vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic radiation
The far - field ( EMR ) depends on a different mechanism for its production than the near - field , and upon different terms in Maxwell 's equations . Whereas the magnetic part of the near - field is due to currents in the source , the magnetic field in EMR is due only to the local change in the electric field . In a similar way , while the electric field in the near - field is due directly to the charges and charge - separation in the source , the electric field in EMR is due to a change in the local magnetic field . Both processes for producing electric and magnetic EMR fields have a different dependence on distance than do near - field dipole electric and magnetic fields . That is why the EMR type of EM field becomes dominant in power `` far '' from sources . The term `` far from sources '' refers to how far from the source ( moving at the speed of light ) any portion of the outward - moving EM field is located , by the time that source currents are changed by the varying source potential , and the source has therefore begun to generate an outwardly moving EM field of a different phase .
Taxonomy (biology)
The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source , but the core of the discipline remains : the conception , naming , and classification of groups of organisms . As points of reference , recent definitions of taxonomy are presented below :
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
Group D Pos Team Pld Pts Senegal 6 14 Burkina Faso 6 9 Cape Verde 6 6 South Africa 6 Source : FIFA Group E Pos Team Pld Pts Egypt 6 13 Uganda 6 9 Ghana 6 7 Congo 6 Source : FIFA
Git
The Eclipse Foundation reported in its annual community survey that as of May 2014 , Git is now the most widely used source - code management tool , with 42.9 % of professional software developers reporting that they use Git as their primary source control system compared with 36.3 % in 2013 , 32 % in 2012 ; or for Git responses excluding use of GitHub : 33.3 % in 2014 , 30.3 % in 2013 , 27.6 % in 2012 and 12.8 % in 2011 . Open source directory Black Duck Open Hub reports a similar uptake among open source projects . The Stack Overflow developer survey reported in 2015 that 69.3 % of developers use Git ; 36.9 % use Subversion ; 12.2 % use TFS ; and 7.9 % use Mercurial .
Flowers in the Attic
In 1993 , Flowers in the Attic was awarded the Secondary BILBY Award . In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . ''
Rear-view mirror
Aftermarket secondary rear - view mirrors are available . They attach to the main rear - view mirror and are independently adjustable to view the back seat . This is useful to enable adults to monitor children in the back seat .
Penn Foster High School
Penn Foster High School is regionally accredited for grades 9 through adult by the Commission on Secondary Schools of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools . and nationally accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission ( DEAC ) .
Kerala State Education Board
The whole schooling structure is divided into kindergarten ( Lkg and UKG ) , LP ( lower primary , classes / standard 1 -- 4 ) , UP ( upper primary , classes / standard 5 -- 7 ) , ( H.S ) High School ( classes / standard 8 -- 10 ) and Higher Secondary ( + 1 equals 11th class / standard and + 2 equals 12th class / standard ) . Usually the whole system of KG , LP , UP and HS are collectively referred as High School . Students completing this complete course ( 12 years including KGs , which is optional * and otherwise 10 years of education ) will be awarded with School Leaving Certificate abbreviated as SSLC . Based on the results in SSLC students are enrolled into Higher Secondary Education ( HSE ) which was previously known as pre-degree and was conducted in colleges . Now HSE is integrated to the school system and most educational institution now offer classes from LKG to + 2 . Higher secondary offers a wide range of subjects according to the candidate 's preference. After completing + 2 students were awarded with HSE certificate which is indeed a passport to degree and similar courses .
Book of Numbers
The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah ( the books of Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy ) reached its present form in the post-Exilic period ( i.e. , after c. 520 BCE ) , based on pre-existing written and oral traditions and `` contemporary geographical and demographic details but even more importantly from contemporary political realities '' . The five books are often described as being drawn from four `` sources '' - schools of writers rather than individuals - the Yahwist and the Elohist ( frequently treated as a single source ) , the Priestly source and the Deuteronomist . There is ongoing dispute over the origins of the non-Priestly source ( s ) , but it is generally agreed that the Priestly source is post-exilic .
Three-phase electric power
Three - phase systems may also have a fourth wire , particularly in low - voltage distribution . This is the neutral wire . The neutral allows three separate single - phase supplies to be provided at a constant voltage and is commonly used for supplying groups of domestic properties which are each single - phase loads . The connections are arranged so that , as far as possible in each group , equal power is drawn from each phase . Further up the distribution system , the currents are usually well balanced . Transformers may be wired in a way that they have a four - wire secondary but a three - wire primary while allowing unbalanced loads and the associated secondary - side neutral currents .
River Thames
However , Seven Springs near Cheltenham , where the Churn ( which feeds into the Thames near Cricklade ) rises , is also sometimes quoted as the Thames ' source , as this location is furthest from the mouth , and adds some 14 miles ( 23 km ) to the length . At Seven Springs above the source is a stone with the Latin hexameter inscription `` Hic tuus o Tamesine pater septemgeminus fons '' , which means `` Here , O Father Thames , ( is ) your sevenfold source '' .
Lebanon
Article 11 of Lebanon 's Constitution states that `` Arabic is the official national language . A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used '' . The majority of Lebanese people speak Lebanese Arabic , which is grouped in a larger category called Levantine Arabic , while Modern Standard Arabic is mostly used in magazines , newspapers , and formal broadcast media . Lebanese Sign Language is the language of the deaf community . Almost 40 % of Lebanese are considered francophone , and another 15 % `` partial francophone '' , and 70 % of Lebanon 's secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction . By comparison , English is used as a secondary language in 30 % of Lebanon 's secondary schools . The use of French is a legacy of France 's historic ties to the region , including its League of Nations mandate over Lebanon following World War I ; as of 2005 , some 20 % of the population used French on a daily basis . The use of Arabic by Lebanon 's educated youth is declining , as they usually prefer to speak in French and , to a lesser extent , English , which are seen as more fashionable .
Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight
Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 64 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Clash 7 / 10 Exclaim ! 6 / 10 HipHopDX 3.9 / 5 HotNewHipHop 67 % Pitchfork 7.2 / 10 PopMatters 5 / 10 Vice B+ XXL 4 / 5
Everything Is Love
Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 7.3 / 10 Metacritic 81 / 100 Review scores Source Rating The A.V. Club B+ The Daily Telegraph Exclaim ! 9 / 10 The Guardian The Independent The Irish Times NME Pitchfork 8.2 / 10 Rolling Stone The Times
The Raven That Refused to Sing (And Other Stories)
Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 77 / 100 Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Guardian Metal Hammer musicOMH Sound & Vision ( favourable ) Sputnikmusic ( 4.2 / 5 ) The Monolith PopMatters ( 7 / 10 )
Catalonia
Primary sector : 3 % . The amount of land devoted to agricultural use is 33 % . Secondary sector : 37 % ( compared to Spain 's 29 % ) Tertiary sector : 60 % ( compared to Spain 's 67 % ) 1888
Czechoslovakia
Education was free at all levels and compulsory from age 6 to 15 . The vast majority of the population was literate . There was a highly developed system of apprenticeship training and vocational schools supplemented general secondary schools and institutions of higher education .
Official bilingualism in Canada
Another element of asymmetry between Quebec and most anglophone provinces is that while Quebec provides public English - language primary and secondary education throughout the province , most other provinces provide French - language education only `` where numbers warrant '' . Additional
Vermont
Trucks weighing less than 80,000 pounds ( 36,000 kg ) can use Vermont 's interstate highways . The limit for state roads is 99,000 pounds ( 45,000 kg ) . This means that vehicles too heavy for the turnpikes can legally only use secondary roads .
Cole Turner
In `` Charmed and Dangerous '' , the Source ( Peter Woodward ) breaks an aged old agreement and consumes the hollow . The Seer ( Debbi Morgan ) tricks Cole into consuming the hollow which allows him to assist the Charmed Ones in vanquishing the physical version of the Source . It is revealed that the Seer tricked Cole into absorbing the old Source 's power , eventually causing him to become the new Source of Evil in `` The Three Faces of Phoebe '' . An older version of Phoebe has turned bitter because of what he has done and warns her to save herself and states that they never got married but she ca n't help but think what might have been . Present - day Phoebe asks him if he is hiding anything ; he says he is not .
Libya
Libya 's population includes 1.7 million students , over 270,000 of whom study at the tertiary level . Basic education in Libya is free for all citizens , and is compulsory up to the secondary level . The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 89.2 % .
Android (operating system)
The source code for Android is open - source : it is developed in private by Google , with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released . Google publishes most of the code ( including network and telephony stacks ) under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2.0. which allows modification and redistribution . The license does not grant rights to the `` Android '' trademark , so device manufacturers and wireless carriers have to license it from Google under individual contracts . Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2 , developed by the Open Handset Alliance , with the source code publicly available at all times . Typically , Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device ( part of the Nexus series ) featuring the new version of Android , then makes the source code available after that device has been released . The only Android release which was not immediately made available as source code was the tablet - only 3.0 Honeycomb release . The reason , according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post , was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom , and they did not want third parties creating a `` really bad user experience '' by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets .
Field-effect transistor
FETs can be majority - charge - carrier devices , in which the current is carried predominantly by majority carriers , or minority - charge - carrier devices , in which the current is mainly due to a flow of minority carriers . The device consists of an active channel through which charge carriers , electrons or holes , flow from the source to the drain . Source and drain terminal conductors are connected to the semiconductor through ohmic contacts . The conductivity of the channel is a function of the potential applied across the gate and source terminals .
Magna Carta Holy Grail
Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 5.4 / 10 Metacritic 60 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club C -- The Daily Telegraph Los Angeles Times MSN Music B+ NME 6 / 10 Pitchfork 5.8 / 10 Rolling Stone Spin 5 / 10 The Times
Bipolar junction transistor
In addition to normal breakdown ratings of the device , power BJTs are subject to a failure mode called secondary breakdown , in which excessive current and normal imperfections in the silicon die cause portions of the silicon inside the device to become disproportionately hotter than the others . The electrical resistivity of doped silicon , like other semiconductors , has a negative temperature coefficient , meaning that it conducts more current at higher temperatures . Thus , the hottest part of the die conducts the most current , causing its conductivity to increase , which then causes it to become progressively hotter again , until the device fails internally . The thermal runaway process associated with secondary breakdown , once triggered , occurs almost instantly and may catastrophically damage the transistor package .
Foreign policy of the United States
Almost all of Canada 's energy exports go to the United States , making it the largest foreign source of U.S. energy imports : Canada is consistently among the top sources for U.S. oil imports , and it is the largest source of U.S. natural gas and electricity imports .
Lebanon
The United Nations assigned Lebanon an education index of 0.871 in 2008 . The index , which is determined by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary , secondary , and tertiary gross enrollment ratio , ranked the country 88th out of the 177 countries participating .
Myocardial infarction
There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction , and those that may be adopted as secondary prevention after an initial myocardial infarction , because of shared risk factors and an aim to reduce atherosclerosis affecting heart vessels .
Protein folding
The alpha helices and beta pleated sheets can be amphipathic in nature , or contain a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion . This property of secondary structures aids in the tertiary structure of a protein in which the folding occurs so that the hydrophilic sides are facing the aqueous environment surrounding the protein and the hydrophobic sides are facing the hydrophobic core of the protein . Secondary structure hierarchically gives way to tertiary structure formation . Once the protein 's tertiary structure is formed and stabilized by the hydrophobic interactions , there may also be covalent bonding in the form of disulfide bridges formed between two cysteine residues . Tertiary structure of a protein involves a single polypeptide chain ; however , additional interactions of folded polypeptide chains give rise to quaternary structure formation .
Plate tectonics
This force is regarded as a secondary force and is often referred to as `` ridge push '' . This is a misnomer as nothing is `` pushing '' horizontally and tensional features are dominant along ridges . It is more accurate to refer to this mechanism as gravitational sliding as variable topography across the totality of the plate can vary considerably and the topography of spreading ridges is only the most prominent feature . Other mechanisms generating this gravitational secondary force include flexural bulging of the lithosphere before it dives underneath an adjacent plate which produces a clear topographical feature that can offset , or at least affect , the influence of topographical ocean ridges , and mantle plumes and hot spots , which are postulated to impinge on the underside of tectonic plates .
Lumen (unit)
If a light source emits one candela of luminous intensity uniformly across a solid angle of one steradian , the total luminous flux emitted into that angle is one lumen ( 1 cd 1 sr = 1 lm ) . Alternatively , an isotropic one - candela light - source emits a total luminous flux of exactly 4π lumens . If the source were partly covered by an ideal absorbing hemisphere , that system would radiate half as much luminous flux -- only 2π lumens . The luminous intensity would still be one candela in those directions that are not obscured .
Education in Bangladesh
There are Non-Governmental Schools ( NGO ) and Non-Formal Education Centers ( NFE ) and many of these are funded by the government . The largest NFE program is the much reputed BRAC program . However , not all NFE graduates continue on to secondary school .
History of the telescope
A third form of reflecting telescope , the `` Cassegrain reflector '' was devised in 1672 by Laurent Cassegrain . The telescope had a small convex hyperboloidal secondary mirror placed near the prime focus to reflect light through a central hole in the main mirror .
Citizenship
Some intergovernmental organizations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level , where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined . Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept , with rights deriving from national citizenship .
Computer mouse
When mice have more than one button , the software may assign different functions to each button . Often , the primary ( leftmost in a right - handed configuration ) button on the mouse will select items , and the secondary ( rightmost in a right - handed ) button will bring up a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item . For example , on platforms with more than one button , the Mozilla web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click , will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary - button click , and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary ( middle ) mouse button .
Clay
Clay minerals typically form over long periods of time as a result of the gradual chemical weathering of rocks , usually silicate - bearing , by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other diluted solvents . These solvents , usually acidic , migrate through the weathering rock after leaching through upper weathered layers . In addition to the weathering process , some clay minerals are formed through hydrothermal activity . There are two types of clay deposits : primary and secondary . Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil and remain at the site of formation . Secondary clays are clays that have been transported from their original location by water erosion and deposited in a new sedimentary deposit . Clay deposits are typically associated with very low energy depositional environments such as large lakes and marine basins .
Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source
Wikipedia is not a reliable source . Wikipedia can be edited by anyone at any time . This means that any information it contains at any particular time could be vandalism . Biographies of living persons are especially vulnerable to this issue . Some edits on Wikipedia that are in error are sometimes fixed , however because Wikipedia can not monitor contributions made by millions of users , there are many errors that remain unnoticed for days , weeks , months , and even years . Therefore , Wikipedia should not be considered a source for ' fact - checking ' .
Citizenship
`` Active citizenship '' is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment of their community through economic participation , public , volunteer work , and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens . In this vein , citizenship education is taught in schools , as an academic subject in some countries . By the time children reach secondary education there is an emphasis on such unconventional subjects to be included in academic curriculum . While the diagram on citizenship to the right is rather facile and depth-less , it is simplified to explain the general model of citizenship that is taught to many secondary school pupils . The idea behind this model within education is to instill in young pupils that their actions ( i.e. their vote ) affect collective citizenship and thus in turn them .
Friction
Frictional instabilities can lead to the formation of new self - organized patterns ( or `` secondary structures '' ) at the sliding interface , such as in - situ formed tribofilms which are utilized for the reduction of friction and wear in so - called self - lubricating materials .
Wellington
Whitireia New Zealand has large campuses in Porirua , Wellington and Kapiti ; the Wellington Institute of Technology and New Zealand 's National Drama school , Toi Whakaari . For further information , see List of universities in New Zealand . The Wellington area has numerous primary and secondary schools .
Wicked (musical)
The first licensed school production of the show was staged in Sydney by Kambala School ( in partnership with Sydney Grammar School , Cranbrook School and Rose Bay Secondary College ) , directed by Mark Grandison . The production staged four shows from 8 to 12 August 2017 .
Mark Labbett
Labbett obtained a Master of Arts degree in mathematics from Exeter College , Oxford , a Postgraduate Certificate in Education ( PGCE ) in secondary education from the University of Exeter and legal CPE and LPC qualifications from the University of Glamorgan ( now the University of South Wales ) .
Field-effect transistor
If drain - to - source voltage is increased , this creates a significant asymmetrical change in the shape of the channel due to a gradient of voltage potential from source to drain . The shape of the inversion region becomes `` pinched - off '' near the drain end of the channel . If drain - to - source voltage is increased further , the pinch - off point of the channel begins to move away from the drain towards the source . The FET is said to be in saturation mode ; although some authors refer to it as active mode , for a better analogy with bipolar transistor operating regions . The saturation mode , or the region between ohmic and saturation , is used when amplification is needed . The in - between region is sometimes considered to be part of the ohmic or linear region , even where drain current is not approximately linear with drain voltage .
Account planning
According to Fortini - Campbell , there are five main roles that an account planner must fulfill ; First , they must discover and define the advertising task . They have the job of organizing information about the consumer and the marketplace from every possible source , including the client and agency data and secondary research . Second , they prepare the creative brief . The creative brief is the tool that the creative department uses to conceptualize ads . Another main purpose of the brief is to define the proper positioning of a brand . Third , they are involved in creative development . During creative conceptualization , it is the account planner 's duty to represent the consumer . They may also interact with the creative department through the sharing of initial consumer responses to ad ideas or advertising approaches . Fourth , they must present the advertising to the client . The planner informs the client of `` how and why a consumer will react to ( specific ) advertising . '' Finally , they track the advertising 's performance . Through their follow - up research , account planners track reactions to the ads in the actual marketplace and provide Creatives with additional information .
Education in Bangladesh
In government secondary schools , there is not an SMC . The headmaster is solely responsible for running the school and is supervised by the deputy director of the respective zone . Parent Teachers Associations ( PTAs ) , however , exist to ensure a better teaching and learning environment .