vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
STEM Lessons for Educators – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Students perform a simple science experiment to learn how a rocket works and demonstrate Newton’s third law of motion.
	TAGS:

	ScienceGrades K - 2Motion and Forces

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Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
The fulcrum of a seesaw is the bar on which the board rests. topfull Moon - A full Moon is a phase of the Moon during which its full daylight hemisphere can be seen from Earth. topgg - The force of Earth's gravity. topgalaxy - A galaxy is a collection of gas, dust, and stars that are bound together by gravity. topGalileo Mission - The Galileo Mission was launched by NASA to learn more about Jupiter and its moons. Through the mission, which lasted from October 1989 to September 2003, we learned more about the extensive volcanic activity on the moon Io. topgantry - NASA's gantry is a large apparatus in Hampton, Virginia that was built to test Apollo space capsules. Now it helps researchers test the Orion space capsule (see Figure 3). topgas - A gas is a state of matter that has no definite shape and no definite volume. The molecules in a gas move rapidly in all directions and spread out to fill the space they are in. topgas giant - A gas giant is a planet that has a very deep atmosphere; the gas giants include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. topGEDI - GEDI, or the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation, produces high resolution laser ranging observations of the 3D structure of the Earth. GEDI's precise measurements of forest canopy height, canopy vertical structure, and surface elevation greatly advance our ability to characterize important carbon cycling processes, biodiversity, and habitat. topgeometry - Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement, properties, and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and figures. topgeosphere - The geosphere is the solid portion of Earth and the processes that shape Earth's surface. topgeosynchronous orbit - A geosynchronous orbit is a satellite orbit at approximately 35,800 kilometers above the Equator in which objects travel at the same speed as Earth. Objects in this orbit remain stationary in reference to Earth. topgerminate - Germinate is when something starts to grow, particularly when a seed sprouts into a new plant. topgeyser - A geyser is a hot spring that periodically sends up fountain-like jets of water and steam into the air.
StarChild: Glossary
StarChild: Glossary

Glossary

[ A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Q R S T
U V W X
Y Z ]

A
ASTEROID
A rocky space object that can be a few feet wide to several hundred 
miles wide. Most asteroids in our solar system orbit in a belt between Mars 
and Jupiter.
ASTRONAUT
A person who travels in space.
ASTRONOMER
Scientist who observes and studies planets, stars, and galaxies.
ATMOSPHERE
All the gases which surround a star, like our Sun, or a planet, like our 
Earth.
AXIS
An imaginary straight line around which an object spins.
ATOM
The tiny building block that makes up everything.
B
BACTERIA
Living things that have only one cell and are so small they can only be seen 
with a microscope.
BLACK HOLE
An invisible object in outer space formed when a massive star collapses from 
its own gravity. A black hole has such a strong pull of gravity that not even 
light can escape from it.
BLUR
To make less clear, to run together.
BIG BANG THEORY
A theory that says the universe began with a super-powerful explosion.
BOLT
A flash of lightning.
BOULDER
A very large piece of rock.
BRITTLE
Easy to break or crack.

BULGE
To swell or stick out; the part that swells or sticks out.
C
CELSIUS
A metric temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 
degrees.
COLLAPSE
To fall down or fall to pieces.
COLLISION
A crash or forceful joining together.
COMET
A big ball of dirty ice and snow in outer space.
COSMONAUT
An astronaut from the former Soviet Union or present day Russia.
CRATER
A hole caused by an object hitting the surface of a planet or moon.
D
DEBRIS
Broken, scattered remains; rubble; pieces of rubbish or litter.
DETECT
To discover something which is hidden or unknown.
E
ELLIPTICAL
Guide your spacecraft through a space maze | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Guide your spacecraft through a space maze | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

space-maze

Earth
Sun
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Science and Tech
Educators

Guide your spacecraft through a space maze

Guide your spacecraft through a space maze
 Click here for print-and-do space mazes.
If you know anything about the history of computers, you know that they are getting smaller and smaller. Just 20 or 30 years ago, it would take a whole big room to hold a computer with the power of the one you use to look at sites on the Internet.
Spacecraft are getting smaller and smaller too. The same new technology that lets computers be so small can be used to make robotic spacecraft very small. We call them robotic spacecraft because they don't carry any people. We send them off to do our work, while we stay home. As long as the spacecraft don't have to carry people, they can be very tiny and still do lots of useful work, traveling far from Earth and finding out all sorts of interesting things about other planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and space.
 Why do we want spacecraft to be so small?
To answer that, which of these boys is easier to lift?

 Just as a lighter load is easier to lift, a small spacecraft is easier than a big one to boost out of Earth's gravity and send on its way to its destination. That means we can use less fuel and a smaller rocket. Usually, the smaller the spacecraft, the less money it costs to build, launch, and operate, so we can afford do even more space missions.
Maybe spacecraft will never be quite as small as the spacecraft in our maze, but soon the entire computer system for a spacecraft will fit on a chip the size of our tiniest maze.

 	article last updated January 6, 2012
 

Tiny, but mighty . . .
Space engineers are working to stuff more and more of the needed functions for a spacecraft into one little chip.

See how tiny this spacecraft chip is beside other kinds of chips you may be familiar with: 
Here are some of the spacecraft jobs this tiny little chip does:
What Powers a Spacecraft? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
What Powers a Spacecraft? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

what-powers-a-spacecraft

Earth
Sun
Solar System
Universe
Science and Tech
Educators

What Powers a Spacecraft?

The Short Answer:

	A spacecraft generally gets its energy from at least one of three power sources: the Sun, batteries or unstable atoms. To choose the best type of power for a spacecraft, engineers consider where it is traveling, what it plans to do there and how long it will need to work.
	

An illustration of the Cassini spacecraft diving between Saturn and its rings in 2017. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Spacecraft have instruments that help them take pictures and collect information in space. But they need electricity to power those instruments and send the information back to Earth. Where does the power come from?
The answer is that it depends on the mission. To choose the best power system for a spacecraft, engineers have to think about several things. Some factors they consider are: where the spacecraft is traveling, what it plans to do there and how long it will need to work.
One source of power is the Sun.

Energy from the Sun (solar power)
Solar power is energy from the Sun. Spacecraft that orbit Earth, called satellites, are close enough to the Sun that they can often use solar power. These spacecraft have solar panels which convert the Sun's energy into electricity that powers the spacecraft.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The electricity from the solar panels charges a battery in the spacecraft. These batteries can power the spacecraft even when it moves out of direct sunlight.
Solar energy has also been used to power spacecraft on Mars. NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, and Mars’ Phoenix lander all used power from solar panels and so does the InSight lander.
Spacecraft traveling far away from the Sun have very large solar panels to get the electricity they need. For example, NASA's Juno spacecraft uses solar power all the way out at Jupiter, where it orbits the planet. Each of Juno’s three solar arrays is 30 feet (9 meters) long!
Terra Orbital Maneuvers Information | Terra
Terra Orbital Maneuvers Information | Terra

Terra Orbital Maneuvers Information – Terra

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Terra’s New Orbit
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Home › About Terra › Terra’s New Orbit › Terra Orbital Drift Information

Terra Orbital Drift Information

Terra has consistently orbited Earth from Pole to Pole for over twenty years, collecting important data about Earth’s systems. Crossing the equator at 10:30 am mean local time allowed Terra’s five instruments to collect consistent, simultaneous data, important to Earth’s systems research and applications. In 2020, Terra completed its final inclination maneuver, using some of its limited fuel supply, to maintain that crossing time. 
Since that final inclination maneuver, Terra has drifted to an earlier equatorial crossing time. By the Fall of 2022, Terra’s crossing time will exceed 10:15 am. Then, Terra, will be lowered to a new orbit where it will be able to collect valuable data at an even earlier crossing time.
As Terra’s crossing time creeps earlier, small changes will be noticeable in Terra’s data and imagery. Evidence in imagery of the earlier crossing time will be visible as longer shadows, especially in mountain landscapes. Meanwhile as Terra moves closer to Earth, the sensors’ views will become narrower leading to slightly narrower swath widths.   The effect will be most noticeable in ASTER imagery, but each of Terra’s sensors will be affected. However, the impact on science is expected to be minimal. In fact, some impacts could prove beneficial to some areas of research – like land morphology, surface temperature, and climate research.
Glossary | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Un planeta enano es mucho más pequeño que un planeta (más pequeño incluso que la luna de la Tierra), pero no es una luna. Plutón es el planeta enano más conocido.

El Niño: Un fenómeno climático que a veces se produce en el océano Pacífico. Es tan grande que afecta al clima en todas partes del mundo. Comienza con la presencia insólita de agua caliente en el océano Pacífico cerca del ecuador.

Espectro electromagnético : El nombre que reciben los diferentes tipos de luz y energía en el universo. Esto incluye ondas radiales, microondas, radiación infrarroja, luz visible, luz ultravioleta, rayos X, y rayos gamma. 
Ecuador: El círculo alrededor de un planeta o luna, que está a la misma distancia de su polo norte y de su polo sur.

Exoplaneta: Un planeta que flota libremente entre las estrellas o que orbita una estrella por fuera de nuestro sistema solar.

Galaxia: Un conjunto de miles a miles de millones de estrellas unidas por la fuerza de gravedad. La galaxia en la que vivimos nosotros se llama Vía Láctea.

Rayos gamma: Parte del espectro electromagnético, también se la denomina radiación gamma. Estas ondas tienen mucha energía. Provienen de grandes acontecimientos, como erupciones solares o estrellas en explosión.
Gas: Un conjunto disperso de átomos que giran unos alrededor de los otros.

GPS (por sus siglas en inglés): Esto significa Sistema de Posicionamiento Global.
Commercial Destinations in Low Earth Orbit - NASA
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Humans in SpaceHomeLow Earth Orbit EconomyCommercial Destinations in Low…Humans in SpaceWhy Go to SpaceAstronautsAstronauts HomeActive AstronautsManagement AstronautsFormer AstronautsAstronaut CandidatesPartner AstronautsBecome an AstronautSpacesuitsLiving in SpaceCommercial SpaceMoreDestinationsSpaceships and RocketsNews and EventsMultimedia 

	Commercial Destinations in Low Earth Orbit	

 

NASA’s Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development Program is supporting the development of commercially-owned and operated Low Earth Orbit destinations from which NASA, along with other customers, can purchase services and stimulate the growth of commercial activities in Low Earth Orbit. As commercial Low Earth Orbit destinations (CLDs) become available, NASA intends to implement an orderly transition from current International Space Station (ISS) operations to these new CLDs. Transition of Low Earth Orbit operations to the private sector will yield efficiencies in the long term, enabling NASA to shift resources towards other objectives. With the introduction of CLDs, NASA expects to realize efficiencies from the use of smaller, more modern and efficient platforms and a more commercial approach to meeting the Agency’s needs in Low Earth Orbit. In the longer term, the gradual emergence of additional customers for commercial Low Earth Orbit destinations will offer the opportunity for additional savings.
The extension of ISS operations to 2030 will continue to return benefits to the United States and to humanity as a whole while preparing for a successful transition of capabilities to one or more commercially-owned and -operated Low Earth Orbit destinations (CLDs). NASA has entered into a contract for commercial modules to be attached to a space station docking port and awarded space act agreements for design of three free-flying commercial space stations.
How Long is a Year on Other Planets? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
This happens for two main reasons.

If a planet is close to the Sun, the distance it orbits around the Sun is fairly short. This distance is called an orbital path.

The closer a planet travels to the Sun, the more the Sun’s gravity can pull on the planet. The stronger the pull of the Sun’s gravity, the faster the planet orbits.

Check out how long a year is on each planet below!

Mercury
Year: 88 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~35 million miles(58 million km)

Venus
Year: 225 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~67 million miles(108 million km)

Earth
Year: 365 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~93 million miles(150 million km)

Mars
Year: 687 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~142 million miles(228 million km)

Jupiter
Year: 4,333 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~484 million miles(778 million km)

Saturn
Year: 10,759 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~887 million miles(1.43 billion km)

Uranus
Year: 30,687 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~1.78 billion miles(2.87 billion km)

Neptune
Year: 60,190 Earth DaysDistance from Sun: ~2.80 billion miles(4.5 billion km)

Why does NASA care about years on other planets?
NASA needs to know how other planets orbit the Sun because it helps us travel to those planets! For example, if we want a spacecraft to safely travel to another planet, we have to make sure we know where that planet is in its orbit. And we also have to make sure we don’t run into any other orbiting objects — like planets or asteroids — along the way.
Scientists who study Mars also need to keep a Martian calendar to schedule what rovers and landers will be doing and when.

Mars and Earth are always moving. So, if we want to land a robotic explorer on Mars, we have to understand how Earth and Mars orbit the Sun. Watch this video to learn more about the Martian year.
Imagine the Universe!
When a massive body collapses under its own weight. (For example, interstellar clouds collapse to become stars until the onset of nuclear fusion stops the collapse.)
gravitational radius
See event horizon.
gravitational waves
Ripples in space-time caused by the motion of objects in the universe. The most notable sources are orbiting neutron stars, merging black holes, and collapsing stars. Gravitational waves are also thought to emanate from the Big Bang. 
gravitationally bound
Objects held in orbit about each other by their gravitational attraction. For example, satellites in orbit around the earth are gravitationally bound to Earth since they can't escape Earth's gravity. By contrast, the Voyager spacecraft, which explored the outer solar system, was launched with enough energy to escape Earth's gravity altogether, and hence it is not gravitationally bound.
gravity
A mutual physical force attracting two bodies.
Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX (GEMS)
A NASA mission which will utilize the polarization properties of X-rays to characterize the geometry and behavior of X-ray sources. Proposed research includes exploring the shape of space that has been distorted by a spinning black hole's gravity, and characterizing the magnetic fields around pulsars and magnetars. GEMS is scheduled for launch in 2014.
GSFC
Goddard Space Flight Center, one of the centers operated by NASA.
guest star
The ancient Chinese term for a star that newly appears in the night sky, and then later disappears. Later, the Europeans called this a nova.
H
hard x-ray
High energy x-rays, often from about 10 keV to nearly 1000 keV. The dividing line between hard and soft x-rays is not well defined and can depend on the context.
Hawking radiation (S.W. Hawking; 1973)
A theory first proposed by British physicist Stephen Hawking, that due to a combination of properties of quantum mechanics and gravity, under certain conditions black holes can seem to emit radiation. 
Hawking temperature
The temperature inferred for a black hole based on the Hawking radiation detected from it.
HEAO
The High Energy Astrophysical Observatory satellite series

 Tell me more about HEAO-1.
Sun-Earth Days 2013: Articles
It might be interesting to note that considering only classical (or Newtonian) physics, the physics that you learned in high school, the physics that defined reality for around 400 years, since Isaac Newton gave his three laws of motion, the sun and all the stars cannot shine. Classical physics does not allow two similarly charged protons to bond. In addition, matter - energy equivalency (E=mc2) was not known until the early 1900's. So before Einstein and before quantum physics, there was no plausible explanation for how the sun generated its energy. Want to know more? Read "On the age of mostly everything".

Figure 2: Diagram of the rotation of the Sun

Figure 3: Sunspot grouping compared to the size of the Earth

The sun rotates. This was first observed by Galileo Galilei in 1610 when he observed dark "blemishes" (sunspots) on the sun. The observed motion of these sunspots across the face of the sun was the first evidence that the sun rotated on its axis and made it easier to imagine that the Earth rotated too, a concept foreign to the long accepted Ptolemaic and Aristotelian models of the universe which stated that the Earth stood still while the cosmos revolved around it. This was also contrary to church doctrine at the time which accepted the still Earth model and asserted that the heavens were perfect, so no blemishes on the sun. Needless to say, this got Galileo into a lot of trouble. It turns out that almost everything in space rotates, stars, planets, moons, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, clusters of clusters of galaxies, everything rotates. And ironically, the rotation of the sun is responsible for the sun having sunspots! Make a mental note of this for later.
Electromagnetism
To understand the role of solar rotation (and so, sunspots) in our story, we go back to the 1820's where Michael Faraday, impressed with the work of Hans Christian Oersted who discovered that a magnetic needle (compass) was deflected when placed near a wire with a current flowing through it, developed a theory of electromagnetic induction.
What's the secret code for talking to spacecraft? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
That language makes . . .


	 Spacecraft seem very smart.


	 The huge dish antennas that pick out the spacecraft's signal from millions of miles away seem very smart.


	 The computers that decode and process the signals into pictures seem very smart.

	But none of these machines can learn English, or Spanish, or any other human language the way people can. These machines understand only two ideas:

So the big question is.
How do we feed complicated information IN and get complicated information OUT, if we can only say "ON" and "OFF"? 
 Let's find out!