vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lion
At the ancient Egyptian cities of Taremu and Per - Bast were temples dedicated to the lion goddesses of Egypt , Sekhmet and Bast , and at Taremu there was a temple dedicated to the son of the deity , Maahes the lion prince , where live lions were kept and allowed to roam within the temple . The Greeks called the city Leontopolis the `` City of Lions '' and documented that practice . Lions were kept and bred by Assyrian kings as early as 850 BC , and Alexander the Great was said to have been presented with tame lions by the Malhi of northern India . In Ancient Rome , lions were kept by emperors to take part in the gladiator arenas or for executions ( see bestiarii , damnatio ad bestias , and venatio ) . Roman notables , including Sulla , Pompey , and Julius Caesar , often ordered the mass slaughter of hundreds of lions at a time . In India , lions were tamed by Indian princes . Marco Polo reported that Kublai Khan kept lions .
History of education in the United States
In the South where slavery was legal , many states had laws prohibiting teaching enslaved African Americans to read or write . A few taught themselves , others learned from white playmates or more generous masters , but most were not able to learn to read and write . Schools for free people of color were privately run and supported , as were most of the limited schools for white children . Poor white children did not attend school . The wealthier planters hired tutors for their children and sent them to private academies and colleges at the appropriate age .
Cherry blossom
In the capital city of Parana , the first seedlings were brought by Japanese immigrants in the first half of the 20th century , but large quantities of them were only planted from the 1990s , with the opening of the Botanical Garden of Curitiba . Nowadays the seedlings are produced locally and used in afforestation of streets and squares -- as in the Japanese Square , where there are more than 30 cherry trees around the square which were sent by the Japanese Empire to Curitiba .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
Eleven interchanges were built along the turnpike , most of which were trumpet interchanges where all ramps merge at the toll booths ; only the New Stanton , Carlisle and Middlesex interchanges did not follow this design . Lighting was installed approaching interchanges , along with acceleration and deceleration lanes . The road also featured guardrails , consisting of steel panels attached to I - beams . Large exit signs were used , and road signs had cat 's - eye reflectors to increase visibility at night ; billboards were prohibited . In September 1940 , the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission ruled that trucks and buses would be allowed to use the highway .
First Fleet
The ships of the First Fleet mostly did not remain in the colony . Some returned to England , while others left for other ports . Some remained at the service of the Governor of the colony for some months : some of these were sent to Norfolk Island where a second penal colony was established .
Battle of Hampton Roads
Because of Monitor 's advanced state of deterioration , timely recovery of remaining significant artifacts and ship components became critical . Numerous fragile artifacts , including the innovative turret and its two Dahlgren guns , an anchor , steam engine , and propeller , have been recovered . They were transported back to Hampton Roads to the Mariners ' Museum in Newport News , Virginia , where they were treated in special tanks to stabilize the metal . It is reported that it will take about ten years for the metal to completely stabilize . The new USS Monitor Center at the Mariners ' Museum officially opened on March 9 , 2007 , and a full - scale copy of USS Monitor , the original recovered turret , and artifacts and related items are now on display .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Chernobyl thyroid cancer incidence rates did not begin to increase above the prior baseline value of about 0.7 cases per 100,000 people per year until 1989 to 1991 , 3 -- 5 years after the incident in both adolescent and child age groups . The rate reached its highest point so far , of about 11 cases per 100,000 in the decade of the 2000s , approximately 14 years after the accident . From 1989 to 2005 , an excess of 4,000 children and adolescent cases of thyroid cancer were observed . Nine of these had died as of 2005 , a 99 % survival rate .
History of insurance
By the late 19th century , governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age . Germany built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s . In the 1880s Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced old age pensions , accident insurance and medical care that formed the basis for Germany 's welfare state . His paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America , where wages were higher but welfare did not exist . Leaflet
Hurricane Irma
The British Overseas Territory of Anguilla saw the eyewall of the storm pass over it on September 6 . Many homes and schools were destroyed , and the island 's only hospital was badly damaged . The devastation was particularly severe in East End , where the winds uprooted scores of trees and power poles and demolished a number of houses . In The Valley , the island 's capital , the hurricane blew out the windows of government buildings . Rough seas inflicted heavy damage upon several bays and harbors , and a seaside restaurant was completely eradicated . About 90 % of roads were left impassable . The island 's air traffic control tower was damaged , exacerbating the already poor communication with the island . One death was reported on the island . According to CEDIM , Anguilla 's economy could suffer at least $190 million in losses from the hurricane .
Diphtheria
In 1994 , the Russian Federation had 39,703 diphtheria cases . In contrast , in 1990 , only 1,211 cases were reported .
Original jurisdiction
The United States Constitution defines Original Jurisdiction thusly : In all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party , the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction . In all the other cases before mentioned , the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction , both as to law and fact , with such exceptions , and under such regulations as the Congress shall make . United States Constitution Article III , § cl. 2 . The Federalist Papers of Hamilton clearly reveal that the purpose of Original Jurisdiction before the SCOTUS was to address cases either involving ( 1 ) Ambassadors , with no mention of limiting the cases to Ambassadors of other Nations and / or cases including ( 2 ) one of the States of the union including instances where individual citizens were involved . As organic law , statues are secondary to the U.S. Constitution , the intended meaning of which can be found in the discussions of those who were responsible for formulating the Constitution and its Amendments . These reasons seem sufficient to satisfy a candid mind , that the want of such a power would have been a great defect in the plan . Let us now examine in what manner the judicial authority is to be distributed between the supreme and the inferior courts of the Union . The Supreme Court is to be invested with original jurisdiction , only `` in cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers , and consuls , and those in which A STATE shall be a party . Public ministers of every class are the immediate representatives of their sovereigns . All questions in which they are concerned are so directly connected with the public peace , that , as well for the preservation of this , as out of respect to the sovereignties they represent , it is both expedient and proper that such questions should be submitted in the first instance to the highest judicatory of the nation . Though consuls have not in strictness a diplomatic character , yet as they are the public agents of the nations to which they belong , the same observation is in a great measure applicable to them . In cases in which a State might happen to be a party , it would ill suit its dignity to be turned over to an inferior tribunal . Though it may rather be a digression from the immediate subject of this paper , I shall take occasion to mention here a supposition which has excited some alarm upon very mistaken grounds .
First voyage of James Cook
Two cases of scurvy did occur on board , astronomer Charles Green and the Tahitian navigator Tupaia were treated , but Cook was able to proudly record that upon reaching Batavia he had `` not one man upon the sick list '' ( journal 15 October 1770 ) , unlike so many voyages that reached that port with much of the crew suffering illness .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
Before it became a hurricane , Isaac produced flooding rain across much of the Lesser and Greater Antilles . Particularly hard hit was the island of Haiti , where 24 people lost their lives . Overflowing rivers led to significant structural damage and many roadways were washed away , preventing aid to the affected area . Gusty winds and rainfall were reported in Cuba , but damage was limited to a few buildings . In Florida , Isaac produced several inches of rain , leading to flooding . Strong winds knocked out power to thousands , and waves along the coast caused minor beach erosion . The most severe effects of the storm , however , occurred in Louisiana after the storm was upgraded to hurricane intensity .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
In Arkansas , damages from the remnants of Hurricane Isaac totaled to at least $30.504 million statewide . Although no deaths were reported , three people were injured in Arkansas . Heavy rainfall from the storm complex caused flooding throughout the state . In Pine Bluff , Arkansas , numerous streets and homes were flooded , along with other structures . In addition , schools in the region , most notably the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff , were forced to closed early due to the storm . Schools in other areas of Arkansas were also forced to close early . Other areas of the state encountered flash flooding after slow - moving rainbands dropped heavy rains in localized areas . Rainfall peaked at 11.29 in ( 28.7 cm ) in White Hall , Arkansas . While the rainfalls benefited hay crops and pastures , rice crops were heavily damaged , and cotton , corn , and soybean crops suffered relatively minor damage . As a result of the rainfall , several rivers in the state experienced flooding . The worst river flooding impacts were felt in Brooklyn , Arkansas , where the nearby Black Creek caused damage to 15 homes near its banks after overflowing . Despite the rainfall , Isaac 's remnants did not lessen the ongoing drought conditions in Arkansas .
Voting rights in the United States
Washington , D.C. , was created from a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia in 1801 . The Virginia portion was retroceded ( returned ) to Virginia upon request of the residents , by an Act of Congress in 1846 to protect slavery , and restore state and federal voting rights in that portion of Virginia . When Maryland delegated a portion of its land to Congress so that it could be used as the Nation 's capital , Congress did not continue Maryland Voting Laws . It canceled all state and federal elections starting with 1802 . Local elections limped on in some neighborhoods , until 1871 , when local elections were also forbidden by the U.S. Congress . The U.S. Congress is the National Legislature . Under Article I , Section 8 , Clause 17 , Congress has the sole authority to exercise `` Exclusive Legislature in all cases whatsoever '' over the nation 's capital and over federal military bases . Active disfranchisement is typically a States Rights Legislative issue , where the removal of voting rights is permitted . At the national level , the federal government typically ignored voting rights issues , or affirmed that they were extended .
Copy editing
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases , where they must be left to the discretion of the copyeditor or the publisher . Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style manual such as The Chicago Manual of Style or The Associated Press Stylebook . Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense , tend to rely on in - house style guides or on the judgment of the copyeditor .
Jim Crow laws
In January 1964 , President Lyndon Johnson met with civil rights leaders . On January 8 , during his first State of the Union address , Johnson asked Congress to `` let this session of Congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined . '' On June 21 , civil rights workers Michael Schwerner , Andrew Goodman , and James Chaney disappeared in Neshoba County , Mississippi , where they were volunteering in the registration of African - American voters as part of the Mississippi Summer Project . The disappearance of the three activists captured national attention and the ensuing outrage was used by Johnson and civil rights activists to build a coalition of northern Democrats and Republicans and push Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
In 1997 , producer David Heyman searched for a children 's book that could be adapted into a well - received film . He had planned to produce Diana Wynne Jones ' novel The Ogre Downstairs , but his plans fell through . His staff at Heyday Films then suggested Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which his assistant believed was `` a cool idea . '' Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros. and in 1999 , Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £ 1 million ( US $1,982,900 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels .
Grand juries in the United States
The grand jury system in the United States came under renewed criticism following three high - profile cases in 2014 , where police officers caused the deaths of Michael Brown , Eric Garner , and Tamir Rice . In all three cases , after being presented the evidence , the grand juries voted not to return indictments . Public perception was that the officers involved had failed to follow proper police procedure . As a result , these grand jury decisions sparked riots across the United States .
Brontë family
The family 's finances did not flourish , and Aunt Branwell spent the money with caution . Emily had a visceral need of her home and the countryside that surrounded it , and to leave it would cause her to languish and wither . Charlotte and Anne , being more realistic , did not hesitate in finding work and from April 1839 to December 1841 the two sisters had several posts as governesses . Not staying long with each family , their employment would last for some months or a single season . However , Anne did stay with the Robinsons in Thorp Green where things went well , from May 1840 to June 1845 . The
Wellington
On Monday 20 January 2014 at 3 : 52 pm a rolling 6.2 magnitude earthquake struck the lower North Island 15 km east of Eketahuna and was felt in Wellington , but little damage was reported initially , except at Wellington Airport where one of the two giant eagle sculptures commemorating The Hobbit became detached from the ceiling .
Across the River and into the Trees
In the fall of 1948 he arrived in Italy and visited Fossalta where in 1918 he had been wounded . A month later , while duck hunting with an Italian aristocrat he met 18 - year - old Adriana Ivancich . He and his then wife Mary then went to Cortina to ski : she broke her ankle and , bored , Hemingway began the draft of the book . Hemingway himself then became ill with an eye infection and was hospitalized . In the spring he went to Venice where he ate lunch with Adriana a few times . In May he returned to Cuba and carried out a protracted correspondence with her while working on the manuscript . In the autumn he had returned to Europe and at the Ritz in Paris he finished the draft . Once done , he and Mary went again to Cortina to ski : for the second time she broke her ankle and he contracted an eye infection . By February the first serialization was published in Cosmopolitan and in March the Hemingways returned to Paris and then home to Cuba where the final proofs were read before the September publication .
Treaty of Waitangi
About 50 meetings were held from February to September 1840 to discuss and sign the copies , and a further 500 signatures were added to the Treaty . While most did eventually sign , especially in the far north where most Māori lived , a number of chiefs and some tribal groups ultimately refused , including Pōtatau Te Wherowhero ( Waikato iwi ) , Tuhoe , Te Arawa and Ngāti Tuwharetoa and possibly Moka ' Kainga - mataa ' . A number of non-signatory Waikato and Central North Island chiefs would later form a kind of confederacy with an elected monarch called the Kīngitanga . ( The Kīngitanga Movement would later form a primary anti-government force in the New Zealand Wars . ) While copies were moved around the country to give as many tribal leaders as possible the opportunity to sign , some missed out , especially in the South Island , where inclement weather prevented copies from reaching Otago or Stewart Island . Assent to the Treaty was unanimous in Kaitaia , as well as possibly the Wellington to Whanganui region , but there were at least some holdouts in every other part of New Zealand .
The Fellowship of the Ring
Gandalf explains that he had gone to Isengard , where the wizard Saruman , the chief of all wizards in Middle - earth , dwells , to seek help and counsel . However , Saruman had turned against them , desiring the Ring for himself . Saruman imprisoned Gandalf in his tower , Orthanc , rightly suspecting that Gandalf knew where the Ring was . Gandalf , however , did not yield and managed to escape from Orthanc . He learns that Saruman is not yet in Sauron 's service , and is mustering his own force of Orcs .
Relationship between religion and science
In Hinduism , the dividing line between objective sciences and spiritual knowledge ( adhyatma vidya ) is a linguistic paradox . Hindu scholastic activities and ancient Indian scientific advancements were so interconnected that many Hindu scriptures are also ancient scientific manuals and vice versa . In 1835 , English was made the primary language for teaching in higher education in India , exposing Hindu scholars to Western secular ideas ; this started a renaissance regarding religious and philosophical thought . Hindu sages maintained that logical argument and rational proof using Nyaya is the way to obtain correct knowledge . The scientific level of understanding focuses on how things work and from where they originate , while Hinduism strives to understand the ultimate purposes for the existence of living things . To obtain and broaden the knowledge of the world for spiritual perfection , many refer to the Bhāgavata for guidance because it draws upon a scientific and theological dialogue . Hinduism offers methods to correct and transform itself in course of time . For instance , Hindu views on the development of life include a range of viewpoints in regards to evolution , creationism , and the origin of life within the traditions of Hinduism . For instance , it has been suggested that Wallace - Darwininan evolutionary thought was a part of Hindu thought centuries before modern times . The Shankara and the Sāmkhya did not have a problem with the theory of evolution , but instead , argued about the existence of God and what happened after death . These two distinct groups argued among each other 's philosophies because of their sacred texts , not the idea of evolution . With the publication of Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , many Hindus were eager to connect their scriptures to Darwinism , finding similarities between Brahma 's creation , Vishnu 's incarnations , and evolution theories .
Olympic Games
In 1998 , it was reported that several IOC members had taken bribes from members of the Salt Lake City bid committee for the hosting of the 2002 Winter Olympics . The IOC pursued an investigation which led to the resignation of four members and expulsion of six others . The scandal set off further reforms that changed the way host cities were selected , to avoid similar cases in the future .
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
Hitting the Apex , a documentary film about MotoGP , was released in 2015 and is now available on DVD . Fastest , a documentary film about MotoGP , was released in 2011 and is now available on DVD . Faster , a documentary film about MotoGP , was released in 2003 and is now available on DVD . The Doctor , The Tornado and The Kentucky Kid , a documentary on the 2005 United States motorcycle Grand Prix
Electric car
A full replacement battery is relatively costly . With technological advances there are now recycle options available ( `` Maintenance and Safety of Electric Vehicles '' ) , and a battery that is no longer capable of delivering sufficient range nevertheless has significant trade - in value .
Gerardus Mercator
Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura . ( Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe , and the universe as created . ) This is the first time that the name Atlas is used as a title of a collection of maps . Many library copies are available worldwide . There are also a number of freely available digital volumes such as those at the Library of Congress and Darlington Library ( University of Pittsburgh ) . High resolution facsimiles were made available by Octavo Publications ( now defunct ) but their CD is still available from retailers ; the CD is accompanied by an introduction to the atlas by ( Karrow 2000 ) and a translation of all the text Sullivan ( 2000 ) and both of these are freely available in an archived version from the New York Society Library .
Toyota Tundra
The 2015 model year saw the introduction of a sixth trim level , the Tundra TRD Pro as part of the new TRD Pro family . A rear under seat storage tray was added to SR5 and Limited Double Cab models , and a 3.5 '' TFT multi-information display was made standard . The 4.0 L V6 was also discontinued . The 2016 model has an updated front chrome grille on SR5 and 1794 Edition ( on 1794 Edition the front bumper center also switched from Silver to Magnetic Gray ) . A large 38.0 gallon fuel tank option ( standard is 26.4 gallons ) on 5.7 L V8 SR5 models as part of the SR5 Upgrade Package , while it is standard on Limited , Platinum , 1794 Edition , and TRD Pro . Flex Fuel ( FFV ) availability expanded to 4x2 models . An integrated Trailer Brake Controller was added that is standard on all 5.7 L V8 models ( N / A with the 4.6 L V8 ) . Blind Spot Monitor and Rear Cross Traffic Alert availability is also expanded as standard equipment on Platinum and 1794 Edition , while also being available on the SR5 ( Safety and Convenience Package , includes front / rear sonar ) and Limited ( Limited Premium Package ) . The entertainment system received the updated Entune 2.5 system . The TRD Off - Road Package is also now available on the 1794 Edition . There are also some color changes : Blazing Blue Pearl ( 8T0 ) replaces Blue Ribbon Metallic ( 8T5 ) , Sunset Bronze Metallic ( 4U3 ) now available on SR5 , Inferno ( 4X0 ) now available on SR5 and Limited ( requires TRD Off - Road Package ( OF ) ) , and the SR is now only available in Super White , Black , and Radiant Red . Trim