vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
EO Kids
Find out how scientists see different rock types with the help of satellites and solve the mystery of how rock layers move to make cool rock formations. 

Air Pollution: Seeing Small Specks from Space

EO Kids is searching for small specks of air pollutants from space. How clean is our air?

Clouds or Snow? A Satellite Mystery

EO Kids is investigating how similar snow and clouds look from space. In this issue, discover how satellites measure light to help scientists know which is which.

Sky High: Keeping Track of Volcano Plumes

EO Kids is blasting into the sky and following the trails of volcanic plumes as they travel across the globe.

Shrinking Shorelines and Developing Deltas

EO Kids is exploring the muddy waters of the Mississippi Delta from space.

(Infra)Red Light, Green Light

EO Kids is exploring our green Earth. Discover how satellites help us look at plant health all over our planet.

60 Years of Looking at Earth from Above

EO Kids is exploring the history of viewing Earth from space – from Explorer 1 to our modern constellation of satellites.

Ice on Earth: By Land & By Sea

Explore this “cool” topic and discover how NASA scientists use satellites to study these frozen features from space.

Space Archaeology: Uncovering the Past

"Dig in" and find out how different types of sensors on satellites are used to uncover past civilizations.

Ocean Green: Blooming Oceans

Explore the swirling seas of phytoplankton blooms and create your own NASA science visualization.

Landslides: Earth on the Move

When can landslides happen? What can trigger a landslide? How is NASA using satellite data to find and prepare for potential landslides?

Urban Heat Islands: Hot Times in the City

What makes an urban heat island? Why is New York City a "hot" town? Where are the hottest places on Earth? How can NASA scientists help city planners turn down the heat?

Fresh Water

Explore how NASA observes and measures fresh water from space.

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Forests - NYSDEC
The majority of these properties provide recreation opportunities for the public.New York's forests are also important economic resources. According to Cornell University, the forest industry employs more than 60,000 people and directly contributes some $4.6 billion to the state's economy each year.Protecting and enhancing our forests benefits individuals, local communities and industries, and the state as a whole.Get into the forest for your health. Read about the benefits of forests on human health.New York's Forests at a GlanceNew York Land Area: 30.2 million acres. State Population: 19.4 millionNew York State forest area: 18.6 million acres, 61% of land area, about one acre per residentPublicly-owned forest land: at least 3.7 million acresPrivately-owned forest land area: 14.4 million acres; 76% of forest land; owned by 687,000 landownersNumber of tree species: more than 100 commercial and non-commercialMost common forest type: maple/beech/birch (53% of forest land area)Economic Importance of New York's Forests and Harvest Information$300 million in annual payments to private landowners488 million board feet of logs2.1 million green tons pulpwood and wood chips25% of New York timber harvest is exported for processingEconomic contribution of forest products-related manufacturing and services: $14 billion (US Census)Forest-related tourism: $1.9 billionWhy Forests are ImportantForests cover 31% of total global land area.Forests are home to 300 million people around the world.Forests house 80% of our terrestrial biodiversity.The livelihood of over 1.6 billion people depends on forests.Approximately 60 million people, mainly members of indigenous and local communities, reside in forests.Forests store more than 1 trillion tons of carbon.Over 40% of the world's oxygen is produced by rainforests.More than 1/4 of modern medicines originate from tropical forest plants.32.5 million acres (roughly the size of NY State) of forest continue to be lost worldwide per year.Deforestation accounts for 12 to 20% of the global greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.The five most forest-rich countries (Russia, Brazil, Canada, United States of America, and China) account for more than half of the total forest area in the world.More than 60 million people are employed by forest-based industries.
Faint Glow, Clear Signal from Plants
The glow is directly related to the biochemical processes happening inside the plant, so scientists can use it as a proxy for plant productivity. The higher the fluorescence from a plant, the more carbon dioxide it is taking from the atmosphere to fuel its growth.
Because fluorescence offers a direct view into the photosynthetic machinery of plants, scientists can use it to detect nuances in the growing season that might be missed by other methods that rely on changes in vegetation color, or “greenness.” Detecting the faint signal of fluorescence with satellites has been a challenge, but scientists have made fast progress.
“The first global maps of fluorescence were really coarse, yet the data allowed us to make some interesting discoveries,” said Philipp Köhler, a researcher at Caltech who studies SIF.
In 2014, for example, scientists showed that the U.S. Midwest is one of the most productive growing regions in the world, out-glowing even the Amazon rainforest at times. Then in 2016, they discovered that the growing season of forests in northern latitudes is often weeks longer than previously thought. Most of that pioneering work with SIF was done with satellites and instrument—such as JAXA’s GOSAT, ESA’s GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY, and NASA’s OCO-2—not specifically designed to measure SIF.
More recently, the scientists at Caltech have retrieved high-resolution fluorescence data from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on ESA’s Sentinel-5P satellite to investigate cropland changes in near-real-time. In research published in March 2020, Yi Yin and colleagues estimated that cropland productivity in the Midwest declined by 15 percent in 2019 (from 2018 levels) after record-wet conditions shifted the timing of the growing season.
The maps above show how the solar induced fluorescence signal evolved across the Midwest during a typical growing season (2018) and during the record precipitation and flood conditions of 2019. The third column shows the difference between the two years. Notice that fluorescence in 2018 peaked strongly in July and then declined, which is the typical progression of productivity across Midwest croplands.
The 2019 maps tell a different story. By the end of April 2019, the U.S. had experienced its wettest 12-month period on record.
MODIS | Terra
MODIS helps scientists determine the amount of water vapor in a column of the atmosphere and the vertical distribution of temperature and water vapor—measurements crucial to understanding Earth’s climate system.
MODIS is ideal for monitoring large-scale changes in the biosphere that are yielding new insights into the workings of the global carbon cycle. MODIS measures the photosynthetic activity of land and marine plants (phytoplankton) to yield better estimates of how much of the greenhouse gas is being absorbed and used in plant productivity. Coupled with the sensor’s surface temperature measurements, MODIS’ measurements of the biosphere are helping scientists track the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in response to climate changes.
Almost every day over the entire globe, the sensor monitors changes on the land surface, thereby building upon and extending the heritage begun by Landsat. MODIS maps the areal extent of snow and ice brought by winter storms and frigid temperatures. The sensor observes the “green wave” that sweeps across continents as winter gives way to spring and vegetation blooms in response. It sees where and when disasters strike—such as volcanic eruptions, floods, severe storms, droughts, and wildfires—and will hopefully help people get out of harm’s way. MODIS’ bands are particularly sensitive to fires; they can distinguish flaming from smoldering burns and provide better estimates of the amounts of aerosols and gases fires release into the atmosphere.
MODIS sees changes in the Pacific phytoplankton populations that may signal the onset of the famous El Niño/La Niña climatic siblings well ahead of their arrival. In turn, by coupling its sea surface temperature and ocean color measurements, MODIS has observed the impacts El Niño and La Niña have on the microscopic marine plant. MODIS also has a unique channel for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence. All plants bombarded with light begin to glow, or fluoresce, but in wavelengths that our eyes cannot see. The more plants fluoresce, the less energy they are using for photosynthesis. Thus, MODIS not only maps the distribution of phytoplankton, it also helps us gauge its health.
Another MODIS instrument flies aboard Terra’s sister ship—Aqua.
 
MODIS web site (Goddard Space Flight Center)
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California Fish and Wildlife Journal - Contents

Influence of molybdenum on the trout and trout fishing of Castle Lake. A. J. Cordone and S. J. Nicola
A qualitative and quantitative study of trout food in Castle Lake, California. M. C. Swift Bioassay of king salmon eggs and sac fry in copper solutions. C. R. Hazel and S. J. Meith
Bioassay of king salmon eggs and sac fry in copper solutions. C. R. Hazel and S. J. Meith
Vertical migration of the ocean shrimp, Pandalus jordani: a feeding and dispersal mechanism. W. G. Pearcy
Sea lion census for 1969, including counts of other California pinnipeds. H. W. Frey and J. A. Aplin
Food habits of Clinocottus analis (Girard). R. S. Mollick
A white sea urchin-acorn barnacle enigma. A. R. Strachan
The California least tern breeding in Alameda and San Mateo counties. W. Anderson
Oldest tagged northern elephant seal recovered in Oregon. B. R. Mate
Addition of Hart's rivulus, Rivulus harti (Boulenger), to the Californian fauna. J. A. St. Amant
Differential distribution of the striped mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. D. W. Johnson and E. L. McClendon
Advances in ecological research, volume 5 (Book Review). J. R. Bybee
Living turtles of the world (Book Review). J. A. St. Amant

California Fish and Game 56(1). Winter 1970.

The limnology and productivity of three California coldwater reservoirs. S. J. Nicola and D. P. Borgeson
Food of lake trout in Lake Tahoe. T. C. Frantz and A. J. Cordone
Food habits of the western gray squirrel. W. Stienecker and B. M. Browning
Webb Cracks Case of Inflated Exoplanet - NASA Science
“WASP-107 b is such an interesting target for Webb because it’s significantly cooler and more Neptune-like in mass than many of the other low-density planets, the hot Jupiters, we’ve been studying,” said David Sing from the Johns Hopkins University (JHU), lead author on a parallel study also published today in Nature. “As a result, we should be able to detect methane and other molecules that can give us information about its chemistry and internal dynamics that we can’t get from a hotter planet.”A Wealth of Previously Undetectable MoleculesWASP-107 b’s giant radius, extended atmosphere, and edge-on orbit make it ideal for transmission spectroscopy, a method used to identify the various gases in an exoplanet atmosphere based on how they affect starlight.Combining observations from Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera), Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), and Hubble’s WFC3 (Wide Field Camera 3), Welbanks’ team was able to build a broad spectrum of 0.8- to 12.2-micron light absorbed by WASP-107 b’s atmosphere. Using Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph), Sing’s team built an independent spectrum covering 2.7 to 5.2 microns.The precision of the data makes it possible to not just detect, but actually measure the abundances of a wealth of molecules, including water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ammonia (NH3). Image:Warm Gas-Giant Exoplanet WASP-107 b Transmission Spectrum (Hubble WFC3, Webb NIRCam, and Webb MIRIThis transmission spectrum, captured using NASA’s Hubble and James Webb space telescopes, shows the amounts of different wavelengths (colors) of starlight blocked by the atmosphere of the gas-giant exoplanet WASP-107 b.
Juno - NASA Science
Juno is going there as our emissary – to interpret what Jupiter has to say.scott boltonJuno's principal investigator, Southwest Research Institute in San Antoniojuno firstsCatching RaysFirst solar-powered spacecraft operating at Jupiter.Waiting for DaylightFarthest solar-powered spacecraft from Earth.Polar ExplorerFirst mission to orbit an outer planet from pole to pole.Daring DivesClosest orbiter to Jupiter, grazing deadly radiation belts.Eye for DetailHighest-resolution images ever captured at Jupiter.Overview Jupiter, king of the gods in Roman mythology, was also god of the sky and storms; he once concealed himself in a veil of clouds to hide his misbehavior.  His wife, Juno, queen of the gods, noticed this sudden fog and grew suspicious; she swooped down from the heavens and broke through the haze to investigate. She could see Jupiter’s true nature. Like its namesake, NASA’s Juno spacecraft, flying low across the clouds that encircle the planet, peers through storms and cyclones to unveil Jupiter’s secrets. The mission’s many discoveries have changed our view of Jupiter’s atmosphere and interior, revolutionizing our understanding of the planet, and of the solar system’s formation.  jUPITER'S VOLCANIC MOON, io'Steeple Mountain' and a Glass-Smooth Lake of LavaJuno mission scientists transformed data from recent close passes of Io into animations highlighting a pair of dramatic features on the turbulent moon – a mountain piercing the sky like a cathedral spire, and a reflective lake of cooling lava dotted with islands. Juno cruised within about 930 miles (1,500 kilometers) of the surface during flybys of Io in December 2023 and February 2024.Learn MoreMission Objectives Juno's principal goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter. Underneath its dense cloud cover, Jupiter safeguards secrets to the fundamental processes and conditions that likely governed our solar system as it formed. Our primary example of a giant planet, Jupiter can also help us understand planetary systems being discovered around other stars.
Glossary | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
They come from big events like solar flares and exploding stars.
Gas: A loose collection of atoms moving around each other.

GPS: This stands for Global Positioning System. It’s a system that uses satellites, ground stations, and receivers to tell you exactly where you are on Earth.
Gravity: A force that pulls matter together.
Greenhouse gas: Gases in the atmosphere that trap heat from the sun. Some greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide.

Infrared: Part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we cannot see with our eyes but can feel as heat. It is made of waves released by hot objects, such as stars. We call it infrared because these waves are just a little longer than the wavelengths of red light we can see.
Kuiper Belt: A donut-shaped ring of icy objects beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto is the best known of these icy worlds.
La Niña: The opposite of El Niño. La Niña happens because of unusually cold sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific. During a La Niña year, winter temperatures are warmer than normal in the Southeast and cooler than normal in the Northwest United States.
Light year: It’s not a year, or an amount of time at all. It’s the distance light travels in one year. It’s the same as 5,878,499,810,000 miles (or 9,460,538,400,000,000 meters). When things are very far away, it’s easier to talk about their distance in light years than millions or billions or trillions of miles.
Magnetic field: The space around a magnet where the magnetic force is active. Earth has a magnetic field and its extension into space helps protect us from space weather.

Mass: The amount of matter something is made of. 

Matter: The stuff that everything is made of. Atoms are a tiny bit of matter. Big planets have lots of matter. Even you are made of matter!
Meteor: The streak of light caused when a meteoroid enters a planet’s atmosphere and starts to burn from the heat of friction.
Nature - NYSDEC
DEC has numerous programs and resources across the state designed to assist with these efforts. Visit our page on wildlife health to learn more and find out how you can do your part in maintaining the health of New York's wildlife.

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Natural Features

Forests
New York state is 61% forested - forests cover 18.6 million acres of our 30.2 million total acres. Protecting and enhancing our forests benefits individuals, local communities and industries, and the state as a whole.

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Waterbodies
Explore the countless waterbodies throughout New York State and learn about their importance, usage, and role in their ecosystems.

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Open Space
Open space is simply land or water that is undeveloped (free from residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional use). These spaces can be as small as a vacant lot or as large as the Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserve.

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Terra Turns Five
This false-color map represents the Earth’s carbon “metabolism” — the rate at which plants 
 absorbed carbon out of the atmosphere. The map shows the global, annual average of the net productivity of 
 vegetation on land and in the ocean during 2002. The yellow and red areas show the highest rates, ranging from 2 
 to 3 kilograms of carbon taken in per square meter per year. The green, blue, and purple shades show progressively
 lower productivity. (NASA image courtesy Reto Stockli, Earth Observatory)
 More information.

 

Tracking plant growth is also an important way in which Terra gives back to society. Scientists and resource
	 managers are using Terra’s Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and MODIS 
	 instruments to monitor large agricultural regions and assess the health of croplands. These instruments produce 
	 maps of the “greenness” of the landscape, which scientists use as a measure of how much plant growth 
	 is occurring. 

 

 The Terra ASTER instrument acquired these images over the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Grazing Lands
 Research Laboratory near El Reno, Oklahoma, on Sept. 4, 2000. In the top image, bright red colors indicate green
 vegetation, which at this time of year only includes irrigated lands and riparian zones. Gray-green colors represent
 harvested winter wheat fields. Dendritic drainage patterns are clearly depicted in the lower left and upper right
 portions of the scene. ASTER’s three visible and near-infrared bands were used to make this image. The second
 panel shows the abundance of green vegetation (referred to as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, or NDVI).
 NDVI is a measure of vegetation density and health. In this image, blue represents dense vegetation cover and 
 yellow and red shows progressively less dense vegetation. (NASA images courtesy Andrew French, ASTER Science Team)
 More information.

 

Moreover, by comparing today’s Terra vegetation greenness maps to long-term averages, scientists can gauge 
	 when plants are under stress due to extreme heat or drought. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign 
	 Agricultural Service uses Terra data to produce maps of drought across major food production regions in developing