vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Air pollution in the United States
In many ways , the socioeconomic status determines the education level that a person can achieve . According to literature , there is a lower rate for students from low socioeconomic status communities to get access to higher level of education compared to the students from more affluent communities . Further studies have indicated that there is a significant correlation between income and educational attainment . Therefore , even though education may not have a direct correlation with the exposure to the environmental injustice , it can still be an indirect indicator of the disparity in the distribution of environmental burden .
Cross product
In 1877 , to emphasize the fact that the result of a dot product is a scalar while the result of a cross product is a vector , William Kingdon Clifford coined the alternative names scalar product and vector product for the two operations . These alternative names are still widely used in the literature .
Xenon
Chemically , the perxenate compounds are used as oxidizing agents in analytical chemistry . Xenon difluoride is used as an etchant for silicon , particularly in the production of microelectromechanical systems ( MEMS ) . The anticancer drug 5 - fluorouracil can be produced by reacting xenon difluoride with uracil . Xenon is also used in protein crystallography . Applied at pressures from 0.5 to 5 MPa ( 5 to 50 atm ) to a protein crystal , xenon atoms bind in predominantly hydrophobic cavities , often creating a high - quality , isomorphous , heavy - atom derivative that can be used for solving the phase problem .
Three-letter acronym
The exact phrase three - letter acronym appeared in the sociology literature in 1975 . Three - letter acronyms were used as mnemonics in biological sciences , from 1977 and their practical advantage was promoted by Weber in 1982 . They are used in many other fields , but the term TLA is particularly associated with computing . In 1980 , the manual for the Sinclair ZX81 home computer used and explained TLA . The specific generation of three - letter acronyms in computing was mentioned in a JPL report of 1982 . In 1988 , in a paper titled `` On the cruelty of really teaching computer science '' , eminent computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra wrote `` Because no endeavour is respectable these days without a TLA ... '' By 1992 it was in a Microsoft handbook .
Kenya
Basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years consisting of eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school . Primary school is free in public schools and those attending can join a vocational youth / village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring , carpentry , motor vehicle repair , brick - laying and masonry for about two years .
Bill (law)
Leave : A motion is brought before the chamber asking that leave be given to bring in a bill . This is used in the British system in the form of the Ten Minute Rule motion . The legislator has 10 minutes to propose a bill , which can then be considered by the House on a day appointed for the purpose . While this rule remains in place in the rules of procedure of the US Congress , it is seldom used . Government motion : In jurisdictions where the executive can control legislative business a bill may be brought in by executive fiat .
Pluto (mythology)
In this theogony , which Ennius introduced into Latin literature , Saturn , `` Titan , '' Vesta , Ceres , and Ops are siblings ; Glauca is the twin of Pluto and dies mysteriously young . There are several mythological figures named Glauca ; the sister of Pluto may be the Glauca who in Cicero 's account of the three aspects of Diana conceived the third with the equally mysterious Upis . This is the genealogy for Pluto that Boccaccio used in his Genealogia Deorum Gentilium and in his lectures explicating the Divine Comedy of Dante .
Social class in the United States
The middle class is perhaps the most vaguely defined of the social classes . The term can be used either to describe a relative elite of professionals and managers -- also called the upper middle class -- or it can be used to describe those in - between the extremes of wealth , disregarding considerable differences in income , culture , educational attainment , influence , and occupation .
NOx
NO reacts with volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight to form and to destroy ozone . Ozone can cause adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function mostly in susceptible populations ( children , elderly , asthmatics ) . Ozone can be transported by wind currents and cause health impacts far from the original sources . The American Lung Association estimates that nearly 50 percent of United States inhabitants live in counties that are not in ozone compliance . In South East England , ground level ozone pollution tends to be highest in the countryside and in suburbs , while in central London and on major roads NO emissions are able to `` mop up '' ozone to form NO and oxygen .
List of Attack on Titan characters
The Titans ( 巨人 , Kyojin ) are the primary antagonists of the series . They are giant creatures that usually resemble male humans in form , although lacking reproductive organs . They can range in height from 3 to 15 meters ( 9.8 -- 49.2 ft ) . Despite their enormous strength and toughness , their bodies are unnaturally light for their size . Their primary objective is to kill and eat humans , as they show no interest in attacking other animals . However , they do not require food or drink . They have hard skin and regenerative abilities , and can only be killed by causing a deep incision at the nape of the neck . They have high body temperatures , causing them to emit steam .
Book of Revelation
Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John Frontispiece
Bird nest
The cavity nest is a chamber , typically in living or dead wood , but sometimes in the trunks of tree ferns or large cacti , including saguaro . In tropical areas , cavities are sometimes excavated in arboreal insect nests . A relatively small number of species , including woodpeckers , trogons , some nuthatches and many barbets , can excavate their own cavities . Far more species -- including parrots , tits , bluebirds , most hornbills , some kingfishers , some owls , some ducks and some flycatchers -- use natural cavities , or those abandoned by species able to excavate them ; they also sometimes usurp cavity nests from their excavating owners . Those species that excavate their own cavities are known as `` primary cavity nesters '' , while those that use natural cavities or those excavated by other species are called `` secondary cavity nesters '' . Both primary and secondary cavity nesters can be enticed to use nest boxes ( also known as bird houses ) ; these mimic natural cavities , and can be critical to the survival of species in areas where natural cavities are lacking .
Cranberry
Fresh cranberries can be frozen at home , and will keep up to nine months ; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing .
Atom
Spectra of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars . Specific light wavelengths contained in the observed light from stars can be separated out and related to the quantized transitions in free gas atoms . These colors can be replicated using a gas - discharge lamp containing the same element . Helium was discovered in this way in the spectrum of the Sun 23 years before it was found on Earth .
Iliad
While the Homeric poems ( the Iliad in particular ) were not necessarily revered scripture of the ancient Greeks , they were most certainly seen as guides that were important to the intellectual understanding of any educated Greek citizen . This is evidenced by the fact that in the late fifth century BC , `` it was the sign of a man of standing to be able to recite the Iliad and Odyssey by heart . '' Moreover , it can be argued that the warfare shown in the Iliad , and the way in which it was depicted , had a profound and very traceable effect on Greek warfare in general . In particular , the effect of epic literature can be broken down into three categories : tactics , ideology , and the mindset of commanders . In order to discern these effects , it is necessary to take a look at a few examples from each of these categories .
Citric acid cycle
Of these amino acids , aspartate and glutamine are used , together with carbon and nitrogen atoms from other sources , to form the purines that are used as the bases in DNA and RNA , as well as in ATP , AMP , GTP , NAD , FAD and CoA .
Probability
In addition to financial assessment , probability can be used to analyze trends in biology ( e.g. disease spread ) as well as ecology ( e.g. biological Punnett squares ) . As with finance , risk assessment can be used as a statistical tool to calculate the likelihood of undesirable events occurring and can assist with implementing protocols to avoid encountering such circumstances . Probability is used to design games of chance so that casinos can make a guaranteed profit , yet provide payouts to players that are frequent enough to encourage continued play .
Novel
Popular literature holds the largest market share . Romance fiction had an estimated $1.375 billion share in the US book market in 2007 . Inspirational literature / religious literature followed with $819 million , science fiction / fantasy with $700 million , mystery with $650 million and then classic literary fiction with $466 million . Dan
Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States
State Total handheld device ban applied to : Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if : Bus driver use restriction ( s ) Texting & Internet Access Alabama 16 and under , and 17 w / temporary license or if licensed under six months ( primary violation ) texting prohibited ( primary ) Alaska totally prohibited No restrictions on cell phone use Arizona texting prohibited none Arkansas 18 -- 20 years old ( primary violation ) under 18 ( secondary violation ) totally prohibited texting prohibited ( primary ) Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones ( secondary violation ) . California All ( primary violation ) under 18 ( secondary violation ) totally prohibited ( primary ) texting prohibited Colorado on learner 's permit or under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited ( primary ) Connecticut All ( primary violation ) under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Delaware All ( primary violation ) on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Florida Cell phone use allowed while operating a car as long as the sound goes through only one ear . Georgia All Drivers ( primary violation ) Under 18 ( primary violation ) Driver totally prohibited unless used for routing communication Driver totally prohibited , includes video Driver Allowed to use hands free devices ( specific ones ) and voice to text with hands free devices and allowed to use permanent mounted GPS , Drivers are allowed to make emergency calls and report hazardous road conditions . Commercial Vehicle Drivers have limited use directly related to their work ( GPS or Routing Communication ) effective date 1 July 2018 . Guam All ( primary violation ) Hawaii All ( primary violation ) under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Statewide law entered into force July 2013 ; all counties had existing bans on cell phone use . Drivers 18 and older may use hands - free devices . Idaho No statewide laws enacted ; authorities track `` distractions '' on accident reports . Illinois All ( primary violation ) any driver under 19 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones or within 500 feet of an emergency scene ( primary violation ) . Indiana under 21 ( primary violation ) Iowa on restricted or intermediate license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited ( primary ) July 1 , 2017 updated the texting law to be enforced as a primary reason an officer can stop you . `` Texting '' is defined as : texting , internet browsing , playing games , and reading social media applications .
Mass Effect: Andromeda
The game 's primary planets have open world environments and can be traversed using the `` Nomad '' , a six - wheeled , all - terrain vehicle . While driving the Nomad , the player has the ability to scan the planet 's terrain for resources and then deploy mining drones to collect them . As new areas are explored , the player can find drop zones that serve as fast - travel points and allow for a loadout change . To aid the player in managing quests , the game automatically logs available missions in a journal where the player can select a single quest to make active , which is then marked on the game 's user interface . Some planets have environmental hazards that must be accounted for , such as the planet Elaaden , where Ryder must avoid the heat to prevent taking damage . Over the course of the game , the player can find blueprints and resources that are used for crafting weapons and armor . All crafted items can be given customized names . One
Black ghost knifefish
The kind of EOD produced can be used to distinguish between two types of weakly electric fish : the pulse - type and the wave - type . The black ghost knifefish are considered to be the latter type , because they can continuously generate EODs in small intervals . Wave - type EODs have a narrow power spectra , and can be heard as a tonal sound , where the discharge rate establishes the fundamental frequency . By emitting its own continuous sinusoidal train of EODs , the fish can determine the presence of nearby objects by sensing perturbations in timing and amplitude of electric fields , an ability known as active electrolocation . The particular organs used to sense the self - generated high - frequency EODs are tuberous electroreceptor organs . On the other hand , when low - frequency electric fields are generated by external sources instead of the fish itself , a different class of electroreceptor organs is used for this passive electrolocation , called ampullary organs . Therefore , the black ghost knifefish uses an active and a passive electrosystem , each with its own corresponding receptor organs . The fish can also use a mechanosensory lateral line system , which detects water disturbances created by the motion of the fish 's body . As nocturnal hunters , the fish can rely on all three systems to navigate through dark environments and detect their prey .
GameCube controller
A specially - designed variation of the GameCube controller was created for the LodgeNet in some North American hotels . The controller can be used for pay - per - play access to select GameCube titles . In addition to the standard GameCube controller inputs , the LodgeNet controller features six additional buttons which are used to control the on - screen game selection interface . The controller can not be used on regular home systems .
Orchestra
In the 2000s , all tenured members of a professional orchestra normally audition for positions in the ensemble . Performers typically play one or more solo pieces of the auditionee 's choice , such as a movement of a concerto , a solo Bach movement , and a variety of excerpts from the orchestral literature that are advertised in the audition poster ( so the auditionees can prepare ) . The excerpts are typically the most technically challenging parts and solos from the orchestral literature . Orchestral auditions are typically held in front of a panel that includes the conductor , the concertmaster , the principal player of the section for which the auditionee is applying and possibly other principal players and regular orchestra members .
Cobalt-60
There is no natural Co in existence ; thus , synthetic Co is created by bombarding a Co target with a slow neutron source . Californium - 252 , moderated through water , can be used for this purpose , as can the neutron flux in a nuclear reactor . The CANDU reactors can be used to activate Co , by substituting the stainless steel control rods with cobalt rods . In the United States , it is now being produced in a BWR at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station . The cobalt targets are substituted here for a small number of fuel assemblies .
Politics of Tanzania
In mainland Tanzania , appeal is from the Primary Courts through the District Courts and Resident Magistrate Courts , to the High Courts , ending in the federal Court of Appeal . The Zanzibar court system parallels the legal system of Mainland Tanzania , and all cases tried in Zanzibari courts , except for those involving constitutional issues and Islamic law , can be appealed to the Court of Appeals of the union .
Primary color
Cyan , magenta , and yellow are good subtractive primaries in that the spectral power distributions of light reflected from idealized inks can be combined for the largest chromaticity gamuts . An additional key ink ( shorthand for the key printing plate that impressed the artistic detail of an image , usually black ) is also usually used since it is difficult to mix a dark enough black ink using the other three inks . Before the color names cyan and magenta were in common use , these primaries were often known as blue and red , respectively , and their exact color has changed over time with access to new pigments and technologies .
Fuel cell
The first fuel cells were invented in 1838 . The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later in NASA space programs to generate power for satellites and space capsules . Since then , fuel cells have been used in many other applications . Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial , industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas . They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles , including forklifts , automobiles , buses , boats , motorcycles and submarines .
Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
3rd millennium BC copper metalwork is attested in places like Palmela ( Portugal ) , Cortes de Navarra ( Spain ) , and Stonehenge ( United Kingdom ) . However , as often happens with the prehistoric times , the limits of the age can not be clearly defined and vary with different sources .
Edible bird's nest
In addition to their use in soup , edible bird 's nests can be used as an ingredient in many other dishes . They can be cooked with rice to produce bird 's nest congee or bird 's nest boiled rice , or they can be added to egg tarts and other desserts . A bird 's nest jelly can be made by placing the bird 's nest in a ceramic container with minimal water and sugar ( or salt ) and double steamed . Ready - to - eat bird 's nest jelly is available in jars as a commercial product .
Primary color
The L , M and S response curves ( cone fundamentals ) were deduced from color matching functions obtained from controlled color matching experiments ( e.g. , CIE 1931 ) where observers matched the color of a surface illuminated by monochromatic light with mixtures of three monochromatic primary lights illuminating a juxtaposed surface . Practical applications generally use a canonical linear transformation of LMS space known as CIEXYZ . The X , Y , and Z primaries are typically more useful since luminance ( Y ) is specified separately from a color 's chromaticity . Any color space primaries which can be mapped to physiologically relevant LMS primaries by a linear transformation are necessarily either imaginary or incomplete or both . The color - matching context is always three dimensional ( since LMS space is three dimensional ) but more general color appearance models like CIECAM02 describe color in six dimensions and can be used to predict how colors appear under different viewing conditions .
Jungle
A jungle is land covered with dense vegetation dominated by trees . Application of the term has varied greatly during the last several centuries . Jungles in Western literature can represent a less civilised or unruly space outside the control of civilisation : attributed to the jungle 's association in colonial discourse with places colonised by Europeans .
Tree of life
Etz Chaim , Hebrew for `` tree of life , '' is a common term used in Judaism . The expression , found in the Book of Proverbs , is figuratively applied to the Torah itself . Etz Chaim is also a common name for yeshivas and synagogues as well as for works of Rabbinic literature . It is also used to describe each of the wooden poles to which the parchment of a Sefer Torah is attached .
Bird ringing
Head and neck markers are very visible , and may be used in species where the legs are not normally visible ( such as ducks and geese ) . Nasal discs and nasal saddles can be attached to the culmen with a pin looped through the nostrils in birds with perforate nostrils . They should not be used if they obstruct breathing . They should not be used on birds that live in icy climates , as accumulation of ice on a nasal saddle can plug the nostrils . Neck collars made of expandable , non-heat - conducting plastic are very useful for larger birds such as geese .
Codetermination in Germany
On the assumption that the primary goal of employers is to maximise profits in the interests of shareholders , codetermination can reorient the company 's goals in the interests of workers . A better balance may be struck so that the company interests are not so one sided . For unions , codetermination is part of democratising the economy . It is also a way for workers to better the terms and conditions of their contracts in an orderly and regulated way .
Quechuan languages
Dramas and poems continued to be written in the 19th and especially in 20th centuries as well ; in addition , in the 20th century and more recently , more prose has been published . However , few literary forms were made present in the 19th century as European influences limited literary criticism . While some of that literature consists of original compositions ( poems and dramas ) , the bulk of 20th century Quechua literature consists of traditional folk stories and oral narratives . Johnny Payne has translated two sets of Quechua oral short stories , one into Spanish and the other into English .
French name
However , one tendency that remains fairly common is the addressing of young - looking females mademoiselle , and older females madame . Actresses are usually always styled mademoiselle , especially in film or theatre credits , regardless of their age or personal situation ; one would thus read mademoiselle Deneuve est habillée par Soandso . Mondamoiseau is an archaic term historically used for a gentleman that had not yet reached the status of chevalier , and was used in a similar fashion as the modern mademoiselle ; plural : mesdemoiseaux . The term has not been in common use since the 17th century , but it can be found in works of classic French literature , such as Molière 's L'Avare . Maître , for males and females ( etymologically , maître means `` master '' ) ; this title is used by lawyers and few other juridical professions , while carrying out their duties , and for some mature male artists ; plural : maîtres ; abbreviation : M ; there is no abbreviation for maîtres , one should use M X and M Y . Docteur , for males and females ( etymologically , docteur means `` doctor '' ) ; this title is reserved for people having a doctorate but tend to be mostly used in everyday language for physician and dentists while carrying out their duties , even when still students thus not having yet a doctorate ; plural : docteurs ; abbreviation : D .