vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964 . Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South , and a plan was developed to use PAVN units to split southern Vietnam in half through the Central Highlands . The two imported adversaries first faced one another during Operation Silver Bayonet , better known as the Battle of the Ia Drang . During the savage fighting that took place , both sides learned important lessons . The North Vietnamese , who had taken horrendous casualties , began to adapt to the overwhelming American superiority in air mobility , supporting arms , and close air support by moving in as close as possible during confrontations , thereby negating the effects of the above . The Americans learned that PAVN ( which was basically a light infantry force ) was not a rag - tag band of guerrillas , but was instead a highly disciplined , proficient , and well motivated force .
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
In the 1990s , the World Bank funded a number of measures to set up schools within easy reach of rural communities . This effort was consolidated in the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan model in the 1990s . RTE takes the process further , and makes the enrolment of children in schools a state prerogative .
Air Jordan
This package consisted of two variations of Retro Air Jordan , in which each model number equaled 23 . So the Retro I was released in a package with the Retro XXII , the Retro II with the Retro XXI , etc . ``
Air pollution in the United States
The spatial arrangement of Californian communities plays a large role in determining exposure to the concentrated air pollution of the state 's southern regions . In one suburb of Los Angeles , El Marino Language School sits adjacent to the ten - lane Interstate 405 . Students of schools like these , often elementary - aged , are subject to dramatically increased levels of pollution from automobile emissions , including carcinogenic compounds . Health effects of traffic pollution include the onset of cardiovascular disease , asthma , impaired lung function , premature death , and a plethora of other complications . Furthermore , the incomplete development of children 's sensitive respiratory systems leads to compounded effects of air pollution when compared with the health effects of the same pollution on adults .
Respiratory system
The lungs expand and contract during the breathing cycle , drawing air in and out of the lungs . The volume of air moved in or out of the lungs under normal resting circumstances ( the resting tidal volume of about 500 ml ) , and volumes moved during maximally forced inhalation and maximally forced exhalation are measured in humans by spirometry . A typical adult human spirogram with the names given to the various excursions in volume the lungs can undergo is illustrated below ( Fig. 3 ) : Fig.
Thunderstorm
Warm air has a lower density than cool air , so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom ( this effect can be seen with a hot air balloon ) . Clouds form as relatively warmer air , carrying moisture , rises within cooler air . The moist air rises , and , as it does so , it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses . When the moisture condenses , it releases energy known as latent heat of vaporization , which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air continuing the cloud 's ascension . If enough instability is present in the atmosphere , this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning and thunder . Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds . Generally , thunderstorms require three conditions to form :
Photo booth
The modern concept of photo booth with ( later ) a curtain originated with Anatol Josepho ( previously Josephewitz ) , who had arrived in the U.S. from Russia in 1923 . with the first photo booth appearing 1925 on Broadway in New York City . For 25 cents , the booth took , developed and printed 8 photos , a process taking roughly 10 minutes . In the first six months after the booth was erected , it was used by 280,000 people . The Photomaton Company was created to place booths nationwide . On March 27 , 1927 , Josepho was paid $1 million and guaranteed future royalties for his invention .
A Tale of Two Cities
The novel takes place primarily in London and Paris in the latter half of the eighteenth century . It spans a time period of roughly thirty - six years , with the ( chronologically ) first events taking place in December 1757 and the last in either late 1793 or early 1794 .
Air Jordan
In the month of May 2009 , Air Jordan confirmed the release of an `` DMP II '' consisting of two Air Jordan V 's . The second colorway features a 3M material base with black laces and midsole . The retail price was $310 .
History of chemistry
Although the archives of chemical research draw upon work from ancient Babylonia , Egypt , and especially the Arabs and Persians after Islam , modern chemistry flourished from the time of Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier , a French chemist who is celebrated as the `` father of modern chemistry '' . Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water to earth was not possible , but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container . He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air , and proved that the products weighed more than the original . Nevertheless , the weight gained was lost from the air . Thus , in 1789 , he established the Law of Conservation of Mass , which is also called `` Lavoisier 's Law . '' The
Libya
A large number of Libyan television stations are devoted to political review , Islamic topics and cultural phenomena . A number of TV stations air various styles of traditional Libyan music . Tuareg music and dance are popular in Ghadames and the south . Libyan television broadcasts air programs mostly in Arabic though usually have time slots for English and French programs . A 1996 analysis by the Committee to Protect Journalists found Libya 's media was the most tightly controlled in the Arab world during the country 's dictatorship . As of 2012 hundreds of TV stations have begun to air due to the collapse of censorship from the old regime and the initiation of `` free media '' . Traditional
Upper Deck Company
Kareem Abdul - Jabbar - Upper Deck used six photos of Abdul - Jabbar during his college years without permission . The photos were part of a trading card series called `` Greats of the Game , '' which also had Abdul - Jabbar 's name and signature . `` Abdul - Jabbar never authorized the production of the cards , '' the suit reads according to Courthouse News . `` In fact , at all times , Upper Deck was fully aware that Abdul - Jabbar had never authorized Upper Deck to use his photograph , name and signature for college - themed cards , and Abdul - Jabbar had previously rejected Upper Deck 's request for such authorization . '' Upper Deck has yet to respond to the allegations .
Karnataka
Karnataka occupies a special place in the history of Indian radio . In 1935 , Aakashvani , the first private radio station in India , was started by Prof. M.V. Gopalaswamy in Mysore . The popular radio station was taken over by the local municipality and later by All India Radio ( AIR ) and moved to Bangalore in 1955 . Later in 1957 , AIR adopted the original name of the radio station , Aakashavani as its own . Some of the popular programs aired by AIR Bangalore included Nisarga Sampada and Sasya Sanjeevini which were programs that taught science through songs , plays and stories . These two programs became so popular that they were translated and broadcast in 18 different languages and the entire series was recorded on cassettes by the Government of Karnataka and distributed to thousands of schools across the state . Karnataka has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels , mainly in the cities of Bangalore , Mangalore and Mysore , which has become hugely popular .
Colombian emeralds
The Colombian departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca , both in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes , are the locations where most of the emerald mining takes place .
The Shining (film)
As with some of his other movies , Kubrick ends The Shining with a powerful visual puzzle that forces the audience to leave the theater asking , `` What was that all about ? '' The Shining ends with an extremely long camera shot moving down a hallway in the Overlook , reaching eventually the central photo among 21 photos on the wall . The caption reads : `` Overlook Hotel - July 4th Ball - 1921 . '' The answer to this puzzle , is that most Americans overlook the fact that July Fourth was no ball , nor any kind of Independence day , for native Americans ; that the weak American villain of the film is the re-embodiment of the American men who massacred the Indians in earlier years ; that Kubrick is examining and reflecting on a problem that cuts through the decades and centuries .
Tower Bridge
The Tower Bridge Exhibition is a display housed in the bridge 's twin towers , the high - level walkways and the Victorian engine rooms . It uses films , photos and interactive displays to explain why and how Tower Bridge was built . Visitors can access the original steam engines that once powered the bridge bascules , housed in a building close to the south end of the bridge .
Military history of Australia during World War I
Despite Australian military aviation being in its infancy , the AFC 's identity as a separate national force was considered important , not to mention unusual . Thousands of aircrew from the other Dominions -- such as New Zealand and Canada -- flew with the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service , and their unified successor force after 1 April 1918 , the Royal Air Force during the war , without gaining the benefits of command and the administrative experience which came with an independent air service . By the end of the war , four squadrons had seen active service , 460 officers and 2,234 other ranks had served in the AFC , and another 200 men had served as aircrew in the British flying services . Casualties included 175 dead , 111 wounded , 6 gassed and 40 captured . The AFC was subsequently disbanded after the war in 1919 being replaced by the Australian Air Corps , which became the Royal Australian Air Force in 1921 .
Smokey and the Bandit
Though the film Moonrunners ( 1975 ) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard ( 1979 - 1985 ) , from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts , the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on air . Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit : Ben Jones , John Schneider and Sonny Shroyer ( who played a police officer in both ) . In return , Reynolds portrayed the Dukes character Boss Hogg ( originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke ) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) . Reynolds is also referenced by name in several early episodes of the series .
The Red Badge of Courage
While the novel takes place during a series of battles , The Red Badge of Courage is not a traditional Civil War narrative . Focusing on the complex internal struggle of its main character , rather than on the war itself , Crane 's novel often divides readers as to whether the story is intended to be either for or against war . By avoiding political , military , and geographic details of the conflict between the states , the story becomes divorced from its historical context . Notably lacking are the dates in which the action takes place , and the name of the battle ; these omissions effectively shift attention away from historical patterns in order to concentrate on the emotional violence of battle in general . The writer alluded to as much in a letter , in which he stated he wished to depict war through `` a psychological portrayal of fear . ''
Grand Canyon
A number of actions have been taken to preserve and further improve air quality and visibility at the canyon . In 1990 , amendments to the Clean Air Act established the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission ( GCVTC ) to advise the US EPA on strategies for protecting visual air quality on the Colorado Plateau . The GCVTC released its final report in 1996 and initiated the Western Regional Air Partnership ( WRAP ) , a partnership of state , tribal and federal agencies to help coordinate implementation of the Commission 's recommendations .
Safety coffin
The first recorded safety coffin was constructed on the orders of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick before his death in 1792 . He had a window installed to allow light in , an air tube to provide a supply of fresh air , and instead of having the lid nailed down he had a lock fitted . In a special pocket of his shroud he had two keys , one for the coffin lid and a second for the tomb door .
Air Jordan
The shoe breakdown begins with elements from the first Tinker Hatfield years , Mars Blackmon ; Lee 's loudmouthed character first appeared alongside Michael Jordan for the release of the Air Jordan III , a sneaker whose immediately recognizable elephant print bookends the Jordan Son of Mars , with sectioning on the back end and towards the toe . Next the Air Jordan IV , which is pretty conspicuous in this hybrid release , shows up only in the form of the netting running below the laces . The sole gottem ion is all Air Jordan V , as the coveted icy treatment splashes across the bottom and the angular ' teeth ' of the midsole rear up towards the toe . The V actually extends its reach to the top end too , with the textured Jumpman tongue bursting out from the familiar see - through lacelocks . Building up the ankle area is the higher - hitting support of the Air Jordan VI , complete with the attached loop on back and the perforated paneling reaching up the side of the shoe . The midsection which completes the sneaker is a major fast - forward , leaping ahead to the Air Jordan XX in the form of the lasered strap .
Sapper
Sapper : title of combat engineers in most Engineer Regiments ( 3rd , 13th , 19th and 31st ) , except in the French Foreign Legion ( 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment and 2nd Foreign Engineer Regiment ) Air Sapper ( sapeur de l'air ) : title of the privates of the 25th Air Engineering Regiment , an Army regiment seconded to the Air Force . Parachute Sapper ( sapeur parachutiste ) : title of the privates of the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment , the combat engineering unit of the 11th Parachute Brigade Marine Sapper ( sapeur de marine ) : since 2006 , title of the privates of the 6th Engineer Regiment , the combat engineering unit of the 9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade . Sapper firefighter ( sapeur - pompier ) : title of the firefighters in the civilian fire services and the Paris Fire Brigade . Sapper - miner ( sapeur - mineur ) : since World War Two , combat engineers specialized in demining . History
Horse latitudes
The horse latitudes are associated with the subtropical anticyclone and the large - scale descent of air from high - altitude currents moving toward the poles . After reaching the earth 's surface , this air spreads toward the equator as part of the prevailing trade winds or toward the poles as part of the westerlies . The belt in the Northern Hemisphere is sometimes called the `` calms of Cancer '' and that in the Southern Hemisphere the `` calms of Capricorn '' .
List of United States Air Force installations
Note : As part of a mutual defense pact , the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) permitted United States forces , to utilize many ROC bases between 1957 -- 1979 . Deployments ended in 1979 as part of the drawdown of United States military forces in Asia after the end of the Vietnam War and the United States ' transfer of diplomatic relations from the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to the People 's Republic of China in 1979 . For more information , see United States Taiwan Defense Command and 327th Air Division .
Dear Evan Hansen
The musical has its origins in an incident that took place during Pasek 's high school years . The musical `` takes the notion of a teenager , ... Evan Hansen , who invents an important role for himself in a tragedy that he did not earn . ''
Speed of light
In the 13th century , Roger Bacon argued that the speed of light in air was not infinite , using philosophical arguments backed by the writing of Alhazen and Aristotle . In the 1270s , Witelo considered the possibility of light travelling at infinite speed in vacuum , but slowing down in denser bodies .
Iowa-class battleship
By the Korean War , jet engines had replaced propellers on aircraft , which severely limited the ability of the 20 mm and 40 mm AA batteries and their gun systems to track and shoot down enemy planes . Consequently , the AA guns and their associated fire - control systems were removed when reactivated . New Jersey received this treatment in 1967 , and the others followed in their 1980s modernizations . In the 1980s , each ship also received a quartet of Phalanx Close in Weapon System ( CIWS ) mounts which made use of a radar system to locate incoming enemy projectiles and destroy them with a 20 mm Gatling gun before they could strike the ship . The
Great Chicago Fire
But as meteorites are not known to start or spread fires and are cool to the touch after reaching the ground , this theory has not found favor in the scientific community . A common cause for the fires in the Midwest can be found in the fact that the area had suffered through a tinder - dry summer , so that winds from the front that moved in that evening were capable of generating rapidly expanding blazes from available ignition sources , which were plentiful in the region . Methane - air mixtures become flammable only when the methane concentration exceeds 5 % , at which point the mixtures also become explosive . Methane gas is lighter than air and thus does not accumulate near the ground ; any localized pockets of methane in the open air would rapidly dissipate . Moreover , if a fragment of an icy comet were to strike the Earth , the most likely outcome , due to the low tensile strength of such bodies , would be for it to disintegrate in the upper atmosphere , leading to an air burst explosion analogous to that of the Tunguska event .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Petrie , voiced by Will Ryan ( I ) and Jeff Bennett ( II - XIV ) , is a male brown Pteranodon , or `` Flyer '' . The comic relief of the first film , he is characterized as panicky and anxious , and traveled with Littlefoot to find his mother and siblings in the Great Valley while learning the basics of flight along the way . He is talkative , but speaks in broken English , usually omitting linking verbs ( is , are , am ) , using `` me '' in place of `` I '' , and referring to himself in third person . He was originally meant to have a larger role in his debut , but much of his screen time was given to Ducky due to how impressed the producers were with Judith Barsi 's performance . He was a central character in the twelfth film The Great Day of the Flyers .
Air Jordan
The Air Jordan XX9 , also designed by Hatfield , released in September 2014 in both an elephant print and a knit edition . The shoe has already been debuted in the NBA by Russell Westbrook and Kawhi Leonard . The shoe has Flight Web for superior lockdown , a performance woven upper for comfort , support , strength , and protection , and a re-engineered Flight Plate . The XX9 also released in a pack alongside the iconic Air Jordan XI on December 23 , 2014 called the `` Ultimate Gift of Flight '' pack .
Tears in Heaven
`` Tears in Heaven '' is a song by Eric Clapton and Will Jennings , from the 1991 Rush film soundtrack . In an interview with Sue Lawley in 1992 , Clapton said of the song , `` There is a song that I 've written for a movie , but in actual fact it was in the back of my head but it did n't really have a reason for being until I was scoring this movie which I did a little while ago and then it sort of had a reason to be . And it is a little ambiguous because it could be taken to be about Conor but it also is meant to be part of the film . '' Conor , Clapton 's four - year - old son , fell from a window of a 53rd - floor New York apartment owned by his mother 's friend on March 20 , 1991 . Clapton arrived at the apartment shortly after the accident .
Hot air balloon
The French brothers Joseph - Michel and Jacques - Étienne Montgolfier developed a hot air balloon in Annonay , Ardeche , France , and demonstrated it publicly on September 19 , 1783 , making an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes . After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals , the first balloon flight with humans aboard , a tethered flight , performed on or around October 15 , 1783 , by Jean - Francois Pilatre de Rozier who made at least one tethered flight from the yard of the Reveillon workshop in the Faubourg Saint - Antoine . Later that same day , Pilatre de Rozier became the second human to ascend into the air , reaching an altitude of 26 m ( 85 ft ) , the length of the tether . The first free flight with human passengers was made a few weeks later , on November 21 , 1783 . King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots , but de Rozier , along with Marquis François d'Arlandes , petitioned successfully for the honor . The first military use of a hot air balloon happened in 1794 during the battle of Fleurus , when the French used the balloon l'Entreprenant for observation .
A Good Year
To assist in his planned sale of the property , Max hurriedly snaps some photos and in the process falls into an empty swimming pool . He is unable to escape until Fanny , driving by and spotting his rental car , turns on the water supply in retaliation . This delay causes Max to miss his flight and , having failed to report to the directors in person , he is suspended from work and trading activities for one week .
Metrication in the United Kingdom
The basic features of the British metrication programme as announced in 1966 was a voluntary adoption of the metric programme with the costs being absorbed where they fell . As a result , the costs and savings of metrication in the United Kingdom have not been comprehensively determined and studies have tended to focus on specific programmes . The impact of a voluntary programme meant that industry was free to take the most cost - efficient approach , which in many cases has meant installing equipment calibrated in metric units as part of an ongoing maintenance cycle rather than as part of a specific metrication programme . Such an approach was taken by the gas industry where all newly installed meters record usage in cubic metres , but many older installations will measure in cubic feet .