vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Collection - Applied Sciences
Shasta Lake refilled in spring 2023 after a season of heavy rain and snowmelt.
Published Jun 7, 2023
 

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Coastal Phytoplankton on the Rise
Blooms of the plant-like organisms near coastal areas have become more frequent in the 21st century.
Published May 30, 2023
 

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Water Cycle | Terra
MODIS is on-board both Terra and Aqua, when data from these sensors don’t match up the data can be corrected based on data gathered on Earth.
While it may be easy to assume that an aging instrument may be less accurate, in reality the longer the data record that it collects, the more accurate the data can be through reprocessing. Just think, if Terra had only lasted it’s six year design life, instead of going on 16, this error in the data may never have been caught and accounted for in newer data collections.
Thus, while the dark ice example could be considered by some as an indication of a flaw in how satellite data are used, it is, in reality, a success story for how a community of scientists working with groups like the MODIS Characterization and Support Team are striving to get to the right answer.
References:
Sun, J., X. Xiong, A. Angal, H. Chen, A. Wu, and X. Geng, (2014) Time-Dependent Response Versus Scan Angle for MODIS Reflective Solar Bands,IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 52 (6), 3159-3174.
Polashenski, C. M., J. E. Dibb, M. G. Flanner, J. Y. Chen, Z. R. Courville, A. M. Lai, J. J. Schauer, M. M. Shafer, and M. Bergin (2015), Neither dust nor black carbon causing apparent albedo decline in Greenland’s dry snow zone: Implications for MODIS C5 surface reflectance, Geophysical Research Letters, 42.
Atmospheric science: Arctic snow is not becoming dirtier. (2015, 29 October). Nature Research Highlights, Accessed November 25, 2015.

Shrinking Shoreline of the Salton Sea

Posted on October 21, 2015 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using ASTER data from NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team, and Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey.
News Around NOAA
The WMO recognized the Downtown Charleston climate site as a Centennial Observing Station, one of only eight stations in the country, 234 in the world, to receive this designation.

 March 22, 2021 - NOAA upgrades flagship U.S. global weather model
NOAA is upgrading its Global Forecast System (GFS) weather model to boost weather forecasting capabilities across the U.S. These advancements will improve hurricane genesis forecasting, modeling for snowfall location, heavy rainfall forecasts, and overall model performance.

 March 15, 2021 - Spring Safety Campaign: Know Your Safe Place
When preparing for extreme weather events, knowing your safe place is a simple but potentially lifesaving action to take. If you are unsure of where your safe place is -- look no further! The theme of the National Weather Service’s Spring Safety Campaign, which kicked off earlier this month, is Spring Safe Places.

 March 04, 2021 - Short-range weather modeling application released to forecasting community
Today, NOAA and its partners are accelerating the advancement of numerical weather prediction by sharing a second application based on the Unified Forecasting System (UFS) framework with the scientific community.

 March 04, 2021 - NWS Advances Major Changes to Hazard Messaging Headlines
NWS will replace its “Advisory” and “Special Weather Statement” headlines with plain language headlines that more clearly describe weather or water hazards.

 February 10, 2021 - NOAA’s Updated U.S. Climate Data Will Establish “New Normal”
NOAA will soon release a much-anticipated update of U.S. climate data for placing recent weather conditions—such as heat waves and flooding rain—into historical context.

 February 3, 2021 - NOAA Upgrades Nearshore Wave Prediction System
As a part of this upgrade, the model will introduce the first-ever hourly probabilistic hazardous rip current guidance up to six days out for the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and Guam.

 January 22, 2021 - Lake Charles weather radar back online after Hurricane Laura damage
Today, the National Weather Service restored service to the weather radar serving southwest Louisiana and northwest Gulf of Mexico. Category 4 winds from Hurricane Laura significantly damaged the radar, making it inoperable on August 27, 2020.

 January 12, 2021 - Get your snowstorm smarts on: 9 forecast tools to use this winter
News Around NOAA
As a part of this upgrade, the model will introduce the first-ever hourly probabilistic hazardous rip current guidance up to six days out for the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and Guam.

 January 22, 2021 - Lake Charles weather radar back online after Hurricane Laura damage
Today, the National Weather Service restored service to the weather radar serving southwest Louisiana and northwest Gulf of Mexico. Category 4 winds from Hurricane Laura significantly damaged the radar, making it inoperable on August 27, 2020.

 January 12, 2021 - Get your snowstorm smarts on: 9 forecast tools to use this winter
We’ve got 9 winter weather forecast tools you can tinker with on your mobile device or computer. Use them regularly to see where, when and how much snow, ice and wind is predicted.

2020 News Around NOAA

 

 December 18, 2020 - Get your snowstorm smarts on: 8 forecast tools to use this winter
We’ve got 8 winter weather forecast tools you can tinker with on your mobile device or computer. Use them regularly to see where, when and how much snow, ice and wind is predicted.

 December 16, 2020 - Dr. Michael R. Farrar Selected as new NCEP Director 
The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) delivers national and global weather, water, climate and space weather guidance, forecasts, warnings and analyses to help save lives and protect property.

 December 10, 2020 - NOAA upgrades flagship ocean forecasting system
Today, NOAA upgraded its flagship ocean and sea ice operational forecast system — the Global Real-Time Ocean Forecast System (Global RTOFS).

 December 10, 2020 - Model Upgrade: Extratropical Surge & Tide Operational Forecast System (ESTOFS) is Now Global
On November 24, NWS upgraded the Global ESTOFS to provide NWS forecasters with high resolution water level forecast guidance including storm tide (storm surge plus tides) for the entire globe.

 December 2, 2020 - NOAA model upgrades will improve severe weather and aviation forecasts
NOAA implements new enhancements to the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) and Rapid Refresh (RAP) models, which work hand-in-hand to provide the foundation for many vital forecasts issued by the National Weather Service each day.
Idalia Roars Into the Gulf of Mexico
Officials in Florida issued evacuation orders for 22 counties in the state with mandatory evacuations along the coast of the Big Bend region—where Florida’s panhandle curves to meet the peninsula, and where Idalia is forecasted to make landfall. Dangerous storm surge of up to 10-15 feet above ground-level is forecast in this area, according to the NHC. 
Fueled by unusually warm water in the Gulf of Mexico, Idalia is expected to rapidly intensify into a category 3 storm—with sustained winds of at least 111 miles (179 kilometers) per hour—before reaching Florida’s shores. Rapid intensification is when winds increase by at least 35 miles per hour (55 kilometers per hour) in a 24-hour period. Some key ingredients for rapid intensification are high sea surface temperatures, excess ocean heat content (a measure of the water temperature below the surface), and low vertical wind shear. 

August 27, 2023JPEG

The map above shows sea surface temperatures on August 27 based on data from the Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MUR SST) project, a NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory effort that blends measurements of sea surface temperatures from multiple NASA, NOAA, and international satellites, as well as ship and buoy observations. 
Meteorologists generally agree that sea surface temperatures should be above 27.8 degrees Celsius (82 degrees Fahrenheit) to sustain and intensify hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons. Surface waters above that threshold are represented in red on the map. 
“Waters throughout the eastern Gulf of Mexico remain warmer than 31 degrees C, which is around 1-2 degrees Celsius above average for this date,” said Patrick Duran, a hurricane expert at NASA’s Short-Term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) project, based at Marshall Space Flight Center. “This very warm water will provide more energy to the storm than would be available if temperatures were closer to average.” 
NASA’s Earth Applied Sciences Disasters program area has been activated in support of Hurricane Idalia. As new information becomes available, the team will be posting maps and data products on its open-access mapping portal.
Massive Muddy Tides in the Bay of Fundy
Massive Muddy Tides in the Bay of Fundy

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Massive Muddy Tides in the Bay of Fundy

October 20, 2019JPEG

From above, rivers that flow into the Bay of Fundy look a bit different than most. Their waters are often chocolate-colored, swirling with eddies, and bordered by red dunes and sandbars.
On the afternoon of October 20, 2019, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image of sediment-rich water in the Bay of Fundy, the Shubenacadie River, and other nearby waterways in far eastern Canada. On land, fall weather had transformed the foliage of hardwoods and other deciduous trees and shrubs.
Sediment-rich waters are a common sight in the Bay of Fundy. With a tidal range up to 12 meters (38 feet), the funnel-shaped bay has the highest observed tides in the world. For comparison, most of the U.S. coast has a tidal range of 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6 feet).
The geometry of the bay causes tidal resonance, which plays a key role in elevating tides.
FAQs • San Bruno, CA • CivicEngage
It uses 2-D wave models in the ocean and in bays, and a 1-D model-Wave Height Analysis for Flood Insurance Studies (WHAFIS) - over land.On a large scale, 2-D wave models offer certain advantages over simplified wave analyses-the 2-D models better capture the physics of wave propagation, account for waves changing direction in response to bathymetric features.However, the 2-D models still have some unresolved technical and computational issues related to overland wave propagation:The 2-D wave models do not have the resolution required to capture small details and changes in topography and land use/land cover. Grid cells are usually hundreds of feet across, and physical features must be smoothed or averaged over each grid cell. Using smaller grid cells on land necessitates using smaller time steps in the model and drives up the time and cost required to complete the analysis.The 2-D models lack a robust method for calculating wave dissipation effects (of vegetation, buildings and other obstructions) comparable to the procedures developed for FEMA's 1-D (WHAFIS) method.WHAFIS captures the key aspects of waves moving along a specified transect over land and has been used successfully applied to many flood studies and flood map revisions.The use of WHAFIS on land does not eliminate the use of 2-D wave models seaward of the shoreline. 2-D wave models are still used by modern flood studies to transform waves from deep water to the shoreline, at which point the 2-D wave characterization can be used as an input to WHAFIS. WHAFIS will be eventually be replaced as 2-D models become able to handle topography and development characteristics on a finer scale; but until that time, FEMA will continue to use WHAFIS.Please also note that Letters of Map Revision (LOMRs) that are based on better topography or changed site conditions can now be carried out with relatively little effort and at modest cost using WHAFIS. Use of a 2-D overland wave model would make these map revisions more challenging and expensive. At some point in the future, when 2-D models overcome the technical issues mentioned above, and as their use becomes more widespread, flood studies and flood map revisions using the 2-D overland wave models will become feasible.
Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83
Story by Kathryn Hansen with image interpretation by Christopher Shuman, NASA/UMBC.

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The Brunt Ice Shelf lost a large wedge of floating ice, the third sizeable iceberg to calve from the shelf in recent years.
Image of the Day for May 24, 2024

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Landsat 9 — TIRS-2
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References & Resources

British Antarctic Survey via X (2023, May 21) Breaking news - literally..! Accessed May 22, 2024.
NASA Earth Observatory (2024, April 2) Scenes from the Polar Night. Accessed May 22, 2024.
NASA Earth Observatory (2023, January 25) Antarctica’s Brunt Ice Shelf Finally Breaks. Accessed May 22, 2024.
U.S. National Ice Center (2023, May 21) Iceberg A-83 Has Calved From Brunt Ice Shelf. Accessed May 22, 2024.

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Breakup at Brunt
A large iceberg finally split from the Antarctic ice shelf, but another piece stubbornly hangs on.

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Landsat Spots Birth of Iceberg A-68
Thermal imagery shows the relative warmth between the new iceberg and the Larsen C ice shelf. 

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Iceberg B-15, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

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Is the Wilkins Ice Shelf Weakening?
Signs of structural weaknesses may signal a shift in this Antarctic ice shelf’s stability.

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NASA Earth Observatory - Home
Land surface temperatures rise and fall with the heat of the Sun, and they represent how hot or cold the surface would feel to touch. These maps show daytime land temperatures as measured from space.

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Mission: Biomes
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in a different part of the world? What would the weather be like? What kinds of animals would you see? Which plants live there? By investigating these questions, you are learning about biomes.
Published Aug 28, 2020

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Jul 2002 — Apr 2024

Water Vapor
These maps show the average amount of water vapor in a column of atmosphere by month. Water vapor is the key precursor for rain and snow and one of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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Colorful Celtic Sea
Satellites captured an expansive blue and green phytoplankton bloom in the waters off France.
Published May 14, 2024

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Smoke and Fire in British Columbia
Unusually early and intense fires are spreading rapidly amid drought and high winds.
Published May 13, 2024

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Sundown and Lights Up Over the U.S. Northeast
As sunlight waned, the glow of artificial light revealed patterns of urbanization along the populous corridor.
Published May 12, 2024

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Springtime in the Deciduous Forest
Using instruments old and new, scientists collected data as leaves emerged across a deciduous forest in Edgewater, Maryland.
Published May 6, 2024

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Jun 2002 — Sep 2011

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly
These maps depict how much hotter or cooler an ocean basin was compared to the long-term average. Temperature anomalies can indicate changes in ocean circulation or the arrival of patterns like El Niño and La Niña.

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Temperature Extremes 2023
Warmer-than-average temperatures are showing up locally and globally, with consequences for people, landscapes, and ecosystems.
Water Cycle | Terra
How NASA Sees El Niño Effects From Space – The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) contributes to data collection on fires and hurricane monitoring
NASA Examines Global Impact of the 2015 El Niño – El Niño research pulls from data from Terra’s 16 years of data collection, monitoring Earth’s systems from Space
Warming Lakes
Study Shows Climate Change Rapidly Warming World’s Lakes – The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) contributed to this study.
Earthquakes
Studies of Recent and Ancient Nepal Quakes Yield Surprises – The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) contributed to this study.

Sensor Degradation Leads to Calibration Improvements

Posted on December 14, 2015 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

Changes in the MODIS sensor, not dark ice led scientists to incorrectly determine that the Greenland ice Sheet in the Arctic was darkening. These results and others led to improved calibration corrections in the Collection 6 reprocessing of Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data.
A recent study suggested that sensor degradation of the MODIS instrument on NASA’s Terra satellite was responsible for the incorrect data. Ironically, the high quality of the MODIS sensor is what initially led Arctic scientists to look for a subtle change in ice brightness. The data collected by MODIS led researchers to consider that the Greenland ice sheet was darkening from an increase in dark aerosol deposition on the snow. However, ground based measurements showed that there had been little if any change in the color of snow.
Ice darkening could have had big implications for climate researchers. Just like black asphalt absorbs radiation from the sun, resulting in a warmer surface temperature, the darkening of the ice sheet could warm the surface temperature around the snow, increasing snowmelt. This could result a shrinking Greenland ice sheet and have implications on sea level rise.
The combination of a well-understood sensor, high-quality analysis of the satellite data, and coordinated measurements at the surface led to the conclusion that a sensor artifact, a change to an image from defects or degradation of optics, was the culprit this time.
Satellites, like many scientific instruments, need to be calibrated to be able to maintain accuracy.
Colorful Celtic Sea
In turn, they form the foundation of the aquatic food web, feeding everything from microscopic zooplankton to shellfish to finfish. 
Warming in the spring and early summer sets the stage for stunning blooms to occur in northern waters such as the Celtic Sea, North Sea, and Barents Sea. Early in the season, when waters are well-mixed and nutrients are plentiful, blooms of diatoms tend to dominate. These phytoplankton, with their silica shells and ample chlorophyll, color the surface waters green. As the water warms and stratifies, conditions favor a type of phytoplankton called coccolithophores. Armored with plates of highly reflective calcium carbonate, they make surface waters appear a milky turquoise-blue. 
The combination of colors in this bloom may be due to a mix of phytoplankton types. Alternatively, the variety of hues may stem from abundant colored dissolved organic matter in the vicinity of the bloom, which can make seawater appear anywhere from green to yellow-green to brown depending on the concentration. 
Determining which phytoplankton species are present within a bloom has only been possible by analyzing water samples. However, scientists could soon be able to distinguish phytoplankton types from space. The OCI (Ocean Color Instrument) on NASA’s PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite, launched in February 2024, can detect hundreds of wavelengths of light and may be able to reveal the species makeup of blooms such as these. 
NASA Earth Observatory image by Michala Garrison, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Story by Lindsey Doermann.

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Satellites captured an expansive blue and green phytoplankton bloom in the waters off France.
Image of the Day for May 15, 2024

Instrument:
Aqua — MODIS

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May 14, 2024

May 16, 2024

2024 Phytoplankton Blooms and Red Tides
NASA Ocean Color
The data acquired by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua spacecraft complements that of Terra satellite.

1999 Dec 18 MODIS-Terra
The key instrument on the Terra spacecraft, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), views the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths to help improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere.

1997 Aug 1 SeaWiFS
The key instrument on the Terra spacecraft, MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), views the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths to help improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere.

1996 Aug 17 OCTS
Coastal Zone Color Scanner Experiment (CZCS) was the first instrument devoted to the measurement of ocean color and flown on a spacecraft. Although other instruments flown on other spacecraft had sensed ocean color, only CZCS had every parameter optimized for use over water to the exclusion of any other type of sensing.

1978 Oct 24 CZCS
The Japanese Space Agency (NASDA - National Space Development Agency) launched the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) carrying the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) instrument aboard. OCTS is an optical radiometer with 12 bands covering the visible, near infrared and thermal infrared regions.

 

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The PACE Mission
PACE will extend and improve upon NASA's 20+ years of global satellite observations of our living ocean, atmospheric aerosols, and clouds and initiate an advanced set of climate-relevant data records. By determining the distribution of phytoplankton, PACE will help assess ocean health. It will also continue key measurements related to air quality and climate. PACE's specific science goals include: extending systematic ocean color, atmospheric aerosol, and cloud data records for Earth system and climate studies; and addressing new and emerging science questions by detecting a broader range of color wavelengths that will provide new and unprecedented detail.