vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Plate tectonics
It has generally been accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and the relative weakness of the asthenosphere . Dissipation of heat from the mantle is acknowledged to be the original source of the energy required to drive plate tectonics through convection or large scale upwelling and doming . The current view , though still a matter of some debate , asserts that as a consequence , a powerful source of plate motion is generated due to the excess density of the oceanic lithosphere sinking in subduction zones . When the new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges , this oceanic lithosphere is initially less dense than the underlying asthenosphere , but it becomes denser with age as it conductively cools and thickens . The greater density of old lithosphere relative to the underlying asthenosphere allows it to sink into the deep mantle at subduction zones , providing most of the driving force for plate movement . The weakness of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to move easily towards a subduction zone . Although subduction is thought to be the strongest force driving plate motions , it can not be the only force since there are plates such as the North American Plate which are moving , yet are nowhere being subducted . The same is true for the enormous Eurasian Plate . The sources of plate motion are a matter of intensive research and discussion among scientists . One of the main points is that the kinematic pattern of the movement itself should be separated clearly from the possible geodynamic mechanism that is invoked as the driving force of the observed movement , as some patterns may be explained by more than one mechanism . In short , the driving forces advocated at the moment can be divided into three categories based on the relationship to the movement : mantle dynamics related , gravity related ( mostly secondary forces ) , and earth rotation related .
Stop-loss insurance
At Lloyd 's of London , Personal Stop Loss ( PSL ) is a type of insurance policy which limits the losses of names all of whom did ( and some of whom still do ) underwrite with unlimited liability . Provided that the PSL responds to the claims made on it , the unlimited liability thereby becomes to some extent limited .
Mach Five
The steering wheel hub is still present on this version of the Mach Five . Although most of the original functions of the car are still intact , some are activated by different buttons . The underwater functions are abandoned completely and replaced with new functions exclusive to racing combat . Instead of being built with these features from the beginning , the special functions were added to the Mach Five in order to enter it in the Casa Cristo 5000 . The features that are still kept in this incarnation are :
Thermal comfort
Although thermal comfort is usually discussed for the body as a whole , thermal dissatisfaction may also occur just for a particular part of the body , due to local sources of unwanted heating , cooling or air movement . According to the ASHRAE 55 - 2010 standard , there are four main causes of thermal discomfort to be considered . A section of the standard specifies the requirements for these factors , that apply to a lightly clothed person engaged in near sedentary physical activity . This is because people with higher metabolic rates and / or more clothing insulation are less thermally sensitive , and consequently have less risk of thermal discomfort . Radiant
Athenian democracy
In the 5th century BC , there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year , one in each of the ten state months , with other meetings called as needed . In the following century the meetings were set to forty a year , with four in each state month . One of these was now called the main meeting , kyria ekklesia . Additional meetings might still be called , especially as up until 355 BC there were still political trials that were conducted in the assembly rather than in court . The assembly meetings did not occur at fixed intervals , as they had to avoid clashing with the annual festivals that followed the lunar calendar . There was also a tendency for the four meetings to be aggregated toward the end of each state month .
One-child policy
Some of the offending officials did not face penalties , although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to `` expose the celebrities and high - income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child '' . Also , people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment , although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child .
American Equal Rights Association
The AERA was created by the Eleventh National Women 's Rights Convention , which transformed itself into the new organization . Leaders of the women 's movement had earlier suggested the creation of a similar equal rights organization through a merger of their movement with the American Anti-Slavery Society , but that organization did not accept their proposal .
Descriptive psychology
Descriptive Psychology is the intellectual discipline that makes explicit the implicit structure of the behavioral sciences . It concerns conceptual , pre-empirical and theory - neutral formulations identifying the full range of a subject matter . The concern with full inclusion , with clarifying the full set of possibilities , is a hallmark of Descriptive Psychology . The pre-empirical work is accomplished by identifying and interrelating the essential concepts , the vital distinctions , that characterize all possible instances of a subject matter . The empirical project , on the other hand , involves finding the specific possibilities and patterns that actually occur . Descriptive Psychology separates the conceptual and empirical from the theoretical .
Switzerland–European Union relations
From the perspective of the EU , the treaties largely contain the same content as the EEA treaties , making Switzerland a virtual member of the EEA . Most EU law applies universally throughout the EU , the EEA and Switzerland , providing most of the conditions of the free movement of people , goods , services and capital that apply to full member states . Switzerland pays into the EU budget and extended the bilateral treaties to the new EU member states , just like full members did , although each extension requires the approval of Swiss voters in a referendum .
Game of Thrones
In the third season , which saw Theon Greyjoy lengthily tortured and eventually emasculated , the series was also criticized for its use of torture . New York magazine called the scene `` torture porn . '' Madeleine Davies of Jezebel agreed , saying , `` it 's not uncommon that Game of Thrones gets accused of being torture porn -- senseless , objectifying violence combined with senseless , objectifying sexual imagery . '' According to Davies , although the series ' violence tended to serve a narrative purpose , Theon 's torture in `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' was excessive .
American Indian Wars
During and after such warfare , many refugees from defeated tribes went over the border to Canada ; those in the South went to Florida while it was under Spanish control . During the early 19th century , the federal government was under pressure by settlers in many regions to expel Native Americans from their areas . Under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , they offered Native Americans the choices of assimilation and giving up tribal membership , forced relocation to a controlled Indian reservation with an exchange or payment for lands , or movement west . Some resisted fiercely , most notably the Seminoles in a series of wars in Florida . They were never finally defeated , although some Seminole did remove to Indian Territory . The United States gave up on the remainder , by then living defensively deep in the swamps and Everglades . Others were moved to reservations west of the Mississippi River , most famously the Cherokee whose relocation was called the `` Trail of Tears . ''
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title I did not eliminate literacy tests , which were one of the main methods used to exclude Black voters , other racial minorities , and poor Whites in the South , nor did it address economic retaliation , police repression , or physical violence against nonwhite voters . While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races , it did not abolish the concept of voter `` qualification '' , that is to say , it accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but rather might have to meet some standard beyond citizenship . It was the Voting Rights Act , enacted one year later in 1965 , that directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship .
Jeffersonian democracy
The Jeffersonians ' dream did not come to pass . The Louisiana Purchase was a turning point in the history of American imperialism . The farmers with whom Jefferson identified conquered the west , often through violence against Native Americans . Jefferson himself sympathized with Native Americans , but that did not stop him from enacting policies that would continue the trend towards the dispossession of their lands .
APA Ethics Code
Despite the development and use of a complete ethical code , there have still been ethical violations and controversies . For instance , although the APA takes an explicit stance against conversion therapy , this treatment remains controversial amongst many psychologists and religious groups and is still being practiced by some . There is also some disagreement within the field about the ethical implications of using a treatment that may be less effective than another known treatment , although some psychologists argue that all therapy treatments are equally effective ( see : the Dodo bird verdict ) . The APA has also been implicated in helping the Central Intelligence Agency to continue `` enhanced interrogation techniques '' of detainees under the Bush administration . This presented an obvious violation of the organization 's code of ethics and has been addressed by the APA in the form of reports , responses to media outlets , amendments to policies , and rejections of the allegations .
Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute . In biological systems , the solvent is typically water , but osmosis can occur in other liquids , supercritical liquids , and even gases .
Acronym
Possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex : for example , the C.D. 's ' labels ( the labels of the compact discs ) . In some instances , however , an apostrophe may increase clarity : for example , if the final letter of an abbreviation is S , as in SOS 's ( although abbreviations ending with S can also take - es , e.g. SOSes ) , or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods .
Erwin Rommel
In France , Rommel ordered the execution of one French officer who refused three times to cooperate when being taken prisoner ; there are disputes as to whether this execution was justified . Bewley remarks that the shooting of a prisoner who does not behave as a prisoner is a legal option ; however , this act was brutal because the officer did not have a gun , while Richard Weston , veteran at Tobruk , argues that it was not only legal but also made sense considering Rommel 's situation . Caddick - Adams comments that this would make Rommel a war criminal condemned by his own hand , and that other authors overlook this episode . French historian Petitfrère remarks that Rommel was in a hurry and had no time for useless palavers , although this act was still debatable . Telp remarks that , `` For all his craftiness , Rommel was chivalrous by nature and not prone to order or condone acts of needless violence ... He treated prisoners of war with consideration . On one occasion , he was forced to order the shooting of a French lieutenant - colonel for refusing to obey his captors . '' Scheck says , `` Although there is no evidence incriminating Rommel himself , his unit did fight in areas where German massacres of black French prisoners of war were extremely common in June 1940 . ''
Decline of Detroit
Detroit has some of the highest crime rates in the United States , with a rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes , and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes ( compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008 ) . Detroit 's murder rate was 53 per 100,000 in 2012 , ten times that of New York City . A 2012 Forbes report named Detroit as the most dangerous city in the United States for the fourth year in a row . It cited FBI survey data that found that the city 's metropolitan area had a significant rate of violent crimes : murder and non-negligent manslaughter , rape , robbery , and aggravated assault .
Chartism
Several outbreaks of violence ensued , leading to arrests and trials . One of the leaders of the movement , John Frost , on trial for treason , claimed in his defence that he had toured his territory of industrial Wales urging people not to break the law , although he was himself guilty of using language that some might interpret as a call to arms . Dr William Price of Llantrisant -- more of a maverick than a mainstream Chartist -- described Frost as putting `` a sword in my hand and a rope around my neck '' . Hardly surprisingly , there are no surviving letters outlining plans for insurrection , but physical force Chartists had undoubtedly started organising . By early autumn men were being drilled and armed in south Wales , and also in the West Riding . Secret cells were set up , covert meetings were held in the Chartist Caves at Llangynidr and weapons were manufactured as the Chartists armed themselves . Behind closed doors and in pub back rooms , plans were drawn up for a mass protest .
Corynebacterium
The principal features of the Corynebacterium genus were described by Collins and Cummins in 1986 . They are gram - positive , catalase - positive , non spore - forming , non motile , rod - shaped bacteria that are straight or slightly curved . Metachromatic granules are usually present representing stored phosphate regions . Their size falls between 2 and 6 μms in length and 0.5 μm in diameter . The bacteria group together in a characteristic way , which has been described as the form of a `` V '' , `` palisades '' , or `` Chinese letters '' . They may also appear elliptical . They are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic , chemoorganotrophs . They are pleomorphic through their lifecycles , they occur in various lengths , and they frequently have thickenings at either end , depending on the surrounding conditions .
The dress
The dress effectively captured the collective attention of online networks ; in South Africa , the Salvation Army has attempted to re-direct some of this mass awareness towards the issue of domestic violence .
History of evolutionary thought
Creatures on adjacent steps were expected to closely resemble each other , an idea expressed in the saying : natura non facit saltum ( `` nature does not make leaps '' ) . This basic concept of the great chain of being greatly influenced the thinking of Western civilization for centuries ( and still has an influence today ) . It formed a part of the argument from design presented by natural theology . As a classification system , it became the major organizing principle and foundation of the emerging science of biology in the 17th and 18th centuries .
The Great Gatsby
Fitzgerald 's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer , and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels , This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned . Although the novel went through two initial printings , some of these copies remained unsold years later . Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time , and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character . According to his own ledger , now made available online by University of South Carolina 's Thomas Cooper library , he earned only $2,000 from the book . Although 1926 brought Owen Davis ' stage adaption and the Paramount - issued silent film version , both of which brought in money for the author , Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and , most importantly , would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye . For several years afterward , the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece .
Ancient Greece
After the death of Alexander his empire was , after quite some conflict , divided among his generals , resulting in the Ptolemaic Kingdom ( based upon Egypt ) , the Seleucid Empire ( based on the Levant , Mesopotamia and Persia ) and the Antigonid dynasty based in Macedon . In the intervening period , the poleis of Greece were able to wrest back some of their freedom , although still nominally subject to the Macedonian Kingdom .
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Their initial goal was to instigate a revolution against the rise of neoliberalism throughout Mexico , but as this did not happen , they used their uprising as a platform to call the world 's attention to their movement to protest the signing of NAFTA , which the EZLN believed would increase the gap between rich and poor people in Chiapas -- a prediction affirmed by subsequent developments . Gaining attention on a global level through their convention called the Intercontinental Encounter for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism that was attended by 3,000 activists worldwide , the Zapatistas were able to help initiate a united platform for other anti-neoliberal groups . This did not detract from the Zapatistas ' national activism efforts , but rather expanded their already existent ideologies . The EZLN also called for greater democratization of the Mexican government , which had been controlled by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional ( Institutional Revolutionary Party , also known as PRI ) for 65 years , and for land reform mandated by the 1917 Constitution of Mexico but largely ignored by the PRI . The EZLN did not demand independence from Mexico , but rather autonomy in the forms of land access and use of natural resources normally extracted from Chiapas , as well as protection from despotic violence and political inclusion of Chiapas ' indigenous communities .
Alice Springs
Violent crime is common in Alice Springs , mostly involving Aboriginal people , especially between spouses or young men . Most murders and many rapes are committed in the dry Todd River bed . Most of Alice Springs ' many murder victims are Aboriginal and a high proportion are women . Most assault victims are also Aboriginal , although some non-Indigenous people have also been assaulted . Alice Springs ' population of Aboriginal residents is over-represented as offenders in violent crimes , accounting for over three quarters of assault offenders .
Spanish Inquisition
Although the Inquisition was technically forbidden from permanently harming or drawing blood , this still allowed several methods of torture . The methods most used , and common in other secular and ecclesiastical tribunals , were garrucha , toca and the potro . The application of the garrucha , also known as the strappado , consisted of suspending the victim from the ceiling by the wrists , which are tied behind the back . Sometimes weights were tied to the ankles , with a series of lifts and drops , during which the arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated . The toca , also called interrogatorio mejorado del agua , consisted of introducing a cloth into the mouth of the victim , and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning . The potro , the rack , in which the limbs were slowly pulled apart , was the instrument of torture used most frequently .
Catalonia
The new Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia , approved after a referendum in 2006 , was contested by important sectors of the Spanish society , especially by the conservative Popular Party , which sent the law to the Constitutional Court of Spain . In 2010 , the Court declared non valid some of the articles that established an autonomous Catalan system of Justice , better aspects of the financing , a new territorial division , the status of Catalan language or the symbolical declaration of Catalonia as a nation . This decision was severely contested by large sectors of Catalan society , which increased the demands of independence .
Watts truce
The Watts truce was a 1992 peace agreement among rival street gangs in Los Angeles , California , declared in the neighborhood of Watts . The truce was declared in the days just before the 1992 Los Angeles riots , and although not universally adhered to , was a major component of the decline of street violence in the city during the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s .
Sensitivity and specificity
Let us consider a group with P positive instances and N negative instances of some condition . The four outcomes can be formulated in a 2 × 2 contingency table or confusion matrix , as follows :
Brown bear
This species inhabits the broadest range of habitats of any living bear species . They seem to have no altitudinal preferences and have been recorded from sea - level to an elevation of 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) ( the latter in the Himalayas ) . In most of their range , brown bears generally seems to prefer semiopen country , with a scattering of vegetation that can allow them a resting spot during the day . However , they have been recorded as inhabiting every variety of northern temperate forest known to occur . North American brown bears , or grizzly bears , generally seem to prefer open or semi-open landscapes , with the species once having been common on the Great Plains and continues to occur in sizeable numbers in tundra and coastal estuaries and islands . Variable numbers still occur in prairie areas of the northern Rocky Mountains ( mostly in Canada but some in the contiguous United States ) . Where continuous and protected , such as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the prairie is near ideal interior habitat for the species .
Dada
Dada ( / ˈdɑːdɑː / ) or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant - garde in the early 20th century , with early centers in Zürich , Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire ( circa 1916 ) ; New York Dada began circa 1915 , and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris . Developed in reaction to World War I , the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic , reason , and aestheticism of modern capitalist society , instead expressing nonsense , irrationality , and anti-bourgeois protest in their works . The art of the movement spanned visual , literary , and sound media , including collage , sound poetry , cut - up writing , and sculpture . Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence , war , and nationalism , and maintained political affinities with the radical left . Cover
Libya
In June 2014 , elections were held to the Council of Deputies , a new legislative body intended to take over from the General National Congress . The elections were marred by violence and low turnout , with voting stations closed in some areas . Secularists and liberals did well in the elections , to the consternation of Islamist lawmakers in the GNC , who reconvened and declared a continuing mandate for the GNC , refusing to recognise the new Council of Deputies . Armed supporters of the General National Congress occupied Tripoli , forcing the newly elected parliament to flee to Tobruk .