vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
What’s a Supermoon and Just How Super Is It? - Teachable Moments | NASA/JPL Edu
The new moon phase occurs when the Moon and the Sun are lined up on the same side of Earth.The Moon doesn’t orbit in a perfect circle. Instead, it travels in an ellipse that brings the Moon closer to and farther from Earth in its orbit. The farthest point in this ellipse is called the apogee and is about 405,500 kilometers from Earth on average. Its closest point is the perigee, which is an average distance of about 363,300 kilometers from Earth. During every 27-day orbit around Earth, the Moon reaches both its apogee and perigee.Full moons can occur at any point along the Moon’s elliptical path, but when a full moon occurs at or near the perigee, it looks slightly larger and brighter than a typical full moon. That’s what the term “supermoon" refers to.What makes a supermoon super? Watch this short animation to find out. Credit: NASA/JPL-CaltechBecause supermoon is not an official astronomical term, there is no definition about just how close to perigee the full moon has to be in order to be called “super." Generally, supermoon is used to refer to a full moon 90 percent or closer to perigee. (When the term supermoon was originally coined, it was also used to describe a new moon in the same position, but since the new moon isn’t easily visible from Earth, it’s rarely used in that context anymore.)A more accurate and scientific term is “perigee syzygy.” Syzygy is the alignment of three celestial bodies, in this case the Sun, Moon and Earth. But that doesn’t quite roll off the tongue as easily as supermoon.Why It’s Important Make a Moon Phases Calendar Use this Moon "decoder wheel" to see where and where to view the Moon all year!
Artemis - NASA
Artemis I was an uncrewed flight test of the Space Launch System and the Orion spacecraft around the Moon.

 

Artemis II

Artemis II will be the first crewed flight test of the Space Launch System and the Orion spacecraft around the Moon.

 

Artemis III

Artemis III will send the first humans to explore the region near the lunar South Pole.

 

Artemis IV

Artemis IV debuts humanity's first lunar space station, a larger, more powerful version of the SLS rocket, and new mobile launcher.

 

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Artemis

Why We Are Going To The Moon

We’re going back to the Moon for scientific discovery, economic benefits, and inspiration for a new generation of explorers: the Artemis Generation. While maintaining American leadership in exploration, we will build a global alliance and explore deep space for the benefit of all.

 Learn More About the Moon about Why We Are Going To The Moon 

Waxing gibbous Moon at 11 days old.Ernie Wright / NASA 

Our success will change the world.

	What can we learn?	

	Water on the Moon	

	Lunar Marketplace	

What more can we learn at the Moon?

The Moon is a treasure trove of science.
Earth’s Moon is a 4.5-billion-year-old time capsule, pristinely preserved by the cold vacuum of space. The lunar samples returned during the Apollo Program dramatically changed our view of the solar system, and scientists continue to unlock new secrets from those samples. Yet, we are just scratching the surface of knowledge about the Moon. Future samples from Artemis missions will continue to advance our knowledge of the history and formation of our solar system including Earth and the Moon.

	Learn More about the Moon 	

Malapert massif (informal name) is thought to be a remnant of the South Pole – Aitken basin rim, which formed more than 4 billion years ago.
Moon Phases
It grows daily as the Moon’s orbit carries the Moon’s dayside farther into view. Every day, the Moon rises a little bit later.First QuarterThe Moon is now a quarter of the way through its monthly journey and you see half of its illuminated side. People may casually call this a half moon, but remember, that’s not really what you’re witnessing in the sky. You’re seeing just a slice of the entire Moon ― half of the illuminated half. A first quarter moon rises around noon and sets around midnight. It’s high in the sky in the evening and makes for excellent viewing.Waxing GibbousNow most of the Moon’s dayside has come into view, and the Moon appears brighter in the sky.Full MoonThis is as close as we come to seeing the Sun’s illumination of the entire day side of the Moon (so, technically, this would be the real half moon). The Moon is opposite the Sun, as viewed from Earth, revealing the Moon’s dayside. A full moon rises around sunset and sets around sunrise. The Moon will appear full for a couple of days before it moves into…Waning GibbousAs the Moon begins its journey back toward the Sun, the opposite side of the Moon now reflects the Moon’s light. The lighted side appears to shrink, but the Moon’s orbit is simply carrying it out of view from our perspective. The Moon rises later and later each night.Last QuarterThe Moon looks like it’s half illuminated from the perspective of Earth, but really you’re seeing half of the half of the Moon that’s illuminated by the Sun ― or a quarter. A last quarter moon, also known as a third quarter moon, rises around midnight and sets around noon.Waning CrescentThe Moon is nearly back to the point in its orbit where its dayside directly faces the Sun, and all that we see from our perspective is a thin curve.Our Wobbly MoonWhen we think of the way the Moon seems to change over the course of a month, we think of phases. But frequent Moon observers know that the Moon also appears to twist, nod, and roll slightly during its journey across the sky, allowing us to peek around the Moon's shoulder and catch glimpses of the farside.
Real World: Using Math and New Tech to Study Lunar Rocks | Real World | NASA eClips
Real World: Comets - It's Done With Math 

 Real World: Computer Simulations - Turning Complex Ideas Into Solvable Equations 

 Real World: CubeSats - A Satellite Small Enough to Fit in Your Hand 

 Real World: CubeSats - Changing the Way We Do Science 

 Real World: Designing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 

 Real World: Earth Systems 

 Real World: Earth's Energy Balance - Energy In and Energy Out 

 Real World: Earth's Energy Balance - Small Changes, Big Impact 

 Real World: Environmental Control on the International Space Station 

 Real World: Farewell to the Mars Phoenix Lander 

 Real World: Food Security - Monitoring Crops From Space 

 Real World: From Idea to Physical Prototype 

 Real World: Global Cloud Observation Day 

 Real World: Heart Rate and Blood Pressure 

 Real World: History of Winter - Abiotic Conditions 

 Real World: Home Improvement - Space Station Style 

 Real World: How the Hubble Telescope Is Powered in Space 

 Real World: Hubble Thermal Blanket 

 Real World: ICESat-2 and Earth's Cryosphere 

 Real World: JASON-2 

 Real World: Legacy of NASA's Space Shuttle - Because It Flew 

 Real World: Limits of the Solar System 

 Real World: Longitude and Time Zones 

 Real World: Lunar Power Plant 

 Real World: Mercury's MESSENGER Reveals Mysteries 

 Real World: Mission to Mercury 

 Real World: NASA and a Dinosaur Named Dakota 

 Real World: NASA and the Chesapeake Bay 

 Real World: NASA Harnesses Half-Life 

 Real World: NASA Inventions - Polyimide Foam 

 Real World: Ozone Alerts 

 Real World: Planetary Volcanoes 

 Real World: Robotic Arms 

 Real World: Satellites and Solar Eruptions 

 Real World: Scaling the Solar System 

 Real World: Self-Healing Materials 

 Real World: Small Bodies Orbiting the Sun 

 Real World: Small Systems Count - Cells in Space 

 Real World: Space Lighting 

 Real World: Space Weather 

 Real World: STS-119 Brings More Power to the Space Station 

 Real World: The Carbon Cycle - Essential for Life on Earth 

 Real World: The Nature of Science 

 Real World: The Silent Airliner
Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA’s Artemis II to Aid Future Missions - NASA
Orion will then back away and allow the stage to turn to protect its thermal properties. The crew will follow the stage, initiate a second round of manual maneuvers using another target mounted on the side of the stage, approach within approximately 30 feet, perform another fine handling quality check out, then back away.

At the end of the demonstration, Orion will perform an automated departure burn to move away from the ICPS before the stage then fires to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere over a remote location in the Pacific Ocean. During Orion’s departure burn, engineers will use the spacecraft’s docking camera to gather precise positioning measurements, which will help inform navigation during rendezvous activities on future missions in the lunar environment, where there is no GPS system. 

Because the Artemis II Orion is not docking with another spacecraft, it is not equipped with a docking module containing lights and therefore is reliant on the ICPS to be lit enough by the Sun to allow the crew to see the targets.

“As with many of our tests, it’s possible the proximity operations demonstration won’t go exactly as expected,” said Anderson. “Even if we don’t accomplish every part of the demonstration, we’ll continue on with the test flight as planned to accomplish our primary objectives, including evaluating Orion’s systems with crew aboard in the deep space environment and keeping the crew safe during the mission.”

The approximately 10-day Artemis II flight will test NASA’s foundational human deep space exploration capabilities, the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft, for the first time with astronauts and will pave the way for lunar surface missions, including landing the first woman, first person of color, and first international partner astronaut on the Moon.

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Casey Honniball: Finding Her Space in Lunar Science - NASA
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5 min readCasey Honniball: Finding Her Space in Lunar ScienceElizabeth M. JarrellWriterMar 19, 2024 Article

Lunar scientist Casey Honniball conducts lunar observations and field work near volcanoes to investigate how astronauts could use instruments during moonwalks.
Name: Casey HonniballTitle: Lunar scientistOrganization: Planetary Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Laboratory, Science Directorate (Code 698)

Casey Honniball is a lunar scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. 
Courtesy of Casey Honniball 

What do you do and what is most interesting about your role here at Goddard? How do you help support Goddard’s mission?
I study the Moon using Earth-based telescopes to understand the lunar volatile cycle. I also conduct field work at volcanic sites to investigate how astronauts can utilize instruments during moonwalks.
Why did you want to be a lunar scientist?
When I was 6 years old and in first grade, I was diagnosed with dyslexia. I was tutored and had help with homework and tests, which continued until I was a junior in high school. At that point, I learned to manage my dyslexia.
Because I was not good at reading and writing, I turned to more physical things such as things I could touch and build. I discovered physics in high school, which turned me on to other sciences.
I went to college for physics, but learned that I preferred astronomy. In graduate school I realized I wanted to be a lunar scientist.
Moon - NASA Science
Moon - NASA Science

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
Designed chiefly to take high-resolution photographs of the Moon as it descends to make an intentional crash-landing, Ranger 7 approaches the Moon precisely on target and captures more than 4,300 images as it drops toward a region later named Mare Cognitum. Ranger 7 returns images of the Moon from distances as close as 2,110 km – vastly closer than pictures from any previous Soviet or U.S. spacecraft.
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DECEMBER 24, 1963First Network for Deep Space CommunicationDeep Space Network

To receive signals from and plot the orbit of Explorer 1, JPL had, under contract with the U.S. Army, deployed portable tracking stations to Nigeria, Singapore and California. After JPL is transferred to NASA, the agency recognizes the need for a more extensive communications network rather than having each flight project acquire and operate its own equipment. JPL's Deep Space Information Facility is renamed the Deep Space Network on December 24, 1963, to reflect the expanded role, becoming the "phone company" for nearly every spacecraft that has gone to the Moon or beyond.
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DECEMBER 14, 1962First Planetary FlybyMariner 2

One hundred nine days after launch, Mariner 2 flies by Venus, becoming the first spacecraft to execute a successful encounter of another planet. It passes about 21,600 miles (34,773 kilometers) above the surface and scans the planet with infrared and microwave radiometers, revealing that Venus has an extremely hot surface. This supports a theory put forward by some scientists that Venus is the victim of a runaway "greenhouse effect"; carbon dioxide in its atmosphere acts like a blanket, trapping heat from the Sun. The finding puts to rest longstanding speculation that the cloud-shrouded Venus might be a swampy world harboring life.
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MARCH 3, 1959First U.S. Mission to Escape Earth OrbitPioneer 4

Pioneer 4 is the second of two early attempts by the United States to send a spacecraft to the Moon. The spacecraft achieves its primary objective -- to put itself on a trajectory from the Earth to the Moon -- and is the first American mission to escape Earth orbit.
What’s a Supermoon and Just How Super Is It? - Teachable Moments | NASA/JPL Edu
What’s a Supermoon and Just How Super Is It? - Teachable Moments | NASA/JPL Edu

 

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Teachable Moments| November 15, 2017

What’s a Supermoon and Just How Super Is It?
By Lyle Tavernier

 

The term “supermoon” has been popping up a lot in the news and on social media over the past few years. But what are supermoons, why do they occur and how can they be used as an educational tool. Plus, are they really that super? Lessons About the Moon Explore our collection of standards-aligned lessons for grades 1-12. How it WorksAs the Moon orbits Earth, it goes through phases, which are determined by its position relative to Earth and the Sun. When the Moon lines up on the opposite side of Earth from the Sun, we see a full moon. The new moon phase occurs when the Moon and the Sun are lined up on the same side of Earth.The Moon doesn’t orbit in a perfect circle. Instead, it travels in an ellipse that brings the Moon closer to and farther from Earth in its orbit. The farthest point in this ellipse is called the apogee and is about 405,500 kilometers from Earth on average. Its closest point is the perigee, which is an average distance of about 363,300 kilometers from Earth.
Lunar Discovery and Exploration - NASA Science
These payloads will help us answer high priority science questions, allow us to test new technologies, and help us prepare and reduce risk for human surface exploration.Orion spacecraft is pictured here aboard NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket on top of the mobile launcher. This launch attempt in August 2022, pushed back due to engine temperatures, was later followed by a successful launch of Artemis I in November 2022, which was the first integrated test of NASA’s deep space exploration systems. Credit: NASA/Joel KowskyLunar StoriesExplore All Lunar Discovery StoriesArticle1 min readMission Manager Update: VIPER Rover Approved to Move into Environmental Testing!Image Article min readNASA’s VIPER Gets Its Head and NeckArticle4 min readNASA Technology Helps Guard Against Lunar DustArticle4 min readNASA VIPER Robotic Moon Rover Team Raises Its Mighty Mast min readCADRE Rovers’ Test Drive in the Mars YardImage Article min readVIPER min readLuxembourg Leaders Focus on Lunar Exploration at Visit to NASA AmesImage Article5 min readNASA’s Network of Small Moon-Bound Rovers Is Ready to RollArticle3 months ago Focus Area ProgramsCLPSOverviewThe Moon is a cornerstone for solar system science and exoplanet studies.Understanding the Moon helps us understand other planets, how they have evolved and the processes which have shaped their surfaces. It also helps us understand the influence the Moon has had on the Earth, the record of the ancient Sun, and it serves as a platform to study the rest of the universe.Read MoreNASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) team released this topographical image of the Moon’s surface which was achieved by using the LRO Wide Angle Camera (WAC) and the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA). The pixel scale is about 100 meters which means a single measure of elevation (one pixel) is about two football fields side-by-side. This map is a near-globe representation of the moon with an elevation color chart on the right measured in meters.
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
toplatitude - Latitude is the number of degrees north or south of the Equator. The Equator is 0°N or S, and the North and South Poles are 90° N and 90° S respectively. To visualize this think of Earth as a circle divided into 360°. toplaunch abort system, or LAS - The launch abort system offers a safe, reliable method of moving the entire crew out of danger in the event of an emergency on the launch pad or during the climb to Earth orbit. toplava - Lava is the hot, melted rock that comes out of an erupting volcano or split in the surface of Earth or solid-surface planets or moons. toplava flow - A lava flow is a moving stream of melted (liquified) rock. topLaw of Conservation of Matter - The Law of Conservation of Matter is a principle of matter conservation that states that the mass of an object or collection of objects never changes over time, no matter how the constituent parts rearrange themselves. topLCROSS (Lunar CRater Observing and Sensing Satellite) - LCROSS, or Lunar CRater Observing and Sensing Satellite, mission objective was to confirm the presence or absence of water ice in a permanently shadowed crater near a lunar polar region. LCROSS launched with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) aboard an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral, Fla., on June 18, 2009. The missions found evidence that the lunar soil within shadowy craters is rich in useful materials, and the moon is chemically active and has a water cycle. Scientists also confirmed the water was in the form of mostly pure ice crystals in some places. toplever - A lever is a bar for lifting loads. The lever rests on a fulcrum. To raise a heavy weight at one end, you press down at the other end. topLIDAR - LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light, in the form of a pulsed laser, to measure variable distances to the Earth. These light pulses--combined with other data-- provide precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. toplife - Life is a condition that distinguishes animals and plants from nonliving matter.
Imagine the Universe!
A measure of how bright objects need to be in order for that telescope to detect these objects. A highly sensitive telescope can detect dim objects, while a telescope with low sensitivity can detect only bright ones.
Seyfert galaxy
A spiral galaxy whose nucleus shows bright emission lines; one of a class of galaxies first described by C. Seyfert.
shock wave
A strong compression wave where there is a sudden change in gas velocity, density, pressure and temperature.
singularity
In astronomy, a term often used to refer to the center of a black hole, where the curvature of spacetime is maximal. At the singularity, the gravitational tides diverge; no solid object can even theoretically survive hitting the singularity. Mathematically, a singularity is a condition when equations do not give a valid value, and can sometimes be avoided by using a different coordinate system.
soft x-ray
Low energy x-rays, often from about 0.1 keV to 10 keV. The dividing line between soft and hard x-rays is not well defined and can depend on the context.
solar flares
Violent eruptions of gas on the Sun's surface.
solar mass
A unit of mass equivalent to the mass of the Sun.
1 solar mass = 1 Msun = 2 x 1033 grams
special relativity
The physical theory of space and time developed by Albert Einstein, based on the postulates that all the laws of physics are equally valid in all frames of reference moving at a uniform velocity and that the speed of light from a uniformly moving source is always the same, regardless of how fast or slow the source or its observer is moving. The theory has as consequences the relativistic mass increase of rapidly moving objects, time dilatation, and the principle of mass-energy equivalence. See also general relativity.
spectral line
Light given off at a specific frequency by an atom or molecule. Every different type of atom or molecule gives off light at its own unique set of frequencies; thus, astronomers can look for gas containing a particular atom or molecule by tuning the telescope to one of the gas's characteristic frequencies. For example, carbon monoxide (CO) has a spectral line at 115 Gigahertz (or a wavelength of 2.7 mm).