vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
What Is the Big Bang? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
It was nothing like what we see now. As everything expanded and took up more space, it cooled down.
The tiny particles grouped together. They formed atoms. Then those atoms grouped together. Over lots of time, atoms came together to form stars and galaxies.
The first stars created bigger atoms and groups of atoms. That led to more stars being born. At the same time, galaxies were crashing and grouping together. As new stars were being born and dying, then things like asteroids, comets, planets, and black holes formed!

A Super Long Time
How long did all of this take? Well, we now know that the universe is 13,800,000,000 years old—that’s 13.8 billion. That is a very long time.

What's in a Name?
That’s pretty much how the universe began. Because it got so big and led to such great things, some people call it the "Big Bang." But maybe a better name would be the "Everywhere Stretch." What do you think?

 	article last updated March 17, 2021
 

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Have you heard the name Hubble before? He has a spacecraft named after him: the Hubble Space Telescope. It orbits Earth and takes amazing pictures of our universe.

 

 

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Have you heard the name Hubble before? He has a spacecraft named after him: the Hubble Space Telescope. It orbits Earth and takes amazing pictures of our universe.
Dark Matter & Dark Energy - NASA Science
Matter is defined as any substance that has mass and occupies space. But there’s more to the universe than the matter we can see. Dark matter and dark energy are mysterious substances that affect and shape the cosmos, and scientists are still trying to figure them out.Learn moreDark Matter and Energy Stories Explore All Dark Matter and Energy Stories Article2 min readHubble Captures a Bright Spiral in the Queen’s HairArticle5 min readGalaxies Actively Forming in Early Universe Caught Feeding on Cold Gas5 min readNASA’s TESS Finds Intriguing World Sized Between Earth, VenusArticle2 days ago6 min readNew Images From Euclid Mission Reveal Wide View of the Dark UniverseArticle2 days ago5 min readSpotted: ‘Death Star’ Black Holes in ActionImage ArticleKeep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAThe Big BangDark Matter & Dark EnergyBlack HolesStarsReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:2 weeks agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
StarChild: The Universe


StarChild: The Universe

The Universe

   The  universe is a vast expanse of space which contains all of the  matter and
energy in existence.  The universe contains all of the  galaxies, stars, and
planets. The exact size of the universe is unknown.  Scientists believe the
universe is still expanding outward.  They believe this outward expansion is
the result of a violent, powerful explosion that occurred about 13.7 billion years
ago. This explosion is known as the
Big
Bang.  By looking at an object's

electromagnetic spectrum, scientists can determine if an object is moving
away from Earth or towards Earth.  When distant objects, such as  quasars, are
viewed from Earth, their

spectrum is shifted towards red.  Whenever there is a shift in a spectrum,
it is called a

Doppler Shift.  If the shift is toward red, the light given off by the
object is in longer wavelengths.  When an object moves away from Earth, the
light that it is giving off is seen in longer wavelengths.  When an object
moves toward Earth, the light that it is giving off is seen in shorter
wavelengths.  This causes a shift in the object's spectrum towards violet.  The
amount of shift in an object's spectrum is determined by how fast the object is
moving.  All of the distant galaxies have tremendous red shifts.  Based on
these data, scientists believe the universe is still expanding outward.
 Sing me part of a song about the Doppler Shift!

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(Words)

The Milky Way
Galaxies
Quasars
Stars
Black Holes
Cosmology
Dark Matter
Dark Energy

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StarChild Authors: The StarChild Team
StarChild Graphics & Music: Acknowledgments

StarChild Project Leader: Dr. Laura A.
Whitlock

Curator: J.D. Myers

Responsible NASA Official: Amber Straughn

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Make a Galactic Mobile | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Some are like a circle or a flattened circle. Others seem to have no particular shape at all.

How did the galaxies get to be such a variety of shapes?
Well, we don't know. But with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer spacecraft, or GALEX, we learned a lot about stars and galaxies.
GALEX was launched into orbit around Earth on April 28, 2003. It used advanced instruments to peer outward, deep into the universe. It collected data that is helping astronomers piece together the story of how stars and galaxies are formed and how they change over billions of years.
The GALEX mission ended on June 28th, 2013 after a very successful ten years of observing the varied galaxies and other mysterious objects that make up our universe.
StarChild: A Learning Center for Young Astronomers


StarChild: A Learning Center for Young Astronomers

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StarChild is a learning center for young astronomers ages 5-13 to learn about the solar system, the Milky Way galaxy, and the universe beyond. Use the links above to explore the site's topics. If you are looking for something a bit more advanced (ages 14+), then head on over to Imagine the Universe!

 
 
 
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NASA Official: Amber Straughn

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Page Last Updated: Mon, May 14, 2018
Hubble Spots the Spider Galaxy - NASA Science
ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. Tully, M. MessaThis image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows the gauzy-looking celestial body UGC 5829, an irregular galaxy that lies about 30 million light-years away. Despite the lack of observations of this relatively faint galaxy, UGC 5829 has a distinct and descriptive name: the Spider Galaxy. Perhaps its distorted galactic arms with their glowing, star-forming tips hint at the clawed legs of an arachnid.The data in this image come from two Hubble observing programs. The first used Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys to look at relatively nearby galaxies in an effort to build color versus brightness diagrams of the stars in these galaxies. Each observation only took one Hubble orbit (about 95 minutes) but provided a valuable archival record of the types of stars in different galaxies and therefore different environments.The second program used Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 to look at star clusters in dwarf galaxies. Their observations leveraged Hubble’s ultraviolet capabilities along with its ability to see fine details to better understand the environment where stars form in dwarf galaxies.
Astrophysics Science Division Colloquium Series Schedule: Spring 2024
The X-ray missions Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku opened a new window on CGM studies, allowing us to probe the warm-hot gas where most of the galactic baryons reside. In over two decades since the launch of the great X-ray observatories, we have made great strides in understanding the CGM, but significant challenges remain. I'll review our progress so for, highlight new discoveries, outline the open questions, and discuss paths for future progress.

Exploiting the power of nearby laboratories to uncover the history of galaxies
Svea S Hernandez
STScI
Tuesday, Apr 30, 2024

Abstract
Metallicities of galaxies at all redshifts are critical for deciphering a plethora of physical and evolutionary processes taking place among and inside galaxies, including star formation, stellar feedback and interstellar/intergalactic chemical enrichment. Studies of local star-forming galaxies (SFGs) can be performed at exquisite signal-to-noise and spatial resolution, which are not achievable at higher redshift. Therefore, these studies establish a baseline in understanding how gas and stellar properties evolve through cosmic time. I take advantage of the unique FUV spectroscopic capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope, along with the high sensitivity in the MIR of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and complement our space observations with those from several ground-based telescopes to investigate a sample of local galaxies, which span a wide range in morphological types, metallicities and star formation rates. The results from my metallicity studies of nearby (<100 Mpc) galaxies will be discussed with a dedicated focus on their stellar, neutral-gas, and ionized-gas components. I will show how using spectroscopic observations of star clusters and their nearby gas allows us to observe the chemical evolution of galaxies through a much larger window in both space and time. Lastly, I will present some of the most recent results from our JWST program dedicated to dissect a key ingredient in the recipe for star formation: molecular gas. I will close with a brief discussion on the implications these data have in the understanding of the processes that drive the evolution of galaxies.

Uncovering the Elusive Origin of Fast Radio Bursts and other Radio Transients
Imagine the Universe!
The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena.
astrophysics
The part of astronomy that deals principally with the physics of the universe, including luminosity, density, temperature, and the chemical composition of stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium.
atmosphere
The gas that surrounds a planet or star. The Earth's atmosphere is made up of mostly nitrogen, while the Sun's atmosphere consists of mostly hydrogen.
AXAF
The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility. AXAF was renamed Chandra X-ray Observatory, CXO, and launched in July 1999.

 Tell me more about AXAF.

B
Balmer lines (J. Balmer)
Emission or absorption lines in the spectrum of hydrogen that arise from transitions between the second (or first excited) state and higher energy states of the hydrogen atom. They were discovered by Swiss physicist J. J. Balmer.
baryon
Any of the subatomic particles which interact via the strong nuclear force. Most commonly, these are protons and neutrons. Their presence in the universe is determined through their gravitational and electromagnetic interactions.
BATSE
BATSE (Burst and Transient Source Experiment) was an instrument aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory that detected and located gamma-ray bursts in the sky.
BBXRT
The Broad Band X-Ray Telescope, which was flown on the Astro-1 space shuttle flight (Dec. 1990).

 Tell me more about BBXRT.

Be star
A spectral type "B" star that shows emission lines in its spectrum. Be stars are also rapidly rotating and losing mass. The emission lines result from ultraviolet light from the star being reprocessed in the ejected material.
BeppoSAX
A major satellite program of the Italian Space Agency with partcipation from the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs. BeppoSAX operated from 1996 to 2002, and covered more than three decades of energy (from 0.1 to 300 keV) with relatively large effective area, medium energy resolution and imaging capabilities from 0.1 - 10 keV.
Universe - NASA Science
Life in the UniverseStarsGalaxiesBlack HolesThe Big BangDark Matter &amp; Dark EnergyThe Solar System The SunMercuryVenusEarthThe MoonMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto &amp; Dwarf PlanetsAsteroids, Comets &amp; MeteorsThe Kuiper BeltThe Oort CloudSkywatchingEspañol CienciaAeronáuticaCiencias TerrestresSistema SolarUniversoScience All NASA ScienceEarth SciencePlanetary ScienceAstrophysics & Space ScienceThe Sun & HeliophysicsBiological & Physical SciencesLunar ScienceCitizen ScienceAstromaterialsAeronautics ResearchHuman Space Travel ResearchExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+UniverseCosmic HistoryBuilding BlocksForcesGalaxiesOverviewTypesEvolutionLarge Scale StructuresBlack HolesOverviewTypesAnatomyBlack Hole WeekStarsOverviewTypesMultiple Star SystemsPlanetary SystemsExoplanetsExplorationSensing the UniverseTelescopes 101ObservatoriesMoreNewsDeep DivesQuick ReadsMultimediaGlossaryExplore This SectionUniverseGalaxiesBlack HolesStarsExoplanetsExplorationMoreWelcome to the UniverseDiscover the universe: Learn about the history of the cosmos, what it's made of, and so much more.Explore:ExoplanetsWorlds beyond our solar system.StarsGiant balls of hot gas that burn for millions to billions of years. Black HolesConcentrations of matter with gravity so powerful not even light can escape.GalaxiesCollections of stars, planets, and vast clouds of gas and dust bound together by gravity.The Search for LifeEarth is the only planet we know of with life on it ...
Stars and Galaxies
Stars and Galaxies

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 Stars and Galaxies Research at JPL
 The nighttime sky is magical. The dark curtain sprinkled with tiny dots of light has inspired songs, sparked romances, and prompted humans through the ages to gaze at the twinkling scene overhead and wonder what’s out there and what it all means. Some of those humans are scientists and engineers at JPL, who continue developing new tools and techniques to answer those primal questions.Powerful telescopes on Earth and observatories in space, including many developed and managed by JPL, have peered back in time across colossal distances. They have used multiple wavelengths of light to view stars, galaxies, and other cosmic objects, sometimes as they were billions of years ago. This power enables us to see many stars in their infancy or childhood, long before their glow traveled across many light-years to shine as dots in our night sky.Even after more than four decades of historic exploration, the JPL-managed twin Voyager spacecraft still talk to Earth every day, using a tiny amount of power, comparable to a refrigerator light bulb. After a long and historic period of exploring the four giant planets in our solar system, the Voyagers became the first probes ever to reach interstellar space. In that vast, previously unexplored region, the probes are tasting space outside the protective bubble of particles and magnetic fields created by our Sun. They crossed over in 2012 and 2018, respectively, becoming the first spacecraft to enter this region.Space OdditiesOur universe includes a variety of astonishing and sometimes bizarre objects. Massive black holes so powerful, they swallow nearby objects. Galaxies that merge into giant swirls.
Astrophysics Science Division Colloquium Series Schedule: Spring 2024
These observations are pointing to a revision of the AGN standard model, one where interactions with the host interstellar medium and molecular clouds are important parts of the AGN phenomenon.

Resonant Evolution: How emergent dynamics have shaped the Milky Way
Kathryne J. Daniel
University of Arizona, Steward Observatory
Tuesday, Mar 12, 2024

Abstract
Dynamical resonances are essential to the evolution of disk galaxies. These resonances arise in the presence of massive structures, like Giant Molecular Clouds, spiral patterns and satellites, and reshape a galaxy as they diffuse, shepherd and rearrange stellar populations. Until recently, many of the signatures that would reveal the past dynamical evolution of the Milky Way have been obscured. We are now entering a new era, rich with high precision chrono-chemodynamic (kinematic, chemical, and age) data from current and upcoming surveys. These data are revealing complex post-resonant structures in this multidimensional space and highlight a critical need for new theoretical tools to disentangle these signatures. In this talk I will demystify the physics that governs various resonant phenomena and then discuss, using demonstrative examples, how chrono-chemodynamic space and novel orbital analysis techniques are opening exciting pathways to reconstruct the history of the Milky Way. At the end of this talk I will touch on the status of the next generation gravitational wave experiment in the US, Cosmic Explorer. In particular, I will describe how our approach to site evaluation and selection integrates local and Indigenous community partnerships and why this approach is critically important to how we do science.

Planning electromagnetic observations of LISA massive black hole binaries
Jessie Runnoe
Vanderbilt University
Tuesday, Mar 19, 2024

Abstract
Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) with masses of 0.1-10 million Solar masses in low-redshift galaxies will be among the loudest sources of gravitational radiation at milli-Hz frequencies observable with the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). While the detection of such systems with LISA will be groundbreaking, we can learn a great deal more if we can also detect their electromagnetic (EM) counterparts.
Galaxy of Horrors - NASA Science
You can also download our free posters – based on real NASA science – if you dare.GalleriesExplore NASA's media galleries to view and download high-resolution images of the solar system, agency missions, and more.About Galaxy of HorrorsRoasted Planet - New PosterAs HD 80606 b approaches its star from an extreme, elliptical orbit, it suffers star-grazing torture that causes howling, supersonic winds and shockwave storms across the planet.Read MoreDark Energy - New PosterAn unseen power is prowling throughout the cosmos, driving the universe to expand at a quickening rate. This relentless pressure, called dark energy, is nothing like dark matter, that mysterious material only revealed by its gravitational pull.Read MoreDevoured by Gravity - PosterLurking in our galaxy, approximately 6,000 light-years from Earth, is a monster black hole named CygnusX-1. Don’t get too close, or you’ll become its next meal!Read MoreGalactic Graveyard - PosterThis chillingly haunted galaxy mysteriously stopped making stars only a few billion years after the Big Bang! It became a cosmic cemetery, illuminated by the red glow of decaying stars.Read MoreDark Matter - PosterSomething strange and mysterious creeps throughout the cosmos. Scientists call it dark matter. It is scattered in an intricate web that forms the skeleton of our universe.Read MoreGamma Ray Ghouls - PosterIn the depths of the universe, the cores of two collapsed stars violently merge to release a burst of the deadliest and most powerful form of light – gamma rays. These beams are unleashed and shine a million trillion times brighter than the Sun.Read MoreFlares of Fury - Poster and InteractiveAU Microscopii is among the youngest planetary systems ever observed! This devilish young star holds planet AU Mic b captive inside a looming disk of ghostly dust and torments it with deadly blasts of X-rays and other radiation.Read MoreZombie Worlds - Poster and InteractiveThese doomed worlds were among the first to be discovered as they orbit an undead star known as a pulsar. Pulsar planets like Poltergeist and neighbors Phobetor and Draugr are consumed with constant radiation.Read MoreRains of Terror - Poster and InteractiveWeather on HD 189733 b is deadly.
Galaxies Actively Forming in Early Universe Caught Feeding on Cold Gas - NASA Science
The universe was a very different place several hundred million years after the big bang during a period known as the Era of Reionization. Gas between stars and galaxies was largely opaque. Gas throughout the universe only became fully transparent around 1 billion years after the big bang. Galaxies’ stars contributed to heating and ionizing the gas around them, causing the gas to eventually become completely transparent.By matching Webb’s data to models of star formation, the researchers also found that these galaxies primarily have populations of young stars. “The fact that we are seeing large gas reservoirs also suggests that the galaxies have not had enough time to form most of their stars yet,” Watson added.This is Only the StartWebb is not only meeting the mission goals that drove its development and launch – it is exceeding them. “Images and data of these distant galaxies were impossible to obtain before Webb,” explained Gabriel Brammer, a co-author and associate professor at DAWN. “Plus, we had a good sense of what we were going to find when we first glimpsed the data – we were almost making discoveries by eye.”There remain many more questions to address. Where, specifically, is the gas? How much is located near the centers of the galaxies – or in their outskirts? Is the gas pristine or already populated by heavier elements? Significant research lies ahead. “The next step is to build large statistical samples of galaxies and quantify the prevalence and prominence of their features in detail,” Heintz said.The researchers’ findings were possible thanks to Webb’s Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey, which includes spectra of distant galaxies from the telescope’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph), and was released immediately to support discoveries like this as part of Webb’s Early Release Science (ERS) program.This work has been published in the May 24, 2024 issue of the journal Science.The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it.