vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Economic history of Argentina
Argentina , like many other countries , entered into a recession following the beginning of World War I as international flows of goods , capital and labour declined . Foreign investment in Argentina came to a complete standstill from which it never fully recovered : Great Britain had become heavily indebted to the United States during the war and would never again export capital at a comparable scale . And after the opening of the Panama canal in 1914 , Argentina and the other Southern cone economies declined , as investors turned their attention to Asia and the Caribbean . The United States , which came out of the war a political and financial superpower , especially perceived Argentina ( and to a lesser extent Brazil ) as a potential rival on world markets . Neither the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange nor the private domestic banks developed rapidly enough to fully replace British capital .
Federalist Era
The Democratic - Republicans wanted to pressure Britain to the brink of war , assuming that United States could defeat a weak Britain ) . They denounced the Jay Treaty as an insult to American prestige , a repudiation of the French alliance of 1777 , and a severe shock to Southern planters who owed those old debts , and who were never to collect for the lost slaves the British captured . Republicans protested against the treaty , and organized their supporters . The Federalists realized they had to mobilize their popular vote , so they mobilized their newspapers , held rallies , counted votes , and especially relied on the prestige of President Washington . The contest over the Jay Treaty marked the first flowering of grassroots political activism in America , directed and coordinated by two national parties . Politics was no longer the domain of politicians ; every voter was called on to participate . The new strategy of appealing directly to the public worked for the Federalists ; public opinion shifted to support the Jay Treaty . The Federalists controlled the Senate and they ratified it by exactly the necessary 2⁄3 vote , 20 -- 10 , in 1795 .
Selective Service Act of 1917
Class Categories ( May 1917 -- July 1919 ) I . Eligible and liable for military service . Unmarried registrants with no dependents , Married registrants with independent spouse or one or more dependent children over 16 with sufficient family income if drafted . II . Temporarily deferred , but available for military service . Married registrants with dependent spouse or dependent children under 16 with sufficient family income if drafted . III . Temporarily exempted , but available for military service . Local officials . Registrants who provide sole family income for dependent parents or dependent siblings under 16 . Registrants employed in agricultural labor or industrial enterprises essential to the war effort . IV . Exempted due to extreme hardship . Married registrants with dependent spouse or dependent children with insufficient family income if drafted . Registrants with deceased spouse who provide sole family income for dependent children under 16 . Registrants with deceased parents who provide sole family income for dependent siblings under 16 . V . Exempted or ineligible for induction into military service . State or Federal officials . Officers and enlisted men in the military or naval service of the United States , Licensed pilots employed in the pursuit of their vocation . Members of the clergy . Students who on or before May 18 , 1917 had been preparing for the ministry in a recognized theological or divinity school . Registrants who were deemed either medically disabled ( permanently physically or mentally unfit ) or `` morally unfit '' for military service . Registrants shown to have been convicted of any crime designated as treason or felony , or an `` infamous '' crime . Enemy aliens and resident aliens .
Battle of Tippecanoe
In August 1811 , Tecumseh again met with Harrison at Vincennes . Tecumseh assured Harrison that the Shawnee brothers meant to remain at peace with the United States . Tecumseh traveled to the Southeast on a mission to recruit allies among the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' . Most of the southern nations rejected his appeals , but a faction of the Creek , who came to be known as the Red Sticks , answered his call to arms . They led the Creek War , an internal war among factions that were divided over adoption of some European - American ways . This became a part of the War of 1812 , as the Red Sticks opposed the United States . By contrast , the Creek of the Lower Towns were more integrated with American culture and supported the US against Britain .
Military history of the United States
By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812 . With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon 's France , its policy was to block American shipments to France . The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade . Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy , despite intense protests . Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest , with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion . The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812 , the first time the U.S. had officially declared war . Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy , the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada , hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip . The invasion of Canada was a debacle , though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front ( Tecumseh 's War and the Creek War ) were more successful . After defeating Napoleon in 1814 , Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York , raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans . The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada . The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814 , but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed . The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one - sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers . The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans , Major General Andrew Jackson , who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation . The peace treaty proved successful , and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war . The losers were the Indians , who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain .
North America
Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion .
Southern United States
Nine Southern states have obesity rates exceeding thirty percent of the population , the highest in the country : Mississippi , Louisiana , West Virginia , Alabama , Oklahoma , Arkansas , South Carolina , Kentucky , and Texas . Rates for hypertension and diabetes for these states are also the highest in the nation . A study reported that six Southern states have the worst incidence of sleep disturbances in the nation , attributing the disturbances to high rates of obesity and smoking . The South has a higher percentage of obese people and diabetics . It has the largest number of people dying from stroke . and the highest rates of cognitive decline . Life expectancy is lower and death rates are higher in the South than in other regions of the United States for all racial groups . This disparity reflects substantial divergence between the South and other regions since the middle of the 20th century .
Grover Cleveland
Closer to home , Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine that not only prohibited new European colonies , but also declared an American national interest in any matter of substance within the hemisphere . When Britain and Venezuela disagreed over the boundary between Venezuela and the colony of British Guiana , Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney protested . British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury and the British ambassador to Washington , Julian Pauncefote , misjudged how important successful resolution of the dispute was to the American government , having prolonged the crisis before ultimately accepting the American demand for arbitration . A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter , and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana . But by standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of a colonial power , Cleveland improved relations with the United States ' southern neighbors , and at the same time , the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain .
Citric acid cycle
Some differences exist between eukaryotes and prokaryotes . The conversion of D - threo - isocitrate to 2 - oxoglutarate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD - dependent EC 1.1. 1.41 , while prokaryotes employ the NADP - dependent EC 1.1. 1.42 . Similarly , the conversion of ( S ) - malate to oxaloacetate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD - dependent EC 1.1. 1.37 , while most prokaryotes utilize a quinone - dependent enzyme , EC 1.1. 5.4 .
Military history of the United States
When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793 , the United States sought to remain neutral , but the Jay Treaty , which was favorable to Great Britain , angered the French government , which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance . French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels , which led to an undeclared `` Quasi-War '' between the two nations . Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800 , the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean . George Washington was called out of retirement to head a `` provisional army '' in case of invasion by France , but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce , in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks . Stephen
British Empire
Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War , the effects of the conflict were profound , both at home and abroad . Much of Europe , a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries , was in ruins , and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union , who now held the balance of global power . Britain was left essentially bankrupt , with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $ US 4.33 billion loan from the United States , the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006 . At the same time , anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations . The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union . In principle , both nations were opposed to European colonialism . In practice , however , American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism , and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check . The `` wind of change '' ultimately meant that the British Empire 's days were numbered , and on the whole , Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable , non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to . This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal , which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact . Between 1945 and 1965 , the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million , three million of whom were in Hong Kong .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Governor Isham G. Harris convened an emergency session of the Tennessee General Assembly in January 1861 . During his speech before the legislative body on January 7 , he described the secession of the Southern states as a crisis caused by `` long continued agitation of the slavery question '' and `` actual and threatened aggressions of the Northern States ... upon the well - defined constitutions rights of the Southern citizen . '' He also expressed alarm at the growth of the `` purely sectional '' Republican Party , which he stated was bound together by the `` uncompromising hostility to the rights and institutions of the fifteen Southern states . '' He identified numerous grievances with the Republican Party , blaming them for inducing slaves to run off by means of the Underground Railroad , John Brown 's raids , and high taxes on slave labor .
France–United Kingdom relations
The French were intent on spreading their revolutionary republicanism to other European states , including Britain . The British initially stayed out of the alliances of European states which unsuccessfully attacked France trying to restore the monarchy . In France a new , strong nationalism took hold enabling them to mobilise large and motivated forces . Following the execution of King Louis XVI of France in 1793 , France declared war on Britain . This period of the French Revolutionary Wars was known as the War of the First Coalition . Except for a brief pause in 1802 -- 03 , the wars lasted continuously for twenty one years . During this time Britain raised several coalitions against the French , continually subsidising other European states with the Golden Cavalry of St George , enabling them to put large armies in the field . In spite of this , the French armies were very successful on land , creating several client states such as the Batavian Republic , and the British devoted much of their own forces to campaigns against the French in the Caribbean , with mixed results . French
Results of the War of 1812
Results of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States , 1812 - 1815 , involved with no geographical changes . The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain . All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest . American fears of the Native Americans ended , as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state . The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied . The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an `` Era of good feelings '' with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit . The British paid little attention to the war , concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 . The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America , contrary to many American politicians ' hopes and expectations , but it did gain land from Spain .
United States
The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children .
Military history of the United States
The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914 . However , it insisted on its right as a neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack , even though its ships carried food and raw materials to Britain . In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks , knowing that it would lead to American entry . When the United States declared war in early April 1917 , the United States Army was still small by European standards ( most of which had conscription ) and mobilization would take at least a year . Meanwhile , the United States continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France , and initiated the first peacetime draft . Industrial mobilization took longer than expected , so divisions were sent to Europe without equipment , relying instead on the British and French to supply them .
Illinois
The third division is Southern Illinois , comprising the area south of U.S. Route 50 , including Little Egypt , near the juncture of the Mississippi River and Ohio River . Southern Illinois is the site of the ancient city of Cahokia , as well as the site of the first state capital at Kaskaskia , which today is separated from the rest of the state by the Mississippi River . This region has a somewhat warmer winter climate , different variety of crops ( including some cotton farming in the past ) , more rugged topography ( due to the area remaining unglaciated during the Illinoian Stage , unlike most of the rest of the state ) , as well as small - scale oil deposits and coal mining . The Illinois suburbs of St. Louis , such as East St. Louis , are located in this region , and collectively , they are known as the Metro - East . The other somewhat significant concentration of population in Southern Illinois is the Carbondale - Marion - Herrin , Illinois Combined Statistical Area centered on Carbondale and Marion , a two - county area that is home to 123,272 residents . A portion of southeastern Illinois is part of the extended Evansville , Indiana , Metro Area , locally referred to as the Tri-State with Indiana and Kentucky . Seven Illinois counties are in the area .
Jay Treaty
George Herring 's 2008 history of US foreign policy says that , in 1794 , `` the United States and Britain edged toward war '' and concludes , `` The Jay Treaty brought the United States important concessions and served its interests well . '' Joseph Ellis finds the terms of the treaty `` one - sided in Britain 's favor , '' but asserts with a consensus of historians that it was
Southern United States
The following is a list of best - attended baseball teams in the Southern U.S. :
France in the American Revolutionary War
Starting with the Siege of Yorktown , Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States . Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River , except for Florida ( which went to Spain ) . However , since France was not included in the American - British peace discussions , the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened . Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited . Ratification
American Idol
Throughout the series , eleven of the fifteen Idol winners , including its first five , had come from the Southern United States . A large number of other finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the American South , including Clay Aiken , Kellie Pickler , and Chris Daughtry , who are all from North Carolina . In 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the Southern United States .
Borneo
Borneo 's economy depends mainly on agriculture , logging and mining , oil and gas , and ecotourism . Brunei 's economy is highly dependent on the oil and gas production sector , and the country has become one of the largest oil producers in Southeast Asia . The Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak are both top exporters of timber . Sabah is also known as the agricultural producer of rubber , cacao , and vegetables , and for its fisheries , while both Sabah and Sarawak export liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) and petroleum . The Indonesian provinces of Kalimantan are mostly dependent on mining sectors despite also being involved in logging and oil and gas explorations .
Anthony Eden
Despite the ending of the British Raj in India , British interest in the Middle East remained strong : Britain had treaty relations with Jordan and Iraq and was the protecting power for Kuwait and the Trucial States , the colonial power in Aden , and the occupying power in the Suez Canal . Many right - wing Conservative MPs , organised in the so - called Suez Group , sought to retain this imperial role , though economic pressures made maintenance of it increasingly difficult . Britain did seek to maintain its huge military base in the Suez Canal zone and , in the face of Egyptian resentment , further develop its alliance with Iraq , and the hope was that the Americans would assist Britain , possibly through finance . While the Americans did co-operate with the British in overthrowing the Mosaddegh government in Iran , after it had nationalised British oil interests , the Americans developed their own relations in the region , taking a positive view of the Egyptian Free Officers and developing friendly relations with Saudi Arabia . Britain was eventually forced to withdraw from the canal zone and the Baghdad Pact security treaty was not supported by the United States , leaving Eden vulnerable to the charge of having failed to maintain British prestige .
Border states (American Civil War)
The unique conditions attendant to the creation of the state led the Federal government to sometimes regard West Virginia as differing from the other border states in the post-war and Reconstruction Era . The terms of surrender granted to the Confederate army at Appomattox applied to the soldiers of the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia only . Returning Confederate soldiers from the other border states were required to obtain special permits from the War Department . Similarly , the Southern Claims Commission was originally designed to apply only to the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia , though claims from other states were sometimes honored .
Electoral College (United States)
Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that