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	Page Last Updated:	

	Mar 29, 2024	

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Mars Audio Log #10 - NASA
And then we also hear from the astronauts, we hear from other experts that privacy is really important for psychological wellbeing. So there’s some things that we do know, and that’s kind of where we can start. And then there’s also the functional spaces that we need on board. So we have, you know, for example, an area that will allow teams to work together on a team task, right? And we have documentation of all this. This is a NASA Standards 3001.
So for example, if you have a mission of 30 days, you need some degree of privacy for the crew quarters that’s in the standards. And then there has to be some sort of medical equipment on board and other things to treat humans. So then on top of that, you build things that we’ve heard from the crews and other psychological research. It might be important to enhance them in some way. So enhance the psychological experience, right? So having a communal space to enjoy meals together, for example, makes it a good way to sort of foster team cohesion, right? So everybody can get together and hang out, and you can leverage that, right? You can leverage them needing to consume food, but also make it a psychologically positive experience.
A view through the airlock, which connects the CHAPEA habitat to the sandbox area, where crew members conduct simulated spacewalks. Credit: NASA
Another example is windows. So windows are always kind of a fun thing from the NASA histories, right? So back in the early days of NASA, they famously designed this capsule without a window, and the astronauts were not happy about that. So they pushed back and they said, “We need a window.” And so now we see that the cupola on the ISS is really psychologically supportive, right? So crews look down, they take pictures about it all the time. They spend free time just gazing at the Earth, and it’s connecting them with nature. It gives them this holistic perspective of the Earth and everything. And it’s really good for them to have this sort of countermeasure up there just from looking out of a window.
NASA's Hubble Finds that Aging Brown Dwarfs Grow Lonely - NASA Science
NASA's Hubble Finds that Aging Brown Dwarfs Grow Lonely - NASA Science

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Flexible Levitation on a Track (FLOAT) - NASA
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Gravitational Waves - Introduction
Gravitational Waves - Introduction

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Gravitational Waves

 

Gravitational Waves
One way to describe gravitational waves is as "ripples in space-time." They were predicted a century ago by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. His theory describes how space-time is affected by mass. We can think of space-time as a fabric that bends or curves when we place an object on it. (Of course, space is actually 3-dimensional, plus the added dimension of time.) 
Imagine pulling a sheet tight between several people and placing a bowling ball in the center of it. The mass of the ball would cause the sheet to curve. The curve is weak far away from the ball, and steeper near the ball. In fact, the sheet is a bit stretched in the area near the ball, as well. This is analogous to the curvature of space-time in the presence of mass. Near a mass, space-time curves more drastically and stretches. Near a very large mass, the 'dent' in space-time is very deep. 

Illustration of how space-time curves in the presence of a massive object – in this case, the Earth. (Credit: NASA's Imagine the Universe)

To take the analogy of the sheet one step further, imagine that you had two bowling balls on the sheet, and they were orbiting each other's common center of mass. This would cause ripples in the sheet to move from the bowling balls outward.
Imagine the Universe!
Other days she is taking calibration data or analyzing existing data -- mostly at her desk with a computer and notebook. Jean spends a lot of time writing, and there are a lot of meetings and administrative issues involved with flight projects.
Most people in the world have to do hard labor or work at jobs that they don't care about just to get a paycheck. Jean is thrilled to be able to work on satellites that will be launched into space and then use data from them to study objects like neutron stars and black holes. She spends her days thinking about abstract concepts and the wonders in the universe. To Jean, working in astrophysics is a wonderful luxury.
Other Interests
Whether it's on city sidewalks or desert trails, Jean loves being outdoors and walking around. She also loves long road trips and traveling in general. As a kid, Jean and her family used to pile into the car and drive from New York to Utah in the summer to visit her grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. She travels often to see her current extended family, most of whom are on the East coast. And for the first few years that she worked at Goddard, her husband lived in New York to continue his career with contemporary art, so she would visit him there most weekends.
That was "before". Now most of Jean's time outside of work is spent with her new baby and her husband. Since the baby arrived they spend more time in the Washington, D.C. area and go to New York only about once a month. But they still spend a lot of time at museums and art galleries in both cities.
Questions and Answers
If time travel were possible, when and where would you visit, and why?

John Glenn

I'd go to 1962, but only if I could be John Glenn (on left) for the 5 hours in which he first orbited the earth. What an extraordinary view that would have been!
If you weren't a scientist, what would you be?
A teacher (no surprise there!). I love finding ways to explain a scientific concept to someone and seeing their faces the moment when they 'get it'.
NASA's Hubble Finds that Aging Brown Dwarfs Grow Lonely - NASA Science
This suggests that such systems do not survive over time," said lead author Clémence Fontanive of the Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Canada.In a similar survey Fontanive conducted a couple of years ago, Hubble looked at extremely young brown dwarfs and some had binary companions, confirming that star-forming mechanisms do produce binary pairs among low-mass brown dwarfs. The lack of binary companions for older brown dwarfs suggests that some may have started out as binaries, but parted ways over time.The new Hubble findings, published in The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, further support the theory that brown dwarfs are born the same way as stars, through the gravitational collapse of a cloud of molecular hydrogen. The difference being that they do not have enough mass to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen for generating energy, whereas stars do. More than half of the stars in our galaxy have a companion star that resulted from these formation processes, with more massive stars more commonly found in binary systems. "The motivation for the study was really to see how low in mass the trends seen among multiple stars systems hold up," said Fontanive."Our Hubble survey offers direct evidence that these binaries that we observe when they're young are unlikely to survive to old ages, they're likely going to get disrupted. When they're young, they're part of a molecular cloud, and then as they age the cloud disperses. As that happens, things start moving around and stars pass by each other. Because brown dwarfs are so light, the gravitational hold tying wide binary pairs is very weak, and bypassing stars can easily tear these binaries apart," said Fontanive.The team selected a sample of brown dwarfs previously identified by NASA's Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. It sampled some of the coldest and lowest-mass old brown dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. These old brown dwarfs are so cool (a few hundred degrees warmer than Jupiter in most cases) that their atmospheres contain water vapor that condensed out.To find the coolest companions, the team used two different near-infrared filters, one in which cold brown dwarfs are bright, and another covering specific wavelengths where they appear very faint due to water absorption in their atmospheres.
Is Time Travel Possible? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
This theory says that time and space are linked together. Einstein also said our universe has a speed limit: nothing can travel faster than the speed of light (186,000 miles per second).

Einstein's theory of relativity says that space and time are linked together. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

What does this mean for time travel? Well, according to this theory, the faster you travel, the slower you experience time. Scientists have done some experiments to show that this is true.
For example, there was an experiment that used two clocks set to the exact same time. One clock stayed on Earth, while the other flew in an airplane (going in the same direction Earth rotates).
After the airplane flew around the world, scientists compared the two clocks. The clock on the fast-moving airplane was slightly behind the clock on the ground. So, the clock on the airplane was traveling slightly slower in time than 1 second per second.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Can we use time travel in everyday life?
We can't use a time machine to travel hundreds of years into the past or future. That kind of time travel only happens in books and movies. But the math of time travel does affect the things we use every day.
For example, we use GPS satellites to help us figure out how to get to new places. (Check out our video about how GPS satellites work.) NASA scientists also use a high-accuracy version of GPS to keep track of where satellites are in space. But did you know that GPS relies on time-travel calculations to help you get around town?
GPS satellites orbit around Earth very quickly at about 8,700 miles (14,000 kilometers) per hour. This slows down GPS satellite clocks by a small fraction of a second (similar to the airplane example above).

GPS satellites orbit around Earth at about 8,700 miles (14,000 kilometers) per hour. Credit: GPS.gov

However, the satellites are also orbiting Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 km) above the surface. This actually speeds up GPS satellite clocks by a slighter larger fraction of a second.
NASA
sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /></a></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-y-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">An ampoule containing zinc selenide-based crystals rests on a table Feb. 29 in Marshall Space Flight Center’s Space Systems Integration &amp; Test Facility. The ampoule was part of the sixth sample cartridge assembly retrieved from the International Space Station as part of an experiment to see how gravity affects the crystals’ structure or growth. </div></figcaption></div></div></div>

<p>“It’s really nice having that kind of experience when we’re working on the hardware that’s going in space,” he said. “We’ve got a lot of people that are very skilled machinists that are able to help us in a moment’s notice, we have people with a really good understanding of technical tolerances and stuff like that, and we have people with a lot of varying experience doing flight hardware integration and tests.”</p>

<p>For more than two decades, humans have lived and worked continuously aboard the International Space Station, advancing scientific knowledge and making research breakthroughs that are not possible on Earth. The station is a critical testbed for NASA to understand and overcome the challenges of long-duration spaceflight and to expand commercial opportunities in low Earth orbit.</p>

<p>Learn more about the space station at:</p>

<p class="has-text-align-center"><a href="https://nasa.gov/international-space-station/" rel="noopener"><strong>https://nasa.gov/international-space-station/</strong></a></p>

<p>Joel Wallace</p>

<p>Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.</p>

<p>256-544-0034</p>
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Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topbbalanced - Balanced comes from the verb "balance" meaning to "be equal with." topbalanced forces - Balanced forces are forces that act together on an object without changing its motion. topballast - Material inside a vehicle that give it additional mass for stability or other purposes. This material gives the vehicle more weight, a force pulling down toward the center of the Earth. Ballast is sometimes designed to be disposable. topbase - Bases are corrosive materials that produce negatively charged hydroxide ions when placed into water. Examples of bases include bleach and ammonia. topbedrock - Bedrock is the hard, solid rock beneath surface materials such as soil and gravel. Bedrock also underlies sand and other sediments on the ocean floor. topBennu - Bennu is an asteroid largely made of carbon that was discovered September 11, 1999. Bennu became the destination for the OSIRIX-REx mission because it is relatively close, rotates slower, and is made up of primitive carbon compounds. topBernoulli's Principle - Bernoulli's principle states that as the velocity of a fluid (such as air) increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases. topbiome - A biome is a major biotic community characterized by distinct climate and dominant forms of flora and fauna. topbiosphere - The biosphere is the region of the Earth's surface and atmosphere where living organisms exist. topBiosphere 2 - Biosphere 2 is a model of Earth's biosphere located north of Tucson, AZ. topbiotic - Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem. topbirefringence - Birefringence is a process where light of different polarizations travels at different speeds in different directions through a transparent medium. Birefringence is also called double refraction. topblack hole - A black hole is a region of space with gravitational force so strong that nothing can escape from it. topblood vessels - Blood vessels are tubes that carry blood. They include arteries, veins, and the capillaries that connect them. topbreathing apparatus - A breathing apparatus is a device worn by firefighters and rescue workers to provide breathable air.
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                            The strongest magnetic field in nature is from the magnetar star   SGR 1806-20, which has been estimated as 800 trillion Gauss.
                        

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