vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
The Big Questions - NASA Science
Light zips through space at 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second, or 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers) a year.detailed answerWhat is a planet?A planet is a celestial body that is in orbit around a star; it has enough mass for its gravity to create a round shape; and it has cleared its neighborhood of smaller objects.detailed answerHow do planets form?Dust clumps around stars become pebbles, pebbles become larger rocks that grind together to expand. The presence of gas helps particles of solid material stick together. Some break apart, but others hold on. These are the building blocks of planets.detailed answerNext: Is life in the cosmos easily begun, and commonplace...or are we alone?Keep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASASearch for LifeStarsUniverseBlack HolesReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:last monthPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
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La tierra posee un campo magnético y su extensión hacia el espacio ayuda a protegernos del clima espacial.

Masa: La cantidad de materia de la que algo está compuesto. 

Materia: Lo que compone todas las cosas. Los átomos son pequeños trozos de materia. Los planetas grandes tienen mucha materia. ¡Incluso tú estás hecho de materia!
Meteoro: El rayo de luz que se produce cuando un meteoroide ingresa en la atmósfera de un planeta y comienza a arder debido al calor de la fricción. 
Meteorito: Un meteoroide que aterriza en la superficie de un planeta. 

Meteoroide: Un pequeño trozo de roca en el espacio, más pequeño que una camioneta. Si fuera más grande, sería un asteroide.

Microondas: Forman parte del espectro electromagnético. Las estrellas, las nubes de gas entre las estrellas y las supernovas crean estas ondas de energía. También existe algo llamado “radiación cósmica de fondo de microondas”. Se encuentra en todo el universo y los científicos la estudian para aprender cómo se originó el universo. 

Molécula: La unidad más pequeña de una sustancia que conserva las propiedades de la sustancia principal. Una molécula puede ser un átomo individual o un grupo de átomos. El agua es una sustancia y una molécula de agua está compuesta de dos átomos de hidrógeno y uno de oxígeno. Se escribe H2O. Esa molécula de agua conserva las mismas propiedades que las de un vaso de agua.
How do planets form? – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
They can consist of one or more planets, but may also include dwarf planets, asteroids, natural satellites, meteoroids, and comets. The Sun and its planets, including Earth, is known as the solar system. The term "extrasolar" system and "exoplanet" system refer to planetary systems other than our own.

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 This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science.

Three Classes of Orbit
High Earth Orbit
When a satellite reaches exactly 42,164 kilometers from the center of the Earth (about 36,000 kilometers from Earth’s surface), it enters a sort of “sweet spot” in which its orbit matches Earth’s rotation. Because the satellite orbits at the same speed that the Earth is turning, the satellite seems to stay in place over a single longitude, though it may drift north to south. This special, high Earth orbit is called geosynchronous.
A satellite in a circular geosynchronous orbit directly over the equator (eccentricity and inclination at zero) will have a geostationary orbit that does not move at all relative to the ground. It is always directly over the same place on the Earth’s surface.
A geostationary orbit is extremely valuable for weather monitoring because satellites in this orbit provide a constant view of the same surface area. When you log into your favorite weather web site and look at the satellite view of your hometown, the image you are seeing comes from a satellite in geostationary orbit.
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Stars in an Exoplanet World - NASA Science
Gravity and other forces cause material within the disk to collide. If the collision is gentle enough, the material fuses, growing like rolling snowballs. Over time, dust particles combine to form pebbles, which evolve into mile-sized rocks. As these planetesimals, or planets in the making, orbit their star, they clear material from their path, leaving tracks of space empty but for fine dust. At the same time, the star gobbles up nearby gas while pushing more distant material farther away. After a few million years, the disk will have totally transformed, much of it taking the form of new worlds.The life cycles of starsRed giants and white dwarfsWhen an average star like our Sun runs out of hydrogen to fuse, the star starts to collapse. But compacting a star causes it to heat up again and it is able to fuse what little hydrogen remains in a shell wrapped around its core. This burning shell of hydrogen greatly expands the outer layers of the star. When this happens, the star becomes a red giant. When our Sun enters the red giant phase of its life, in about 5 billion years, it will be so big that Mercury will be completely swallowed.Our red giant Sun will still be consuming helium and cranking out carbon. When the helium is gone, the Sun will succumb to gravity again. When the core contracts, it will cause a release of energy and the Sun will become an even bigger giant with a radius beyond Earth's orbit.U Camelopardalis, or U Cam for short, is a star nearing the end of its life. As stars run low on fuel, they become unstable. Every few thousand years, U Cam coughs out a nearly spherical shell of gas as a layer of helium around its core begins to fuse. The gas ejected in the star's is clearly visible in this picture as a faint bubble of gas surrounding the red giant star. ESA/NASAAfter about a billion years as a red giant, the Sun will have ejected its outer layers until, eventually, its stellar core is exposed. This dead (in terms of nuclear fusion) but still ferociously hot stellar cinder is called a white dwarf. White dwarfs are roughly the size of Earth, despite containing the mass of a star.
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Sun-Earth Day 2010: Magnetic Storms
 
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What's Up? Magnetic Moons!
Magnetic fields are all around us. They are generated quite simply by the movement of charge....electricity!
 
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In 2009, on the night of November 17th, observers in Asia and North America were treated to an unusually strong meteor shower.
 
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Challenge!
Sun Earth Day 2010 Amateur Astronomy Challenge
This year's Sun Earth Day theme deals with magnetic storms - storms 
 from the sun and the Earth's response. These storms are generally 
 associated with sunspots which also have strong magnetic fields. 
 Solar storms actually carry part of the sun's magnetic field into 
 space to interact with or push on Earth's magnetosphere and the 
 magnetic environments of the other planets and moons of the solar 
 system. So, almost everything that happens in the field of space 
 weather or sun -Earth connection science happens because of the 
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We have been in an extended period of very low solar activity (and 
 low sunspot count) for the last few years so sunspots and solar 
 storms have been quite rare. How the sun will emerge from this is a 
 subject of great debate. So, sunspot sightings are a big deal right now.
With this in mind, this year's Sun Earth Day Observing Challenge has the following parts:
Observe a sunspot, any sunspot. Take a picture or draw a picture 
 as you sit at the eyepiece and send it in. We'll post it on our web site.
Hold a family astronomy night with magnetism as the theme. We have
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Printed Product Downloads | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Also included on the poster back are articles on mapping the oceans using altimetry, how winds drive ocean currents (also an activity), an explanation of El Niño, and an ocean-related crossword puzzle.
 Full-dimension .pdf of front (34 x 26 inches).
8-1/2x11 printable .pdf of front.

Hurricane Katrina (38 x 28 inches). Poster front shows Hurricane Katrina as it looked from space just as it rammed into the Gulf Coast. Other images and captions show how the hurricane was tracked and its path predicted. Materials on the back of the poster explain how hurricanes form and how the GOES satellites create images of them and help meteorologists to predict their behavior.
Full-dimension .pdf of back (38 x 28 inches).

 

 Ozone: The Good and the Bad. Front of poster is a cartoon profile of the atmosphere, showing the "good and bad" roles of ozone in the stratosphere, high troposphere, mid-troposphere, and surface. On the back is a classroom activity article, beginning with an explanation of ozone's roles, and an introduction to spectroscopy. Also includes detailed instructions for building a classroom spectroscope using a CD or a DVD.
 Full-dimension .pdf of front (22.5 x 26 inches).
8-1/2 x 11 printable .pdf of front.

 
 Interpreting Ozone. This 22-1/2 x 26-in. poster (front only), for high-school level and above, introduces the effects of ozone on the environment and climate. The effects are complex,and ozone's role varies with altitude and how it interacts with other greenhouse gases.
 8-1/2 x 11 printable .pdf.

 GOES-R Fun Activity Book
This activity book has fun on every page and introduces the next generation of weather satellites, the GOES-R series.

Solar System

Asteroids: Space Rocks with a Story
 A two-page, fun, informative brochure about asteroids, the space rocks with a story. Find out what they are, where we find them, how we discovered them, and how they formed in the first place.

Also available in Spanish.
What Is a Planet? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
What about planets in other places?
This definition is very much focused on our own solar system. But there are also planets in places that are not our solar system. These planets are called exoplanets. They can be found circling around stars, just like the planets here in our own solar system. Does that mean that all planets form the same way? Are all planets made from a star’s leftovers?

That depends on who you talk to. What happens if a small cloud of gas floating out in the middle of nowhere forms a sphere because its gravity? Is that a planet, too? After all, Jupiter is a big sphere of gas. And both are just a mass of stuff that wasn’t quite big enough to form a bright, fiery star.

Big planet or tiny star?
Clouds of gas that don’t have enough material to form a bright star collect into spheres all the time. Most of the time these clouds form a type of star called a brown dwarf. They are pretty big compared to most planets, but they are not big enough to turn into the kind of star that makes lots of energy and gives off light.

Relative sizes of different planets, our sun, and things in between.

But scientists recently discovered an even smaller gassy object in the middle of nowhere (read more about it here). It appears redder than most brown dwarfs, and is likely much younger than most, too. This object could have formed just like a brown dwarf—from a small cloud of gas. Or maybe it was created around a star and it somehow got flung off into space.
Some scientists are calling this object a planet. Others think that it can only be a planet if it formed around a star. They think that if it just formed from a cloud of gas, then it’s nothing more than a not-quite-star.
Science is full of arguments like this. That’s what makes it so interesting. What do you think? Do all planets, even exoplanets, need to form around stars?

 	article last updated June 27, 2019
 

From a cloud of gas...
What Is a Planet? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Others think that it can only be a planet if it formed around a star. They think that if it just formed from a cloud of gas, then it’s nothing more than a not-quite-star.
Science is full of arguments like this. That’s what makes it so interesting. What do you think? Do all planets, even exoplanets, need to form around stars?

 	article last updated June 27, 2019
 

From a cloud of gas...

...comes a sun and some planets!

Learn about a possible planet that may have formed in a completely different way! Check out:
The Lone Planet

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What Is a Meteor Shower?

What Is a Barycenter?

Where Does Interstellar Space Begin?

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What Is a Supernova? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
What Is a Supernova? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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What Is a Supernova?

The Short Answer:

	A supernova is the biggest explosion that humans have ever seen. Each blast is the extremely bright, super-powerful explosion of a star.
	

A supernova is the biggest explosion that humans have ever seen. Each blast is the extremely bright, super-powerful explosion of a star.

An illustration of one of the brightest and most energetic supernova explosions ever recorded. Image credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss
What causes a supernova?
One type of supernova is caused by the “last hurrah” of a dying massive star. This happens when a star at least five times the mass of our sun goes out with a fantastic bang!
Massive stars burn huge amounts of nuclear fuel at their cores, or centers. This produces tons of energy, so the center gets very hot. Heat generates pressure, and the pressure created by a star’s nuclear burning also keeps that star from collapsing.
A star is in balance between two opposite forces. The star’s gravity tries to squeeze the star into the smallest, tightest ball possible. But the nuclear fuel burning in the star’s core creates strong outward pressure. This outward push resists the inward squeeze of gravity.

What holds stars together? It’s a balance of gravity pushing in on the star and heat and pressure pushing outward from the star’s core.
When a massive star runs out of fuel, it cools off. This causes the pressure to drop. Gravity wins out, and the star suddenly collapses. Imagine something one million times the mass of Earth collapsing in 15 seconds! The collapse happens so quickly that it creates enormous shock waves that cause the outer part of the star to explode!
Usually a very dense core is left behind, along with an expanding cloud of hot gas called a nebula.