vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
The warriors in Osman 's service came from diverse backgrounds . Known variously as gazis and akıncıs ( raiders ) , they were attracted to his success and joined out of a desire to win plunder and glory . Most of Osman 's early followers were Muslim Turks of tribal origin , while others were of Byzantine origin , either Christians or recent converts to Islam .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
The colony contained Bristol County , Plymouth County , and Barnstable County , Massachusetts . The Massachusetts Bay Colony was reorganized and issued a new charter as the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691 , and Plymouth ended its history as a separate colony .
History of the Roman Empire
An invasion by a vast host of Goths was beaten back at the Battle of Naissus in 269 . This victory was significant as the turning point of the crisis , when a series of tough , energetic soldier - emperors took power . Victories by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus over the next two years drove back the Alamanni and recovered Hispania from the Gallic Empire . When Claudius died in 270 of the plague , Aurelian , who had commanded the cavalry at Naissus , succeeded him as the emperor and continued the restoration of the Empire .
Greco-Persian Wars
Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC , the Persian army began its march to Greece , taking 3 months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to Therme . It paused at Doriskos where it was joined by the fleet . Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations used earlier for the march . Major
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Osman was adept at forging political and commercial relationships with nearby groups , Muslim as well as Christian . Early on he attracted several notable figures to his side , including Köse Mihal , a Byzantine village headman whose descendants ( known as the Mihaloğulları ) enjoyed primacy among the frontier warriors in Ottoman service . Köse Mihal was noteworthy for having been a Christian Greek ; while he eventually converted to Islam , his prominent historical role indicates Osman 's willingness to cooperate with non-Muslims and incorporate them into his political enterprise .
Hyundai Santa Fe
In a rare mid-year model change , Hyundai increased the size of the fuel tank from 64 to 71 liters ( 17 to 19 U.S. gallons ) and reorganized the location of the badges on the tailgate . The interior layout of the console and the position of the clock were also changed .
Santa Claus
Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th - century Greek Christian bishop of Myra ( now Demre ) in Lycia , a province of the Byzantine Empire , now in Turkey . Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor , in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes . He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity . In continental Europe ( more precisely the Netherlands , Belgium , Austria , the Czech Republic and Germany ) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes .
Hotel rating
Historically , luxury hotels have used the membership in The Leading Hotels of the World to document regular inspection on an additional level . This organization had been formed in 1928 and it reorganized in 1971 introducing a worldwide inspection service .
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
The 1901 and 1903 General Conference sessions reorganized the church 's structure to include union conferences which managed a group of local conferences in their domain . By the end of 1904 , the various societal interests became incorporated as departments in each conference 's structure .
Timeline of the Ottoman Empire
Year Date Event 1453 May 29 Mehmed II ( the Conqueror ) captures Constantinople , and the final Byzantine emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting . 1460 Mehmed II conquers Morea . 1461 Mehmed II conquers Trabzon thus ends Empire of Trebizond . 1461 Isfendiyarids joined the Ottoman lands . 1462 Mehmed II begins to build his Topkapi Palace . 1463 Bosnia was conquered . 1463 - 79 Ottoman -- Venetian War 1473 Battle of Otlukbeli ; Mehmed II defeats Uzun Hasan of Akkoyunlu Turkmens . 1475 Gedik Ahmet Pasha captures Caffa . Crimea becomes vassal of the Ottoman Empire . 1478 Albania is conquered . 1480 Gedik Ahmet Pasha captures Otranto , the southeast corner of Italy as a base for further attacks on Italy ( only to evacuate after the death of Mehmet II ) . 1481 May 3 Mehmed II dies . Bayezid II ascended to the throne . 1481 Sultan Cem and Bayezid II has experienced a struggle for the throne between . This event is important for the Ottoman history . There has been standstill and internal conflicts . 1482 Herzegovina was conquered . 1485 - 91 Ottoman -- Mamluk War . 1487 Karamanids was conquered . 1498 Montenegro was conquered . 1499 - 1503 Ottoman -- Venetian War ( 1499 -- 1503 )
Italian Empire
After 25 July , the new Italian government under the King and Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio remained outwardly part of the Axis . But , secretly , it started negotiations with the Allies . On the eve of the American landings at Salerno , which started the Allied invasion of Italy , the new Italian government secretly signed an armistice with the Allies . On 8 September , the armistice was made public . In Albania , Yugoslavia , the Dodecanese , and other territories still held by the Italians , German military forces successfully attacked their former Italian allies and ended Italy 's rule . During the Dodecanese Campaign , an Allied attempt to take the Dodecanese with the cooperation of the Italian troops ended in total German victory . In China , the Imperial Japanese Army occupied Italy 's concession in Tientsin after getting news of the armistice . Later in 1943 the Italian Social Republic formally ceded control of the concession to Japan 's puppet regime in China , the Reorganized National Government of China under Wang Jingwei .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
While attendance figures at Forbes Field rose to among the top in the NL , the team built around Kiner placed in the first division only once -- in 1948 -- and in 1952 compiled one of the worst records in major league history , winning 42 and losing 112 games (. 273 ) and finishing 541⁄2 games out of first place . The new ownership group reorganized during 1950 , when Galbreath , Crosby and Johnson bought out McKinney 's investment , and Galbreath became majority owner . His family would control the destiny of the Pirates for the next 35 years .
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Political authority in western Anatolia was thus extremely fragmented by the end of the thirteenth century , split between locally established rulers , tribal groups , holy figures , and warlords , with Byzantine and Seljuk authority ever present but rapidly weakening . The fragmentation of authority has led several historians to describe the political entities of thirteenth and fourteenth - century Anatolia as Taifas , or `` petty kings '' , a comparison with the history of late - medieval Muslim Spain . The power of these groups was largely dependent upon their ability to attract military manpower . Western Anatolia was then a hotbed of raiding activity , with warriors switching allegiance at will to whichever chief seemed most able to provide them with opportunities for plunder and glory .
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Mehmed spent two years preparing for his attempt on the Byzantine capital . He built a navy to cut the city off from outside help by sea ; he purchased an arsenal of large cannons from the Hungarian gunsmith Urban ; he sealed the Bosphorus north of the city by erecting a powerful fortress on its European shore to prevent succor arriving from the Black Sea ; and he meticulously concentrated in Thrace every available military unit in his lands . A trade agreement with Venice prevented the Venetians from intervening on behalf of the Byzantines , and the rest of Western Europe unwittingly cooperated with Mehmed 's plans by being totally absorbed in internecine wars and political rivalries . Constantinople
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
When Mehmed Çelebi stood as victor in 1413 he crowned himself in Edirne ( Adrianople ) as Mehmed I. His was the duty to restore the Ottoman Empire to its former glory . The Empire had suffered hard from the interregnum ; the Mongols were still at large in the east , even though Timur had died in 1405 ; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control ; and the land , especially Anatolia , had suffered hard from the war .
British Empire in World War II
The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South - East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore . Singapore was the major British military base in South East Asia and nicknamed the `` Gibraltar of the East '' . The fighting in Singapore lasted from 31 January 1942 to 15 February 1942 .
The Gambia
During the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century , the British Empire and the French Empire struggled continually for political and commercial supremacy in the regions of the Senegal River and the Gambia River . The British Empire occupied the Gambia when an expedition led by Augustus Keppel landed there following the Capture of Senegal in 1758 . The 1783 First Treaty of Versailles gave Great Britain possession of the Gambia River , but the French retained a tiny enclave at Albreda on the river 's north bank . This was finally ceded to the United Kingdom in 1856 .
New Spain
The new Bourbon kings did not split the Viceroyalty of New Spain into smaller administrative units as they did with the Viceroyalty of Peru , carving out the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata and the Viceroyalty of New Granada , but New Spain was reorganized administratively and elite American - born Spanish men were passed over for high office . The crown also established a standing military , with the aim of defending its overseas territories .
History of India
Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by Central Asian Turks ; though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into modern Afghanistan and Pakistan as early as the 8th century . The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century , but declined in the late 14th century . This period also saw the emergence of several powerful Hindu states , notably Vijayanagara , Gajapati , Ahom , as well as Rajput states , such as Mewar . The 15th century saw the advent of Sikhism . The early modern period began in the 16th century , when the Mughal Empire conquered most of the Indian subcontinent . The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century , which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire , Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532 , he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before . Amid the ruins of the city of Tumbes , he tried to piece together the situation before him . From two young local boys whom he had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him , Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire .
Byzantine law
Other jurists ( including at least one Emperor ) prepared private collections of cases and commentaries , but these did not form the body of law used by jurists at large . It is held that the 113 Novels of Leo the Wise fall into this category .
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
From Britannia comes an indication of the prosperity which freedom from taxes could bring .
List of French monarchs
The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870 .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
After hearing about the fall of the Aztec Empire , tarascan ruler ( Cazonci ) Tangaxuan II sent emissaries to the Spanish victors ( the Tarascan state was contemporary with and an enemy of the Aztec Empire ) . A few Spaniards went with them to Tzintzuntzan where they were presented to the ruler and gifts were exchanged . They returned with samples of gold and Cortés ' interest in the Tarascan state was awakened . Subjugation
Mesopotamia
The Sumerians and Akkadians ( including Assyrians and Babylonians ) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history ( c. 3100 BC ) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC , when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire . It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC , and after his death , it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
After a failing performance in Rome he gives a pep talk and has the circus spiced up to get the circus promoter for a tour in America . Stefano told Alex why Vitaly the Siberian tiger was grouchy . Alex teaches Gia trapeze , and they begin to fall deeply in love . The London performance was better and they go to America . DuBois came to `` take home '' Alex but gets shot out of a cannon . Alex tells them why they had to join the circus .
History of Wells Fargo
The Wells Fargo stagecoach empire was short lived . Although the Central Pacific Railroad , already operating over the Sierra Mountains to Reno , Nevada , carried Wells Fargo 's express , the company did not have an exclusive contract . Moreover , the Union Pacific Railroad was encroaching on the territory served by Wells Fargo stagelines . Ashbel H. Barney , Danforth Barney 's brother and cofounder of United States Express Company , replaced McLane as president in 1869 . The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in that year , causing the stage business to dwindle and Wells Fargo 's stock to fall .
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
In 454 Aetius was personally stabbed to death by Valentinian , who was himself murdered by the dead general 's supporters a year later .
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
No sooner were the ravages of the enemy checked , than the island was deluged with a most extraordinary plenty of all things , greater than was before known , and with it grew up every kind of luxury and licentiousness .
Ship
Until the Renaissance , navigational technology remained comparatively primitive . This absence of technology did not prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers . Examples include the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice , Hanseatic League , and the Byzantine navy . The Vikings used their knarrs to explore North America , trade in the Baltic Sea and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
The Spanish conquest of Yucatán took almost 170 years . The whole process could have taken longer were it not for three separate epidemics that took a heavy toll on the Native Americans , causing the population to fall in half and weakening the traditional social structure .
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The Visigoths passed another waymark on their journey to full independence ; they made their own foreign policy , sending princesses to make ( rather unsuccessful ) marriage alliances with Rechiar of the Sueves and with Huneric , son of the Vandal king Genseric .
Catalonia
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the area was conquered by the Visigoths and was ruled as part of the Visigothic Kingdom for almost two and a half centuries . In 718 , it came under Muslim control and became part of Al - Andalus , a province of the Umayyad Caliphate . From the conquest of Roussillon in 760 , to the conquest of Barcelona in 801 , the Frankish empire took control of the area between Septimania and the Llobregat river from the Muslims and created heavily militarised , self - governing counties . These counties formed part of the Gothic and Hispanic marches , a buffer zone in the south of the Frankish empire in the former province of Septimania and in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula , to act as a defensive barrier for the Frankish empire against further Muslim invasions from Al - Andalus . Petronilla
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
( Valentinian ) thought he had slain his master ; he found that he had slain his protector : and he fell a helpless victim to the first conspiracy which was hatched against his throne .
Mali Empire
The reign of Mari Djata Keita II was ruinous and left the empire in bad financial shape , but the empire itself passed intact to the dead emperor 's brother . Mansa Fadima Musa Keita , or Mansa Musa Keita II , began the process of reversing his brother 's excesses . He did not , however , hold the power of previous mansas because of the influence of his kankoro - sigui .
Star Wars
Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire .
British Empire in World War II
From 1923 , defence of British colonies and protectorates in East Asia was centred on the `` Singapore strategy '' . This made the assumption that Britain could send a fleet to its naval base in Singapore within two or three days of a Japanese attack , while relying on France to provide assistance in Asia via its colony in Indochina and , in the event of war with Italy , to help defend British territories in the Mediterranean . Pre-war planners did not anticipate the fall of France : Nazi occupation , the loss of control over the Channel , and the employment of French Atlantic ports as forward bases for U-boats directly threatened Britain itself , forcing a significant reassessment of naval defence priorities .
Brittany
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , many Britons settled in western Armorica , and the region started to be called Britannia , although this name only replaced Armorica in the sixth century or perhaps by the end of the fifth . Later , authors like Geoffrey of Monmouth used the terms Britannia minor and Britannia major to distinguish Brittany from Britain .
History of West Africa
In the Scramble for Africa in the 1880s the Europeans started to colonise the inland of West Africa , they had previously mostly controlled trading ports along the coasts and rivers . Samory Ture 's newly founded Wassoulou Empire was the last to fall , and with his capture in 1898 , military resistance to French colonial rule effectively ended .
History of India
The Pala Empire was founded by Gopala I , it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent . Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism , they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism . The morpheme Pala , meaning `` protector '' , was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs . The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala . Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest . The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways . Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda , considered one of the first great universities in recorded history . Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire . The Palas also built many viharas . They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet . Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala Empire . The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs . Chola
Czechoslovakia
The area was long a part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire until the empire collapsed at the end of World War I . The new state was founded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk ( 1850 -- 1937 ) , who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935 . He was succeeded by his close ally , Edvard Beneš ( 1884 -- 1948 ) .
Czechoslovakia
The Bohemian Kingdom ceased to exist in 1918 when it was incorporated into Czechoslovakia . Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918 , as one of the successor states of the Austro - Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I and as part of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye . It consisted of the present day territories of Bohemia , Moravia , Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia . Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria - Hungary . Ethnicity
Ashoka
In the year 185 BCE , about fifty years after Ashoka 's death , the last Maurya ruler , Brihadratha , was assassinated by the commander - in - chief of the Mauryan armed forces , Pushyamitra Shunga , while he was taking the Guard of Honor of his forces . Pushyamitra Shunga founded the Shunga dynasty ( 185 - 75 BCE ) and ruled just a fragmented part of the Mauryan Empire . Many of the northwestern territories of the Mauryan Empire ( modern - day Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan ) became the Indo - Greek Kingdom .
Mali Empire
The Manden Kurufaba founded by Mari Djata it was composed of the `` three freely allied states '' of Mali , Mema and Wagadou plus the Twelve Doors of Mali . It is important to remember that Mali , in this sense , strictly refers to the city - state of Niani .
History of the Roman Empire
Lucius Septimius Severus was born to a family of Phoenician equestrian rank in the Roman province of Africa proconsularis . He rose through military service to consular rank under the later Antonines . Proclaimed emperor in 193 by his legionaries in Noricum during the political unrest that followed the death of Commodus , he secured sole rule over the empire in 197 after defeating his last rival , Clodius Albinus , at the Battle of Lugdunum . In securing his position as emperor , he founded the Severan dynasty .
Monarchies in Africa
Ceuta and Melilla are two cities on the northwestern coast of Africa bordering Morocco . Both were founded by the Carthaginians and later fell under successive Roman , Vandal , and Byzantine control before being conquered by the Arabs in the eighth century . Ceuta , in particular , served as the base for the Moorish conquest of Spain during that time period . In 1415 , Ceuta was conquered by the Portuguese , with Melilla falling to the Spanish in 1497 . When the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal united in 1580 , Ceuta also came under Spanish control and has remained Spanish ever since . During the Spanish - Moroccan War , both cities gained additional territory to expand to the present boundaries . Autonomy was granted to both cities in 1995 . Today , Morocco still claims that the two cities are part of Moroccan territory , which has created tension between the neighboring countries .
Karnataka
Prior to the third century BCE , most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka . Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed , allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka . The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms , the Kadambas and the Western Gangas , marking the region 's emergence as an independent political entity . The Kadamba Dynasty , founded by Mayurasharma , had its capital at Banavasi ; the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital . Sala
Islamic architecture
In the frontier area of the Arabic expansion , military forts ( Misr , Pl . Arabic : أمصار ‎ , amṣār ) , or Ribat ( Arabic : رباط ‎ ribāṭ , fortress ) were founded . The structure and function of a misr is similar to an ancient Roman Colonia . Like a frontier colony , the fortress served as a base for further conquests . Arabian military forts of this type were frequently built in the vicinity of an older town from Antiquity or from Byzantine times . They frequently were of square format .