vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Garhwal Kingdom
Garhwal Kingdom ( Hindi : गढ़वाल राज्य , Garhwali : गढ़वाळ रजौड़ा ) , was a princely state in north - western Uttarakhand , India , ruled by a Garhwali Rajput dynasty . It was founded in 888 AD . During the time of British India it was one of the States of the Punjab Hills which became part of the Punjab Hill States Agency although it was not under the Punjab Province administration . The Garhwal Kingdom consisted of the present day Tehri Garhwal district and most of the Uttarkashi district . This former state acceded to the Union of India in August 1949 .
History of India
In the 12th and 13th centuries , Central Asian Turks invaded parts of northern India and established the Delhi Sultanate in the former Hindu holdings . The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India , while the Khalji dynasty conquered most of central India while forcing the principal Hindu kingdoms of South India to become vassal states . However , they were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent . The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance . The resulting `` Indo - Muslim '' fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture , music , literature , religion , and clothing . It is surmised that the language of Urdu ( literally meaning `` horde '' or `` camp '' in various Turkic dialects ) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian , Turkic , and Arabic under the Muslim rulers . The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo - Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India , Razia Sultana ( 1236 -- 1240 ) .
Reservation in India
A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability . SCs were the primary targets of the practice , which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India .
Bangladesh–India relations
A major area of contention has been the construction and operation of the Farakka Barrage by India to increase water supply in the river Hoogly . Bangladesh insists that it does not receive a fair share of the Ganges waters during the drier seasons , and gets flooded during the monsoons when India releases excess waters . See also Sharing of Ganges Waters . There have also been disputes regarding the transfer of Teen Bigha Corridor to Bangladesh . Part of Bangladesh is surrounded by the Indian state of West Bengal . On 26 June 1992 , India leased three bigha land to Bangladesh to connect this enclave with mainland Bangladesh . There was a dispute regarding the indefinite nature of the lease . The dispute was resolved by a mutual agreement between India and Bangladesh in 2011 . Terrorist activities carried out by outfits based in both countries , like Banga Sena and Harkat - ul - Jihad - al - Islami . Recently India and Bangladesh had agreed jointly to fight terrorism . Bangladesh has consistently denied India transit facility to the landlocked North Eastern Regions of India . Although India has a narrow land link to this North Eastern region , which is famously known as the Siliguri Corridor or `` India 's Chicken Neck '' . Illegal Bangladeshi immigration into India . The border is porous and migrants are able to cross illegally , though sometimes only in return for financial or other incentives to border security personnel . Bangladeshi officials have denied the existence of Bangladeshis living in India and those illegal migrants found are described as having been trafficked . This has considerable repercussions for those involved , as they are stigmatized for having been involved in prostitution , whether or not this has actually been the case . Cross border migrants are also at far higher risk of HIV / AIDS infection . Continuous border killing of Bangladeshi people by Indian border guards , aiding illegal immigrants , helping in armed dacoity , fake money transfer and illegal drug trades by both Indian and Bangladeshi people are the major problems between Bangladesh and India . Both Bangladesh and India made claims over the same seawater at the Bay of Bengal before settlement of the issue . There was a minor glitch in their relation when former Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh accidentally mentioned that 25 % of Bangladeshis are anti-Indian , during an informal press meet .
Constitution of India
It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 . With its adoption , the Union of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document . To ensure constitutional autochthony , the framers of the constitution repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution . India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year , as Republic Day .
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI ) is the national professional accounting body of India . It was established on 1 July 1949 as a statutory body under the Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 enacted by the Parliament ( acting as the provisional Parliament of India ) to regulate the profession of Chartered Accountancy in India . ICAI is the second largest professional Accounting & Finance body in the world . ICAI is the only licensing cum regulating body of the financial audit and accountancy profession in India . It recommends the accounting standards to be followed by companies in India to National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards ( NACAS ) . and sets the accounting standards to be followed by other types of organisations . ICAI is solely responsible for setting the Standards on Auditing ( SAs ) to be followed in the audit of financial statements in India . It also issues other technical standards like Standards on Internal Audit ( SIA ) , Corporate Affairs Standards ( CAS ) etc. to be followed by practicing Chartered Accountants . It works closely with the Government of India , Reserve Bank of India and the Securities and Exchange Board of India in formulating and enforcing such standards .
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sabha State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website
Caste system in India
In Tamil Nadu region of India , studied by Leslie Orr , a professor of Religion , `` Chola period inscriptions challenge our ideas about the structuring of ( south Indian ) society in general . In contrast to what Brahmanical legal texts may lead us to expect , we do not find that caste is the organising principle of society or that boundaries between different social groups is sharply demarcated . '' In Tamil Nadu the Vellalar were during ancient and medieval period the elite caste who were major patrons of literature . They ranked higher in the social hierarchy than the Brahmins .
Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India , the highest constitutional court , with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 30 sanctioned other judges , it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions .
Chennai
Chennai ( / ˈtʃɛnaɪ / ( listen ) ; formerly known as Madras / məˈdrɑːs / ( listen ) or / - ˈdræs / ) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is one of the biggest cultural , economic and educational centres in South India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the fifth - largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th - largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed `` India 's health capital '' . As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country , Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio - economic problems .
Pokhran-II
From 1998 -- 1999 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest . Canada
Caste system in India
The maltreatment of Dalits in India has been described by some authors as `` India 's hidden apartheid '' . Critics of the accusations point to substantial improvements in the position of Dalits in post-independence India , consequent to the strict implementation of the rights and privileges enshrined in the Constitution of India , as implemented by the Protection of Civil rights Act , 1955 . They also argue that the practise had disappeared in urban public life .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Long after the political recovery was done , women were the focal point and symbol of any distrust the British had in India . Women 's `` fragile female bodies '' were violated by the mutiny 's incidents of rape and Britain immediately reacted in `` vicious ... reprisals against the local population . '' However , Indian women at the time are still undocumented from the `` official male sources . '' Further research could lend insight to both sides of the situation during the rebellion of 1857 .
Caste system in India
The emergence of a caste system in the modern form , during the early British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th century , was not uniform in South Asia . Claude Markovits , a French historian of colonial India , writes that Hindu society in north and west India ( Sindh ) , in late 18th century and much of 19th century , lacked a proper caste system , their religious identities were fluid ( a combination of Saivism , Vaisnavism , Sikhism ) , and the Brahmins were not the widespread priestly group ( but the Bawas were ) . Markovits writes , `` if religion was not a structuring factor , neither was caste '' among the Hindu merchants group of northwest India .
Prime Minister of India
The Prime Minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of President of India before entering office , the oath of office and secrecy , as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India .
Partition of India
Within British India , the border between India and Pakistan ( the Radcliffe Line ) was determined by a British Government - commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister , Sir Cyril Radcliffe . Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves , East Pakistan ( today Bangladesh ) and West Pakistan , separated geographically by India . India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India , and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas .
Solicitor General of India
Fee and allowances payable to the law officers ( including Attorney General of India , Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General ) of the Government of India are as under :
History of India
The growth of Muslim dominion resulted in the destruction and desecration of politically important temples of enemy states , cases of forced conversions to Islam , payment of jizya tax , and loss of life for the non-Muslim population .
History of India
In the East , the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with , associated with a high point in the growth of regional culture and architecture . Under Kapilendradeva , Gajapatis became an empire stretching from the lower Ganga in the north to the Kaveri in the south . In Northeast India , the Ahom Kingdom was a major power for six centuries ; led by Lachit Borphukan , the Ahoms decisively defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Saraighat during the Ahom - Mughal conflicts . Further east in Northeastern India was the Kingdom of Manipur , which ruled from their seat of power at Kangla Fort and developed a sophisticated Hindu Gaudiya Vaishnavite culture .
History of India
The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of the Indian subcontinent was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims , though it was recognised as a particularly difficult one . After conquering Persia , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720 .
History of India
Before the Muslim expeditions into the Indian subcontinent , much of North and West India was ruled by Rajput dynasties . The Rajputs and the south Indian Chalukya dynasty were successful in containing Arab Muslim expansion during the Caliphate campaigns in India ; but later , Central Asian Muslim Turks were able to break through the Rajput defence into the Northern Indian heartland . However , the Rajputs held out against the Muslim Turkic empires for several centuries . They earned a reputation of fighting battles obeying a code of chivalrous conduct rooted in a strong adherence to tradition and Chi . Kirti
Cremation
This practice was made illegal in 1829 during the British colonial rule of India . After gaining independence from British colonial era , India passed a series of additional laws . The Indian Sati Prevention Act from 1988 further criminalised any type of aiding , abetting , and glorifying of sati . In modern India , the last known case of Sati was in 1987 , by Roop Kanwar in Rajasthan . Her action was found to be a suicide , and it led to the arrest and prosecution of people for failing to act and prevent her suicide during her husband 's cremation . Bali
Yuvraj Singh
On India 's tour of the West Indies , Yuvraj hit two fifties in the ODI series . In the second ODI at Kingston , with India needing two runs to win with one wicket in hand and three balls to spare , Yuvraj was bowled by Dwayne Bravo for 93 . India went on to lose the series 4 - 1 . His poor run of form in Tests continued , with him scoring 104 runs from four matches at an average of 17.33 and a top - score of 39 . In September 2006 , Yuvraj was dropped from the playing eleven during the 2006 - 07 DLF Cup in Kuala Lumpur after he registered two consecutive ducks against Australia and West Indies . He played in two group matches of the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy held in India in October . and scored 27 * against England and 27 against West Indies . During a training session before India 's final group fixture against Australia , Yuvraj suffered a ligament injury in his left knee . Mongia replaced him for the match which India lost to crash out of the tournament . In November , Indian team physio Andrew Leipus suggested that Yuvraj is unlikely to recover from the injury before the start of the World Cup in March 2007 .
Climate of India
The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches : the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch . The latter extends towards a low - pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch . The monsoon typically breaks over Indian territory by around 25 May , when it lashes the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal . It strikes the Indian mainland around 1 June near the Malabar Coast of Kerala . By 9 June , it reaches Mumbai ; it appears over Delhi by 29 June . The Bay of Bengal branch , which initially tracks the Coromandal Coast northeast from Cape Comorin to Orissa , swerves to the northwest towards the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas . By the first week of July , the entire country experiences monsoon rain ; on average , South India receives more rainfall than North India . However , Northeast India receives the most precipitation . Monsoon clouds begin retreating from North India by the end of August ; it withdraws from Mumbai by 5 October . As India further cools during September , the southwest monsoon weakens . By the end of November , it has left the country . Pre-monsoon
Partition of India
Jagmohan has stated that this and what followed shows the `` glaring '' `` failure of the government machinery '' .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
An international philatelic exhibition was held from 12 -- 18 February 2011 , on the centenary of India 's first official air mail . For the occasion of INDIPEX 2011 India Post brought out a special stamp on Gandhi Ji to commemorate the event . It is printed on `` khadi '' , the handspun cotton material that Gandhi Ji held out as the symbol of self - determination and self - reliance . The Presentation Pack was released by Pratibha Patil , the President of India on Saturday 12 February 2011 at INDIPEX 2011 , the World Philatelic Exhibition held in New Delhi , the capital of India .
Climate of India
During summer , the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating , giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones . The 1737 Calcutta cyclone , the 1970 Bhola cyclone , and the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone rank among the most powerful cyclones to strike India , devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh . Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal , Orissa , Andhra Pradesh , and Tamil Nadu . India 's western coast , bordering the more placid Arabian Sea , experiences cyclones only rarely ; these mainly strike Gujarat and , less frequently , Kerala .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Following the Battle of Chandalore when Clive attacked a French trading post the French were driven completely out of Bengal . In spite of this they still had a major presence in central India , and hoped to regain the power they had lost to the British in southern India during the Second Carnatic War .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In India and Pakistan it has been termed as the `` War of Independence of 1857 '' or `` First War of Indian Independence '' but it is not uncommon to use terms such as the `` Revolt of 1857 '' . The classification of the Rebellion being `` First War of Independence '' is not without its critics in India . The use of the term `` Indian Mutiny '' is considered by some Indian politicians as belittling the importance of what happened and therefore reflecting an imperialistic attitude . Others dispute this interpretation .
Federalism in India
Article 1 ( 1 ) of the Indian constitution says that India ( Bharat ) shall be Union of States which are elaborated under Parts V ( The Union ) and VI ( The States ) of the constitution . Article 1 ( 3 ) says territories of India constitute territories of states , union territories and other acquired territories . The concept of union territory was not there from the beginning of the constitution and it was incorporated by the Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 . In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India , it is applicable to the whole country including union territories . Where it refers to only India , it is applicable to all states only but not to union territories . Thus , union public service commission role is not applicable to the union territories as it refers to India only in the Part XIV .
History of India
In 530 BCE Cyrus the Great , King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu - Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja , Gandhara and the trans - India region ( modern Afghanistan and Pakistan ) . By 520 BCE , during the reign of Darius I of Persia , much of the north - western subcontinent ( present - day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan ) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire , as part of the far easternmost territories . The area remained under Persian control for two centuries . During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece . Under Persian rule the famous city of Takshashila became a centre where both Vedic and Iranian learning were mingled . Persian ascendency in North - western South Asia ended with Alexander the Great 's conquest of Persia in 327 BCE .
History of India
Early medieval India began after the end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE . This period also covers the `` Late Classical Age '' of Hinduism , which began after the end of the Gupta Empire , and the collapse of the Empire of Harsha in the 7th century CE ; the beginning of Imperial Kannauj , leading to the Tripartite struggle ; and ended in the 13th century with the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in Northern India and the end of the Later Cholas with the death of Rajendra Chola III in 1279 in Southern India ; however some aspects of the Classical period continued until the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in the south around the 17th century .
Constitution of India
The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India :
Cherry blossom
Philadelphia is also home to over 2,000 flowering Japanese cherry trees , half of which were a gift from the Japanese government in 1926 in honor of the 150th anniversary of American independence , with the other half planted by the Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia between 1998 and 2007 . Philadelphia 's cherry blossoms are located within Fairmount Park , and the annual Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia celebrates the blooming trees . The University of Washington in Seattle also has cherry blossoms in its Quad .
Cherry blossom
A cherry blossom is the flower of any of several trees of genus Prunus , particularly the Japanese cherry , Prunus serrulata , which is called sakura after the Japanese ( 桜 or 櫻 ; さくら ) .
Cherry blossom
The cherry blossom is a major tourist attraction in Germany 's Altes Land orchard region . The largest Hanami in Germany , in Hamburg , with Japanese - style fireworks , organized by the German - Japanese society , draws tens of thousands spectators every spring . Starting in 2015 , Hamburg will be allowed to bestow the title of `` Cherry Blossom Queen '' by the Japan Cherry Blossom Association , one of only three cities worldwide to receive this privilege . The first Cherry Blossom Queen of Hamburg will be crowned by the Cherry Blossom Queen of Japan on May 23 .
War of 1812
A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , as the U.S. restored its independence and honour , and opened the way to westward expansion , while Britain defeated Napoleon and ruled the seas . American historian Norman K. Risjord argues that the main motivation was restoring the nation 's honour in the face of relentless British Aggression toward American neutral rights on the high seas , and in the Western lands . The results in terms of honour satisfied the War Hawks . American historian Donald Hickey asks , `` Did the cost in blood and treasure justify the U.S. decision to go to war ? Most Republicans thought it did . In the beginning they called the contest a `` second war of independence '' , and while Britain 's maritime practices never truly threatened the Republic 's independence , the war did in a broad sense vindicate U.S. sovereignty . But it ended in a draw on the battlefield . '' Historians argue that it was an American success to end the threat of Indian raids , kill the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary , and hereby to open an unimpeded path for westward expansion . Winston Churchill concluded :