine and Texas also made land grants to local railroads ; the state total was 49 million acres . The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds . Boston was the first center , but New York by 1860 was the dominant financial market . The British invested heavily in railroads around the world , but nowhere more so than the United States ; The total came to about $3 billion by 1914 . In 1914 -- 1917 , they liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies .
Secretary-General of the United Nations
The Secretary - General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of the UN . Although the Secretary - General may place any item on the provisional agenda of the Security Council , much of their mediation work takes place behind the scenes .
Canada–United States relations
Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , working closely with his Foreign Minister Louis St. Laurent , handled foreign relations 1945 - 48 in cautious fashion . Canada donated money to Britain to help it rebuild ; was elected to the UN Security Council ; and helped design NATO . However , Mackenzie King rejected free trade with the United States , and decided not to play a role in the Berlin airlift . Canada had been actively involved in the League of Nations , primarily because it could act separately from Britain . It played a modest role in the postwar formation of the United Nations , as well as the International Monetary Fund . It played a somewhat larger role in 1947 in designing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade . As Britain 's influence as a global imperial power declined , Canada and the United States became extremely close partners . Canada was a close ally of the United States during the Cold War .
Latin American wars of independence
Great Britain and the United States were rivals for influence in the newly independent sovereign nations . As a result of the successful revolutions which established so many new independent nations , United States President James Monroe and the Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine . It stated that the United States would not tolerate any European interference in the Western Hemisphere . This measure ostensibly was taken in order to safeguard the newfound liberties of these new countries , but it was also taken as a precautionary measure against the intrusion of European states . Since the United States was a newly founded nation , it lacked the capacity to prevent other European powers from interfering , for that the United States looked for Britain 's help and support to execute the Monroe Doctrine into action .
Southern United States
Apart from its climate , the living experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation . The arrival of millions of Northerners ( especially in major metropolitan areas and coastal areas ) and millions of Hispanics has meant the introduction of cultural values and social norms not rooted in Southern traditions . Observers conclude that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining , particularly when defined against `` an earlier South that was somehow more authentic , real , more unified and distinct '' . The process has worked both ways , however , with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed `` Southernization '' .
United States Navy Reserve
Family Servicemembers ' Group Life Insurance ( FSGLI ) is a program extended to the spouses and dependent children of members insured under the SGLI program . FSGLI provides up to a maximum of $100,000 of insurance coverage for spouses , not to exceed the amount of SGLI the insured member has in force , and $10,000 for dependent children . Spousal coverage is issued in increments of $10,000 .
Eukaryotic DNA replication
These phosphorylation - dependent interactions between Dpb11 , Sld2 , and Sld3 are essential for CDK - dependent activation of DNA replication , and by using cross-linking reagents within some experiments , a fragile complex was identified called the pre-loading complex ( pre-LC ) . This complex contains Pol ɛ , GINS , Sld2 , and Dpb11 . The pre-LC is found to form before any association with the origins in a CDK - dependent and DDK - dependent manner and CDK activity regulates the initiation of DNA replication through the formation of the pre-LC .
First Transcontinental Railroad
In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 .
Texas annexation
Anti-Texas Whig legislators had lost more than the White House in the general election of 1844 . In the southern states of Tennessee and Georgia , Whig strongholds in the 1840 general election , voter support dropped precipitously due to the pro-annexation excitement in the Deep South -- and Clay lost every Deep South state to Polk . Northern Whigs ' uncompromising hostility to slavery expansion increasingly characterized the party , and southern members , by association , had suffered from charges of being `` soft on Texas , therefore soft on slavery '' by Southern Democrats . Facing congressional and gubernatorial races in 1845 in their home states , a number of Southern Whigs sought to erase that impression with respect to the Tyler - Texas bill .
Ojibwe
In British North America , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 following the Seven Years ' War governed the cession of land by treaty or purchase . Subsequently , France ceded most of the land in Upper Canada to Great Britain . Even with the Jay Treaty signed between Great Britain and the United States following the American Revolutionary War , the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty . As it was still preoccupied by war with France , Great Britain ceded to the United States much of the lands in Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , parts of Illinois and Wisconsin , and northern Minnesota and North Dakota to settle the boundary of their holdings in Canada .
Castillo de San Marcos
When Spain regained control over Florida they found a much - changed territory . Many Spaniards had left Florida after the hand over to Britain , and many British citizens stayed after it was returned to Spain . Many border problems arose between Spanish Florida and the new United States . Spain changed the name of the fort back to the Castillo de San Marcos , and continued to build upon the improvements that Britain had made to the fort in an effort to strengthen Spain 's hold on the territory . However , due to increased pressure from the United States and several other factors , in 1819 Spain signed the Adams -- Onís Treaty , ceding Florida to the United States , which was transferred in 1821 .
History of the Isle of Wight
The Romans occupied southern Britain , including the Isle of Wight , for nearly four hundred years . The Romans built no towns or roads on the island , but it became an agricultural centre , and at least seven Roman villas are known . The Roman villas at Newport and Brading have been excavated and are open to the public . When fully developed around 300 AD , Brading was probably the largest on the Island , being a courtyard villa with impressive mosaics , suggesting a good income was being made from the agricultural produce of the island .
Blood plasma
The `` Blood for Britain '' program during the early 1940s was quite successful ( and popular in the United States ) based on Charles Drew 's contribution . A large project began in August 1940 to collect blood in New York City hospitals for the export of plasma to Britain . Drew was appointed medical supervisor of the `` Plasma for Britain '' project . His notable contribution at this time was to transform the test tube methods of many blood researchers into the first successful mass production techniques .
London Bridge
The first bridge was probably a Roman military pontoon type , giving a rapid overland shortcut to Camulodunum from the southern and Kentish ports , along the Roman roads of Stane Street and Watling Street ( now the A2 ) . Around 55 AD , the temporary bridge over the Thames was replaced by a permanent timber piled bridge , maintained and guarded by a small garrison . On the relatively high , dry ground at the northern end of the bridge , a small , opportunistic trading and shipping settlement took root , and grew into the town of Londinium . A smaller settlement developed at the southern end of the bridge , in the area now known as Southwark . The bridge was probably destroyed along with the town in the Boudican revolt ( 60 AD ) , but both were rebuilt and Londinium became the administrative and mercantile capital of Roman Britain . The upstream fords and ferries remained in use but the bridge offered uninterrupted , mass movement of foot , horse , and wheeled traffic across the Thames , linking four major arterial road systems north of the Thames with four to the south . Just downstream of the bridge were substantial quays and depots , convenient to seagoing trade between Britain and the rest of the Roman Empire .
Three-Fifths Compromise
The Three - Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention . The debate was over whether , and if so , how , slaves would be counted when determining a state 's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes . The issue was important , as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years . The effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored , but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally , allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861 . The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman .
Secession in the United States
The most serious attempt at secession was advanced in the years 1860 and 1861 as eleven southern States each declared secession from the United States , and joined together to form the Confederate States of America . This movement collapsed in 1865 with the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in the American Civil War .
Household income in the United States
The southern states had , on average , the lowest median household income , with nine of the country 's fifteen poorest states located in the South . However , most of the poverty in the South is located in rural areas . Metropolitan areas such as Atlanta , Nashville , Charlotte , Raleigh , Birmingham , Dallas , Houston , and Miami are areas within the southern states that have above average income levels . Overall , median household income tended to be the highest in the nation 's most urbanized northeastern , upper midwestern and west coast states , while rural areas , mostly in the southern and mountain states ( like New Mexico , Montana and Idaho ) , had the lowest median household income .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
The wealthiest and most prominent Loyalist exiles went to Great Britain to rebuild their careers ; many received pensions . Many Southern Loyalists , taking along their slaves , went to the West Indies and the Bahamas , particularly to the Abaco Islands .
History of United States prison systems
During the period between independence and the Civil War , Southern inmates were disproportionately ethnic . Foreign - born persons made up less than 3 percent of the South 's free population . In fact , only one - eighth of all immigrants to the United States during the antebellum period settled in the South . Yet foreign immigrants represented anywhere from 8 to 37 percent of the prison population of the Southern states during this period .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The United States declared war on Britain on June 18 , 1812 , for a combination of reasons -- outrage at the impressment ( seizure ) of thousands of American sailors , frustration at British restrictions on neutral trade while Britain warred with France , and anger at British military support for hostile tribes in the Ohio - Indiana - Michigan area . After war was declared Britain offered to withdraw the trade restrictions , but it was too late for the American `` War Hawks '' , who turned the conflict into what they called a `` second war for independence . '' Part of the American strategy was deploying several hundred privateers to attack British merchant ships , which hurt British commercial interests , especially in the West Indies . Clipper
War of 1812
The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 U.S. sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish .
Southern strategy
Some analysts viewed the 1990s as the apogee of Southernization or the Southern strategy , given that the Democratic President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore were from the South as were Congressional leaders on both sides of the aisle . During the end of Nixon 's presidency , the Senators representing the former Confederate states in the 93rd Congress were primarily Democrats . During the beginning of Bill Clinton 's twenty years later in the 103rd Congress , this was still the case .
Southern United States
Southern United States The Southern United States as defined by the United States Census Bureau . Subregion Southeastern United States , South Central United States , Deep South , Upland South , Dixie , South Atlantic , East South Central , West South Central Population ( 2010 U.S. Census ) Total 114.6 million
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay .
The Bahamas
These incidents , in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842 , increased tension between the United States and Great Britain . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade . But , worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value , the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress , as part of the international trade . The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships .
Southern United States
With the collapse of the Republican Party in nearly all parts of the South , the region became known as the `` Solid South '' , and the Democratic Party after 1900 moved to a system of primaries to select their candidates . Victory in a primary was tantamount to election . From the late 1870s to the 1960s , only rarely was a state or national Southern politician a Republican , apart from a few Appalachian mountain districts . Republicans , however , continued to control parts of the Appalachian Mountains and compete for power in the Border States . Apart from a few states ( such as the Byrd Machine in Virginia , the Crump Machine in Memphis ) , and a few other local organizations , the Democratic Party itself was very lightly organized . It managed primaries but party officials had little other role . To be successful a politician built his own network of friends , neighbors and allies . Reelection was the norm , and the result from 1910 to the late 20th century was that Southern Democrats in Congress had accumulated seniority , and automatically took the chairmanships of all committees . By the 1940s the Supreme Court began to find disfranchisement measures like the `` grandfather clause '' and the white primary unconstitutional . Southern legislatures quickly passed other measures to keep blacks disfranchised , even after suffrage was extended more widely to poor whites . Because white Democrats controlled all the Southern seats in Congress they had outsize power in Congress and could sidetrack or filibuster efforts by Northerners to pass legislation against lynching , for example .
Southern United States
As defined by the United States Census Bureau , the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states . As of 2010 , an estimated 114,555,744 people , or thirty - seven percent of all U.S. residents , lived in the South , the nation 's most populous region . The Census Bureau defined three smaller divisions :
Confederate States of America
( if Britain is ) tolerating the application of the so - called seceding States , or wavering about it , ( they can not ) remain friends with the United States ... if they determine to recognize ( the Confederacy ) , ( Britain ) may at the same time prepare to enter into alliance with the enemies of this republic .