vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Large denominations of United States currency
The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains ( among other things ) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency . Using a combination of proofs and issued notes , a nearly complete type set of high - denomination currency was compiled . Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes . Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper , these high - denomination notes are virtually non-existent . Their issuance ( 1861 -- 65 ) pre-dates the BEP 's responsibility for U.S. Currency ( 1870s ) , so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives .
Polistes carolina
One of two types of red paper wasps , Polistes carolina is a species of social wasp ( subfamily Polistinae ) in the family Vespidae . They are most commonly found in the eastern US from Texas through Nebraska . The wasp 's common name is due to the reddish - brown color of its head and body . Red paper wasps are known to construct some of the largest nests of any wasp species and prefer to build their nests in protected spaces .
Waikato River
The Waikato River and its hydro lakes are home to at least 19 types of native fish and 10 types of introduced fish . The introduced species include rainbow and brown trout providing what has been called `` the finest fly - fishing in the world '' . Other introduced species , like the carp and mosquitofish , have become major pests .
La Niña
There is also a scientific debate on the very existence of this `` new '' ENSO . A number of studies dispute the reality of this statistical distinction or its increasing occurrence , or both , either arguing the reliable record is too short to detect such a distinction , finding no distinction or trend using other statistical approaches , or that other types should be distinguished , such as standard and extreme ENSO .
Fingerprint
Although the word latent means hidden or invisible , in modern usage for forensic science the term latent prints means any chance or accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface , regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition . Electronic , chemical and physical processing techniques permit visualization of invisible latent print residues whether they are from natural sweat on the skin or from a contaminant such as motor oil , blood , ink , paint or some other form of dirt . The different types of fingerprint patterns , such as arch , loop and whorl , will be described below .
San Jose International Airport
The former General Aviation services were previously located , on the South end of what is now 30R and was , in fact , the place for plane spotters and photographers with the San Jose State University Aviation Department formerly located at the corner of Coleman Avenue and Airport Blvd , which was at a cost of only $1.00 per year , paid to the airport administration .
Academic dress in the United Kingdom
There are two types of yokes that are used for gowns . The more traditional is the curved yoke , whilst the square or straight yoke is used more in modern times .
New Testament
Outside of these unimportant variants , there are a couple variants of some importance . The two most commonly cited examples are the last verses of the Gospel of Mark and the story of the adulterous woman in the Gospel of John . Many scholars and critics also believe that the Comma Johanneum reference supporting the Trinity doctrine in 1 John to have been a later addition . According to Norman Geisler and William Nix , `` The New Testament , then , has not only survived in more manuscripts than any other book from antiquity , but it has survived in a purer form than any other great book -- a form that is 99.5 % pure '' The
Positron emission tomography
If the biologically active tracer molecule chosen for PET is fludeoxyglucose ( FDG ) , an analogue of glucose , the concentrations of tracer imaged will indicate tissue metabolic activity as it corresponds to the regional glucose uptake . Use of this tracer to explore the possibility of cancer metastasis ( i.e. , spreading to other sites ) is the most common type of PET scan in standard medical care ( representing 90 % of current scans ) . Metabolic trapping of the radioactive glucose molecule allows the PET scan to be utilized . The same tracer may also be used for PET investigation and diagnosis of types of dementia . Less often , other radioactive tracers , usually but not always labeled with fluorine - 18 , are used to image the tissue concentration of other types of molecules of interest .
Self-pollination
Self - pollination is when pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower ( in flowering plants ) or at the ovule ( in gymnosperms ) . There are two types of self - pollination : in autogamy , pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower ; in geitonogamy , pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same flowering plant , or from microsporangium to ovule within a single ( monoecious ) gymnosperm . Some plants have mechanisms that ensure autogamy , such as flowers that do not open ( cleistogamy ) , or stamens that move to come into contact with the stigma . The term selfing that is often used as a synonym , is not limited to self - pollination , but also applies to other types of self - fertilization .
Overview of gun laws by nation
Ownership of certain types of firearms require stricter vetting procedures , a higher level of storage security , and a `` special reason '' for obtaining the weapon . The applicant must gain an appropriate endorsement on their licence and a permit to procure before obtaining handguns , machine guns , selective - fire assault rifles , and military - style semi-automatics ( MSSAs ) ( including those with magazine capacity of more than 15 rounds of . 22 rimfire or 7 rounds of any other calibre ) .
Dental anesthesia
If one is allergic to an ester LA , then the use of other types of ester LA should be avoided as the breakdown of all esters will produce PABA . However , patients allergic to ester LA will usually not be affected by amide LA because PABA is not produced upon breakdown of amide LA . Unlike ester LA , allergy to an amide LA will not eliminate the use of other types of amide LA .
Government of South Africa
Local government in South Africa consists of municipalities of various types . The largest metropolitan areas are governed by metropolitan municipalities , while the rest of the country is divided into district municipalities , each of which consists of several local municipalities . After the municipal election of 18 May 2011 there were eight metropolitan municipalities , 44 district municipalities and 226 local municipalities .
Salt Lake City
There are two general aviation airports nearby ; South Valley Regional Airport in West Jordan and Skypark Airport in Woods Cross .
Neuron
The pacinian corpuscle is one such structure . It has concentric layers like an onion , which form around the axon terminal . When pressure is applied and the corpuscle is deformed , mechanical stimulus is transferred to the axon , which fires . If the pressure is steady , there is no more stimulus ; thus , typically these neurons respond with a transient depolarization during the initial deformation and again when the pressure is removed , which causes the corpuscle to change shape again . Other types of adaptation are important in extending the function of a number of other neurons .
United States embargo against Cuba
On September 21 , 2015 , the Commerce and Treasury Departments took additional coordinated actions in support of the President 's Cuba policy . These actions included a rule published by the Commerce Department 's Bureau of Industry and Security ( BIS ) that amended the terms of existing license exceptions that are available for Cuba , increased the number of license exception provisions that are available for Cuba , created a new Cuba licensing policy to help ensure the safety of civil aviation and the safe operation of commercial passenger aircraft , and made the deemed export and deemed reexport license requirements for Cuba consistent with other sanctioned destinations .
Hippocampus
The story for fish is more complex . In teleost fish ( which make up the great majority of existing species ) , the forebrain is distorted in comparison to other types of vertebrates : Most neuroanatomists believe that the teleost forebrain is in essence everted , like a sock turned inside - out , so that structures that lie in the interior , next to the ventricles , for most vertebrates , are found on the outside in teleost fish , and vice versa . One of the consequences of this is that the medial pallium ( `` hippocampal '' zone ) of a typical vertebrate is thought to correspond to the lateral pallium of a typical fish . Several types of fish ( particularly goldfish ) have been shown experimentally to have strong spatial memory abilities , even forming `` cognitive maps '' of the areas they inhabit . There is evidence that damage to the lateral pallium impairs spatial memory .
Cell wall
Although not truly unique , the cell walls of Archaea are unusual . Whereas peptidoglycan is a standard component of all bacterial cell walls , all archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan , with the exception of one group of methanogens . In that group , the peptidoglycan is a modified form very different from the kind found in bacteria . There are four types of cell wall currently known among the Archaea .
Types of volcanic eruptions
Within these wide - defining eruptive types are several subtypes . The weakest are Hawaiian and submarine , then Strombolian , followed by Vulcanian and Surtseyan . The stronger eruptive types are Pelean eruptions , followed by Plinian eruptions ; the strongest eruptions are called `` Ultra-Plinian . '' Subglacial and phreatic eruptions are defined by their eruptive mechanism , and vary in strength . An important measure of eruptive strength is Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) , an order of magnitude scale ranging from 0 to 8 that often correlates to eruptive types .
Types of volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruptions vary widely in strength . On the one extreme there are effusive Hawaiian eruptions , which are characterized by lava fountains and fluid lava flows , which are typically not very dangerous . On the other extreme , Plinian eruptions are large , violent , and highly dangerous explosive events . Volcanoes are not bound to one eruptive style , and frequently display many different types , both passive and explosive , even in the span of a single eruptive cycle . Volcanoes do not always erupt vertically from a single crater near their peak , either . Some volcanoes exhibit lateral and fissure eruptions . Notably , many Hawaiian eruptions start from rift zones , and some of the strongest Surtseyan eruptions develop along fracture zones . Scientists believed that pulses of magma mixed together in the chamber before climbing upward -- a process estimated to take several thousands of years . But Columbia University volcanologists found that the eruption of Costa Rica 's Irazú Volcano in 1963 was likely triggered by magma that took a nonstop route from the mantle over just a few months .
Nervous system
Most neurons send signals via their axons , although some types are capable of dendrite - to - dendrite communication . ( In fact , the types of neurons called amacrine cells have no axons , and communicate only via their dendrites . ) Neural signals propagate along an axon in the form of electrochemical waves called action potentials , which produce cell - to - cell signals at points where axon terminals make synaptic contact with other cells .
Shark tooth
There are a number of common types of shark teeth , that vary according to the diet of the shark . Examples include dense flattened teeth for crushing ; long needle - like teeth for gripping ; pointed lower teeth for gripping combined with serrated , triangular upper teeth cutting , and teeth that are tiny , greatly reduced , and non-functional . Eastman1901
Original jurisdiction
For the administrative stream , any administrative court has original jurisdiction . However , while the Council of State has supreme appellate jurisdiction for administrative appeals , it also has original jurisdiction on a number of matters brought against national governmental authorities including cases against statutory instruments ( executive and ministerial orders ) and certain types of administrative decisions . These decisions are made up out of 2 / 3 Congress 's vote .
BIOS
Modern systems are not vulnerable to CIH because of a variety of chipsets being used which are incompatible with the Intel i430TX chipset , and also other flash ROM IC types . There is also extra protection from accidental BIOS rewrites in the form of boot blocks which are protected from accidental overwrite or dual and quad BIOS equipped systems which may , in the event of a crash , use a backup BIOS . Also , all modern operating systems such as FreeBSD , Linux , macOS , Windows NT - based Windows OS like Windows 2000 , Windows XP and newer , do not allow user - mode programs to have direct hardware access .
Eukaryote
There are many different types of eukaryotic cells , though animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes , and thus provide an excellent starting point for understanding eukaryotic structure . Fungi and many protists have some substantial differences , however .
Types of volcanic eruptions
Several types of volcanic eruptions -- during which lava , tephra ( ash , lapilli , volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks ) , and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure -- have been distinguished by volcanologists . These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed . Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity , while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series .
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa , with over 285 species total ( and about 90 species found exclusively in the region ) . Among endemic reptile genera , there are Haackgreerius , Haemodracon , Ditypophis , Pachycalamus and Aeluroglena . Half of these genera are uniquely found on Socotra . Unlike reptiles , amphibians are poorly represented in the region .
Rogue One
Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios , in Hertfordshire , on August 8 , 2015 . Much of the other photography was completed at or near Pinewood Studios at Buckinghamshire , England where huge sets were built to complement scenes filmed elsewhere in the world . The film was shot using Ultra Panavision 70 lenses with Arri Alexa 65 large format digital 6K cameras . Canary
Oak (wine)
Throughout history other wood types , including chestnut , pine , redwood , and acacia , have been used in crafting winemaking vessels , particularly large fermentation vats . However none of these wood types possess the compatibility with wine that oak has demonstrated in combining its water tight , yet slightly porous , storage capabilities with the unique flavor and texture characteristic that it can impart to the wine that it is in contact with . Chestnut is very high in tannins and is too porous as a storage barrel and must be coated with paraffin to prevent excessive wine loss through evaporation . Redwood is too rigid to bend into the smaller barrel shapes and imparts an unpleasant flavor . Acacia imparts a yellow tint to the wine . Other hardwoods like apple and cherry wood have an off putting smell . Austrian winemakers have a history of using acacia barrels . Historically , chestnut was used by Beaujolais , Italian and Portuguese wine makers . Some Rhône winemakers still use paraffin coated chestnut barrels but the coating minimizes any effect from the wood making its function similar to a neutral concrete vessel . In Chile there are traditions for using barrels made of rauli wood but it is beginning to fall out of favor due to the musky scent it imparts on wine .
New Jersey
Two smaller commercial airports , Atlantic City International Airport and Trenton - Mercer Airport , also operate in other parts of the state . Teterboro Airport in Bergen County , and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County , are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore , respectively . A
Plate tectonics
How mantle convection directly and indirectly relates to plate motion is a matter of ongoing study and discussion in geodynamics . Somehow , this energy must be transferred to the lithosphere for tectonic plates to move . There are essentially two main types of forces that are thought to influence plate motion : friction and gravity .
Philosophical skepticism
Local skeptics deny that people do or can have knowledge of a particular area . They may be skeptical about the possibility of one form of knowledge without doubting other forms . Different kinds of local skepticism may emerge , depending on the area . A person may doubt the truth value of different types of journalism , for example , depending on the types of media they trust .
State of matter
A state of matter is also characterized by phase transitions . A phase transition indicates a change in structure and can be recognized by an abrupt change in properties . A distinct state of matter can be defined as any set of states distinguished from any other set of states by a phase transition . Water can be said to have several distinct solid states . The appearance of superconductivity is associated with a phase transition , so there are superconductive states . Likewise , ferromagnetic states are demarcated by phase transitions and have distinctive properties . When the change of state occurs in stages the intermediate steps are called mesophases . Such phases have been exploited by the introduction of liquid crystal technology .
Waltzing Matilda
The song was first recorded in 1926 as performed by John Collinson and Russell Callow . In 2008 , this recording of `` Waltzing Matilda '' was added to the Sounds of Australia registry in the National Film and Sound Archive which says that there are more recordings of `` Waltzing Matilda '' than any other Australian song .
Spider
The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to form one to four ( usually three ) pairs of short , movable spinnerets , which emit silk . Each spinneret has many spigots , each of which is connected to one silk gland . There are at least six types of silk gland , each producing a different type of silk .
Switch
The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts , which are connected to external circuits . Each set of contacts can be in one of two states : either `` closed '' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them , or `` open '' , meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting . The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states ( open or closed ) are usually ( there are other types of actions ) either an `` alternate action '' ( flip the switch for continuous `` on '' or `` off '' ) or `` momentary '' ( push for `` on '' and release for `` off '' ) type .
Acetylcholine
The two major types of acetylcholine receptors , muscarinic and nicotinic receptors , have convergently evolved to be responsive to acetylcholine . This means that rather than having evolved from a common homolog , these receptors evolved from separate receptor families . It is estimated that the nicotinic receptor family dates back longer than 2.5 billion years . Likewise , muscarinic receptors are thought to have diverged from other GPCRs at least 0.5 billion years ago . Both of these receptor groups have evolved numerous subtypes with unique ligand affinities and signaling mechanisms . The diversity of the receptor types enables acetylcholine to creating varying responses depending on which receptor types are activated , and allow for acetylcholine to dynamically regulate physiological processes .
Tropics
Tropical plants and animals are those species native to the tropics . Tropical ecosystems may consist of tropical rainforests , seasonal tropical forests , dry ( often deciduous ) forests , spiny forests , desert and other habitat types . There are often significant areas of biodiversity , and species endemism present , particularly in rainforests and seasonal forests . Some examples of important biodiversity and high endemism ecosystems are El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico , Costa Rican and Nicaraguan rainforests , Amazon Rainforest territories of several South American countries , Madagascar dry deciduous forests , the Waterberg Biosphere of South Africa , and eastern Madagascar rainforests . Often the soils of tropical forests are low in nutrient content , making them quite vulnerable to slash - and - burn deforestation techniques , which are sometimes an element of shifting cultivation agricultural systems .
Trinity
In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries , are types of the Trinity ( Τριάδος ) , of God , and His Word , and His wisdom . And the fourth is the type of man , who needs light , that so there may be God , the Word , wisdom , man .
Nick Bottom
However , W.L. Godshalk refutes this theory , stating that no subsequent scholars have been able to confirm Capell 's ideas . Godshalk also states that it is unlikely that this was a common civilian phrase , as there are no other examples of this exact form of the phrase in the work of any author besides Shakespeare .
Cumulus cloud
Cumulus clouds are often precursors of other types of clouds , such as cumulonimbus , when influenced by weather factors such as instability , moisture , and temperature gradient . Normally , cumulus clouds produce little or no precipitation , but they can grow into the precipitation - bearing congestus or cumulonimbus clouds . Cumulus clouds can be formed from water vapor , supercooled water droplets , or ice crystals , depending upon the ambient temperature . They come in many distinct subforms , and generally cool the earth by reflecting the incoming solar radiation . Cumulus clouds are part of the larger category of free - convective cumuliform clouds , which include cumulonimbus clouds . The latter genus - type is sometimes categorized separately as cumulonimbiform due to its more complex structure that often includes a cirriform or anvil top . There are also cumuliform clouds of limited convection that comprise stratocumulus ( low - étage ) , altocumulus ( middle - étage ) and cirrocumulus ( high - étage ) . These last three genus - types are sometimes classified separately as stratocumuliform .
Negative and positive rights
Other advocates of the view that there is a distinction between negative and positive rights argue that the presence of a police force or army is not due to any positive right to these services that citizens claim , but rather because they are natural monopolies or public goods -- features of any human society that arise naturally , even while adhering to the concept of negative rights only . Robert Nozick discusses this idea at length in his book Anarchy , State , and Utopia .