vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Newly Reprocessed Images of Europa Show 'Chaos Terrain' in Crisp Detail
The orbiter of Jupiter will conduct dozens of flybys of Europa to learn more about the ocean beneath the moon's thick icy crust and how it interacts with the surface. The mission, set to launch in the next several years, will be the first return to Europa since Galileo."We've only seen a very small part of Europa's surface at this resolution. Europa Clipper will increase that immensely," said planetary geologist Cynthia Phillips of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena. As a Europa project staff scientist, she oversees a long-term research project to reanalyze images of the moon.All three images were captured along the same longitude of Europa as Galileo flew by on Sept. 26, 1998, in the eighth of the spacecraft's 11 targeted flybys of Europa. High-resolution images revealing features as small as 500 yards (460 meters) across were taken through a clear filter in grayscale (black and white). Using lower-resolution color images of the same region from a different flyby, technicians mapped color onto the higher-resolution images - a painstaking process.Enhanced-color images like these allow scientists to highlight geologic features with different colors. Such images don't show Europa as it would appear to the human eye, but instead exaggerate color variations to highlight different chemical compositions of the surface. Areas that appear light blue or white are made of relatively pure water ice, and reddish areas have more non-ice materials, such as salts.Planetary scientists study high-resolution images of Europa for clues about how the surface formed. At an average of 40 million to 90 million years old, the surface we see today is much younger than Europa itself, which formed along with the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. In fact, Europa has among the youngest surfaces in the solar system, one of its many intriguing oddities.The long, linear ridges and bands that crisscross Europa's surface are thought to be related to the response of Europa's icy surface crust as it is stretched and pulled by Jupiter's strong gravity.
Make a Colorful Crayon Europa with Textures! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Grab any of the textured items you collected and place it under the coloring page. The item should lay directly underneath the circle outline on the coloring page, so that when you start coloring, you color inside of the circle.

Take the paper off of a crayon. The crayon can be any color you like.

Rub the side of the crayon – not the tip – on top of the coloring page, which should be on top of a textured item of your choice.

As you rub the crayon on the page, you should notice the pattern, or texture, of the item you placed underneath the page begin to appear on the page! Experiment with how hard you press on the crayon. The harder you press, the more visible and distinct the texture will be.

Repeat this process by placing different textured items under the activity page and rubbing with different crayon colors.

When you feel like you are done coloring in the circle, you should have a funky-looking Europa with all sorts of textures and colors!

Use the guide at the bottom of the activity page to compare the textures actually found on Europa to those you colored on your Europa. The textures on Europa, shown in the boxes below the circle on your page and below, were created through different processes on the moon. These processes are described underneath each picture. Match your texture creations with one that looks like the texture that could be on Europa. What material created that texture on your page?

Photo of Europa's Textured Surface
How That Texture Was Formed

These textured sections are like icebergs; ice blocks have been moved around from their original positions.

This large circular texture is possibly the remnant of a large impact on Europa’s icy surface.

This smooth feature looks like a “puddle” and could be a place where an ice slurry flooded the area. The crater was made by the impact of a meteor!

Wedge-shaped bands may represent places Europa’s icy crust was pulled apart & new material has filled in the in-between area.

Ridges may represent places where material underneath Europa’s icy shell was pushed up to the surface through cracks.

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Europa's Interior May Be Hot Enough to Fuel Seafloor Volcanoes – NASA's Europa Clipper
Karen Fox / Alana Johnson
NASA Headquarters, Washington
301-286-6284 / 202-358-1501
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov

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A Voice Among the Stars: Poem by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón Will Ride to Europa on NASA Spacecraft

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The public can send questions on social media by using #AskNASA at any time during the event.
For more information about Europa Clipper, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/europa
For information about NASA’s missions, programs and activities, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov

Dwayne Brown / JoAnna Wendel
NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1726 / 358-1003
dwayne.c.brown@nasa.gov / joanna.r.wendel@nasa.gov
Gretchen McCartney
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-393-6215
Gretchen.p.mccartney@jpl.nasa.gov

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Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions – NASA's Europa Clipper
Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions – NASA's Europa Clipper

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| July 23, 2018

Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions

Radiation from Jupiter can destroy molecules on Europa’s surface. Material from Europa’s ocean that ends up on the surface will be bombarded by radiation, possibly destroying any biosignatures, or chemical signs that could imply the presence of life. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Full Image and Caption ›

New comprehensive mapping of the radiation pummeling Jupiter’s icy moon Europa reveals where scientists should look -- and how deep they’ll have to go -- when searching for signs of habitability and biosignatures.
Since NASA’s Galileo mission yielded strong evidence of a global ocean underneath Europa’s icy shell in the 1990s, scientists have considered that moon one of the most promising places in our solar system to look for ingredients to support life. There’s even evidence that the salty water sloshing around the moon’s interior makes its way to the surface.

Map of Europa’s surface showing the regions that receive the highest radiation dose (pink). Credits: U.S. Geological Survey, NASA/JPL-Caltech, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Nature Astronomy

By studying this material from the interior, scientists developing future missions hope to learn more about the possible habitability of Europa’s ocean. However, Europa's surface is bombarded by a constant and intense blast of radiation from Jupiter. This radiation can destroy or alter material transported up to the surface, making it more difficult for scientists to know if it actually represents conditions in Europa’s ocean.
As scientists plan for upcoming exploration of Europa, they have grappled with many unknowns: Where is the radiation most intense? How deep do the energetic particles go? How does radiation affect what’s on the surface and beneath — including potential chemical signs, or biosignatures, that could imply the presence of life.
A new scientific study, published today in Nature Astronomy, represents the most complete modeling and mapping of radiation at Europa and offers key pieces to the puzzle.
NASA invita a hispanohablantes a enviar sus nombres en Europa Clipper – NASA's Europa Clipper
A gantlet of tests prepared the spacecraft for its challenging trip to the Jupiter system, where it will explore the icy moon Europa and its subsurface ocean.

NASA's Europa Clipper Survives and Thrives in ‘Outer Space' on Earth

When it launches in October, NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will carry a richly layered dispatch that includes more than 2.6 million names submitted by the public.

NASA Unveils Design for Message Heading to Jupiter's Moon Europa

Cuando quedan menos de nueve meses en la cuenta regresiva para su lanzamiento, la misión Europa Clipper de la NASA ha superado un hito importante: sus instrumentos científicos han sido incorporados a la enorme nave espacial, que es ensamblada en el Laboratorio de Propulsión a Chorro (JPL, por sus siglas en inglés) de la NASA en el sur de California.

Todos los instrumentos científicos están a bordo para la misión Europa Clipper

The science performed by the complex suite of instruments recently added to the spacecraft will reveal whether Jupiter’s moon Europa has conditions that could support life.

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Six weeks remain for you to add your name to a microchip that will ride aboard the spacecraft.

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Astronomers using data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have identified carbon dioxide in a specific region on the icy surface of Europa.

NASA's Webb Finds Carbon Source on Surface of Jupiter's Moon Europa

La NASA ha lanzado un nuevo sitio web en español para invitar al público a enviar sus nombres a bordo de Europa Clipper, una misión que iniciará su viaje a la luna de Júpiter Europa en octubre de 2024.

NASA invita a hispanohablantes a enviar sus nombres en Europa Clipper

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A Voice Among the Stars: Poem by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón Will Ride to Europa on NASA Spacecraft – NASA's Europa Clipper
Europa Glows: Radiation Does a Bright Number on Jupiter's Moon

The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa features a widely varied landscape, including ridges, bands, small rounded domes and disrupted spaces that geologists call "chaos terrain." Three newly reprocessed images, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s, reveal details in diverse surface features on Europa.

Newly Reprocessed Images of Europa Show 'Chaos Terrain' in Crisp Detail

An icy ocean world in our solar system that could tell us more about the potential for life on other worlds is coming into focus with confirmation of the Europa Clipper mission's next phase. 

Mission to Jupiter's Icy Moon Confirmed

Scientists discovered that the yellow color visible on portions of the surface of Europa is actually sodium chloride, a compound known on Earth as table salt, which is also the principal component of sea salt.

Table Salt Compound Spotted on Europa

A full-scale prototype antenna, which at 10 feet tall is the same height as a standard basketball hoop, is in the Experimental Test Range (ETR) at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.

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Students and families can meet a Mars rover, take a virtual tour through our solar system and explore alien worlds with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the Clippers SciFest SoCal.

Catch NASA's JPL at the Clippers SciFest This Weekend

NASA has decided to replace the current magnetometer on the upcoming Europa Clipper mission with a less complex instrument. 

NASA Seeks New Options for Science Instrument on Europa Clipper

New comprehensive mapping of the radiation pummeling Jupiter’s icy moon Europa reveals where scientists should look -- and how deep they’ll have to go -- when searching for signs of habitability and biosignatures.

Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions

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Discovering Alien Oceans: Magnetism – NASA's Europa Clipper
The Propulsion Module Development Test Model lower cylinder section undergoes a static load test in a cleanroom at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland. 

Propulsion Module Development Test Model

This infrared image of Europa, showing heat radiation from its surface at a wavelength of 27 microns (millionths of a meter), provides the best view yet of Europa's daytime temperatures. 

Daytime Temperatures on Europa 

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Europa's Ocean May Have An Earthlike Chemical Balance – NASA's Europa Clipper
Potential Plumes on Europa Could Come From Water in the Crust

New lab experiments re-create the environment of Europa and find that the icy moon shines, even on its nightside. The effect is more than just a cool visual.

Europa Glows: Radiation Does a Bright Number on Jupiter's Moon

The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa features a widely varied landscape, including ridges, bands, small rounded domes and disrupted spaces that geologists call "chaos terrain." Three newly reprocessed images, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s, reveal details in diverse surface features on Europa.

Newly Reprocessed Images of Europa Show 'Chaos Terrain' in Crisp Detail

Scientists discovered that the yellow color visible on portions of the surface of Europa is actually sodium chloride, a compound known on Earth as table salt, which is also the principal component of sea salt.

Table Salt Compound Spotted on Europa

A full-scale prototype antenna, which at 10 feet tall is the same height as a standard basketball hoop, is in the Experimental Test Range (ETR) at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.

Europa Clipper High Gain Antenna Undergoes Testing at Langley

New comprehensive mapping of the radiation pummeling Jupiter’s icy moon Europa reveals where scientists should look -- and how deep they’ll have to go -- when searching for signs of habitability and biosignatures.

Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions

New animation shows how “bands” and “grooves” in the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa could transport subsurface water to the moon’s surface. 

Europa's Ocean Ascending

Scientists re-examining data from an old mission bring new insights to the tantalizing question of whether Jupiter’s moon Europa has the ingredients to support life.

Old Data Reveal New Evidence of Europa Plumes

NASA will host a Science Chat at 10 a.m. PDT (1 p.m. EDT Monday, May 14), to discuss the latest analysis of Jupiter’s moon Europa and its status as one of the most promising places in the solar system to search for life.

NASA Hosts Live Discussion about Europa Findings, Potential for Life