vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Android (operating system)
Before installing an application , the Google Play store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function . After reviewing these permissions , the user can choose to accept or refuse them , installing the application only if they accept . In Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '' , the permissions system was changed ; apps are no longer automatically granted all of their specified permissions at installation time . An opt - in system is used instead , in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time . Applications remember the grants , which can be revoked by the user at any time . Pre-installed apps , however , are not always part of this approach . In some cases it may not be possible to deny certain permissions to pre-installed apps , nor be possible to disable them . The Google Play Services app can not be uninstalled , nor disabled . Any force stop attempt , result in the app restarting itself . The new permissions model is used only by applications developed for Marshmallow using its software development kit ( SDK ) , and older apps will continue to use the previous all - or - nothing approach . Permissions can still be revoked for those apps , though this might prevent them from working properly , and a warning is displayed to that effect .
Adolescence
Adolescents can conceptualize multiple `` possible selves '' that they could become and long - term possibilities and consequences of their choices . Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self - presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors , trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self ( who the adolescent wishes to be ) and away from the feared self ( who the adolescent does not want to be ) . For many , these distinctions are uncomfortable , but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves .
Moment-generating function
If X is a continuous random variable , the following relation between its moment generating function M ( t ) and the two - sided Laplace transform of its probability density function f ( x ) holds :
Lagrangian mechanics
If there are more particles , in accordance with the above results , the total kinetic energy is a sum over all the particle kinetic energies , and the potential is a function of all the coordinates . Cartesian
Copyright
Copyright infringement most often occurs to software , film and music . However , infringement upon books and other text works remains common , especially for educational reasons . Statistics regarding the effects of copyright infringement are difficult to determine . Studies have attempted to determine whether there is a monetary loss for industries affected by copyright infringement by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they had not been freely available . Other reports indicate that copyright infringement does not have an adverse effect on the entertainment industry , and can have a positive effect . In particular , a 2014 university study concluded that free music content , accessed on YouTube , does not necessarily hurt sales , instead has the potential to increase sales .
Quantum mechanics
In Niels Bohr 's mature view , quantum mechanical phenomena are required to be experiments , with complete descriptions of all the devices for the system , preparative , intermediary , and finally measuring . The descriptions are in macroscopic terms , expressed in ordinary language , supplemented with the concepts of classical mechanics . The initial condition and the final condition of the system are respectively described by values in a configuration space , for example a position space , or some equivalent space such as a momentum space . Quantum mechanics does not admit a completely precise description , in terms of both position and momentum , of an initial condition or `` state '' ( in the classical sense of the word ) that would support a precisely deterministic and causal prediction of a final condition . In this sense , advocated by Bohr in his mature writings , a quantum phenomenon is a process , a passage from initial to final condition , not an instantaneous `` state '' in the classical sense of that word . Thus there are two kinds of processes in quantum mechanics : stationary and transitional . For a stationary process , the initial and final condition are the same . For a transition , they are different . Obviously by definition , if only the initial condition is given , the process is not determined . Given its initial condition , prediction of its final condition is possible , causally but only probabilistically , because the Schrödinger equation is deterministic for wave function evolution , but the wave function describes the system only probabilistically .
Cali Cartel
In the early 1970s , the cartel sent Helmer `` Pacho '' Herrera to New York City to establish a distribution center . This action came during a time when the United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) was not fully pursuing cocaine and viewed the drug as less critical than heroin ; at one point they released a report stating cocaine `` is not physically addictive ... and does not usually result in serious consequences , such as crime , hospital emergency room admissions or both . ''
Baptism
The discipline of the Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East is similar to that of the Eastern Catholic Churches . They require the baptizer , even in cases of necessity , to be of their own faith , on the grounds that a person can not convey what he himself does not possess , in this case membership in the Church . The Latin Catholic Church does not insist on this condition , considering that the effect of the sacrament , such as membership of the Church , is not produced by the person who baptizes , but by the Holy Spirit . For the Orthodox , while Baptism in extremis may be administered by a deacon or any lay - person , if the newly baptized person survives , a priest must still perform the other prayers of the Rite of Baptism , and administer the Mystery of Chrismation .
Natural logarithm
Alternatively , if the exponential function has been defined first , say by using an infinite series , the natural logarithm may be defined as its inverse function , i.e. , ln is that function such that exp ( ln ( x ) ) = x . Since the range of the exponential function on real arguments is all positive real numbers and since the exponential function is strictly increasing , this is well - defined for all positive x .
Dismissal (cricket)
A player who retires hurt and does not return to bat by the end of the innings is not considered out for statistical purposes , though , as substitutes are not permitted to bat , the impact on play is effectively the same as if they had retired out .
Scientific method
Once predictions are made , they can be sought by experiments . If the test results contradict the predictions , the hypotheses which entailed them are called into question and become less tenable . Sometimes the experiments are conducted incorrectly or are not very well designed , when compared to a crucial experiment . If the experimental results confirm the predictions , then the hypotheses are considered more likely to be correct , but might still be wrong and continue to be subject to further testing . The experimental control is a technique for dealing with observational error . This technique uses the contrast between multiple samples ( or observations ) under differing conditions to see what varies or what remains the same . We vary the conditions for each measurement , to help isolate what has changed . Mill 's canons can then help us figure out what the important factor is . Factor analysis is one technique for discovering the important factor in an effect .
Evolutionary developmental biology
The field is characterised by some key concepts , which took biologists by surprise . One is deep homology , the finding that dissimilar organs such as the eyes of insects , vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs , long thought to have evolved separately , are controlled by similar genes such as pax - 6 , from the evo - devo gene toolkit . These genes are ancient , being highly conserved among phyla ; they generate the patterns in time and space which shape the embryo , and ultimately form the body plan of the organism . Another is that species do not differ much in their structural genes , such as those coding for enzymes ; what does differ is the way that gene expression is regulated by the toolkit genes . These genes are reused , unchanged , many times in different parts of the embryo and at different stages of development , forming a complex cascade of control , switching other regulatory genes as well as structural genes on and off in a precise pattern . This multiple pleiotropic reuse explains why these genes are highly conserved , as any change would have many adverse consequences which natural selection would oppose .
Behavioral theories of depression
Functional analysis is defined as `` the identification of important , controllable , causal functional relationships applicable to a specified set of target behaviors for an individual '' and is used for individual evaluation in behavioral activation therapy . In functional analysis , the purpose of the behavior is emphasized in relation to the individual and their environment , i.e. if the behavior is avoidant , rather than the actual topography of the action . Functional analysis is based on the evaluation of an event via the three - term contingency : antecedents , behavior , and consequences . An antecedent is an event that increases the likelihood of a given behavior , the behavior is the individual 's response to the antecedent , and the consequence is the reinforcement or lack thereof . Therapists help individuals identify events that typically trigger specific behaviors and the consequences of these behaviors . Then the individual is encouraged to interrupt the three - term contingency pattern for negative consequences by either avoiding the antecedent or changing the behavior . Likewise , individuals are encouraged to seek out antecedents that result in positive reinforcement and to increase the behaviors for which they are positively reinforced .
United States budget process
900 Net Interest Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities . This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust . 920 Allowances This function displays the budgetary effect of proposals that can not easily be distributed across other budget functions . In the past , this function has included funding for emergencies or proposals contingent on certain events . 950 Undistributed Offsetting Receipts This function comprises major offsetting receipt items that would distort the funding levels of other functional categories if they were distributed to them .
Basketball court
The three - point line is the line that separates the two - point area from the three - point area ; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points . If the shooting player steps on the line , it is counted as two points . Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three - point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in , and one if it does .
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
In 2005 , a flag - to - flag rule for MotoGP was introduced . Previously , if a race started dry and rain fell , officials could red - flag ( stop ) the race and either restart or resume on ' wet ' tyres . Now , when rain falls , a white flag is shown , indicating that riders can pit to swap the motorcycle on which they started the race for an identical one , as long as the tyres are different ( that is , intermediates or slicks instead of wets ) ( 1 ) . Besides different tyres , the wet - weather bikes have steel brake rotors and different brake pads instead of the carbon discs and pads used on the ' dry ' bikes . This is because the carbon brakes need to be very hot to function properly , and the water cools them too much . The suspension is also ' softened ' up somewhat for the wet weather .
Casualties of the Iraq War
A murder of an Iraqi is not necessarily counted as an attack . If we can not determine the source of a sectarian attack , that assault does not make it into the database . A roadside bomb or a rocket or mortar attack that does n't hurt U.S. personnel does n't count .
APA Ethics Code
The beneficence and non maleficence principle of the APA general principles guides psychologists to perform work that is beneficial to others yet does not hurt anyone in the process of carrying out that work . Psychologists are to remain aware of their professional influence and the potential consequences therein on individuals and groups who seek counsel with the psychologist , especially with respect to preventing misuse or abuse , while additionally maintaining awareness of how the psychologist 's own physical and mental health may influence their work . Among professional interactions and research , psychologists ought to respect and protect the rights and welfare of patients and participants . Principle
Lagrangian mechanics
If the potential energy is a homogeneous function of the coordinates and independent of time , and all position vectors are scaled by the same nonzero constant α , r ′ = αr , so that
Impeachment
Members of the Liechtenstein Government can be impeached before the State Court for breaches of the Constitution or of other laws . As a hereditary monarchy the Sovereign Prince can not be impeached as he `` is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts and does not have legal responsibility '' . The same is true of any member of the Princely House who exercises the function of head of state should the Prince be temporarily prevented or in preparation for the Succession .
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
Catholicism does not teach that Christ is sacrificed again and again , but that `` The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice . '' . Instead , the Catholic Church holds the Jewish concept of memorial in which `` ... the memorial is not merely a recollection of past events ... these events become in a certain way present and real . '' and thus `` ... the sacrifice Christ offered once and for all on the cross remains ever present . '' Properly speaking , in Catholic theology , expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas , `` Only Christ is the true priest , the others being only his ministers . '' Thus , Catholic clergy share in the one , unique , Priesthood of Christ .
Consciousness
In a lively exchange over what has come to be referred to as `` the Chinese room argument '' , John Searle sought to refute the claim of proponents of what he calls `` strong artificial intelligence ( AI ) '' that a computer program can be conscious , though he does agree with advocates of `` weak AI '' that computer programs can be formatted to `` simulate '' conscious states . His own view is that consciousness has subjective , first - person causal powers by being essentially intentional due simply to the way human brains function biologically ; conscious persons can perform computations , but consciousness is not inherently computational the way computer programs are . To make a Turing machine that speaks Chinese , Searle imagines a room with one monolingual English speaker ( Searle himself , in fact ) , a book that designates a combination of Chinese symbols to be output paired with Chinese symbol input , and boxes filled with Chinese symbols . In this case , the English speaker is acting as a computer and the rulebook as a program . Searle argues that with such a machine , he would be able to process the inputs to outputs perfectly without having any understanding of Chinese , nor having any idea what the questions and answers could possibly mean . If the experiment were done in English , since Searle knows English , he would be able to take questions and give answers without any algorithms for English questions , and he would be effectively aware of what was being said and the purposes it might serve . Searle would pass the Turing test of answering the questions in both languages , but he is only conscious of what he is doing when he speaks English . Another way of putting the argument is to say that computer programs can pass the Turing test for processing the syntax of a language , but that the syntax can not lead to semantic meaning in the way strong AI advocates hoped .
Bias of an estimator
-- when the expectation is taken over the probability distribution of σ given S , as it is in the Bayesian case , rather than S given σ , one can no longer take σ as a constant and factor it out . The consequence of this is that , compared to the sampling - theory calculation , the Bayesian calculation puts more weight on larger values of σ , properly taking into account ( as the sampling - theory calculation can not ) that under this squared - loss function the consequence of underestimating large values of σ is more costly in squared - loss terms than that of overestimating small values of σ .
Limited government
The Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the Constitution are examples of how the government acknowledges it does n't have complete dominion over every facet of the people 's lives , and that the federal government is not the only entity with governmental power in the United States . The Ninth Amendment reads `` The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others held by the people . '' This shows the federal government does n't have the ability to infringe upon the rights of the people in any circumstance , even if the rights are n't explicitly protected by the Constitution .
Last meal
This represents the items reported requested but does not , in all cases , represent what the prisoner actually received .
United States v. Alvarez
Alvarez 's attorney praised the decision , saying `` The First Amendment protects a lot of what we as Americans get to say ... The government does n't get to decide what we can and can not say . ''
Parameter (computer programming)
In the special case of a function with a single output or input / output parameter and no return value , function composition is possible if the output or input / output parameter ( or in C / C++ , its address ) is also returned by the function , in which case the above becomes : Object
International Date Line
The need for a temporal discontinuity on the globe can be described mathematically as following from the Borsuk - Ulam Theorem in dimension 1 : It is a topological fact that there does not exist any continuous , one - to - one function mapping from a circle onto an interval .
Operating system
The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction . Every model of hardware ( even within the same class of device ) is different . Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently . Computers and their operating systems can not be expected to know how to control every device , both now and in the future . To solve this problem , operating systems essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled . The function of the device driver is then to translate these operating system mandated function calls into device specific calls . In theory a new device , which is controlled in a new manner , should function correctly if a suitable driver is available . This new driver ensures that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating system 's point of view .
Quantum mechanics
Generally , quantum mechanics does not assign definite values . Instead , it makes a prediction using a probability distribution ; that is , it describes the probability of obtaining the possible outcomes from measuring an observable . Often these results are skewed by many causes , such as dense probability clouds . Probability clouds are approximate ( but better than the Bohr model ) whereby electron location is given by a probability function , the wave function eigenvalue , such that the probability is the squared modulus of the complex amplitude , or quantum state nuclear attraction . Naturally , these probabilities will depend on the quantum state at the `` instant '' of the measurement . Hence , uncertainty is involved in the value . There are , however , certain states that are associated with a definite value of a particular observable . These are known as eigenstates of the observable ( `` eigen '' can be translated from German as meaning `` inherent '' or `` characteristic '' ) .
Root mean square
However , if the current is a time - varying function , I ( t ) , this formula must be extended to reflect the fact that the current ( and thus the instantaneous power ) is varying over time . If the function is periodic ( such as household AC power ) , it is still meaningful to discuss the average power dissipated over time , which is calculated by taking the average power dissipation :
Correlation does not imply causation
As with any logical fallacy , identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not imply that the resulting conclusion is false . In the instance above , if the trials had found that hormone replacement therapy does in fact have a negative incidence on the likelihood of coronary heart disease the assumption of causality would have been correct , although the logic behind the assumption would still have been flawed . Indeed , a few go further , using correlation as a basis for testing a hypothesis to try to establish a true causal relationship ; examples are the Granger causality test and convergent cross mapping .
Time Stands Still (Degrassi: The Next Generation)
Rick , encouraged by Emma and Toby , tries to talk to Mr. Raditch , the principal , about the fact that Jimmy is harassing him . Mr. Raditch does not take Rick seriously and seems to think that Rick is only upset that Jimmy is less - than - friendly toward him , even though this is not the first time Rick 's approached him about it . Mr. Raditch tells Rick he needs to put effort into making friends with Jimmy and asks him to come back if anything serious happens . Throughout this talk , Mr. Raditch does not give Rick much room to tell him what 's really happening but Rick is not being forward about it either .
Pillow
Tent - flap pillows are placed at the front of a stack of pillows decorating a bed . `` Tent flap '' is the term used to describe a separate flap of fabric that is attached at the top of the pillow and folds down over the face . The tent flap can be loose or tacked down ; if the flap is loose a decorative tassel or bead is usually used to weigh the flap down so it hangs properly .
Moment-generating function
Here are some examples of the moment generating function and the characteristic function for comparison . It can be seen that the characteristic function is a Wick rotation of the moment generating function M ( t ) when the latter exists .