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How We Find and Characterize - NASA Science
Using spectroscopy, scientists detected helium escaping from the planet — the first time this element was found in an exoplanet atmosphere.ESA/Hubble, NASA, M. KornmesserGravitational MicrolensingAnother planet-hunting method takes advantage of an effect first described by Einstein: gravity's ability to warp and bend starlight. The gravity of a star in the foreground will magnify the light from a background star that passes just behind it. If the foreground star has a planet in orbit, the star will appear to a properly positioned telescope as a spike in light intensity as the background star goes by; the planet will appear as a second, smaller spike. NASA’s future Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will employ this technique, currently used by ground telescopes, to discover exoplanets.The Rise of Direct ImagingThe single pixels of light captured directly from exoplanets won't be enough to reveal surface features. But they will provide the next best thing: profiles of exoplanet atmospheres, and perhaps evidence of gases suggesting the presence of life.The first direct image of an exoplanet from the James Webb Space Telescope shows HIP 65426 b in different bands of infrared light, as seen from : purple shows the NIRCam instrument’s view at 3.00 micrometers, blue shows the NIRCam instrument’s view at 4.44 micrometers, yellow shows the MIRI instrument’s view at 11.4 micrometers, and red shows the MIRI instrument’s view at 15.5 micrometers. These images look different because of the ways the different Webb instruments capture light. A set of masks within each instrument, called a coronagraph, blocks out the host star’s light so that the planet can be seen. The small white star in each image marks the location of the host star HIP 65426, which has been subtracted using the coronagraphs and image processing. The bar shapes in the NIRCam images are artifacts of the telescope’s optics, not objects in the scene.
MOPITT | Terra
As recommended by NASA’s Terra, Aqua, and Aura Data Continuity Workshop, the EUMESAT Multispectral Visible Infrared Imager (METImage) on the Metop-SG A satellite, due to launch in December 2024, is being explored as a possible source of morning data product continuity, currently represented by the suite of standard science products generated from the MODIS instrument onboard Terra.
Helen Worden presented trends using the MOPITT data record of global carbon monoxide (CO) and plans for continuation of the MOPITT record using MetOP/IASI, NOAA/CrIS and ESA/TROPOMI data. The MOPITT team has long collaborated with the EUMETSAT IASI instrument team on satellite data inter-comparisons. Comparisons with MOPITT data have been especially important for new instruments in space, since MOPITT has the longest available record of satellite CO observations. The EUMETSAT meeting had many useful presentations on atmospheric composition and trends, among other interesting topics, with plenty of networking opportunities for developing new ideas for research and plans for data continuity. 
Photo Credit: EUMETSAT

Highlighting Terra Talent: Dr. Helen Worden

Posted on July 22, 2022 by Nyssa Rayne 
	Posted in News and Events 

Dr. Helen Worden
We recently featured several important scientists who use Terra data in their research, including Dr. Rebecca Buchholz (check out the post here) who works with Dr. Helen Worden, the US Principal Investigator for the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) sensor to evaluate spatial patterns of air pollution critical for natural hazard response and public health planning. 
MOPITT data are used to derive carbon monoxide concentrations such as those released from burning vegetation, coal, and other combustible plant material. MOPITT carbon monoxide measurements are used to determine where wildfires are burning and to infer the presence of other air pollutants, too. After analyzing over 15 years of data, the MOPITT team found that overall carbon monoxide levels have decreased globally over the past decade, but with varying amounts related to regional land use differences.
EIS | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
EIS will map 90% of Europa at 330 feet (100 meters) per pixel (six times more of Europa’s surface, at five times better resolution than ever before)

Can image individual surface features at as little as one and a half feet (half a meter) per pixel

Both cameras will produce stereoscopic images

Both cameras will produce color images

Interact with an isolated view of the instrument.

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How It Works
How It Works
The wide-angle camera, or WAC, sees large portions of Europa’s landscape. The narrow-angle camera, or NAC, has a more “zoomed-in” view and sees smaller portions of the landscape, but with more pixels per unit area than the WAC.

“During flybys, the WAC will cover a swath of the surface in stereo and in color…stereo topography will reveal a lot about the surface structure.”

- Elizabeth Turtle, principal investigator for EIS

The NAC is a reflecting telescope, and uses a large mirror to collect light. Then other mirrors and lenses direct a condensed beam onto an eight-megapixel detector called a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (commonly known as CMOS). Cell phones and digital cameras also use CMOS detectors, which are perhaps the most widely-used NASA spinoff technology in the world. The WAC has the same kind of sensor, but is a refracting telescope instead of a reflecting telescope. It lets the light directly in and uses lenses to focus the light onto its detector.

“With the narrow-angle camera, we’ll image certain areas of Europa at half a meter per pixel…We’ll see features on the surface that we haven’t seen before.”

- Lynnae Quick, member of the EIS team

How We'll Use It
How We'll Use It
Scientists will use EIS to study surface features and how they relate to each other and to sub-surface structures. The instrument will search for signs of recent geologic activity on the moon’s surface. It will also look for potential plumes venting material into space. EIS’s three-dimensional views will allow scientists to measure surface heights.
MOPITT | Terra
As one colleague remarked at an international meeting some years ago, after hearing Jim give a talk on the MOPITT instrument, “it’s impressive how well he knows every detail of that instrument inside-out”.Jim and the Terra satellite team received the 2019 William T. Pecora Team Award from NASA and the U.S. Department of the Interior. The citation notes that “Terra is arguably one of the most successful Earth-sensing satellites ever deployed.” The citation also says that MOPITT was the first instrument “designed to observe the distribution and transport of tropospheric carbon monoxide and, along with other sensors, has helped advance our understanding of air quality and biomass burning emissions.”Jim is a highly active contributor in the national and international scientific community including service on multiple high-level committees. Of particular relevance to space, he is currently a member of the federal government’s Space Advisory Board and a Member of CSA’s Atmospheric Science Advisory Committee. He was the founding President of the Canadian Network of Northern Research Operators (CNNRO), which was established to advance the collective interests of Canada’s northern research infrastructure operators. From 2014 to 2018, he was the Chair of the Forum of Arctic Research Operators (FARO), which has 20 member nations and aims to facilitate and optimise logistics and operational support for scientific research in the Arctic. Other international roles include Member of the Steering Committee for Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, Member and Secretary of the International Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution, and Canadian Representative to the International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Science.MOPITT measurements continue to be widely used around the world, meeting a great desire for global tropospheric measurements. MOPITT produced the first long-term global maps of carbon monoxide, including movies that clearly show the transport of the products of pollution and biomass burning plumes around the world. Without Jim’s dedication, commitment, and outstanding grasp of experimental issues, MOPITT would not be the success that it is.“Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute Announces 2020 Senior Award Honourees.” Press Release, December 16, 2020.

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Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topmicroorganism - An organism that can only be seen with a microscope. Microorganisms, such as protozoans, bacteria, and some algae, typically consist of a single cell. topmixture - A mixture is a physical combination of two or more substances. Each substance in a mixture retains its own physical and chemical properties. topmodel - A model represents something else. A model might be a drawing or a 3-D object. Models are smaller than the original object or made out of less expensive materials than the actual object. Many iterations (repetitions or versions) of a model are often needed before the actual object (for instance, the Orion spacecraft) can be built. The first version is often a drawing scaled down to fit on a piece of paper. The next may be a series of structures made out of paper, cardboard, plastic, or other readily available materials. topmodeling - Modeling is the production of a physical, conceptual, or mathematical representation of a real phenomenon that is difficult to observe directly. topmolecule - A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond. topmolten - Molten is a when a solid substance is made into a liquid by being heated. The heat inside Earth, for example, changes solid rock into molten rock called magma. topmomentum - Momentum is a quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object. For example: momentum (p) = mass (m) x velocity (v). topmonomer - A monomer is a small molecule that is linked with large numbers of other small molecules to form a chain or a network (polymer). topmoon - A moon is a natural satellite that revolves around another body that is greater in mass. topMoon phases - Moon phases are the different appearances of the Moon over the course of approximately one month. As the lit portion of the Moon appears to change shape, each distinct stage of the change is called a phase. topmotion - Motion is a change in position over time. topmountain - A mountain is any place on Earth that rises sharply and is well above its surroundings.
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MASPEX | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
La poetisa laureada estadounidense Ada Limón, conocida por su trabajo que explora la conexión humana con el mundo natural, está escribiendo un nuevo poema dedicado a la misión Europa Clipper de la NASA.

Una voz entre las estrellas: Poema de la poetisa laureada estadounidense Ada Limón viajará a Europa en una nave espacial de la NASA

U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón, who is known for work that explores the human connection to the natural world, is crafting a new poem dedicated to NASA’s Europa Clipper mission.

A Voice Among the Stars: Poem by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón Will Ride to Europa on NASA Spacecraft

Europa Clipper’s mass spectrometer was delivered to JPL in December 2022. 

Europa Clipper's Mass Spectrometer Delivered to JPL

The enormous spacecraft that will head to Jupiter’s moon Europa uses four large reaction wheels to help keep it oriented.

NASA's Europa Clipper Gets Its Wheels for Traveling in Deep Space

The spacecraft will occupy the main production facility of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory as it prepares for its 2024 launch to Jupiter’s moon Europa.

NASA's Europa Clipper Spacecraft Kicks Assembly Into High Gear

Carlisa Drew went from being a commercial electrician to wiring the electrical system for NASA’s Europa Clipper propulsion module. 

Mission Dispatch: Wiring Europa Clipper's Propulsion Module

The agency’s mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moon takes a big step forward as engineers deliver a major component of the spacecraft.

NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Completes Main Body of the Spacecraft

The instrument to measure the surface temperature of Jupiter’s moon Europa has arrived at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

Europa Clipper's Thermal Imager Delivered to JPL

The MISE team recently achieved a milestone for any telescope: first light.

Mission Dispatch: Imaging Spectrometer's First Light

Science instruments and other hardware for the spacecraft will come together in the mission’s final phase before a launch to Jupiter’s icy moon Europa in 2024.

NASA Begins Assembly of Europa Clipper Spacecraft
On the Path Towards Unprecedented Science – NASA's Europa Clipper
The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa, or MISE (pronounced “mize”), will collect infrared light reflected from Europa and separate it into its various wavelengths. Like a visible light camera, MISE will produce images, but these images depict the composition of surface materials. MISE will be used to map the distribution of ices, salts, organics, and the warmest hotspots on Europa. These maps will help determine if Europa’s suspected ocean is an environment suitable for life, and they will also help to characterize Europa’s geologic history.

MISE Dyson CaF2 Lens

As infrared light enters Europa Clipper’s MISE instrument, mirrors bounce the light into its calcium fluoride (CaF2) lens (flight model shown), which directs the light onto a diffraction grating. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

MISE Diffraction Grating

The flight model for MISE’s diffraction grating, which disperses light, in a manner similar to a prism, before the light strikes the instrument's detector. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding
Europa Clipper’s Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding, or PIMS, will have four sensors called Faraday cups to measure the electrical current produced by charged particles (plasma) as they strike a detector plate inside each sensor. Scientists will use PIMS to study the characteristics of plasma around Europa to better understand the moon’s ice shell thickness, ocean depth, and ocean salinity.

PIMS Collector Assembly

A collector assembly that will fly aboard Europa Clipper in one the four PIMS Faraday cups, which will help scientists study the charged particle (plasma) environment around Europa. The sensor plate shown has a layer of gold over palladium, with a copper base. Credit: NASA/JHU-APL

PIMS Faraday Cup Sensors

Built by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, PIMS is made up of two instruments, each with two identical sensors called Faraday cups that will measure the plasmas, or electrically charged gases, in Europa’s ionosphere and Jupiter’s magnetosphere.
Mission Dispatch: Imaging Spectrometer's First Light – NASA's Europa Clipper
Europa Clipper’s imaging spectrometer also draws on the legacy of the JPL-led M3 (Moon Mineralogy Mapper) instrument on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission, the CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) instrument on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and another JPL spectrometer, EMIT (Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation), that will be installed on the International Space Station. EMIT will be the first instrument to comprehensively measure the mineral composition of arid regions on Earth that produce dust.
MISE benefits from this legacy. The engineering team that built the optics and thermal control system for M3, as well as the scanner and electronics for CRISM, also developed MISE. They are familiar with the challenges of building, calibrating, and operating imaging spectrometers for deep space. And they applied that knowledge when developing MISE for the challenging environment around Europa, where particle radiation is much higher and sunlight much weaker than it is in the inner solar system.
Achieving First Light

This unprocessed image shows the successful “first light” for Europa Clipper’s MISE instrument. The image was produced by directing an artificial light source into the instrument’s entry slit. The white line shows the spectrum of a small light spot, simulating a small area on Europa. The blue background is the low-light background of the instrument’s test setup.

During the MISE first-light testing, JPL integration and test lead Dr. Danielle Nuding and her colleagues watched through a window into the clean room. Inside was the team’s optics lead Hong Tang, wearing a white, full-body protective gown and mask, known as a “bunny suit,” to avoid contaminating the instrument. Only the optics lead could see the computer screen displaying the test results. Nuding and her colleagues outside would not know how things were going until the optics lead reported it to them.
“Even though he had a mask on, we could still see that he was smiling from ear to ear,” Nuding said. “It was an incredible moment to experience.”
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topecosystem - An ecosystem is the living things (biotic) and their nonliving (abiotic) environment. topEDITH drill - EDITH drill stands for Exit Drills in the Home. An EDITH drill is a plan that families can use to quickly and safely exit a home in the event of a fire. topefficiency - Efficiency is the work a machine does compared to the energy needed to run the machine. topeffort - Effort is the force placed on simple machines to move the load. For example, a person using a crow bar exerts a force (effort) on the bar to move an object. topelectromagnetic radiation - Electromagnetic radiation is energy radiated in the form of waves. It consists of electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. topelectromagnetic spectrum - The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of visible and invisible energy waves organized according to wavelengths. Visible light is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes radio waves, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and microwaves. The shorter wavelengths have the highest energy. topelement - An element is a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. topemission spectrum - An emission spectrum is a spectrum of bright lines or bands of light of specific wavelength which are emitted when a gaseous element is exposed to high energy. Each element has its own unique pattern of bands. topemit - To emit is to give off. LEDs give off, or emit, light. Colored LEDs emit very specific wavelengths of light. topenergy - (see also thermal energy) Energy is the ability to do work, and there are several different forms of energy (e.g., kinetic, potential, thermal, sound, light, chemical, etc.). While energy may be transformed from one form to another, the total energy remains the same within a closed system. topenergy budget - Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and away from Earth, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances the energy going out. The energy balance determines the climate of the Earth.
Terra Instruments | Terra
Terra Instruments | Terra

Terra Instruments – Terra

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