vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Matterhorn
The Matterhorn is mentioned in a guide - book to Switzerland by Johann Gottfried Ebel , which was published in Zürich towards the end of the eighteenth century , and translated into English in 1818 . The mountain appeared in it under the three names of Silvius , Matterhorn , and Mont Cervin , and was briefly described as one of the most splendid and wonderful obelisks in the Alps . On Zermatt there was a note : `` A place which may , perhaps , interest the tourist is the valley of Praborgne ( Zermatt ) ; it is bounded by huge glaciers which come right down into the valley ; the village of Praborgne is fairly high , and stands at a great height above the glaciers ; its climate is almost as warm as that of Italy , and plants belonging to hot countries are to be found there at considerable altitudes , above the ice . ''
The Great Gatsby
First published by Scribner 's in April 1925 , The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly ; in its first year , the book sold only 20,000 copies . Fitzgerald died in 1940 , believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten . However , the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades . Today , The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title `` Great American Novel . '' In 1998 , the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century 's best American novel and second best English - language novel of the same time period .
Gerardus Mercator
Unlike other great scholars of the age he travelled little and his knowledge of geography came from his library of over one thousand books and maps , from his visitors and from his vast correspondence ( in six languages ) with other scholars , statesmen , travellers , merchants and seamen . Mercator 's early maps were in large formats suitable for wall mounting but in the second half of his life he produced over 100 new regional maps in a smaller format suitable for binding into his Atlas of 1595 . This was the first appearance of the word Atlas in a geographical context but Mercator used it as a neologism for a treatise ( Cosmologia ) on the creation , history and description of the universe , not simply a collection of maps . He chose the word as a commemoration of a King Atlas of Mauretania whom he considered to be the first great geographer . This King Atlas was a son of the Titan Atlas but the two myths very quickly coalesced .
Construction of the World Trade Center
Yamasaki , who had previously designed Saudi Arabia 's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group , incorporated features of Arabic architecture into the design of the World Trade Center . The plaza was modelled after Mecca , incorporating features such as a vast delineated square , a fountain , and a radial circular pattern . Yamasaki described the plaza as `` a mecca , a great relief from the narrow streets and sidewalks of the Wall Street area . '' He also incorporated other features of Arabic architecture into the building design , including pointed arches , interweaving tracery of prefabricated concrete , a minaret like flight tower , and arabesque patterns .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the last glacial period ( the Wisconsin glaciation ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago ) , when the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded . The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater ( see Lake Algonquin and Lake Chicago ) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved , thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today . Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion , some higher hills became Great Lakes islands . The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin . See also Glacial Lake Iroquois and Champlain Sea .
Zihuatanejo
Zihuatanejo ( Spanish pronunciation : ( siwataˈnexo ) ) , or Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo , is the fourth - largest city in the Mexican state of Guerrero . Politically the city belongs to the municipality of Zihuatanejo de Azueta in the western part of Guerrero , but both are commonly referred to as Zihuatanejo . It is on the Pacific Coast , about 240 km ( 150 miles ) northwest of Acapulco , and belongs to a section of the Mexican Pacific Coast known as the Costa Grande . This town has been developed as a tourist attraction along with the modern tourist resort of Ixtapa , 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) away . However , Zihuatanejo has kept its traditional town feel . The town is located on a well - protected bay which is popular with private boat owners during the winter months .
Rainbow
Experiments on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops , i.e. water - filled spherical flasks , go back at least to Theodoric of Freiberg in the 14th century . Later , also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a Florence flask . A flask experiment known as Florence 's rainbow is still often used today as an imposing and intuitively accessible demonstration experiment of the rainbow phenomenon . It consists in illuminating ( with parallel white light ) a water - filled spherical flask through a hole in a screen . A rainbow will then appear thrown back / projected on the screen , provided the screen is large enough . Due to the finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial raindrop , several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural phenomenon , including slightly changed rainbow angles and a splitting of the rainbow orders .
Pike Place Fish Market
The Pike Place Fish Market , founded in 1930 , is an open air fish market located in Seattle , Washington 's Pike Place Market , at the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place . It is known for their tradition of fishmongers throwing fish that customers have purchased , before they are wrapped . After nearing bankruptcy in 1986 , the fish market owner and employees decided to become `` world famous '' , changing their way of doing business by introducing their flying fish , games , and customer performances . Four years later , they were featured repeatedly in the national media and television shows . The store is now a popular tourist destination in Seattle , attracting up to 10,000 daily visitors , and is often billed as world - famous .
Charging Bull
The statue 's popularity with tourists has international appeal . One 2007 newspaper report noted a `` ceaseless stream '' of visitors from India , the United Kingdom , South Africa , Venezuela , and China , as well as the United States . Children enjoy climbing on the bull , which sits `` famously '' at street level on the cobblestones at the far northern tip of the small park . One popular tourist guidebook assumes that a visitor will want to get his or her picture taken with the statue ( `` after you pose with the bull ... '' ) . A popular Bollywood movie , Kal Ho Naa Ho features the bull in a musical number , increasing its familiarity with South Asians . One visitor told a newspaper reporter it was a reason for his visit .
Magnetic domain
As explained above , a domain which is too big is unstable , and will divide into smaller domains . But a small enough domain will be stable and will not split , and this determines the size of the domains created in a material . This size depends on the balance of several energies within the material . Each time a region of magnetization splits into two domains , it creates a `` domain wall '' between the domains , where magnetic dipoles ( molecules ) with magnetization pointing in different directions are adjacent . The exchange interaction which creates the magnetization is a force which tends to align nearby dipoles so they point in the same direction . Forcing adjacent dipoles to point in different directions requires energy . Therefore , a domain wall requires extra energy , called the `` Domain wall energy '' , which is proportional to the area of the wall .
Early world maps
The Genoese map of 1457 is a world map that relied extensively on the account of the traveler to Asia Niccolo da Conti , rather than the usual source of Marco Polo . The author is unknown , but is a more modern development than the Fra Mauro world map , less intricate and complete , with fairly good proportions given to each of the continents . The map depicts the main landmarks of the time : Prester John in Africa , the Great Khan in China , `` Xilam '' ( Ceylom ) and Sumatra , and the design of a three - masted European ship in the Indian Ocean , something which had not occurred , suggesting that a sealane was a possibility . Fra
American popular music
The early 20th century also saw the growth of Broadway , a group of theatres specializing in musicals . Broadway became one of the preeminent locations for musical theater in the world , and produced a body of songs that led Donald Clarke to call the era , the golden age of songwriting . The need to adapt enjoyable songs to the constraints of a theater and a plot enabled and encouraged a growth in songwriting and the rise of composers like George Gershwin , Vincent Youmans , Irving Berlin and Jerome Kern . These songwriters wrote songs that have remained popular and are today known as the Great American Songbook .
Jurisdiction stripping
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( inter alia , stripped the federal judiciary of its jurisdiction to review certain Immigration and Naturalization Service decisions ) , Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 ( restricting the remedies available to prison inmates ) , Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( limiting the number of habeas corpus petitions available to prison inmates ) , Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 , ruled an unconstitutional denial of the right of habeas corpus pursuant to the Suspension clause in the case of Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ( 2006 ) . Military Commissions Act of 2006 ( Strip all Federal Courts of the U.S. jurisdiction to hear appeal or cases from Guantanamo Bay Detainee ) Ruled Unconstitutional in the case of Boumediene v. Bush ( 2008 ) .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
Since the beginning of American rule in the Philippines , the United States Army had taken the responsibility for the defense of the country in the land , and the United States Navy in the seas until the passage of the National Defense Act of 1935 which called for a separate defense force for the Philippines .
Iran hostage crisis
In 2000 the hostages and their families tried unsuccessfully to sue Iran under the Antiterrorism Act of 1996 . They originally won the case when Iran failed to provide a defense , but the State Department then tried to end the lawsuit , fearing that it would make international relations difficult . As a result , a federal judge ruled that no damages could be awarded to the hostages because of the agreement the United States had made when the hostages were freed .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
Instead , the defendant in a criminal case only has a burden of production on the issue of self - defense . This means that a defendant who wishes to invoke the doctrine only needs to `` generate the issue '' by introducing some evidence that he or she acted in self - defense . If the defendant satisfies that burden of production and thus generates the issue , then it is the prosecution that has the burden of proving that the defendant did not act in self - defense . In other words , once the defendant satisfies his or her burden of production on the issue of self - defense , then the prosecution has the burden of persuasion on the issue of self - defense .
United States presidential line of succession
The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act .
Jonathan Richman
His first marriage was to Gail Clook of Vermont , in 1983 , with whom he has a daughter , Jenny Rae . This marriage ended in divorce sometime shortly before the release of Surrender to Jonathan ( 1996 ) .
Bert and Ernie
But the idea of Bert and Ernie as a couple is sufficiently widespread that it has been used as the basis of jokes on the shows Saturday Night Live , American Dad ! , Modern Family , The Simpsons , Friends , 2DTV , The Middle , Family Guy , and Supernatural . Sportscaster Jim Rome has received emails and phone calls from listeners to his radio program on the subject , and has expressed disgust with them . More recently , The New Yorker magazine chose an image of Bert and Ernie by artist Jack Hunter , titled Moment of Joy , as the cover of their July 8 , 2013 publication , which covers the Supreme Court decisions on the Defense of Marriage Act and California 's Proposition 8 .
Helium
By 1995 , a billion cubic meters of the gas had been collected and the reserve was US $1.4 billion in debt , prompting the Congress of the United States in 1996 to phase out the reserve . The resulting Helium Privatization Act of 1996 ( Public Law 104 -- 273 ) directed the United States Department of the Interior to empty the reserve , with sales starting by 2005 .
Bantu Education Act, 1953
The act was repealed in 1979 by the Education and Training Act , 1979 , which continued the system of racially segregated education , while also eliminating both discrimination in tuition fees and the segregated Department of Bantu Education and allowing the both use of native tongue education up to the fourth grade and limited attendance at private schools as well . Segregation became unconstitutional after the introduction of the Interim Constitution in 1994 , and most sections of the Education and Training Act were repealed by the South African Schools Act , 1996 .
Military history of the United States
The National Security Act of 1947 , meeting the need for a military reorganization to complement the U.S. superpower role , combined and replaced the former Department of the Navy and War Department with a single cabinet - level Department of Defense . The act also created the National Security Council , the Central Intelligence Agency , and the Air Force .
False Claims Act
The law has always primarily been used against defense contractors but by the late 1990s , health care fraud began to receive more focus , accounting for approximately 40 % of recoveries by 2008 Franklin v. Parke - Davis , filed in 1996 , was the first case to apply the FCA to fraud committed against the government , due to bills submitted for payment by Medicaid / Medicare for treatments that those programs do not pay for as they are not FDA - approved or otherwise listed on a government formulary . FCA cases in the field of health care are often related to off - label marketing of drugs by drug companies , which is illegal under a different law , the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ; the intersection occurs when off - label marketing leads to prescriptions being filled and bills for those prescriptions being submitted to Medicare / Medicaid .
Global Positioning System
GPS is owned and operated by the United States government as a national resource . The Department of Defense is the steward of GPS . The Interagency GPS Executive Board ( IGEB ) oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004 . After that the National Space - Based Positioning , Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems . The executive committee is chaired jointly by the Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation . Its membership includes equivalent - level officials from the Departments of State , Commerce , and Homeland Security , the Joint Chiefs of Staff and NASA . Components of the executive office of the president participate as observers to the executive committee , and the FCC chairman participates as a liaison .
Republican Party (United States)
Some in the Republican Party support unilateralism on issues of national security , believing in the ability and right of the United States to act without external support in matters of its national defense . In general , Republican thinking on defense and international relations is heavily influenced by the theories of neorealism and realism , characterizing conflicts between nations as struggles between faceless forces of international structure as opposed to being the result of the ideas and actions of individual leaders . The realist school 's influence shows in Reagan 's Evil Empire stance on the Soviet Union and George W. Bush 's Axis of evil stance .
Copyright
In 1989 the United States enacted the Berne Convention Implementation Act , amending the 1976 Copyright Act to conform to most of the provisions of the Berne Convention . As a result , the use of copyright notices has become optional to claim copyright , because the Berne Convention makes copyright automatic . However , the lack of notice of copyright using these marks may have consequences in terms of reduced damages in an infringement lawsuit -- using notices of this form may reduce the likelihood of a defense of `` innocent infringement '' being successful .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
The law of self - defense justifies an act done in the reasonable belief of immediate danger . If an injury was done by a defendant in justifiable self - defense , he can neither be punished criminally nor held responsible for damages in a civil action ... One who seeks to justify an assault on the ground that he acted in self - defense must show that he used no more force than the exigency reasonably demanded . The belief of a defendant in an action for assault that the plaintiff intended to do him bodily harm can not support a plea of self - defense unless it was such a belief as a person of average prudence would entertain under similar circumstances . The jury should accordingly be instructed that to justify assault and battery in self - defense the circumstances must be such as would have induced a rea ( s ) onable man of average prudence to make such an assault in order to protect himself . The question whether the belief of the defendant that he was about to be injured was a reasonable one under all the circumstances is a question for the consideration of the jury .
Selective Service Act of 1917
At the time of World War I , the US Army was small compared with the mobilized armies of the European powers . As late as 1914 , the Regular Army had under 100,000 men , while the National Guard ( the organized militias of the states ) numbered around 115,000 . The National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the growth of the Army to 165,000 and the National Guard to 450,000 by 1921 , but by 1917 the Army had only expanded to around 121,000 , with the National Guard numbering 181,000 .
Sputnik crisis
The launch spurred a series of initiatives by the United States , ranging from defense to education . Increased emphasis was placed on the Navy 's Project Vanguard to launch an American satellite into orbit . The preceding Explorer program that saw the Army launch the first American satellite into orbit on January 31 , 1958 also saw a revival . In February 1958 , Eisenhower authorized formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency , later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , within the Department of Defense ( DoD ) to develop emerging technologies for the U.S. military . On July 29 , 1958 , he signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act , the creation of NASA .
Overview of gun laws by nation
Gun laws in Honduras are stated in the Act on the Control of Firearms , Ammunition , Explosives and Other Related Material of 2000 . In April 2002 , the National Arms Registry was formed , requiring all citizens to register their firearms with the Ministry of Defense .
History of Native Americans in the United States
1 . Treaty provision ( as with the Cherokee ) 2 . Registration and land allotment under the Dawes Act of February 8 , 1887 3 . Issuance of Patent in Fee simple 4 . Adopting Habits of Civilized Life 5 . Minor Children 6 . Citizenship by Birth 7 . Becoming Soldiers and Sailors in the U.S. Armed Forces 8 . Marriage to a U.S. citizen 9 . Special Act of Congress .
Cousin marriage
Data on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse . It was estimated in 1960 that 0.2 % of all marriages between Roman Catholics were between first or second cousins , but no more recent nationwide studies have been performed . It is unknown what proportion of that number were first cousins , which is the group facing marriage bans . To contextualize the group 's size , the total proportion of interracial marriages in 1960 , the last census year before the end of anti-miscegenation statutes , was 0.4 % , and the proportion of black - white marriages was 0.13 % . While recent studies have cast serious doubt on whether cousin marriage is as dangerous as is popularly assumed , professors Diane B. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer speculate that legal bans persist in part due to `` the ease with which a handful of highly motivated activists -- or even one individual -- can be effective in the decentralized American system , especially when feelings do not run high on the other side of an issue . ''
Washington quarter
The Mint traces the origins of the 50 State Quarters program to a congressional hearing in June 1995 , at which Mint Director Philip N. Diehl , as well as prominent numismatists , urged Congress to pass legislation allowing a series of circulating commemorative coins similar to the quarters Canada had recently struck for its provinces . In response , Congress passed the United States Commemorative Coins Act of 1996 , which was signed by President Bill Clinton on October 20 , 1996 . The act directed the Mint to study whether a series of commemorative quarters would be successful . The Mint duly studied the matter , and reported favorably . Although the act had given Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin the authority to carry out the report by selecting new coin designs , Secretary Rubin preferred to await congressional action . The resulting 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act was signed by President Clinton on December 1 , 1997 . Under the act , each of the fifty states would be honored with a new quarter , to be issued five a year beginning in 1999 , with the sequence of issuance determined by the order the states had entered the Union . The act allowed the Secretary to determine the position of the required legends , such as `` IN GOD WE TRUST '' on the coin : To accommodate a large design on the reverse , `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' and `` QUARTER DOLLAR '' were moved to the obverse , and the bust of Washington shrunken slightly . A state 's design would be selected by the Treasury Secretary on the recommendation of the state 's governor .
Medicare (United States)
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , a component of the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , administers Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) and parts of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury , CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) and most aspects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) of 2010 as amended . The Social Security Administration is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility , eligibility for and payment of Extra Help / Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare , and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program .