vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA Missions Provide New Insights into 'Ocean Worlds' in Our Solar System – NASA's Europa Clipper
For both the 2014 and 2016 observations, the team used Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) to spot the plumes in ultraviolet light. As Europa passes in front of Jupiter, any atmospheric features around the edge of the moon block some of Jupiter’s light, allowing STIS to see the features in silhouette. Sparks and his team are continuing to use Hubble to monitor Europa for additional examples of plume candidates and hope to determine the frequency with which they appear.
NASA's future exploration of ocean worlds is enabled by Hubble's monitoring of Europa's putative plume activity and Cassini's long-term investigation of the Enceladus plume. In particular, both investigations are laying the groundwork for NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which is planned for launch in the 2020s.
“If there are plumes on Europa, as we now strongly suspect, with the Europa Clipper we will be ready for them,” said Jim Green, Director of Planetary Science, at NASA Headquarters.
Hubble's identification of a site which appears to have persistent, intermittent plume activity provides a tempting target for the Europa mission to investigate with its powerful suite of science instruments. In addition, some of Sparks' co-authors on the Hubble Europa studies are preparing a powerful ultraviolet camera to fly on Europa Clipper that will make similar measurements to Hubble's, but from thousands of times closer. And several members of the Cassini INMS team are developing an exquisitely sensitive, next-generation version of their instrument for flight on Europa Clipper. 
For more information on ocean worlds in our solar system and beyond, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ocean-worlds

Featured Resources

Europa Clipper: Journey to an Ocean World Poster

Possible Spectroscopy Results of Europa Using Webb

Europa Under Stress 

More resources ›

[19]

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NASA Selects Students for Europa Clipper Intern Program

Finding plumes at Europa is an exciting prospect, but scientists warn it’ll be tricky, even from up close.
Discovery Alert: The Planet that Shouldn't Be There – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is a true technological marvel. The largest and most complex space telescope ever built, Webb will be able to gather light that has been traveling for 13.5 billion years, almost since the beginning of the universe. In effect, Webb is a time machine, allowing us to peer at the first galaxies to form after the Big Bang. Because it gathers infrared light, it will see right through the giant clouds of dust that block the view of most other telescopes. Webb will be 100 times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope. Most notably, with its 21-foot-wide (6.5-meter-wide) set of segmented mirrors unfolded, Webb is powerful enough to search for water vapor in the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.

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Juno - NASA Science
That includes the dust in the planet’s faint rings, and three of Jupiter’s four Galilean Moons – Ganymede, Europa, and Io – so named because in 1610 Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was the first to identify the quartet of satellites (Callisto is the fourth – farther out than the other three, and not visited by Juno). seeing what galileo sawJupiter's MoonsIn January 1610, astronomer Galileo Galilei saw four points of light near Jupiter; but they didn't traverse the sky like other stars, they remained close to the planet. He realized he was seeing moons – the first discovered beyond Earth. In June 2016 as it approached Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft enjoyed the same orbital ballet that Galileo witnessed, and captured a unique time-lapse movie of the Galilean moons in motion around the planet. The movie begins on June 12, 2016, with Juno 10 million miles (16 million kilometers) from Jupiter, and ends on June 29, 3 million miles (5 million kilometers) distant. The innermost moon is volcanic Io; next in line is the ice-crusted ocean world Europa, followed by massive Ganymede, and finally, heavily cratered Callisto.Learn MoreSpacecraft DesignWith a distinctive silhouette, like a three-bladed fan spinning through space, the Juno orbiter would fill a basketball court. Its hexagonal main body measures about 11.5 feet high and wide (3.5 meters), and the “blades” – actually huge solar arrays – give it an overall width exceeding 66 feet (20 meters).  Juno’s rotation keeps it stable in flight – the way a spinning top or gyroscope remains steady – as the spacecraft spins twice per minute for science operations, which it increased to five rotations per minute when it performed main-engine maneuvers. Also, Juno’s instruments are all fixed, so the rotating spacecraft gives each of them regular turns at their targets during close passes over Jupiter, a trip that takes about two hours from pole to pole.
Neptune - NASA Science
The planet is named after the Roman god of the sea, as suggested by Le Verrier.Unable to render the provided sourceEyes on the Solar System lets you explore planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and the spacecraft exploring them from 1950 to 2050. Pop CultureEven though Neptune is the farthest planet from our Sun, it's a frequent stop in pop culture and fiction. The planet served as the backdrop for the 1997 science fiction horror film "Event Horizon," while in the cartoon series "Futurama," the character Robot Santa Claus has his home base on Neptune's north pole. "Dr. Who" fans will remember that an episode entitled "Sleep No More" is set on a space station orbiting Neptune. And in the "Star Trek: Enterprise" pilot episode, "Broken Bow," viewers learn that at warp 4.5 speed, it is possible to fly to Neptune and back to Earth in six minutes.Latest NewsMore NASA NewsArticle6 min readNeptune’s Disappearing Clouds Linked to the Solar CycleArticle3 min readAll Eyes on the Ice Giants min readNeptune Shows Off Its Rings in Near-Infrared LightImage Article4 min readNew Webb Image Captures Clearest View of Neptune’s Rings in DecadesArticle2 years ago min readGravity Assist: It’s Raining Diamonds on These PlanetsArticle2 years agoLearn MoreFor Kids: All About NeptuneFacts about Neptune for Kids.NASA Photojournal: NeptuneImages of Neptune from NASA spacecraft.Keep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAUranusPlutoSunMoonReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:2 weeks agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Cassini-Huygens - NASA Science
Europa Clipper will make dozens of flybys of Jupiter's icy moon to determine whether there are places below the surface that could support life. The mission uses an orbital tour design derived from the way Cassini explored Saturn.Farther out in the solar system, scientists have long had their eyes set on exploring Uranus and Neptune. So far, each of these worlds has been visited by only one brief spacecraft flyby (Voyager 2, in 1986 and 1989, respectively). Collectively, Uranus and Neptune are referred to as ice giant planets. A variety of potential mission concepts are discussed. Future missions to the ice giants might explore those worlds using an approach similar to Cassini's mission.Keep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASASaturnTitanEnceladusOur Solar SystemReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:5 months agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Cruising to Jupiter: A Powerful Math Lesson - Teachable Moments | NASA/JPL Edu
Cruising to Jupiter: A Powerful Math Lesson - Teachable Moments | NASA/JPL Edu

 

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Teachable Moments| January 13, 2016

Cruising to Jupiter: A Powerful Math Lesson
By Lyle Tavernier

 

In the News
NASA’s Juno mission, the first solar-powered mission to Jupiter, has become the farthest solar-powered spacecraft ever! Juno, and its eight science instruments designed to study the interior of Jupiter, has passed the mark previously held by the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission and reached a distance of 5.3 astronomical units from the sun (an astronomical unit is equal to the average distance between Earth and the sun – about 149.6 million kilometers). Using only power from the sun, Juno will complete the five-year trip to Jupiter in July 2016 and begin studying the solar system’s most massive world in an attempt to better understand the origins of the planet, and in turn, our solar system.
What Made It Possible
Just as a bright source of light dims as you move away from it, sunlight becomes less intense the farther a spacecraft travels from the sun, limiting the amount of power that can be generated using solar cells. Previous missions that visited Jupiter, like Galileo, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, couldn’t use solar power and instead used radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) to supply power. 
Advances in solar panel efficiency along with improvements in the way spacecraft and their instruments use power have recently made solar power a viable option for spacecraft heading as far as Jupiter – though going beyond will require further technological advances.
Engineers designed Juno with three massive solar panels, each nearly 30 feet long.
Overview | What is an Exoplanet? – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
We can even make reasonable estimates of the light level, and guess at the color of the sky, if you were standing on one of them. And while much remains unknown about these seven worlds, including whether they possess atmospheres or oceans, ice sheets or glaciers, it’s become the best-known solar system apart from our own.

Planet Types

Exoplanets come in a wide variety of sizes, from gas giants larger than Jupiter to small, rocky planets about as big around as Earth or Mars. They can be hot enough to boil metal or locked in deep freeze. They can orbit their stars so tightly that a “year” lasts only a few days; they can orbit two suns at once. Some exoplanets are sunless rogues, wandering through the galaxy in permanent darkness.
 
Read more ›

Next: Exoplanets - In Depth

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Seeing, Believing: 15 Years of Exoplanet Images 

Six "sub-Neptunes" orbit their star in a kind of rhythmic dance – one easily set to music.

Discovery Alert: Watch the Synchronized Dance of a 6-Planet System
Juno - NASA Science
https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA25335On April 8, 2023, NASA’s Juno mission completed its 50th close pass by Jupiter since the spacecraft arrived at the giant planet in 2016. In celebration of 50 orbits, this graphic contains 50 images that provide just a small sampling of the data Juno has returned so far, including images from JunoCam and other instruments, and spectacular views of Earth, Jupiter, and Jupiter’s large moons Ganymede, Europa, and Io. https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/nasa-s-juno-mission-marks-50-orbits-around-jupiter JunoCam Images20 ImagesGo To GalleryGo To GalleryLaunch and Cruise PhasesJuno began its circuitous five-year journey to Jupiter on Aug. 5, 2011, launching from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida’s Atlantic coast.  With the four-ton probe and its wide solar arrays folded inside the nose, an Atlas V rocket thundered aloft at 12:25 p.m. EDT (26:25:00 UT) from Launch Complex 41 – the same pad where the Voyager and New Horizons spacecraft took flight, and where the Viking landers, and Curiosity and Perseverance rovers headed to Mars. Juno, likewise, set a course away from Earth toward the outer planets. It crossed the orbit of Mars, but didn’t continue onto Jupiter quite yet. Mission designers used the Sun’s gravity and a pair of main engine burns in September 2012 to guide Juno back toward Earth – an essential detour.  Juno returned home 26 months after it left. But it didn’t stop.  It dashed toward Earth, pulled in by gravity, then sped away with greater energy than before. In this maneuver, called a gravity assist, Juno borrowed some momentum from Earth – which itself is hurtling through space around the Sun at 18 miles per second (29 kilometers per second). This slingshot effect boosted Juno’s velocity by 16,330 mph (about 7.3 kilometers per second), giving the spacecraft sufficient energy to climb away from the inner solar system and make it out to Jupiter.
Jupiter - NASA Science
Jupiter - NASA Science

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Newly Reprocessed Images of Europa Show 'Chaos Terrain' in Crisp Detail
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Imagine the Universe!
Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities are important in many astronomical objects, because the two fluids trade places by sticking "fingers" into each other. These "fingers" can drag the magnetic field lines along with them, thus both enhancing and aligning the magnetic field. This result is evident in the example of a supernova remnant in the diagram below, from Chevalier (1977):

red giant
A star that has low surface temperature and a diameter that is large relative to the Sun.
redshift
An apparent shift toward longer wavelengths of spectral lines in the radiation emitted by an object caused by the emitting object moving away from the observer. See also Doppler effect.
reflection law
For a wavefront intersecting a reflecting surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, in the same plane defined by the ray of incidence and the normal.
relativity principle
The principle, employed by Einstein's relativity theories, that the laws of physics are the same, at least locally, in all coordinate frames. This principle, along with the principle of the constancy of the speed of light, constitutes the founding principles of special relativity.
relativity, theory of
Theories of motion developed by Albert Einstein, for which he is justifiably famous. Relativity More accurately describes the motions of bodies in strong gravitational fields or at near the speed of light than Newtonian mechanics. All experiments done to date agree with relativity's predictions to a high degree of accuracy. (Curiously, Einstein received the Nobel prize in 1921 not for Relativity but rather for his 1905 work on the photoelectric effect.)
resolution (spatial)
In astronomy, the ability of a telescope to differentiate between two objects in the sky which are separated by a small angular distance. The closer two objects can be while still allowing the telescope to see them as two distinct objects, the higher the resolution of the telescope.
resolution (spectral or frequency)
Similar to spatial resolution except that it applies to frequency, spectral resolution is the ability of the telescope to differentiate two light signals which differ in frequency by a small amount. The closer the two signals are in frequency while still allowing the telescope to separate them as two distinct components, the higher the spectral resolution of the telescope.
resonance
Juno - NASA Science
Jupiter's cloud tops do not form a simple, flat surface. Data from Juno helped scientists discover that the swirling bands in the atmosphere extend deep into the planet, to a depth of about 1,900 miles (3,000 kilometers). At center right, a patch of bright, high-altitude "pop-up" clouds rises above the surrounding atmosphere. Citizen scientist Gerald Eichstädt created this enhanced-color image using data from the spacecraft's JunoCam imager. The original image was taken on May 29, 2019, at 1:01 a.m. PDT (4:01 a.m. EDT) as the Juno spacecraft performed its 20th close flyby of Jupiter. At the time the image was taken, the spacecraft was about 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers) from the tops of the clouds, at a latitude of 39 degrees north. PIA23439 - Enhanced image by Gerald Eichstädt based on images provided courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSThis highly stylized view of Jupiter's icy moon Europa is based on an image captured by JunoCam, the public engagement camera aboard NASA's Juno spacecraft, during the mission's close flyby on Sept. 29, 2022. Citizen scientist Fernando Garcia Navarro created the image by processing a JunoCam previously worked on by fellow citizen scientist Kevin M. Gill. Navarro calls his rendering "Fall Colors of Europa." In processing raw images taken by JunoCam, members of the public create deep-space portraits of the Jovian moon that aren't only awe-inspiring but also worthy of further scientific scrutiny. Juno citizen scientists have played an invaluable role in processing the numerous JunoCam images obtained during science operations at Jupiter. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA25335On April 8, 2023, NASA’s Juno mission completed its 50th close pass by Jupiter since the spacecraft arrived at the giant planet in 2016. In celebration of 50 orbits, this graphic contains 50 images that provide just a small sampling of the data Juno has returned so far, including images from JunoCam and other instruments, and spectacular views of Earth, Jupiter, and Jupiter’s large moons Ganymede, Europa, and Io.