vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride .
It Ain't Me
Watt , Lee and Tamposi then asked Kygo to return to their studio to hear `` It Ai n't Me '' for a second time . Tamposi recalled , `` When they pushed the space bar to play the song , ( Kygo ) went from this very sweet , polite , charming young man to this super-human producer guy . I was watching his eyes go back , left and right , just mapping out how he envisioned the production of the song . He was extremely excited '' . Lee and Tamposi then left for Kygo and Watt to work on the production where they followed the melodies and message of the demo . According to Tamposi , the producers brought the song to life .
Sleeping with the Enemy (The Simpsons)
hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This Simpsons - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : The plot is filled with too much detail . Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Bee Gees
Their ninth album , Trafalgar , was released in late 1971 . The single `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' was the first to hit No 1 on the US Charts , while `` Israel '' reached No. 22 in the Netherlands . `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' also brought the Bee Gees their first Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Later that year , the group 's songs were included in the soundtrack for the film Melody .
New Spain
In Yucatán Spanish rule was largely indirect , allowing these communities considerable political and cultural autonomy . The Maya community , the cah , was the means by which indigenous cultural integrity was maintained . In the economic sphere , unlike many other regions and ethnic groups in Mesoamerica , the Yucatec Maya did not have a pre-conquest network of regular markets to exchange different types of food and craft goods . Perhaps because the peninsula was uniform in its ecosystem local niche production did not develop . Production of cotton textiles , largely by Maya women , helped pay households ' tribute obligations , but basic crops were the basis of the economy . The cah retained considerable land under the control of religious brotherhoods or confraternities ( cofradías ) , the device by which Maya communities avoided colonial officials , the clergy , or even indigenous rulers ( gobernadores ) from diverting of community revenues in their cajas de comunidad ( literally community - owned chests that had locks and keys ) . Cofradías were traditionally lay pious organizations and burial societies , but in Yucatán they became significant holders of land , a source of revenue for pious purposes kept under cah control . `` ( I ) n Yucatán the cofradía in its modified form was the community . '' Local Spanish clergy had no reason to object to the arrangement since much of the revenue went for payment for masses or other spiritual matters controlled by the priest .
New Mexico
Any other citizen , regardless of race , in the State of New Mexico who has not paid one cent of tax of any kind or character , if he possesses the other qualifications , may vote . An Indian , and only an Indian , in order to meet the qualifications to vote must have paid a tax . How you can escape the conclusion that makes a requirement with respect to an Indian as a qualification to exercise the elective franchise and does not make that requirement with respect to the member of any race is beyond me .
Kerosene heater
A kerosene heater operates much like a large kerosene lamp . A circular wick made from fiberglass and / or cotton is integrated into a burner unit mounted above a font ( tank ) filled with 1 - K kerosene . The wick draws kerosene from the tank via capillary action . Once lit , the wick heats the Kerosene until it turns into a gas ( gasification ) and this gas is then burnt which heats air via convection or nearby objects via radiation . The burner is designed to properly oxygenate and distribute the flames . The flame height is controlled by raising or lowering the exposed wick height inside the burner unit via an adjusting mechanism . The kerosene heater is extinguished by fully retracting the wick into a cavity below the burner , which will snuff out the flame .
American Civil War
Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beginning
Chola dynasty
In continuation of the decline , also marked by the resurgence of the Pandyan dynasty as the most powerful rulers in South India , a lack of a controlling central administration in its erstwhile - Pandyan territories prompted a number of claimants to the Pandya throne to cause a civil war in which the Sinhalas and the Cholas were involved by proxy . Details of the Pandyan civil war and the role played by the Cholas and Sinhalas , are present in the Mahavamsa as well as the Pallavarayanpettai Inscriptions .
Modern history
The invention of the printing press The English Civil War The Seven Years ' War
Turning point of the American Civil War
There is widespread disagreement among historians about the turning point of the American Civil War . A turning point in this context is an event that occurred during the conflict after which most modern scholars would agree that the eventual outcome was inevitable . While the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 is the event most widely cited as the military climax of the American Civil War ( often in combination with the Siege of Vicksburg , which concluded a day later ) , there were several other decisive battles and events throughout the war which have been proposed as turning points . These events are presented here in chronological order . Only the positive arguments for each are given .
Turning point of the American Civil War
The loss of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two , denying it any further movement along or across the Mississippi River and preventing supplies from Texas and Arkansas that might sustain the war effort from passing east . As President Lincoln had stated , `` See what a lot of land these fellows hold , of which Vicksburg is the key ! The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket ... We can take all the northern ports of the Confederacy and they can defy us from Vicksburg . '' Furthermore , the 30,000 soldiers who surrendered with the city were a significant loss to the military manpower of the Southern cause . Federal
Battle of Natural Bridge
The Battle of Natural Bridge was a battle during the American Civil War , fought in what is now Woodville , Florida , near Tallahassee , on March 6 , 1865 . A small band of Confederate troops and volunteers , mostly composed of teenagers from the nearby Florida Military and Collegiate Institute that would later become Florida State University , and the elderly , protected by breastworks , prevented a detachment of United States Colored Troops from crossing the Natural Bridge on the St. Marks River . The Natural Bridge is a one - quarter mile long stretch along which the St. Marks River runs underground , after dropping into a sinkhole . This action prevented the Union Army from capturing the Florida capital and made Tallahassee the only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River not to be captured by Union forces during the war . The battle has been described as the last Confederate victory in the American Civil War , and it was the second largest American Civil War battle in Florida .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
The Shenandoah destroyed one more prize in the Sea of Okhotsk , north of Japan , then continued to the Aleutians and into the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean , crossing the Arctic Circle on June 19 . Continuing then south along the coast of Alaska the Shenandoah came upon a fleet of Union ships whaling on June 22 . She opened continuous fire , destroying a major portion of the Union whaling fleet . Capt. Waddell took aim at a fleeing whaler , Sophia Thornton , and at his signal , the gunner jerked a wrist strap and fired the last two shots of the American Civil War . Shenandoah had so far captured and burned eleven ships of the American whaling fleet while in Arctic waters .
First Battle of Bull Run
Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities .
United States Bullion Depository
During World War II and into the Cold War , until the invention of different types of synthetic painkillers , a supply of processed morphine and opium was kept in the Depository as a hedge against the US being isolated from the sources of raw opium .
Novel
Furthermore , the major political and military confrontations of the 20th and 21st centuries have also influenced novelists . The events of World War II , from a German perspective , are dealt with by Günter Grass ' The Tin Drum ( 1959 ) and an American by Joseph Heller 's Catch - 22 ( 1961 ) . The subsequent Cold War influenced popular spy novels . Latin American self - awareness in the wake of the ( failing ) left revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a `` Latin American Boom '' , linked to with the names of novelists Julio Cortázar , Mario Vargas Llosa , Carlos Fuentes and Gabriel García Márquez , along with the invention of a special brand of postmodern magic realism .
Southwestern United States
One of these distinguishing characteristics in Texas -- in addition to being a Confederate state during the Civil War -- is that Indigenous and Spanish American culture never played a central role in the development of this area in relative comparison to the others , as the vast majority of settlers were Anglo and blacks from the South . Although the present day state of Oklahoma was Indian Territory until the early 20th century , many of these American Indians were from the southeastern United States and became culturally assimilated early on . The majority of members of these tribes also allied themselves with the Confederacy during the Civil War . Combined with that , once the territory was open for settlement , southeastern pioneers made up a disproportionate number of these newcomers . All this contributed to the new state having a character that differed from other parts of the Southwest with large American Indian populations .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The elements contributing to the decline of the merchant marine were already operative before the Civil War , and the result would undoubtedly have been the same if that conflict had not come . The war , however , accentuated a tendency already existing and dealt a blow from which the merchant marine failed to recover until artificially revived during World War I. In 1861 registered American tonnage in foreign trade amounted to 2,496,894 tons and in 1865 to 1,518,350 , while the percent of imports and exports carried in American ships dropped in the same years from 66.2 to 27.7 . The decrease of tonnage in these years of some 900,000 tons was chiefly due to two causes . The first of these was the loss sustained from Confederate cruisers such as the Alabama built and fitted out in England contrary to the laws of warfare . The second and most important was the sale during the four years 1862 - 65 of 751,595 tons of shipping abroad , occasioned by ( 1 ) lack of confidence , decline in profits due to continual Confederate captures and high insurance rates , and ( 2 ) decline in export business due to the cessation of cotton shipments abroad .
Military history of the United States
The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones . Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914 . It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans , especially the April 9 , 1914 , `` Tampico Affair '' , which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta . In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico , with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army .
Missouri
Between the Civil War and the end of World War II , Missouri transitioned from a rural economy to a hybrid industrial - service - agricultural economy as the Midwest rapidly industrialized . The expansion of railroads to the West transformed Kansas City into a major transportation hub within the nation . The growth of the Texas cattle industry along with this increased rail infrastructure and the invention of the refrigerated boxcar also made Kansas City a major meatpacking center , as large cattle drives from Texas brought herds of cattle to Dodge City and other Kansas towns . There , the cattle were loaded onto trains destined for Kansas City , where they were butchered and distributed to the eastern markets . The first half of the twentieth century was the height of Kansas City 's prominence and its downtown became a showcase for stylish Art Deco skyscrapers as construction boomed .
Minié ball
The Minié ball , or Minni ball , is a type of muzzle - loading spin - stabilized rifle bullet named after its co-developer , Claude - Étienne Minié , inventor of the Minié rifle . It came to prominence in the Crimean War and American Civil War . The development of the Minié ball was significant because it was the first projectile which was small enough to be easily put down the barrel of a rifled long gun . Rifling -- the addition of spiral grooves inside the gun barrel , which imparted a spin to the bullet -- greatly increased the range and accuracy of the gun . Prior to the Minié ball , bullets had to be jammed down the rifle barrel , sometimes with a mallet , and after a relatively small number of shots , gunpowder residue built up in the spiral grooves , which then had to be cleaned out . Both the American Springfield and the British Enfield rifles -- the most common rifles used during the American Civil War -- used the Minié ball .
Turning point of the American Civil War
At the time of an event , the fog of war often makes it impossible to recognize all of the implications of any specific outcome . Only hindsight can fully reveal the endpoint and all of the developments that led up to it . For this reason , contemporary observers may lack confidence in predicting a turning point . Many of the turning points of the Civil War cited here would not have been recognized as such at the time .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
The fighting of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War between Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant 's Army of the Potomac and Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia was reported considerably more often in the newspapers than the battles of the Western Theater . Reporting of the Eastern Theater skirmishes largely dominated the newspapers as the Appomattox Campaign developed .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
In Memphis , Unionists held two torchlight processions to honor their cause . The secessionists replied with their own demonstrations and a celebratory ball . That week , on February 9 , the state of Tennessee was to vote on whether or not to send delegates to a State Convention that would decide on secession . The General Assembly convened by Governor Isham Harris did not believe it had the authority to call a State Convention without a vote of the people .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Another element of the American opposition to the war was the perception that U.S. intervention in Vietnam , which had been argued as acceptable because of the domino theory and the threat of communism , was not legally justifiable . Some Americans believed that the communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions , and others argued that the American intervention in South Vietnam interfered with the self - determination of the country and felt that the war in Vietnam was a civil war that ought to have determined the fate of the country and that America was wrong to intervene .
United States Navy Reserve
Having fought against a foreign power , naval reservists faced a much different struggle with the outbreak of the Civil War , which divided a navy and a nation . Within days of the attack , President Abraham Lincoln authorized an increase in the personnel levels of the Navy , which assumed an important role in the strategy to defeat the Confederacy with a blockade of the South and a campaign to secure control of the Mississippi River . By war 's end the Navy had grown from a force numbering 9,942 in 1860 to one manned by 58,296 sailors . A total of 101,207 men from twenty - one states enlisted during the war and volunteers were present during some of the storied naval engagements of the American Civil War , including serving in Monitor during her battle with CSS Virginia and the daring mission to destroy the Confederate ironclad CSS Albermarle . The latter action resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to six reserve enlisted men .
Secession in the United States
With origins in the question of states ' rights the issue of secession was argued in many forums and advocated from time to time in both the North and South in the decades after adopting the Constitution and before the American Civil War . Historian Maury Klein described the contemporary debate : `` Was the Republic a unified nation in which the individual states had merged their sovereign rights and identities forever , or was it a federation of sovereign states joined together for specific purposes from which they could withdraw at any time ? '' He observed that `` the case can be made that no result of the ( American Civil ) war was more important than the destruction , once and for all ... of the idea of secession '' .
Results of the War of 1812
Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war . Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour , and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity . Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response . This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour . Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event . Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states , including Massachusetts , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Tennessee , as well as the territory of Michigan . Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful , especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans , while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week . For the next century it was often called `` the Second American War for Independence '' and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House . Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour .
Congressional Baseball Game
The event has at times interrupted the work flow of Congress . In 1914 , Speaker James Beauchamp `` Champ '' Clark of Missouri became frustrated with the Congressional Baseball Game interfering with legislative business . An Appropriations bill on Civil War cotton damage was to be debated on the House floor , but a quorum was not present because of the game . Speaker Clark sent the House Sergeant at Arms to American League Field to return the Members to the House chamber . When the Sergeant at Arms Charles P. Higgins arrived , rain had already canceled the game . The House eventually achieved a quorum , but adjourned without making progress on the bill because Members remained preoccupied with their unfinished work on the baseball diamond .