vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Allegory of the Cave
Plato begins by having Socrates ask Glaucon to imagine a cave where people have been imprisoned from birth . These prisoners are chained so that their legs and necks are fixed , forcing them to gaze at the wall in front of them and not look around at the cave , each other , or themselves ( 514a -- b ) . Behind the prisoners is a fire , and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway with a low wall , behind which people walk carrying objects or puppets `` of men and other living things '' ( 514b ) . The people walk behind the wall so their bodies do not cast shadows for the prisoners to see , but the objects they carry do ( `` just as puppet showmen have screens in front of them at which they work their puppets '' ( 514a ) ) . The prisoners can not see any of what is happening behind them , they are only able to see the shadows cast upon the cave wall in front of them . The sounds of the people talking echo off the walls , and the prisoners believe these sounds come from the shadows ( 514c ) .
Pragmatism
Pragmatism was not the first to apply evolution to theories of knowledge : Schopenhauer advocated a biological idealism as what 's useful to an organism to believe might differ wildly from what is true . Here knowledge and action are portrayed as two separate spheres with an absolute or transcendental truth above and beyond any sort of inquiry organisms used to cope with life . Pragmatism challenges this idealism by providing an `` ecological '' account of knowledge : inquiry is how organisms can get a grip on their environment . Real and true are functional labels in inquiry and can not be understood outside of this context . It is not realist in a traditionally robust sense of realism ( what Hilary Putnam would later call metaphysical realism ) , but it is realist in how it acknowledges an external world which must be dealt with .
Law
The most prominent economic analyst of law is 1991 Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase , whose first major article , The Nature of the Firm ( 1937 ) , argued that the reason for the existence of firms ( companies , partnerships , etc . ) is the existence of transaction costs . Rational individuals trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost - effective . His second major article , The Problem of Social Cost ( 1960 ) , argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs , people would bargain with one another to create the same allocation of resources , regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes . Coase used the example of a nuisance case named Sturges v Bridgman , where a noisy sweetmaker and a quiet doctor were neighbours and went to court to see who should have to move . Coase said that regardless of whether the judge ruled that the sweetmaker had to stop using his machinery , or that the doctor had to put up with it , they could strike a mutually beneficial bargain about who moves that reaches the same outcome of resource distribution . Only the existence of transaction costs may prevent this . So the law ought to pre-empt what would happen , and be guided by the most efficient solution . The idea is that law and regulation are not as important or effective at helping people as lawyers and government planners believe . Coase and others like him wanted a change of approach , to put the burden of proof for positive effects on a government that was intervening in the market , by analysing the costs of action .
Medieval music
The origin of neumes is unclear and subject to some debate ; however , most scholars agree that their closest ancestors are the classic Greek and Roman grammatical signs that indicated important points of declamation by recording the rise and fall of the voice . The two basic signs of the classical grammarians were the acutus , / , indicating a raising of the voice , and the gravis , \ , indicating a lowering of the voice . A singer reading a chant text with neume markings would be able to get a general sense of whether the melody line went up in pitch , stayed the same , or went down in pitch . For a singer who already knew a song , seeing the written neume markings above the text could help to jog his or her memory about how the melody went . However , a singer reading a chant text with neume markings would not be able to sight read a song which he or she had never heard sung before .
Trent Affair
I do not at all regret the demonstration , though we are not as it appears to have war . It will be a valuable lesson to the Americans , and to the World at large , and will so prove to all what England can and will do , when the necessity for so doing arises . It also established the fact that we are not that insignificant military Power , which some people are disposed to make out , and that the military organization of our departments is now such , that at any moment we can be , and are prepared should it arise . It also proves that we have an able staff to conduct the details of a difficult operation .
Quantum mechanics
For many experiments , it is possible to think of the initial and final conditions of the system as being a particle . In some cases it appears that there are potentially several spatially distinct pathways or trajectories by which a particle might pass from initial to final condition . It is an important feature of the quantum kinematic description that it does not permit a unique definite statement of which of those pathways is actually followed . Only the initial and final conditions are definite , and , as stated in the foregoing paragraph , they are defined only as precisely as allowed by the configuration space description or its equivalent . In every case for which a quantum kinematic description is needed , there is always a compelling reason for this restriction of kinematic precision . An example of such a reason is that for a particle to be experimentally found in a definite position , it must be held motionless ; for it to be experimentally found to have a definite momentum , it must have free motion ; these two are logically incompatible .
Sociological theory
Social conflict is the struggle between segments of society over valued resources . From the perspective of social conflict theory , in the West , by the nineteenth century , a small population had become capitalists . Capitalists are people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits . In other words , they own virtually all large - scale means of production . However , capitalism turned most other people into industrial workers , whom Marx called proletarians . Proletarians are people who , because of the structure of capitalist economy , must sell their labor for wages . Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials , such as class , gender and race conflict , and contrast historically dominant ideologies . It is therefore a macro level analysis of society that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and social change . Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory , which is a component of the four major paradigms of sociology . Other important sociologists associated with this theory include Harriet Martineau , Jane Addams and W.E.B. Du Bois . This sociological approach does n't look at how social structures help society to operate , but instead looks at how `` social patterns '' can cause some people in society to be dominant , and others to be oppressed . However , some criticisms to this theory are that it disregards how shared values and the way in which people rely on each other help to unify the society .
The Emergency (India)
If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . Imbecility of men , history teaches us , always invites the impudence of power . ''
Titanic (1997 film)
After filming the underwater shots , Cameron began writing the screenplay . He wanted to honor the people who died during the sinking , so he spent six months researching all of the Titanic 's crew and passengers . `` I read everything I could . I created an extremely detailed timeline of the ship 's few days and a very detailed timeline of the last night of its life , '' he said . `` And I worked within that to write the script , and I got some historical experts to analyze what I 'd written and comment on it , and I adjusted it . '' He paid meticulous attention to detail , even including a scene depicting the Californian 's role in Titanic 's demise , though this was later cut ( see below ) . From the beginning of the shoot , they had `` a very clear picture '' of what happened on the ship that night . `` I had a library that filled one whole wall of my writing office with Titanic stuff , because I wanted it to be right , especially if we were going to dive to the ship , '' he said . `` That set the bar higher in a way -- it elevated the movie in a sense . We wanted this to be a definitive visualization of this moment in history as if you 'd gone back in a time machine and shot it . ''
Gospel of Mark
Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ . In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus . Most scholars agree that `` Son of God '' is the most important of these titles in Mark . It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration , and is Jesus ' own self - designation ( Mark 13 : 32 ) . These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus , but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience . Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God 's people , or the king at his coronation , or angels , as well as the suffering righteous man . In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a `` divine man '' , a supernatural being . There is little evidence that `` son of God '' was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism , and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle - working `` divine man '' than of the Jewish Davidic messiah .
List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters
After The Governor executes most of the able - bodied Woodbury residents , who had been members of his army , only the children and elderly townspeople remain at Woodbury ( under the watchful eye of Tyreese and Sasha ) . After Andrea 's suicide due to being bitten , Rick and his group return to the prison with the remaining Woodbury survivors ( including Tyreese , Sasha , Karen , Eryn , Jeanette , and Ms. McLeod ) , swelling the prison 's population from the original ten to around 30 . Six to seven months afterwards , numerous other survivors have joined the prison community , from various locations and backgrounds . Some of those people are Ryan Samuels , Mika Samuels , Patrick , Zach , Lizzie Samuels , Luke , Owen , Molly , Julio , and Charlie . The compound is initially peaceful and thriving , until a flu epidemic spreads throughout the community and infects numerous residents , killing many of those stricken . However , when the scouting group returns with medicine , the issue is resolved . Shortly afterwards , The Governor returns with a militia and executes the captive Hershel , igniting a firefight between the two groups . This battle leads to the fall of the prison community after The Governor tears down the fences . As a result of the flu and The Governor 's assault , the numbers dwindle significantly . The escaping newcomers are found dead on the public transport bus for the prison , while five other newcomers remain alive . Lizzie and Mika are later killed , as well as Bob and lastly Tyreese . Sasha is only prison newcomer still alive .
A Series of Unfortunate Events
A theme that becomes more prevalent as the series continues is the simultaneous importance and worthlessness of secrets . In the final book , The End , the concept is especially important , as demonstrated by a several - page - long discussion of the phrase `` in the dark . '' The children hear of a massive schism within the organization of V.F.D. , which was once noble but became filled with corruption and split into two sides , `` volunteers '' and `` villains . '' While many of the critical plot points are given answers , Snicket explains that no story can be fully devoid of questions as every story is intertwined with numerous others and every character 's history is shared in a great web of mysteries and unfortunate events that make up the world 's legacy , making it impossible for anyone to know all the answers to every question . The Baudelaire children and Count Olaf 's story is said to be merely a fragment of a much bigger story between numerous characters with the central connection being the organization of V.F.D.
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating , disgusting , or shocking . Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare , attempted cannibalism , kidnapping , blackface , hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people , tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance , forcing each other to eat inedible items , huffing paint , foraging in the sewers for valuables , sleeping with each other 's romantic interests , seducing a priest , secretly feeding someone their dead pet , plugging their open wounds with trash , setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal , fantasizing about killing each other , pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides , taking out life insurance on a suicidal person , orally siphoning gasoline , and stalking their crushes .
Elena Gilbert
In the show 's third season , Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion , and begins to die . In what was described by the International Business Times as `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to . At the time , Klaus was killed , meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die , which includes Damon and Stefan . She picks to say goodbye to Stefan . However , all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies . To save her , Doctor Merideth Fell ( Torrey DeVitto ) fed Elena Damon 's blood . Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge , unaware of the vampire blood in her system . She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season . The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec , and described her transition as `` monumental changes '' which would have Elena in for a `` wild ride '' . Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is `` an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes '' , and `` she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly '' . While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone , Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to `` rip the band - aid off '' . Plec felt that `` She 's , unfortunately , not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world . It 's going to make it more difficult for her '' , while describing the situation as `` a whole new Elena and it 's a whole new day . It 's a different dynamic between the three of them especially '' .
Hip hop
In an article for The Village Voice , Greg Tate argues that the commercialization of hip hop is a negative and pervasive phenomenon , writing that `` what we call hiphop is now inseparable from what we call the hip hop industry , in which the nouveau riche and the super-rich employers get richer '' . Ironically , this commercialization coincides with a decline in rap sales and pressure from critics of the genre . Even other musicians , like Nas and KRS - ONE have claimed `` hip hop is dead '' in that it has changed so much over the years to cater to the consumer that it has lost the essence for which it was originally created .
List of The Last Ship characters
The former Mayor of Saint Louis , who served as Vice President of the United States under President Jeffrey Michener . Upon Michener 's death , Oliver cancelled short a diplomatic trip to South America and returned to the United States , where he was sworn in as President . Initially held up in a Costco , his effective leadership as Mayor during the Red Flu pandemic resulted in the St. Louis area having one of the lowest casualty rates in the country , and he became revered for inspiring hope in the people . He is later held hostage in the White House by Allison Shaw and members of the United States Secret Service loyal to her , forced to be a puppet for her and the regional leaders under threat of his family being executed . He is later rescued by the crew of the USS Nathan James , and operates in exile out of the office used by Michener aboard the ship for a brief period of time .
Bradford
In October 2011 Plans to regenerate Bradford city centre , including the long - delayed Broadway shopping centre , was given a boost as Bradford Council secured £ 17.6 million of regional growth funding from the government , which it will match to create a £ 35 million `` growth zone '' in which companies would get business rate relief in exchange for helping people get training and jobs .
Denver
In addition to the parks within Denver , the city acquired land for mountain parks starting in the 1911s . Over the years , Denver has acquired , built and maintained approximately 14,000 acres ( 57 km ) of mountain parks , including Red Rocks Park , which is known for its scenery and musical history revolving around the unique Red Rocks Amphitheatre . Denver also owns the mountain on which the Winter Park Resort ski area operates in Grand County , 67 miles ( 110 km ) west of Denver . City parks are important places for Denverites and visitors , inciting controversy with every change . Denver continues to grow its park system with the development of many new parks along the Platte River through the city , and with Central Park and Bluff Lake Nature Center in the Stapleton neighborhood redevelopment . All of these parks are important gathering places for residents and allow what was once a dry plain to be lush , active , and green . Denver is also home to a large network of public community gardens , most of which are managed by Denver Urban Gardens , a non-profit organization . Genesee
Juvenile court
When looking at juvenile justice as a whole two types of models tend to be used : restorative justice and criminal justice . Within the United States , there are systematic shifts towards a more restorative model of justice especially surrounding juveniles . Canada has long been practicing under a restorative model of justice and continues to grow and expand upon practices of integrating youth offenders into the community in hopes that they do not recidivate but become positive , contributing members of society . In addition to these countries , Austria has taken an initiative to implement victim - offender mediation programs geared towards a more restorative form of justice . New Zealand completely restructured their system with an emphasis on what the indigenous people , Māori , practiced for many years . This includes a family - centered focus that lowers youth incarceration . Globally , there is a trend of utilizing the traditional values of past generations to create a positive impact throughout juvenile court systems .
Unforgotten
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.K. viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Andy Wilson Chris Lang 8 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 7.35 A skeleton found in the cellar of a building being demolished prompts investigation from DCI Cassie Stuart and her colleague DI Sunny Khan into the murder of a young man that could potentially span back thousands of years . Discovery of what they believe to be a car key near the body not only dates it to within the last 65 years , but also leads them on a trail in the hope of identifying the victim . At the end of the trail is a diary belonging to Jimmy Sullivan , a young man missing since 1976 who appears to be the victim . The final pages of the diary contain several names and addresses ; amongst them are Beth , Father Rob , Frankie C and Mr. Slater . Four seemingly unconnected people living very separate lives . It is now down to Cassie and Sunny to find out what happened to Jimmy and finally to get him home . `` Episode 2 '' Andy Wilson Chris Lang 15 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 6.41 Once the body in the cellar has been identified as Jimmy Sullivan , the search for his murderer begins ; Cassie and Sunny investigate , starting with identifying the names featured in Jimmy 's diary . Cassie travels to Kenny to see Maureen , Jimmy 's mother , to get a sense of who Jimmy was ; she is met by a woman who is in fact relieved that she might finally find out what happened to her son 39 years after he went missing . ' Frankie C ' is identified as Sir Phillip Cross , the government 's recently appointed entrepreneurial tzar , who denies ever having met Jimmy . ' Beth ' is identified as Lizzie Wilton , living in Croydon and married to Ray , a second - generation Jamaican man . Lizzie also denies knowing Jimmy but is clearly a very different woman from who she was in the 70s before her marriage . ' Father Rob ' is Robert Greaves who at the time of Jimmy 's death was working in the local church to Arlingham House . And ' Mr. Slater ' is Eric Slater , a wheelchair user and a retired bookkeeper living with his wife Claire in Cambridgeshire .
Mercury pollution in the ocean
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal which cycles through atmosphere , water , and soil in various forms to different parts of the world . Due to this natural cycle , irrespective of which part of the world releases mercury it could affect an entirely different part of the world making mercury pollution a global concern . Mercury pollution is now identified as a global problem and awareness has been raised on an international action plan to minimize anthropogenic mercury emissions and clean up mercury pollution . The 2002 Global Mercury Assessment concluded that `` International actions to address the global mercury problem should not be delayed '' . Among many environments that are under the impact of mercury pollution , the ocean is one which can not be neglected as it has the ability to act as a `` storage closet '' for mercury . According to a recent model study the total anthropogenic mercury released into the ocean is estimated to be around 80,000 to 45,000 metric tons and two thirds of this enormous amount is estimated to be found in waters shallower than 1000m level where many consumable fish live . Mercury can get bio-accumulated in marine food chains in the form of highly toxic methyl mercury which can cause health risks to human seafood consumers . According to statistics , about 66 % of the global fish consumption comes from ocean . Therefore , it is important to monitor and regulate oceanic mercury levels to prevent more and more mercury reaching human population through seafood consumption .
Cuban Americans
Tampa was added to such efforts , with a strong migration of Cubans , which went from 720 inhabitants in 1880 to 5,532 in 1890 . However , the second half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population , as an important part of it returned to the island to fight for independence . The War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society , whose numbers were significant : more than 12,000 people . Statue