vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Concordat of Worms
In the process , Rome was pillaged and partially burned . Gregory VII died the next year on May 25 , 1085 in exile . He felt all was lost . The last words he uttered were , `` I have loved justice and hated iniquity , and therefore I die in exile . '' Gregory VII must have felt he died in utter failure , and to many of his contemporaries it appeared Henry IV and Antipope Clement III had won . But the underlying current was that Henry had overreached , and his appointment of the antipope was beyond the pale . Upon the death of Gregory , the cardinals elected a new pope , Pope Victor III . He owed his elevation to the influence of the Normans . Antipope Clement III still occupied St. Peter 's . When Victor III died , the cardinals elected Pope Urban II ( 1088 -- 99 ) . He was one of three men Gregory VII suggested as his successor . Urban II preached the First Crusade , which united Western Europe , and more importantly , reconciled the majority of bishops who had abandoned Gregory VII . In the end , Gregorian Reform won out over Henry IV . Preaching the Crusade had one important consequence . The pope was now viewed as the head of the Church . No longer would kings and emperors think themselves equals of the pope , or the head of the Church in their kingdom . This was the situation from 1122 until the Reformation .
Council of Trent
On adjourning , the Council asked the supreme pontiff to ratify all its decrees and definitions . This petition was complied with by Pope Pius IV , on 26 January 1564 , in the papal bull , Benedictus Deus , which enjoins strict obedience upon all Catholics and forbids , under pain of excommunication , all unauthorised interpretation , reserving this to the Pope alone and threatens the disobedient with `` the indignation of Almighty God and of his blessed apostles , Peter and Paul . '' Pope Pius appointed a commission of cardinals to assist him in interpreting and enforcing the decrees .
Electoral college
In the Church , both the clergy and laity elected the bishop or presiding presbyter . However , for various reasons , such as a desire to reduce the influence of the state or the laity in ecclesiastical matters , electoral power became restricted to the clergy and , in the case of the Church in the West , exclusively to a college of the canons of the cathedral church . In the Pope 's case , the system of people and clergy was eventually replaced by a college of the important clergy of Rome , which eventually became known as the College of Cardinals . Since 1059 , it has had exclusive authority over papal selection .
Academic dress in the United Kingdom
Since medieval times , doctors , like bishops and cardinals , have been authorised to wear garments of brighter colours such as scarlet , purple or red . In many older universities , doctors have scarlet dress gowns or robes ( sometimes called `` festal robes '' ) which are worn on special occasions . There are two distinctive shapes used in the UK for doctor 's gown ; the Oxford doctor 's shape and the Cambridge doctor 's shape . The former has bell - shaped sleeves , the latter has long open sleeves . Another rarer form is the Cambridge MusD dress gown which is a pattern between the two .
Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers
The Steelers are often praised and recognized with their uniforms due to their traditional style while other teams such as the Arizona Cardinals , Atlanta Falcons , Denver Broncos and Minnesota Vikings have introduced more radical uniforms in recent years . When Reebok signed a contract to become the exclusive uniform supplier to the NFL in 2000 ( replacing Nike , whom the Steelers had from 1997 - 2000 , and had Starter before Nike ) Reebok had announced that all NFL teams would be changing their uniforms for the 2002 NFL season , when Reebok 's contract took effect . Dan Rooney , one of the league 's most influential owners , stated several times in public that the Steelers would NOT be changing their uniforms despite Reebok stating otherwise . Eventually , Reebok rescinded its proposal due to several owners protesting after taking Rooney 's lead . ( The Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks redesigned their uniforms for 2002 anyway . ) Aside from introducing throwbacks in 2007 , the Steelers did not made any changes to their uniforms during Reebok 's time as the NFL 's uniform supplier . When the league switched to Nike in 2012 , the Steelers again stood pat on their uniforms , although they did replace their throwback design .
Chicago Bears logos, uniforms, and mascots
The Bears ' pants have substantially remained the same throughout , with blue pants having orange and white stripes , as well as white pants with blue and orange stripes . The team normally wears their blue pants with their away jerseys , and white pants at home . The addition of navy blue pants as a part of the road kit came in 1984 . For a few games in the 1930s the Bears wore a combination of orange jerseys and orange pants .
Houston Astros
The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired .
Northern cardinal
The oldest wild cardinal banded by researchers lived at least 15 years and 9 months , although 28.5 years was achieved by a captive bird . Annual survival rates for adult northern cardinals have been estimated at 60 to 65 % ; however , as with other passerine birds , the high mortality of juveniles means that the average lifespan is only about a year .
Justice of the peace
A justice of the peace has the same jurisdiction as a municipal magistrate with respect to traffic and misdemeanor cases and restraining orders , though over cases whose affairs are not contained within the confines of a single municipality . Additionally , the Justice Court hears cases involving county ordinances ( ordinances enacted by the board of supervisors that apply only to unincorporated areas ) , civil lawsuits up to a limit of $10,000 , small claims cases up to $2,500 , and issues evictions , called writs of restitution ( after a forcible detainer or special detainer action ( eviction ) being successfully completed by a landlord ) . Justices of the peace , also called JPs , or Judges of the Justice Court , are elected in partisan elections for four - year terms from specific districts called precincts . They have the same authority and responsibility as all other judges in the state with respect to performing marriages , administrating oaths , adhering to the code of judicial conduct , and all aspects of justice administration . However , Arizona law does not require justices of the peace to be lawyers . Many justices of the peace are not legally trained , although all are required by the Arizona Supreme Court to complete a course at the Arizona Judicial College . As with JPs , municipal judges in Arizona are not required to be lawyers . Arkansas
Alex Avila
Alexander Thomas Avila ( born January 29 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball catcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Detroit Tigers , Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs . Avila is the son of Tigers GM Al Avila .
National Football League on television
Thanksgiving Day contests have been held since before the league 's inception . The Detroit Lions have hosted a game every Thanksgiving since 1934 ( with the exception of 1939 -- 1944 due to the `` Franksgiving '' confusion and World War II ) , and they have been nationally televised since 1953 . The first color television broadcast of an NFL regular season game was the 1965 Thanksgiving contest between the Lions and Baltimore Colts . In 1966 , the NFL introduced an annual game hosted by the Dallas Cowboys , which has been played every year except in 1975 and 1977 when the St. Louis Cardinals hosted a match instead . However , fans both inside and outside St. Louis did not respond well to an NFL fixture on Thanksgiving , and thus Dallas resumed hosting the game in 1978 .
Oklahoma
The state holds populations of white - tailed deer , mule deer , antelope , coyotes , mountain lions , bobcats , elk , and birds such as quail , doves , cardinals , bald eagles , red - tailed hawks , and pheasants . In prairie ecosystems , American bison , greater prairie chickens , badgers , and armadillo are common , and some of the nation 's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state 's panhandle . The Cross Timbers , a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma , harbors 351 vertebrate species . The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear , red fox , gray fox , and river otter populations , which coexist with 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma . Also , in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
Galbreath 's first major move , the hiring of Branch Rickey as general manager after the 1950 campaign , was initially a great disappointment to Pittsburgh fans . Rickey had invented the farm system with the Cardinals and broken the baseball color line with the Dodgers , building dynasties with each club . In Pittsburgh , though , he purged the roster of its higher - salaried veterans ( including Kiner in 1953 ) and flooded the team with young players . Many of those youngsters faltered , but those who fulfilled Rickey 's faith in them -- pitchers Vern Law , Bob Friend and Elroy Face , shortstop Dick Groat , second baseman Bill Mazeroski , and especially outfielder Roberto Clemente , drafted from Brooklyn after his only minor league season ( 1954 ) -- would form the nucleus of the Pirates ' 1960 championship club . Moreover , as in St. Louis and Brooklyn , Rickey put into place one of baseball 's most successful farm and scouting systems , keeping the Pirates competitive into the late 1970s . However , all this was not evident when Rickey ( then 73 ) retired due to ill health in 1955 , with the Pirates still struggling to escape the NL basement .
Great Chicago Fire
The University of Illinois at Chicago athletic teams are nicknamed the Flames , in commemoration of the Great Chicago Fire . Although set in Philadelphia , Theodore Dreiser 's 1912 novel The Financier portrays the nationwide impact the 1871 Chicago fire had on the stock markets and the financial world . The 1937 film In Old Chicago is centered on the fire , with a highly fictionalized portrayal of the O'Leary family as the main characters . It is alluded to with the 1967 unfinished instrumental `` The Elements : Fire '' , intended for the unreleased The Beach Boys album Smile , and completed and released as `` Mrs. O'Leary's Cow '' on the 2004 Brian Wilson solo album Brian Wilson Presents Smile . In 1974 , the Chicago Fire football team had played in the short - lived World Football League . Another Chicago Fire played in the American Football Association . A key section of Richard C. Meredith 's 1976 science fiction novel Run , Come See Jerusalem ! depicts the Great Chicago Fire from the point of view of rival time - travelers from the future , whose struggle amidst the raging flames would impact the entire history of the world . In the 1976 TV film Time Travelers , the protagonists travel back to shortly before the fire , trying to find the cure for a present - day infectious disease outbreak . Events of Dana Fuller Ross 's 1986 novel Illinois ! occur around the Great Chicago Fire . The 1987 Williams pinball `` Fire ! '' was inspired by the Great Chicago Fire . A cow sound can be heard at the start of gameplay , alluding to Mrs. O'Leary's cow . In the 1987 film Roxanne , the mayor of Chicago proposes to use a cow as the fire department mascot . In the 1987 film Near Dark , one character is heard saying , `` Hey Jesse , remember that fire we started in Chicago , '' hinting they were the culprits . The 1996 novel The Great Fire is about the events . The Major League Soccer team Chicago Fire was founded on October 8 , 1997 , the 126th anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire . In the 1998 episode `` Hot Time in the Old Town '' of Early Edition , Gary is sent back to 1871 to prevent the fire .
Council of Trent
The number of attending members in the three periods varied considerably . The council was small to begin with , opening with only about 30 bishops . It increased toward the close , but never reached the number of the First Council of Nicaea ( which had 318 members ) nor of the First Vatican Council ( which numbered 744 ) . The decrees were signed in 1563 by 255 members , the highest attendance of the whole council , including four papal legates , two cardinals , three patriarchs , twenty - five archbishops , and 168 bishops , two - thirds of whom were Italians . The Italian and Spanish prelates were vastly preponderant in power and numbers . At the passage of the most important decrees , not more than sixty prelates were present .
Chicago Bears logos, uniforms, and mascots
In 1974 , the team decided to keep the same white ' C ' logo but to change the color of it from white to orange with a white trim . This is the current logo to this date ; however , the club has experimented with some alternative logos throughout the past decade , including a navy blue bear inside of the orange wishbone ' C ' , introduced in 1995 , and an orange bear head , introduced in 1999 .
Northern cardinal
The northern cardinal was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th - century work Systema Naturae . It was initially included in the genus Loxia , which now contains only crossbills . In 1838 , it was placed in the genus Cardinalis and given the scientific name Cardinalis virginianus , which means `` Virginia cardinal '' . In 1918 , the scientific name was changed to Richmondena cardinalis to honor Charles Wallace Richmond , an American ornithologist . In 1983 , the scientific name was changed again to Cardinalis cardinalis and the common name was changed to `` northern cardinal '' , to avoid confusion with the seven other species also termed cardinals .
Philadelphia Eagles
To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 .
Pope
The pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near Rome . In 1059 the electorate was restricted to the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in 1179 . The electors are now limited to those who have not reached 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope . Since the pope is Bishop of Rome , only those who can be ordained a bishop can be elected , which means that any male baptized Catholic is eligible . The last to be elected when not yet a bishop was Pope Gregory XVI in 1831 , and the last to be elected when not even a priest was Pope Leo X in 1513 , and the last to be elected when not a cardinal was Pope Urban VI in 1378 . If someone who is not a bishop is elected , he must be given episcopal ordination before the election is announced to the people .
Illinois
Illinois has numerous museums ; the greatest concentration of these are in Chicago . Several museums in Chicago are ranked as some of the best in the world . These include the John G. Shedd Aquarium , the Field Museum of Natural History , the Art Institute of Chicago , the Adler Planetarium , and the Museum of Science and Industry .
Native Son
On the HBO series Brave New Voices , during the 2008 finals , the Chicago team performed a poem called `` Lost Count : A Love Story '' . This poem addresses the youth on youth murder in Chicago and includes the phrase : `` Being brown in Bigger Thomas ' town '' .
Council of Trent
Reopened at Trent on 1 May 1551 by convocation of Pope Julius III ( 1550 -- 1555 ) , it was broken up by the sudden victory of Maurice , Elector of Saxony over the Emperor Charles V and his march into surrounding state of Tirol on 28 April 1552 . There was no hope of reassembling the council while the very anti-Protestant Paul IV was Pope . The council was reconvened by Pope Pius IV ( 1559 -- 1565 ) for the last time , meeting from 18 January 1562 at Santa Maria Maggiore , and continued until its final adjournment on 4 December 1563 . It closed with a series of ritual acclamations honouring the reigning Pope , the Popes who had convoked the Council , the emperor and the kings who had supported it , the papal legates , the cardinals , the ambassadors present , and the bishops , followed by acclamations of acceptance of the faith of the Council and its decrees , and of anathema for all heretics .
Paterson, New Jersey
David Prater ( 1937 -- 1988 ) , of the soul duo Sam & Dave . Amos H. Radcliffe ( 1870 -- 1950 ) , Mayor of Paterson , New Jersey , from 1916 to 1919 , and represented New Jersey 's 7th congressional district from 1919 to 1923 . Prince Randian ( 1871 -- 1934 ) , sideshow performer . George Rochberg ( 1918 -- 2005 ) , classical composer . Frederick Reines ( 1918 -- 1998 ) , Nobel Prize - winning physicist who co-discovered the neutrino . ( B ) Frankie Ruiz ( 1958 -- 1998 ) , salsa music singer . ( B ) John Ryle ( 1817 -- 1887 ) , industrialist and capitalist , known as the `` Father of the United States Silk Industry '' starting the first silk mill in 1839 . Mary Danforth Ryle ( 1833 -- 1904 ) , philanthropist who donated millions to various city institutions , notably the Danforth Memorial Library . Kathryn Salfelder ( born 1987 ) , classical composer. ( B ) Louis Scott ( 1891 -- ? ) , gold medal winner at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . Marcel Shipp ( born 1978 ) , running back for the Arizona Cardinals . Rocco Silano ( born 1962 ) , magician and author . Dave Sime ( 1936 -- 2016 ) , Olympic medal - winning sprinter . John Spencer ( 1946 -- 2005 ) , actor , best known for his role as Leo McGarry , the White House Chief of Staff on the television drama The West Wing . Lewis Atterbury Stimson ( 1844 - 1917 ) , surgeon who was the first to perform a public operation in the United States using Joseph Lister 's antiseptic technique. ( B ) J. Michael Straczynski ( born 1954 ) , science - fiction writer , creator and writer for Babylon 5 . Kazbek Tambi ( born 1961 ) , Seton Hall University women 's soccer team head coach and retired U.S. soccer midfielder who was a member of the U.S. Olympic soccer team at the 1984 Summer Olympics and spent two seasons in the North American Soccer League , four in the Major Indoor Soccer League and one in the American Soccer League , and formerly the United States U-17 women 's soccer team coach .
Liturgical colours
there is no reference in Anglican usage to Masses of deceased popes and cardinals ; no liturgical colour at all is suggested for Holy Saturday ( the words `` hangings removed '' are printed ) ; the recommendation of red for confirmation rites is extended also to ordination rites ; Lenten Array ( unbleached linen ) continues to be listed as an alternative option to purple during Lent ; the option exists for using red instead of green during the `` Kingdom Season '' , the four last Sundays of the liturgical year , culminating in Christ the King , as is common is some Lutheran traditions ( see below ) ; finally , and more significantly , the Church of England provision suggests white throughout the Sundays after Epiphany as a distinct `` Epiphany season '' , with ordinary time commencing the day after Candlemas .
Valparaiso Moraine
The Valparaiso system includes five moraines north of Chicago . The most northerly reach is to the headwaters of the Fox River in Waukesha County , west of Milwaukee . The moraine angles to the south and east , reaching the headwaters of the Des Plaines River west of Kenosha , Wisconsin , in the county of the same name . The moraine forms a major portion of the eastern divide of the Fox River Basin and then the western bank of the Des Plaines River . The moraine continues southward along the Des Plaines River following the route of the modern Tri-State Tollway ( I - 294 ) around the west side of Chicago . Where the Des Plaines River bends to the west and forms the Illinois River , the moraine angles south and east , continuing along I - 294 towards Chicago Heights . In this area , the moraine has widened out towards the south and east , becoming a broad plain covering large portions of Will and Kankakee counties .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
Adopting the popular song `` We Are Family '' by the Philadelphia disco group Sister Sledge as their theme song , the 1979 Pirates held off the Montreal Expos to claim the pennant . `` We Are Family '' was elevated from theme song to anthem status ( and is still nearly synonymous with the ' 79 Pirates ) , with fans chanting `` Fam - a-lee ! '' from the stands . The Pirates faced the Baltimore Orioles again in the World Series , which ( like 1971 ) they won in seven games , on October 17 , 1979 . During the 1979 championship season , a Pirate player was designated as Most Valuable Player in every available category : All - Star Game MVP ( Dave Parker ) , NL Championship Series MVP ( Willie Stargell ) , World Series MVP ( Willie Stargell ) , and National League MVP ( Willie Stargell , shared with Keith Hernandez of the Cardinals ) .
Arizona
The Capitol complex is fronted and highlighted by the richly landscaped Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza , named after Wesley Bolin , a governor who died in office in the 1970s . Numerous monuments and memorials are on the site , including the anchor and signal mast from the USS Arizona ( one of the U.S. Navy ships sunk in Pearl Harbor ) and a granite version of the Ten Commandments .
History of the Miami Marlins
In 2017 , Jeffrey Loria advertised for bids to sell the Miami Marlins . Former New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter expressed interest in being involved with an ownership group , attempting initially to join a bid with former Florida Governor Jeb Bush . Eventually , he became a minority partner in the eventual winning bid , a $1.2 - billion offer led by Bruce Sherman , which was accepted on August 11 , 2017 . The bid was officially submitted to Major League Baseball for analysis and approval on August 15 . Jeter and Sherman immediately held a complete firesale , in an attempt to bring the franchise back to profitability , trading away Marcell Ozuna to the Cardinals and fan - favorite and superstar Giancarlo Stanton to the Yankees .