vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
This instrument -- installed on both of the twin GRACE-FO spacecraft -- precisely tracks changes in the distance between the spacecraft. These data are analyzed to create monthly global maps of changes in mass, such as water, on the planet. While the original GRACE mission used microwaves to track these changes, GRACE-FO is the first to use lasers for this measurement, improving its precision.
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SEPTEMBER 15, 2017First Mission to Plunge Into the Saturn AtmosphereCassini

In a fiery end to a 13-year tour of the Saturn system, the Cassini spacecraft hurtles into the atmosphere of the Ringed Planet at about 70,000 mph (113,000 kilometers per hour). Since Cassini is venturing closer to Saturn than any previous spacecraft, the mission keeps eight of its instruments on to take data all the way down and relays these data in near-real-time back to Earth as long as Cassini's antenna can stay pointed at our home planet. The spacecraft holds its own for 91 seconds against Saturn's atmosphere and stops communicating at 4:55 a.m. PDT (7:55 a.m. EDT) via NASA's Deep Space Network antenna complex in Canberra, Australia. Mission controllers send Cassini intentionally into Saturn to ensure that Saturn's moons -- in particular Enceladus, with its subsurface ocean and signs of hydrothermal activity -- remain pristine for future exploration.
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APRIL 26, 2017First Spacecraft to Dive Between Saturn and Its RingsCassini

The Cassini spacecraft begins its “grand finale”—the final chapter of its remarkable 20-year-long journey in space—by exploring a unique region no other spacecraft has ever ventured into. The spacecraft dives through an approximately 1,500-mile-wide (2,400-kilometer-wide) gap between Saturn and its rings for the first time on April 26 and loops around to shoot through that gap another 21 times before ending its mission by burning up in the skies of Saturn on Sept. 15, 2017. Data from Cassini's grand finale provide insight into the planet's internal structure, rings, radiation environment and atmosphere (including the first direct measurements).
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
CloudSat provides profiles of clouds during hurricanes and thunderstorms so scientists can learn more about the origin and development of extreme weather events.
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JANUARY 15, 2006First Comet SampleStardust

A landing on a Utah desert marks the delivery to Earth of a sample of cometary material, the prime objective of the Stardust mission. The material is collected in 2004, when the spacecraft makes a close flyby of comet Wild-2 gathering cometary and interstellar dust in a substance called aerogel. Scientists say the samples indicate that some comets may contain materials ejected from the early Sun and may have formed very differently than previously thought.
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JULY 4, 2005First Spacecraft to Impact CometDeep Impact

If you want to see inside a comet, what about blasting a hole in it? That is the premise of Deep Impact, which spends 172 days and 268 million miles traveling to comet Tempel 1, where it releases an impactor that hits the comet nucleus. The collision generates a brilliant flash of light even brighter than expected, as ice and dust debris is ejected from the fresh impact crater. After flying by Earth in 2006, Deep Impact goes on to study extrasolar planets and, in 2010, conducts a flyby of comet Hartley.
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MARCH 22, 2005First Direct Detection of Light From ExoplanetSpitzer Space Telescope

Finding and studying planets orbiting other stars has been a gradual process, advancing incrementally as observational tools have progressed. In a major advance, the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope for the first time captures the light from two known planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. Previously, all confirmed extrasolar planets had been discovered indirectly, by detecting how exoplanets cause their parent stars to wobble slightly or by measuring changes in the star's brightness as planets move in front of it. In new studies, Spitzer directly observes the warm infrared glows of two previously detected "hot Jupiter" planets, designated HD 209458b and TrES-1. The achievement caps a nearly 10-year search by astronomers since exoplanets were first discovered.
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Destinations - NASA
An international partnership of five space agencies from 15 countries operates the International Space Station.

 

 

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Learn more about NASA's destinations for human exploration from the orbiting laboratory in low-Earth orbit, to Artemis missions at the Moon, and leading to the boldest mission yet: sending humans to Mars.

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International Space StationAstronauts on the orbiting laboratory are helping us prove many of the technologies and communications systems needed for human missions in deep space, including to the Moon and Mars. The space station also advances our understanding of how the body reacts and changes in space and how to protect astronaut health.Read MoreEarth's MoonArtemis missions will collaborate with commercial and international partners to demonstrate innovative technologies on the lunar surface and around the Moon for scientific discovery and to prepare for human missions to Mars. NASA will land the first woman and first person of color on the Moon and inspire a new generation of explorers.Read MoreMarsEngineers and scientists around the country are developing the technologies astronauts will use to one day live and work on Mars and safely return home from humanity's next giant leap. NASA is working to address the challenges of living farther from Earth, such as using existing resources, options for disposing of trash, and more.Read MoreCommercial Destinations in Low Earth OrbitNASA’s Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development Program is supporting the development of commercially owned and operated low Earth orbit destinations from which NASA, along with other customers, can purchase services and stimulate the growth of commercial activities close to Earth. Read More 

Architecture

Moon to Mars Architecture

NASA's Moon to Mars architecture represents the hardware and operations needed for human missions to the Moon and Mars, and how they function together as a system.

The architecture is not a mission, a manifest, or a set of requirements, but it does define the elements — rockets, spacecraft, rovers, spacesuits, communications relays, and more — that will be incrementally developed and delivered to the Moon and Mars for long-term, human-led scientific discovery in deep space. 

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Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. RainCube 
 RainCube (Radar in a CubeSat) is a technology demonstration mission to enable Ka-band precipitation radar technologies on a low-cost, quick-turnaround platform.
 . Launch date: May 21, 2018 Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. InSight 
 InSight, short for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport, was a Mars lander designed to give the Red Planet its first thorough checkup since it formed 4 billion years ago.
 . Launch date: May 5, 2018 Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. MarCO 
 The twin communications-relay CubeSats, built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, constitute a technology demonstration called Mars Cube One (MarCO).
 . Launch date: May 5, 2018 Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. ASTERIA 
 ASTERIA (Arcsecond Space Telescope Enabling Research in Astrophysics) was a technology demonstration and opportunistic science mission to conduct astrophysical measurements using a CubeSat.
 . Launch date: Aug. 14, 2017 Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. ASTERIA - Extended Mission Launch date: Aug. 14, 2017 Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. IPEX 
 The Intelligent Payload Experiment (IPEX) is a 1U CubeSat developed by Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and JPL.
 . Launch date: Dec. 15, 2015 Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. Mission Category: Mission. | past Category: past. RACE 
 The Radiometer Atmospheric CubeSat Experiment, or RACE, is a test of technology designed to improve NASA's Earth science and space exploration capabilities.
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Eleasa Kim: Pioneering CLDP Payload Operations and Cultural Integration - NASA
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US, Germany Partnering on Mission to Track Earth’s Water Movement - NASA
Tracking large-scale mass changes – showing when and where water moves within and between the atmosphere, oceans, underground aquifers, and ice sheets – provides a view into Earth’s water cycle, including changes in response to drivers like climate change.
With the international agreement signed in late 2023, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Continuity (GRACE-C) mission will extend a nearly 25-year legacy that began with the 2002 launch of the GRACE mission. The GRACE-Follow On (GRACE-FO) mission succeeded GRACE in 2018. GRACE-C is targeting a launch no earlier than 2028.
The data from the GRACE missions is considered key information in characterizing Earth’s climate. Those measurements, together with other information and computer models, are regularly used for drought assessment and forecasting, water-use planning for agriculture, and understanding the drivers of sea level rise, such as how much ice the world’s ice sheets are losing.
“GRACE-C represents an international and collaborative effort to observe and study one of our planet’s most precious resources,” said Nicola Fox, associate administrator for science at NASA in Washington. “From our coastlines to our kitchen tables, there is no aspect of our planet that is not impacted by changes in the water cycle. The partnership between NASA and the German Aerospace Center will serve a critical role in preparing for the challenges we face today and tomorrow.”

Explore the GRACE-FO mission in NASA's Eyes on the Earth

Engineers and scientists are finalizing design details for the instruments and satellites, and then teams will start work on fabricating and building. The mission will be composed of a pair of identical satellites flying one behind the other, roughly 60 to 190 miles (100 to 300 kilometers) apart, in a polar orbit. The spacecraft will fly at an altitude of roughly 300 miles (500 kilometers). Together they will monitor monthly changes to the distribution of water on Earth from variations in the planet’s gravity field.
Following the Water
The pull of gravity varies naturally from place to place on Earth depending on the mass distribution near the surface.
Westerlund 2
Westerlund 2

 Skip to main content Missions Search All NASA MissionsA to Z List of MissionsUpcoming Launches and LandingsSpaceships and RocketsCommunicating with MissionsArtemisJames Webb Space TelescopeHubble Space TelescopeInternational Space StationOSIRIS-RExHumans in Space Why Go to SpaceAstronautsCommercial SpaceDestinationsSpaceships and RocketsLiving in SpaceEarth &amp; Climate Explore Earth ScienceClimate ChangeEarth, Our PlanetEarth Science in ActionEarth MultimediaEarth DataEarth Science ResearchersAbout NASA NASA's ImpactsCenters and FacilitiesDirectoratesOrganizationsPeople of NASACareersInternshipsOur HistoryDoing Business with NASAGet InvolvedContactLearning Resources For Kids and StudentsFor EducatorsFor Colleges and UniversitiesFor ProfessionalsScience for EveryoneSpace Samples for LearningRequest an Exhibit or SpeakerSTEM Engagement at NASAAeronautics Science in the AirNASA AircraftFlight InnovationSupersonic FlightAir Traffic SolutionsGreen Aviation TechDrones & YouTechnology Technology Transfer & SpinoffsSpace Travel TechnologyTechnology Living in SpaceManufacturing and MaterialsRoboticsScience InstrumentsComputingThe Universe ExoplanetsThe Search for Life in the UniverseStarsGalaxiesBlack HolesThe Big BangDark Matter &amp; Dark EnergyThe Solar System The SunMercuryVenusEarthThe MoonMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto &amp; Dwarf PlanetsAsteroids, Comets &amp; MeteorsThe Kuiper BeltThe Oort CloudSkywatchingEspañol CienciaAeronáuticaCiencias TerrestresSistema SolarUniversoScience All NASA ScienceEarth SciencePlanetary ScienceAstrophysics & Space ScienceThe Sun & HeliophysicsBiological & Physical SciencesLunar ScienceCitizen ScienceAstromaterialsAeronautics ResearchHuman Space Travel ResearchExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+Westerlund 2Westerlund 2, a giant cluster of 3,000 stars, resides in a raucous stellar breeding ground known as Gum 29.

The Hubble Space Telescope pierced through the dusty veil shrouding the stellar nursery by observing near-infrared light, giving astronomers a clear view of the nebula and the dense concentration of stars in the central cluster.
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 The Jet Propulsion Laboratory holds a unique place in the universe. We are a leader in robotic space exploration, sending rovers to Mars, probes into the farthest reaches of the solar system, and satellites to advance understanding of our home planet. JPL's workforce includes a dedicated and diverse population of scientists, engineers, technologists, developers, communicators, designers, safety experts, business administrators, and more. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The success of JPL’s first spacecraft, the Explorer I satellite, in 1958 helped lift America into the Space Age. Our spacecraft have flown to every planet in the solar system, the Sun, and into interstellar space in a quest to better understand the origins of the universe, and of life. Our missions honor the relentless pursuit of the seeker: Voyager, Curiosity, Cassini, Galileo.It was a camera on Voyager 1 that captured the pale blue dot of Earth from 3.7 billion miles away and corrective optics engineered by JPL that brought the Hubble Space Telescope into focus. JPL helped build and manages one of the four cameras aboard the James Webb Space Telescope. In fact, the image sensors used in modern digital cameras, including your smartphone’s, were developed at JPL, too.Closer to home, JPL spacecraft, science instruments, and airborne missions help humanity study and track climate change, manage natural resources, and respond to disasters. And the giant dish antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network – built and managed by JPL – send and receive data from nearly all spacecraft traveling beyond the Moon.What’s next? We’re working on missions to investigate the surface and interior of Venus and to study the ocean deep below the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa.
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