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Colorful Celtic Sea
Colorful Celtic Sea

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Colorful Celtic Sea

May 10, 2024JPEG

Billows of light greens and blues spanning hundreds of kilometers brightened the waters of the Celtic Sea in spring 2024. Phytoplankton blooms often appear in northern seas as surface waters grow warmer and receive more sunlight in the spring. Satellites glimpsed the emergence of this colorful area for over a week before the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite acquired this natural-color image on May 10. 
Phytoplankton are tiny, plant-like organisms that often float near the ocean surface. With enough carbon dioxide, sunlight, and nutrients, they can grow in massive numbers. In turn, they form the foundation of the aquatic food web, feeding everything from microscopic zooplankton to shellfish to finfish. 
Warming in the spring and early summer sets the stage for stunning blooms to occur in northern waters such as the Celtic Sea, North Sea, and Barents Sea. Early in the season, when waters are well-mixed and nutrients are plentiful, blooms of diatoms tend to dominate. These phytoplankton, with their silica shells and ample chlorophyll, color the surface waters green.
NASA Visible Earth - Home
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Earthquake Lifts the Noto Peninsula

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Earthquake Lifts the Noto Peninsula
Published January 23, 2024
Some parts of the peninsula rose up to 4 meters (13 feet), shifting the position of coastlines and leaving some ports dry.
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New Fissures Spill Lava in Iceland

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New Fissures Spill Lava in Iceland
Published January 19, 2024
The latest round of eruptions on the Reykjanes peninsula destroyed homes in the town of Grindavík.
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Making Fire Sense on Monroe Mountain

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Making Fire Sense on Monroe Mountain
Published December 14, 2023
A high-intensity prescribed burn in south-central Utah will help restore the region’s aspen trees. It could also improve the lives of people managing, fighting, and living with fire.
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Devastating Flooding in East Africa

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Devastating Flooding in East Africa
Published November 21, 2023
Heavy rainfall in the Horn of Africa submerged entire towns in floodwater.
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El Niño Forecast to Contribute to Food Insecurity
Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83
This rocky formation impedes the flow of ice and causes pressure waves, crevasses, and rifts to form at the shelf’s surface.
Icebergs, even large ones like those recently released from the Brunt, are part of a natural, cyclical process of growth and decay at the limits of Earth’s ice sheets. As glacial ice flows from the inland ice sheet and spreads out over the sea, shelf areas farthest from shore grow thinner. Susceptible to melting from above or below, they are more prone to forming rifts and eventually breaking away.
Although iceberg calving is normal, the Brunt Ice Shelf is feeling the same pressures as elsewhere around Antarctica, including low sea ice conditions. When less sea ice is present, ice shelves are more exposed to destabilizing wind and wave action.
The remainder of the Brunt is still holding on to the McDonald Ice Rumples. But the new Iceberg A-83, along with icebergs A-74 and A-81 that broke off in recent years, have greatly diminished the ice shelf’s area since early 2021. “As ice shelves get smaller and smaller, they become more vulnerable to extreme events that can, as in the case of the Glenzer/Conger Ice Shelf, lead to destabilization and total loss of the floating glacial ice area,” Shuman said.
The Brunt continues to display fractures on its surface, such as Chasm 2 (west of these images), that are expected to play a continued role in the evolution of this shelf. Data from Landsat collected year-round, along with insights from other sensors, will help scientists make sense of that future.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Kathryn Hansen with image interpretation by Christopher Shuman, NASA/UMBC.

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The Brunt Ice Shelf lost a large wedge of floating ice, the third sizeable iceberg to calve from the shelf in recent years.
Image of the Day for May 24, 2024

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Global Warming
NASA satellites have been measuring the Sun’s output since 1978. The total energy the Sun radiates varies over an 11-year cycle. During solar maxima, solar energy is approximately 0.1 percent higher on average than it is during solar minima.

The transparent halo known as the solar corona changes between solar maximum (left) and solar minimum (right). (NASA Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope images from the SOHO Data Archive.)

Each cycle exhibits subtle differences in intensity and duration. As of early 2010, the solar brightness since 2005 has been slightly lower, not higher, than it was during the previous 11-year minimum in solar activity, which occurred in the late 1990s. This implies that the Sun’s impact between 2005 and 2010 might have been to slightly decrease the warming that greenhouse emissions alone would have caused.

Satellite measurements of daily (light line) and monthly average (dark line) total solar irradiance since 1979 have not detected a clear long-term trend. (NASA graph by Robert Simmon, based on data from the ACRIM Science Team.)

Scientists theorize that there may be a multi-decadal trend in solar output, though if one exists, it has not been observed as yet. Even if the Sun were getting brighter, however, the pattern of warming observed on Earth since 1950 does not match the type of warming the Sun alone would cause. When the Sun’s energy is at its peak (solar maxima), temperatures in both the lower atmosphere (troposphere) and the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) become warmer. Instead, observations show the pattern expected from greenhouse gas effects: Earth’s surface and troposphere have warmed, but the stratosphere has cooled.

Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere (lower atmosphere, green line) but cooling in the stratosphere (upper atmosphere, red line). This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases, but inconsistent with warming from natural causes. (Graph by Robert Simmon, based on data from Remote Sensing Systems, sponsored by the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program.)

The stratosphere gets warmer during solar maxima because the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet light; more ultraviolet light during solar maxima means warmer temperatures.
NASA Visible Earth - Home
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The Seafloor Focuses and Merges Tsunami Waves
Published March 12, 2012
Even at great distances from their source, tsunami waves can grow by being focused and steered by underwater ridges.
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World of Change: Seasons of Lake Tahoe
Accessed October 19, 2010.
Tahoe Environmental Research Center. (2010, August 31). Tahoe State of the Lake Report 2010. University of California Davis. Accessed October 19, 2010.
Windows to the Universe. (2006, October 31). Earth’s tilt is the reason for the seasons. National Earth Science Teachers Association. Accessed October 19, 2010.

World of Change: Seasons of Lake Tahoe

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São Miguel, Azores
São Miguel, Azores

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São Miguel, Azores

December 9, 2018

In the eastern mid-Atlantic, 1,800 kilometers west of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Azores archipelago lies at the junction of the North American, Eurasian, and African plates. The volcanically and seismically active island chain began to form about 10 million years ago over a hotspot in Earth’s mantle. Today, this autonomous region of Portugal is a UNESCO Global Geopark.
The most volcanically active island is São Miguel, shown above in these images acquired on December 9, 2018, by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.
At 760 square kilometers (290 square miles), São Miguel is the largest of the nine Azores islands and home to half of its people—most of whom live in Ponta Delgada, the economic capital of the Azores. The island’s highest point is Pico da Vara, which rises to an elevation of 1,080 meters (3,545 feet) above sea level.
São Miguel comprises six volcanic zones that formed in the last 3 million to 4 million years. But the island didn’t take on its modern shape until about 50,000 years ago, when an eruption of land-forming lava joined the eastern and western volcanic massifs.
Modeling the Hawaiian Shoreline - NASA
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1 min readModeling the Hawaiian ShorelineMonika LuabeyaMay 21, 2024 Image Article

NASA/Lisa Tanh, Matilda Anokye, Ian Lee, Connor Racette

The island of Hawai’i and surrounding waters glow in unusual shades in this 2022 model made through NASA DEVELOP. The model was created to help the County of Hawai’i in their shoreline setback plan. The image shows areas of high flood risk (blue), as well as sea surface temperatures. Orange in the west indicates high temperatures, while red in the east represents low temperatures.
NASA DEVELOP projects bridge the gap between NASA’s Earth science data and society, addressing environmental concerns and enhancing decision-making to improve life here on Earth. Learn more about NASA’s Capacity Building Programs and applied Earth science at NASA.
Image Credit: NASA/Lisa Tanh, Matilda Anokye, Ian Lee, Connor Racette

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News and Events | Terra
The map shown, created by NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio using Terra and Aqua satellites’ MODIS data, outlines the eclipse’s path from Oregon to Texas. Duration contours on the map indicate the varying eclipse lengths. The next annular solar eclipse visible from the U.S. is expected on June 21, 2039, with a total solar eclipse on April 8, 2024.

November 2023: “Antarctic Iceberg Sails Away“
In November 2023, Iceberg A-23A, which broke off the Filchner Ice Shelf in 1986, gained attention as it drifted northward across the Weddell Sea. Captured by NASA’s Terra satellite’s MODIS, the image shows the iceberg nearing islands at the Antarctic Peninsula, about 1,700 kilometers from its origin. For decades, the iceberg remained anchored near the ice shelf but became unstuck in the early 2020s, likely due to underwater melting. Riding the Weddell Sea Gyre, it measures about 4,300 square kilometers as of November 24, making it the world’s largest current iceberg.

December 2023: “As the Arctic Warms, Its Waters Are Emitting Carbon“
Wrapping up the year, new published research from December 2023 shows that the Arctic Ocean faces increased carbon dioxide emissions attributed to thawing permafrost and runoff in Canada’s Mackenzie River, challenging its role as a critical carbon sink. The ECCO-Darwin model, developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reveals that river discharge, particularly from the vast drainage area of the Mackenzie, leads to intensified CO2 outgassing in the southeastern Beaufort Sea and results in an annual net release of 0.13 million metric tons. Data from the Terra satellite, including this processed 2007 image from Terra’s ASTER instrument, aided researchers in their work to better determine the impact of this environmental shift in a rapidly warming Arctic region.

Happy Valentine’s Day 2024

Posted on February 14, 2024 by Nyssa Rayne 
	Posted in News and Events 

Another year, another cheesy Valentine’s Day card from the Terra mission! 

Happy 24th Birthday, Terra!

Posted on December 18, 2023 by Nyssa Rayne 
	Posted in News and Events
Idalia Roars Into the Gulf of Mexico
“Waters throughout the eastern Gulf of Mexico remain warmer than 31 degrees C, which is around 1-2 degrees Celsius above average for this date,” said Patrick Duran, a hurricane expert at NASA’s Short-Term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) project, based at Marshall Space Flight Center. “This very warm water will provide more energy to the storm than would be available if temperatures were closer to average.” 
NASA’s Earth Applied Sciences Disasters program area has been activated in support of Hurricane Idalia. As new information becomes available, the team will be posting maps and data products on its open-access mapping portal. 
NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin and Wanmei Liang, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview and sea surface temperature data from the Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution (MUR) project. Story by Emily Cassidy.

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Fueled by unusually warm waters, the hurricane is forecast to rapidly intensify before barreling into Florida.
Image of the Day for August 30, 2023

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Aug 29, 2023

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2023 North Atlantic Hurricane Season

Hurricane season in the basin runs from June 1 to November 30.

References & Resources

NASA Earthdata (2020, June 5) Improving Hurricane Forecasts with Near Real-Time Imagery and Data. Accessed August 29, 2023.
NASA Earth Observatory (2023, August 25) The Ocean Has a Fever. Accessed August 29, 2023.
NASA Earth Observatory (2017, October 17) A Closer Look at Rapidly Intensifying Hurricanes. Accessed August 29, 2023.
National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center (2023, August 29) Peak Storm Surge Forecast, Advisory 12A. Accessed August 29, 2023.
National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center (2023, August 29) Hurricane Idalia Intermediate Advisory Number 12A. Accessed August 29, 2023.
Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83
Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83

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Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83

May 20, 2024JPEG

 

May 22, 2024JPEG

 

May 20, 2024

May 22, 2024

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A large wedge of ice broke from Antarctica’s Brunt Ice Shelf in late May 2024, the most recent in a series of notable icebergs spawned by the shelf in the past few years.
Soon after the break, the TIRS-2 (Thermal Infrared Sensor-2) on Landsat 9 captured this pair of false-color images. They are part of a special expanded data collection program called LEAP (Landsat Extended Acquisitions of the Poles), which since 2022 has been building year-round image records of glaciers, ice shelves, and sea ice around Antarctica, Greenland, and the Arctic Ocean.
Thermal images like these can help scientists keep watch over Earth’s polar areas, even when the Sun is below the horizon and visible images are unavailable.
News Around NOAA
September 26, 2023 - NWS unveils new experimental flood inundation maps for much of east Texas, central Pennsylvania and parts of the Northeast 
These new services complement and support the issuance of flood watches and warnings by providing near-real-time, high-resolution, street-level visualizations showing where, when, and how much flood waters are forecast.

August 10, 2023 - NOAA forecasters increase Atlantic hurricane season prediction to ‘above normal’ 
Forecasters believe that current ocean and atmospheric conditions, such as record-warm Atlantic sea surface temperatures, are likely to counterbalance the usually limiting atmospheric conditions associated with the ongoing El Nino event.

August 10, 2023 - NOAA completes upgrade to weather and climate supercomputer system
The increased computing power and storage will help improve forecast model guidance for years to come and allow for other weather prediction advances.
 

July 27, 2023 - NOAA advances space weather prediction for satellite industry with model upgrade, new products
Model upgrade will provide increased lead time for predicting the impact of geomagnetic storms on communications and navigation systems and will deliver new products for satellite operators to help with decision-making, maneuver planning, orbit prediction, and collision avoidance.

July 24, 2023 - Creating A Cohesive Marine Forecast
The National Weather Service (NWS), in collaboration with other nations, plays a critical role in generating marine forecasts that contribute to a global network of marine information such as wind speed, wave height, and more.

July 13, 2023 - NOAA launches new hurricane forecast model as Atlantic season starts strong
The new model will run alongside existing models for the 2023 season before replacing them as NOAA’s premier hurricane forecasting model.

July 6, 2023 - 8 tools you can use to stay lightning safe this summer
With summer heat comes pop-up thunderstorms across much of the U.S., leading to a daily threat of lightning and other thunderstorm hazards.

June 29, 2023 - Rip current safety ahead of the July 4th weekend
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) is reminding beach goers ahead of the July 4th weekend to be aware of the dangers of rip currents and other beach hazards -- and to swim near a lifeguard, if at all possible.
US, Germany Partnering on Mission to Track Earth’s Water Movement - NASA
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An engineering geologist measures water depth at an agricultural well in a field north of Sacramento, California. Groundwater is an important source of water for irrigation in the state’s Central Valley, especially during times of drought, and the GRACE missions provide data that helps track the resource.
Kelly M. Grow/California Department of Water Resources

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Continuity mission will extend a decades-long record of following shifting water masses using gravity measurements.
NASA and the German Space Agency at DLR (German Aerospace Center) have agreed to jointly build, launch, and operate a pair of spacecraft that will yield insights into how Earth’s water, ice, and land masses are shifting by measuring monthly changes in the planet’s gravity field. Tracking large-scale mass changes – showing when and where water moves within and between the atmosphere, oceans, underground aquifers, and ice sheets – provides a view into Earth’s water cycle, including changes in response to drivers like climate change.
With the international agreement signed in late 2023, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Continuity (GRACE-C) mission will extend a nearly 25-year legacy that began with the 2002 launch of the GRACE mission. The GRACE-Follow On (GRACE-FO) mission succeeded GRACE in 2018. GRACE-C is targeting a launch no earlier than 2028.
The data from the GRACE missions is considered key information in characterizing Earth’s climate.