vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States budget process
Function Number Description 050 National Defense The National Defense function includes the military activities of the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , the nuclear - weapons related activities of the Department of Energy ( DoE ) and the National Nuclear Security Administration , the national security activities of several other agencies such as the Selective Service Agency , and portions of the activities of the Coast Guard and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . The programs in this function include : the pay and benefits of active , Guard , and reserve military personnel ; DoD operations including training , maintenance of equipment , and facilities ; health care for military personnel and dependents ; procurement of weapons ; research and development ; construction of military facilities , including housing ; research on nuclear weapons ; and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities . 150 International Affairs Function 150 contains funding for all U.S. international activities , including : operating U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world ; providing military assistance to allies ; aiding developing nations ; dispensing economic assistance to fledgling democracies ; promoting U.S. exports abroad ; making U.S. payments to international organizations ; and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts . Funding for all of these activities constitutes about one percent of the federal budget . The major agencies in this function include the Departments of Agriculture , State , and the Treasury ; the United States Agency for International Development ; and the Millennium Challenge Corporation . 250 General Science , Space , and Technology This function includes the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration except for aviation programs , and general science programs at the Department of Energy ( DOE ) . 270 Energy Function 270 contains civilian energy and environmental programs in the Department of Energy ( DOE ) . This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture , the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission . This function does not include DOE 's national security activities , which are in Function 050 ( National Defense ) , or its basic research and science activities , which are in Function 250 ( General Science , Space and Technology ) . 300 Natural Resources and Environment Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement ; recreation and wildlife areas ; and the development and management of the nation 's land , water , and mineral resources .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Note that the Citation Style 1 , Citation Style 2 and Citation Style Vancouver templates properly support links only in the url = and archive - url = parameters . Placing links in the page = or pages = parameters may not link properly and will cause mangled COinS metadata output .
Grip (job)
Grips are also responsible for safety on the set as it relates to the force of gravity . Insofar as stands , ladders , scaffolds , and overhead rigs are properly installed , grips are charged with making them safe because the other crew members must climb on , walk around , or otherwise negotiate the different grip set - ups . The key grip may even be held responsible for injuries that happen on set , especially if the injury is caused by a falling lighting instrument . Cameraman
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9 % in 2014 , down from 17.1 % in 2010 and 19 % in 2005 ( after social transfers were taken into account ) . However , the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( JRF ) fears that people who are `` just about managing '' could fall into poverty , as it forecast that the wages of people in low income and benefits might not keep pace with inflation . One third of UK households are living below what is considered an adequate income according to the JRF research . Campbell Robb of the JRF said , `` Millions of families across the country are teetering on a precipice , with 400,000 pensioners and over one million more children likely to fall into poverty and suffer the very real and awful consequences that brings if things do not change . One of the biggest drivers of the rise in child poverty is policy choices , which is why it is essential that the Prime Minister and Chancellor use the upcoming Budget to put in place measures to stop this happening . An excellent start would be to ensure families can keep more of their earnings under the Universal Credit . ''
Thermal comfort
Many buildings use an HVAC unit to control their thermal environment . Other buildings are naturally ventilated and do not rely on such mechanical systems to provide thermal comfort . Depending on the climate , this can drastically reduce energy consumption . It is sometimes seen as a risk , though , since indoor temperatures can be too extreme if the building is poorly designed . Properly designed , naturally ventilated buildings keep indoor conditions within the range where opening windows and using fans in the summer , and wearing extra clothing in the winter , can keep people thermally comfortable .
Parliament of the Bahamas
If the House passes a Money Bill and sends that Bill to the Senate for its consent , and if the Senate does not give its consent within a month after receiving the Bill , the money bill is sent to the Governor - General for assent even though the Senate had not consented to it
Flag of Portugal
During formal occasions , four people are required to properly fold the flag , where each person holds one of the sides . A correctly folded flag must be a square limiting the national shield . However , the order by which the different folding steps are performed to achieve this result is not legislated .
Origin of language
Gossip , according to Robin Dunbar in his book Grooming , Gossip and the Evolution of Language , does for group - living humans what manual grooming does for other primates -- it allows individuals to service their relationships and so maintain their alliances on the basis of the principle : if you scratch my back , I 'll scratch yours . Dunbar argues that as humans began living in increasingly larger social groups , the task of manually grooming all one 's friends and acquaintances became so time - consuming as to be unaffordable . In response to this problem , humans developed ' a cheap and ultra-efficient form of grooming ' -- vocal grooming . To keep allies happy , one now needs only to ' groom ' them with low - cost vocal sounds , servicing multiple allies simultaneously while keeping both hands free for other tasks . Vocal grooming then evolved gradually into vocal language -- initially in the form of ' gossip ' . Dunbar 's hypothesis seems to be supported by the fact that the structure of language shows adaptations to the function of narration in general .
Tax protester statutory arguments
Another familiar argument from Mr. Richey ( the taxpayer ) is that he is not an employee under the terms of the Internal Revenue Code , citing Section 3401 ( c ) , which states that the term `` employee '' includes government employees . What Mr. Richey misapprises in his reading of the statute is the inclusionary nature of the language . The Code does not exclude all other persons from taxation who are not government employees .
Confidence interval
Confidence intervals consist of a range of values ( interval ) that act as good estimates of the unknown population parameter . However , the interval computed from a particular sample does not necessarily include the true value of the parameter . Since the observed data are random samples from the true population , the confidence interval obtained from the data is also random . If a corresponding hypothesis test is performed , the confidence level is the complement of the level of significance ; for example , a 95 % confidence interval reflects a significance level of 0.05 . If it is hypothesized that a true parameter value is 0 but the 95 % confidence interval does not contain 0 , then the estimate is significantly different from zero at the 5 % significance level .
Nuchal lines
The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone :
Exponential function
If a variable 's growth or decay rate is proportional to its size -- as is the case in unlimited population growth ( see Malthusian catastrophe ) , continuously compounded interest , or radioactive decay -- then the variable can be written as a constant times an exponential function of time . Explicitly for any real constant k , a function f : R → R satisfies f ′ = kf if and only if f ( x ) = ce for some constant c .
Sales taxes in the United States
Persons required to file sales or use tax returns who do not file are subject to penalties . Persons who fail to properly pay sales and use tax when due are also subject to penalties . The penalties tend to be based on the amount of tax not paid , and vary by jurisdiction .
ISO 9000
One study showing reasons for not adopting this standard include the risks and uncertainty of not knowing if there are direct relationships to improved quality , and what kind and how many resources will be needed . Additional risks include how much certification will cost , increased bureaucratic processes and risk of poor company image if the certification process fails . According to John Seddon , ISO 9001 promotes specification , control , and procedures rather than understanding and improvement . Wade argues that ISO 9000 is effective as a guideline , but that promoting it as a standard `` helps to mislead companies into thinking that certification means better quality , ... ( undermining ) the need for an organization to set its own quality standards '' . In short , Wade argues that reliance on the specifications of ISO 9001 does not guarantee a successful quality system .
Gene
In biology , a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function . During gene expression , the DNA is first copied into RNA . The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function . The transmission of genes to an organism 's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits . These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes . Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be . Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes ( many different genes ) as well as gene -- environment interactions . Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye color or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life .
Pope
It is highly unusual for a pope to resign . The 1983 Code of Canon Law states , `` If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office , it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone . '' Benedict XVI , who vacated the Holy See on 28 February 2013 , was the most recent to do so since Gregory XII 's resignation in 1415 .
Baptism
There is debate among Christian churches as to who can administer baptism . The examples given in the New Testament only show apostles and deacons administering baptism . Ancient Christian churches interpret this as indicating that baptism should be performed by the clergy except in extremis , i.e. , when the one being baptized is in immediate danger of death . Then anyone may baptize , provided , in the view of the Eastern Orthodox Church , the person who does the baptizing is a member of that Church , or , in the view of the Catholic Church , that the person , even if not baptized , intends to do what the Church does in administering the rite . Many Protestant churches see no specific prohibition in the biblical examples and permit any believer to baptize another .
Dismissal (cricket)
Before the amendments of the Laws in 2017 , there was a separate dismissal type of Handled the ball which is now covered by Obstructing the field . If the batsman touched the ball with his hand not in contact with the bat for any purpose other than , with the approval of the fielder ( s ) , to return the ball to the bowler , he is out on appeal . It is considered etiquette for the fielding team not to appeal if the handling of the ball does not affect the play of the game , although there are occasions when this etiquette has been ignored .
Parameter (computer programming)
Syntactically , parameter mode is generally indicated with a keyword in the function declaration , such as void f ( out int x ) in C# . Conventionally output parameters are often put at the end of the parameter list to clearly distinguish them , though this is not always followed . TScript uses a different approach , where in the function declaration input parameters are listed , then output parameters , separated by a colon ( : ) and there is no return type to the function itself , as in this function , which computes the size of a text fragment : TextExtent
Maritime lien
The Admiralty action in rem will concern when the claims and ship are put within the Admiralty Jurisdiction , an adequate and secure place for the claimants to ask for compensation . If the defendant does not provide enough security as compensation , the court may sell the `` res '' in order to achieve the satisfaction for the claim .
Bone age
In a number of conditions involving atypical growth , bone age height predictions are less accurate . For example , in children born small for gestational age who remain short after birth , the bone age is a poor predictor of adult height .
Lyme disease
The modern history of medical understanding of the disease , including its cause , diagnosis , and treatment , has been difficult .
Fuel cell
Fuel cells can be used with low - quality gas from landfills or waste - water treatment plants to generate power and lower methane emissions . A 2.8 MW fuel cell plant in California is said to be the largest of the type .
Medical diagnosis
Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of `` disease '' that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient 's lifetime . It is a problem because it turns people into patients unnecessarily and because it can lead to economic waste ( overutilization ) and treatments that may cause harm . Overdiagnosis occurs when a disease is diagnosed correctly , but the diagnosis is irrelevant . A correct diagnosis may be irrelevant because treatment for the disease is not available , not needed , or not wanted .
Kidney
Diabetic nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine . Interstitial nephritis Kidney stones ( nephrolithiasis ) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder . A chronic condition can result in scars to the kidneys . The removal of kidney stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces , which are then passed through the urinary tract . One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp to disabling pain in the middle and sides of the lower back or groin . Kidney tumour Wilms tumor Renal cell carcinoma Lupus nephritis Minimal change disease In nephrotic syndrome , the glomerulus has been damaged so that a large amount of protein in the blood enters the urine . Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome include swelling , low serum albumin , and high cholesterol . Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection . Renal failure Acute renal failure Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Renal artery stenosis Renovascular hypertension
Lyme disease
The term `` chronic Lyme disease '' is controversial and not recognized in the medical literature , and most medical authorities advise against long - term antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease . Studies have shown that most people diagnosed with `` chronic Lyme disease '' either have no objective evidence of previous or current infection with B. burgdorferi or are people who should be classified as having post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome ( PTLDS ) , which is defined as continuing or relapsing non-specific symptoms ( such as fatigue , musculoskeletal pain , and cognitive complaints ) in a person previously treated for Lyme disease .
Agent Orange
In 1991 , Congress enacted the Agent Orange Act , giving the Department of Veterans Affairs the authority to declare certain conditions `` presumptive '' to exposure to Agent Orange / dioxin , making these veterans who served in Vietnam eligible to receive treatment and compensation for these conditions . The same law required the National Academy of Sciences to periodically review the science on dioxin and herbicides used in Vietnam to inform the Secretary of Veterans Affairs about the strength of the scientific evidence showing association between exposure to Agent Orange / dioxin and certain conditions . The authority for the National Academy of Sciences reviews and addition of any new diseases to the presumptive list by the VA is expiring in 2015 under the sunset clause of the Agent Orange Act of 1991 . Through this process , the list of ' presumptive ' conditions has grown since 1991 , and currently the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has listed prostate cancer , respiratory cancers , multiple myeloma , type II diabetes mellitus , Hodgkin 's disease , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , soft tissue sarcoma , chloracne , porphyria cutanea tarda , peripheral neuropathy , chronic lymphocytic leukemia , and spina bifida in children of veterans exposed to Agent Orange as conditions associated with exposure to the herbicide . This list now includes B cell leukemias , such as hairy cell leukemia , Parkinson 's disease and ischemic heart disease , these last three having been added on August 31 , 2010 . Several highly placed individuals in government are voicing concerns about whether some of the diseases on the list should , in fact , actually have been included .
Dutch elm disease
Preventive treatment is usually only justified when a tree has unusual symbolic value or occupies a particularly important place in the landscape .
Political party
The emblem of socialist parties is often a red rose held in a fist . Communist parties often use a hammer to represent the worker , a sickle to represent the farmer , or both a hammer and a sickle to refer to both at the same time .
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell , thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival . The movement of substances across the membrane can be either `` passive '' , occurring without the input of cellular energy , or `` active '' , requiring the cell to expend energy in transporting it . The membrane also maintains the cell potential . The cell membrane thus works as a selective filter that allows only certain things to come inside or go outside the cell . The cell employs a number of transport mechanisms that involve biological membranes :
Cell-free fetal DNA
Accurate prenatal diagnosis is important because the disease can be fatal to the newborn and because treatment including intramuscular immunoglobulin ( Anti-D ) or intravenous immunoglobulin can be administered to mothers at risk .
Substantia nigra
Chemical manipulation and modification of the substantia nigra is important in the fields of neuropharmacology and toxicology . Various compounds such as levodopa and MPTP are used in the treatment and study of Parkinson 's disease , and many other drugs have effects on the substantia nigra .
Medical diagnosis
A diagnosis , in the sense of diagnostic procedure , can be regarded as an attempt at classification of an individual 's condition into separate and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about treatment and prognosis to be made . Subsequently , a diagnostic opinion is often described in terms of a disease or other condition , but in the case of a wrong diagnosis , the individual 's actual disease or condition is not the same as the individual 's diagnosis .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
A score of one may indicated no treatment or culture is needed , or it may indicate the need to perform further testing if other high risk factors exist , such as a family member having the disease .
Estrogen
Most recently , estrogen has been used in experimental research as a way to treat women suffering from bulimia nervosa , in addition to cognitive behavioral therapy , which is the established standard for treatment in bulimia cases . The estrogen research hypothesizes that the disease may be linked to a hormonal imbalance in the brain . Miscellaneous
Cell nucleus
The Clastosome would be an important addition to the ' Cell Nucleus ' Wiki page because it plays a role in cell function . With further research , we may discover that this nuclear body has a more influential job in cell function than what is already known .
Toxic shock syndrome
In both TSS ( caused by S. aureus ) and TSLS ( caused by S. pyogenes ) , disease progression stems from a superantigen toxin that allows the nonspecific binding of MHC II with T - cell receptors , resulting in polyclonal T - cell activation . In typical T - cell recognition , an antigen is taken up by an antigen - presenting cell , processed , expressed on the cell surface in complex with class II major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) in a groove formed by the alpha and beta chains of class II MHC , and recognized by an antigen - specific T - cell receptor .
Leo (constellation)
Leo is commonly represented as if the sickle - shaped asterism of stars is the back of the Lion 's head . The sickle is marked by six stars : Epsilon Leonis , Mu Leonis , Zeta Leonis , Gamma Leonis , Eta Leonis , and Alpha Leonis . The lion 's tail is marked by Beta Leonis ( Denebola ) and the rest of his body is delineated by Delta Leonis and Theta Leonis . Diagram
Eating disorder
Lyme disease which is known as the `` great imitator '' , as it may present as a variety of psychiatric or neurological disorders including anorexia nervosa . Gastrointestinal diseases , such as celiac disease , Crohn 's disease , peptic ulcer , eosinophilic esophagitis or non-celiac gluten sensitivity , among others . Celiac disease is also known as the `` great imitator '' , because it may involve several organs and cause an extensive variety of non-gastrointestinal symptoms , such as psychiatric and neurological disorders , including anorexia nervosa . Addison 's Disease is a disorder of the adrenal cortex which results in decreased hormonal production . Addison 's disease , even in subclinical form may mimic many of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa . Gastric adenocarcinoma is one of the most common forms of cancer in the world . Complications due to this condition have been misdiagnosed as an eating disorder . Hypothyroidism , hyperthyroidism , hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism may mimic some of the symptoms of , can occur concurrently with , be masked by or exacerbate an eating disorder . Toxoplasma seropositivity : even in the absence of symptomatic toxoplasmosis , toxoplasma gondii exposure has been linked to changes in human behavior and psychiatric disorders including those comorbid with eating disorders such as depression . In reported case studies the response to antidepressant treatment improved only after adequate treatment for toxoplasma . Neurosyphilis : It is estimated that there may be up to one million cases of untreated syphilis in the US alone . `` The disease can present with psychiatric symptoms alone , psychiatric symptoms that can mimic any other psychiatric illness '' . Many of the manifestations may appear atypical . Up to 1.3 % of short term psychiatric admissions may be attributable to neurosyphilis , with a much higher rate in the general psychiatric population .