vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States presidential primary
In 2008 , John McCain , initially struggling among Republican contenders in 2007 , decided to skip Iowa and concentrate on New Hampshire ( the same primary where he had unexpectedly triumphed back in 2000 ) and McCain 's win rejuvenated his presidential campaign and he became the Republican nominee . Rudy Giuliani and Mitt Romney , two candidates who had each led in the polls in 2007 , did not perform as expected in Iowa and New Hampshire . In 2012 , Mitt Romney was initially reported to be the first Republican non-incumbent presidential candidate , since the Iowa caucus started in 1976 , to win both the Iowa caucus ( albeit , by an 8 - vote margin over Rick Santorum ) and New Hampshire primary . However a final count released by the Iowa state party sixteen days after the caucus contest reported Santorum as the winner by 34 votes over Romney , but by then Romney had already won New Hampshire by a comfortable margin .
Factory Acts
The education clauses were not observed in one mill in fifty ; where they were , the factory inspectors reported , `` the schooling given is a mere mockery of instruction '' ; vice and ignorance , and their natural consequences , misery and suffering , were rife among the population of the manufacturing districts . `` Would the noble Lord opposite venture to say that the education of the manufacturing classes was a matter of indifference to the country at large ? ''
Indigenous Australians
The ruling was a three - part definition comprising descent , self - identification and community identification . The first part -- descent -- was genetic descent and unambiguous , but led to cases where a lack of records to prove ancestry excluded some . Self - and community identification were more problematic as they meant that an Indigenous person separated from her or his community due to a family dispute could no longer identify as Aboriginal .
Romanesque art
The typical focii of Romanesque illumination were the Bible , where each book could be prefaced by a large historiated initial , and the Psalter , where major initials were similarly illuminated . In both cases more lavish examples might have cycles of scenes in fully illuminated pages , sometimes with several scenes per page , in compartments . The Bibles in particular often had a , and might be bound into more than one volume . Examples include the St. Albans Psalter , Hunterian Psalter , Winchester Bible ( the `` Morgan Leaf '' shown above ) , Fécamp Bible , Stavelot Bible , and Parc Abbey Bible . By the end of the period lay commercial workshops of artists and scribes were becoming significant , and illumination , and books generally , became more widely available to both laity and clergy .
Precedent
( 1 ) cases where the foreign jurisdiction 's law is the subject of the case , or ( 2 ) instances where a litigant intends to ask the highest court of the jurisdiction to overturn binding precedent , and therefore needs to cite persuasive precedent to demonstrate a trend in other jurisdictions .
The Fellowship of the Ring
The remaining eight members of the Fellowship escape from Moria and head toward the elf - haven of Lothlórien , where they are given gifts from the rulers Celeborn and Galadriel that in many cases prove useful later during the Quest .
Warsaw
Also many references to Marie Curie , her work and her family can be found in Warsaw : Marie 's birthplace at the Warsaw New Town , the working places where she did her first scientific works and the Radium Institute at Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925 .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters located about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up .
Chipotle Mexican Grill
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported on December 21 that five more people became ill after eating at two Chipotle restaurants located in Kansas and Oklahoma in late November . Preliminary DNA fingerprinting results appear to indicated that the newer cases were caused by a different strain of Shiga toxin - producing E. coli O26 . Scientists are waiting for the results of the more definitive whole genome sequencing analyses to determine if the organisms responsible for this outbreak are genetically related to the E. coli that are responsible for causing the outbreak that had started in Oregon and Washington in late October and thus an extension of that outbreak . The agency has not yet determined which food is responsible for the outbreak . The Food and Drug Administration reported that they are trying to determine how the bacteria in these cases , along with the earlier Oregon , Washington , and other multi-state cases , might have been propagated through the food supply chain .
Revolutions of 1830
The speeches and articles reporting on the assemblies were widely distributed and became very popular . The crowds were generally well behaved and orderly . For example , in Wohlenschwil it was reported that they met `` in unexpectedly quiet attitude with decency and perfect order '' . Even in Aargau and St. Gallen , where the crowd marched through the streets of Aarau ( known as the Freiämtersturm ) and St. Gallen , the protest march was peaceful . Following the assemblies and marches , cantonal governments quickly gave into the demands of the assemblies and amended their constitutions .
The Fox and the Hound
In its original release , The Fox and the Hound grossed $39.9 million in domestic grosses . Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14.2 million while its international rentals grossed $43 million . The film was re-released theatrically on March 25 , 1988 , where it grossed $23.5 million . The Fox and the Hound has had a lifetime gross of $63.5 million across its original release and reissue .
History of chemistry
For cases where no sharing was involved , Lewis in 1923 developed the electron pair theory of acids and base : Lewis redefined an acid as any atom or molecule with an incomplete octet that was thus capable of accepting electrons from another atom ; bases were , of course , electron donors . His theory is known as the concept of Lewis acids and bases . In 1923 , G.N. Lewis and Merle Randall published Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances , first modern treatise on chemical thermodynamics .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution .
History of United States prison systems
Criminal procedure in the antebellum rural South offered many avenues of escape to a criminal defendant , and only the poorest resided in the jail while awaiting trial or sentencing . Those defendants who did spend time in jail before trial had to wait for the prosecutor 's biannual visit to their county . Southern prosecutors generally did not live in the local area where they prosecuted cases and were generally ill - prepared . Disinterested jurors were also hard to come by , given the generally intimate nature of rural Southern communities . Relative leniency in sentencing for appears to have marked most judicial proceedings for violent offenses -- the most common . Historical evidence suggests that juries indicted a greater number of potential offenders than the judicial system could handle in the belief that many troublemakers -- especially the landless -- would leave the country altogether .
Conic section
These parameters are related as shown in the following table , where the standard position is assumed . In all cases , a and b are positive .
Morpheme
Given the definition of a morpheme as `` the smallest meaningful unit '' , nanosyntax aims to account for idioms where it is often an entire syntactic tree which contributes `` the smallest meaningful unit . '' An example idiom is `` Do n't let the cat out of the bag '' where the idiom is composed of `` let the cat out of the bag '' and that might be considered a semantic morpheme , which is composed of many syntactic morphemes . Other cases where the `` smallest meaningful unit '' is larger than a word include some collocations such as `` in view of '' and `` business intelligence '' where the words together have a specific meaning .
Halloween
In Scotland and Ireland , guising -- children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins -- is a traditional Halloween custom , and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips , visit homes to be rewarded with cakes , fruit , and money . The practice of guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911 , where a newspaper in Kingston , Ontario , Canada reported children going `` guising '' around the neighborhood .
Spanish Inquisition
Starting in the 1920s , Jewish scholars picked up where Lea 's work left off . They published Yitzhak Baer 's History of the Jews in Christian Spain , Cecil Roth 's History of the Marranos and , after World War II , the work of Haim Beinart , who for the first time published trial transcripts of cases involving conversos .
Pre-Columbian era
The areas which they occupied in Colombia were the present - day Departments of Santander ( North and South ) , Boyacá and Cundinamarca . This is where the first farms and industries were developed . It is also where the independence movement originated . They are currently the richest areas in Colombia . The Chibcha developed the most populous zone between the Mayan and Inca empires . Next to the Quechua of Peru and the Aymara in Bolivia , the Chibcha of the eastern and north - eastern Highlands of Colombia developed the most notable culture among the sedentary indigenous peoples in South America .
List of animals of Yellowstone
In the early years of the 20th century , bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) were reported as `` somewhat common '' in the park . There have been 9 to 14 reported sightings each decade since 1960 . These sightings have occurred throughout the park ; about 80 percent have occurred in the northern half . Bobcats have been reported in about equal numbers during all seasons . In 1960 , a bobcat was killed by a car near Squaw Lake ( now Indian Pond ) on the north shore of Yellowstone Lake ; its skull was deposited in the Yellowstone Museum collection . Other roadkilled bobcats were reported in 1993 and 1996 . In 1960 , a young bobcat was reported on the porch of the administration building at Mammoth ; other young bobcats have been reported at Pebble Creek bridge ( February 1977 ) and at Canyon campground ( July 1986 ) , where one accompanied an adult bobcat .
Renaissance
A unique characteristic of some Renaissance libraries is that they were open to the public . These libraries were places where ideas were exchanged and where scholarship and reading were considered both pleasurable and beneficial to the mind and soul . As freethinking was a hallmark of the age , many libraries contained a wide range of writers . Classical texts could be found alongside humanist writings . These informal associations of intellectuals profoundly influenced Renaissance culture . Some of the richest `` bibliophiles '' built libraries as temples to books and knowledge . A number of libraries appeared as manifestations of immense wealth joined with a love of books . In some cases , cultivated library builders were also committed to offering others the opportunity to use their collections . Prominent aristocrats and princes of the Church created great libraries for the use of their courts , called `` court libraries '' , and were housed in lavishly designed monumental buildings decorated with ornate woodwork , and the walls adorned with frescoes ( Murray , Stuart A.P. )
Chernobyl disaster
Due in largest part from the ingestion of contaminated dairy products along with the inhalation of the short - lived and therefore highly radioactive isotope , Iodine - 131 , the 2005 UN collaborative Chernobyl Forum revealed thyroid cancer among children to be one of the main health impacts from the Chernobyl accident . In that publication more than 4000 cases were reported , and that there was no evidence of an increase in solid cancers or leukemia . It said that there was an increase in psychological problems among the affected population . Dr Michael Repacholi , manager of WHO 's Radiation Program reported that the 4000 cases of thyroid cancer resulted in nine deaths .
iPhone 6
Some users reported that 64 and 128 GB iPhone 6 models had experienced performance issues , and that some 128 GB iPhone 6 Plus models would , in rare cases , randomly crash and reboot . Business Korea reported that the issues were connected to the triple - layer cell NAND storage of the affected models . Triple - layer cells can store three bits of data per cell of flash , and are cheaper than dual - layer cell solutions , but at the cost of performance . It was reported that Apple had planned to switch the affected model lines back to multi-layer cell flash , and address the performance issues on existing devices in a future iOS update .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Digital mappers , through the Kathmandu Living Labs , were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley , and then focused on earthquake relief . `` They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they did n't have a very good sense of the quality of buildings , '' says Cowan , whose students helped add Kathmandu 's buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap . First responders , from Nepalese citizens to the Red Cross , the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data . The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Major Anderson held his fire , awaiting daylight . His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast . At 7 a.m. , Capt . Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point . He missed . Given the available manpower , Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns . He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely . The fort 's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers -- the barbette tier -- where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead . The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault , and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort . However , the land - based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high - arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns ' reach . Fort Sumter 's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level , which themselves , because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures , were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie . Moreover , although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage , the fort was quite low on ammunition , and was nearly out at the end of the 34 - hour bombardment . A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags ; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more , in some cases using socks from Anderson 's personal wardrobe . Because of the shortages , Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns : two aimed at Cummings Point , two at Fort Moultrie , and two at the Sullivan 's Island batteries .
Jury trial
Norway has a system where the lower courts ( tingrett ) is set with a judge and two lay - judges , or in bigger cases two judges and three lay - judges . All of these judges convict or acquit , and set sentences . Simple majority is required in all cases , which means that the lay - judges are always in control .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The first wave was to be the primary attack , while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second , with battleships as the third target . The first wave carried most of the weapons to attack capital ships , mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water . The aircrews were ordered to select the highest value targets ( battleships and aircraft carriers ) or , if these were not present , any other high value ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) . First wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets . Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not get into the air to intercept the bombers , especially in the first wave . When the fighters ' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat . Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed , especially over U.S. airfields .
Precedent
Stare decisis is not ... a universal , inexorable command . `` The rule of stare decisis , though one tending to consistency and uniformity of decision , is not inflexible . Whether it shall be followed or departed from is a question entirely within the discretion of the court , which is again called upon to consider a question once decided . '' Stare decisis is usually the wise policy , because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern , provided correction can be had by legislation . But in cases involving the Federal Constitution , where correction through legislative action is practically impossible , this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions . The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning , recognizing that the process of trial and error , so fruitful in the physical sciences , is appropriate also in the judicial function ... In cases involving the Federal Constitution the position of this Court is unlike that of the highest court of England , where the policy of stare decisis was formulated and is strictly applied to all classes of cases . Parliament is free to correct any judicial error ; and the remedy may be promptly invoked .
Who Framed Roger Rabbit
Price and Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired . For inspiration , the two writers studied the work of Walt Disney and Warner Bros. Cartoons from the Golden Age of American animation , especially Tex Avery and Bob Clampett cartoons . The Cloverleaf streetcar subplot was inspired by Chinatown . Price and Seaman said that `` the Red Car plot , suburb expansion , urban and political corruption really did happen , '' Price stated . `` In Los Angeles , during the 1940s , car and tire companies teamed up against the Pacific Electric Railway system and bought them out of business . Where the freeway runs in Los Angeles is where the Red Car used to be . '' In Wolf 's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? , the toons were comic - strip characters rather than movie stars .
Hijab
Veiling did not originate with the advent of Islam . Statuettes depicting veiled priestesses precede all major Abrahamic religions ( Christianity , Judaism , and Islam ) , dating back as far as 2500 BCE . Elite women in ancient Mesopotamia and in the Byzantine , Greek , and Persian empires wore the veil as a sign of respectability and high status . In ancient Mesopotamia , Assyria had explicit sumptuary laws detailing which women must veil and which women must not , depending upon the woman 's class , rank , and occupation in society . Female slaves and prostitutes were forbidden to veil and faced harsh penalties if they did so . Veiling was thus not only a marker of aristocratic rank , but also served to `` differentiate between ' respectable ' women and those who were publicly available '' .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
The first effect the opposition had that led to the end of the war was that fewer soldiers were available for the army . The draft was protested and even ROTC programs too . Howard Zinn first provides a note written by a student of Boston University on May 1 , 1968 , which stated to his draft board , `` I have absolutely no intention to report for that exam , or for induction , or to aid in any way the American war effort against the people of Vietnam ... '' The opposition to the United States ' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects , which led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States . This refusal letter soon led to an overflow of refusals ultimately leading to the event provided by Zinn stating , `` In May 1969 the Oakland induction center , where draftees reported from all of Northern California , reported that of 4,400 men ordered to report for induction , 2,400 did not show up . In the first quarter of 1970 the Selective Service System , for the first time , could not meet its quota . ''
1960 Valdivia earthquake
The earthquake did not strike all the territory with the same strength ; measured with the Mercalli scale , tectonically depressed areas suffered heavier damage . The two most affected areas were Valdivia and Puerto Octay , near the northwest corner of Llanquihue Lake . Puerto Octay was the center of a north - south elliptical area in the Central Valley , where the intensity was at the highest outside the Valdivia Basin . East of Puerto Octay , in a hotel in Todos los Santos Lake , stacked plates were reported to have remained in place . Excepting poor building sites , the zone of Mercalli scales intensities of VII or more all lay west of the Andes in a strip running from Lota ( 37 ° S ) southwards . The area of intensities of VII or more did not penetrate into the Central Valley in north of Lleulleu Lake ( 38 ° S ) and south of Castro ( 42.5 ° S ) . A
Akbar
The practice of giving Hindu princesses to Muslim kings in marriage was known much before Akbar 's time , but in most cases these marriages did not lead to any stable relations between the families involved , and the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage .
First Nations
By 1920 , attendance at some sort of school was mandatory for Aboriginal children in Canada . The Indian Act made education compulsory , and where there were no federal days schools -- or , in later decades , a provincial public school -- a residential school was the only choice . Enrolment statistics indicate that between 20 % and 30 % of Aboriginal children during the history of the IRS system attended a residential school for at least a year , and many were enrolled for ten years or more . In some cases , children could return home on weekends and holidays , but for those in schools established far away from remote communities , this was not possible .
Australia Day
Since 1988 , participation in Australia Day has increased , and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on the actual day for the first time . Research conducted in 2007 reported that 27.6 % of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 25.6 % celebrated with family and friends . This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66 % of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005 . 500,000