vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
First Nations
In Manitoba settlers from Ontario began to arrive . They pushed for land to be allotted in the square concession system of English Canada , rather than the seigneurial system of strips reaching back from a river which the Métis were familiar with in their French - Canadian culture . The buffalo were being hunted to extinction by the Hudson 's Bay Company and other hunters , as for generations the Métis had depended on them as a chief source of food . Colonization
Henry Hudson
After the mutiny , Captain Hudson 's shallop broke out oars and tried to keep pace with the Discovery for some time . Pricket recalled that the mutineers finally tired of the David - Goliath pursuit and unfurled additional sails aboard the Discovery , enabling the larger vessel to leave the tiny open boat behind . Hudson and the other seven aboard the shallop were never seen again . Despite subsequent searches / expeditions , including those conducted in 1612 by Thomas Button and in 1668 - 70 by Zachariah Gillam , their fate is unknown .
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Hudson and Weaver are revealed to be Mason 's interrogators . Dragovich has communist sleeper cells placed all over the United States which , when ordered by the numbers broadcast , will release the Nova - 6 gas . As a result , the U.S. is preparing a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the Soviet Union , which would result in the inevitable Mutual Assured Destruction of World War III . Hudson needed Steiner to abort the gas launch , but after his death , only Mason has any knowledge of the numbers station . Hudson reveals that Dragovich brainwashed Mason to understand the numbers broadcasts and assassinate Kennedy , effectively making him a Soviet sleeper agent . The real Reznov never escaped , but died during the Vorkuta breakout attempt , and the Soviet defector in Hue was actually killed before Mason reached him . Mason 's visions of Reznov are a result of a dissociative disorder caused by the traumatic brainwashing program . Prior to the Vorkuta uprising , Reznov reprogrammed Mason to assassinate Dragovich , Kravchenko , and Steiner instead . Mason finally remembers the location of the broadcast station : a Russian cargo ship called Rusalka off the coast of Cuba . An assault on the Rusalka begins , with Mason and Hudson infiltrating the underwater submarine base protecting the ship . Hudson calls in the United States Navy to destroy the Rusalka . Mason and Hudson finally confront Dragovich in the lower levels of the facility , and Mason strangles and drowns him to death before escaping with Hudson . They regroup with Weaver , who declares victory .
Battles of Saratoga
The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two - year point , and the British changed their plans . They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three - way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies .
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Meanwhile , Hudson and Weaver interrogate Clarke in Kowloon City . Clarke reveals the location of a hidden facility in Mount Yamantau before being killed by Dragovich 's men . Hudson and Weaver move to destroy the facility and receive a transmission from Steiner requesting to meet at Rebirth Island , as Dragovich has begun killing loose ends . Mason and Reznov head there to assassinate Steiner at the same time , succeeding just as Hudson and Weaver arrive . Mason is adamant that Reznov executed Steiner , but Hudson had witnessed Mason carrying out the act alone .
Henry Hudson
According to Thomas Edge , `` William ( sic ) Hudson '' in 1608 discovered an island he named `` Hudson 's Tutches '' ( Touches ) at 71 ° N , the latitude of Jan Mayen . However , records of Hudson 's voyages suggest that he could only have come across Jan Mayen in 1607 by making an illogical detour , and historians have pointed out that Hudson himself made no mention of it in his journal . There is also no cartographical proof of this supposed discovery . Jonas Poole in 1611 and Robert Fotherby in 1615 both had possession of Hudson 's journal while searching for his elusive Hold - with - Hope ( which is now believed to have been on the east coast of Greenland ) , but neither had any knowledge of any discovery of Jan Mayen , an achievement which was only later attributed to Hudson . Fotherby eventually stumbled across Jan Mayen , thinking it a new discovery and naming it `` Sir Thomas Smith 's Island '' , though the first verifiable records of the discovery of the island had been made a year earlier , in 1614 .
First Nations
The Assiniboine were close allies and trading partners of the Cree , engaging in wars against the Gros Ventres alongside them , and later fighting the Blackfeet . A Plains people , they went no further north than the North Saskatchewan River and purchased a great deal of European trade goods through Cree middlemen from the Hudson 's Bay Company . The life style of this group was semi-nomadic , and they would follow the herds of bison during the warmer months . They traded with European traders , and worked with the Mandan , Hidatsa , and Arikara tribes .
Mount St. Helens
The first authenticated eyewitness report of a volcanic eruption was made in March 1835 by Meredith Gairdner , while working for the Hudson 's Bay Company stationed at Fort Vancouver . He sent an account to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal , which published his letter in January 1836 . James Dwight Dana of Yale University , while sailing with the United States Exploring Expedition , saw the quiescent peak from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841 . Another member of the expedition later described `` cellular basaltic lavas '' at the mountain 's base . Painting
Battle of Long Island
On July 12 , the British ships Phoenix and Rose sailed up the harbor toward the mouth of the Hudson . The American batteries opened fire at Fort George , Red Hook , and Governors Island , and the British returned fire into the city . The ships sailed along the New Jersey shore and continued up the Hudson , sailing past Fort Washington and arriving by nightfall at Tarrytown , the widest part of the Hudson . The goals of the British ships were to cut off American supplies and to encourage Loyalist support . The only casualties of the day were six Americans who were killed when their own cannon blew up . British
Henry Hudson
Descriptions of the successful mutiny are one - sided , because the only survivors who could tell their story were the mutineers and those who went along with the mutiny . Allegedly in the latter class was ship 's navigator Abacuk Pricket , a survivor who kept a journal that was to become a key source for the narrative of the mutiny . According to Pricket , the leaders of the mutiny were Henry Greene and Robert Juet . Pricket 's narrative tells how the mutineers set Hudson , his teenage son John , and seven crewmen -- men who were either sick and infirm or loyal to Hudson -- adrift from the Discovery in a small shallop , an open boat , effectively marooning them in Hudson Bay . The Pricket journal reports that the mutineers provided the castaways with clothing , powder and shot , some pikes , an iron pot , some food , and other miscellaneous items .
Construction of the World Trade Center
In December 1961 , Tobin had several meetings with newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes . They ultimately agreed to a proposal to shift the World Trade Center project to the site of the H&M 's Hudson Terminal . The new location not only was closer to New Jersey , but also was able to utilize the unused air rights above the Hudson Terminal : although other developers were theoretically allowed to build atop the terminal , none had done so . In acquiring the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad , the Port Authority would also acquire the Hudson Terminal and other buildings , which were deemed obsolete . On January 22 , 1962 , the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad and to build the World Trade Center on Manhattan 's lower west side . As part of the deal , the Port Authority renamed the H&M `` Port Authority Trans - Hudson '' , or PATH for short . The New Jersey state legislature approved this deal in February 1962 . After the World Trade Center legislation was approved by the New Jersey legislature , Chairman Tobin formed the World Trade Office to develop and operate the trade center , appointing Guy F. Tozzoli to lead the new office .
Henry Hudson
Many authors have wrongly stated that it was the discovery of large numbers of whales in Spitsbergen waters by Hudson during this voyage that led to several nations sending whaling expeditions to the islands . While he did indeed report seeing many whales , it was not Hudson 's reports but rather those by Jonas Poole in 1610 which led to the establishment of English whaling and the voyages of Nicholas Woodcock and Willem Cornelisz. van Muyden in 1612 that led to the establishment of Dutch , French and Spanish whaling .
List of Cars characters
Doc Hudson is the town 's medical doctor and a local judge , voiced actor Paul Newman in the first film and its video game and Corey Burton in all other related media . He is modeled after a 1951 Hudson Hornet . He did not appear in the second film , as it is implied that Doc died .
List of Cars characters
During the ending credits of Cars , Mrs. The King can be seen at the Doc Hudson Museum with her husband and Mater as a tour guide throughout the museum . She asks to see and meet Doc Hudson , but Mater is unsure of his whereabouts at the present time -- but assumes he is out racing , most likely with McQueen ( which turns out to be true ) . Cal
Henry Hudson
Hudson and his marooned crewmates appear as mythic characters in the famous story `` Rip Van Winkle '' by Washington Irving . He also appears in the time - travel novel Torn by Margaret Peterson Haddix .
Henry Hudson
On 1 May 1607 , Hudson sailed with a crew of ten men and a boy on the 80 - ton Hopewell . They reached the east coast of Greenland on 14 June , coasting it northward until the 22nd . Here the party named a headland `` Young 's Cape '' , a `` very high mount , like a round castle '' near it `` Mount of God 's Mercy '' and land at 73 ° north latitude `` Hold - with - Hope '' . After turning east , they sighted `` Newland '' ( i.e Spitsbergen ) on the 27th , near the mouth of the great bay Hudson later simply named the `` Great Indraught '' ( Isfjorden ) . On 13 July , Hudson and his crew estimated that they had sailed as far north as 80 ° 23 ' N , but more likely only reached 79 ° 23 ' N. The following day they entered what Hudson later in the voyage named `` Whales Bay '' ( Krossfjorden and Kongsfjorden ) , naming its northwestern point `` Collins Cape '' ( Kapp Mitra ) after his boatswain , William Collins . They sailed north the following two days . On the 16th they reached as far north as Hakluyt 's Headland ( which Thomas Edge claims Hudson named on this voyage ) at 79 ° 49 ' N , thinking they saw the land continue to 82 ° N ( Svalbard 's northernmost point is 80 ° 49 ' N ) when really it trended to the east . Encountering ice packed along the north coast , they were forced to turn back south . Hudson wanted to make his return `` by the north of Greenland to Davis his Streights ( Davis Strait ) , and so for Kingdom of England , '' but ice conditions would have made this impossible . The expedition returned to Tilbury Hope on the Thames on 15 September .
Arctic Ocean
It is generally taken to include Baffin Bay , Barents Sea , Beaufort Sea , Chukchi Sea , East Siberian Sea , Greenland Sea , Hudson Bay , Hudson Strait , Kara Sea , Laptev Sea , White Sea and other tributary bodies of water . It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea .
Battles of Saratoga
On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga ; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson River . To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army .
History of India
The Vākāṭaka Empire originated from the Deccan in the mid-third century CE . Their state is believed to have extended from the southern edges of Malwa and Gujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra River in the south as well as from the Arabian Sea in the western to the edges of Chhattisgarh in the east . They were the most important successors of the Satavahanas in the Deccan and contemporaneous with the Guptas in northern India .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
Scott Bridge in Douglas County , Wisconsin . County Road T bridge in Douglas County , Wisconsin . C.C.C. Bridge in Burnett County , Wisconsin . Wisconsin State Highway 35 bridge near Danbury , Wisconsin . Minnesota State Highway 48 to Wisconsin State Highway 77 bridge near Danbury , Wisconsin . Minnesota State Highway 70 to Wisconsin State Highway 70 bridge near Grantsburg , Wisconsin . U.S. Highway 8 bridge between Taylors Falls , Minnesota and St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin . Minnesota State Highway 243 bridge at Osceola , Wisconsin . Soo Line High Bridge north of Stillwater , Minnesota . This private , rail - only bridge is 2,682 feet ( 817 m ) long and 184 feet ( 56 m ) above the river . It roughly marks the northern limit of zebra mussel infestation in the St. Croix . The Stillwater lift bridge , built 1931 , between Stillwater , Minnesota and Houlton , Wisconsin . St. Croix Crossing bridge near Stillwater , Minnesota and Houlton , Wisconsin . Union Pacific Railroad swing bridge at Hudson , Wisconsin Interstate 94 bridge at Hudson , Wisconsin . U.S. Highway 10 drawbridge at Prescott , Wisconsin . BNSF Railway lift bridge at Prescott , Wisconsin .
Río de la Plata
Río de la Plata River Plate , La Plata River NASA photo of the Río de la Plata looking from northwest to southeast . Buenos Aires is visible on the right side near the Paraná River delta . River sediments turn the water brown in the vicinity of Montevideo , visible on the left coast . Name origin : Spanish for `` river of silver '' Countries Argentina , Uruguay Tributaries - left Uruguay River , San Juan River , Santa Lucía River - right Paraná River , Luján River , Salado River Cities La Plata , Buenos Aires , Montevideo , San Fernando , San Isidro , Vicente López , Avellaneda , Quilmes , Berazategui , Hudson , Punta Lara , Atalaya , San Clemente del Tuyú , Ciudad del Plata , Ciudad de la Costa , Colonia del Sacramento Source confluence of Paraná and Uruguay Rivers - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 34 ° 0 ′ 5 '' S 58 ° 23 ′ 37 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 34.00139 ° S 58.39361 ° W ﻿ / - 34.00139 ; - 58.39361 Mouth Atlantic Ocean - location Argentine Sea , Argentina & Uruguay - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 35 ° 40 ′ S 55 ° 47 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 35.667 ° S 55.783 ° W ﻿ / - 35.667 ; - 55.783 Coordinates : 35 ° 40 ′ S 55 ° 47 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 35.667 ° S 55.783 ° W ﻿ / - 35.667 ; - 55.783 Length 290 km ( 180 mi ) 4,876 km ( 3,030 mi ) including the Paraná Width 220 km ( 137 mi ) Basin 3,170,000 km ( 1,224,000 sq mi ) Discharge for mouth - average 22,000 m / s ( 777,000 cu ft / s ) Map of the Río de la Plata basin , showing the Río de la Plata at the mouths of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers , near Buenos Aires Map of the Río de la Plata , showing cities in Argentina and Uruguay
List of Cars characters
On the final lap of the tie - breaker race , Hicks rams into Weathers , sending him into a dangerous rollover . When McQueen sees this , he realizes that Weathers ' career might end the way Doc Hudson 's did . After stopping short of the finish line , allowing Hicks to win , McQueen pushes Weathers across the finish line to let him finish his last race before his retirement , much to the audience 's delight . Weathers is last seen visiting the racing museum in Radiator Springs with his wife and another Piston Cup racer , `` Junior '' , stating that Hudson was his inspiration ( In NASCAR , `` The King '' # 43 is the second of four generations of racers ; his father Lee Petty won his first Cup in 1954 , one year after the multiple Fabulous Hudson Hornet victories ) .
Great Lakes region
The Great Lakes region takes its name from the corresponding geological formation of the Great Lakes Basin , a narrow watershed encompassing The Great Lakes , bounded by watersheds to the region 's north ( Hudson Bay ) , west ( Mississippi ) , east and south ( Ohio ) . To the east , the rivers of St. Lawrence , Richelieu , Hudson , Mohawk and Susquehanna form an arc of watersheds east to The Atlantic .
George Washington Bridge
The bridge has 29 toll lanes : 12 in the main upper - level toll plaza , 10 in the lower - level toll plaza , and seven in the Palisades Interstate Parkway toll plaza leading to the upper level . The toll plazas on the lower level and Palisades Parkway are not staffed during the overnight hours and accept only E-ZPass transactions during this period . Pedestrians and cyclists cross for free on the sidewalk . Though there are sidewalks on each side of the bridge , cyclists and pedestrians can use only the south side . The bridge offers spectacular views of the Hudson River , the Manhattan skyline , and the New Jersey Palisades . Pedestrians had to pay tolls of 10 cents shortly after the bridge opened , but non-motorized traffic is no longer tolled .
Mario Party
After the development of Mario Party 8 , several of Hudson Soft 's key designers left to work for Nintendo subsidiary Nd Cube , developers of Wii Party . Starting in 2012 with Mario Party 9 , Nd Cube has taken over development of the series from Hudson Soft . The latest title in the series , Mario Party : Star Rush , was released in 2016 for the Nintendo 3DS .
Gotham City
Detective Comics # 503 ( June 1983 ) includes several references suggesting Gotham City is in New Jersey . A location on the Jersey Shore is described as `` twenty miles north of Gotham '' , and Robin and Batgirl drive from a `` secret New Jersey airfield '' to Gotham City and then drive on the `` Hudson County Highway '' ; Hudson County is the name of an actual county in New Jersey .
Henry Hudson
In 1610 , Hudson obtained backing for another voyage , this time under the English flag . The funding came from the Virginia Company and the British East India Company . At the helm of his new ship , the Discovery , he stayed to the north ( some claim he deliberately stayed too far south on his Dutch - funded voyage ) , reaching Iceland on 11 May , the south of Greenland on 4 June , and then rounding the southern tip of Greenland . Map
New Spain
The Isthmus of Tehuantepec region of Oaxaca was important for its short transit between the Gulf Coast and the Pacific , facilitating both overland and sea trade . The province of Tehuantepec was the Pacific side of the isthmus and the headwaters of the Coatzacoalcos River . Hernán Cortés acquired strategically located holdings entailed in the Marquesado including Huatulco , once the main Pacific Coast port before Acapulco replaced it in 1563 .
Henry Hudson
Details of Hudson 's birth and early life are mostly unknown . Some sources have identified Henry Hudson as having been born in about 1565 , but others date his birth to around 1570 . Other historians assert even less certainty ; Peter C. Mancall , for instance , states that `` ( Hudson ) was probably born in the 1560s , '' while Piers Pennington gives no date at all . Hudson is thought to have spent many years at sea , beginning as a cabin boy and gradually working his way up to ship 's captain .
Turning point of the American Civil War
On July 4 , 1863 , the most important Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River at Vicksburg , Mississippi surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant . The previous day , Maj. Gen. George Meade had decisively defeated Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . These nearly simultaneous battles are the events most often cited as the ultimate turning points of the entire war .
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
He was forced to take sick leave , rejoining the army for the final campaign at Yorktown , where his role was as commander of one of the three divisions of Washington 's troops . In 1783 , General Von Steuben joined General Knox at Vail 's Gate , near West Point , in the fall of 1782 and in early 1783 moved to the Verplanck homestead , at Mount Gulian , across the Hudson River from Washington 's headquarters in Newburgh . Steuben gave assistance to Washington in demobilizing the army in 1783 as well as aiding in the defense plan of the new nation . In May 1783 Steuben presided over the founding of the Society of the Cincinnati . He was discharged from the military with honor on March 24 , 1784 .
Fur trade
Two ships were sent out in 1668 . One , with Radisson aboard , had to turn back , but the other , the Nonsuch , with Groseilliers , did penetrate the bay . There she was able to trade with the indigenes , collecting a fine cargo of beaver skins before the expedition returned to London in October 1669 . The delighted investors sought a royal charter , which they obtained the next year . This charter established the Hudson 's Bay Company and granted it a monopoly to trade into all the rivers that emptied into Hudson Bay . From 1670 onwards , the Hudson 's Bay Company sent two or three trading ships into the bay every year . They brought back furs ( mainly beaver ) and sold them , sometimes by private treaty but usually by public auction . The beaver was bought mainly for the English hat - making trade , while the fine furs went to the Netherlands and Germany .
Godavari River
The Krishna Godavari Basin is one of the main nesting sites of the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtle . Godavari is also a home to the endangered fringed - lipped carp ( Labeo fimbriatus ) . The Coringa mangrove forests in the Godavari delta are the second largest mangrove formation in the country . Part of this has been declared as the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary , renowned for reptiles . They also provide an important habitat to a wide variety of fish and crustaceans . These forests also act as barriers against cyclones , tropical storms , and storm surges , thus protecting the nearby villages . The Jayakwadi Bird Sanctuary is another haven for birds located near the town of Paithan spread across the back waters of the NathSagar Reservoir formed by impounding the Godavari by the massive Jayakwadi Dam . Its 341 km area is dotted by islands within the reservoir which serve as nesting sites for the birds . The Nandurmadmeshwar Bird Sanctuary is located along the back waters of the Godavari river near Nashik at its confluence with Kadva River . It is known as the Bharatpur of Maharashtra for the wide diversity of bird life that it harbours .