vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cross product
Because the cross product may also be a ( true ) vector , it may not change direction with a mirror image transformation . This happens , according to the above relationships , if one of the operands is a ( true ) vector and the other one is a pseudovector ( e.g. , the cross product of two vectors ) . For instance , a vector triple product involving three ( true ) vectors is a ( true ) vector .
Baptism
`` While it is true that the basic root meaning of the Greek words for baptize and baptism is immerse / immersion , it is not true that the words can simply be reduced to this meaning , as can be seen from Mark 10 : 38 -- 39 , Luke 12 : 50 , Matthew 3 : 11 Luke 3 : 16 and Corinthians10 : 2 . ''
The Shining (film)
The Angry Birds Movie contains a scene with two pigs dressed as the Grady sisters .
Cigarette
The widespread smoking of cigarettes in the Western world is largely a 20th - century phenomenon . At the start of the 20th century , the per capita annual consumption in the USA was 54 cigarettes ( with less than 0.5 % of the population smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year ) , and consumption there peaked at 4,259 per capita in 1965 . At that time , about 50 % of men and 33 % of women smoked ( defined as smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year ) . By 2000 , consumption had fallen to 2,092 per capita , corresponding to about 30 % of men and 22 % of women smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year , and by 2006 per capita consumption had declined to 1,691 ; implying that about 21 % of the population smoked 100 cigarettes or more per year .
Autonomic nervous system
Caffeine is a bio-active ingredient found in commonly consumed beverages such as coffee , tea , and sodas . Short - term physiological effects of caffeine include increased blood pressure and sympathetic nerve outflow . Habitual consumption of caffeine may inhibit physiological short - term effects . Consumption of caffeinated espresso increases parasympathetic activity in habitual caffeine consumers ; however , decaffeinated espresso inhibits parasympathetic activity in habitual caffeine consumers . It is possible that other bio-active ingredients in decaffeinated espresso may also contribute to the inhibition of parasympathetic activity in habitual caffeine consumers .
Energy Performance Certificate
Properties that are exempt from requiring a domestic EPC will generally require a non-dwelling energy performance certificate , which was also required by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive . Non-dwellings are `` responsible for almost 20 per cent of the UK 's energy consumption and carbon emissions . ''
Human rights and development
Article 28 importantly signifies ' Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration can be fully realized . The right calls for enforcement mechanisms and echoes Chapter VII of the UN Charter permitting security council intervention for human rights violations on a scale that threatens world peace . The UN Charter allows for a limit to state sovereignty were Human Rights are threatened . Two critiques of the declaration are that it did not make political rights dependent on multi-party democracy and there is a lack of protection for ethnic minorities , protecting individual rights do not necessarily protect group rights .
Sales taxes in the United States
No state imposes sales tax on all types of goods . State laws vary widely as to what goods are subject to tax . Food for preparation and consumption in the home is often not taxable , nor are prescription medications . By contrast , restaurant meals are often taxed .
Famine
Definitions of famines are based on three different categories -- these include food supply - based , food consumption - based and mortality - based definitions . Some definitions of famines are :
Causes of the Great Depression
One argument for a non-interventionist policy during a recession was that if consumption fell due to savings , the savings would cause the rate of interest to fall . According to the classical economists , lower interest rates would lead to increased investment spending and demand would remain constant . However , Keynes argues that there are good reasons why investment does not necessarily increase in response to a fall in the interest rate . Businesses make investments based on expectations of profit . Therefore , if a fall in consumption appears to be long - term , businesses analyzing trends will lower expectations of future sales . Therefore , the last thing they are interested in doing is investing in increasing future production , even if lower interest rates make capital inexpensive . In that case , the economy can be thrown into a general slump due to a decline in consumption . According to Keynes , this self - reinforcing dynamic is what occurred to an extreme degree during the Depression , where bankruptcies were common and investment , which requires a degree of optimism , was very unlikely to occur . This view is often characterized by economists as being in opposition to Say 's Law .
Cogito, ergo sum
Augustine of Hippo in De Civitate Dei writes Si ( ... ) fallor , sum ( `` If I am mistaken , I am '' ) ( book XI , 26 ) , and also anticipates modern refutations of the concept . Furthermore , in the Enchiridion Augustine attempts to refute skepticism by stating , `` ( B ) y not positively affirming that they are alive , the skeptics ward off the appearance of error in themselves , yet they do make errors simply by showing themselves alive ; one can not err who is not alive . That we live is therefore not only true , but it is altogether certain as well '' ( Chapter 7 section 20 ) . Another predecessor was Avicenna 's `` Floating Man '' thought experiment on human self - awareness and self - consciousness .
Aggregate demand
personal consumption expenditures ( C ( \ displaystyle C ) ) or `` consumption , '' demand by households and unattached individuals ; its determination is described by the consumption function . A basic conception is that it is the total consumption expenditures of the domestic economy . The consumption function is C = a + M P C × ( Y − T ) ( \ displaystyle C = a + MPC \ times ( Y-T ) ) , where a ( \ displaystyle a ) is autonomous consumption , M P C ( \ displaystyle MPC ) the marginal propensity to consume , and ( Y − T ) ( \ displaystyle ( Y-T ) ) the disposable income . gross private domestic investment ( I ( \ displaystyle I ) ) , such as spending by business firms on factory construction . This is conceived as all private sector spending aimed at the production of some future consumable . In Keynesian economics , not all of gross private domestic investment counts as part of aggregate demand . Much or most of the investment in inventories can be due to a short - fall in demand ( unplanned inventory accumulation or `` general over-production '' ) . The Keynesian model forecasts a decrease in national output and income when there is unplanned investment . ( Inventory accumulation would correspond to an excess supply of products ; in the National Income and Product Accounts , it is treated as a purchase by its producer . ) Thus , only the planned or intended or desired part of investment ( I p ( \ displaystyle I_ ( p ) ) ) is counted as part of aggregate demand . ( So , I ( \ displaystyle I ) does not include the ' investment ' in running up or depleting inventory levels . ) Investment is affected by the output and the interest rate ( i ( \ displaystyle i ) ) . Consequently , we can write it as , I ( Y , i ) ( \ displaystyle I ( Y , i ) ) , a function I which takes total income and interest rate as parameters . Investment has positive relationship with the output and negative relationship with the interest rate . Thus , an increase in the interest rate will cause aggregate demand to decline . Interest costs are part of the cost of borrowing and as they rise , both firms and households will cut back on spending .
Romance languages
Portuguese , in its original homeland , Portugal , is spoken by virtually the entire population of 10 million . As the official language of Brazil , it is spoken by more than 200 million people in that country , as well as by neighboring residents of eastern Paraguay and northern Uruguay , accounting for a little more than half the population of South America . It is the official language of six African countries ( Angola , Cape Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Mozambique , Equatorial Guinea , and São Tomé and Príncipe ) , and is spoken as a first language by perhaps 30 million residents of that continent . In Asia , Portuguese is co-official with other languages in East Timor and Macau , while most Portuguese - speakers in Asia -- some 400,000 -- are in Japan due to return immigration of Japanese Brazilians . In North America 1,000,000 people speak Portuguese as their home language . In Oceania , Portuguese is the second most spoken Romance language , after French , due mainly to the number of speakers in East Timor . Its closest relative , Galician , has official status in the autonomous community of Galicia in Spain , together with Spanish .
Eric Northman
Eric Northman Southern Vampire Mysteries character Alexander Skarsgård as Eric Northman in True Blood . First appearance Novel : Dead Until Dark Television : `` Escape from Dragon House '' Created by Charlaine Harris Portrayed by Alexander Skarsgård Information Nickname ( s ) Viking Species Vampire Gender Male Occupation Bar owner Vampire Sheriff of Area 5 Louisiana Chancellor of the Vampire Authority ( in TV series ) Family Novels Unnamed Parents ( human ; deceased ) Unnamed brother ( human ; deceased ) Appius Livius Ocella ( Maker ; deceased ) Alexei Romanov ( vampire brother ; deceased ) TV series Unnamed Parents ( human ; deceased ) Unnamed sister ( human ; deceased ) Godric ( Maker ; deceased ) Nora Gainesborough ( vampire sister ; deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Novels Aude ( human wife ; deceased ) Sookie Stackhouse ( human wife ) Children Novels Pam Ravenscroft ( progeny ; vampire offspring ) Karin ( progeny ; vampire offspring ) Six unnamed children ( human ; deceased ) TV series Pamela Swynford De Beaufort ( progeny / lover ; vampire offspring ) Willa Burrell ( progeny ; vampire offspring )
Tower Bridge
The bascules are raised around 1000 times a year . River traffic is now much reduced , but it still takes priority over road traffic . Today , 24 hours ' notice is required before opening the bridge , and opening times are published in advance on the bridge 's website . There is no charge for vessels to open the bridge .
First impression (psychology)
Alcohol consumption and belief of consumption influenced emotion detection in ten second clips . Participants who thought they had consumed an alcoholic beverage rated one facial expression ( approximately 3 % of the facial expressions they saw ) more in each clip as happy compared to the control group . Thus , impression formation may be affected by even the perception of alcohol consumption .
Biomass
( 1 × 10 tonnes biomass annually produced approximately 25 TW h ) Annual world biomass energy equivalent = 16.7 -- 33.4 TW h . Annual world energy consumption = 17.7 TW h . On average , biomass production is 1.4 times larger than world energy consumption .
Mustang
Today , the only extant true `` wild horse '' is the Przewalski 's horse , native to Mongolia . The genus Equus in North America died out at the end of the last ice age , possibly due to a changing climate or the impact of newly arrived human hunters . Thus at the beginning of the Columbian Exchange , there were no equids in the Americas at all .
Princess Fiona
She gave Fiona a potion which would make her beautiful ; however the potion has no effect . But Fortuna warns her the potion has a side effect - she will change between her human and ogress form until she finds her true love . Later she was whisked away by her dragon guardian and returned to the tower .
Society of the United States
Distinct lifestyles , consumption patterns and values are associated with different classes . Early sociologist - economist Thorstein Veblen , for example , noted that those at the very top of the social ladder engage in conspicuous leisure as well as conspicuous consumption . Upper - middle - class persons commonly identify education and being cultured as prime values . Persons in this particular social class tend to speak in a more direct manner that projects authority , knowledge and thus credibility . They often tend to engage in the consumption of so - called mass luxuries , such as designer label clothing . A strong preference for natural materials and organic foods as well as a strong health consciousness tend to be prominent features of the upper middle class . Middle - class individuals in general value expanding one 's horizon , partially because they are more educated and can afford greater leisure and travels . Working - class individuals take great pride in doing what they consider to be `` real work , '' and keep very close - knit kin networks that serve as a safeguard against frequent economic instability . Hours
List of Black Cat characters
She is designed to be the ultimate soldier , being raised to be an emotionless killing machine , not understanding the concept of free choice . She is saved by Sven from the weapons smuggler , Torneo Rudman , and he treats her like a human for the first time in her life . Seemingly unfeeling and more like the machine she was made to be initially , she turned more and more like a human as the series progress due to the time she spent with Train and Sven . She loves reading , and can remember everything in a book after reading it once , which also served to build her humanity . Sven initially tries to keep her away from the Sweeper life for her own safety , though she proves that she can fight and he begins to treat her as a partner . She also has a deep sense of compassion and will absolutely not kill no matter what , stemming from guilt she feels for the murders she committed before Sven found her .
Missouri Compromise
Missouri statehood , with the Tallmadge amendment approved , would set a trajectory towards a Free State trans - Mississippi and a decline in Southern political authority . The question as to whether the Congress could lawfully restrain the growth of slavery in Missouri took on great importance among the slave states . The moral dimensions of the expansion of human bondage would be raised by Northern Republicans on constitutional grounds .
Women in Vietnam
The main human rights issue in Southeast Asia is Human trafficking . According to one study , Southeast Asia is a large source of human trafficking , with many individuals who fall victim to human trafficking being sent to Australia . Vietnam , as well as other countries such as Cambodia , Laos , and the Philippines , are major source countries for human trafficking . Southeast Asian countries preference for boys over girls is further tipping the balance between the sexes in the region , already skewed by a strong bias for boys . The trend has led to increased trafficking of women . While many of the victims that are a part of human trafficking are forced / kidnapped / enslaved , others were lured in under the assumption that they were getting a better job . According to a policy brief on human trafficking in Southeast Asia , although victims include girls , women , boys , and men , the majority are women . Women tend to be more highly targeted by traffickers due to the fact that they are seeking opportunity in an area of the world where limited economic opportunities are available for them . Unskilled and poorly educated women are commonly led into human trafficking . According to the UNODC report , the numbers for women and men in forced labor may be skewed due to the fact that only a few countries released the numbers for adult men . However what is known is that women are trafficked the most . The main causes of human trafficking in Southeast Asia are universal factors such as poverty and globalization . Industrialization is arguably also another factor of human trafficking . Many scholars argue that industrialization of booming economies , like that of Thailand and Singapore , created a draw for poor migrants seeking upward mobility and individuals wanting to leave war torn countries. These migrants were an untapped resource in growing economies that had already exhausted the cheap labor from within its borders . A high supply of migrant workers seeking employment and high demand from an economy seeking cheap labor creates a perfect combination for human traffickers to thrive . The sex industry emerged in Southeast Asia in the mid 20th century as a way for women to generate more income for struggling migrants and locals trying to support families or themselves . Sex industries first catered to military personnel on leave from bases but as military installations began to recede the industry turned its attention to growing tourism . Even as the industry is looked down upon today there is still a large underground market that is demanding from traffickers .
Major and minor
In the natural minor scale , all scale degrees are the same as the relative major . For example , in the `` A minor natural scale '' , the notes are A-B-C-D-E-F-G . In a harmonic minor scale , the 7th note is raised a semitone , both ascending and descending ( A-B-C-D-E-F-G ♯ ) . In a melodic minor scale , the 6th and 7th notes ascending are raised a semitone ( A-B-C-D-E-F ♯ - G ♯ ) , and descending , the 6th and 7th notes are natural ( A-B-C-D-E-F ♮ - G ♮ ) .
Jury trial
One issue that has been raised is the ability of a jury to fully understand statistical or scientific evidence . It has been said that the expectation of jury members as to the explanatory power of scientific evidence has been raised by television in what is known as the CSI effect . In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction .
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet rays are invisible to most humans . The lens of the human eye blocks most radiation in the wavelength range of 300 -- 400 nm ; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the cornea . Humans lack color receptor adaptations for ultraviolet rays . Nevertheless , the photoreceptors of the retina are sensitive to near - UV , and people lacking a lens ( a condition known as aphakia ) perceive near - UV as whitish - blue or whitish - violet . Under some conditions , children and young adults can see ultraviolet down to wavelengths of about 310 nm . Near - UV radiation is visible to insects , some mammals , and birds . Small birds have a fourth color receptor for ultraviolet rays ; this gives birds `` true '' UV vision .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In the 2012 cartoon , Splinter ( voiced by Hoon Lee ) is once again Hamato Yoshi , the son and heir of Hamato Clan jonin Hamato Yuta , whose clan had a historical rivalry with the Foot Clan until the Foot were defeated when Yoshi was 2 years old , and Oroku Saki ( the Foot Clan 's heir ) was adopted into the Hamato family . Despite being raised as brothers , both Yoshi and Saki eventually became rivals due to the love of Tang Shen , whose decision to marry Yoshi drove Saki into learning of his true heritage and turn against his adoptive brother , killing Shen and adopting Karai , who was Yoshi and Shen 's beloved baby daughter Miwa then , while leaving her birth father for dead . Traveling to New York City , Yoshi had just bought the Turtles from a pet store when he overheard a conversation in a nearby ally between two human - disguised Kraangdroids who attempted to kill him for spying on them . Yoshi fought back , eventually knocking a canister of mutagen out of their hands and getting covered with the mutagen inside when it smashed , and the Turtle 's bowl with it . As the result of stepping on a brown rat while entering the alley , he mutated into a humanoid mutant brown rat while the Turtles mutated into their current mutant state .
Great Lakes
In 2009 , the lakes contained 84 % of the surface freshwater of North America ; if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent 's land area , it would reach a depth of 1.5 meters ( 5 feet ) . The source of water levels in the lakes is tied to what was left by melting glaciers when the lakes took their present form . Annually , only about 1 % is `` new '' water originating from rivers , precipitation , and groundwater springs that drain into the lakes . Historically , evaporation has been balanced by drainage , making the level of the lakes constant . While the lake levels have been preserved , intensive human population growth only began in the region in the 20th century and continues today . At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes ' levels : diversion ( the transfer of water to other watersheds ) and consumption ( substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants , resulting in evaporation ) .
Sagittarius (constellation)
The Babylonians identified Sagittarius as the god Nergal , a strange centaur - like creature firing an arrow from a bow . It is generally depicted with wings , with two heads , one panther head and one human head , as well as a scorpion 's stinger raised above its more conventional horse 's tail . The Sumerian name Pabilsag is composed of two elements -- Pabil , meaning ' elder paternal kinsman ' and Sag , meaning ' chief , head ' . The name may thus be translated as the ' Forefather ' or ' Chief Ancestor ' . The figure is reminiscent of modern depictions of Sagittarius .
Tooth decay
It has been found that milk and certain kinds of cheese like cheddar cheese can help counter tooth decay if eaten soon after the consumption of foods potentially harmful to teeth .
United Nations Environment Programme
UNEP publishes many reports , atlases and newsletters . For instance , the fifth Global Environment Outlook ( GEO - 5 ) assessment is a comprehensive report on environment , development and human well - being , providing analysis and information for policy makers and the concerned public . One of many points in the GEO - 5 warns that we are living far beyond our means . It notes that the human population is now so large that the amount of resources needed to sustain it exceeds what is available .
Spanish language
Spanish is the official or national language in Spain , Equatorial Guinea , and 19 countries in the Americas . Speakers in the Americas total some 418 million . In the European Union , Spanish is the mother tongue of 8 % of the population , with an additional 7 % speaking it as a second language . Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States . In 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over , 38 million speak Spanish at home .
Human rights and development
Non-State actors also carry human rights responsibilities with at least a minimum duty of not interfering with human rights such as the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises provides a complaint system for violations by companies . A specific critique of MDGs is that they place emphasis on the mobilization of financial resources and technical solutions , but less on transforming power relations that are partially responsible for levels of poverty . The World Bank has observed that in many situations the real barriers to progress on the MDGs are social and political . The realization of human rights therefore may be a precondition to fulfilling development goals