vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Conscription in the United States
Consequently , there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began . The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments , especially for college students . Besides being able to avoid the draft , college graduates who volunteered for military service ( primarily as commissioned officers ) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less - educated inductees . President
History of India
In the 14th century BCE , the Battle of the Ten Kings , between the Puru Vedic Aryan tribal kingdoms of the Bharatas , allied with other tribes of the Northwest India , guided by the royal sage Vishvamitra , and the Trtsu - Bharata ( Puru ) king Sudas , who defeats other Vedic tribes -- leading to the emergence of the Kuru Kingdom , first state level society during the Vedic period .
Wembley Stadium
On 20 March 2006 , a steel rafter in the roof of the new development fell by 1 ⁄ ft ( 46 cm ) , forcing 3,000 workers to evacuate the stadium and raising further doubts over the completion date which was already behind schedule . On 23 March 2006 , sewers beneath the stadium buckled due to ground movement . GMB Union leader Steve Kelly said that the problem had been caused by the pipes not being properly laid , and that the repair would take months . Rumours circulated that the reason for the blockage was due to Multiplex failing to pay the contractors who laid the pipes who then filled in the pipes with concrete . A spokesman for developers Multiplex said that they did not believe this would `` have any impact on the completion of the stadium '' , which was then scheduled to be completed on 31 March 2006 .
Whigs (British political party)
However , the opposition Whigs were split by the onset of the French Revolution . While Fox and some younger members of the party such as Charles Grey and Richard Brinsley Sheridan were sympathetic to the French revolutionaries , others led by Edmund Burke were strongly opposed . Although Burke himself was largely alone in defecting to Pitt in 1791 , much of the rest of the party , including the influential House of Lords leader the Duke of Portland , Rockingham 's nephew Lord Fitzwilliam and William Windham , were increasingly uncomfortable with the flirtations of Fox and his allies with radicalism and the French Revolution . They split in early 1793 with Fox over the question of support for the war with France and by the end of the year they had openly broken with Fox . By the summer of the next year , large portions of the opposition had defected and joined Pitt 's government .
The Honeymooners
The instrumental theme song for The Honeymooners , called `` You 're My Greatest Love , '' was composed by Gleason and performed by an orchestra led by Ray Bloch -- who previously had been the orchestra leader on Gleason 's variety show , as well as The Ed Sullivan Show . Although lyrics were composed , they were never sung . Sammy Spear , who later became Gleason 's musical director , provided the arrangement . The music heard in the episodes was not performed during the show , so to enhance the feeling of a live performance for the studio audience an orchestra performed before filming and during breaks . The show 's original announcer was Jack Lescoulie , who also was a spokesman for the sponsor , Buick . For the non-sponsored syndicated version , the introduction was voiced by CBS staff announcer Gaylord Avery .
Appeasement
The week before Munich , Churchill warned `` The partition of Czechoslovakia under pressure from England and France amounts to the complete surrender of the Western Democracies to the Nazi threat of force . Such a collapse will bring peace or security neither to England nor to France . '' He and a few other Conservatives who refused to vote for the Munich settlement were attacked by their local constituency parties . But Churchill 's leadership of Britain during the war and his role in creating the post-war consensus against appeasement has tended to obscure the fact that `` his contemporary criticism of totalitarian regimes other than Hitler 's Germany was at best muted '' . Not until May 1938 did he begin `` consistently to withhold his support from the National Government 's conduct of foreign policy in the division lobbies of the House of Commons '' , and he seems `` to have been convinced by the Sudeten German leader , Henlein , in the spring of 1938 , that a satisfactory settlement could be reached if Britain managed to persuade the Czech government to make concessions to the German minority . '' Opposition
Philippines
On August 21 , 1983 , Marcos ' chief rival , opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr. , was assassinated on the tarmac at Manila International Airport . Marcos eventually called snap presidential elections in 1986 . Marcos was proclaimed the winner , but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent , leading to the People Power Revolution . Marcos and his allies fled to Hawaii and Aquino 's widow , Corazon Aquino was recognized as president .
Westminster system
Termless appointees , either lifetime or retiring , from successive Prime Ministers ( such as the Canadian Senate ) Appointees of the premier and the opposition leader ( such as the Jamaican Senate ) Direct election ( such as the Australian Senate ) Election by electoral colleges or sub-national legislatures ( such as the Indian Rajya Sabha ) Hereditary nobility ( such as the British House of Lords until the House of Lords Act 1999 ) Any Combination of the above ( such as the Malaysian National Assembly )
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
This policy of attempting to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people , however , often was at odds with other aspects of the war which sometimes served to antagonize many Vietnamese civilians and provided ammunition to the anti-war movement . These included the emphasis on `` body count '' as a way of measuring military success on the battlefield , civilian casualties during the bombing of villages ( symbolized by journalist Peter Arnett 's famous quote , `` it was necessary to destroy the village to save it '' ) , and the killing of civilians in such incidents as the My Lai massacre . In 1974 the documentary Hearts and Minds sought to portray the devastation the war was causing to the South Vietnamese people , and won an Academy Award for best documentary amid considerable controversy . The South Vietnamese government also antagonized many of its citizens with its suppression of political opposition , through such measures as holding large numbers of political prisoners , torturing political opponents , and holding a one - man election for President in 1971 . Covert counter-terror programs and semi-covert ones such as the Phoenix Program attempted , with the help of anthropologists , to isolate rural South Vietnamese villages and affect the loyalty of the residents . This
Convicts in Australia
With increasing numbers of free settlers entering New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) by the mid-1830s , opposition to the transportation of felons into the colonies grew . The most influential spokesmen were newspaper proprietors who were also members of the Independent Congregation Church such as John Fairfax in Sydney and the Reverend John West in Launceston , who argued against convicts both as competition to honest free labourers and as the source of crime and vice within the colony . Bishop Bernard Ullathorne , a Catholic prelate who had been in Australia since 1832 returned for a visit to England in 1835 . While there he was called upon by the government to give evidence before a Parliamentary Commission on the evils of transportation , and at their request wrote and submitted a tract on the subject . His views in conjunction with others in the end prevailed . The anti-transportation movement was seldom concerned with the inhumanity of the system , but rather the hated stain it was believed to inflict on the free ( non-emancipist ) middle classes .
The Gambia
The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965 . From 1965 to 1994 , the country was ostensibly a multi-party liberal democracy . It was ruled by Dawda Jawara and his People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) . However , as Edie notes , the country never experienced political turnover during this period and its commitment to succession by the ballot box was never tested . In 1994 , a military coup propelled a commission of military officers to power , known as the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council ( AFPRC ) . After two years direct rule , a new constitution was written and in 1996 , the leader of the AFPRC , Yahya Jammeh , was elected as President . He ruled in an authoritarian style until the 2016 election , which was won by Adama Barrow , backed by a coalition of opposition parties .
Leo (That '70s Show)
Leo enjoys attending church in Point Place , declaring it to be `` almost a religious experience ! '' , and he sings during services . When the kids quit the church Christmas play ( except for Eric , who was fired as director ) and tie Pastor Dave up with a string of lights , Leo gives them a rare talking - to , showing his disappointment and causing the group to reconsider .
Great Depression in Canada
Social Credit ( often called SoCred ) was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighbouring British Columbia , 1930s - 1970s . Social Credit was based on the economic theories of an Englishman , C.H. Douglas . His theories became very popular across the nation in the early 1930s . A central proposal was the free distribution of dividends ( or social credit ) , called `` funny money '' by the opposition .
Alternative energy
Renewable alternative forms of energy have faced opposition from multiple groups , including conservatives and liberals . Around twelve states have passed proposals written to inhibit the alternative energy movement . Kansas lawmakers struck down a bill to phase out renewable energy mandates but face the possibility of the bill reappearing .
Nine Years' War
Thus , the Reunions were carving territory from the frontiers of future Germany , while annexations were establishing French power in Italy . Yet by seeking to construct his impregnable border , Louis XIV so alarmed the other European states that he made the war he sought to avoid inevitable : his fortresses not only covered his frontiers , they projected French power . Only two statesmen might hope to oppose Louis XIV : William of Orange , Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic and the natural leader of Protestant opposition ; and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I , obvious leader of anti-French forces in the Holy Roman Empire and Catholic Europe . But while William and Leopold I wanted to act , effective opposition in 1681 -- 82 was out of the question : Amsterdam 's burghers wanted no further conflict with France ; moreover , Leopold I and William were fully aware of the current weaknesses , not only of Spain , but also the Empire , whose important German princes from Mainz , Trier , Cologne , Saxony , Bavaria and , significantly , Frederick William I of Brandenburg , remained in French pay .
Gupta Empire
Faxian ( or Fa Hsien etc ) , a Chinese Buddhist , was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II . He started his journey from China in 399 and reached India in 405 . During his stay in India up to 411 , he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura , Kannauj , Kapilavastu , Kushinagar , Vaishali , Pataliputra , Kashi , and Rajagriha , and made careful observations about the empire 's conditions . Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration . The Penal Code was mild and offenses were punished by fines only . From his accounts , the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period . And until the Rome - China trade axis was broken with the fall of the Han dynasty , the Guptas ' did indeed prosper . His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period .
Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is considered to be left of centre . It was initially formed as a means for the trade union movement to establish political representation for itself at Westminster . It only gained a `` socialist '' commitment with the original party constitution of 1918 . That `` socialist '' element , the original Clause IV , was seen by its strongest advocates as a straightforward commitment to the `` common ownership '' , or nationalisation , of the `` means of production , distribution and exchange '' . Although about a third of British industry was taken into public ownership after the Second World War , and remained so until the 1980s , the right of the party were questioning the validity of expanding on this objective by the late 1950s . Influenced by Anthony Crosland 's book , The Future of Socialism ( 1956 ) , the circle around party leader Hugh Gaitskell felt that the commitment was no longer necessary . While an attempt to remove Clause IV from the party constitution in 1959 failed , Tony Blair , and the `` modernisers '' saw the issue as putting off potential voters , and were successful thirty - five years later , with only limited opposition from senior figures in the party . Clause
The Emergency (India)
Gulzar 's Aandhi ( 1975 ) was banned , because the film was supposedly based on Indira Gandhi . Amrit Nahata 's film Kissa Kursi Ka ( 1977 ) a bold spoof on the Emergency , where Shabana Azmi plays ' Janata ' ( the public ) a mute , dumb protagonist , was subsequently banned and reportedly , all its prints were burned by Sanjay Gandhi and his associates at his Maruti factory in Gurgaon . Yamagola a 1977 Telugu film ( Hindi re-make Lok Parlok ) spoofs the emergency issues . I.S. Johar 's 1978 Bollywood Film Nasbandi is a sarcasm on the sterilization drive of the Government of India , where each one of the characters is trying to find sterilization cases . The film was banned after its release due to its portrayal of the Indira Gandhi government . Although Satyajit Ray 's 1980 film Hirak Rajar Deshe was a children 's comedy , it was a satire on the Emergency . The 1985 Malayalam film Yathra directed by Balu Mahendra has the human rights violations by the police during the Emergency as its main plotline . 1988 Malayalam film Piravi is about a father searching for his son Rajan , who had been arrested by the police ( and allegedly killed in custody ) . The 2005 Hindi film Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi is set against the backdrop of the Emergency . The film , directed by Sudhir Mishra , also tries to portray the growth of the Naxalite movement during the Emergency era . The movie tells the story of three youngsters in the 1970s , when India was undergoing massive social and political changes . The 2012 Marathi film Shala discusses the issues related to the Emergency . The critically acclaimed 2012 film adaptation , Life of Pi , uses the Emergency as the backdrop of which Pi 's father decides to sell the zoo and move his family to Canada . Midnight 's Children , a 2012 adaptation of Rushdie 's novel , created widespread controversy due to the negative portrayal of Indira Gandhi and other leaders . The film was not shown at the International Film Festival of India and was banned from further screening at the International Film Festival of Kerala where it was premièred in India . Indu Sarkar , 2017 Hindi political thriller film about the emergency , directed by Madhur Bhandarkar .
House of Commons of Canada
Like the Senate , the House of Commons meets on Parliament Hill in Ottawa . The Commons Chamber is modestly decorated in green , in contrast with the more lavishly furnished red Senate Chamber . The arrangement is similar to the design of the Chamber of the British House of Commons . The seats are evenly divided between both sides of the Chamber , three sword - lengths apart ( about three metres ) . The Speaker 's chair ( which can be adjusted for height ) is at the north end of the Chamber . In front of it is the Table of the House , on which rests the ceremonial mace . Various `` Table Officers '' -- clerks and other officials -- sit at the Table , ready to advise the Speaker on procedure when necessary . Members of the Government sit on the benches on the Speaker 's right , while members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker 's left . Government ministers sit around the Prime Minister , who is traditionally assigned the 11th seat in the front row on the Speaker 's right - hand side . The leader of the Official Opposition sits directly across from the Prime Minister and is surrounded by a Shadow Cabinet , or critics for the government portfolios . The remaining party leaders sit in the front rows . Other Members of Parliament who do not hold any kind of special responsibilities are known as `` backbenchers '' .
History of India
The Bengal Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent during the period of British rule dominated by Bengali Hindus . The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy ( 1772 -- 1833 ) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore ( 1861 -- 1941 ) , although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region . Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers , scholars , literary giants , journalists , patriotic orators , and scientists , all merging to form the image of a renaissance , and marked the transition from the ' medieval ' to the ' modern ' .
American Equal Rights Association
Events soon removed the basis for two key differences of principle between the competing women 's organizations . In 1870 debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified . In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short - lived Liberal Republican Party . Despite these events , the rivalry between the two women 's groups was so bitter that a merger proved to be impossible for twenty years . Ellen Carol DuBois , a historian of the women 's suffrage movement , says this rivalry had far - reaching consequences for the women 's movement : `` More than a century has passed , and still historians become partisans in the hostilities that their opposition created . ''
RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars
The contestant was eliminated earlier in the competition , returned and advanced . The contestant quit the competition .
Reichstag fire
During the election campaign , the Nazis alleged that Germany was on the verge of a Communist revolution and that the only way to stop the Communists was to pass the Enabling Act . The message of the campaign was simple : increase the number of Nazi seats so that the Enabling Act could be passed . To decrease the number of opposition members of parliament who could vote against the Enabling Act , Hitler planned to ban the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands ( the Communist Party of Germany or KPD ) , which at the time held 17 % of the seats , after the elections and before the new Reichstag convened .
Chennai
The city has a diverse theatre scene and is one of the important centres for Bharata Natyam , a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance of India . An important cultural centre for Bharata Natyam is Kalakshetra , on the beach in the south of the city . In 2012 , a group of five Bharatha Natyam dancers from Chennai performed at the India Campaign during the 2012 Summer Olympics . Chennai is also home to some choirs , who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English .
History of the United Kingdom
In 1973 , with DeGaulle gone , Conservative Prime Minister Heath negotiated terms for admission and Britain finally joined the Community . In opposition , the Labour Party was deeply divided , though its Leader , Harold Wilson , remained in favour . In the 1974 General Election , the Labour Party manifesto included a pledge to renegotiate terms for Britain 's membership and then hold a referendum on whether to stay in the EC on the new terms . This was a constitutional procedure without precedent in British history . In the subsequent referendum campaign , rather than the normal British tradition of `` collective responsibility '' , under which the government takes a policy position which all cabinet members are required to support publicly , members of the Government ( and the Conservative opposition ) were free to present their views on either side of the question . A referendum was duly held on 5 June 1975 , and the proposition to continue membership was passed with a substantial majority .
Independence Day (India)
On Independence Day and Republic Day , patriotic songs in regional languages are broadcast on television and radio channels . They are also played alongside flag hoisting ceremonies . Patriotic films are broadcast . Over the decades , according to The Times of India , the number of such films broadcast has decreased as channels report that audiences are oversaturated with patriotic films . The population cohort that belong to the Generation Next often combine nationalism with popular culture during the celebrations . This mixture is exemplified by outfits and savouries dyed with the tricolour and designer garments that represent India 's various cultural traditions . Retail stores offer Independence Day sales promotions . Some news reports have decried the commercialism . Indian Postal Service publishes commemorative stamps depicting independence movement leaders , nationalistic themes and defence - related themes on 15 August .
Gilded Age
The first organized effort to address general agricultural problems was the Grange movement . Launched in 1867 , by employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced . Women 's participation was actively encouraged . Spurred by the Panic of 1873 , the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees . The agricultural problems gained mass political attention in the Populist movement , which won 44 votes in the Electoral College in 1892 . Its high point came in 1896 with the candidacy of William Jennings Bryan for the Democrats , who was sympathetic to populist concerns such as the silver standard .
Two-party system
Historically , Brazil had a two - party system for most of its military dictatorship ( 1964 -- 1985 ) : the military junta banned all existing parties when it took power and created a pro-government party , the National Renewal Alliance and an official opposition party , the Brazilian Democratic Movement . The two parties were dissolved in 1979 , when the regime allowed other parties to form .
Political party
Although the Tories were out of office for half a century , for most of this period ( at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham ) the Tories retained party cohesion , with occasional hopes of regaining office , particularly at the accession of George II ( 1727 ) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742 . They acted as a united , though unavailing , opposition to Whig corruption and scandals . At times they cooperated with the `` Opposition Whigs '' , Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government ; however , the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party . They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute .