vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jupiter - NASA Science
Nowhere to LandAs a gas giant, Jupiter has no solid surface. It may have an Earth-sized core.5. Big and LightJupiter's atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium.6. Many MoonsAs of July 2023, Jupiter had 95 moons.7. Faint RingsThe rings were spotted in 1979.8. ExplorationSeven robots flew past; two stayed in orbit.9. Ingredients for Life?Jupiter can't support life as we know it.10. Super StormThe Great Red Spot is a storm that has raged for more than 100 years.FactsExplorationMoonsResourcesFacts About JupiterJupiter is a world of extremes. It's the largest planet in our solar system. If Jupiter was a hollow shell, 1,000 Earths could fit inside.Jupiter also is the oldest planet, forming from the dust and gases left over from the Sun's formation 4.5 billion years ago. But it has the shortest day in the solar system, taking only 10.5 hours to spin around once on its axis.Read MoreNASA’s Juno spacecraft took three images of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot on Feb. 12, 2019, that were used to create this color-enhanced view.Enhanced image by Kevin M. Gill (CC-BY) based on images provided courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSExploring JupiterThe first detailed observations of Jupiter were made by Galileo Galilei in 1610 with a small, homemade telescope. More recently, this planet has been studied by orbiters, probes, and spacecraft passing by on their way to other worlds. NASA’s Juno spacecraft currently is studying the giant planet from orbit. Europa Clipper will launch in October 2024 to study Jupiter's icy moon, Europa.Read MoreNASA's Juno spacecraft launches from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on Aug. 5, 2011. NASA/Bill IngallsMoons of JupiterJupiter has 95 moons that have been officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union.But the number doesn't capture the complexity of the Jovian system of moons, rings and asteroids. The giant planet has thousands of small objects in its orbit.
Ice Rafting on Europa – NASA's Europa Clipper
Low resolution color (violet, green, and infrared) data acquired in September 1996, were combined with medium resolution images from December 1996, to produce synthetic color images. These were then combined with a high resolution mosaic of images acquired on Feb. 20th, 1997 at a resolution of 59 yards (54 meters) per picture element and at a range of 3,320 miles (5,340 kilometers).

ENLARGE

Downloads

Highest-Resolution
2.37 MB
image/tiff
Download

Original
361 KB
image/jpeg
Download

Related

A map centered at the estimated source region for potential plumes from Europa.

Source Region for Possible Europa Plumes

Engineering flight technicians install the flight scanner into the MISE instrument.

MISE Flight Scanner Installation

This mosaic of a region in the northern hemisphere of Jupiter's moon, Europa, displays many of the features which are typical on the satellite's icy surface.

Double Ridges, Dark Spots, and Smooth Icy Plains on Europa 

One of Europa Clipper’s star tracker electronics boxes (the bronze-colored cube at center) sits in a JPL clean room for testing.

Star Tracker Electronics Box 

Workers use a crane to lift a high-gain antenna to install it on NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft.

Europa Clipper Gets Its High-Gain On

This is a composite of two images of Jupiter's icy moon Europa obtained from a range of 2,119 miles (3,410 kilometers) by the Galileo spacecraft during its fourth orbit around Jupiter and its first...

Structurally Complex Surface of Europa 

Recently assembled Faraday cup sensors and instrument housings in two configurations.

PIMS Faraday Cup Sensors

Dark crisscrossing bands on Jupiter's moon Europa represent widespread disruption from fracturing and the possible eruption of gases and rocky material from the moon's interior in this four-frame m...

Dark Bands on Europa 

Europa Clipper’s 28-foot (8.5-meter) magnetometer boom is unfurled at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Europa Clipper Team Deploys Magnetometer Boom
Europa Clipper's Surface Dust Analyzer Instrument Delivered to JPL – NASA's Europa Clipper
The Europa Clipper magnetometer has completed its rigorous testing and calibration at JPL and is ready for integration onto the Europa Clipper spacecraft.

Europa Clipper's Magnetometer Testing is Complete, Ready for Integration

Europa Clipper’s mass spectrometer was delivered to JPL in December 2022. 

Europa Clipper's Mass Spectrometer Delivered to JPL

The enormous spacecraft that will head to Jupiter’s moon Europa uses four large reaction wheels to help keep it oriented.

NASA's Europa Clipper Gets Its Wheels for Traveling in Deep Space

The approximately 10-foot-diameter (3-meter-diameter) HGA will beam back information from Europa Clipper’s nine instruments, which will gather data on Europa’s atmosphere, surface, and interior.

Europa Clipper's High-Gain Antenna Undergoes Precision Testing at NASA Langley

The spacecraft will occupy the main production facility of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory as it prepares for its 2024 launch to Jupiter’s moon Europa.

NASA's Europa Clipper Spacecraft Kicks Assembly Into High Gear

Carlisa Drew went from being a commercial electrician to wiring the electrical system for NASA’s Europa Clipper propulsion module. 

Mission Dispatch: Wiring Europa Clipper's Propulsion Module

The agency’s mission to explore Jupiter’s icy moon takes a big step forward as engineers deliver a major component of the spacecraft.

NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Completes Main Body of the Spacecraft

The instrument to measure the surface temperature of Jupiter’s moon Europa has arrived at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

Europa Clipper's Thermal Imager Delivered to JPL

Science instruments and other hardware for the spacecraft will come together in the mission’s final phase before a launch to Jupiter’s icy moon Europa in 2024.

NASA Begins Assembly of Europa Clipper Spacecraft

Click for more

Europa Clipper Transport Plane Arrives in Florida

Click for more

2021 Europa Clipper Spacecraft (Artist's Concept)

Click for more

Europa Under Stress 

Stay Connected

Mission

Overview

Science

Timeline

The Team

History

FAQ

Spacecraft

Meet Europa Clipper

Instruments

Assembly
Juno - NASA Science
And Juno’s work continues building on the discoveries of previous missions that visited Jupiter – Pioneer 10 and 11, and Voyager 1 and 2 in the 1970s, then the Galileo orbiter and its atmospheric probe, as well as those spacecraft who made key observations while en route to other targets (Ulysses, Cassini, and New Horizons). In turn, Juno is also preparing the way for future visitors, such as ESA’s Juice mission (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer), launched in April 2023 and scheduled to reach Jupiter in July 2031. Next to go, NASA’s Europa Clipper is scheduled to launch in October 2024, and enter orbit around Jupiter in April 2030. For Juno, exploring the full Jovian system, passing through the doughnut-shaped clouds of charged particles surrounding Europa, Io, and the other moons, testing the radiation environment, studying the dust in Jupiter’s faint rings – all this work and more will inform the mission designs, science priorities, observation strategies, and more for Europa Clipper, Juice, and others that will surely follow. Jupiter ExplorationJuno continues a lineage of discovery at the king of planets, and is helping prepare the next generation of missions bound for Jupiter.More About Jupiter ExplorationContinuing a LegacyJuno builds on the work of previous missions to Jupiter, and paves the way for its successors. Learn about the Heritage of Discovery Leading to JunoEuropa ClipperScheduled to reach Jupiter's moon Europa in 2030, this NASA mission will search beneath Europa's icy surface for signs of life.Learn More about Europa and the Clipper MissionJuiceJuice, the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer from the European Space Agency, will study the gas giant and its three large ocean-bearing moons – Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa – after arriving in 2031.Learn More about Juicejan. 7, 1610'Around Jupiter there are... moving stars, invisible till this time to everyone.'A plaque dedicated to Rennaissance astronomer Galileo Galilei is seen here mounted on NASA's Juno spacecraft for its trip to Jupiter. The aluminum plaque features a self-portrait and handwritten text from Galileo's journal, in which he records seeing Jupiter's moons for the first time. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSCjan.
Europa Mission to Probe Magnetic Field and Chemistry – NASA's Europa Clipper
NASA Selects Students for Europa Clipper Intern Program

The Europa Clipper magnetometer has completed its rigorous testing and calibration at JPL and is ready for integration onto the Europa Clipper spacecraft.

Europa Clipper's Magnetometer Testing is Complete, Ready for Integration

A new NASA study offers an explanation of how quakes could be the source of the mysteriously smooth terrain on moons circling Jupiter and Saturn. 

Icy Moonquakes: Surface Shaking Could Trigger Landslides 

La poetisa laureada estadounidense Ada Limón, conocida por su trabajo que explora la conexión humana con el mundo natural, está escribiendo un nuevo poema dedicado a la misión Europa Clipper de la NASA.

Una voz entre las estrellas: Poema de la poetisa laureada estadounidense Ada Limón viajará a Europa en una nave espacial de la NASA

U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón, who is known for work that explores the human connection to the natural world, is crafting a new poem dedicated to NASA’s Europa Clipper mission.

A Voice Among the Stars: Poem by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón Will Ride to Europa on NASA Spacecraft

How will Europa Clipper see through Europa's thick ice shell to study the moon's ocean?

Mission Dispatch: Using Radar to Study Earth and Europa

Parallel ice ridges, a common feature on Jupiter’s moon Europa, are also found on Greenland’s ice sheet.

Greenland Ice, Jupiter Moon Share Similar Feature

The MISE team recently achieved a milestone for any telescope: first light.

Mission Dispatch: Imaging Spectrometer's First Light

Here are ten things to know about how Europa Clipper’s instruments will achieve the mission’s science objectives. 

10 Things to Know About Europa Clipper's Science Instruments

The most complex and demanding segment of Europa Clipper's trajectory is the three years when it performs repeated flybys of Jupiter's moon Europa. 

Mission Dispatch: Tweaking the Trajectory
Juno Observes Jupiter, Io and Europa – NASA's Europa Clipper
Juno Observes Jupiter, Io and Europa – NASA's Europa Clipper

NASA

Europa Clipper

Skip Navigation

menu

close modal

News

| October 6, 2017

Juno Observes Jupiter, Io and Europa

Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Roman Tkachenko

This color-enhanced image of Jupiter and two of its largest moons – Io and Europa – was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft as it performed its eighth flyby of the gas giant planet.
The image was taken on Sept. 1, 2017 at 3:14 p.m. PDT (6:14 p.m. EDT). At the time the image was taken, the spacecraft was about 17,098 miles (27,516 kilometers) from the tops of the clouds of the planet at a latitude of minus 49.372 degrees.
Closer to the planet, the Galilean moon of Io can be seen at an altitude of 298,880 miles (481,000 kilometers) and at a spatial scale of 201 miles (324 kilometers) per pixel. In the distance (to the left), another one of Jupiter's Galilean moons, Europa, is visible at an altitude of 453,601 miles (730,000 kilometers) and at a spatial scale of 305 miles (492 kilometers) per pixel.
Citizen scientist Roman Tkachenko processed this image using data from the JunoCam imager.
JunoCam's raw images are available for the public to peruse and process into image products at:
www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam 
More information about Juno is at:
https://www.nasa.gov/juno and http://missionjuno.swri.edu

Featured Resources

Prominent "X" on Europa

Europa Clipper Team Deploys Magnetometer Boom

Europa Clipper Transport Plane Arrives in Florida

More resources ›

[19]

Related News

A new NASA study offers an explanation of how quakes could be the source of the mysteriously smooth terrain on moons circling Jupiter and Saturn. 

Icy Moonquakes: Surface Shaking Could Trigger Landslides
Europa Clipper Scale Model - 3D Print – NASA's Europa Clipper
Press the wings-joint together with long-nose pliers for a good mechanical connection, then very carefully add a drop of cyanoacrylate (CA) glue such as Superglue or the equivalent. This will ensure a nice permanent connection between the two solar/radar wings. Be sure not to let any glue leak into the swivel joint between the wings. Watch out, CA glue bonds to skin.

*FDM: Fused Deposition Modeling, the most common desktop kind these days. SLS is Selective Laser Sintering, which forms the object as it "floats" in a bed of powder. SLA is Stereo Lithography, which uses liquid.

ENLARGE

Downloads

Europa Clipper Scale Model 2022G Version
2.47 MB
application/zip
Download

Meet Europa Clipper

NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will conduct a detailed survey of Jupiter's moon Europa to determine whether there are places below the moon's surface that could support life.

Meet the spacecraft ›

Related

This graphic shows the location of water vapor detected over Europa's south pole that provides the first strong evidence of water plumes erupting off Europa's surface.

Water Vapor Plumes Over Europa

A 3D model of the Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE), a spectrometry instrument on Europa Clipper. 

MISE

These cracks and ridges in the south polar region of Jupiter's moon Europa have been rotated into sigmoidal or "S" shapes by the motion of Astypalaea Linea, a strike-slip fault in the moon's icy su...

Cracks and Ridges Distorted by Europan Fault Motion

An engineering model of the focal plane module for Europa Clipper’s E-THEMIS instrument. 

Europa Clipper E-THEMIS Thermal Camera Focal Plane Module

This simulation shows possible spectroscopy results of Europa’s water plumes, obtained using the Webb telescope’s NIRSpec instrument.

Possible Spectroscopy Results of Europa Using Webb

Dark and splotchy-looking terrain is evidence of some of the most recent geologic activity on Europa.

Chaotic Terrain on Europa
Educator Guide: Spacecraft Materials and the Chemistry of Space Exploration | NASA/JPL Edu
The answer can be found in chemistry!MaterialsSmall test tubes and a test tube rack1-2 pieces of zinc pellets1-2 pieces of lead shot1-2 pieces of aluminum shot (aluminum foil discouraged)1 small strip of magnesium ribbonAny additional metals that are easily accessible (e.g., copper wire, an iron nail, etc.)30 mL of 0.2 M solution of copper (II) sulfateSafety goggles for each studentLatex or nitrile gloves for each student(Optional) student worksheet – Download PDF | Download Answer Key PDF(Optional) steel wool(Optional) thermometer(Optional, for extension) table salt (Optional, for extension) hydrogen peroxide(Optional, for extension) glass rodNote: Materials can be purchased from any school-lab vendor, or may already be in your classrooms or at home. Consumable materials can be used for several years after initial purchase.ManagementStudents should wear safety goggles and gloves throughout the lab. For the aluminum sample, it can be helpful to give the sample a quick polish with steel wool or a brush before student use. This is to remove any aluminum oxide that forms on the surface, as aluminum is fairly reactive (but still safe to handle).Be ready to address student misconceptions during the observation phase. Once the copper is reacted out of the blue copper (II) solution, it will appear as brown elemental copper on the surface of the metal samples. This may lead students to think that their metal samples are rusting. This is an opportunity to discuss and clarify that rust is iron oxide, which is not present in our chemical reaction.Background NASA’s Europa Clipper, depicted in this illustration, will carry a broad suite of instruments into orbit around Jupiter and conduct multiple close flybys of Europa to gather information on its atmosphere, surface, and interior. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech | + Expand image This artist rendering illustrates a conceptual design for a potential future mission that would land a robotic probe on the surface of Jupiter's icy moon Europa. A Europa lander would need to withstand radiation, frigid temperatures, ice and potentially mist from possible plumes jetting from the moon's surface.
Table Salt Compound Spotted on Europa - NASA Science
People have traditionally assumed that all of the interesting spectroscopy is in the infrared on planetary surfaces, because that's where most of the molecules that scientists are looking for have their fundamental features," said Mike Brown, the Richard and Barbara Rosenberg Professor of Planetary Astronomy at Caltech and coauthor of the Science Advances paper.In a laboratory simulating conditions on Jupiter's moon Europa at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, plain white table salt (sodium chloride) turned yellow (visible in a small well at the center of this photograph). The color is significant because scientists can now deduce that the yellow color previously observed on portions of the surface of Europa is actually sodium chloride. The JPL lab experiments matched temperature, pressure and electron radiation conditions at Europa's surface. - Full image and captionNASA/JPL-Caltech"No one has taken visible-wavelength spectra of Europa before that had this sort of spatial and spectral resolution. The Galileo spacecraft didn't have a visible spectrometer. It just had a near-infrared spectrometer, and in the near-infrared, chlorides are featureless," said Caltech graduate student Samantha Trumbo, lead author of the paper.That all changed when new, higher spectral resolution data from the W. M. Keck Observatory on the dormant volcano Maunakea in Hawaii suggested that the scientists weren't actually seeing magnesium sulfates on Europa. Most of the sulfate salts considered previously possess distinct absorptions, which serve as fingerprints for compounds, that should have been visible in the higher-quality Keck data. However, the spectra of regions expected to reflect the internal composition lacked any of the characteristic sulfate absorptions."We thought that we might be seeing sodium chlorides, but they are essentially featureless in an infrared spectrum," Brown said.Meanwhile, JPL scientist Kevin Hand had used sample ocean salts, bombarded by radiation in a laboratory under Europa-like conditions, and found that several new and distinct features arose in sodium chloride after irradiation. He discovered that they changed colors to the point that they could be identified with an analysis of the visible spectrum. Sodium chloride, for example, turned a shade of yellow similar to that visible in a geologically young area of Europa known as "Tara Regio."
EIS | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
- Lynnae Quick, member of the EIS team

How We'll Use It
How We'll Use It
Scientists will use EIS to study surface features and how they relate to each other and to sub-surface structures. The instrument will search for signs of recent geologic activity on the moon’s surface. It will also look for potential plumes venting material into space. EIS’s three-dimensional views will allow scientists to measure surface heights. Color images will provide information about Europa’s surface materials.
“We’re not quite sure how some of the features on Europa’s surface formed,” said Lynnae Quick, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, and a member of Europa Clipper’s imaging team. “Really high-resolution images will give us clues as to how these features formed.”

During its 12th orbit around Jupiter, on Dec. 16, 1997, NASA's Galileo spacecraft made its closest pass of Europa, soaring 124 miles (200 kilometers) above the icy surface. This image was taken near the closest approach point, at a range of 335 miles (539 kilometers) and is the highest resolution picture of Europa obtained by Galileo.

Meet the Team
Meet the Team
The EIS team is based at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Maryland. EIS’s principal investigator, planetary scientist Elizabeth “Zibi” Turtle, previously was an associate of the Cassini mission’s imaging and radar teams. Turtle also spearheads NASA’s planned Dragonfly rotorcraft lander mission to Saturn’s moon Titan. 

“The EIS instrument’s stereo topography will reveal a lot about Europa's surface structure,” Turtle said of EIS’s 3D imaging capabilities. “Combined with the REASON instrument, which can penetrate into the moon’s surface, we’ll be able to understand both the surface and subsurface structure.”

Elizabeth “Zibi” Turtle

Principal Investigator

Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory

Where is EIS on Clipper?

EIS highlighted in red on the Europa Clipper Spacecraft.

EIS

E-THEMIS

Europa-UVS

MISE

ECM
Poised for Science: NASA's Europa Clipper Instruments Are All Aboard – NASA's Europa Clipper
“The instruments work together hand in hand to answer our most pressing questions about Europa,” said JPL’s Robert Pappalardo, the mission’s project scientist. “We will learn what makes Europa tick, from its core and rocky interior to its ocean and ice shell to its very thin atmosphere and the surrounding space environment.”
The hallmark of Europa Clipper’s science investigation is how all of the instruments will work in sync while collecting data to accomplish the mission’s science objectives. During each flyby, the fully array of instruments will gather measurements and images that will be layered together to paint the full picture of Europa.
“The science is better if we obtain the observations at the same time,” Pappalardo said. “What we’re striving for is integration, so that at any point we are using all the instruments to study Europa at once and there is no need to have to trade off among them.”
From the Inside Out
By studying the environment around Europa, scientists will learn more about the moon’s interior. The spacecraft carries a magnetometer to measure the magnetic field around the moon. That data will be key to understanding the ocean, because the field is created, or induced, by the electrical conductivity of the ocean’s saltwater as Europa moves through Jupiter’s strong magnetic field. Working in tandem with the magnetometer is an instrument that will analyze the plasma (charged particles) around Europa, which can distort magnetic fields. Together, they’ll ensure the most accurate measurements possible.
What the mission discovers about Europa’s atmosphere will also lend insights into the moon’s surface and interior. While the atmosphere is faint, with only 100 billionth the pressure of Earth’s atmosphere, scientists expect that it holds a trove of clues about the moon. They have evidence from space- and ground-based telescopes that there may be plumes of water vapor venting from beneath the moon’s surface, and observations from past missions suggest that ice and dust particles are being ejected into space by micrometeorite impacts.