vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Pendulum
The precision of the early gravity measurements above was limited by the difficulty of measuring the length of the pendulum , L . L was the length of an idealized simple gravity pendulum ( described at top ) , which has all its mass concentrated in a point at the end of the cord . In 1673 Huygens had shown that the period of a rigid bar pendulum ( called a compound pendulum ) was equal to the period of a simple pendulum with a length equal to the distance between the pivot point and a point called the center of oscillation , located under the center of gravity , that depends on the mass distribution along the pendulum . But there was no accurate way of determining the center of oscillation in a real pendulum .
Trojan Horse
There has been speculation that the Trojan Horse may have been a battering ram or other sort of siege engine resembling , to some extent , a horse , and that the description of the use of this device was then transformed into a myth by later oral historians who were not present at the battle and were unaware of that meaning of the name . Assyrians at the time used siege machines with animal names , often covered with dampened horse hides to protect against flaming arrows ; it is possible that the Trojan Horse was such . Pausanias , who lived in the 2nd century AD , wrote in his book Description of Greece `` That the work of Epeius was a contrivance to make a breach in the Trojan wall is known to everybody who does not attribute utter silliness to the Phrygians '' where , by Phrygians , he means the Trojans .
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
`` to protect the nation against actual or potential attack or other hostile acts of a foreign power , to obtain foreign intelligence information deemed essential to the security of the United States or to protect national security information against foreign intelligence activities '' `` to protect the United States against the overthrow of the Government by force or other unlawful means , or against any other clear and present danger to the structure or existence of the Government ''
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
By early 1762 -- despite the success of Brunswick 's army in Western Europe -- Russian troops were poised to capture Berlin and a partition of Prussia was actively planned . Frederick was spared by the sudden death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia , who was succeeded by the pro-Prussian Peter III . He was an ardent admirer of Frederick and immediately switched Russia from an enemy of Prussia to an ally -- withdrawing the threat from Berlin and sending his troops against the Austrians . This dramatically shifted the balance of power in Europe -- suddenly handing Frederick the initiative . He recaptured southern Silesia and forced Austria to the negotiating table .
Motte-and-bailey castle
The motte - and - bailey castle is a particularly northern European phenomenon , most numerous in Normandy and Britain , but also seen in Denmark , Germany , Southern Italy and occasionally beyond . European castles first emerged in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes and local territories became threatened by the Magyars and the Norse . Against this background , various explanations have been put forward to explain the origins and spread of the motte - and - bailey design across northern Europe ; there is often a tension among the academic community between explanations that stress military and social reasons for the rise of this design . One suggestion is that these castles were built particularly in order to protect against external attack -- the Angevins , it is argued , began to build them to protect against the Viking raids , and the design spread to deal with the attacks along the Slav and Hungarian frontiers . Another argument is that , given the links between this style of castle and the Normans , who were of Viking descent , it was in fact originally a Viking design , transported to Normandy and Angers . The motte - and - bailey castle was certainly effective against assault , although as historian André Debord suggests , the historical and archaeological record of the military operation of motte - and - bailey castles remains relatively limited .
Libya
On 17 March 2011 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 , with a 10 -- 0 vote and five abstentions including Russia , China , India , Brazil and Germany . The resolution sanctioned the establishment of a no - fly zone and the use of `` all means necessary '' to protect civilians within Libya . On 19 March , the first act of NATO allies to secure the no - fly zone by destroying Libyan air defences began when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on a reconnaissance mission heralding attacks on enemy targets .
Trent Affair
Meanwhile , in Washington , Seward was upset with both the proclamation of neutrality and Russell 's meetings with the Confederates . In a May 21 letter to Adams , which he instructed Adams to share with the British , Seward protested the British reception of the Confederate envoys and ordered Adams to have no dealings with the British as long as they were meeting with them . Formal recognition would make Britain an enemy of the United States . President Lincoln reviewed the letter , softened the language , and told Adams not to give Russell a copy but to limit himself to quoting only those portions that Adams thought appropriate . Adams in turn was shocked by even the revised letter , feeling that it almost amounted to a threat to wage war against all of Europe . When he met with Russell on June 12 , after receiving the dispatch , Adams was told that Great Britain had often met with representatives of rebels against nations that Great Britain was at peace with , but that he had no further intention of meeting with the Confederate mission .
Ojibwe
In part due to its long trading alliance , the Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the Seven Years ' War ( also called the French and Indian War ) . After losing the war in 1763 , France was forced to cede its colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain . After Pontiac 's War and adjusting to British colonial rule , the Ojibwe allied with British forces and against the United States in the War of 1812 . They had hoped that a British victory could protect them against United States settlers ' encroachment on their territory .
Jamestown, Virginia
By this time , erosion from the river had eaten away the island 's western shore . Visitors began to conclude that the site of James Fort lay completely underwater . With federal assistance , a sea wall was constructed in 1900 to protect the area from further erosion . The archaeological remains of the original 1607 fort , which had been protected by the sea wall , were not discovered until 1996 .
Sapper
An additional term applied to sappers of the British Indian Army was `` miner '' . The native engineer corps were called `` sappers and miners '' , as for example , the Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners . The term arose from a task done by sappers to further the battle after saps were dug . The saps permitted cannon to be brought into firing range of the besieged fort and its cannon , but often the cannon themselves were unable to breach the fort walls . The engineers would dig a tunnel from the forward-most sap up to and under the fort wall , then place a charge of gunpowder and ignite it , causing a tremendous explosion that would destroy the wall and permit attacking infantry to close with the enemy . This was dangerous work , often lethal to the sappers , and was fiercely resisted by the besieged enemy . Since the two tasks went hand in hand and were done by the same troops , native Indian engineer corps came to be called `` sappers and miners '' .
History of New Mexico
Some experts estimate that the semi-nomadic Apache were active in New Mexico in the 13th century . Spanish records indicated that they traded with the Pueblo . Various bands or tribes participated in the Southwestern Revolt against the Spanish in the 1680s . By the early 18th century the Spanish had built a series of over 25 forts to protect themselves and subjugated populations from the traditional raiding parties of the Athabaskan .
Game of Thrones (season 2)
Whilst on a ranging beyond the Wall , Jon Snow captures a Wildling , Ygritte , who soon leads him into a trap where he himself is captured by Ygritte 's fellow wildlings . Amongst the wildlings ' prisoners is fellow ranger Qhorin Halfhand , who convinces Jon to kill him in order to gain the wildlings ' trust so he can get close to their leader , King - beyond - the - Wall Mance Rayder . The rest of the rangers set up camp at an ancient fortification , the Fist of the First Men , where they come under attack from an ancient enemy , the White Walkers .
John C. Calhoun
Not in the slightest was ( Calhoun ) concerned with minority rights as they are chiefly of interest to the modern liberal mind -- the rights of dissenters to express unorthodox opinions , of the individual conscience against the State , least of all of ethnic minorities . At bottom he was not interested in any minority that was not a propertied minority . The concurrent majority itself was a device without relevance to the protection of dissent , designed to protect a vested interest of considerable power ... it was minority privileges rather than ( minority ) rights that he really proposed to protect .
List of My Hero Academia episodes
12 `` All Might '' `` Ōrumaito '' ( オール マイト ) June 19 , 2016 -- Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon , the multi-quirk monster called `` Noumu '' against All Might , who finds himself in a pinch , until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him , but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school . 13 `` In Each of our Hearts '' `` Onoono no Mune ni '' ( 各々 の 胸 に ) June 26 , 2016 -- Although he was able to defeat the Noumu , All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki , but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat . As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued , All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life , but elsewhere , Shigaraki confers with his master , implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning .
The Yellow Wallpaper
Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz , in her book Wild Unrest : Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of `` The Yellow Wall - Paper '' , concludes that `` the story was a cri de coeur against ( Gilman 's first husband , artist Charles Walter ) Stetson and the traditional marriage he had demanded . '' Gilman was attempting to deflect blame to protect Gilman 's daughter Katharine and her step - mother , Gilman 's friend Grace Channing .
Tower Bridge
During the Second World War and as a precaution against the existing engines being damaged by enemy action , a third engine was installed in 1942 : a 150 hp horizontal cross-compound engine , built by Vickers Armstrong Ltd. at their Elswick works in Newcastle upon Tyne . It was fitted with a flywheel having a 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) diameter and weighing 9 tons , and was governed to a speed of 30 rpm . The engine became redundant when the rest of the system was modernised in 1974 , and was donated to the Forncett Industrial Steam Museum by the Corporation of the City of London .
Spratly Islands dispute
Taiwan and China are largely strategically aligned on the Spratly islands issue , since they both claim exactly the same area , so Taiwan 's control of Itu Aba ( Taiping ) island is viewed as an extension of China 's claim . Taiwan and China both claim the entire island chain , while all the other claimants only claim portions of them . China has proposed co-operation with Taiwan against all the other countries claiming the islands . Taiwanese lawmakers have demanded that Taiwan fortify Itu Aba ( Taiping ) island with weapons to defend against the Vietnamese , and both China and Taiwanese NGOs have pressured Taiwan to expand Taiwan 's military capabilities on the island , which played a role in Taiwan expanding the island 's runway in 2012 . China has urged Taiwan to co-operate and offered Taiwan a share in oil and gas resources while shutting out all the other rival claimants . Taiwanese lawmakers have complained about repeated Vietnamese aggression and trespassing on Taiwan 's Itu Aba ( Taiping ) , and Taiwan has started viewing Vietnam as an enemy over the Spratly Islands , not China . Taiwan 's state run oil company CPC Corp 's board director Chiu Yi has called Vietnam as the `` greatest threat '' to Taiwan . Taiwan 's airstrip on Taiping has irritated Vietnam . China views Taiwan 's expansion of its military and airstrip on Taiping as benefiting China 's position against the other rival claimants from southeast Asian countries . China 's claims to the Spratlys benefit from legal weight because of Taiwan 's presence on Itu Aba , while America on the other hand has regularly ignored Taiwan 's claims in the South China Sea and does not include Taiwan in any talks on dispute resolution for the area .
British Army during World War I
The tank was designed to break the deadlock of trench warfare . In their first use on the Somme , they were placed under command of the infantry and ordered to attack their given targets in groups or pairs . They were also assigned small groups of troops , who served as an escort while providing close defence against enemy attacks . Only nine tanks reached the German lines to engage machine gun emplacements and troop concentrations . On the way , 14 broke down or were ditched , another 10 were damaged by enemy fire .
America's Cup
In 1887 , Edward Burgess repeated his success with the Volunteer against Scottish yacht designer George Lennox Watson 's challenger Thistle , which was built in secret . Even when the Thistle was drydocked in New York before the races , her hull was draped to protect the secret of her lines , which borrowed from American design . Both Volunteer and Thistle were completely unfurnished below decks to save weight .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In the 2003 cartoon , Karai ( voiced by Karen Neil ) was a beautiful orphan who was taken in by Shredder as his adopted daughter and trained in ninjutsu as an aspiring practitioner of bushido , thus becoming the highest - ranking members of the Foot Clan , similar in status to Hun ( who holds a grudge against her ) . Throughout the series , she is an ally and enemy to the Turtles , sharing a complicated relationship with Leonardo and revealing to be the only Foot member who knew that Shredder was really an Utrom .
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
At the time , the workers were not represented by labor unions . The city and state governments organized armed militias , aided by national guard , federal troops and private militias organized by the railroads , who fought against the workers . Disruption was widespread and at its height , the strikes were supported by about 100,000 workers . With the intervention of federal troops in several locations , most of the strikes were suppressed by early August . Labor continued to work to organize into unions to work for better wages and conditions . Fearing the social disruption , many cities built armories to support their militias ; these defensive buildings still stand as symbols of the effort to suppress the labor unrest of this period .
United States Navy Reserve
Following the American Revolution , the expense of maintaining a standing navy was deemed too great , resulting in the selling of the last Continental Navy ship in 1785 . However , attacks by Barbary pirates against American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea prompted a change in course in 1794 . A navy that helped give birth to the nation was now deemed essential to preserving its security , which faced its most serious threat during the War of 1812 . Not only did reservists raid British commerce on the high seas , but they also outfitted a fleet of barges called the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla in an effort to defend that vital body of water against British invasion . Though overwhelmed by an enemy superior in numbers , these men , most recruited from Baltimore , continued to wage war on land , joining in the defense of Washington , D.C.
Foreign policy of the United States
If the United States launched a nuclear attack against Russia ( or China ) , the targeted country would be left with only a tiny surviving arsenal , if any at all . At that point , even a relatively modest or inefficient missile defense system might well be enough to protect against any retaliatory strikes .
List of Game of Thrones characters
When the party is overtaken by wildlings , Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans . On affirming his loyalty to the King - Beyond - the - Wall , Mance Rayder , he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one , the flame - haired Ygritte . Upon crossing the wall , he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night 's Watch of their coming , and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings . Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink . He manages to escape back to the wall , injured by three arrows , where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder 's plans . Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster 's Keep in order to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall 's weak defences if caught . Jon 's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him , among them the new recruit Locke , who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton 's orders . Jon successfully attacks Craster 's Keep and kills the mutineers , while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran , who was captive at Craster 's Keep . However , Jon 's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied . He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black , personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner . In the aftermath , he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder , giving his sword to Sam . He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying , but he is found out . Before he is killed , however , Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon , who places Mance and his men under arrest , and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black . Jon later burns Ygritte 's body in the woods .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
American forces would conduct operations against PAVN forces , pushing them further back into the countryside away from the heavily populated coastal lowlands . In the backcountry the U.S. could fully utilize its superiority in firepower and mobility to bleed the enemy in set - piece battles . The cleaning - out of the NLF and the pacification of the villages would be the responsibility of the South Vietnamese military . The adoption of this strategy , however , brought Westmoreland into direct conflict with his Marine Corps commander , General Lewis W. Walt , who had already recognized the security of the villages as the key to success . Walt had immediately commenced pacification efforts in his area of responsibility , but Westmoreland was unhappy , believing that the Marines were being underutilized and fighting the wrong enemy . In the end , MACV won out and Westmoreland 's search and destroy concept , predicated on the attrition of enemy forces , won the day .
War of 1812
The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston .
Federalist Era
The Alien and Sedition Acts were among the most controversial acts established by the Federalist Party . These acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalist Congress and signed into law by Adams . Defenders claimed the acts were designed to protect against alien citizens and to guard against seditious attacks from weakening the government . Opponents of the acts attacked on the grounds of being both unconstitutional and as way to stifle criticism of the administration . The Democratic - Republicans also asserted that the acts violated the rights of the states to act in accordance with the Tenth Amendment . None of the four acts did anything to promote national unity against the French or any other country and in fact did a great deal to erode away what unity there already was in the country . The acts in general and the popular opposition to them were all bad luck for John Adams . A key factor in the uproar surrounding the Alien and Sedition Acts was that the very concept of seditious libel was flatly incompatible with party politics . The Republicans , it appears had some understanding of this and realized that the ability to pass judgment on officeholders was essential to party survival . The Federalist Party seemed to have no inkling of this and in some sense seem to be lashing out at the concepts of party in general . What was clear was that the Republicans were becoming more focused in their opposition and more popular with the general population .
Spratly Islands dispute
The New York Times claimed the peace deal between the Philippines and Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ) `` seeks to bring prosperity to the restive south and weaken the appeal of the extremist groups . '' , and linked the winding down of an American military counter-terrorism operation to increased American military co-operation with the Philippines against China . The New York Times hailed Mr Aquino 's `` peace agreement '' as an `` accomplishment '' as it reported on Aquino raising the `` alarm '' on China in the South China Sea . The New York Times editorial board published an article siding with the Philippines against China in the South China Sea dispute and supporting the Philippines actions against China . The New York Times editorial board endorsed aggressive American military action against China in the South China Sea .
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Judge Thomas Drummond of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , who was overseeing numerous railroads that had declared bankruptcy in the wake of the earlier financial Panic of 1873 , ruled that `` A strike or other unlawful interference with the trains will be a violation of the United States law , and the court will be bound to take notice of it and enforce the penalty . '' Drummond told the U.S. Marshals to protect the railroads , and asked for federal troops to enforce his decision : he subsequently had strikers arrested and tried them for contempt of court .
River Thames
This part of the river is managed by the Port of London Authority . The flood threat here comes from high tides and strong winds from the North Sea , and the Thames Barrier was built in the 1980s to protect London from this risk .
Shooting the messenger
An analogy of the phrase can come from the breaching of an unwritten code of conduct in war , in which a commanding officer was expected to receive and send back emissaries or diplomatic envoys sent by the enemy unharmed . During the early Warring States period of China , the concept of chivalry and virtue prevented the executions of messengers sent by opposing sides .