vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Astrophysics Science Division Colloquium Series Schedule: Spring 2024
Finally, I will discuss prospects for opening a new window into the transient sky at millimeter wavelengths.

Deep Reconnaissance of Exoplanet Atmospheres with JWST
Nikole Lewis
Cornell University
Tuesday, May 14, 2024

Abstract
With JWST a new window into exoplanet atmospheres is now wide open. Cycle 1 JWST observations of exoplanet hosting systems have already proven the power of this observatory to provide new and transformational insights into exoplanet atmospheres. Here I will focus on key results from JWST Cycle 1 programs that aimed to perform “deep” observations of specific transiting exoplanet hosting systems to explore the physics and chemistry at work in these planetary atmospheres. The JWST Telescope Scientist Team (JWST-TST) used 133 of Cycle 1 guaranteed observing time to perform Deep Reconnaissance of Exoplanet Atmospheres through Multi-instrument Spectroscopy (DREAMS) on three archetypical planets: a hot Jupiter (WASP-17 b), a warm Neptune (HAT-P-26 b), and a temperate Earth (TRAPPIST-1e). Through both transmission and emission observations spanning 0.6-12 microns, the DREAMS survey has uncovered new and unexpected chemistry at work in these atmospheres and allowed us to explore their three-dimensional atmospheric structure. I will additionally discuss complementary observations of additional transiting exoplanet targets with JWST, such as HD189733b, and the expansion of our wavelength coverage on key targets into the ultraviolet with Hubble. In this talk I will set the stage for the transformative exoplanet science being performed with JWST by providing a look at previous state-of-the art observations with Hubble and Spitzer for these targets. I will also look forward to future observations with JWST and Hubble that will continue our reconnaissance of these foundational targets.

Building Foundation Models for Science: What happens if we build massive AI models on scientific data?
Shirley Ho
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute
Tuesday, May 21, 2024

Abstract
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
The insulated and cushioned re-entry capsule, 40 cm in diameter and 25 cm deep with a mass of about 20 kg, is attached to the body of the spacecraft near the sample collection horn. The capsule has a convex nose covered with a 3 cm thick ablative heat shield to protect the samples from the high velocity (~13 km/s) re-entry. Cost of the Hayabusa spacecraft is roughly 12 billion yen ($100 million U.S.)

Surface Sample Collection

The lander will be equipped with a universal sample collection device which will gather roughly one gram of surface samples taken from the landings at 3 different locations. The device consists of a funnel-shaped collection horn, 40 cm in diameter at the end, which is to be placed over the sampling area. A pyrotechnic device fires a 10 gram metal projectile down the barrel of the horn at 200 - 300 m/sec. The projectile strikes the surface producing a small impact crater in the surface of the asteroid and propelling ejecta fragments back up the horn, where some of it is funnelled into a sample collection chamber. Prior to each sampling run, the spacecraft will drop a small target plate onto the surface from about 30 m altitude to use as a landmark to ensure the relative horizontal velocity between the spacecraft and asteroid surface is zero during the sampling. After sampling the samples will be stored in the re-entry capsule for return to Earth.

Minerva

The Minerva lander is a small (591 gram) cylinder about the size of a coffee can, designed to be released from the spacecraft on the first rehearsal touchdown run. It has the ability to "hop" on the surface of the asteroid and has full autonomy. It is equipped with an imaging system comprising three miniature cameras and temperature measuring devices. Data will be relayed to Hayabusa and then to Earth.

SSV Rover

The rover, or Small Science Vehicle (SSV), was to have been a NASA contribution to the mission but was cancelled due to budget contraints. The SSV would have been dropped onto the surface of the asteroid by the Hayabusa spacecraft.
Remote Sensing of Earth’s Environment from Terra | Terra
Terra Deployment MOV (15MB Download)
Terra Orbit MOV (3MB Download)
MODIS Swath MOV (3MB Download)
Aerosol MOV (9MB Download)
Water Vapor Loop MOV (7MB Download)
North America MOV (2MB Download)
Global Snow MPG (32MB Download)
CERES Swath MOV (4MB Download)
Aqua/CERES Swath MOV (26MB Download)
CERES LW/SW Globes MPG (3MB Download)
ASTER Swath MOV (4MB Download)
Mt St Helens MOV (3MB Download)
MISR Swath MOV (8MB Download)
MISR Parallax MOV (1MB Download)
MOPITT’s Swath MOV (4MB Download)
MOPITT View of Africa MOV (3MB Download)
MOPITT’s First Year MPG (6MB Download)
Himalayas MOV (48MB Download)

MODIS Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Aerosol over Ocean
Didier Tanré, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille, France
Downloads:

Powerpoint Presentation (16MB Download)

MODIS Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Aerosol over Land, including Direct Radiative Forcing
Yoram Kaufman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Downloads:

Powerpoint Presentation (39MB Download)
Rainbow MOV (13MB Download)

MODIS Retrieval of Cloud Optical & Microphysical Properties, Including the Cloud Mask
Steven Platnick, University of Maryland Baltimore County
Downloads:

Powerpoint Presentation (24MB Download)
North America MOV (2MB Download)

MODIS Retrieval of Atmospheric Water Vapor
Paul Menzel, NOAA/NESDIS, University of Wisconsin
Downloads:

Powerpoint Presentation (17MB Download)
Total Precipitable Water 2001 MOV (28MB Download)
Total Precipitable Water 2002 MOV (9MB Download)

MODIS Remote Sensing of Oceans: Atmospheric Correction, Calibration, Sea Surface Temperature, and Chlorophyll-a
Robert Evans, University of Miami
From Stargazers to Starships
using Thorium for nuclear fuel

S-8A-5   References, Questions and Answers



S-9.     Nuclear Weapons
.Spaceflight and Spacecraft

25. The Principle of the Rocket
26. Robert Goddard and his Rockets
27. The Evolution of the Rocket
28. Spaceflight
29. Spacecraft
 29a.  Satellites observing the Sun, solar system and the universe
 29b.   Satellites observing Earth from above
 29c.   Satellites which observe the local space environment
 29d.   Satellites for commercial benefits
 29e.   Missions to planets and distant space 
30. Far-out Pathways to Space: Great Guns?
 30a.    Project HARP and the Martlet
31. Far-out Pathways to Space: Nuclear Power
32. Far-out pathways to Space: Solar Sails
 32a.    Early Warning of Interplanetary Disturbances
33. Ion Rockets

34. Orbits in Space
 34a.    The Distance to the L1 Point
 34b.    The L4 and L5 Lagrangian Points
 34c.    The L4 and L5 Points--Another Derivation
35. Starships
 35a.     Planetary Swing-by and the Pelton Turbine
            

Afterword:   "Do Frogs Exist there Too ?"
A Math Refresher
Home page
Elements of algebra

(M-1) Basic ideas
(M-1A) Algebra Proficiency Drill
(M-2) How it all started
(M-3) Formulas
(M-4) Identities
(M-5) Deriving Approximate Results
(M-6) The Theorem of Pythagoras
 (M-6a) Beyond Pythagoras
            (optional)

Elements of trigonometry

(M-7) What is it good for?
(M-8) How to tell sines from cosines
(M-9) Deriving sines and cosines
(M-10) Going past 90 degrees
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio The eclipse begins when the edge of the Moon first crosses in front of the disk of the Sun. This is called a partial eclipse and might look as if a bite has been taken out of the Sun. It is important to keep your eclipse glasses on during all parts of the partial solar eclipse. The visible part of the Sun is tens of thousands of times brighter than what you see during totality. You can also use a pinhole camera to view the eclipse. An approximately 115-mile-wide strip known as the path of totality is where the shadow of the Moon, or umbra, will fall on Earth. Inside this path, totality will be visible starting about 65 to 75 minutes after the eclipse begins. If you are in the path of totality, it is safe to take off your eclipse glasses and look at the total eclipse only during totality. Be sure to put your glasses back on before the total phase ends and the surface of the Sun becomes visible again. Your viewing location during the eclipse will determine how long you can see the eclipse in totality. In the U.S., viewers can expect to see 3.5 to 5.5 minutes of totality. After totality ends, a partial eclipse will continue for 60 to 80 minutes, ending when the edge of the Moon moves off of the disk of the Sun. For more information about the start of the partial eclipse, the start and duration of totality, and the percentage of the Sun eclipsed outside the path of totality, find your location on this eclipse map. On April 8, NASA Television will host a live broadcast featuring expert commentary and views from telescopes along the path of totality. Tune into the broadcast from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. PDT (1 to 4 p.m. EDT) on the day of the eclipse. Join NASA as a total solar eclipse moves across North America on April 8. Tune in from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. PDT (1 to 4 p.m. EDT) for live views from across the path, expert commentary, live demos, and more.
Student Project: How to Make a Pinhole Camera | NASA/JPL Edu
Then find out more about solar eclipses from NASA's Space Place.En Español ¿Qué es un eclipse solar? Eclipses lunares y solares

2. Start making your pinhole camera Cut a 1-inch to 2-inch square or rectangular hole in the middle of one of the pieces of card stock.

+ Expand image

3. Tape on the foil Tape a piece of aluminum foil over the hole.+ Expand image

4. Poke a hole Flip over your paper and use your pin, paper clip, or pencil to poke a small hole in the aluminum foil.+ Expand image

5. Read this important safety note! Your pinhole camera will let you see an image of the Sun that is safe to look at. But remember to never look directly at the Sun without equipment that's specifically designed for looking at the Sun. Note that sunglasses, binoculars, and telescopes do NOT count as proper protection. For more information on safe eclipse viewing, visit the NASA Eclipse website.

6. Try it out Place your second piece of card stock on the ground and hold the piece with aluminum foil above it (foil facing up). Stand with the Sun behind you and view the projected image on the card stock below! The farther away you hold your camera, the bigger your projected image will be. To make your projection a bit more defined, try putting the bottom piece of card stock in a shadowed area while you hold the other piece in the sunlight.+ Expand image

7. Get creative For extra fun, try poking multiple holes in your foil to make shapes, patterns, and other designs. Each hole you create will turn into its own projection of the Sun, making for some neat effects. Grab a helper to take photos of your designs for a stellar art project you can enjoy even after the eclipse has ended.+ Expand image

8. What else can you use as a pinhole camera? Look for items around the house or classroom with small holes in them – like a colander – to act as your pinhole camera. As before, hold it over the card stock on the ground to see the projected image.
Cloudy With a Chance of Eclipse
The average temperature drop from all temperature observations during the 2017 eclipse was about 7 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius), and areas with more cloud cover saw less of a temperature drop.
Other teams of researchers have reported that solar eclipses can change temperatures enough to cause certain types of convective clouds to begin to dissipate in the early stages of total solar eclipses. “We don’t have definitive evidence for that so far in our data,” Colón Robles said, “but it’s something we’ll certainly look for as we analyze the data.”

April 8, 2024JPEG

The GLOBE Eclipse project is motivated by another goal that’s far harder to measure than decreases in temperature during the eclipse. “Totality is an unforgettable experience,” said GLOBE Observer project coordinator Holli Kohl. “We’ve heard from people that seeing a total solar eclipse is the kind of experience that inspired them to become meteorologists or climatologists or astronauts, and we certainly hope that offering people the opportunity to work hand-in-hand with NASA to collect data will nudge them in that direction.”
NASA Earth Observatory image by Michala Garrison, using GOES 16 imagery courtesy of NOAA and the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS). Mentor, Ohio, set of photographs courtesy of NASA GLOBE Program/Marilé Colón Robles. Northern Vermont photo courtesy of NASA/Valerie Casasanto. Kerrville photo courtesy of NASA/Aubrey Gemignani. Syracuse photo courtesy of NASA/Rosalba Giarratano. Story by Adam Voiland.

View this area in EO Explorer

NASA citizen scientists collected thousands of photographs and temperature readings that are being used to study the relationship between total solar eclipses and clouds.
 
Image of the Day for May 6, 2024

Instruments:
GOES — ABI
Photograph

Image of the Day
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May 5, 2024

May 7, 2024

Total Solar Eclipse 2024

On April 8, 2024, the Moon crossed between the Sun and Earth during a total solar eclipse, darkening skies for millions of people in North America.

References & Resources
Cloudy With a Chance of Eclipse
The image at the top of the page highlights the variety in the clouds that the ABI (Advanced Baseline Imager) on the GOES-16 (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16) satellite observed at 18:40 Universal Time, about 1 hour before the Moon’s shadow passed over the region.

The set of photos above were collected by Colón Robles near Mentor, Ohio, at 18:39 UTC. Many images like these submitted through the GLOBE Observer app were automatically paired with satellite images acquired at roughly the same time. With photos taken in multiple directions and looking straight overhead, it is easier to match cloud features in photos taken on the ground with clouds features in corresponding satellite images.

April 8, 2024JPEG

An eclipse forecast from NASA’s GMAO (Global Modeling and Assimilation Office) based on the GEOS-FP (Goddard Earth Observing System Forward Processing) model released a day before the eclipse suggested that there would be plenty of clouds to catalog. The forecast called for overcast skies in many parts of Pennsylvania and New York as a low-pressure system situated in the upper-Midwest roiled the area. Meanwhile, a southerly branch of the jet stream pulled moist, humid air in from the south that created a line of tall convective storm clouds across Texas, explained Bennett Erdman, a meteorologist with GMAO.
While skies in Vermont and New Hampshire were relatively clear before the eclipse, a thin layer of cirrus clouds at the leading edge of the frontal system in the Midwest pushed in from the southwest as totality neared. “That it was just cirrus clouds was good news for people in northern New England because cirrus clouds are made up of ice particles rather than water droplets and are thus quite transparent to shortwave radiation, allowing a high amount of visible light to pass through,” explained Erdman.
As shown in this photograph (above), taken in Newport, Vermont, northern New England had spectacular viewing conditions, even in areas with some cirrus clouds. Viewing in most of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas also fared generally well. Skies were mostly either clearing, or contained cirrus or scattered cumulus clouds that didn’t completely block the view of totality.
Snap it! An Eclipse Photo Adventure | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Looking directly at the Sun without eclipse glasses can damage your eyes. Remember to also use special filters over the lenses of cameras, telescopes, or binoculars when looking at the Sun. The only time during a solar eclipse when it’s safe to look at the Sun without eclipse glasses is during the brief total phase of a total solar eclipse, when the Moon completely blocks the Sun’s bright face. Ask an adult for help looking at the Sun.

Total solar eclipses happen somewhere around the world about once a year. But because the Moon casts a fairly small shadow, these eclipses can only be seen from a small area on Earth each time.
Other things can also pass between us and the Sun and block some of its light. When this happens, it is called a transit. Different things like planets, comets, spacecraft, and even birds can transit the Sun.

How to Play
The goal of this game is to snap photos of eclipses and objects that transit the Sun. Here’s how to play on your desktop:

Use your cursor to center on objects passing in front of the Sun.
Press the spacebar to take a picture.
To take a close-up picture you can zoom in and out using your laptop trackpad or scroll wheel on your mouse, or by pressing the W and S buttons on your keyboard.
To change the camera filter and get a different view of the Sun, press the A and D keys.

Credit: NASA

Since the Sun is very bright, transiting objects look like dark shapes. During the game, you might notice some objects are bigger than others. That’s because the objects are different sizes and different distances from you. Objects that are far away, like Mercury, look smaller — even though Mercury is an entire planet that’s even larger than the Moon. Objects that are closer to Earth – or even in Earth’s atmosphere, like a plane – look bigger. Here are some examples from the real world:

Mercury can be seen crossing the face of the Sun at the bottom of this picture. Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls

The International Space Station crosses in front of the Sun. Credit: NASA/Joel Kowsky
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Student Project How to Make a Pinhole Camera Learn how to make your very own pinhole camera to safely see a solar eclipse in action from anywhere the eclipse is visible, partial or full! Subject Science Grades K-12 Time < 30 mins Collection NASA's Universe of Learning – Eclipse Resources Explore a curated collection of resources to expand student learning around the eclipse to related astrophysics concepts. Lesson Moon Phases Students learn about the phases of the Moon by acting them out. In 30 minutes, they will act out one complete, 30-day, Moon cycle. Subject Science Grades 1-6 Time 30-60 mins Lesson Model a Solar Eclipse Students use simple materials to model a partial, annular, and total solar eclipse. Subject Science Grades 1-8 Time 30-60 mins Lesson Measuring Solar Energy During an Eclipse Students use mobile devices to measure the impact a solar eclipse has on the energy received at Earth’s surface. Subject Math Grades 4-7 Time 1-2 hrs Lesson Modeling the Earth-Moon System Students learn about scale models and distance by creating a classroom-size Earth-Moon system. Subject Science Grades 6-8 Time 30-60 mins Math Problem Epic Eclipse Students use the mathematical constant pi to approximate the area of land covered by the Moon’s shadow during the eclipse. Subject Math Grades 6-12 Time < 30 mins Math Problem Eclipsing Enigma Students use pi to figure out how much of the Sun’s disk will be covered by the Moon during an eclipse and whether it’s a total or annular eclipse. Subject Math Grades 7-12 Time < 30 mins Mobile App NASA GLOBE Observer App Students can become citizen scientists and collect data for NASA’s GLOBE Program using this app available for iOS and Android devices.
Five Tips from NASA for Photographing a Total Solar Eclipse - NASA
Five Tips from NASA for Photographing a Total Solar Eclipse - NASA

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