vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Solar System Exploration - NASA Science
It takes about 230 million years to complete one orbit around the galactic center.We call it the solar system because it is made up of our star, the Sun, and everything bound to it by gravity – the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Makemake, Haumea, and Eris – along with hundreds of moons; and millions of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.Why NASA is Going to EuropaEverywhere there’s water on Earth, there’s life. Does that hold true elsewhere in our solar system?Solar System FactsPlanet Sizes and LocationsRead MoreTemperatures Across Our Solar SystemRead MoreOrbits and Kepler's LawsRead MoreAll About Asteroid ApophisRead MoreWhen is the Next Full Moon?Our detailed daily guide to the night sky includes full Moon lore, meteor showers, asteroid flybys, and more.Learn MoreStart exploringNASA's EyesExperience Earth, our solar system, nearby asteroids, the universe, and the spacecraft exploring them with immersive real-time 3D web-based apps.
Humans In Space - NASA
The orbital residents will also explore heart health, cancer treatments, space manufacturing techniques, and more during their long-duration stay in Earth orbit.

	Expedition 70 about Space Station Expedition 70

Why Go to Space

Human space exploration helps to address fundamental questions about our place in the universe and the history of our solar system.

NASA’s exploration vision is anchored in providing value for humanity by answering some of the most fundamental questions: Why are we here? How did it all begin? Are we alone? What comes next? 

 Why Go to Space about Why Go to Space 

This illustration shows NASA’s Cassini spacecraft in orbit around Saturn. Cassini made 22 orbits that swooped between the rings and the planet before ending its mission on Sept. 15, 2017, with a final plunge into Saturn.NASA/JPL 

Artemis Missions to the Moon
The Artemis era is here. The Artemis I uncrewed flight test flew in 2022, and we are gearing up for the next flight test, this time with four astronauts. 

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Commercial Space

A New Way of Doing Business

This is the commercial space age. NASA and space agencies across the globe are harnessing private-sector innovation in the growing space economy. 

 Commerical Space about A New Way of Doing Business 

Moonrise over Earth from the Space Shuttle Discovery as it flew over the central Pacific Ocean with stratocumulus clouds below.NASA 

 

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Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate

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Explore | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Read on to find out more. 
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What Is an Impact Crater?

 Learn about impact craters! 
explore

How Long is a Year on Other Planets?

 You probably know that a year is 365 days here on Earth. But did you know that on Mercury you’d have a birthday every 88 days? Read this article to find out how long it takes all the planets in our solar system to make a trip around the Sun. 
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What Is a Leap Year?

 Approximately every four years we add a day to the calendar. Learn more about why it’s important! 
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What Powers a Spacecraft?

 It all depends on what the spacecraft will do! Read on to learn more. 
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All About the Moon

 The biggest planet in our solar system 
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What Is the Weather Like on Other Planets?

 Each of the planets in our solar system experiences its own unique weather. 
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Is There Ice on Other Planets?

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Supermoon, Blood Moon, Blue Moon and Harvest Moon

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What Is a Light-Year?

 A light-year is the distance light travels in one Earth year. Learn about how we use light-years to measure the distance of objects in space. 
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What Is an Earthquake?

 Learn more about tremors on Earth—and other planets too! 
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How Do We Weigh Planets?

 We can use a planet’s gravitational pull like a scale! 
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 Learn about what makes our Sun a very busy place! 
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How Many Solar Systems Are in Our Galaxy?

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Licensing NASA Technology | T2 Portal
When you talk with the NASA licensing team, you will learn that there are 3 components to licensing fees:
an upfront fee—a lump sum payable on the signing of the patent license agreement. For non-exclusive licenses, these upfront fees usually range from $5,000 to $10,000, though we offer special licensing terms with no up-front fees to startup companies. Exclusive license fees are higher, and since each one is unique, it is difficult to provide an accurate range. It is through the upfront fees that NASA seeks to recover some of its investment in the patent filing and maintenance costs.
yearly minimum royalties—Based on the business plan, these fees are designed to ensure that licensees are actively engaged in working toward commercial applications.
running royalty percentage—Based on revenue, these fees are negotiated, but generally range anywhere from three to seven percent. They can also be negotiated down by a higher upfront fee. Within the range, fees may vary by the readiness/maturity of the technology, the industry application of the technology, and the exclusivity desired by your organization.
 

Considerations that impact licensing fees include:
In what industry will the technology be sold or used?
	Royalty rates factor in the margins of the industries in which the licensee operates. Royalty rates in larger margin industries, such as aeronautics are higher than lower-margin industries like coatings or environmental.
How mature is the technology?
	NASA licenses technologies at all stages of development. Less mature technology requires more investment from the licensee to develop the technology so lower fees and/or royalty rates may be justified; however, a mature technology is more market-ready and commands fees and/or royalty rates in the higher end of the range.
What degree of exclusivity is needed?
	Exclusivity pushes fees to the higher end of the range, as it can provide significant value for a business plan. And, it limits competition and opportunities for multiple licenses.
 

Step 4: Sign the License
When terms for the license are set, NASA and the company execute the license under the terms of the agreement.
After the license is granted, NASA monitors the licensee’s sales of products and services that use the licensed technologies.
Licensing NASA Technology | T2 Portal
Patents are maintained and protected by the US Government.
NASA technical personnel and facilities can be available to lend additional support.
Of course, a few rules apply:
This offer is open only to companies formed with the express intent of commercializing the licensed NASA technology.
NASA waives the initial licensing fees, and there are no minimum fees for the first three years. Aftter that, there is an annual minimum licensing fee of $3,000.
Once the company starts selling a product, NASA will collect a standard net royalty fee of 4.2%. This money goes first to the inventor and then to maintaining the agency's technology transfer activities and technology advancement.
This announcement applies to only non-exclusive licenses, which means other companies may apply for similar rights to use the technology for commercial purposes. However, NASA will consider further exclusivity if the startup wishes to negotiate.
Companies entering into these licenses are bound by all requirements in federal licensing statutes and NASA policies, including development of a commercialization plan and reporting on efforts to achieve practical application.
While NASA does license to foreign entities, this start-up agreement is only available to companies in the United States.

 

Step 3: Set Terms for the Agreement
After submitting your license application, the terms of the agreement are worked out by you and the NASA license manager.
Every deal is different. Companies can apply for rights to a single technology or a group of technologies. You may want exclusive rights, worldwide, or in a field of use or geographic region that is important to you. Costs will vary in consideration of the types of license that is granted. The curve below shows how license fees change with the value of the rights granted.

When you talk with the NASA licensing team, you will learn that there are 3 components to licensing fees:
an upfront fee—a lump sum payable on the signing of the patent license agreement. For non-exclusive licenses, these upfront fees usually range from $5,000 to $10,000, though we offer special licensing terms with no up-front fees to startup companies. Exclusive license fees are higher, and since each one is unique, it is difficult to provide an accurate range.
Uranus - NASA Science
Uranus - NASA Science

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How To Guide - NASA Science

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 Exoplanet Exploration at JPL
 JPL is at the forefront of a burgeoning and fascinating endeavor — developing technologies to hunt for exoplanets, which are planets beyond our solar system.Breakthroughs in the 1990s by the world science community confirmed that our Sun, the star at the center of our solar system, is not the only star that has planets in orbit around it. Since then, through extensive ground- and space-based observations, astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets. A significant proportion were identified by NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope, a mission launched in 2009, with development managed by JPL. The JPL-managed Spitzer Space Telescope helped piece together characteristics of some exoplanets, including headline-making discoveries about the TRAPPIST-1 system.One of the ultimate questions scientists would like to answer eventually is whether any Earth-like exoplanets exist that could possibly harbor life.Expanding Exoplanet HorizonsFinding an exoplanet against the overpowering glare of its parent star is extremely tricky—think of trying to find a firefly near a giant searchlight. JPL is testing and using several methods to overcome these daunting visual obstacles.The Kepler Space Telescope successfully used the “transit method” to observe nearly three-quarters of a million stars, watching for the tiny dip in the brightness of an individual star when a planet passes in front of it. The net result: Kepler and its extended mission discovered about 2,800 now-confirmed exoplanets.The infrared Spitzer Space Telescope, designed mainly to study galaxies and stars, demonstrated surprise prowess as an exoplanet hunter.
Human Space Travel Research - NASA
We strive to continuously improve the quality of space food and to satisfy the dietary needs of crew members on increasingly longer and more distant spaceflight missions.

Article5 min readThe Menu for Mars: Designing a Deep Space Food SystemArticle3 min readHow Does Spaceflight Change Food Appeal?Article4 min readEnhanced Diet May Help Astronauts Adapt to Spaceflight 

 

Space simulations on Earth as a research tool

	Take a peek into the lives of crew on a simulated mission to Mars. Confined inside NASA's Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA), these crew help researchers study how teams overcome isolation and confinement to accomplish mission-critical tasks. 	

	Learn more 	

Credit: NASA/Bill Stafford 

Benefits to Humanity

Space exploration unites the world to inspire the next generation, make ground-breaking discoveries, and create new opportunities. 

Technologies and missions we develop for human spaceflight have thousands of applications on Earth, boosting the economy, creating new career paths, and advancing everyday technologies all around us.

 Learn More about Benefits to Humanity 

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Technology - NASA
Robotic Navigation Tech Will Explore the Deep Ocean

Terrain-relative navigation helped Perseverance land – and Ingenuity fly – autonomously on Mars. Now it’s time to test a similar…

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Technology Transfer and Spinoffs

The NASA Technology Transfer program ensures that innovations developed for exploration and discovery are broadly available to the public, maximizing the benefit to the nation. NASA ensures inventions for space find practical uses closer to home. They often become solutions to different challenges – ones we didn’t set out to solve. Called NASA spinoffs, these technologies benefit life on Earth in the form of commercial products. 

 

Space Travel

The path to the Moon, Mars, and beyond requires technologies to get us where we need to go quickly, safely and efficiently. Space travel includes launch and in-space propulsion systems, cryogenic fluid management, and thermal management, as well as navigation and landing systems to get our supplies, equipment, and robotic or human explorers to diverse surface destinations.  

 

Living in Space

Technologies for living in space enable our robotic and human explorers to achieve their mission goals. This means everything from having power to do their work, to the habitats or spacecraft they’ll call home. Our astronauts also need technologies to make food and eat, exercise, sleep and maintain their overall wellbeing.  

 

Manufacturing and Materials

Advanced manufacturing technologies for both terrestrial and in-space purposes will make commercial and exploration missions more efficient and affordable. We’re developing new materials with improved or combined properties, learning how to build infrastructure and innovating on manufacturing processes. 

 

Robotics

NASA uses robotic systems to explore other planets and objects in our solar system as precursors to crewed missions, assist astronauts on the International Space Station, study the universe, and much more. This also includes autonomous systems that enable robotics, spacecraft and aircraft to operate in a dynamic environment independent of external control. 

 

Science Instruments

Science instruments are state-of-the-art tools for acquiring information about planetary geology, atmosphere, and environmental conditions. This includes technologies for remote sensing, mapping and observation capabilities, analyzing light from the universe, and even searching for signs of life. 

 

High-Tech Computing