vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Apollo
The Greeks gave to him the name ἀγυιεύς agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil , and his symbol was a tapered stone or column . However , while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon , all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month , and the emphasis given to that day ( sibutu ) indicates a Babylonian origin .
Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
According to Livy , Brutus ' first act after the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was to bring the people to swear an oath ( the Oath of Brutus ) never to allow any man again to be king in Rome .
Article Three of the United States Constitution
In Cramer v. United States , 325 U.S. 1 ( 1945 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that `` ( e ) very act , movement , deed , and word of the defendant charged to constitute treason must be supported by the testimony of two witnesses . '' In Haupt v. United States , 330 U.S. 631 ( 1947 ) , however , the Supreme Court found that two witnesses are not required to prove intent , nor are two witnesses required to prove that an overt act is treasonable . The two witnesses , according to the decision , are required to prove only that the overt act occurred ( eyewitnesses and federal agents investigating the crime , for example ) .
Pi
Because its most elementary definition relates to the circle , π is found in many formulae in trigonometry and geometry , especially those concerning circles , ellipses , and spheres . In more modern mathematical analysis , the number is instead defined using the spectral properties of the real number system , as an eigenvalue or a period , without any reference to geometry . It appears therefore in areas of mathematics and the sciences having little to do with the geometry of circles , such as number theory and statistics , as well as in almost all areas of physics . The ubiquity of π makes it one of the most widely known mathematical constants both inside and outside the scientific community ; several books devoted to it have been published , the number is celebrated on Pi Day , and record - setting calculations of the digits of π often result in news headlines . Attempts to memorize the value of π with increasing precision have led to records of over 70,000 digits .
Migration in China
According to the International Labour Organization , internal migration in China is defined by two essential features . The first of these is that migrants generally move from farmlands and agricultural areas into more urban areas and developed cities . The second defining feature of Chinese internal migration is that `` labour flows are basically directed from the interior to coastal areas , and / or from central and western regions to eastern areas . '' These are not independent characteristics ; `` These two features overlap , and are closely interrelated with the macro socio - economic structure . Migrants
History of the Catholic Church
Changes to old rites and ceremonies following Vatican II produced a variety of responses . Some stopped going to church , while others tried to preserve the old liturgy with the help of sympathetic priests . These formed the basis of today 's Traditionalist Catholic groups , which believe that the reforms of Vatican II have gone too far . Liberal Catholics form another dissenting group who feel that the Vatican II reforms did not go far enough . The liberal views of theologians such as Hans Küng and Charles Curran , led to Church withdrawal of their authorization to teach as Catholics . According to Professor Thomas Bokenkotter , most Catholics `` accepted the changes more or less gracefully . '' In 2007 , Benedict XVI eased permission for the optional old Mass to be celebrated upon request by the faithful .
Languages with official status in India
The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings , and the language in which laws are to be made . Parliamentary business , according to the Constitution , may be conducted in either Hindi or English . The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use , which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act , 1963 . In addition , the constitution permits a person who is unable to express themselves in either Hindi or English to , with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House , address the House in their mother tongue .
California Gold Rush
Historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873 and estimated that during this period at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians , mostly occurring in more than 370 massacres ( defined as the `` intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants , including women , children , and prisoners , whether in the context of a battle or otherwise '' ) . According to demographer Russell Thornton , between 1849 and 1890 , the Indigenous population of California fell below 20,000 -- primarily because of the killings . According to the government of California , some 4,500 Native Americans suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870 . Furthermore , California stood in opposition of ratifying the eighteen treaties signed between tribal leaders and federal agents in 1851 .
Cross of Gold speech
In January 1791 , at the request of Congress , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton issued a report on the currency . At the time , there was no mint in the United States ; foreign coins were used . Hamilton proposed a monetary system based on bimetallism , in which the new currency would be equal to a given amount of gold , or a larger amount of silver ; at the time a given weight of gold was worth about 15 times as much as the same amount of silver . Although Hamilton understood that adjustment might be needed from time to time as precious metal prices fluctuated , he believed that if the nation 's unit of value were defined only by one of the two precious metals used for coins , the other would descend to the status of mere merchandise , unusable as a store of value . He also proposed the establishment of a mint , at which citizens could present gold or silver , and receive it back , struck into money . On April 2 , 1792 , Congress passed the Mint Act of 1792 . This legislation defined a unit of value for the new nation , to be known as a dollar . The new unit of currency was defined to be equal to 24.75 grains ( 1.604 g ) of gold , or alternatively , 371.25 grains ( 24.057 g ) of silver , establishing a ratio of value between gold and silver of 15 : 1 . The legislation also established the Mint of the United States .
United States
The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US
Led Zeppelin
The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide according to some sources , while others state that they have sold in excess of 300 million records , including 111.5 million certified units in the United States . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Led Zeppelin are the second - highest - selling band , the fourth highest selling music act in the US , and one of only three acts to earn five or more Diamond albums . They achieved eight consecutive number - ones on the UK Albums Chart , a record for most consecutive UK number - one albums shared with ABBA . Led Zeppelin remain one of the most bootlegged artists in the history of rock music .
Incandescent light bulb
Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways . The radiant luminous efficacy ( LER ) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted ( the luminous flux ) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths . The source luminous efficacy ( LES ) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted ( the luminous flux ) to the total power input to the source , such as a lamp . Visible light is measured in lumens , a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light . Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye ; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy ( LER ) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye . The units of luminous efficacy are `` lumens per watt '' ( lpw ) . The maximum LER possible is 683 lm / W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength , the peak sensitivity of the human eye .
Democracy
Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district ( or constituency ) , or represent the entire electorate through proportional systems , with some using a combination of the two . Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy , such as referendums . A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people 's interest , they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so . Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy , pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy Parliamentary
Korean War
The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must `` evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy '' .
Piñata
The European piñata tradition was brought to Mexico in the 16th century ; however , there was a similar tradition in Mesoamerica already . The Mayan tradition was similar to the modern piñata tradition , including blindfolding the participant hitting the piñata . The Aztec tradition commemorated the birthday of Huitzilopochtli . Priests would decorate a clay pot with colorful feathers . When the pot was broken with a stick or club , the treasures inside would fall to the feet of the idol as an offering . According to local records , the piñata was first used for the purposes of evangelism in 1586 , in Acolman , in the modern State of Mexico , just north of Mexico City . The Augustinian monks there modified European piñatas and created the Las Posadas tradition to co-opt the celebration of the birth of Huitzilopochtli , which was celebrated in mid December .
Privacy Act of 1974
The Privacy Act does apply to the records of every `` individual , '' but the Privacy Act only applies to records held by an `` agency '' . Therefore the records held by courts , executive components , or non-agency government entities are not subject to the provisions in the Privacy Act and there is no right to these records .
Siberia
The term `` Siberia '' has a long history . Its meaning has gradually changed during ages . Historically , Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia to the east of Ural Mountains , including the Russian Far East . According to this definition , Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast , and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Russian Central Asia and the national borders of both Mongolia and China .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
According to the goals stated in the Philippines Defense Reform Handbook : , `` The PDR serves as the overall framework to re-engineer our systems and re-tool our personnel . '' The Philippine Defense Reform follows a three - step implementation plan : 1 . Creating the environment for reform ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ; 2 . Enabling the defense establishment ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ; 3 . Implementing and institutionalizing reform ( 2007 -- 2010 ) .
Republic (Plato)
Socrates , having to his satisfaction defined the just constitution of both city and psyche , moves to elaborate upon the four unjust constitutions of these . Adeimantus and Polemarchus interrupt , asking Socrates instead first to explain how the sharing of wives and children in the guardian class is to be defined and legislated , a theme first touched on in Book III . Socrates is overwhelmed at their request , categorizing it as three `` waves '' of attack against which his reasoning must stand firm . These three waves challenge Socrates ' claims that
Eastern Orthodox Church
Differences in praxis ( `` practice '' ) tend to be slight , involving things such as the order in which a particular set of hymns are sung or what time a particular service is celebrated . But observances of the saints ' days of local saints are more often celebrated in special services within a locality , as are certain national holidays , like Greek Independence Day . In North America , observances of Thanksgiving Day are increasing .
Political compass
The underlying theory of the political compass is that political ideology may be better measured along two separate and independent axes . The economic ( left -- right ) axis measures one 's opinion of how the economy should be run : `` left '' is defined as the desire for the economy to be run by a cooperative collective agency ( which can mean the state , but can also mean a network of communes ) while `` right '' is defined as the desire for the economy to be left to the devices of competing individuals and organizations . The other axis ( authoritarian -- libertarian ) measures one 's political opinions in a social sense , regarding the amount of personal freedom that one would allow : `` libertarianism '' is defined as the belief that personal freedom should be maximised while `` authoritarianism '' is defined as the belief that authority should be obeyed .
Parliamentary sovereignty
Some jurists have suggested that the Acts of Union 1707 place limits on parliamentary sovereignty and its application to Scotland . Although no Scottish court has yet openly questioned the validity of an Act of Parliament , certain judges have raised the possibility . Thus , in MacCormick v. Lord Advocate , the Lord President ( Lord Cooper ) stated that `` the principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish Constitutional Law '' , and that legislation contrary to the Act of Union would not necessarily be regarded as constitutionally valid . Also , in Gibson v Lord Advocate , Lord Keith was circumspect about how Scottish courts would deal with an Act , which would substantially alter or negate the essential provisions of the 1707 Act , such as the abolition of the Court of Session or the Church of Scotland or the substitution of English law for Scots law .
Islamic architecture
More often than founding new cities , the new Islamic rulers took over existing towns , and transformed them according to the needs of the new Islamic society . This process of transformation proved to be decisive for the development of the traditional Islamic city , or Medina . The principle of arranging buildings is known as `` horizontal spread '' . Residencies and public buildings as well as private housing tend to be laid out separately , and are not directly related to each other architectonically . Archaeological excavations at the city of Jerash , the Gerasa of Antiquity , have revealed how the Umayyads have transformed the city plan .
Justice of the peace
New Hampshire justices of the peace are commissioned magisterial officers , appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to terms of five years , with the power to administer oaths , acknowledge instruments , perform marriage ceremonies and , effective 1 January 2008 , solemnize civil unions for same - sex couples . They may also order compulsory mental examinations for good cause , act as a magisterial official regarding enforcement complaints on orders for isolation or quarantine issued by the Commissioner of Health and Human Services , administer oaths of office to public officials , take depositions and issue subpoenas . New Hampshire justices of the peace are also authorized , upon a showing of probable cause supported by affidavit , to issue arrest warrants , search warrants , administrative inspection warrants and by court appointment , to fix and receive bail in criminal cases . Texas
Caste system in India
According to Basham , ancient Indian literature refers often to varnas , but hardly if ever to jatis as a system of groups within the varnas . He concludes that `` If caste is defined as a system of group within the class , which are normally endogamous , commensal and craft - exclusive , we have no real evidence of its existence until comparatively late times . ''
Kim Jong-un
On 9 March 2014 , Kim Jong - un was elected to a seat in the Supreme People 's Assembly , the country 's unicameral legislature . He ran unopposed , but voters had the choice of voting yes or no . There was a record turnout of voters and , according to government officials , all voted `` yes '' in his home district of Mount Paekdu . The Supreme People 's Assembly subsequently elected him first chairman of the National Defense Commission . People
First Nations
Under the Employment Equity Act , First Nations are a `` designated group '' , along with women , visible minorities , and people with physical or mental disabilities . First Nations are not defined as a visible minority under the Act or by the criteria of Statistics Canada .
International Date Line
Generally , the Christian calendar and Christian churches recognize the authority of the IDL . Christmas for example , is celebrated on 25 December ( according to either the Gregorian or the Julian calendar , depending upon which of the two is used by the particular church ) as that date falls in countries located on either side of the Date Line . Thus , whether it is Western Christmas or Orthodox Christmas , Christians in Samoa , immediately west of the Date Line , will celebrate the holiday a day before Christians in American Samoa , which is immediately east of the Date Line .
Planck's law
According to Helge Kragh , `` Quantum theory owes its origin to the study of thermal radiation , in particular to the `` blackbody '' radiation that Robert Kirchhoff had first defined in 1859 -- 1860 . ''
Impeachment
The President of the Czech Republic could be impeached only for an act of high treason ( which is not defined in the Constitution of the Czech Republic itself ) . The process has to start in the Senate of the Czech Republic which only has the right to impeach the president , this passes the case to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic which has to decide whether the President is guilty or not . If the Court decides that the President is guilty then the President loses his office and the ability to be elected President of the Czech Republic ever again . No Czech president has ever been impeached , though , members of the Senate sought to impeach President Vaclav Klaus in 2013 . This case was dismissed by the court reasoning that his mandate has expired .
Zimbabwe
Since 1 January 2002 , the government of Zimbabwe has had its lines of credit at international financial institutions frozen , through US legislation called the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( ZDERA ) . Section 4C instructs the Secretary of the Treasury to direct directors at international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government . According to the United States , these sanctions target only seven specific businesses owned or controlled by government officials and not ordinary citizens . The
Lebanon
Lebanon celebrates national and both Christian and Muslim holidays . Christian holidays are celebrated following both the Gregorian Calendar and Julian Calendar . Greek Orthodox ( with the exception of Easter ) , Catholics , Protestants , and Melkite Christians follow the Gregorian Calendar and thus celebrate Christmas on 25 December . Armenian Apostolic Christians celebrate Christmas on 6 January , as they follow the Julian Calendar . Muslim holidays are followed based on the Islamic lunar calendar . Muslim holidays that are celebrated include Eid al - Fitr ( the three - day feast at the end of the Ramadan month ) , Eid al - Adha ( The Feast of the Sacrifice ) which is celebrated during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca and also celebrates Abraham 's willingness to sacrifice his son to God , the Birth of the Prophet Muhammad , and Ashura ( the Shiite Day of Mourning ) . Lebanon 's National Holidays include Workers Day , Independence day , and Martyrs Day .
Flag of Argentina
As Flag Day is celebrated on June 20 , the following pledge is recited to students nationwide on this day by their respective school principals or grade level advisers . In large towns where students are gathered en masse , the pledge is taken by the local town or city executive , preceded by words of advice and honor to the memory of its creator , Manuel Belgrano , using the following or similar formulas :
Apartheid
The second pillar of grand apartheid was the Group Areas Act of 1950 . Until then , most settlements had people of different races living side by side . This Act put an end to diverse areas and determined where one lived according to race . Each race was allotted its own area , which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal . The Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act of 1951 allowed the government to demolish black shanty town slums and forced white employers to pay for the construction of housing for those black workers who were permitted to reside in cities otherwise reserved for whites .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Yes Yes 720 ILCS 5 / 24 720 ILCS 5 / 24 - 2 Automatic firearms , short - barreled shotguns , and suppressors prohibited . Short - barreled rifles allowed only for Curios and Relics license holders or members of a bona fide military reenactment group . AOW ( Any Other Weapon ) and large - bore DD ( Destructive Device ) allowed with proper approval and tax stamp from ATF . Castle doctrine / stand your ground laws ? Partial Partial 720 ILCS 5 Illinois has no stand - your - ground law , however there is also no duty to retreat . The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary `` to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another , or the commission of a forcible felony . '' There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling . Peaceable journey laws ? Partial Yes Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act Illinois has state preemption for the transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition . Non-Illinois residents are granted a limited exception to lawfully carry a concealed firearm within a vehicle if they are eligible to carry a firearm in public under the laws of their own state . Non-residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their own state are not required to have a FOID card . Some localities have banned the possession of assault weapons . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 The seller must verify the buyer 's FOID card with the Illinois State Police , and must keep a record of the sale for at least ten years . Red flag law ? Yes Yes Public Act 100 - 0607 : Firearms Restraining Order Act 430 ILCS 65 Family members or police can petition a judge to issue an order to confiscate the firearms of a person deemed an immediate and present danger to themselves or others . The person 's firearms must be returned to them within six months unless the court finds grounds to renew the suspension . Additionally , under certain circumstances the Illinois State Police can revoke the FOID of a person who has been determined to be a clear and present danger to themselves or to others . Waiting period ?