vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Universe Spacecraft Paper Models - NASA Science
It observed gamma-ray bursts, and high temperature emissions from black holes.Fermi (PDF)This Model is Rated: Easy1.9 MB PDF, 7 pages - Requires Adobe Reader - Prints on 8 1/2 x 11 paperThe Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is an international multi-agency mission that launched in 2008. It is studying the cosmos looking at object that emit high energy wavelengths of light.Gravity Probe B (PDF)This Model is Rated: Moderately Challenging6 MB PDF, 8 pages - Requires Adobe Reader - Prints on 8 1/2 x 11 paperLaunched in 2004 Gravity Probe B was a relativity experiment developed to test predictions of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Using small gyroscopes, the spacecraft measured how space and time are warped by the presence of the Earth, and how the Earth’s rotation drags space-time around with it.Hubble Space TelescopeThis Model is Rated: Moderately Challenging5.8 MB PDF, pages - Requires Adobe Reader - Prints on 8 1/2 x 11 paperThe first of the Great Observatories was deployed from the Space Shuttle Discovery into Earth orbit in April 1990. It is the product of two decades of research and development by 10,000 scientists and engineers at various NASA centers, private companies, universities, and the European Space Agency. The purpose of Hubble is to study the cosmos from low-Earth orbit.Hubble Space TelescopeThis Model is Rated: Challenging12.07 MB PDF, 30+ pages - Requires Adobe Reader - Prints on 8 1/2 x 11 paperThis expert paper model consists of around 300 pieces and will take approximately 30 hours to complete. It has extremely accurate 3-D representations of details ranging from the cryocoolers to handrails. It reflects the state of the telescope after Servicing Mission 3B, which took place in March 2002.James Webb Space TelescopeThis Model is Rated: Easy3.3 MB PDF, 35 pages - Requires Adobe Reader - Prints on 8 1/2 x 11 paperLaunching in 2018, Webb will be the premier infrared telescope of the next decade.
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High-Energy (X-ray and gamma-ray) Astronomy

Many of these questions are answered in more detail in the 
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Gravitational Waves - Introduction
Near a very large mass, the 'dent' in space-time is very deep. 

Illustration of how space-time curves in the presence of a massive object – in this case, the Earth. (Credit: NASA's Imagine the Universe)

To take the analogy of the sheet one step further, imagine that you had two bowling balls on the sheet, and they were orbiting each other's common center of mass. This would cause ripples in the sheet to move from the bowling balls outward. In space-time, these are the ripples we would call gravitational waves, and they travel at the speed of light. 
Where Do Gravitational Waves Come From?
Gravitational waves are produced by masses moving through space-time in a special way. The simplest system that produces gravitational waves is two masses orbiting their common center of mass. 
One of the most common such system is a binary star system – two stars orbiting each other's common center of mass. It turns out that about half of the stars you see in the sky are members of a binary system. And those stars can be at any stage of their life cycle, which means you can have any combination of a normal star, giant star, white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. Another place you might find large masses orbiting each other is the center of a galaxy - if two galaxies merged, their central supermassive black holes would orbit for a long time before they also merged. 

Artist's impression a neutron star merger and the gravitational waves it creates. (Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)

As the black holes, stars, or galaxies orbit each other, they send out waves of "gravitational radiation" that travel at the speed of light. The waves that reach us are extremely weak because, like water waves, gravitational waves decrease in strength as they move outward. Despite being weak, the waves can travel unobstructed within the 'fabric' of space-time, providing us with information that light cannot.
How Can We Detect Gravitational Waves?
The detection of gravitational waves requires measurements that detect changes in distance less than the size of an atomic nucleus - that's tiny! To do this, scientists use interferometry, which consists of two parts: test masses separated by a distance and lasers to measure that distance.
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Globular Cluster NGC 6355
Skip to main content Missions Search All NASA MissionsA to Z List of MissionsUpcoming Launches and LandingsSpaceships and RocketsCommunicating with MissionsArtemisJames Webb Space TelescopeHubble Space TelescopeInternational Space StationOSIRIS-RExHumans in Space Why Go to SpaceAstronautsCommercial SpaceDestinationsSpaceships and RocketsLiving in SpaceEarth &amp; Climate Explore Earth ScienceClimate ChangeEarth, Our PlanetEarth Science in ActionEarth MultimediaEarth DataEarth Science ResearchersAbout NASA NASA's ImpactsCenters and FacilitiesDirectoratesOrganizationsPeople of NASACareersInternshipsOur HistoryDoing Business with NASAGet InvolvedContactLearning Resources For Kids and StudentsFor EducatorsFor Colleges and UniversitiesFor ProfessionalsScience for EveryoneSpace Samples for LearningRequest an Exhibit or SpeakerSTEM Engagement at NASAAeronautics Science in the AirNASA AircraftFlight InnovationSupersonic FlightAir Traffic SolutionsGreen Aviation TechDrones & YouTechnology Technology Transfer & SpinoffsSpace Travel TechnologyTechnology Living in SpaceManufacturing and MaterialsRoboticsScience InstrumentsComputingThe Universe ExoplanetsThe Search for Life in the UniverseStarsGalaxiesBlack HolesThe Big BangDark Matter &amp; Dark EnergyThe Solar System The SunMercuryVenusEarthThe MoonMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto &amp; Dwarf PlanetsAsteroids, Comets &amp; MeteorsThe Kuiper BeltThe Oort CloudSkywatchingEspañol CienciaAeronáuticaCiencias TerrestresSistema SolarUniversoScience All NASA ScienceEarth SciencePlanetary ScienceAstrophysics & Space ScienceThe Sun & HeliophysicsBiological & Physical SciencesLunar ScienceCitizen ScienceAstromaterialsAeronautics ResearchHuman Space Travel ResearchExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+Globular Cluster NGC 6355The scattered stars of the globular cluster NGC 6355 are strewn across this image from the Hubble Space Telescope. NGC 6355 is a galactic globular cluster that resides in our Milky Way galaxy's inner regions. It is less than 50,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Ophiuchus.
HEASARC: Suzaku Guest Observer Facility
This difference arises from the fact that core-collapse remnants expand into a denser local medium, significantly altered by pre-supernova mass loss, and provides the cleanest way of distinguishing the two types of remnant.
Suzaku observations show that gas flowing out at a quarter the speed of light from the central supermassive back hole in the Ultraluminous Infared Galaxy IRAS F11119+3257 is physically connected to a molecular outflow at a large distance from the nucleus. The total mass removal rate of ~800 solar masses is sufficient to stifle star formation near the center of the galaxy.
Suzaku detected a substantial abundance of the rare metals Mn and Ni in the spectrum of the thermonuclear (Type Ia) supernova remnant 3C 397. Only so-called "single degenerate" explosion scenarios can produce the high density needed in the progenitor core to synthesize these metals. As the "double-degenerate" scenario accounts for much of the phenomenology in other Type Ia supernovae and their remnants, this result suggests the existence of multiple Type Ia progenitor channels.

Latest News

New xisrmfgen Released (24 Oct 2018)
	A new version of xisrmfgen, which includes a different model
of the
Si K edge region of Suzaku XIS, has been released with

HEASoft 6.25 together with a new set of 

quantum efficiency CALDB files.
Scientific Mission of Suzaku Declared Complete (28 Aug 2015)
	JAXA has announced that it is abandoning its heroic effort to recover Suzaku, and declared the mission complete.
Recovery Effort for Suzaku After Communication Failure (19 Jun 2015)
	Communication with Suzaku has become intermittent since June 1, preventing normal operations. Recovery effort continues.
 [What is this?]
Recent News

This page is intended for members of the scientific community. For members of the general public, or those interested in general astronomy/astrophysics information please go to our Education and Public Outreach site.

If you have any questions concerning 
Suzaku, visit the Feedback form.
NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars - NASA
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HEASARC Help Desk, Feedback, and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
HEASARC Help Desk, Feedback, and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
The HEASARC is a source of gamma-ray, X-ray, and extreme ultraviolet
observations of cosmic (non-solar) sources. This site provides access to
archival data , associated analysis software,
web tools, and mission-specific and general
documentation, as well as relevant educational and outreach material.

In addition, this
site provides a number of general
astronomical tools such as time, energy and coordinate converters,
SkyView, which allows users to 
obtain multiwaveband images of the sky, and the 
Xamin and Browse interfaces, which allow
users to identify and/or select resources from the HEASARC and also a number
of other external archives, e.g., VizieR.

To access archival data from other energy ranges, you can also visit the
NASA Infra-red (IRSA), Microwave Background (LAMBDA, see below)
, and UV/optical (MAST) archives, as well
as the astrophysics service of the 
NSSDC.

The LAMBDA (Legacy Archive for 
Microwave Background Data Analysis) component of HEASARC is a
"multi-mission NASA center of expertise for cosmic microwave background (CMB) 
radiation research; it provides CMB researchers with archive data from 
cosmology missions, software tools, and links to other sites of interest". 

Feedback

If you have suggestions, praise or complaints about our services, or if you 
have a question which is not one of those addressed in the list below, please 
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RXTE FAQ - data analysis, software
Globular Cluster NGC 6355
Globular Cluster NGC 6355

 Skip to main content Missions Search All NASA MissionsA to Z List of MissionsUpcoming Launches and LandingsSpaceships and RocketsCommunicating with MissionsArtemisJames Webb Space TelescopeHubble Space TelescopeInternational Space StationOSIRIS-RExHumans in Space Why Go to SpaceAstronautsCommercial SpaceDestinationsSpaceships and RocketsLiving in SpaceEarth &amp; Climate Explore Earth ScienceClimate ChangeEarth, Our PlanetEarth Science in ActionEarth MultimediaEarth DataEarth Science ResearchersAbout NASA NASA's ImpactsCenters and FacilitiesDirectoratesOrganizationsPeople of NASACareersInternshipsOur HistoryDoing Business with NASAGet InvolvedContactLearning Resources For Kids and StudentsFor EducatorsFor Colleges and UniversitiesFor ProfessionalsScience for EveryoneSpace Samples for LearningRequest an Exhibit or SpeakerSTEM Engagement at NASAAeronautics Science in the AirNASA AircraftFlight InnovationSupersonic FlightAir Traffic SolutionsGreen Aviation TechDrones & YouTechnology Technology Transfer & SpinoffsSpace Travel TechnologyTechnology Living in SpaceManufacturing and MaterialsRoboticsScience InstrumentsComputingThe Universe ExoplanetsThe Search for Life in the UniverseStarsGalaxiesBlack HolesThe Big BangDark Matter &amp; Dark EnergyThe Solar System The SunMercuryVenusEarthThe MoonMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto &amp; Dwarf PlanetsAsteroids, Comets &amp; MeteorsThe Kuiper BeltThe Oort CloudSkywatchingEspañol CienciaAeronáuticaCiencias TerrestresSistema SolarUniversoScience All NASA ScienceEarth SciencePlanetary ScienceAstrophysics & Space ScienceThe Sun & HeliophysicsBiological & Physical SciencesLunar ScienceCitizen ScienceAstromaterialsAeronautics ResearchHuman Space Travel ResearchExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+Globular Cluster NGC 6355The scattered stars of the globular cluster NGC 6355 are strewn across this image from the Hubble Space Telescope. NGC 6355 is a galactic globular cluster that resides in our Milky Way galaxy's inner regions.
Astrophysics Science Division Colloquium Series Schedule: Spring 2024
The hot circumgalactic medium
	Smita Mathur (Ohio State)

Apr 30
Special Location: B34, W120B
Exploiting the power of nearby laboratories to uncover the history of galaxies
	Svea S Hernandez (STScI)

May

May 7
Uncovering the Elusive Origin of Fast Radio Bursts and other Radio Transients
	Tarraneh Eftekhar (Northwestern University)

May 14
Special Location: B34, W305
Deep Reconnaissance of Exoplanet Atmospheres with JWST
	Nikole Lewis (Cornell University)

May 21
Special Location: B34, W305
Building Foundation Models for Science: What happens if we build massive AI models on scientific data?
	Shirley Ho (Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute)

May 28
No Colloquium - Memorial Day Weekend

June

June 4
The Deep Synoptic Array: results from the first FRB sample
	Vikram Ravi (Caltech)

June 6
Special Day
	John O'Meara (W. M. Keck Observatory)

June 11
Joseph Giaime (Caltech/LIGO/LSU)

June 18
TBD

Radio Studies of the Epoch of Reionization and the Cosmic Dawn
Jacqueline N. Hewitt
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Tuesday, Jan 23, 2024

Abstract
Theoretical astrophysicists are building models that predict the formation of the first generations of stars and their effect on the intergalactic medium. Experimental astrophysicists are building large radio telescopes that in principle are sensitive enough to detect the 21cm signals emitted by neutral hydrogen during this important epoch in the universe's history. The Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) is a second-generation low-frequency radio array designed to detect these signals. HERA is under phased construction in the Karoo Highlands of South Africa, and we are collecting data as the array grows. The status of measurements with HERA will be reported, including 21cm power spectrum limits and their implications for the heating of the intergalactic medium.
What Is a Gravitational Wave? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
when two black holes orbit each other and merge

An artist’s animation of gravitational waves created by the merger of two black holes. Credit: LIGO/T. Pyle
But these types of objects that create gravitational waves are far away. And sometimes, these events only cause small, weak gravitational waves. The waves are then very weak by the time they reach Earth. This makes gravitational waves hard to detect.
How do we know that gravitational waves exist?
In 2015, scientists detected gravitational waves for the very first time. They used a very sensitive instrument called LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). 
These first gravitational waves happened when two black holes crashed into one another. The collision happened 1.3 billion years ago. But, the ripples didn’t make it to Earth until 2015!

LIGO is made up of two observatories: one in Louisiana and one in Washington (above). Each observatory has two long “arms” that are each more than 2 miles (4 kilometers) long. Credit: Caltech/MIT/LIGO Lab
Einstein was right!
The first detection of gravitational waves was a very important event in science. Before this, just about everything we knew about the universe came from studying waves of light. Now we have a new way to learn about the universe—by studying waves of gravity.
Gravitational waves will help us learn many new things about our universe. We may also learn more about gravity itself!

How are gravitational waves detected?
When a gravitational wave passes by Earth, it squeezes and stretches space. LIGO can detect this squeezing and stretching. Each LIGO observatory has two “arms” that are each more than 2 miles (4 kilometers) long. A passing gravitational wave causes the length of the arms to change slightly. The observatory uses lasers, mirrors, and extremely sensitive instruments to detect these tiny changes.
Watch the animation below to see how this works!

Related Resources for Educators

Modeling Gravitational Waves

Dropping In With Gravitational Waves

 	article last updated June 4, 2020
 

More about space!

What is a black hole?

What is the Big Bang?
HEASARC: NASA's Archive of Data on Energetic Phenomena
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