vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Adams–Onís Treaty
The United States and the Spanish Empire disagreed over the territorial boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The United States maintained the claim of France that Louisiana included the Mississippi River and `` all lands whose waters flow to it . '' To the west of New Orleans , the United States assumed the French claim to all land east and north of the Sabine River . Spain maintained that all land west of the Calcasieu River and south of the Arkansas River belonged to Tejas and Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( see # New Spain . )
History of West Africa
West Africa is west of an imagined north - south axis lying close to 10 ° east longitude . The Atlantic Ocean forms the western and southern borders of the West African region . The northern border is the Sahara Desert , with the Ranishanu Bend generally considered the northernmost part of the region . The eastern border is less precise , with some placing it at the Benue Trough , and others on a line running from Mount Cameroon to Lake Chad .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
In 1951 , plans to extend the turnpike east to New Jersey at the Delaware River to connect with the New Jersey Turnpike were made . The construction of the Delaware River extension was approved by Governor John S. Fine in May of that year . A route for the extension , which would bypass Philadelphia to the north , was announced in 1952 . It would cross the Delaware River on a bridge north of Bristol near Edgely , where it would connect to a branch of the New Jersey Turnpike . That September , the turnpike commission announced $65 million in bonds would be issued to finance the project . Work on the Delaware River extension began on November 20 , 1952 ; Governor Fine dug the first shovel into the earth at the groundbreaking ceremony . As a result of building the extension , the Valley Forge mainline toll plaza was located farther east at the junction with the Schuylkill Expressway . The Delaware River extension included a bridge over the Schuylkill River that was built to the same standards as the Susquehanna River Bridge . The construction of the bridge required an amendment to the Pennsylvania Constitution , which barred the state from forming compacts with other states . On August 23 , 1954 , the Delaware River Extension opened between King of Prussia and US 611 in Willow Grove . The remainder of the road to the Delaware River opened on November 17 , 1954 . Eastbound
Jordan River
Route 90 , part of which is named after Rehavam Zeevi , connects the northern and southern tips of the Israeli - occupied West Bank and parallels the Jordan River on the western side .
Lake District
The Lake District National Park is almost contained within a box of trunk routes . It is flanked to the east by the A6 road which runs from Kendal to Penrith ( though the extension approved in 2015 is east of the A6 ) . The A590 which connects the M6 to Barrow - in - Furness , and the A5092 trunk roads cut across its southern fringes and the A66 trunk road between Penrith and Workington cuts across its northern edge . Finally the A595 trunk road runs through the coastal plains to the west of the area , linking the A66 with the A5092 .
Plant development
There is variation among the parts of a mature plant resulting from the relative position where the organ is produced . For example , along a new branch the leaves may vary in a consistent pattern along the branch . The form of leaves produced near the base of the branch differs from leaves produced at the tip of the plant , and this difference is consistent from branch to branch on a given plant and in a given species .
Nile
The river flows into South Sudan just south of Nimule , where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ( `` Mountain River '' ) . Just south of the town it has the confluence with the Achwa River . The Bahr al Ghazal , itself 716 kilometers ( 445 mi ) long , joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No , after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad , or the White Nile , from the whitish clay suspended in its waters . When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil . The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970 . An anabranch river , the Bahr el Zeraf , flows out of the Nile 's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile .
Government of the Soviet Union
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . ( Russian : Правительство СССР , Pravíteljstvo SSSR ) was the main body of the executive branch of government in the Soviet Union . Its head of government was the officeholder generally known in the West as the Premier of the Soviet Union .
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound was formed when the terminal moraine that dammed the waters of glacial Lake Connecticut failed , and sea water mixed with the lake 's fresh waters . The first European to record the existence of Long Island Sound was the Dutch navigator Adriaen Block , who entered the sound from the East River in 1614 . The sound was known as The Devil 's Belt in colonial times and the reefs that run across the sound were known as Devil 's Stepping Stones , from which Stepping Stones Lighthouse got its name .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque 's drinking water presently comes from a combination of Rio Grande water ( river water diverted from the Colorado River basin through the San Juan - Chama Project ) and a delicate aquifer that was once described as an `` underground Lake Superior '' . The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority ( ABCWUA ) has developed a water resources management strategy , which pursues conservation and the direct extraction of water from the Rio Grande for the development of a stable underground aquifer in the future . Tingley
History of Native Americans in the United States
In the 19th century , the incessant westward expansion of the United States incrementally compelled large numbers of Native Americans to resettle further west , often by force , almost always reluctantly . Native Americans believed this forced relocation illegal , given the Hopewell Treaty of 1785 . Under President Andrew Jackson , United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which authorized the President to conduct treaties to exchange Native American land east of the Mississippi River for lands west of the river .
Great Salt Lake
Great Salt Lake Minerals Company ( a subsidiary of Compass Minerals ) which extracts minerals from the northern bay . The company potentially benefits from the higher salinity of the northwest arm of the lake but has had difficulties accessing water from the lake because of lower water level . Previous to the opening of the causeway they had had to extend their intake channels to reach the water .
Baker Mayfield
Shortly before the start of the 2013 season , Mayfield was named as the starting quarterback following a back injury of projected starter and former Lake Travis quarterback Michael Brewer . Mayfield is believed to be the first walk - on true freshman quarterback to start a season opener at the quarterback position .
List of animals of Yellowstone
Weasel species , including the North American river otter are prevalent in the park . Beaver were almost trapped out of the park region prior to its creation . In 1998 , beaver populations were making a comeback and an estimated 500 beavers were living in the park with the densest colonial in the Bechler River and Fall River region , the Yellowstone River delta above Yellowstone Lake and the lower Madison River and its tributarys
Thar Desert
The Thar Desert extends between the Aravalli Hills in the north - east , the Great Rann of Kutch along the coast and the alluvial plains of the Indus River in the west and north - west . Most of the desert is covered by huge shifting sand dunes that receive sediments from the alluvial plains and the coast . The sand is highly mobile due to strong winds occurring before the onset of the monsoon . The Luni River is the only river integrated into the desert . Rainfall is limited to 100 -- 500 mm ( 3.9 -- 19.7 in ) per year , mostly falling from July to September .
Mount St. Helens
Although Mount St. Helens is in Skamania County , Washington , access routes to the mountain run through Cowlitz County to the west and Lewis County to the north . State Route 504 , locally known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway , connects with Interstate 5 at Exit 49 , 34 miles ( 55 km ) to the west of the mountain . That north -- south highway skirts the low - lying cities of Castle Rock , Longview and Kelso along the Cowlitz River , and passes through the Vancouver , Washington -- Portland , Oregon metropolitan area less than 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the southwest . The community nearest the volcano is Cougar , Washington , in the Lewis River valley 11 miles ( 18 km ) south - southwest of the peak . Gifford Pinchot National Forest surrounds Mount St. Helens .
Lake District
The Western Fells lie between Buttermere and Wasdale , with Sty Head forming the apex of a large triangle . Ennerdale bisects the area , which consists of the High Stile ridge north of Ennerdale , the Loweswater Fells in the far north west , the Pillar group in the south west , and Great Gable ( 899 m ( 2,949 ft ) ) near Sty Head . Other tops include Seatallan , Haystacks and Kirk Fell . This area is craggy and steep , with the impressive pinnacle of Pillar Rock its showpiece . Wastwater , located in this part , is England 's deepest lake . Central
Romare Bearden
In Charlotte , Romare Bearden has a street named after him , intersecting West Boulevard , on the west side of the city . On that site , Romare Bearden Drive is surrounded by the West Boulevard Public Library branch and rows of townhouses .
Second Bank of the United States
Under the management of the first BUS president William Jones , the bank failed to control paper money issued from its branch banks in the West and South , contributing to the post-war speculative land boom . When the U.S. markets collapsed in the Panic of 1819 -- a result of global economic adjustments -- the central bank came under withering criticism for its belated tight money policies -- policies that exacerbated mass unemployment and plunging property values . Further , it transpired that branch directors for the Baltimore office had engaged in fraud and larceny .
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City has an area of 110.4 square miles ( 286 km ) and an average elevation of 4,327 feet ( 1,319 m ) above sea level . The lowest point within the boundaries of the city is 4,210 feet ( 1,280 m ) near the Jordan River and the Great Salt Lake , and the highest is Grandview Peak , at 9,410 feet ( 2,868 m ) .
Great Lakes
In 1872 , a treaty gave access to the St. Lawrence River to the United States , and access to Lake Michigan to the Dominion of Canada . The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters , and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources . Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians . Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the flow is limited by treaty . Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns . Under the U.S. `` Water Resources Development Act '' , diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the Great Lakes Commission , which rarely occurs . International treaties regulate large diversions .
Lake Michigan
The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky , with some sandy beaches due to local conditions ; while the southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune - covered . This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west ( which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter ) .
Indus River
The Induan Age at start of the Triassic Period of geological time is named for the Indus region .
Doves as symbols
The early Christians in Rome incorporated into their funerary art the image of a dove carrying an olive branch , often accompanied by the word `` Peace '' . It seems that they derived this image from the simile in the Gospels , combining it with the symbol of the olive branch , which had been used to represent peace by the Greeks and Romans . The dove and olive branch also appeared in Christian images of Noah 's ark . The fourth century Vulgate translated the Hebrew alay zayit ( leaf of olive ) in Genesis 8 : 11 as Latin ramum olivae ( branch of olive ) . By the fifth century , Augustine of Hippo wrote in On Christian Doctrine that `` perpetual peace is indicated by the olive branch ( oleae ramusculo ) which the dove brought with it when it returned to the ark '' . Baptism
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City is host to a number of conventions that come to the Crossroads of the West . With several large venues , including the Salt Palace and Vivint Smart Home Arena in downtown , Salt Lake is capable of accommodating conventions upwards of 100,000 or more people . Crowds
Lake of the Ozarks
The Lake of the Ozarks is located within the Ozark Mountains with the dam ( Bagnell Dam ) at 38 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 92 ° 37 ′ 35 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 38.20250 ° N 92.62639 ° W ﻿ / 38.20250 ; - 92.62639 at an elevation of 659 feet ( 201 m ) . It lies in central Missouri on the Salem Plateau of the Ozarks . The lake extends across four Missouri counties , from Benton County in the west through Camden County and Morgan County to Miller County in the east .
Lake of the Ozarks
U.S. Route 54 runs east - west across the reservoir 's southwestern arm and then generally northeast - southwest along its eastern shoreline , crossing the southeastern arm at Osage Beach . Missouri Route 5 runs generally north - south along the lake 's western shoreline , crossing the main channel at Hurricane Deck . Missouri Route 7 runs generally northwest - southeast to the lake 's southwest , crossing the southwestern arm . Missouri Route 134 runs southeast from U.S. 54 north of Osage Beach to its southern terminus in Lake of the Ozarks State Park . In addition , a network of lettered , supplemental state routes provides access to various points along the lake shore .
Sea of Galilee
In 1917 , the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine , while France took control of Syria . In the carve - up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France , it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine , while France would control Syria . However , the allies had to fix the border between the Mandatory Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria . The boundary was defined in broad terms by the Franco - British Boundary Agreement of December 1920 , which drew it across the middle of the lake . However , the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary . The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to Mandatory Palestine during the demarcating negotiations . The High Commissioner of Palestine , Herbert Samuel , had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee . The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee , both sides of the River Jordan , Lake Hula , Dan spring , and part of the Yarmouk . The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10 - meter wide strip along the lake 's northeastern shore , cutting the Mandatory Syria ( State of Damascus ) off from the lake .
Territorial evolution of the United States
May 30 , 1854 Kansas Territory was organized from unorganized territory north of the 37th parallel north , and Nebraska Territory was organized north of 40th parallel north . Much of the remaining unorganized territory , east of the 100th meridian west , became known as Indian Territory , designated as a place to resettle Indian tribes . A small strip between the Texas Panhandle and Kansas Territory was unclaimed , due to falling south of Kansas Territory 's border but north of the 36 ° 30 ′ latitude established in the Missouri Compromise as the northern limit of slavery , and thus Texas could not have it . This became known as the Public Land Strip , or sometimes `` No Man 's Land '' . June 30 , 1854 The United States purchased a large parcel from Mexico known as the Gadsden Purchase , as it offered a much better route for a southern transcontinental railroad . This resolved the border dispute , since the disputed land was included in the purchase . The purchase was defined as : starting from where the Rio Grande crosses parallel 31 ° 47 ' north ; then west 100 miles ; then south to parallel 31 ° 20 ' north ; then west to the 111th meridian west ; then a line from there to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River ; and the Colorado River . Disputes : August 4 , 1854 The recently obtained Gadsden Purchase was assigned to New Mexico Territory . January 11 , 1855 Due to its remote location , Boston Corner was transferred from Massachusetts to New York . March 6 , 1855 The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Florida in a boundary dispute with Georgia , setting the state boundary line along McNeil 's line . no change to map October 28 , 1856 Baker Island and Jarvis Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : May 11 , 1858 The half of Minnesota Territory east of the Red River of the North , the Bois de Sioux River , and a line south from the southern tip of Big Stone Lake , was admitted as the thirty - second state , Minnesota . The remainder became unorganized territory . August 31 , 1858 Navassa Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : December 3 , 1858 Howland Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
A dense tropical rainforest in the DRC 's central river basin and eastern highlands is bordered on the east by the Albertine Rift ( the western branch of Africa 's Great Rift System ) . It includes several of Africa 's Great Lakes .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
East of Bedford the turnpike passes through the Bedford Narrows , a gap in Evitts Mountain . The turnpike , US 30 and the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River all pass through the 650 - foot - wide ( 200 m ) narrows . The road winds through a valley south of the river , before traversing Clear Ridge Cut near Everett . Further east , at Breezewood , I - 70 leaves the turnpike .
Siberia
The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is somewhat flat . Many deposits on this plain result from ice dams which produced a large glacial lake . This mid - to late - Pleistocene lake blocked the northward flow of the Ob and Yenisei rivers , resulting in a redirection southwest into the Caspian and Aral seas via the Turgai Valley . The area is very swampy , and soils are mostly peaty histosols and , in the treeless northern part , histels . In the south of the plain , where permafrost is largely absent , rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation , most of which is no longer visible .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Two new states were admitted to the Union while Lincoln was in office . The first such state , West Virginia , had been part of Virginia before the start of the American Civil War . In the June 1861 Wheeling Convention , delegates from several counties in western Virginia formed the Restored Government of Virginia , which purported to be the legitimate government of Virginia . In the following year , the people of West Virginia voted to secede from Virginia , and a new state constitution was written . Despite the opposition of some cabinet members who believed that the partition of Virginia posed constitutional issues , Lincoln decided to support the actions of West Virginia Unionists and he signed a bill admitting West Virginia as a state . West Virginia was admitted to the union on June 20 , 1863 . Later , through its ruling in the 1871 case of Virginia v. West Virginia , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state .
First Battle of the Marne
In the east , the Second Army had withdrawn its left flank , to face north between Nancy and Toul ; the First and Second Armies had slowed the advance of the German 7th and 6th Armies west of St. Dié and east of Nancy by 4 September . There was a gap between the left of the Second Army and the right of the Third Army at Verdun , which faced north - west , on a line towards Revigny , against the Fifth Army advance west of the Meuse between Varennes and Sainte - Menehould . The Fourth Army had withdrawn to Sermaize , westwards to the Marne at Vitry - le - François and crossed the river to Sompons , against the German 4th Army , which had advanced from Rethel to Suippes and the west of Châlons . The new French Ninth Army held a line from Mailly against the German 3rd Army , which had advanced from Mézières , over the Vesle and the Marne west of Chalons . The Second Army had advanced from Marle on the Serre , across the Aisne and the Vesle , between Reims and Fismes to Montmort , north of the junction of the French 9th and 5th Armies at Sézanne .
List of animals of Yellowstone
Yellowstone cutthroat trout generally declined in the second half of the 20th century due to angler overharvest , competition with exotic fishes , and overzealous egg collection . Populations rebounded in the park after the advent of catch - and - release - only fishing rules in the 1970s , but new and aggressive invaders are causing an increasing threat to these native fish and alarming park fisheries biologists . Nonnative lake trout , an effective fish predator , were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994 . Throughout the west cutthroat trout populations preyed upon by introduced lake trout have typically declined , exhibited lower growth , or have disappeared . Aggressive lake trout control efforts by the National Park Service and no harvest limits have resulted in removing thousands of lake trout from Yellowstone Lake since 1994 , including more than 12,000 in 2000 . Still , the number of Yellowstone cutthroat trout monitored during the annual fall count in Yellowstone Lake was lower in recent years than at any other time in the 25 - year history of the monitoring effort . Whirling disease , which has been implicated in recent years in the decline of trout populations in many western states , was discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1998 . So far , it is unclear which of these two nonnative invaders has been the greater factor in the decline of Yellowstone cutthroat trout , but there is no question they are causing it .
Ear
The inner ear is supplied by the anterior tympanic branch of the maxillary artery ; the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery ; the petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery ; and the labyrinthine artery , arising from either the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the basilar artery .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Of the 62,780 acre feet ( 77,440,000 m ) per year of the water in the upper Colorado River basin entitled to municipalities in New Mexico by the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact , Albuquerque owns 48,200 . The water is delivered to the Rio Grande by the San Juan -- Chama Project . The project 's construction was initiated by legislation enacted by President John F. Kennedy in 1962 , and completed in 1971 . This diversion project transports water under the continental divide from Navajo Lake to Lake Heron on the Rio Chama , a tributary of the Rio Grande . In the past much of this water was resold to downstream owners in Texas . These arrangements ended in 2008 with the completion of the ABCWUA 's Drinking Water Supply Project .