vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
After Three Years on Mars, NASA’s Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends - NASA
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NASA Selects Commercial Service Studies to Enable Mars Robotic Science - NASA
Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), Hawthorne, California — adapt Earth-orbit communication satellites for Mars

Lockheed Martin Corporation — provide communication relay services via a modified Mars orbiter

Blue Origin, LLC — provide communication relay services via an adapted Earth- and lunar-vicinity spacecraft

The 12-week studies are planned to conclude in August, and a study summary will be released later in the year. These studies could potentially lead to future requests for proposals but do not constitute a NASA commitment.
NASA is concurrently requesting separate industry proposals for its Mars Sample Return campaign, which seeks to bring samples being collected by the agency’s Perseverance rover to Earth, where they can be studied by laboratory equipment too large and complex to bring to Mars. The MSR industry studies are completely independent of the MEP commercial studies.
NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California manages the Mars Exploration Program on behalf of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The goal of the program is to provide a continuous flow of scientific information and discovery through a carefully selected series of robotic orbiters, landers, and mobile laboratories interconnected by a high-bandwidth Mars-Earth communications network. Scientific data and associated information for all Mars Exploration Program missions are archived in the NASA Planetary Data System.
Caltech in Pasadena, California, manages JPL for NASA.
News Media Contacts
Andrew GoodJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.818-393-2433andrew.c.good@jpl.nasa.gov
Karen Fox / Charles BlueNASA Headquarters, Washington301-286-6284 / 202-802-5345karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / charles.e.blue@nasa.gov
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May 01, 2024

Related TermsMarsCommercial SpaceJet Propulsion LaboratoryRoboticsScience-enabling TechnologySpace Communications TechnologyTechnology ResearchThe Future of Commercial Space

 

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Mission to Mars Student Challenge - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Aaron Yazzie, a mechanical engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, talks about his job on the Perseverance Mars rover mission and how the rover will collect and store samples on the Red Planet. Watch en Español: Seleccione subtítulos en Español bajo el ícono de configuración.

This Week's Lessons and Activities ()
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 Choose a grade level:
 

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 K-2
 

 3-5
 

 6-8
 

 9-12
 

 Student Project 

 Explore Rocks Using Core Sampling 
Make a sedimentary rock from play dough and use your geology skills to investigate it!

 Science |
 
 2-8 |
 
 30-60 mins 

 Student Project 

 Code a Mars Sample Collection Video Game 
Use Scratch, a visual programming language, to create a video game that simulates the way NASA will collect samples on Mars!

 Technology |
 
 3-9 |
 
 1-2 hrs 

 Educator Guide 

 Code a Mars Sample Collection Video Game 
Students use a visual programming language to create a video game that simulates the process of collecting samples on Mars.

 Technology |
 
 3-9 |
 
 1-2 hrs 

 Lessons and activities are aligned to NGSS and Common Core Math standards. These assignments can be done in any order and in part or in full as schedules allow.
 

Expert Talks

 
 Learn what goes into successfully designing, building, launching, and landing a rover on Mars and meet the scientists and engineers working on NASA's Perseverance Mars rover mission. Click the playlist icon in the upper right corner of the video screen below to view the full playlist.
 

Share the Adventure

 Highlight your students' work from the Mission to Mars Student Challenge
 

Student Showcase

Education Resources

 Teachable Moments
 

 Land on Mars With NASA's Perseverance Mission
 

 Learn how, why, and what Perseverance will explore on Mars, plus find out about an exciting opportunity for you and your students to join in the adventure!
 

 Resources for Educators
 

 Exploring Mars Lessons
 

 Get students engaged in the excitement of NASA's next mission to Mars with standards-aligned STEM lessons.
 

 Resources for Families
Table Salt Compound Spotted on Europa - NASA Science
We thought that we might be seeing sodium chlorides, but they are essentially featureless in an infrared spectrum," Brown said.Meanwhile, JPL scientist Kevin Hand had used sample ocean salts, bombarded by radiation in a laboratory under Europa-like conditions, and found that several new and distinct features arose in sodium chloride after irradiation. He discovered that they changed colors to the point that they could be identified with an analysis of the visible spectrum. Sodium chloride, for example, turned a shade of yellow similar to that visible in a geologically young area of Europa known as "Tara Regio.""Sodium chloride is a bit like invisible ink on Europa's surface. Before irradiation you can't tell it's there, but after irradiation the color jumps right out at you," said Hand.By taking a close look with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, the research team was able to identify a distinct absorption in the visible spectrum at 450 nanometers, which matched the irradiated salt precisely, confirming that the yellow color of Tara Regio reflected the presence of irradiated sodium chloride on the surface."We've had the capacity to do this analysis with the Hubble Space Telescope for the past 20 years," Brown said. "It's just that nobody thought to look."While the finding does not guarantee that this sodium chloride is derived from the subsurface ocean (this could, in fact, simply be evidence of different types of materials stratified in the moon's icy shell), the study's authors propose that it warrants a reevaluation of the geochemistry of Europa."Magnesium sulfate would simply have leached into the ocean from rocks on the ocean floor, but sodium chloride may indicate the ocean floor is hydrothermally active," Trumbo said. "That would mean Europa is a more geologically interesting planetary body than previously believed."The study is titled "Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa." This research was supported by the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and JPL, which is managed by Caltech for NASA.Gretchen McCartney / Jia-Rui CookJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Build a Bubble-Powered Rocket! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Try a long, skinny rocket or a short, fat rocket. Try a sharp nosecone or a blunt nosecone. Try it with fins or without fins. Experiment!
Here's just one idea for how you might cut your whole rocket from one piece of paper:

Here are the basic steps: 

Cut out all the pieces for your rocket.
Wrap and tape a tube of paper around the film canister. Hint: Tape the canister to the end of the paper before you start wrapping.
 Important! Place the lid end of the canister down.
Tape fins to your rocket body, if you want.
Roll the circle (with a wedge cut out) into a cone and tape it to the rocket's top.

	Blasting Off

Put on your eye protection.
Turn the rocket upside down and remove the canister's lid.
Fill the canister one-third full of water.

Now work quickly on the next steps!

Drop one-half of an effervescing antacid tablet into the canister.
Snap the lid on tight.
Stand your rocket on a launch platform, such as your sidewalk or driveway.
Stand back and wait. Your rocket will blast off!

So, Dr. Marc, how does the pop-rocket work?
When the fizzy tablet is placed in water, many little bubbles of gas escape. The bubbles go up, instead of down, because they weigh less than water. When the bubbles get to the surface of the water, they break open. All that gas that has escaped from the bubbles pushes on the sides of the canister.
Now when you blow up a balloon, the air makes the balloon stretch bigger and bigger. But the little film canister doesn't stretch and all this gas has to go somewhere!
Eventually, something has to give! So the canister pops its top (which is really its bottom, since it's upside down). All the water and gas rush down and out, pushing the canister up and up, along with the rocket attached to it.
We call this wonderful and useful fact the law of action and reaction.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
After capturing the first image of Earth and the Moon ever taken by a CubeSat on May 9, 2018, MarCO-B (Wall-E) tops that with the first image of Mars ever taken by a CubeSat. During the flight past the Red Planet, and on Nov. 26, it also captures a grander image looking back at Mars that shows the planet’s surface features.
› visit website for more info

JULY 2018First Production of the Fifth State of Matter in OrbitCold Atom Lab

Installed on the International Space Station in May 2018, NASA’s Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) is the first experiment to produce a fifth state of matter in Earth orbit. Known as Bose-Einstein condensates, these ultracold clouds of atoms hover just above absolute zero, and exhibit strange and unique properties compared to the other four states of matter -- solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. In the microgravity environment of the International Space Station, Bose-Einstein condensates can reach colder temperatures compared to those produced by ground-based experiments, and scientists can observe freely evolving Bose-Einstein condensates for longer periods of time. CAL is a dedicated fundamental physics facility that allows researchers to use ultracold gasses in microgravity to probe a variety of natural phenomena.
› visit website for more info

JUNE 13, 2018First Laser Ranging Between SpacecraftGRACE-FO

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On mission (GRACE-FO), designed to track how masses of liquid water and ice are changing on Earth, carries a technology demonstration onboard known as the laser ranging interferometer. This instrument -- installed on both of the twin GRACE-FO spacecraft -- precisely tracks changes in the distance between the spacecraft. These data are analyzed to create monthly global maps of changes in mass, such as water, on the planet. While the original GRACE mission used microwaves to track these changes, GRACE-FO is the first to use lasers for this measurement, improving its precision.
› visit website for more info

SEPTEMBER 15, 2017First Mission to Plunge Into the Saturn AtmosphereCassini
Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Here are the colors we used for our gumdrop building block atoms:

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

You will make . . . 
. . . Gummy Greenhouse Gas models of these gases. Each molecule has a shorthand name, which also gives its recipe, or formula. For example, ozone is also called O3, where O stands for an oxygen atom and the little 3 means there are three of them. Here are all the greenhouse gas molecules, their formulas, and a picture of its gumdrop model.

Name of 
	greenhouse gas
Recipe
Shortcut 
(formula)
Gumdrop model

Ozone
3 oxygen atoms
O3

Nitrous oxide
2 nitrogen atoms and 
	1 oxygen atom
	N2O

Carbon dioxide
1 carbon and 
	2 oxygen atoms
CO2

Water vapor
	2 hydrogen atoms and 
	1 oxygen atom
	H2O

Methane
1 carbon atom and 
	4 hydrogen atoms
CH4

Here's how:
Break several toothpicks in half. You will need only one-half a toothpick to make each "bond." The bonds are how the atoms are stuck together to make molecules.
Build each of the greenhouse gas molecules, as shown above.
Now, take the big piece of construction paper and your crayons or felt pen and label it something like this:

Place your molecules above their labels. 

 

 	article last updated January 2, 2014
 

A mission to understand
So, now that you know all your greenhouse gases, you might be wondering . . . why should you care?
We must understand Earth in order to take good care of it. Learning about Earth is part of NASA's mission. 
NASA launched the Aura satellite in 2004 as part of its Earth Observing System. Aura carries four science instruments. They all study the atmosphere from about 20 miles high down to Earth's surface. One instrument is called TES, which is short for Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer.
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Mars Resources - NASA Science
Mars Resources - NASA Science

 Skip to main content Missions Search All NASA MissionsA to Z List of MissionsUpcoming Launches and LandingsSpaceships and RocketsCommunicating with MissionsArtemisJames Webb Space TelescopeHubble Space TelescopeInternational Space StationOSIRIS-RExHumans in Space Why Go to SpaceAstronautsCommercial SpaceDestinationsSpaceships and RocketsLiving in SpaceEarth &amp; Climate Explore Earth ScienceClimate ChangeEarth, Our PlanetEarth Science in ActionEarth MultimediaEarth DataEarth Science ResearchersAbout NASA NASA's ImpactsCenters and FacilitiesDirectoratesOrganizationsPeople of NASACareersInternshipsOur HistoryDoing Business with NASAGet InvolvedContactLearning Resources For Kids and StudentsFor EducatorsFor Colleges and UniversitiesFor ProfessionalsScience for EveryoneSpace Samples for LearningRequest an Exhibit or SpeakerSTEM Engagement at NASAAeronautics Science in the AirNASA AircraftFlight InnovationSupersonic FlightAir Traffic SolutionsGreen Aviation TechDrones & YouTechnology Technology Transfer & SpinoffsSpace Travel TechnologyTechnology Living in SpaceManufacturing and MaterialsRoboticsScience InstrumentsComputingThe Universe ExoplanetsThe
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Do | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Map a 3-D map of the invisible. 
do

Make a topographic map!

 Build your own mountain, then map it. 
do

Make a Balloon-powered Nanorover!

 A fun project to do with the family. 
do

Make a CD Saturn

 Turn an old CD into Saturn's rings. 
do

Make colorful star cookies!

 Find out why stars aren't all the same color. 
do

Why Do We Send Robots To Space?

 We can send robots to explore space without having to worry so much about their safety. Learn more! 
do

Build a Bubble-Powered Rocket!

 How high can you make your rocket go? 
do

Build a physics machine!

 And learn about conservation of oomph! 
do

What Is El Niño?

 Learn all about it then make a yummy dessert that maps the ocean's heat. 
do

Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases!

 Make pollutants from gumdrops, then gobble them up! 
do

Make a Galaxy Montage

 Make a colorful work of galactic art. 
do

Make a Galactic Mobile

 Let the beauty of the galaxies shine in your room. 
do

Make a Cloud Mobile!

 These pretty clouds move, but do not go away. 
do

The Air We Breathe

 A picture book about Earth's atmosphere and its importance to life on Earth. This link takes you away from NASA Space Place. 

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What Powers a Spacecraft? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
For example, the Huygens probe that landed on Saturn’s large moon Titan was only meant to work for a few hours. So a battery provided enough power for the lander to do its job.
Spacecraft batteries are designed to be tough. They need to work in extreme environments in space and on the surfaces of other worlds. The batteries also need to be recharged many times. Over time, NASA scientists have invented ways to improve these batteries. Now they can store more energy in smaller sizes and last longer.

Energy from atoms
An atom is a tiny building block of matter. Almost everything we know in the universe is made up of atoms. Atoms have to store a lot of energy to hold themselves together. But, some atoms—called radioisotopes—are unstable and begin to fall apart. As the atoms fall apart, they release energy as heat.

An unstable atom is called a radioisotope. When these unstable atoms fall apart, they release energy as heat. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

A radioisotope power system uses the temperature difference between the heat from the unstable atoms and the cold of space to produce electricity. NASA has used this type of system to power many missions. For example, it has powered missions to Saturn, Pluto and even spacecraft that have traveled to interstellar space. This type of power system also provides the energy for the Curiosity rover on Mars.

This is a self-portrait of NASA's Curiosity rover on Mars. Curiosity gets its power from a rechargeable lithium-ion battery pack and a radioisotope power system. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

Radioisotope systems produce power for a very long time, even in harsh environments. In fact, NASA's two Voyager spacecraft use this type of power. They have traveled farther than any other human-made object and are still sending back information after more than 40 years in space!

An image of one of NASA's two Voyager spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

 	article last updated October 24, 2019
 

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