vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Acronym
To a greater degree than English does , German tends toward acronyms that use initial syllables rather than initial single letters , although it uses many of the latter type as well . Some examples of the syllabic type are Gestapo rather than GSP ( for Geheime Staatspolizei , ' secret state police ' ) ; Flak rather than FAK ( for Fliegerabwehrkanone , anti-aircraft gun ) ; Kripo rather than KP ( for Kriminalpolizei , detective division police ) . The extension of such contraction to a pervasive or whimsical degree has been mockingly labeled Aküfi ( for Abkürzungsfimmel , strange habit of abbreviating ) . Examples of Aküfi include Vokuhila ( for vorne kurz , hinten lang , short in the front , long in the back , i.e. , a mullet ) and the mocking of Adolf Hitler 's title as Gröfaz ( Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten , Greatest General of all Times ) . Hebrew
Caesarean section
More emergency Caesareans -- about 66 % -- are performed during the day rather than during the night .
Speed of light
In models of the expanding universe , the farther galaxies are from each other , the faster they drift apart . This receding is not due to motion through space , but rather to the expansion of space itself . For example , galaxies far away from Earth appear to be moving away from the Earth with a speed proportional to their distances . Beyond a boundary called the Hubble sphere , the rate at which their distance from Earth increases becomes greater than the speed of light .
Egg Bowl
Battle for the Golden Egg Mississippi State Bulldogs Ole Miss Rebels Sport Football First meeting October 28 , 1901 Mississippi State 17 , Ole Miss 0 Latest meeting November 23 , 2017 Ole Miss 31 , Mississippi State 28 Next meeting November 22 , 2018 Trophy Golden Egg Statistics Meetings total 114 total , 90 Egg Bowls All - time series Ole Miss leads 64 -- 44 -- 6 Largest victory Mississippi State , 65 -- 0 ( 1915 ) Longest win streak Mississippi State , 13 ( 1911 -- 1925 ) Current win streak Ole Miss , 1 ( 2017 -- present ) Ole
Internet privacy
While the processes these internet thieves use are abundant and unique , one popular trap unsuspecting people fall into is that of online purchasing . This is not to allude to the idea that every purchase one makes online will leave them susceptible to identity theft , but rather that it increases the chances . In fact , in a 2001 article titled `` Consumer Watch '' , the popular online site PC World went as far as calling secure e-shopping a myth . Though unlike the `` gateway '' attacks mentioned above , these incidents of information being stolen through online purchases generally are more prevalent in medium to large sized e-commerce sites , rather than smaller individualized sites . This is assumed to be a result of the larger consumer population and purchases , which allow for more potential leeway with information .
Dada
The Dadaists imitated the techniques developed during the cubist movement through the pasting of cut pieces of paper items , but extended their art to encompass items such as transportation tickets , maps , plastic wrappers , etc. to portray aspects of life , rather than representing objects viewed as still life .
Fingerprint
It has been alleged that taking the fingerprints of welfare recipients as identification serves as a social stigma that evokes cultural images associated with the processing of criminals .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually .
Alaska
The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska 's statewide police force . They have a long and storied history , but were not an official organization until 1941 . Before the force was officially organized , law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies . Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on `` Public Safety Officers '' who have police training but do not carry firearms . In much of the state , the troopers serve as the only police force available . In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law , wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations . Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers ' duties , they employ a wide variety of land , air , and water patrol vehicles .
Obligate nasal breathing
Human infants are commonly described as obligate nasal breathers as they prefer breathing through their nose rather than mouth . Most infants , however , are able to breathe through their mouth if their nose is blocked . There are however certain infants with conditions such as choanal atresia in which deaths have resulted from nasal obstruction . In these cases there are cyclical periods of cyanosis . The infant initially attempts to breathe through the nose , and is unable to ; hypercapnia occurs , and many babies instinctively begin to cry . While crying , oral ventilation occurs and cyanosis subsides . There is variation in the length of time until a baby begins oral breathing , and some will never cease attempts at nasal breathing . It has also been suggested that infants may not be able to sustain oral breathing for significant lengths of time , because of the weakness of the muscles required to seal the nasal airway and open the oral airway .
Seven virtues
The opposition between the virtues and the vices to which these works allude despite the frequent inclusion of other schemes may seem unproblematic at first sight . The virtues and the vices seem to mirror each other as positive and negative moral attitudes , so that medieval authors , with their keen predilection for parallels and oppositions , could conveniently set them against each other ... Yet artistic representations such as Conrad 's trees are misleading in that they establish oppositions between the principal virtues and the capital vices which are based on mere juxtaposition . As to content , the two schemes do not match each other . The capital vices of lust and avarice , for instance , contrast with the remedial virtues of chastity and generosity , respectively , rather than with any theological or cardinal virtue ; conversely , the virtues of hope and prudence are opposed to despair and foolishness rather than to any deadly sin . Medieval moral authors were well aware of the fact . Actually , the capital vices are more often contrasted with the remedial or contrary virtues in medieval moral literature than with the principal virtues , while the principal virtues are frequently accompanied by a set of mirroring vices rather than by the seven deadly sins .
Modem
Fiber optic systems can be upgraded by the use of quadrature amplitude modulation . The modulator and demodulator are separate components rather than a single assembly as with most modems .
Sapper
In the Israel Defense Forces a sapper ( in Hebrew : פלס , palas ) is the military profession of a combat soldier who went through basic combat engineering training . Most of the sappers are soldiers of the Combat Engineering Corps , but there are also infantry sappers , who are part of the infantry brigades and are organized in engineering companies called פלחה `` ן ( palchan ) . These companies are integral part of the infantry brigades . Combat engineering corps sappers are arranged in battalions .
Queen's Counsel
The Lieutenant Governor in Council ( i.e. the provincial Cabinet ) appoints the Queen 's Counsel recipients . Recipients must have been called to the bar for at least 10 years . Traditionally , the appointments are made every second year . The honorary title recognises a lawyer 's outstanding contributions to the legal profession or in public life . In 2016 , applications were reviewed by a screening committee of members of the judiciary and the legal community , which submitted recommendations for appointment to the Minister of Justice and Solicitor General and Cabinet for consideration , who in turn recommends names to Cabinet . In 2016 , the province designated 39 lawyers as Queen 's Counsel . British
Taxation in the United States
Estate and gift taxes in the United States are imposed by the federal and some state governments . The estate tax is an excise tax levied on the right to pass property at death . It is imposed on the estate , not the beneficiary . Some states impose an inheritance tax on recipients of bequests . Gift taxes are levied on the giver ( donor ) of property where the property is transferred for less than adequate consideration . An additional generation - skipping transfer ( GST ) tax is imposed by the federal and some state governments on transfers to grandchildren ( or their descendants ) . Estate
Yemen
In early 1995 , the government of Yemen launched an economic , financial , and administrative reform program ( EFARP ) with the support of the World Bank and the IMF , as well as international donors . These programs had a positive impact on Yemen 's economy and led to the reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3 % of gross domestic product during the period 1995 -- 1999 and the correction of macro-financial imbalances . The real growth rate in the non-oil sector rose by 5.6 % from 1995 to 1997 .
Polar bear
After mating , the fertilized egg remains in a suspended state until August or September . During these four months , the pregnant female eats prodigious amounts of food , gaining at least 200 kg ( 440 lb ) and often more than doubling her body weight . Maternity
Sundial
The formulae describing the spacing of the hour - lines on such dials are rather more complicated than those for simpler dials .
Vermont
In 2007 the state 's House of Representatives rejected a measure which would have legalized assisted suicide for the terminally ill , by a vote of 82 -- 63 . Then with the governor 's signature on May 20 , 2013 , Vermont became the fourth state to pass a `` death with dignity '' law -- the first to be passed through legislation rather than by ballot initiative .
Human rights and development
Five core principles underlie the approach . Poverty reduction strategies should be 1 ) country - driven , promoting national ownership of strategies through broad - based participation of civil society ; 2 ) result - oriented and focused on outcomes that will benefit the poor ; 3 ) comprehensive in recognizing the multidimensional nature of poverty ; 4 ) partnership - oriented , involving coordinated participation of development partners ( government , domestic stakeholders , and external donors ) ; and 5 ) based on a long - term perspective for poverty reduction .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
The Grants are both Fellows of the Royal Society , Peter in 1987 , and Rosemary in 2007 . In 2008 the Grants were among the thirteen recipients of the Darwin - Wallace Medal , which is bestowed every fifty years by the Linnean Society of London . In 2009 they were recipients of the annual Kyoto Prize in basic sciences , an international award honouring significant contributions to the scientific , cultural and spiritual betterment of mankind . In 2017 , they received the Royal Medal in Biology `` for their research on the ecology and evolution of Darwin 's finches on the Galapagos , demonstrating that natural selection occurs frequently and that evolution is rapid as a result '' .
Powers of the President of the United States
Before taking office , the president - elect must appoint more than 6,000 new federal positions . The appointments range from top officials at U.S. government agencies , to the White House Staff , and members of the United States diplomatic corps . Many , but not all , of these positions at the highest levels are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the United States Senate .
White House
The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington , D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well - conceived historic plan for the city . As for security considerations , they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are .
Eyepiece
Amateur astronomers tend to refer to telescope eyepieces by their focal length in millimetres . These typically range from about 3 mm to 50 mm . Some astronomers , however , prefer to specify the resulting magnification power rather than the focal length . It is often more convenient to express magnification in observation reports , as it gives a more immediate impression of what view the observer actually saw . Due to its dependence on properties of the particular telescope in use , however , magnification power alone is meaningless for describing a telescope eyepiece .
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
In 2006 more than half of all certified pre-filing counseling sessions were rendered by the three largest agencies : Money Management International , Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Greater Atlanta and GreenPath Debt Solutions .
Context effect
Context effects can come in several forms , including configural superiority effect which demonstrates varying degrees of spatial recognition depending on if stimuli are present in an organized configuration or present in isolation . For example , one may recognize a fully composed object faster than its individual parts ( object - superiority effect ) .
UNICEF
UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors . UNICEF 's total income for 2015 was US $5,009,557,471 . Governments contribute two - thirds of the organization 's resources . Private groups and individuals contribute the rest through national committees . It is estimated that 92 per cent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to program services . UNICEF 's programs emphasize developing community - level services to promote the health and well - being of children . UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006 .
Bantu peoples in South Africa
Traditionally , communities live in two different types of houses . The Nguni use the beehive house , a circular structure out of long poles , which is covered with grass . The huts of the Sotho -- Tswana , Venda and Shangana Tsonga use the cone and cylinder house types . A cylindrical wall is formed out of vertical posts , which is sealed with mud and cow dung . The roof is built from tied - together poles . The floor of both types is compressed earth .
Islamic architecture
The Abbasid architecture of the Abbasid Caliphate ( 750 -- 1513 ) was strongly influenced by Sassanid architecture , and later by Central Asian styles . The Abbasid mosques all followed the courtyard plan . The earliest was the mosque that al - Mansur built in Baghdad . since destroyed . The Great Mosque of Samarra built by al - Mutawakkil was 256 by 139 metres ( 840 by 456 ft ) . A flat wooden roof was supported by columns . The mosque was decorated with marble panels and glass mosaics . The prayer hall of the Abu Dulaf mosque at Samarra had arcades on rectangular brick piers running at right angles to the qibla wall . Both of the Samarra mosques have spiral minarets , the only examples in Iraq . A mosque at Balkh in what is now Afghanistan was about 20 by 20 metres ( 66 by 66 ft ) square , with three rows of three square bays , supporting nine vaulted domes .
Thebes, Egypt
Ancient built - up area Great Temple of Amun at Karnak ( Ancient Egyptian Ta - opet ) . Still the second largest religious building ever built , it is the main house of worship for Amun , Thebes ' patron deity , and the residence of the powerful Amun priesthood . What differentiated it from the many temples of Egypt is the length of time it was built over ( more than 2,000 years , starting in the Middle Kingdom ) . The main features of this temple are its ten large pylons , the Great Hypostyle Hall , a sacred lake , sub-temples , numerous shrines and multiple obelisks . It was the most important temple for a majority of Ancient Egyptian history . Luxor Temple ( Ipet resyt ) . Unlike the other temples in Thebes , it is not dedicated to a cult god or a deified version of the king in death . Instead , it is dedicated to the rejuvenation of kingship ; it may have been where many of the pharaohs of Egypt were crowned . It is a centerpiece of the `` Opet Festival '' , where the sacred barque of the Theban Triad travels from Karnak to Luxor temple highlighting the godly significance of the pharaoh 's re-coronation . Temple of Khonsu Precinct of Mut Precinct of Montu Avenue of the Sphinxes
Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle was one of Henry 's three favourite residences and he invested heavily in the royal accommodation , spending more money at Windsor than in any other of his properties . Following his marriage to Eleanor of Provence , Henry built a luxurious palace in 1240 -- 63 , based around a court along the north side of the Upper Ward . This was intended primarily for the queen and Henry 's children . In the Lower Ward , the king ordered the construction of a range of buildings for his own use along the south wall , including a 70 ft ( 21 m ) long chapel , later called the Lady Chapel . This was the grandest of the numerous chapels built for his own use , and comparable to the Sainte - Chapelle in Paris in size and quality . Henry repaired the Great Hall that lay along the north side of the Lower Ward , and enlarged it with a new kitchen and built a covered walkway between the Hall and the kitchen . Henry 's work was characterised by the religious overtones of the rich decorations , which formed `` one of the high - water marks of English medieval art '' . The conversion cost more than £ 10,000 . The result was to create a division in the castle between a more private Upper Ward and a Lower Ward devoted to the public face of the monarchy . Little further building was carried out at the castle during the 13th century ; the Great Hall in the Lower Ward was destroyed by fire in 1296 , but it was not rebuilt .
Construction of the World Trade Center
The slurry method involved digging a trench , and as excavation proceeded , filling the space with a `` slurry '' mixture . The mixture , composed of bentonite , plugged holes and kept water out . When the trench was dug out , a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in , forcing the `` slurry '' out . The `` slurry '' method was devised by Port Authority chief engineer John M. Kyle Jr . Towards the end of 1966 , work began on building the slurry wall , led by Montreal - based Icanda , a subsidiary of an Italian engineering firm , Impresa Costruzioni Opere Specializzate ( I.C.O.S. ) . It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed , which was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal , remained in service as elevated tunnels until 1971 when a new PATH station was built .
Decline of Detroit
The auto industry too was decentralizing away from Detroit proper . This change was facilitated by the great concentration of automobile production into the hands of the `` Big Three '' of General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . The Big Three were able to put nearly every smaller competitor auto - maker out of business . While this corporate concentration was taking place , the Big Three were shifting their production out of central Detroit . Between 1945 and 1957 the Big Three built 25 new manufacturing plants in the metropolitan area , not one of them in the city itself .
Gethsemane
William McClure Thomson , author of The Land and the Book , first published in 1880 , wrote : `` When I first came to Jerusalem , and for many years afterward , this plot of ground was open to all whenever they chose to come and meditate beneath its very old olive trees . The Latins , however , have within the last few years succeeded in gaining sole possession , and have built a high wall around it . The Greeks have invented another site a little to the north of it . My own impression is that both are wrong . The position is too near the city , and so close to what must have always been the great thoroughfare eastward , that our Lord would scarcely have selected it for retirement on that dangerous and dismal night . I am inclined to place the garden in the secluded vale several hundred yards to the north - east of the present Gethsemane . ''
Edible bird's nest
Most nests are built during the breeding season by the male swiftlet over a period of 35 days . They take the shape of a shallow cup stuck to the cave wall . The nests are composed of interwoven strands of salivary cement . Both nests have high levels of calcium , iron , potassium , and magnesium . Natural
Famine
When a stressed monarchy shifted from state management and direct shipments of grain to monetary charity in the mid-19th century , the system broke down . Thus the 1867 -- 68 famine under the Tongzhi Restoration was successfully relieved but the Great North China Famine of 1877 -- 78 , caused by drought across northern China , was a catastrophe . The province of Shanxi was substantially depopulated as grains ran out , and desperately starving people stripped forests , fields , and their very houses for food . Estimated mortality is 9.5 to 13 million people .
Cell wall
There are several groups of organisms that have been called `` fungi '' . Some of these groups ( Oomycete and Myxogastria ) have been transferred out of the Kingdom Fungi , in part because of fundamental biochemical differences in the composition of the cell wall . Most true fungi have a cell wall consisting largely of chitin and other polysaccharides . True fungi do not have cellulose in their cell walls .
Great Expectations
At the time of The Great Exhibition of 1851 , Dickens and Richard Henry Horne an editor of Household Words wrote an article comparing the British technology that created The Crystal Palace to the few artifacts exhibited by China : England represented an openness to worldwide trade and China isolationism . `` To compare China and England is to compare Stoppage to Progress '' , they concluded . According to Trotter , this was a way to target the Tory government 's return to protectionism , which they felt would make England the China of Europe . In fact , Household Words ' 17 May 1856 issue , championed international free trade , comparing the constant flow of money to the circulation of the blood . Back in the 1850s , Dickens believed in `` genuine '' wealth , which critic Trotter compares to fresh banknotes , crisp to the touch , pure and odorless .
Mali Empire
Imperial Malian architecture was characterised by Sudano - Sahelian architecture with a Malian substyle , which is exemplified by the Great Mosque of Djenne . This style is characterised by the use of mudbricks and an adobe plaster , with large wooden - log support beams that jut out from the wall face for large buildings such as mosques or palaces .
Pantheon, Rome
The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick relieving arches , visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork . The Pantheon is full of such devices -- for example , there are relieving arches over the recesses inside -- but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior .