vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Climate Variability and Change | Terra
Land surface data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer showed increased land surface temperatures near Fort McMurray in Northern Alberta, Canada, where a destructive wildfire burned.

Heat Wave Hits Thailand, India
May 4, 2016
Land surface temperature map based on data from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite shows a warmer than average Southeast Asia in April.

Terra on the Earth Observatory: April

Posted on May 1, 2016 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

April 26, 2016
A Sudden Color Change on Lake Kivu – The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra Satellite captured images of a whiting event in Lake Kivu. The seasonal event is stronger this year, giving Lake Kivu a milky color. 

April 22, 2016
Using Clouds to Map Life – A team of researchers are using cloud data from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra Satellite to create detailed maps of cloud cover and variability. The team found that cloud cover could be an indicator and a better predictor of a songbird and flower’s range than temperature and precipitation.

April 17, 2016
Yellowstone National Park – Learn about Yellowstone National Park and view an image made possible by the Digital Elevation Model from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite.

April 14, 2016
Sierra Nevada Snowpack is Better, But not Normal – Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada mountains dwindled over recent years; however, the winter of 2015-2016 and the strong El Nino provided a thicker and more extensive snowpack. Regardless, snow levels in the Sierra Nevada mountains were still below average. Images from NASA’s Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) clearly show the difference between years.

April 13, 2016
Antarctic Ice Shelf Sheds Bergs – The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Terra Satellite captured this striking image of the formation of two new icebergs as they broke away from the Nansen Ice Shelf into the Southern Ocean on April 7, 2016.

April 9, 2016
Climate Variability and Change | Terra
Terra MODIS vegetation index data products are being used as part of this effort to model future goat-grazing land use in order to benefit both farmers and the environment. Frequent sampling and wide area coverage of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset were leveraged and used as input for climate models, resulting in more sustainable land-use practices. 

Terra on the Earth Observatory: May

Posted on June 1, 2016 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

The Rains of Roanu
May 24, 2016 
Tropical Storm Roanu made landfall in Bangladesh, unleashing heavy winds and rain on the country’s populous coastal communities. On May 21, 2016, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired this natural-color image of the storm. Roanu progressed northeast over the Bay of Bengal before making landfall in Bangladesh.

Early Breakup of the Beaufort Sea Ice 
May 20, 2016 
The Beaufort Sea ice pack starts to thin and break up in spring when temperatures begin to rise, usually in late May. However, much of the Beaufort Sea’s ice had already broken by mid-April. Images from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured the progression in April in 2014, 2015, and 2016.

Widespread Warmth Envelops Greenland 
May 18, 2016
Land surface temperature data from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite shows a much warmer than average April in Greenland.

Heat Fuels Fire at Fort McMurray
May 7, 2016 
Land surface data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer showed increased land surface temperatures near Fort McMurray in Northern Alberta, Canada, where a destructive wildfire burned.

Heat Wave Hits Thailand, India
May 4, 2016
Land surface temperature map based on data from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite shows a warmer than average Southeast Asia in April.

Terra on the Earth Observatory: April

Posted on May 1, 2016 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

April 26, 2016
Climate Variability and Change | Terra
NASA will use these RFI responses to help plan a Terra/Aqua/Aura data continuity workshop. This workshop will determine needs, evaluate current capabilities, identify gaps, and specify potential actions for these missions. The Terra, Aqua, and Aura Data Continuity Workshop will be virtual and is currently scheduled for May 23-25, 2023, from 11am – 4pm Eastern Time. 
For more information and updates, visit the NASA NSPIRES platform (linked above), review the full RFI PDF linked here, or see the following linked FAQ document. 

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Instrument Updates

Posted on July 18, 2022 by Nyssa Rayne 
	Posted in News and Events 

It’s been a busy summer for the MODIS instrument! Here are a few highlights you may have missed:
‣ On July 1st, our long-serving MODIS instrument lead, Dr. Michael King, officially retired. While we’re sad to see him go and wish him the best in his new adventures, we’re excited to introduce our new MODIS lead, Dr. Miguel Roman! Look for his updated bio on the Terra website soon.
‣ The NASA Land and Atmosphere data teams held meetings in May and June (you can find presentation materials and more info with this link to the MODIS newsfeed). 
‣ A brand new reprocessed MODIS cloud properties dataset that combines both Terra and Aqua data is now available for download and use. Find out more information in this informative post from the LAADS DAAC. 
‣ Check out these two recent research features on the Natural Capital Project (links here and here), a collaboration among scientists, farmers, and the luxury clothing industry. Terra MODIS vegetation index data products are being used as part of this effort to model future goat-grazing land use in order to benefit both farmers and the environment. Frequent sampling and wide area coverage of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset were leveraged and used as input for climate models, resulting in more sustainable land-use practices. 

Terra on the Earth Observatory: May

Posted on June 1, 2016 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

The Rains of Roanu
May 24, 2016
2014 GDP: California Ranks 7th or 8th in the World [EconTax Blog]
We also noted that, using CIA or IMF data, California would have ranked 7th or 8th, respectively, for 2013.
Alternative GDP Rankings
Adjusted for Cost of Living, California's Economy Could Be Viewed as Ranking #11. An alternative international GDP comparison uses purchasing power parity (PPP) instead of exchange rates to attempt to adjust for differences in living costs across countries. Using PPP, California’s economy—adjusted for cost of living—can be viewed as ranking eleventh in the world, as shown below.

This dataset essentially assumes that the cost of living is uniform across the entire U.S. California's cost of living is higher than the U.S. in several key categories, such that a more refined PPP estimate, if it were available, might adjust California's GDP down somewhat, compared to the data in the table above.
Using the PPP measure, China’s economy is now larger than that of the entire U.S. As the CIA World Factbook explains, "because China's exchange rate is determine[d] by fiat, rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP [that is, the traditional measure described earlier in this post] is not an accurate measure of China's input," as it "substantially understate's the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world." The World Factbook opines that the GDP measurement under the PPP method "provides the best measure for comparing output across countries," including China. Both India and Indonesia’s economies also are larger than California’s by this measure due to their lower costs of living. (Wikipedia has useful entries that list various international GDP rankings, including PPP rankings.)
Per Capita GDP: California Ranks Very Highly Internationally. As shown below, California, if it were a separate country from the rest of the U.S., could be viewed as ranking #7 in GDP per capita (per person), according to IMF data. (Several other U.S. states with higher GDP per capita, including some with substantial oil and gas production, are not shown in this ranking list but are mentioned in its footnotes.)
News Around NOAA
May 7, 2018 - NOAA adopts technology to automate weather balloon launches
NOAA’s National Weather Service is tapping technology to automate weather balloon launches in Alaska, a move that will allow staff to improve public service across the state while saving federal tax dollars.

April 24, 2018 - NWS Austin / San Antonio provides Impact-Based Decision Support during Final Four Weekend in San Antonio, TX
The NCAA Final Four activities took place Friday, March 30th through Monday, April 2nd in downtown San Antonio. Beginning in the Fall of 2017, and continuing through the Final Four weekend, NWS Austin/San Antonio worked with various partners on weather preparedness, awareness, contingency plans and more.

April 5, 2018 - NWS Receives Outstanding Achievement Award at National Hurricane Conference
The prestigious award recognizes the outstanding achievement of operationally implementing new, official, storm surge watches and warnings in 2017 for the U.S East and Gulf coasts.

March 26, 2018 - Get to know our newest satellite: NOAA-20
The first light images from NOAA-20's CERES FM6 Earth-observing instrument are here!

March 8, 2018 - NWS Topeka Meteorologists Give Back to their Hometown Schools
A dozen classes of instruction and hands-on severe weather forecasting activities were provided to over 300 students.

January 31, 2018 - Improved High-Resolution Models Support Accurate Forecast of a Very Rare Winter Storm
On January 3, 2018, a significant winter storm struck northeast Florida and southeast Georgia, an event that occurs once every 25-50 years.

2017 News Around NOAA

 

December 21, 2017 - NWS Expands Winter Weather Products
NOAA’s National Weather Service is expanding its experimental local winter weather pages – a one stop shop for winter weather information.

December 13, 2017 - New Marine Graphical Atlantic Forecast Becomes Operational
On Tuesday December 12, NOAA began delivering High Seas Gridded Forecasts from NHC, and Offshore Gridded Forecasts from OPC, for the first time operationally in the Atlantic basin.

December 12, 2017 - Report Highlights Social and Economic Impacts of Space Weather
A new report funded by NOAA's National Weather Service begins to quantify impacts from space weather on the United States economy.

December 5, 2017 - A Season to Remember
News Around NOAA
The newest satellite in the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) constellation that provides critical weather data, NOAA-21 launched last year and has now completed its post-launch testing period.

October 27, 2023 - NOAA hosts exercise on space weather threats to satellite operations
Satellite orbital drag and energetic particles topped the list of space weather threats to low-Earth orbit satellites discussed at the Satellite Environment Testbed Exercise held in Boulder, Colorado this week.

October 26, 2023 - NOAA uses Artificial Intelligence to translate forecasts, warnings into Spanish and Chinese
NOAA’s National Weather Service has provided manual translations of weather forecasts and warnings in Spanish for the past 30 years, but now the agency has a new tool to be more accurate, efficient and equitable.

October 25, 2023 - NOAA forecasts quicker, stronger peak of solar activity 
NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center issued a revised prediction for solar activity during Solar Cycle 25 that concludes solar activity will increase more quickly and peak at a higher level than previously predicted.

October 19, 2023 - U.S. Winter Outlook: Wetter South, warmer North  
This year, El Nino is in place heading into winter for the first time in four years, driving the outlook for warmer-than-average temperatures for the northern tier of the continental United States.

October 11, 2023 - Biden-Harris Administration invests $26 million to improve NOAA forecasts of droughts and floods through public-private partnership 
The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law will support NOAA’s efforts to improve monitoring of soil moisture and snow levels throughout the Upper Missouri River Basin.

September 27, 2023 - Biden-Harris Administration announces $80 million through Investing in America Agenda to improve flood prediction capabilities 
This funding supports NOAA’s efforts to upgrade the National Water Model and expand Flood Inundation Mapping services.

September 26, 2023 - NWS unveils new experimental flood inundation maps for much of east Texas, central Pennsylvania and parts of the Northeast 
These new services complement and support the issuance of flood watches and warnings by providing near-real-time, high-resolution, street-level visualizations showing where, when, and how much flood waters are forecast.

August 10, 2023 - NOAA forecasters increase Atlantic hurricane season prediction to ‘above normal’
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Shoreline Erosion Control & Public Beach Restoration

 

 

 

 

 

The general objectives of DBW’s coastal erosion control programs are to protect public safety along the California shoreline and reduce the public costs of shoreline erosion. This can be achieved by:

Cosponsoring the planning and construction of cost-effective erosion control projects with local and federal agencies,
Improving present knowledge of oceanic forces, coastal erosion factors, and evolving shoreline conditions, and
Sharing and applying this knowledge to help prevent or reduce future erosion.

California's coast is a naturally eroding shoreline. When erosion threatens to damage important public infrastructure and jeopardize public safety, erosion control projects at strategically selected places can reduce a variety of risks that include coastal flooding during storm surges and bluff collapses.
Appropriate actions to address coastal erosion vary depending on different locations’ circumstances. The state generally prefers to allow natural coastal processes to proceed uninterrupted unless intervention is necessary. When action is needed, erosion control options can include “soft solutions” such as sand replenishment and dune restoration, “hard solutions” like seawalls and jetties, or some combination thereof. State policy encourages use of soft solutions instead of hardening where feasible, but each situation requires a careful review of all possible alternatives in light of costs, impacts, and efficacy.
DBW has been the state entity with responsibility for statewide shoreline erosion control since 1970. This responsibility was reconfirmed in a 1997 Executive Order and in the 1999 bill that established the Public Beach Restoration Program under DBW. Today DBW fulfills its responsibilities in this area in several ways, including facilitating coastal studies statewide and providing local assistance grants to government agencies that plan and construct cost-effective coastal erosion solutions. These grants come from two programs, the Shoreline Erosion Control and Public Beach Restoration programs.
To learn more about these programs and how to apply for these grant opportunities, click here. 

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2022/23
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FAQs • San Bruno, CA • CivicEngage
Coastal flood studies are complicated and many stakeholders may be involved in their development, including:Other Federal agencies such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service;Multiple State agencies including the State National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Coordinator, the State Hazard Mitigation Officer, State emergency managers, State dam safety officials, and others;Regional authorities such as water boards and planning commissions;Several local community officials including the local floodplain administrator, planning/zoning officials, emergency managers, and Chief Executive Officers (e.g. Mayors, City/Town Managers, County/Parish Executives and their communications staff); andPrivate sector and non-profit organizations who are also interested in the coastal FIRMs, especially engineers, environmental scientists, surveyors, realtors, developers, mortgage bankers, and the non-profit organizations that support them such as universities and professional societies. 

27.
Why is the modeling for a coastal study so complex?

Because coastal studies can involve the entire coastline of a state or multiple states as in the case of the Great Lakes Coastal Flood Study, the number of stakeholders who have an interest or relevant information for the study is multiplied dramatically. FEMA must engage hundreds or even thousands of communities. This coordination takes time, but FEMA believes the ultimate product is improved with their involvement.In addition to the stakeholder engagement and coordination needed, coastal studies are technically complex. Coastal flood studies use sophisticated computer models and complex statistical analyses covering areas that are hundreds of miles across, capturing detailed ground elevations, land characteristics, and modeled surge and waves.Gathering and formatting the input data requires attention to detail and exacting quality control. Running the models and checking the outputs requires time. Translating the verified outputs into Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) and Base (1-%-annual-chance) Flood Elevations (BFEs) is the next step, which is guided by FEMA's guidelines and standards. Draft maps must be checked carefully (and revised, when necessary) before Preliminary versions of FIRMs are created and distributed to communities and other stakeholders. Everything must be documented and reviewed. 

28.
How long is the appeal process and compliance period?