vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Antonin Scalia
Following the death of Scalia , Paul Barrett , writing for Bloomberg Businessweek , reported that : `` Translating into liberal argot : Scalia changed the rules for who could sue '' . The issue elevated the recognition of Scalia as a notable influence on establishing and determining the conditions under which cases could be brought to trial and for litigation -- and by whom such litigation could take place . David Rivkin , from the conservative standpoint , said , `` He ( Scalia ) did more to clarify and limit the bounds and scope of judicial power than any Supreme Court Justice in history , particularly in the area of standing and class actions '' . Scalia indicated his long - held position from the time of his 1983 law review article titled `` The Doctrine of Standing as an Essential Element of the Separation of Powers '' . As summarized by Barrett , `` He ( Scalia ) wrote that courts had misappropriated authority from other branches of government by allowing too many people to sue corporations and government agencies , especially in environmental cases '' . In a practical sense , Scalia brought to the attention of the Court the authority to restrict `` standing '' in class action suits in which the litigants may be defined in descriptive terms rather than as well - defined and unambiguous litigants .
ISO 9000
ISO 9000 was first published in 1987 by ISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) . It was based on the BS 5750 series of standards from BSI that were proposed to ISO in 1979 . However , its history can be traced back some twenty years before that , to the publication of government procurement standards , such as the United States Department of Defense MIL - Q - 9858 standard in 1959 , and the U.K 's Def Stan 05 - 21 and 05 - 24 . Large organizations which supplied government procurement agencies often had to comply with a variety of quality assurance requirements for each contract awarded which led the defence industry to adopt mutual recognition of NATO AQAP , MIL - Q and Def Stan standards . Eventually , ISO 9000 was adopted as a suitable option , instead of forcing contractors to adopt multiple - and often similar - requirements .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
The U.S. government and State of Wisconsin filed suit on October 14 , 2010 , against nine paper companies and two municipalities for their failure to pay for PCB cleanup actions to date . The government has not obtained long - term agreements from these organizations for sediment cleanup efforts . The companies named in the suit are NCR Corporation , Appleton Papers , CBC Coating , Kimberly - Clark , Menasha Corporation , NewPage Corporation , Glatfelter , U.S. Paper Mills ( Sonoco ) and WTM ( Wisconsin Tissue Mills ) . The local agencies being sued are the City of Appleton and Neenah - Menasha Sewerage Commission . In 2012 , a judge upheld the EPA 's plan .
Account planning
Many agencies noticed the success of Chiat \ Day , and desired to have their own account planning department . Their rationale was that it would be the key to their success as well . Many creative shops added planning departments , helping propel them from boutique to agency , and picking up national accounts along the way . '' ( Tran , 1999 ) Other planners such as Jon Steel and Nigel Carr came over from the UK to help pioneer . ( Newman , 1998 ) Companies such as Ogilvy & Mather , DDB Needham N.Y. , and Goodby , Silverstein & Partners quickly restructured their agencies to fit in a planning department
Trafficking of children
Effects on families are also severe . Some families believe that sending or allowing their children to relocate in order to find work will bring in additional income , while in reality many families will never see their trafficked children again . In addition , UN. GIFT has found that certain forms of trafficking , particularly sexual exploitation in girls , bring `` shame '' to families . Thus , in certain cases , children who are able to escape trafficking may return to their families only to find that they are rejected and ostracized .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Conference of Berlin in 1885 and made the land his private property . He named it the Congo Free State . Leopold 's regime began various infrastructure projects , such as construction of the railway that ran from the coast to the capital of Leopoldville ( now Kinshasa ) , which took eight years to complete . Nearly all such infrastructure projects were aimed at making it easier to increase the assets which Leopold and his associates could extract from the colony .
Reservation in India
The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group , to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply . The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC / ST candidates in promotion .
Queen's Counsel
In his statement , Premier Peterson stated that the government would stop awarding the designation and would move to revoke existing designations . However , although the Government of Ontario has stopped awarding the designation , it did not formally abolish it . Lawyers appointed as Queen 's Counsel prior to 1985 continue to use the Q.C. or c.r. postnominal letters . In response to the government 's decision , the Law Society of Upper Canada , the governing body for Ontario lawyers , implemented the Law Society Medal in 1985 to recognise excellence in the profession . Recipients are entitled to use `` L.S.M. '' behind their names .
Causes of the French Revolution
Properly speaking , the people ought to have been accustomed to the fact that the French government did not fulfill its financial obligations , for since the time of Henry IV , that is , within two centuries , it had failed to meet its obligations fifty - six times . In earlier days such catastrophes had not been announced and publicly discussed . Now all France , which for two generations had been worked upon by the party of rationalism , shared the outcry against the financial situation .
Friedrich Engels
In 2014 , Engels 's `` magnificent beard '' inspired a climbing wall sculpture in Salford . The 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) high beard statue -- a `` symbol of wisdom and learning '' -- was planned to stand on the campus of the University of Salford . The arts company behind the piece , Engine , said that `` the idea came from a 1980s plan to relocate an Eastern Bloc statue of the thinker to Manchester . ''
Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation is ended by drastic remedies , such as imposing the shock therapy of slashing government expenditures or altering the currency basis . One form this may take is dollarization , the use of a foreign currency ( not necessarily the U.S. dollar ) as a national unit of currency . An example was dollarization in Ecuador , initiated in September 2000 in response to a 75 % loss of value of the Ecuadorian sucre in early 2000 . But usually the `` dollarization '' takes place in spite of all efforts of the government to prevent it by exchange controls , heavy fines and penalties . The government has thus to try to engineer a successful currency reform stabilizing the value of the money . If it does not succeed with this reform the substitution of the inflating by stable money goes on . Thus it is not surprising that there have been at least seven historical cases in which the good ( foreign ) money did fully drive out the use of the inflating currency . In the end the government had to legalize the former , for otherwise its revenues would have fallen to zero .
Factory Acts
Lord John Russell drafted resolutions calling for modification of the bill along the lines suggested in Parliament ; the resolutions were denounced as inadequate by the extra-parliamentary opposition . Graham amended the educational clauses , but this only triggered a fresh round of indignation meetings and a fresh round of petitions ( 11,839 petitions and 1,920,574 signatures ) . Graham then withdrew the education clauses but this did not end the objections , since it did not entirely restore the status quo ante on education ; indeed the education requirements of the 1833 Act now came under attack , the Leeds Mercury declaring education was something individuals could do for themselves `` under the guidance of natural instinct and self - interest , infinitely better than Government could do for them '' . Hence `` All Government interference to COMPEL Education is wrong '' and had unacceptable implications : `` If Government has a right to compel Education , it has right to compel RELIGION ! '' Although as late as 17 July Graham said he intended to get the bill though in the current session , three days later the bill was one of those Peel announced would be dropped for that session .
Federal Reserve System
Open market operations are the primary tool used to regulate the supply of bank reserves . This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments , usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , Federal agencies and government - sponsored enterprises . Open market operations are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York under direction from the FOMC . The transactions are undertaken with primary dealers .
Black Hawk State Historic Site
A disputed 1804 St. Louis Treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison led to the transfer of Illinois lands to the U.S. Government , including Saukenuk . The Sauk did not consider this treaty valid , and they continued to live at the village .
Great Depression in Canada
Once in office in Alberta Aberhart gave a high priority to balancing the provincial budget . He reduced expenditures and increased the sales tax and the income tax . The poor and unemployed got nothing . The $25 monthly social dividend never arrived , as Aberhart decided nothing could be done until the province 's financial system was changed , and 1936 Alberta defaulted on its bonds . He did pass a Debt Adjustment Act that cancelled all the interest on mortgages since 1932 and limited all interest rates on mortgages to 5 % , in line with similar laws passed by other provinces . In 1937 backbenchers passed a radical banking law that was disallowed by the national government ( banking was a federal responsibility ) . Efforts to control the press were also disallowed . The party was authoritarian and tried to exert detailed control over its officeholders ; those who rebelled were purged or removed from office by the new device of recall elections . Although Aberhart was hostile to banks and newspapers , he was basically in favour of capitalism and did not support socialist policies as did the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) in Saskatchewan .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
On March 13 , 1951 , the Secretary of Commerce established the National Shipping Authority ( NSA ) to provide ships from the Maritime Administration 's ( MARAD ) National Defense Fleet ( NDRF ) . These ships would meet the needs of the military services and other agencies of government beyond the capabilities of the privately owned vessels of the U.S. - flag Merchant Marine . During times of war , the NSA also requisitioned privately owned merchant ships and made them available for military purposes . Immediately after its establishment , the NSA reactivated vessels to meet the urgent needs of America 's European allies to help transport coal and other bulk materials to rebuild their defenses .
Romanticism
In philosophy and the history of ideas , Romanticism was seen by Isaiah Berlin as disrupting for over a century the classic Western traditions of rationality and the idea of moral absolutes and agreed values , leading `` to something like the melting away of the very notion of objective truth '' , and hence not only to nationalism , but also fascism and totalitarianism , with a gradual recovery coming only after World War II . For the Romantics , Berlin says ,
Android (operating system)
The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk . The NSA and GCHQ insist their activities are in compliance with all relevant domestic and international laws , although the Guardian stated `` the latest disclosures could also add to mounting public concern about how the technology sector collects and uses information , especially for those outside the US , who enjoy fewer privacy protections than Americans . ''
Metrication in the United States
This legislation required most federal agencies to use the metric system in their procurement , grants , and other business - related activities by the end of 1992 . While not mandating metric use in the private sector , the federal government has sought to serve as a catalyst in the metric conversion of the country 's trade , industry , and commerce . Exceptions were made for the highway and construction industries . The Department of Transportation planned to require metric units by 2000 , but this plan was canceled by the 1998 highway bill TEA21 . The U.S. military has generally high use of the metric system , partly because of the need to work with other nations ' militaries .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Petition Clause protects the right `` to petition the government for a redress of grievances '' . This includes the right to communicate with government officials , lobbying government officials and petitioning the courts by filing lawsuits with a legal basis . The Petition Clause first came to prominence in the 1830s , when Congress established the gag rule barring anti-slavery petitions from being heard ; the rule was overturned by Congress several years later . Petitions against the Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in imprisonments . The Supreme Court did not rule on either issue .
Emancipation Proclamation
The Proclamation ordered the freedom of all slaves in ten states . Because it was issued under the president 's authority to suppress rebellion ( war powers ) , it necessarily excluded areas not in rebellion , but still applied to more than 3 million of the 4 million slaves . The Proclamation was based on the president 's constitutional authority as commander in chief of the armed forces ; it was not a law passed by Congress . The Proclamation was issued in January 1863 after U.S government issued a series of warnings in the summer of 1862 under the Second Confiscation Act , allowing Southern Confederate supporters 60 days to surrender , or face confiscation of land and slaves . The Proclamation also ordered that suitable persons among those freed could be enrolled into the paid service of United States ' forces , and ordered the Union Army ( and all segments of the Executive branch ) to `` recognize and maintain the freedom of '' the ex-slaves . The Proclamation did not compensate the owners , did not outlaw slavery , and did not grant citizenship to the ex-slaves ( called freedmen ) . It made the eradication of slavery an explicit war goal , in addition to the goal of reuniting the Union .
Police dog
The Australian Federal Police and other law enforcement agencies are known to employ K9s for security priorities such as airport duties .
Warsaw
Warsaw , especially its city centre ( Śródmieście ) , is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies , but also to many domestic and international companies . In 2006 , 304,016 companies were registered in the city . Warsaw 's ever - growing business community has been noticed globally , regionally , and nationally . MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw 's economic strength and commercial center . Warsaw was ranked as the seventh - greatest emerging market . Foreign investors ' financial participation in the city 's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euros .
Church of Ireland
The head of the Church of Ireland is , ex officio , the Archbishop of Armagh . In 1870 , immediately prior to its disestablishment , the Church provided for its internal government , led by a General Synod , and with financial and administrative support by a Representative Church Body . Like other Irish churches , the Church of Ireland did not divide when Ireland was partitioned in the 1920s and it continues to be governed on an all - Ireland basis .
Gun laws in North Carolina
§ 14 - 415.23 . Statewide Uniformity reads as follows : `` It is the intent of the General Assembly to prescribe a uniform system for the regulation of legally carrying a concealed handgun . To insure uniformity , no political subdivisions , boards , or agencies of the State nor any county , city , municipality , municipal corporation , town , township , village , nor any department or agency thereof , may enact ordinances , rules , or regulations concerning legally carrying a concealed handgun . A unit of local government may adopt an ordinance to permit the posting of a prohibition against carrying a concealed handgun , on local government buildings and their appurtenant premises . A unit of local government may adopt an ordinance to prohibit , by posting , the carrying of a concealed handgun on municipal and county recreational facilities that are specifically identified by the unit of local government . If a unit of local government adopts such an ordinance with regard to recreational facilities , then the concealed handgun permittee may , nevertheless , secure the handgun in a locked vehicle within the trunk , glove box , or other enclosed compartment or area within or on the motor vehicle . '' Recreational facilities includes only the following : a playground , an athletic field , a swimming pool , and an athletic facility .
Lithuania
The Provisional Government hoped that the Germans would re-establish Lithuania independence or at least allow some degree of autonomy ( similar to the Slovak Republic ) , was seeking for the protection of the citizens and did not supported the Nazis ' Holocaust policy . The meant Lithuanian Minister of National Defence Stasys Raštikis personally met with the Nazi Generals to discuss the situation and tried to plead the Jews , while the Provisional Government , together with the former President Kazys Grinius , condemned Nazis for their actions with Jews already in the beginning of the occupation . Although , on July 17 the Reichskommissariat Ostland , German Civil Administration ( Zivilverwaltung ) was established . Instead of using brute force , the Civil Administration slowly removed the government 's powers ( for example , did not allow to print its decrees in newspapers or broadcast radio announcements ) and supplanted its institutions , forcing the Provisional Government to either self - disband or to become a puppet institution . The government self - disbanded on August 5 after signing a protest for the Germans actions of suspending the Lithuanian Government powers . Members of the Provisional Government then in corpore went to the Garden of the Vytautas the Great War Museum , where they laid wreath near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the presence of a numerous audience . Sicherheitsdienst confiscated the pictures of the wreath - laying ceremony , thinking that it could be dangerous for the German occupation policy in Lithuania .
Wolf Girl and Black Prince
Hajime Murai ( 村井 肇 , Murai Hajime ) Murai is Tezuka 's adult boyfriend . He often lends his car to take Tezuka and her friends home after school , but is unseen until late to the series , where he goes with Tezuka , Marin , Erika , and Kyoya to a camping trip of their senior year . Tezuka reveals that she is going to break up with Murai because he is about to relocate to Italy , a choice that the two have settled down . However , when Erika and Kyoya advise them not to suddenly part ways , Tezuka decides to follow Murai after graduation .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative , described as `` the largest investment in the Great Lakes in two decades , '' was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government 's Fiscal Year 2011 budget , and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget . Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups , wetlands and coastline restoration projects , and invasive species - related projects .
History of Kenya
Imperial Germany set up a protectorate over the Sultan of Zanzibar 's coastal possessions in 1885 , followed by the arrival of Sir William Mackinnon 's British East Africa Company ( BEAC ) in 1888 , after the company had received a royal charter and concessionary rights to the Kenya coast from the Sultan of Zanzibar for a 50 - year period . Incipient imperial rivalry was forestalled when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890 , in exchange for German control over the coast of Tanganyika . The colonial takeover met occasionally with some strong local resistance : Waiyaki Wa Hinga , a Kikuyu chief who ruled Dagoretti who had signed a treaty with Frederick Lugard of the BEAC , having been subject to considerable harassment , burnt down Lugard 's fort in 1890 . Waiyaki was abducted two years later by the British and killed .
Axis powers
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany , Italy , and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s . The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936 . Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome -- Berlin axis , thus creating the term `` Axis '' . The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact , an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan . Italy joined the Pact in 1937 . The `` Rome -- Berlin Axis '' became a military alliance in 1939 under the so - called `` Pact of Steel '' , with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany , Italy and Japan .
Military history of Australia during World War I
Following the end of hostilities in Europe the Australian government decided against contributing Australian forces to the occupation forces that were sent to Germany as part of the post war settlement so that it could begin the repatriation of the AIF early . Lieutenant General Sir John Monash was appointed Director - General of Repatriation and Demobilisation and oversaw the process in Britain , while Lieutenant General Henry Chauvel took charge of the efforts in the Middle East .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The war against Germany involved aid to Britain , her allies , and the Soviet Union , with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force . U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943 -- 45 , where U.S. forces , representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed , bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over . Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944 , under General Dwight D. Eisenhower . Meanwhile , the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants , as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944 . With the Soviets unstoppable in the east , and the Allies unstoppable in the west , Germany was squeezed to death . Berlin fell to the Soviets in May 1945 , and with Adolf Hitler dead , the Germans surrendered .
Soviet Union in World War II
Stalin met with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference and began to discuss a two - front war against Germany and the future of Europe after the war . Berlin finally fell in April 1945 . Fending off the German invasion and pressing to victory in the East required a tremendous sacrifice by the Soviet Union , which suffered the highest military casualties in the war , losing more than 20 million men .