vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
I wish Your Majesty to understand the motive that moves me to make this statement is the peace of my conscience and because of the guilt I share . For we have destroyed by our evil behaviour such a government as was enjoyed by these natives . They were so free of crime and greed , both men and women , that they could leave gold or silver worth a hundred thousand pesos in their open house . So that when they discovered that we were thieves and men who sought to force their wives and daughters to commit sin with them , they despised us . But now things have come to such a pass in offence of God , owing to the bad example we have set them in all things , that these natives from doing no evil have turned into people who can do no good ... I beg God to pardon me , for I am moved to say this , seeing that I am the last to die of the Conquistadors . '' --
Utilitarianism
In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Bentham wrote `` the question is not , Can they reason ? nor , Can they talk ? but , Can they suffer ? '' Mill 's distinction between higher and lower pleasures might suggest that he gave more status to humans but in The Methods of Ethics , philosopher Henry Sidgwick says `` We have next to consider who the ' all ' are , whose happiness is to be taken into account . Are we to extend our concern to all the beings capable of pleasure and pain whose feelings are affected by our conduct ? or are we to confine our view to human happiness ? The former view is the one adopted by Bentham and Mill , and ( I believe ) by the Utilitarian school generally : and is obviously most in accordance with the universality that is characteristic of their principle ... it seems arbitrary and unreasonable to exclude from the end , as so conceived , any pleasure of any sentient being . ''
Electric bicycle laws
NOTE 2 : The top speed of the bike if propelled by human power is the posted speed limit , but the motor is only allowed to get you up to and keep you at 32 km / hr . If the posted limit is under 32 then the posted limit is the limit allowed .
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)
Writing for Polygon , Eric Watson said that `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's fourth season pulls the best elements from the MCU and the most over-the - top elements from comics to remind me why I love Marvel : superheroes punching Nazis . '' He said this was refreshing after the controversial comic storyline Secret Empire which sees the patriotic Captain America revealed to be a sleeper agent for Hydra . Carli Velocci at TheWrap also discussed the season in relation to Secret Empire , noting that Agents of Hydra `` has n't spawned a digital mountain of outrage '' like the commic event . She said that Secet Empire `` all but ignores ( the ) real world context , minus acknowledging that Nazis tend to like concentration camps . If anything , it treats the subject matter like window dressing , background for a plot intended to blow readers ' minds ... Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , however , embraces that real world context . It does everything it can to ensure that the real world still matters and that the audience understands the negative consequences of a Nazi - driven society . And unlike the comic book counterpart , it does n't shy away from the fact that Hydra is definitely rooted in the Third Reich . '' She continued that the series `` manages to create a world where Hydra is the establishment , but every other plot point is about questioning it explicitly '' and `` what 's more inspiring than seeing an actual symbol of America not taking crap from Nazis ? Wherever the comic series takes Captain America , it should n't have lost sight of that . Fortunately , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. did n't . ''
Leprechaun
In the politics of the Republic of Ireland , leprechauns have been used to refer to the twee aspects of the tourist industry in Ireland . This can be seen from this example of John A. Costello addressing the Oireachtas in 1963 : `` For many years , we were afflicted with the miserable trivialities of our tourist advertising . Sometimes it descended to the lowest depths , to the caubeen and the shillelagh , not to speak of the leprechaun .
Logic
What is the epistemological status of the laws of logic ? What sort of argument is appropriate for criticizing purported principles of logic ? In an influential paper entitled `` Is Logic Empirical ? '' Hilary Putnam , building on a suggestion of W.V. Quine , argued that in general the facts of propositional logic have a similar epistemological status as facts about the physical universe , for example as the laws of mechanics or of general relativity , and in particular that what physicists have learned about quantum mechanics provides a compelling case for abandoning certain familiar principles of classical logic : if we want to be realists about the physical phenomena described by quantum theory , then we should abandon the principle of distributivity , substituting for classical logic the quantum logic proposed by Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann .
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)
Following the third season 's dealing with the themes of Captain America : Civil War , such as the opposing reactions to the Inhumans , Whedon said that the question of `` How do you deal with a war with powered people at that level , a government level ? '' was one that they wanted to answer in the fourth season . Tancharoen called the Inhumans `` a permanent part of our universe now '' , with Whedon adding , `` we have a quick - fire way of introducing people with powers . It gives us a lot of leeway in our world , and it lets us explore the metaphors of what it is like to be different . We will never close that chapter . '' With the Inhumans film being removed from Marvel Studios ' release schedule , the series had `` a little more freedom '' and were `` able to do a little bit more '' with the species , including the potential of introducing some of the `` classic '' Inhumans , though the series would focus less on Inhumans than the third season which saw `` a real significant Inhuman agenda story '' . It was not intended to be a spin - off of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. On the evolution of S.H.I.E.L.D. to featuring so many powered characters , Whedon said `` the dynamic in the world has changed . There was one person with powers , and then by The Avengers there were maybe six total ... now they 're much more prevalent , so there 's reaction from the public based on that . ''
Mercantilism
England began the first large - scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the Elizabethan Era ( 1558 -- 1603 ) . An early statement on national balance of trade appeared in Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England , 1549 : `` We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them , for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them . '' The period featured various but often disjointed efforts by the court of Queen Elizabeth to develop a naval and merchant fleet capable of challenging the Spanish stranglehold on trade and of expanding the growth of bullion at home . Queen Elizabeth promoted the Trade and Navigation Acts in Parliament and issued orders to her navy for the protection and promotion of English shipping . A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun 's argument England 's Treasure by Forraign Trade , or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure . It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664 .
Flag of Argentina
Niños / Alumnos , ¿ prometen defenderla , respetarla y amarla , con fraterna tolerancia y respeto , estudiando con firme voluntad , comprometiéndose a ser ciudadanos libres y justos , aceptando solidariamente en sus diferencias a todos los que pueblan nuestro suelo y transmitiendo , en todos y cada uno de nuestros actos , sus valores permanentes e irrenunciables ? Response : Sí , prometo ! Summons : Children / Students , in the sunrise of our freedom , Manuel Belgrano created this flag , the very symbol of our fatherland , the Republic of Argentina . Children / Students , it is the symbol of our free sovereignty , which makes it sacred to the men and women and to all the peoples of the world . It was convoked by the exercise of our duties and our rights , to respect the laws and institutions . It is the expression of our history forged with the hope and the efforts of millions of men and women , those who were born in our land and those who came to settle it under our flag and our Constitution . It represents our land and seas , our rivers and forests , our plains and mountains , the efforts of its inhabitants , their dreams and achievements . It symbolizes our present , in which , day to day , we must build democracy that enables us , and conquer the knowledge that frees us ; and our future , for our children and the successive generations of Argentines . Children / Students , therefore , do you promise to defend , respect , and love it , with fraternal tolerance and respect , studying with determination , committing to be free and honest citizens , in solidarity accepting their differences to all who populate in our land and manifest , in each and every one of our actions , these permanent and inalienable values ? Response : `` Yes , we promise ! '' ( either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture , if not all stand at attention )
Social ecological model
The macrosystem is composed of cultural values , customs and laws . It refers to the overall patterns of ideology and organization that characterize a given society or social group . Macrosystems can be used to describe the cultural or social context of various societal groups such as social classes , ethnic groups , or religious affiliates . This layer is the outermost layer in the child 's environment . The effects of larger principles defined by the macrosystem have a cascading influence throughout the interactions of all other layers . The macrosystem influences what , how , when and where we carry out our relations . For example , a program like Women , Infants , and Children ( WIC ) may positively impact a young mother through health care , vitamins , and other educational resources . It may empower her life so that she , in turn , is more effective and caring with her newborn . In this example , without an umbrella of beliefs , services , and support for families , children and their parents are open to great harm and deterioration . In a sense , the macrosytem that surrounds us helps us to hold together the many threads of our lives . Chronosystem
Postulates of special relativity
Informally , the Second Postulate asserts that objects travelling at speed c in one reference frame will necessarily travel at speed c in all reference frames . This postulate is a subset of the postulates that underlie Maxwell 's equations in the interpretation given to them in the context of special relativity . However , Maxwell 's equations rely on several other postulates , some of which are now known to be false ( e.g. , Maxwell 's equations can not account for the quantum attributes of electromagnetic radiation ) .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
( ... ) We can , we must , carry our State . Our hearts would link within us , at the bare thought of the degradations and infamy of abandoning our more Southern brethren united to us by all the views so sympathy and interest , and of being chained to the car of Black Republican States , who would themselves despise us for our submission ; and worse than all , by moral influences alone , if not by force of legal enactment destroy our entire social fabric , and all real independence of thought and action . Your own good judgment will suggest many things we can not now allude to . ( emphasis added ) Very Respectfully , ( Signed ) Wm . Williams , Chm'n. / S.C. Goethall ( ? ) , Sec'y , / Andrew Cheatham / J.R. Baus ( ? ) / R.H. Williamson / G.W. Cunningham / H.M. Cheatham , W.S. Peppin States Central Southern Rights Anti-Coercion Committee Slave
Timeline of the Ottoman Empire
See also Timeline of the Republic of Turkey , a chronology of the successor state to the Ottoman Empire .
Conquistador
The Laws of Burgos , created in 1512 -- 1513 , were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of settlers in Spanish colonial America , particularly with regards to Native Americans . They forbade the maltreatment of indigenous people , and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism .
Philosophical skepticism
Pierre Bayle was a French philosopher in the late 17th century that was described by Richard Popkin to be a `` supersceptic '' who carried out the sceptic tradition to the extreme . Bayle was born in a Calvnist family in Carla - Bayle , and during the early stage of his life , he converted into Catholicism before returning to Calvinism . This conversion between religions caused him to leave France for the more religiously tolerant Holland where he stayed and worked for the rest of his life .
Indian rupee
For almost a century following the Great Recoinage of 1816 , and adoption of the Gold Standard , until the outbreak of World War I , the silver backed Indian rupee lost value against a basket of Gold pegged currencies , and was periodically devalued to reflect the then current gold to silver reserve ratios , see above . In 1850 the official conversion rate between a pound sterling and the rupee was £ 0 / 2 s / 0d ( or £ 1 : ₹ 10 ) , while between 1899 -- 1914 the conversion rate was set at £ 0 / 1 s / 4 d ( or £ 1 : ₹ 15 ) , for comparison during this period the US dollar was pegged at £ 1 : $4.79 . Between the wars the rate improved to 1 s 6 d ( or £ 1 : ₹ 13.33 ) , and remained pegged at this rate for the duration of the Breton Woods agreement , to its devaluation and pegging to the US dollar , at $1 : ₹ 7.50 , in 1966 .
Timeline of the Ottoman Empire
This timeline is incomplete ; some important events may be missing . Please help add to it .
Traditionalist Catholicism
The De-Latinisation of the UGCC gained further momentum with the 1964 decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum of the Second Vatican Council ) and several subsequent documents . This resulted in the Latinisations being discarded within the Ukrainian diaspora . The Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine had meanwhile forced Byzantine Catholics into a clandestine existence and the Latinizations continued to be widely used in underground parishes , seminaries , and religious communities . After the prescription against the UGCC was lifted in 1989 , numerous UGCC priests and Hierarchs arrive from the diaspora and attempted to enforce liturgical conformity . This has provoked widespread opposition . SSPX
Conquistador
The two most famous conquistadors were Hernán Cortés who conquered the Aztec Empire and Francisco Pizarro who led the conquest of the Incan Empire . They were second cousins born in Extremadura , where many of the Spanish conquerors were born . Catholic religious orders that participated and supported the exploration , evangelizing and pacifying , were mostly Dominicans , Carmelites , Franciscans and Jesuits , for example Francis Xavier , Bartolomé de Las Casas , Eusebio Kino , Juan de Palafox y Mendoza or Gaspar da Cruz . In 1536 , Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas went to Oaxaca to participate in a series of discussions and debates among the Bishops of the Dominican and Franciscan orders . The two orders had very different approaches to the conversion of the Indians . The Franciscans used a method of mass conversion , sometimes baptizing many thousands of Indians in a day . This method was championed by prominent Franciscans such as Toribio de Benavente .
English Reformation
All the recent schools have decentered Henry VIII , and minimized hagiography . They have paid more attention to localities , Catholicism , radicals , and theological niceties . On Catholicism , the older schools overemphasized Thomas More ( 1470 -- 1535 ) , to the neglect of other bishops and factors inside Catholicism . The older schools too often concentrated on elite London , the newer ones look to the English villages .
Spanish Inquisition
The Inquisition was originally intended primarily to identify heretics among those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism . The regulation of the faith of newly converted Catholics was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain . The Inquisition was not definitively abolished until 1834 , during the reign of Isabella II , after a period of declining influence in the preceding century .
Mali Empire
There are a few references to Mali in early written literature . Among these are references to `` Pene '' and `` Malal '' in the work of al - Bakri in 1068 , the story of the conversion of an early ruler , known to Ibn Khaldun ( by 1397 ) as Barmandana , and a few geographical details in the work of al - Idrisi .
Traditionalist Catholicism
In 2006 , the SSJK got Latin Bishop Richard Williamson , at that time a member of the SSPX , to ordain two priests and seven deacons in Warsaw , Poland , an action that violated canons 1015 § 2 , 1021 and 1331 § 2 of the Code of Canon Law and the corresponding canons of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . Archbishop Ihor Vozniak of Lviv , the archdiocese in which the PSSJ is most active , denounced the ordinations as a `` criminal act '' , and condemned Kovpak 's participation in the ceremony . He stressed that the two priests whom Bishop Williamson had ordained would not receive faculties within the archeparchy . Officials of the Lviv archdiocese said that Kovpak could face excommunication , and that `` ' he deceives the church by declaring that he is a Greek ( Byzantine ) Catholic priest , ' while supporting a group ( SSPX ) that uses the old Latin liturgy exclusively , eschewing the Byzantine tradition , and does not maintain allegiance to the Holy See . ''
Electric bicycle laws
It should be noted that the definition as written does not define the power of the motor in Watts as is conventionally done for electric bicycles but rather in brake horsepower . Thus for an electric bicycle , motor kit , or electric bicycle motor that is not rated by the manufacture in brake horsepower but rather in Watts a conversion must be made in the units a conversion which is not given in the code of the law and thus the court will have to consider a factor of conversion that is not directly encoded in the law . Industry standard conversion for Watts to horsepower for electric motors is 1 horsepower = 746 watts . Acceptance of that conversion factor from industry , however , as interpretation of the law is subject to the process of the courts since it is not defined specifically in the law .
Metrication in the United States
The U.S. Metric Study recommended that the United States implement a carefully planned transition to the principal use of the metric system over a decade . Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 `` to coordinate and plan the increasing use of the metric system in the United States '' . Voluntary conversion was initiated , and the United States Metric Board ( USMB ) was established for planning , coordination , and public education . The public education component led to public awareness of the metric system , but the public response included resistance , apathy , and sometimes ridicule . In 1981 the USMB reported to Congress that it lacked the clear Congressional mandate necessary to bring about national conversion . Because of this ineffectiveness and an effort of the Reagan administration -- particularly from Lyn Nofziger 's efforts as a White House advisor to the Reagan administration , to reduce federal spending -- the USMB was disbanded in the autumn of 1982 . 1980s
Traditionalist Catholicism
The Holy See has argued since before the Second Vatican Council that Latinization was never an organic development . Frequently cited examples of this are Pope Leo XIII 's 1894 encyclical Orientalium dignitas and Saint Pius X 's instructions that the priests of the Russian Byzantine Catholic Church should offer the Liturgy , `` No More , No Less , and No Different , '' than the Orthodox and Old Ritualist clergy .
Final Fantasy VII
A version for PC was developed by Square 's Costa Mesa offices . Square invested in a PC version to reach as wide a player base as possible ; many Western consumers did not own a PlayStation , and Square 's deal with Sony did not prohibit such a port . Having never released a title for PC , Square decided to treat the port as a sales experiment . The port was handled by a team of 15 to 20 people , mostly from Costa Mesa but with help from Tokyo . Square did not begin the port until the console version was finished . The team needed to rewrite an estimated 80 % of the game 's code , due to the need to unify what had been a custom build for a console written by multiple staff members . Consequently , programmers faced problems such as having to unify the original PlayStation version 's five different game engines , leading to delays . The PC version came with a license for Yamaha Corporation 's software synthesizer S - YXG70 , allowing high - quality sequenced music despite varying sound hardware setups on different user computers . The conversion of the nearly 100 original musical pieces to XG format files was done by Yamaha .
Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
The UNCRC defines children , for the purposes of the Convention , as persons under the age 18 , unless domestic legislation provides otherwise . In that spirit , this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority , which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18 . Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man , Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK , the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations , so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies .
Salt Lake City
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , an extensive streetcar system was constructed throughout the city , with the first streetcar running in 1872 and electrification of the system in 1889 . As in the rest of the country , the automobile usurped the streetcar , and the last trolley was approved for conversion in 1941 , yet ran until 1945 , due to WWII . Trolley buses ran until 1946 . Light rail transit returned to the city when UTA 's TRAX opened in 1999 . The S Line ( formerly known as Sugar House Streetcar ) opened for service in December 2013 on an old D&RGW right - of - way .
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Some Indians were upset with what they saw as the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernisation that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society . Furthermore , legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity . As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under BEIC control . The British Governor - General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed women to remarry , like Christian women . He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property , which had previously been denied by local practice . Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity . Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 `` unattached '' mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion .