vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Assault rifle
`` The AK - 74 assault rifle was a Soviet answer to the US M16 . '' The Soviet military realized that the M16 had better range and accuracy over the AKM , and that its lighter cartridge allows soldiers to carry more ammunition . Therefore , in 1967 , the USSR issued an official requirement to replace the AKM and the 7.62 × 39mm cartridge . They soon began to develop the AK - 74 and the 5.45 × 39mm cartridge . AK - 74 production began in 1974 , and it was unveiled in 1977 , when it was carried by Soviet parachute troops during the annual Red Square parade . It would soon replace the AKM and become the standard Soviet infantry rifle . In 1979 , the AK - 74 saw combat for the first time in Afghanistan , where the lethality of the 5.45 mm rounds led to the Mujahadeen dubbing them `` poison bullets . '' The adoption of the 5.56 mm NATO and the Russian 5.45 × 39mm cartridges cemented the worldwide trend toward small caliber , high velocity cartridges .
British Empire in World War II
British Empire Campaigns of World War II Campaigns fought exclusively or largely by British Empire forces Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of Norway Occupation of Iceland Evacuation of Spitsbergen Occupation of Faroe Islands Balkan Campaign Reinforcement of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of the Mediterranean Siege of Malta Malta Convoys Western Europe British Expeditionary Force Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain The Blitz Evacuation of Gibraltar Invasion of Normandy Clearing the Channel Coast Liberation of Belgium Liberation of Netherlands Africa East Africa Campaign Conquest of British Somaliland Capture of Italian Somaliland Recapture of British Somaliland North African Campaign Italian invasion of Egypt Occupation of Libya Southern Africa Occupation of Madagascar West Africa Battle of Dakar Far East Defence of Hong Kong Malayan Campaign Fall of Singapore India Japanese conquest of Burma Invasion of India Recapture of Burma Indian Ocean Indian Ocean disaster Indian Ocean retreat Evacuation of British Somaliland Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Indian Ocean strike Middle East Invasion of Iraq Invasion of Southern Iran Invasion of Lebanon Invasion of Syria Americas Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Newfoundland Escort Force Mid-Ocean Escort Force Western Local Escort Force Western Approaches Escort Force
Taxicabs of New York City
According to an April 2011 study by the Chicago Dispatcher , New York City taxis have a relatively low standard fare , charging an estimated $14.10 for a distance of five miles and five minutes ' wait time ( compared to an estimated $18.48 in West Hollywood and $12.87 in Houston ) . Taxi drivers are not permitted to use cell phones while transporting passengers , even if they use a hands - free headset , although this is widely ignored by drivers .
Marshall Plan
In the case of Germany , there also were 16 billion marks of debts from the 1920s which had defaulted in the 1930s , but which Germany decided to repay to restore its reputation . This money was owed to government and private banks in the US , France and Britain . Another 16 billion marks represented postwar loans by the US . Under the London Debts Agreement of 1953 , the repayable amount was reduced by 50 % to about 15 billion marks and stretched out over 30 years , and compared to the fast - growing German economy were of minor impact .
Free market
Advocates of the free market contend that government intervention hampers economic growth by disrupting the natural allocation of resources according to supply and demand , while critics of the free market contend that government intervention is sometimes necessary to protect a country 's economy from better - developed and more influential economies , while providing the stability necessary for wise long - term investment . Milton Friedman pointed to failures of central planning , price controls and state - owned corporations , particularly in the Soviet Union and Communist China , while Ha - Joon Chang cites the examples of post-war Japan and the growth of South Korea 's steel industry .
Lucas Grabeel
Lucas Grabeel Grabeel in November 2016 Lucas Stephen Grabeel ( 1984 - 11 - 23 ) November 23 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Springfield , Missouri , United States Residence Mill Valley , California , US Occupation Actor director producer singer Years active 2004 -- present Musical career Genres Pop Instruments Vocals guitar Piano Labels Road Dawg Records
Algonquian peoples
Even with mobile crop rotation , southern villages were necessarily less mobile than northern ones . The natives continued their seasonal occupation but tended to move into fixed villages near their lands . They adjusted to the change partially by developing a gender - oriented division of labor . The women cultivated crops , and the men fished and hunted .
State Anthem of the Soviet Union
Other translations for the 1944 version Official CPSU translation Paul Robeson 's translation English Translation by Olga Paul Unbreakable Union of freeborn Republics Great Russia has welded forever to stand ! Created in struggle by will of the Peoples , United and Mighty our Soviet Land ! United forever in friendship and labor , Our mighty Republics will ever endure . The great Soviet Union will live through the ages . The dream of a people their fortress secure ! The Russian republics , in freedom united , Have mustered their power , their glory , their pride , And thus they created the great Soviet Union , The will of the nations that spread far and wide ! CHORUS : Sing to our Motherland , Free and Undying , Bulwark of Peoples in Brotherhood Strong ! Flag of the Soviets , Flag of the people , From Victory to Victory lead us on ! CHORUS : Long live our Soviet motherland , built by the people 's mighty hand . Long live our people , united and free . Strong in our friendship tried by fire . Long may our crimson flag inspire , Shining in glory for all men to see ! Great shall your glory be , Motherland proud and free , Bulwark of friendship for nation and man ! Flag of the Soviet , lead us to victory , Flag of the people since freedom began ! Through tempests the shadows of freedom have cheered us , Along the new path where great Lenin did lead , Be true to the people , thus Stalin has reared us , Inspired us to labor and Valorus Deed ! Through days dark and stormy where great Lenin led us Our eyes saw the bright Sun of freedom above and Stalin our leader with faith in the people , Inspired us to build up the land that we love ! The sunlight of freedom has shone through the tempest , And Lenin has lighted our path with his flame , While Stalin has shown us that faith in the people Inspires us to action , to deeds and to fame . Our army grew up in the heat of grim battle , Barbarian invaders we 'll swiftly strike down . In combat the fate of the future we 'll settle , Our country we 'll lead to eternal renown ! We fought for the future , destroyed the invader , and brought to our homeland the laurels of fame . Our glory will live in the memory of nations and all generations will honor her name ! Our army in action has grown in its power , And soon it will wipe out the enemy horde ; The fate of the future is sealed by our bravery , And honour and glory shall be our reward !
Lithuania
Protestants are 0.8 % , of which 0.6 % are Lutheran and 0.2 % are Reformed . According to Losch ( 1932 ) , the Lutherans were 3.3 % of the total population ; they were mainly Germans in the Memel territory ( now Klaipėda ) . There was also a tiny Reformed community ( 0 , 5 % ) , which still persists . Protestantism has declined with the removal of the German population , and today it is mainly represented by ethnic Lithuanians throughout the northern and western parts of the country , as well as in large urban areas . Believers and clergy suffered greatly during the Soviet occupation , with many killed , tortured or deported to Siberia . Newly arriving evangelical churches have established missions in Lithuania since 1990 .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
The pre-existing communes , which periodically redistributed land , did little to encourage improvement in technique , and formed a source of power beyond the control of the Soviet government . Although the income gap between wealthy and poor farmers did grow under the NEP , it remained quite small , but the Bolsheviks began to take aim at the wealthy kulaks . Clearly identifying this group was difficult , though , since only about 1 % of the peasantry employed laborers ( the basic Marxist definition of a capitalist ) , and 82 % of the country 's population were peasants . Illustration
History of India
There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation . However , most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas . The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century . Under their rule , Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas , but mostly against the British , with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French .
Melanie (singer)
Melanie Melanie in 1975 Background information Birth name Melanie Anne Safka ( 1947 - 02 - 03 ) February 3 , 1947 ( age 70 ) Origin Astoria , Queens , New York , US Genres Folk pop country Occupation ( s ) Singer , songwriter , musician Instruments Vocals , guitar Years active 1967 -- present Website melaniesafka.com
Philippines
As the 19th century gave way to the 20th , there followed in quick succession the Philippine Revolution , which spawned the short - lived First Philippine Republic , followed by the bloody Philippine -- American War of conquest by US military force . Aside from the period of Japanese occupation , the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II , when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation . Since then , the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy , which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution .
Society of the United States
In the United States occupation is one of the prime factors of social class and is closely linked to an individual 's identity . The average work week in the US for those employed full - time was 42.9 hours long with 30 % of the population working more than 40 hours a week . It should be noted , however , that many of those in the top two earning quintiles often worked more than 50 hours a week . The Average American worker earned $16.64 an hour in the first two quarters of 2006 .
Chernobyl disaster
Shortly after the accident , firefighters arrived to try to extinguish the fires . First on the scene was a Chernobyl Power Station firefighter brigade under the command of Lieutenant Volodymyr Pravik , who died on 9 May 1986 of acute radiation sickness . They were not told how dangerously radioactive the smoke and the debris were , and may not even have known that the accident was anything more than a regular electrical fire : `` We did n't know it was the reactor . No one had told us . ''
Bangladesh Liberation War
Sheikh Mujib also called upon the people to resist the occupation forces through a radio message . Rahman was arrested on the night of 25 -- 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) . An
Resting potential
However , a real cell is more complicated , having permeabilities to many ions , each of which contributes to the resting potential . To understand better , consider a cell with only two permeant ions , potassium , and sodium . Consider a case where these two ions have equal concentration gradients directed in opposite directions , and that the membrane permeabilities to both ions are equal . K leaving the cell will tend to drag the membrane potential toward E. Na entering the cell will tend to drag the membrane potential toward the reversal potential for sodium E. Since the permeabilities to both ions were set to be equal , the membrane potential will , at the end of the Na / K tug - of - war , end up halfway between E and E. As E and E were equal but of opposite signs , halfway in between is zero , meaning that the membrane will rest at 0 mV .
Marshall Plan
In late September , the Soviet Union called a meeting of nine European Communist parties in southwest Poland . A Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) report was read at the outset to set the heavily anti-Western tone , stating now that `` international politics is dominated by the ruling clique of the American imperialists '' which have embarked upon the `` enslavement of the weakened capitalist countries of Europe '' . Communist parties were to struggle against the US presence in Europe by any means necessary , including sabotage . The report further claimed that `` reactionary imperialist elements throughout the world , particularly in the U.S.A. , in Britain and France , had put particular hope on Germany and Japan , primarily on Hitlerite Germany -- first as a force most capable of striking a blow at the Soviet Union '' .
Axis powers
Initially the Ustaše had been heavily influenced by Italy . They were actively supported by Mussolini 's Fascist regime in Italy , which gave the movement training grounds to prepare for war against Yugoslavia , as well as accepting Pavelić as an exile and allowing him to reside in Rome . Italy intended to use the movement to destroy Yugoslavia , which would allow Italy to expand its power through the Adriatic . Hitler did not want to engage in a war in the Balkans until the Soviet Union was defeated . The Italian occupation of Greece was not going well ; Mussolini wanted Germany to invade Yugoslavia to save the Italian forces in Greece . Hitler reluctantly agreed ; Yugoslavia was invaded and the Independent State of Croatia was created . Pavelić led a delegation to Rome and offered the crown of Croatia to an Italian prince of the House of Savoy , who was crowned Tomislav II , King of Croatia , Prince of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Voivode of Dalmatia , Tuzla and Knin , Prince of Cisterna and of Belriguardo , Marquess of Voghera , and Count of Ponderano . The next day , Pavelić signed the Contracts of Rome with Mussolini , ceding Dalmatia to Italy and fixing the permanent borders between the NDH and Italy . Italian armed forces were allowed to control all of the coastline of the NDH , effectively giving Italy total control of the Adriatic coastline .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Hand - in - hand with the promotion of Popular Fronts , Maxim Litvinov , the Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs between 1930 and 1939 , aimed at closer alliances with Western governments , and placed ever greater emphasis on collective security . The new policy led to the Soviet Union joining the League of Nations in 1934 and the subsequent non-aggression pacts with France and Czechoslovakia . In the League the Soviets were active in demanding action against imperialist aggression , a particular danger to them after the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria , which eventually resulted in the Soviet - Japanese Battle of Khalkhin Gol .
Ryukyu Islands
In Japanese , the `` Ryukyu Islands '' ( 琉球 諸島 , Ryūkyū - shotō ) cover only the Okinawa , Miyako , and Yaeyama Islands , while in English it includes the Amami and Daitō Islands . The northern half of the island chain is referred to as the Satsunan ( `` South of Satsuma '' ) Islands in Japanese , as opposed to Northern Ryukyu Islands in English .
Australian Army during World War II
The II Corps continued the Bougainville campaign after it replaced the US Army 's XIV Corps between October and December 1944 . The corps consisted of the 3rd Division , 11th Brigade and Fiji Infantry Regiment on Bougainville and the 23rd Brigade which garrisoned neighbouring islands and was supported by RAAF , Royal New Zealand Air Force and United States Marine Corps air units . While the XIV Corps had maintained a defensive posture , the Australians conducted offensive operations aimed at destroying the Japanese force on Bougainville . As the Japanese were split into several enclaves the II Corps fought separate offensives in the northern , central and southern portions of the island . The main focus was against the Japanese base at Buin in the south , and the offensives in the north and centre of the island were largely suspended from May 1945 . While Australian operations on Bougainville continued until the end of the war , large Japanese forces remained at Buin and in the north of the island .
Ryukyu Islands
either administratively , with the Northern Ryukyus being the islands in Kagoshima Prefecture ( known in Japanese as the `` Satsunan Islands '' ) and the Southern Ryukyus being the islands in Okinawa Prefecture ( known in Japanese as the `` Ryukyu Islands '' ) , or geologically , with the islands north of the Tokara Strait ( Ōsumi and Tokara ) being the Northern Ryukyus , those between the Tokara Strait and Kerama Gap ( Amami and Okinawa ) being the Central Ryukyus , and those south of the Kerama Gap ( Miyako and Yaeyama ) being the Southern Ryukyus .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
On June 5 , 1967 , the Six - Day War began . During the war , the UAR asked the Soviet Union for more arms , but the Soviet Union denied its request because it wanted the war to end . The war ended in the defeat of the UAR and Syria on June 10 . Once the war was over , though , the Soviet Union was satisfied with the state of the Middle East and gave weapons to the Arabs in order to repair relations with them . For the Soviet Union , defeat meant that its position in the Middle East was impaired and its weapons and military training were given a poor reputation . Following this loss , Nasser agreed to allow the Soviets to keep military bases in the country .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
About 40 million people were affected by the food shortages including areas near Moscow where mortality rates increased by 50 % . The center of the famine , however , was Ukraine and surrounding regions , including the Don , the Kuban , the Northern Caucasus and Kazakhstan where the toll was one million dead . The countryside was affected more than cities , but 120,000 died in Kharkiv , 40,000 in Krasnodar and 20,000 in Stavropol .
Korean War
The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve . The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea . The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere .
Operation Barbarossa
After operations at Kiev were successfully concluded , Army Group South advanced east and south to capture the industrial Donbass region and the Crimea . The Soviet Southern Front launched an attack on 26 September with two armies on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov against elements of the German 11th Army , which was simultaneously advancing into the Crimea . On 1 October the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist swept south to encircle the two attacking Soviet armies . By 7 October the Soviet 9th and 18th Armies were isolated and four days later they had been annihilated . The Soviet defeat was total ; 106,332 men captured , 212 tanks destroyed or captured in the pocket alone as well as 766 artillery pieces of all types . The death or capture of two - thirds of all Southern Front troops in four days unhinged the Front 's left flank , allowing the Germans to capture Kharkov on 24 October . Kleist 's 1st Panzer Army took the Donbass region that same month .
Cold War
There is disagreement among historians regarding the starting point of the Cold War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . Vladimir Lenin stated that the new Soviet Union was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . His successor Joseph Stalin viewed the USSR as a `` socialist island '' , stating that it must see that `` the present capitalist encirclement is replaced by a socialist encirclement . ''
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
When Gorbachev came to power in March 1985 , Cuba remained an important Cold War propaganda tool for the Soviet Union . Economic investment and trade in Cuba was at its highest ; in 1985 trade between the two nations accounted for over 70 percent of Cuba 's entire trade . The two nations continued to collaborate on projects in the sciences , technology , sports , and education . However , throughout the Gorbachev era diplomatic relations cooled until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the termination of Soviet - Cuban relations .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union gradually became heavily involved in the contest for influence in Southeast Asia . Although the Soviet Union is usually associated with its diplomatic support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War , it also played a significant role in other Southeast Asian countries . Prior to the rise of President Suharto , the Soviet Union 's largest recipient of arms aid between 1958 -- 1965 was Indonesia .
Summer Time in Europe
In Portugal , summer time ( locally known by `` Hora de Verão '' ) was introduced in 1916 . In the years 1922 , 1923 , 1925 , 1930 , 1933 and from 1967 to 1975 summer time was not applied . For many years the official hour in the Madeira Islands was one hour earlier than that in Lisbon , and the Azores Islands was two hours behind . Today , in the Madeira Islands the official time is the same as that of Lisbon , and in the Azores Islands is one hour behind Lisbon . The start and end dates for summer time in Portugal follow the pattern in the rest of the EU : the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October .
Soviet Union in World War II
The Soviets repulsed the important German strategic southern campaign and , although 2.5 million Soviet casualties were suffered in that effort , it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front .
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
After the establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military aid , becoming an ally of the Soviet Union during the Cold War . In 1972 Cuba joined the COMECON , an economic organization of states designed to create cooperation among the socialist planned economies dominated by the large economy of the Soviet Union . Moscow kept in regular contact with Havana , sharing varying close relations until the collapse of the bloc in 1991 . After the demise of the Soviet Union , Cuba entered an era of economic hardship known as the Special Period in Time of Peace .
World War II
Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga .