vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Earth Observation With Satellite | Terra
Other groups also collect precipitation data, which may be used in a comparison with satellite data. These groups include:

Arizona: Rainlog
Minnesota: MNgauge
GLOBE
NWS COOP network

If you are interested in studying rainfall patterns in Arizona, you can map gauge data from Rainlog and satellite data in Google Earth. Both Giovanni and Rainlog will allow you to download a Google Earth file. By layering the two files in Google Earth, you can compare rainfall patterns.
Related questions that could be addressed with satellite data:

Compare precipitation to vegetation growth using the NASA Earth Observations web site.
Compare precipitation to streamflow data, available from the United States Geological Survey and the National Weather Service. What does a 100-year flood mean for your watershed? The Floods section of the Earth Observatory contains satellite images of flooded rivers.
Comparing precipitation and fire conditions as reported by the U.S. Forest Service’s Wildland Fire Assessment System.
In Giovanni, analyze the seasonality of precipitation measurements with a Hovemoller plot or animation.

Precipitation

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From Stargazers to Starships
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"Using Space to Teach Physics"    (draft of article in The Physics Teacher, Feb.'99) 
"Kepler's 3 Laws of Planetary Motion," a one-hour overview lecture to teachers presented 23 March 2005. 

Afterthoughts on what this site has become.


"From Stargazers to Starships" follows an earlier site "The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere". "Stargazers" deals with the world of gravity--of massive planets and stars, and the way spaceflight is achieved despite their strong pull. "Exploration" on the other hand looks at the hot (but usually rarefied) gases which fill most of space, which are ruled by magnetic and electric forces rather than by gravity. The polar aurora, the radiation belts, the solar wind, magnetic storms, "space weather", cosmic radiation--this is the site which tells you all about them.

Author and Curator:   Dr. David P. Stern
     Greenbelt, Maryland
                               
Mail to Dr.Stern:   stargaze("at" symbol)phy6.org .

Last updated: 10 October 2016

Above is background material for archival reference only.

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How Do We Weigh Planets? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
If, on the other hand, you were on heavy Jupiter, you would weigh a whopping 253 pounds!
How do scientists use gravitational pull as a scale?
In order to figure out how heavy a planet is, scientists need to know two things: how long it takes nearby objects to orbit the planet and how far away those objects are from the planet. For example, the closer a moon is to its planet, the stronger the planet will tug on it. The time it takes an object (whether it's a moon or spacecraft) to orbit a planet depends both on its distance from the planet and how heavy the planet is. 
Why do scientists usually talk about mass rather than weight?
An object's weight is dependent on its mass and how strongly gravity pulls on it. The strength of gravity depends on how far away one object is from another. That’s why the same object weighs different amounts on different planets. It’s sometimes easier to compare planets using a measurement that isn’t quite so complicated. That’s why scientists and engineers often measure an object’s mass—how much matter the object contains—rather than its weight.
Mass stays the same regardless of location and gravity. You would have the same mass on Mars or Jupiter as you do here on Earth.

Your weight is different on other planets due to gravity. However, your mass is the same everywhere!

What is the mass of Earth?
We know that Earth has a mass of approximately 5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilograms. That’s a really big number!

How do you write a shorter version of a very big number? Exponents!
The Earth’s mass is 5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilograms. That is a lot of mass! Here is a shorter way of writing that big number: 5.97 x 1024 kg. That little 24 is called an exponent. An exponent of a number is how many times to use that number as a multiplier. So, in other words:
Commercial Destinations in Low Earth Orbit - NASA
In the longer term, the gradual emergence of additional customers for commercial Low Earth Orbit destinations will offer the opportunity for additional savings.
The extension of ISS operations to 2030 will continue to return benefits to the United States and to humanity as a whole while preparing for a successful transition of capabilities to one or more commercially-owned and -operated Low Earth Orbit destinations (CLDs). NASA has entered into a contract for commercial modules to be attached to a space station docking port and awarded space act agreements for design of three free-flying commercial space stations. U.S. industry is developing these commercial destinations to begin operations in the late 2020s for both government and private-sector customers, concurrent with space station operations, to ensure these new capabilities can meet the needs of the United States and its partners.
CLD Partner Organizations:

Axiom Space
Blue Origin
Nanoracks

As NASA transitions from the space station and sets its sights on the Moon, America will maintain leadership in LEO by enabling a new generation of commercial partnerships.

See how the private sector will expand the economic sphere with commercial cargo to space, commercial spaceflights, and commercial destinations in orbit, and how it will enable NASA to be one of many customers and advance human space exploration.
 

Learn More About Commercial Destinations

Article3 min readNASA Shares Lessons of Human Systems Integration with IndustryArticle5 min readNASA Shares Medical Expertise with New Space Station PartnersArticle3 min readNASA Sees Progress on Blue Origin’s Orbital Reef Life Support SystemArticle4 min readNASA Adjusts Agreements to Benefit Commercial Station DevelopmentArticle4 min readNASA’s Commercial Partners Continue Progress on New Space StationsArticle3 min readNASA Partners Combine Efforts for Low Earth Orbit Commercial StationArticle4 min readNASA’s Commercial Partners Pass Milestones for New Space StationsArticle5 min readHow NASA’s Work Led to Commercial Spaceflight RevolutionArticle3 min readNASA’s Commercial Partners Move Needle for Space Station DestinationsArticle4 min readNASA Seeks Input for Commercial Low Earth Orbit DestinationsArticle2 min readNASA Seeks Feedback on Commercial Destination Certification 

Commercial LEO Destinations: Exploring the Future of Research in Space panel discussion at ISSRDC 2022.
 

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FORMAT FOR EVENT SUBMISSIONS
If you have a Sun-Earth Day event planned for your area, please send us the following information and we'll post it to our calendar!

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Voyager
Note: Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 2 is speeding away from the inner solar system, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of year.
 

Voyager 2
Distance from Earth

Voyager 2 Distance from the Sun

 This is a real-time indicator of Voyager 2's distance from the sun in astronomical units (AU) and either miles (mi) or kilometers (km). 
 

Voyager 2
Distance from Sun

Voyager 2 One-Way Light Time

 This tells how long it would take a radio signal transmitted right now, traveling at the speed of light, to get either from Earth to Voyager 2 or from Voyager 2 to Earth. 
 

Voyager 2
One-Way Light Time

(hh:mm:ss)

Voyager 2 Cosmic Ray Data

 This meter depicts readings by Voyager 2's cosmic ray instrument. The instrument detects charged particles that dominate inside the bubble our sun blows around itself (green) and charged particles that dominate outside our solar bubble (orange). Data from this instrument suggested that Voyager 2 entered interstellar space on November 5, 2018, when the inside particles (green) dipped closer to 0.0 and the outside particles (orange) rose to above 2.0.
 

Voyager 2
Cosmic Ray Data

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The Spacecraft

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The Mission Timeline

 Examine the contents of the golden record that were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
 

The Golden Record

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NEWS | May 22, 2024
	Voyager 1 has resumed returning science data from two of its four instruments for the first time since a computer issue arose with the spacecraft in November 2023.

	Voyager 1 Resumes Sending Science Data from Two Inst...
	

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The fastest coronal mass ejection was recorded on August 4, 1972 and traveled from the sun to earth in 14.6 hours - a speed of nearly 10 million kilometers per hour!
            

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MAKE AND TAKE ACTIVITIES

Scale Model of Sun and Earth
This activity explores the relative size of Sun and Earth as well as the distance between them.
	
Download this File (pdf - 500 KB)
Spanish Version (pdf - 500 KB)

Edible Model of the Sun
The Sun is a dynamic and active star. If you look at it with a telescope, or even with a pin-hole camera or special eclipse-glasses, you can see features on the sun that are moving and changing. (Remember you should never look directly at the sun!) Participants will make an edible model of the Sun's outer layers using cookies and toppings.
	
Download this File (pdf - 130 KB)

Changing Shadows
Participants observe changes in shadows over time. The activity also helps to develop a sense of the Earth's motion. Since this activity requires some passage of time for a noticeable change in shadows, it is best done at the beginning of an event or a series of activities so participants can revisit their tracings after a period of time. At museum or planetarium settings, this might be a good activity to set up at the entrance for visitors to do at the beginning and end of their visit. 
	
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Exploring Ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun
The Sun gives off different kinds of energy: including heat, visible light, and invisible light in the form of ultraviolet (UV) rays. While the Earth's atmosphere protects us from most of the Sun's harmful UV rays, there is still an abundance of UV rays around us. This activity explores UV rays from the Sun and ways we can protect ourselves from these potentially harmful UV rays.
	
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Exploring Magnetic Field Lines
When discussing space weather or how Earth's magnetosphere protects us, we often see diagrams with lines wrapping around the globe.
What Is a Light-Year? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
What Is a Light-Year? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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What Is a Light-Year?

An image of distant galaxies captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, RELICS; Acknowledgment: D. Coe et al.

For most space objects, we use light-years to describe their distance. A light-year is the distance light travels in one Earth year. One light-year is about 6 trillion miles (9 trillion km). That is a 6 with 12 zeros behind it!

Looking Back in Time
When we use powerful telescopes to look at distant objects in space, we are actually looking back in time. How can this be?
Light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles (or 300,000 km) per second. This seems really fast, but objects in space are so far away that it takes a lot of time for their light to reach us. The farther an object is, the farther in the past we see it.
Our Sun is the closest star to us. It is about 93 million miles away. So, the Sun's light takes about 8.3 minutes to reach us. This means that we always see the Sun as it was about 8.3 minutes ago.
The next closest star to us is about 4.3 light-years away. So, when we see this star today, we’re actually seeing it as it was 4.3 years ago. All of the other stars we can see with our eyes are farther, some even thousands of light-years away.

Stars are found in large groups called galaxies. A galaxy can have millions or billions of stars. The nearest large galaxy to us, Andromeda, is 2.5 million light-years away. So, we see Andromeda as it was 2.5 million years in the past. The universe is filled with billions of galaxies, all farther away than this.
NASA - Sun-Earth Day 2010


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Past Sun-Earth Days

2009: Our Sun, Yours to Discover
Join us for Sun-Earth Day and the International Year of Astronomy as we explore, experience, study and predict our sun.
                    
Visit this Website

2008: Space Weather Around the World
For Sun-Earth Day 2008, we will engage a world-wide audience in the celebration of the International Heliophysical Year (IHY).
                    
Visit this Website

2007: Living in the Atmosphere of the Sun
We kick off the International Heliospheric Year celebration with Living in the Atmosphere of the Sun! 
                    
Visit this Website

2006: Eclipse, in a Different Light
Join us in an extraordinary journey of exploration, discovery and understanding of the total solar eclipse of March 29, 2006! 
                    
Visit this Website

2005: Ancient Observatories Timeless Knowledge
The Ancient Observatory theme for 2005 features solar alignments with structures that mark the equinoxes and/or solstices. 
                    
Visit this Website

2004: Venus Transit
Learn more about the transit of Venus that occurred on June 8, 2004. In this site you will find comparisons of Venus with Earth and Mars, calculations of the distances to nearby stars, and the use of transits to identify extra-solar planets.
	
Visit this Website

When Is Sun-Earth Day?
This year's main celebration will be on March 20, 2010. 

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NASA - Sun-Earth Day 2010


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FEATURED MULTIMEDIA

Space Weather Media Viewer V3
This Flash-based viewer allows you to view real-time NASA satellite images of the Sun and the Earth. Near real-time images from a variety of NASA satellites and ground-based observatories are presented. Enjoy zooming and panning the images! A scale tool with the size of the Earth is also presented with the solar images.
	
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Video Podcasts
Enjoy this growing series of NEW Sun-Earth Day video podcasts (Vodcasts) ! Each new episode opens with a brief Sun-Earth Day welcome followed by an extraordinary video from NASA�s space weather community. Each episode closes with a message for those interested in learning more about the featured mission and related educational resources.
              
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Audio Podcasts
The Sun-Earth Day team will keep you updated and informed with the latest news and events through the Sun-Earth Day podcasts subcription.
	
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Image Gallery
Within this image gallery you will find spectacular images of eclipses from a variety of locations on Earth as well as artificially created eclipses taken by satellites studying the Sun!
	
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Traditions of the Sun
This new experiential Web site lets you explore Chaco Canyon and the Yucatan to learn about NASA research on the Sun and solar practices within a larger historical and cultural context.
	
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Sun Watchers Through Time - Interactive Timeline
Take a solar walk through time with this Flash-based Interactive Timeline.
	
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How Old Is the Sun? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids


How Old Is the Sun? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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How Old Is the Sun?

Is it really old? Or not so much?
Our Sun is 4,500,000,000 years old. That's a lot of zeroes. That’s four and a half billion. 

How do we know the Sun's age?
How do we know how old it is? We look at the age of the whole solar system, because it all came together around the same time.To get this number, we look for the oldest things we can find. Moon rocks work well for this. When astronauts brought them back for scientists to study them, they were able to find out how old they are. 

How long will the Sun shine?
If our Sun is four and a half billion years old, how much longer will it shine? Stars like our Sun burn for about nine or 10 billion years. So our Sun is about halfway through its life. But don’t worry. It still has about 5,000,000,000—five billion—years to go. 
When those five billion years are up, the Sun will become a red giant. That means the Sun will get bigger and cooler at the same time. When that happens, it will be different than the Sun we know today. As a red giant, our Sun will become about 2,000 times brighter than it is now!

        	article last updated May 25, 2021
        

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