vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Seedless fruit
Seedless fruits can develop in one of two ways : either the fruit develops without fertilization ( parthenocarpy ) , or pollination triggers fruit development , but the ovules or embryos abort without producing mature seeds ( stenospermocarpy ) . Seedless banana and watermelon fruits are produced on triploid plants , whose three sets of chromosomes make it very unlikely for meiosis to produce fertile gametes . This is because one of the three copies of each chromosome ca n't pair with another appropriate chromosome before separating into daughter cells , so these extra third copies end up randomly distributed between the two daughter cells from meiosis 1 , resulting in the ( usually ) swiftly lethal aneuploidy condition . Such plants can arise by spontaneous mutation or by hybridization between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same or different species . Some species , such as tomato , pineapple , and cucumber , produce seedless fruit if not pollinated , but will produce seeded fruit if pollination occurs .
Differential (mechanical device)
A vehicle with two drive wheels has the problem that when it turns a corner the drive wheels must rotate at different speeds to maintain traction . The automotive differential is designed to drive a pair of wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds . In vehicles without a differential , such as karts , both driving wheels are forced to rotate at the same speed , usually on a common axle driven by a simple chain - drive mechanism .
Christina Aguilera
Aguilera has commented that she feels a sense of responsibility to reference portions of her personal life so that `` people that can relate might not feel as alone in the circumstance . '' Many of her works consequently discuss love ; she has also co-written two tracks which dealt with the domestic abuse throughout her childhood . Aguilera has frequently mentioned feminism in her music ; she has expressed her belief that sexuality is `` very empowering '' , and has commented that `` If I want to be sexual , it 's for my own appreciation and enjoyment ! That 's why I like to talk about the fact that sometimes I am attracted to women . I appreciate their femininity and beauty . '' She has alluded to her physical attractions to women in other interviews as well . Her `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' from Stripped denounces gender - related double standards , in which men are applauded for their sexual behaviors , while women who behave in a similar fashion are disdained . The main theme of Bionic was also about woman empowerment ; Hermione Hoby from The Guardian opined that `` she incites more of a sisterly spirit of collaboration , including riot grrrl feminists Le Tigre . Aguilera 's not shy of the odd feministic declaration herself . '' In regards to production , Aguilera has often verbalized her preference of working with more `` obscure '' collaborators , and noted that she is not necessarily inclined to contact `` the No. 1 chart - toppers in music '' because of their popular demand . The New York Times ' Kelefa Sanneh described her decision to work with DJ Premier on Back to Basics as `` a decision to snub some of the big - name producers on whom pop stars often rely . ''
I Am Woman
Reddy had been quoted as saying , `` To this day I get mail from women who say , I went to law school because of your song . But I would hate to think out of the wide spectrum of things I have done in my career , that 's all I would be remembered for . '' But in her autobiography , The Woman I Am : A Memoir , she recalls a 2000 encounter with a friend 's high - school - aged nephew who said that `` in his assigned Modern American History textbook , in a section on the rise of feminism in the 70s , I was mentioned along with the printed lyrics to ' I Am Woman ' . '' It became her excuse for what , in 2002 , she called her retirement : `` I thought , ' Well , I 'm part of history now . And how do I top that ? I ca n't top that . ' So , it was an easy ( decision to stop singing ) . '' But in a 2014 interview celebrating her return to the stage , Ernie Manouse asked about the song , `` Ever regret it because it 's so iconic ? Does it overshadow everything else ? Because people forget how many hit songs you had , and yet this song becomes so big . Is it ever too much to have on your back ? '' Reddy begins , `` No , no , '' and after a pause says , `` I 'm proud of it . ''
I Am that I Am
Rev 1 : 8 I am the Alpha and Omega , the beginning and the ending , saith the Lord , the BEING ( ho ōn ) , and THE WAS ( ho ēn ) , and THE IS TO COME ( ho erchomenos ) , the Almighty ( ho pantokrator ) . Rev 4 : 8 holy , Lord God Almighty , the WAS ( ho ēn ) , and the BEING ( ho ōn ) , and the IS TO COME ( ho erchomenos ) .
Cremation
Each cremation uses about 110 L ( 28 US gal ) of fuel and releases about 240 kg ( 540 lb ) of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere . Thus , the roughly 1 million bodies that are cremated annually in the United States produce about 240,000 t ( 270,000 short tons ) of carbon dioxide . That 's more CO pollution than 22,000 average American homes generate in a year . The environmental impact may be reduced by using cremators for longer periods , and not cremating on the same day as the coffin is received , which reduces the use of fossil fuel and hence carbon emissions . Cremation is therefore becoming more friendly toward the environment though natural burials are also possible . Some funeral and crematorium owners offer a carbon neutral funeral service incorporating efficient - burning coffins made from lightweight recycled composite board .
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
Haddon states on his website that , although he had read `` a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about , or by , people with Asperger 's and autism '' in preparation for writing the book , he knows `` very little '' about Asperger 's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people . According to Haddon , none of these people can be labelled as having a disability . Haddon added that he `` slightly regret ( s ) '' that the term Asperger 's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel . In 2010 , in an interview with The Independent , he was described as `` now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger 's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel , because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures . ''
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
When the radio frequency pulse is turned off , the transverse vector component produces an oscillating magnetic field which induces a small current in the receiver coil . This signal is called the free induction decay ( FID ) . In an idealized nuclear magnetic resonance experiment , the FID decays approximately exponentially with a time constant T. However in practical MRI there are small differences in the static magnetic field at different spatial locations ( `` inhomogeneities '' ) that cause the Larmor frequency to vary across the body . This creates destructive interference , which shortens the FID . The time constant for the observed decay of the FID is called the T relaxation time , and is always shorter than T . At the same time , the longitudinal magnetization starts to recover exponentially with a time constant T which is much larger than T ( see below ) .
I Am Woman
The song 's opening line , `` I am woman , hear me roar '' has become widely referenced in media . In a 1975 episode of The Carol Burnett Show , guest Jean Stapleton played a feminist who proudly announces , `` I am woman ! '' to which Harvey Korman 's character replies , `` I know . I heard your roar . '' During the 2000 Republican presidential campaign of Elizabeth Dole one GOP consultant complained that , `` she has to have a message beyond ' I am woman , hear me roar . ' ''
Curious George
VEE Corporation , the company behind Sesame Street Live , is mounting Curious George Live . It is a brand new national tour featuring song and dance and Curious George himself . It is based on the PBS animated series .
Thermal expansion
where α V ( T ) ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( V ) ( T ) ) is the volumetric expansion coefficient as a function of temperature T , and T i ( \ displaystyle T_ ( i ) ) , T f ( \ displaystyle T_ ( f ) ) are the initial and final temperatures respectively . Isotropic
Cluster sampling
Without modifying the estimated parameter , cluster sampling is unbiased when the clusters are approximately the same size . In this case , the parameter is computed by combining all the selected clusters . When the clusters are of different sizes , probability proportionate to size sampling is used . In this sampling plan , the probability of selecting a cluster is proportional to its size , so that a large clusters has a greater probability of selection than a small cluster . However , when clusters are selected with probability proportionate to size , the same number of interviews should be carried out in each sampled cluster so that each unit sampled has the same probability of selection .
Pendulum
where I ( \ displaystyle I \ ; ) is the moment of inertia of the pendulum about the pivot point , m ( \ displaystyle m \ ; ) is the mass of the pendulum , and R ( \ displaystyle R \ ; ) is the distance between the pivot point and the center of mass . Substituting this expression in ( 1 ) above , the period T ( \ displaystyle T \ ; ) of a compound pendulum is given by
Federal Reserve System
Each regional Bank 's board consists of nine members . Members are broken down into three classes : A , B , and C. There are three board members in each class . Class A members are chosen by the regional Bank 's shareholders , and are intended to represent member banks ' interests . Member banks are divided into three categories : large , medium , and small . Each category elects one of the three class A board members . Class B board members are also nominated by the region 's member banks , but class B board members are supposed to represent the interests of the public . Lastly , class C board members are appointed by the Board of Governors , and are also intended to represent the interests of the public . Legal
T cell
Antigen - naïve T cells expand and differentiate into memory and effector T cells after they encounter their cognate antigen within the context of an MHC molecule on the surface of a professional antigen presenting cell ( e.g. a dendritic cell ) . Appropriate co-stimulation must be present at the time of antigen encounter for this process to occur . Historically , memory T cells were thought to belong to either the effector or central memory subtypes , each with their own distinguishing set of cell surface markers ( see below ) . Subsequently , numerous new populations of memory T cells were discovered including tissue - resident memory T ( Trm ) cells , stem memory TSCM cells , and virtual memory T cells . The single unifying theme for all memory T cell subtypes is that they are long - lived and can quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen . By this mechanism they provide the immune system with `` memory '' against previously encountered pathogens . Memory T cells may be either CD4 or CD8 and usually express CD45RO .
Atom
The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force . The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force , the nuclear force , which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another . Under certain circumstances , the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force , and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus , leaving behind a different element : nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation .
Planck's law
Kirchhoff 's proof considered an arbitrary non-ideal body labeled i as well as various perfect black bodies labeled BB . It required that the bodies be kept in a cavity in thermal equilibrium at temperature T . His proof intended to show that the ratio E ( λ , T , i ) / a ( λ , T , i ) was independent of the nature i of the non-ideal body , however partly transparent or partly reflective it was .
How Far I'll Go
`` How Far I 'll Go '' was composed as Moana 's `` I Want '' song , following in the long tradition of `` I Want '' songs in 1990s Disney animated musicals . It replaced an earlier attempt called `` More '' , for which the demo version recorded by Marcy Harriell was released as an outtake on the deluxe version of the soundtrack album . Although Miranda has stressed that he is still `` very proud of '' the song as a first draft , `` More '' was not good enough in retrospect because it merely expressed Moana 's vague desire to see more since she had already figured out everything about the island . In contrast , `` How Far I 'll Go '' expresses a deeper , richer message : Moana 's struggle with the irresistible impulse to explore beyond the reef notwithstanding her genuine love for her island , her family , and her people . As Miranda explained to People : `` To me that 's much more complicated than , ' I hate it here and I want to get out , ' ... To say , ' I love it here , I love my parents , but why ca n't I stop walking to the ocean and fantasizing about getting out of here ? ' And questioning that instinct ? It 's even more confusing . And that 's a valid story too . ''
Bird ringing
When a bird is caught , a ring of suitable size ( usually made of aluminium or other lightweight material ) is attached to the bird 's leg , and has on it a unique number , as well as a contact address . The bird is often weighed and measured , examined for data relevant to the ringer 's project , and then released . The rings are very light , and are designed to have no adverse effect on the birds -- indeed , the whole basis of using ringing to gain data about the birds is that ringed birds should behave in all respects in the same way as the unringed population . The birds so tagged can then be identified when they are re-trapped , or found dead , later .
Curious George
Curious George ( 1941 ) Curious George Takes a Job ( 1947 ) Curious George Rides a Bike ( 1952 ) Curious George Gets a Medal ( 1957 ) Curious George Flies a Kite ( 1958 ) Curious George Learns the Alphabet ( 1963 ) Curious George Goes to the Hospital ( 1966 )
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
In a survey of children 's books which `` teach about emotional life , '' Laura Jana wrote , `` On the one hand , this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order , deals with a family crisis , and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it . But it also provides profound insight into a disorder -- autism -- that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions . In so doing , The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel , express , and interpret emotions . This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger 's syndrome and autism - spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy . ''
Letter of credit
A letter of credit is an important payment method in international trade . It is particularly useful where the buyer and seller may not know each other personally and are separated by distance , differing laws in each country , and different trading customs . It is a primary method in international trade to mitigate the risk a seller of goods takes when providing those goods to a buyer . It does this by ensuring that the seller is paid for presenting the documents which are specified in the contract for sale between the buyer and the seller . That is to say , a letter of credit is a payment method used to discharge the legal obligations for payment from the buyer to the seller , by having a bank pay the seller directly . Thus , the seller relies on the credit risk of the bank , rather than the buyer , to receive payment . As will be seen , and is observed in Image 2 , the bank will pay the seller the value of the goods when the seller provides negotiable instruments , documents which themselves represent the goods . Upon presentation of the documents , at the goods will traditionally be in the control of the issuing bank , which provides them security against the risk that the buyer ( who had instructed the bank to pay the seller ) will repay the bank for making such a payment .
Pulitzer Prize
Each year , 102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories ; one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards . Most juries consist of five members , except for those for Public Service , Investigative Reporting , Explanatory Reporting , Feature writing and Commentary categories , which have seven members ; all book juries have three members . For each award category , a jury makes three nominations . The board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75 % majority vote . The board can also vote to issue no award . The board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work ; however , the jurors in letters , music , and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year , and each chair receives $2,500 .
Sawing a woman in half
The `` double sawing illusion '' is a way of adding an extra effect to box - type sawings . It is generally associated with the `` thin - model '' sawing apparatus . The magician saws two people in half using two sets of apparatus . The people are usually chosen or dressed so as to be clearly distinguishable . For example , they might be in different colored costumes , of different skin colors , or of different genders . After the box halves are separated they are jumbled up and then re-assembled so that the bottom half of one box is matched to the top of the other and vice versa . When the victims emerge , each appears to have been given the other 's lower half .
T cell
The second signal comes from co-stimulation , in which surface receptors on the APC are induced by a relatively small number of stimuli , usually products of pathogens , but sometimes breakdown products of cells , such as necrotic - bodies or heat shock proteins . The only co-stimulatory receptor expressed constitutively by naïve T cells is CD28 , so co-stimulation for these cells comes from the CD80 and CD86 proteins , which together constitute the B7 protein , ( B7. 1 and B7. 2 , respectively ) on the APC . Other receptors are expressed upon activation of the T cell , such as OX40 and ICOS , but these largely depend upon CD28 for their expression . The second signal licenses the T cell to respond to an antigen . Without it , the T cell becomes anergic , and it becomes more difficult for it to activate in future . This mechanism prevents inappropriate responses to self , as self - peptides will not usually be presented with suitable co-stimulation . Once a T cell has been appropriately activated ( i.e. has received signal one and signal two ) it alters its cell surface expression of a variety of proteins . Markers of T cell activation include CD69 , CD71 and CD25 ( also a marker for Treg cells ) , and HLA - DR ( a marker of human T cell activation ) . CTLA - 4 expression is also up - regulated on activated T cells , which in turn outcompetes CD28 for binding to the B7 proteins . This is a checkpoint mechanism to prevent over activation of the T cell . Activated T cells also change their cell surface glycosylation profile .
Student's t-test
A typical example of the repeated measures t - test would be where subjects are tested prior to a treatment , say for high blood pressure , and the same subjects are tested again after treatment with a blood - pressure lowering medication . By comparing the same patient 's numbers before and after treatment , we are effectively using each patient as their own control . That way the correct rejection of the null hypothesis ( here : of no difference made by the treatment ) can become much more likely , with statistical power increasing simply because the random between - patient variation has now been eliminated . Note however that an increase of statistical power comes at a price : more tests are required , each subject having to be tested twice . Because half of the sample now depends on the other half , the paired version of Student 's t - test has only n / 2 − 1 degrees of freedom ( with n being the total number of observations ) . Pairs become individual test units , and the sample has to be doubled to achieve the same number of degrees of freedom . Normally , there are n − 1 degrees of freedom ( with n being the total number of observations ) .
Antigen-presenting cell
Professional APCs specialize in presenting antigen to T cells . They are very efficient at internalizing antigens , either by phagocytosis ( macrophages and dendritic cells ) or by receptor - mediated endocytosis ( B cells ) , processing the antigen into peptide fragments and then displaying those peptides , bound to a class II MHC molecule , on their membrane . The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen - class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen - presenting cell . An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen - presenting cell , leading to activation of the T cell . The expression of co-stimulatory molecules and MHC class II are defining features of professional APCs . All professional APCs also express MHC class I molecules as well .
I Am that I Am
207 God , who reveals his name as `` I AM '' , reveals himself as the God who is always there , present to his people in order to save them .
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a 2008 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by David Fincher . The storyline by Eric Roth and Robin Swicord is loosely based on the 1922 short story of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald . The film stars Brad Pitt as a man who ages in reverse , Cate Blanchett as the love interest throughout his life , and Taraji P. Henson as the woman who raised him .
Magick (Thelema)
There are literally hundreds of different divinatory techniques in the world . However , Western occult practice mostly includes the use of astrology ( calculating the influence of heavenly bodies ) , bibliomancy ( reading random passages from a book , such as Liber Legis or the I Ching ) , tarot ( a deck of 78 cards , each with symbolic meaning , usually laid out in a meaningful pattern ) , and geomancy ( a method of making random marks on paper or in earth that results in a combination of sixteen patterns ) .
Causes of the Great Depression
I agree with Milton Friedman that once the Crash had occurred , the Federal Reserve System pursued a silly deflationary policy . I am not only against inflation but I am also against deflation . So , once again , a badly programmed monetary policy prolonged the depression .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms . The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution ; however , each country is sovereign and independent of the others , and the monarch has a different , specific , and official national title and style for each realm .