vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Concordat of Worms
The English Church was left more or less in the power of the English monarchy . This was the result of the Charter of Liberties , 1100 , and the agreement at Bec in 1107 . The effect of the Concordat of Worms was different . It ended a civil war that had been going on for more than fifty years . There was no going back to the situation that had preceded it . The political and social structure of Germany had forever been altered . The new generation of cardinals regarded German investiture with contempt and as an embarrassing vestige of the past . They were willing to make concessions with Henry V and his successors in order to get along . The belief after the Concordat was that investiture and the era of theocratic kingship was a discredited doctrine . The German kings had a different view of the matter . Henry V and his successors still believed they had the right and ability to name bishops . In practice , this was true , but only in the territories held by their families . Their domain in the religious sphere had been greatly diminished .
Paterson, New Jersey
Joe Clark ( born 1938 ) , educator and former principal of Eastside High School , depicted by Morgan Freeman in the movie Lean on Me . Lou Costello ( 1906 -- 1959 ) , of the comedy duo Abbott and Costello . ( B ) Christos M. Cotsakos ( born 1948 ) , former CEO of E * TRADE . Ernestina Cravello ( 1880 -- 1942 ) , Italian - American anarcha - feminist activist during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Sunda Croonquist , comic and actress . Victor Cruz , ( born 1986 ) wide receiver for the NFL Super Bowl championship team , the New York Giants . Joe Cunningham ( born 1931 ) , former MLB first baseman and outfielder first baseman and outfielder who played for the St. Louis Cardinals , Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators . ( B ) Andrew Derrom ( 1817 -- 1892 ) , military officer , inventor , civil engineer and industrialist . Larry Doby ( 1923 -- 2003 ) , Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player and manager who broke the color barrier in the American League . Eric Downing ( born 1978 ) , NFL player . Lou Duva ( born 1922 ) , boxing trainer , manager , and promoter , member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame . Randy Edelman ( born 1947 ) , film and TV score composer . ( B ) Barry Edelstein ( born 1965 ) , theatre director , author , and educator who serves as Artistic Director of the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California . ( B ) Eddie Einhorn ( 1936 -- 2016 ) , television executive , part - owner of the Chicago White Sox . Derrick Etienne ( born 1996 ) , professional soccer player for the New York Red Bulls . William W. Evans Jr. ( 1921 -- 1999 ) , politician who served as Mayor of Wyckoff and in the New Jersey General Assembly , who was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President in 1968 . J. John Fox ( c. 1904 -- 1999 ) , judge known for his central role in the founding of the University of Massachusetts Medical School . Abe Gelbart ( 1911 -- 1994 ) , mathematician who was the founding dean of the Belfer Graduate School of Science at Yeshiva University and the namesake of the International Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences at Bar - Ilan University in Ramat Gan , Israel .
Pope
The election of the pope almost always takes place in the Sistine Chapel , in a sequestered meeting called a `` conclave '' ( so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in , cum clave , i.e. , with key , until they elect a new pope ) . Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors ( by reason of illness ) , three are chosen by lot to count the votes , and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes . The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for `` one whom under God I think ought to be elected '' before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar . For the Papal conclave , 2005 , a special urn was used for this purpose instead of a chalice and plate . The plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice , making it difficult for electors to insert multiple ballots . Before being read , the ballots are counted while still folded ; if the number of ballots does not match the number of electors , the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held . Otherwise , each ballot is read aloud by the presiding Cardinal , who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread , stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty . Balloting continues until someone is elected by a two - thirds majority . The
Project team
A project team is a team whose members usually belong to different groups , functions and are assigned to activities for the same project . A team can be divided into sub-teams according to need . Usually project teams are only used for a defined period of time . They are disbanded after the project is deemed complete . Due to the nature of the specific formation and disbandment , project teams are usually in organizations .
Hoover Dam
The initial plans for the facade of the dam , the power plant , the outlet tunnels and ornaments clashed with the modern look of an arch dam . The Bureau of Reclamation , more concerned with the dam 's functionality , adorned it with a Gothic - inspired balustrade and eagle statues . This initial design was criticized by many as being too plain and unremarkable for a project of such immense scale , so Los Angeles - based architect Gordon B. Kaufmann , then the supervising architect to the Bureau of Reclamation , was brought in to redesign the exteriors . Kaufmann greatly streamlined the design , and applied an elegant Art Deco style to the entire project . He designed sculptured turrets rising seamlessly from the dam face and clock faces on the intake towers set for the time in Nevada and Arizona -- both states are in different time zones , but since Arizona does not observe Daylight Saving Time , the clocks display the same time for more than half the year .
Gotham City
Christopher Nolan has stated that Chicago is the basis of his portrayal of Gotham , and the majority of both Batman Begins ( 2005 ) and The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) were filmed there . However , the city itself seems to take many cues from New York City : police cars use a paint job that was used by the NYPD in the 1990s , and the same is applicable to garbage trucks , and the Gotham Post seems to have the same font heading as The New York Post .
Temperate deciduous forest
The principal factor operating in these forests is the seasonal appearance and disappearance of the canopy . Shade from the canopy limits the growth of many kinds of plants . Many species that are typical of these forests time their growth and flowering to the short period just before the canopy opens ; hence , they are known as spring ephemerals . Examples include trilliums and bloodroot . Most spring ephemerals are insect - pollinated , and the seeds themselves are often transported by ants , a mode of dispersal known as myrmecochory . A smaller number of species is able to grow under the canopy , and even a few that grow during the period when leaves are being lost . The average yearly precipitation is 30 - 60 in ( 75 -- 150 cm ) . Temperate deciduous forests have a great variety of plant species . Most have three levels of plants . Lichen , moss , ferns , wildflowers , and other small plants can be found on the forest floor the shrubs fill in the middle level , and hardwood trees like maple , oak , birch , magnolia , sweet gum , and beech make up the third level . Birds such as broad - winged hawks , cardinals , snowy owls , and pileated woodpeckers are also found in this biome . Mammals include white - tailed deer , raccoons , opossums , porcupines , and red foxes . Animals that live in the temperate deciduous forest must be able to adapt to the changing seasons .
Concordat of Worms
Henry IV became so filled with hubris over his position , that he renounced Gregory VII and named the bishop of Ravenna pope . Perhaps he was only following what had been thought to be the right of kings : to name the pope . Henry had invested the Ravenna bishop , and now he referred to the new pope , Clement III , Antipope Clement III as `` our pope '' . Henry attacked Rome , and on the outskirts of the city gained thirteen cardinals who became loyal to his cause . On Palm Sunday , 1084 , Henry IV solemnly enthroned Clement at St. Peter 's Basilica and on Easter Day , Clement returned the favour and crowned Henry IV as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire . Gregory VII was meanwhile still resisting a few hundred yards away from the basilica in the Castel Sant'Angelo , then known as the house of Cencius . Gregory appealed to the Normans for help , and Robert Guiscard responded , entering Rome on May 27 , 1084 and rescuing him . Contemporary
Illinois
In the 1980s and 1990s , heavy rock , punk , and hip hop also became popular in Chicago . Orchestras in Chicago include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Lyric Opera of Chicago , and the Chicago Sinfonietta .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
The 2011 season had a promising start , as the Pirates were above . 500 at the All - Star Break for the first time since 1992 . The Pirates also sent three players to the 2011 Major League Baseball All - Star Game with the selections of starting pitcher Kevin Correia , closer Joel Hanrahan and center fielder Andrew McCutchen . On July 15 , and again on July 18 , the Pirates moved into first place of the NL Central . This marked the first two times that the Pirates were in first place this late in the season since 1997 . The last day they were in first was July 25 . The Bucs split four games with the Braves on July 25 to July 28 . After this they lost 10 games in a row and never recovered . Starting in late July rumblings of `` America 's Team '' began to surface , with ESPN television picking up two of their games for their nightly baseball telecast . The Pirates acquired two former all - stars through the trade market during the Trade Deadline on July 31 : First baseman Derrek Lee from the Orioles and outfielder Ryan Ludwick from the Padres . On July 26 , a questionable call at home plate led to a 19 - inning loss against the Atlanta Braves . The Pirates then won only one game from that point to August 8 , including a season - high 10 - game losing streak in that span . Despite a promising season , with a loss to the St. Louis Cardinals on September 14 , 2011 , the team lost its 82nd game of the season , ensuring a 19 - year losing season streak .
Geography of Illinois
The first is Northern Illinois , dominated by the Chicago metropolitan area , including the city of Chicago , its suburbs , and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding . The `` collar counties '' are the five counties that surround the centrally located Cook County in the Chicago metropolitan area : DuPage County , Kane County , Lake County , McHenry County , and Will County . The term `` Chicagoland '' is sometimes used to describe the metro area , including Chicago , its suburbs within Cook County , and the so - called collar counties . The term is said to have been coined by Chicago Tribune publisher Robert R. McCormick . The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook , and DuPage , Kane , Lake , McHenry and Will counties . The region is cosmopolitan , densely populated , industrialized , and settled by a wide variety of ethnic groups .
Seattle Seahawks
On September 27 , 2009 , the Seahawks wore lime green jerseys for the first time , paired with new dark navy blue pants in a game against the Chicago Bears . The jerseys matched their new sister team , the expansion Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer who wear green jerseys with blue pants . On December 6 , 2009 , the Seahawks wore their Seahawks blue jersey with the new dark navy blue pants for the first time , in a game against the San Francisco 49ers . The Seahawks broke out the same combo two weeks later against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and two weeks after that in the 2009 regular season finale against the Tennessee Titans . In December 2009 , then - coach Jim Mora announced that the new lime green jerseys were being retired because the team did not win in them , because he liked the home jerseys better , and added that the home jersey is a better match for the navy pants . In the same press conference , he stated that the new navy pants `` felt better '' on players as opposed to the Seahawks blue pants . For the 2010 season , Seattle returned to the traditional all `` Seahawks Blue '' at home and all white on the road . Russell
25 or 6 to 4
`` 25 or 6 to 4 '' is a song written by the American musician Robert Lamm , one of the founding members of the rock / jazz fusion band Chicago . It was recorded in 1969 for their second album , Chicago , with Peter Cetera on lead vocals . The album was released in January 1970 and the song was edited and released as a single in June of that same year , climbing to number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and number seven on the UK Singles Chart . It was the band 's first song to reach the top five in the U.S. This recording features an electric guitar solo using a wah - wah pedal by Chicago guitarist Terry Kath , and a lead vocal line in Aeolian mode . It has been included in numerous Chicago compilation albums .
History of the San Diego Chargers
Prior to the 2010 season Tomlinson departed . He was aging and an expensive contract . The Chargers lost the first game to Kansas City , 21 - 14 . The second game was at home was a win against the Jaguars . However , low ticket sales resulted in a blackout . The third game , an away game , was a 27 - 20 loss against Seattle . The fourth game was a win for the Chargers against the Cardinals , 41 - 10 at home . There was blackout during the game . Then in the next game , after many wins against the Raiders , the Chargers were defeated by them . The Chargers won the next four games then again were defeated by the Raiders at home , 28 points to 13 . After a game where they tied with the Raiders , the Chargers were defeated by the Bengals 34 - 20 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005 . The Chargers defeated Denver and ended the season with a 9 - 7 record .
Northwestern Wildcats football
Even before the Wildcats became the official school nickname for NU , a caged live bear cub named Furpaw was the team 's mascot . In 1923 , however , the team had a bad season and decided the mascot was bad luck . During the following season , the nickname Wildcats was officially adopted by the university after the team 's defense was described as a `` wall of Purple wildcats '' by Chicago Sun - Times writer Wallace Abbey . Previously , the team was either known as the Purple or the Fighting Methodists . In 1933 , the NU athletic department and an ad agency , created the first image of Willie the Wildcat , though he did not come to life until 1947 when Alpha Delta fraternity members dressed up as the mascot .
American Horror Story
The second season 's opening sequence is done by the same creative team . `` We are shooting a new title sequence with the same team that did last year 's , '' series creator Ryan Murphy said . `` The song may stay ... not sure . '' The music was kept , and the new title sequence was set around the Asylum , utilising shots of inmates raving and surgeons operating on patients with bandages obscuring their faces . Elements include a young girl walking backwards on her hands and feet up a staircase and a shot of the Virgin Mary 's smile changing from one of benevolence to one of spite .
Southwestern United States
When people think of the desert southwest , the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind . The Sonoran Desert makes up the southwestern portion of the Southwest ; most of the desert lies in Mexico , but its United States component lies on the southeastern border of California , and the western 2 / 3 of southern Arizona . Rainfall averages between 4 -- 12 inches per year , and the desert 's most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus , which is unique to the desert . It is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert , to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert . Aside from the trademark saguaro , the desert has the most diverse plant life of any desert in the world , and includes many other species of cacti , including the organ - pipe , senita , prickly pear , barrel , fishhook , hedgehog , cholla , silver dollar , and jojoba . The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region . Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders : Phoenix , Tucson , Mesa , Chandler , Glendale , and Scottsdale , all in Arizona . Also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona .
Catholic Church and capital punishment
The Council of Trent , an ecumenical council held in Italy between 1545 and 1563 and prompted by the Protestant Reformation , commissioned in the seventh canon ( `` De Reformatione '' ) of Session XXIV the first Church - wide catechism of the Catholic Church , later known as the Roman Catechism and also as the Catechism of the Council of Trent . A commission of eminent theologians supervised by three cardinals produced a catechism , which was published in Rome under Papal authority , after the Council had concluded , under the Latin title `` Catechismus ex decreto Concilii Tridentini ad parochos Pii V jussu editus , Romae , 1566 '' ( in - folio ) . In its section on the Fifth Commandment , the Roman Catechism teaches that civil authority , having power over life and death as `` the legitimate avenger of crime , '' may commit `` lawful slaying '' as `` an act of paramount obedience to this Commandment which prohibits murder '' by giving `` security to life by repressing outrage and violence . ''
Bullpen
In most major league stadiums , the bullpens are located out - of - play just behind the outfield fences . Commonly , the bullpens are separated from each other and each team 's is located on the side of the field corresponding with the same team 's dugout . However , there are exceptions . In a few ballparks , the team 's bullpens are opposite their own dugouts which allows the manager to more easily watch the pitchers warming up from his dugout . A recent trend is the installation of mesh outfield walls in front of the bullpen to allow the bullpen to be more - easily seen by both fans and the manager in the dugout , as well as to allow the players in the bullpen to more easily see what is occurring on the field .
Jim Thorpe
Jim Thorpe Thorpe with the Canton Bulldogs some time between 1915 and 1920 No. 21 , 3 , 1 Position : Back Date of birth : May 22 or 28 , 1887 Place of birth : Near Prague , Indian Territory ( now in Oklahoma ) Date of death : March 28 , 1953 ( 1953 - 03 - 28 ) ( aged 65 ) Place of death : Lomita , California Height : 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Weight : 202 lb ( 92 kg ) Career information College : Carlisle Career history As player : Canton Bulldogs ( 1915 -- 1917 , 1919 -- 1920 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1921 ) Oorang Indians ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Rock Island Independents ( 1924 ) New York Giants ( 1925 ) Rock Island Independents ( 1925 ) Tampa Cardinals ( 1926 ) Canton Bulldogs ( 1926 ) Chicago Cardinals ( 1928 ) As coach : Indiana ( 1915 ) Canton Bulldogs ( 1915 -- 1920 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1921 ) Oorang Indians ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Tampa Cardinals ( 1926 ) Career highlights and awards First - team All - Pro ( 1923 ) NFL 1920s All - Decade Team 2 × Consensus All - American ( 1911 , 1912 ) Career NFL statistics Player stats at NFL.com Head coaching record Career : 14 -- 25 -- 2 Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
As the Pirates once again failed to produce a winning record , the team began another round of rebuilding . Prior to the trade deadline , the Pirates made several deals that sent several accomplished veterans to other franchises . On July 26 , the Pirates traded left fielder Xavier Nady and pitcher Dámaso Marte to the New York Yankees in return for José Tábata , Ross Ohlendorf , Dan McCutchen , and Jeff Karstens . Karstens began his career with the Pirates at 2 -- 0 and came within 4 outs of pitching the first perfect game in franchise history on August 6 , 2008 . On July 31 , Jason Bay was traded to the Boston Red Sox in a three - team deal that sent Manny Ramírez to the Los Angeles Dodgers and Andy LaRoche and Bryan Morris to the Pirates from the Dodgers and Brandon Moss and Craig Hansen to the Pirates from the Red Sox . On November 24 , the Pirates signed Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel as undrafted free agents , making them the first Indian citizens to sign a contract with any American professional sports team . Both men are pitchers , who were first spotted in the `` Million Dollar Arm '' contest organized in India by J.B. Bernstein earlier in 2008 . Trading away players for prospects continued in 2009 , as the team 's only 2008 All - Star Nate McLouth was traded to the Atlanta Braves for prospects Jeff Locke , Charlie Morton and Gorkys Hernández . On June 30 , the team dealt Nyjer Morgan and Sean Burnett to the Washington Nationals , as well as sending utility player Eric Hinske to the New York Yankees . This upset some Pirates players , including Adam LaRoche and Jack Wilson , who questioned the direction of the team . LaRoche was later traded to the Red Sox in exchange for minor leaguers Hunter Strickland and Argenis Díaz . On July 29 , Wilson was traded to the Seattle Mariners in exchange for shortstop Ronny Cedeño and Minor League players Jeff Clement , Aaron Pribanic , Brett Lorin , and Nathan Adcock . The same day , the Pirates traded Sanchez to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for Tim Alderson . On September 7 , the Pittsburgh Pirates were defeated by the Chicago Cubs 4 -- 2 . The loss was the Pirates ' 82nd of the year , and it clinched for them the longest streak of consecutive losing seasons in any North American professional sport .
Midwestern United States
As a major world financial center , the city is home to the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago ( the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve ) . The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges , including the Chicago Stock Exchange , the Chicago Board Options Exchange ( CBOE ) , and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( the `` Merc '' ) , which is owned , along with the Chicago Board of Trade ( CBOT ) by Chicago 's CME Group . The CME Group , in addition , owns the New York Mercantile Exchange ( NYMEX ) , the Commodities Exchange Inc . ( COMEX ) and the Dow Jones Indexes .
Chicago Bears logos, uniforms, and mascots
By 1949 , the team was wearing the familiar navy blue shirts with white , rounded numbers . In 1956 , the team added `` TV numbers '' to the sleeves . By 1957 the NFL , in part for easier television viewing , ordered home teams to wear dark , primary - colored jerseys and road teams white ; the Bears ' white jersey featured blue numerals with orange trim , and the three parallel sleeve stripes , the top and bottom blue and the middle orange . By 1960 the team 's home jerseys had added orange trim to the round white numerals ( which became slightly smaller ) ; the blue socks gained white borders to the orange stripes . In 1961 the orange sleeve stripes were given white borders . The Bears added the initials GSH to the left sleeve of their jerseys after the October 31 , 1983 passing of George Halas . In 1970 , the Bears added names to the back to the players jersey .