vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
A Different View of Home
Astronomical units are roughly the distance from the Sun to the Earth: 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles.
The HI instrument observes the area just off the limb of the Sun (left) in order to detect the faintly visible light of the solar wind and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as they blow out into the solar system. STEREO-B was on the far side of the Sun from the Earth, at about a 150 to 160 degree angle from the Earth-Sun line. Puffs of solar wind and from a CME are visible in a video made from the same images in March.
In the image and video, PanSTARRS and its tail are the bright, wide mass in the center of the image. A coronal mass ejection is developing on the Sun’s limb (left), and Earth is to the right of the comet. The white dots in the background are stars. The vertical lines across the image are artifacts of the imager; the light of the comet, the Earth, and some planets and stars is too bright for an instrument trying to observe the faint light of the Sun’s atmosphere.
Videos of the comet and solar eruptions are available by clicking 
here and here. To see the location of the satellites, comet, and planets, click here.
Image by NASA/GSFC/STEREO. Caption by Michael Carlowicz.

NASA’s STEREO-B spacecraft observed Comet PanSTARRS and Earth from the far side of the Sun in March 2013.
Image of the Day for March 31, 2013

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STEREO

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Sun-Earth Selfie
The STEREO A spacecraft looked back from the far side of the Sun to capture an image of Earth and Mercury.

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Far Side of the Sun
For the first time in history, the world has a full view of the far side of the Sun and of the entire 360-degree sphere at once.
CALET
7 – 1000 keV
Lanthanum bromide (LaBr3(Ce)) scintillation detector
 61 mm diameter with 12.7 mm thick detector 
 ∼ 3 sr field of view
 
Soft Gamma-ray Monitor (SGM; one unit) 
 
100 keV – 20 MeV
Bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillation detector 
 102 mm diameter with 76 mm thick detector
 ∼ 8 sr field of view
 

In addition to the primary instruments, there are two other main 
components. The Advance Stellar Compass (ASC) to determine the attitude 
with arcseconds precision. The Mission Data Controller (MDC) capture and 
format the data from the instruments, and sends the telemetry to the NASA 
ground station.

 Science Highlights:

High precision measurements of cosmic-ray electron and proton spectrum up to several 
 TeV
Measurements and monitoring of galactic diffuse gamma rays
Set limits on hard X-ray and gamma-ray emissions from gravitional wave event 
 GW151226

 Archive:

HEASARC hosts the space weather rates and the spectra from the CCAL instrument as well as the data from the CGBM instrument.

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When fully expanded, the balloon has a volume of around 40 million cubic feet (1.1 million cubic meters). That’s big enough to fit an entire football stadium inside.
 GUSTO will be attached to a balloon gondola like the one depicted in this artist's rendering. | + Expand image

The telescope itself will be attached to a platform known as a gondola, which is home to several components that make the mission possible. The multi-axis control system will keep the platform stable during flight, allowing for precisely pointing GUSTO’s 35-inch (90-centimeter) diameter telescope in the right direction. Cryocoolers and liquid helium will keep the telescope’s scientific instruments at the necessary low temperature of -452°F (4° Kelvin). And the gondola will house a radio system that allows operators on the surface to control the balloon and telescope. All these systems will be powered by lithium-ion batteries charged during flight by a set of solar arrays.
Location is Everything
GUSTO is designed to measure terahertz wavelengths (in the far-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum), a range of energy that is easily absorbed by water vapor. However, the observatory's altitude will put it in the upper half of the stratosphere and above 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere. This makes it an ideal location for the mission to make its measurements and avoid factors that might otherwise obstruct its view.
 GUSTO will make its observations from the upper half of the stratosphere, which offers several benefits over observing from lower in the atmosphere or from the ground. Credit: NASA | › Explore the interactive graphic

The stratosphere offers another advantage for GUSTO. This layer of the atmosphere warms as altitude increases, making the top of the stratosphere warmer than the bottom. The colder air at the bottom and warmer air at the top prevents mixing and air turbulence, making the air very stable and providing a great place to observe space. You may have noticed this stability if you’ve seen a flat-topped anvil-shaped storm cloud. That flat top is the cloud reaching the bottom of the stratosphere, where the stable air prevents the cloud from mixing upward.
Form Center • Special Event Equipment Use Application
(Includes Dynalock screwlock sign holders)10 ft. x 10 ft. Pop-up TentQuantity Available: 1Fender Public Address (PA) SystemQuantity Available: 2Honda 2000w Generator** for Timing System & ComputerQuantity Available: 2 (Must provide extension cord)Start/Finish Inflatable 25' ArchQuantity available: 15 ft. Cubodial Swim BuoysQuantity Available: 6Additional Requirements* Requires special training with A Plus Certified.

** Must be returned with a tank of gas.Name of Event*Dates of Event*Description of Event & Website Address (if applicable)*Event Location*First & Last Name of Applicant*Mailing Address*Applicant E-mail Address*Contact Phone #*EQUIPMENT PICK-UP & DROP-OFF PROCEDUREPlease initial next to each item acknowledging that you understand the terms.There will be NO EQUIPMENT PICK-UPS OR DROP-OFFS ON SATURDAYS, SUNDAYS, OR TOWN RECOGNIZED HOLIDAYS*Exceptions considered on a case-by-case basis.  (For a complete list of Town holidays, contact us at 760-965-3690)Pick-up & drop-off times are MONDAY - FRIDAY BETWEEN 11AM AND 1PM. These times will be strictly enforced.*You must call or email Stuart Brown at (760) 965-3696 or sbrown@townofmammothlakes.ca.gov between 8:00am-3:30pm to schedule a pick-up or drop-off time at least 48 hours in advance of your pick-up or drop-off day*If you are unable to arrive within 15 minutes of your appointment time and do not give advance notice of your tardiness, your appointment will be cancelled*If you are unable to utilize the assigned pick-up/drop-off hours for an appointment time, please contact Stuart Brown to make other arrangements*All used equipment and town signs/equipment must be returned to the Parks & Recreation Department within 3-days after the event*Equipment that is left at our facility without being properly checked back-in is unacceptable.
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How Does GPS Work? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
A receiver, like you might find in your phone or in your parents car, is constantly listening for a signal from these satellites. The receiver figures out how far away they are from some of them.
Once the receiver calculates its distance from four or more satellites, it knows exactly where you are. Presto! From miles up in space your location on the ground can be determined with incredible precision! They can usually determine where you are within a few yards of your actual location. More high-tech receivers, though, can figure out where you are to within a few inches!
The ancient sailors of history would be flabbergasted by the speed and ease of pinpointing your location today.

GPS in everyday life

There’s a whole lot of important things GPS is used for—but perhaps nothing is more important than finding the quickest slice of pizza! Check out our fun Space Place in a Snap animation “GPS and the Quest for Pizza” to learn more about how GPS works.

 	article last updated June 27, 2019
 

GPS can be used to keep an eye on dangerous natural hazards, too!
Tsunamis

GPS can help provide early warning of tsunamis. Credit: mnlamberson.

Volcanoes

GPS is used to monitor volcanoes. Credit: Earth Uncut Productions Ltd.

Earthquakes

The aftermath of Earthquakes can be rapidly monitored using GPS. Credit: 李元顥.

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How Does GPS Work?

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This section will discuss the data, the typical processing, the final data archive, the scientific analysis process, and the final scientific results.
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To capture the highest energy light – X-rays and gamma rays – astronomers must use telescopes and detectors specifically designed for the task. This section discusses telescopes, detectors and observing platforms for X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy.
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Astronomers have been studying the high energy (X-ray and gamma-ray) sky for decades. Check out this section to learn more about this rich history.
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NASA’s Compact Infrared Cameras Enable New Science - NASA
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5 min readNASA’s Compact Infrared Cameras Enable New ScienceKarl B. HilleMay 22, 2024 Article

A new, higher-resolution infrared camera outfitted with a variety of lightweight filters could probe sunlight reflected off Earth’s upper atmosphere and surface, improve forest fire warnings, and reveal the molecular composition of other planets.
The cameras use sensitive, high-resolution strained-layer superlattice sensors, initially developed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, using IRAD, Internal Research and Development funding. 
Their compact construction, low mass, and adaptability enable engineers like Tilak Hewagama to adapt them to the needs of a variety of sciences.

Goddard engineer Murzy Jhabvala holds the heart of his Compact Thermal Imager camera technology – a high-resolution, high-spectral range infrared sensor suitable for small satellites and missions to other solar-system objects.

“Attaching filters directly to the detector eliminates the substantial mass of traditional lens and filter systems,” Hewagama said. “This allows a low-mass instrument with a compact focal plane which can now be chilled for infrared detection using smaller, more efficient coolers. Smaller satellites and missions can benefit from their resolution and accuracy.”
Engineer Murzy Jhabvala led the initial sensor development at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, as well as leading today’s filter integration efforts.
Jhabvala also led the Compact Thermal Imager experiment on the International Space Station that demonstrated how the new sensor technology could survive in space while proving a major success for Earth science. More than 15 million images captured in two infrared bands earned inventors, Jhabvala, and NASA Goddard colleagues Don Jennings and Compton Tucker an agency Invention of the Year award for 2021.
Step By Step: Backyard Observation | Terra
Wooden 4″ X 4″ Post with a beveled top for mounting gauge
Tools for placing the post into the ground such as a shovel, drill, screwdriver, hammer, nails/screws and level to attach gauge to post.
Detailed map of your location
Google Earth (to identify the latitude and longitude of your test site)
Data sampling sheet, available in the Tools section of this guide and from idoscience.net, where you can share your observations with other citizen scientists.

Warning
Do not take measurements during a severe storm, flood, or lightning event.
Sampling Procedure
Locate a sampling site

For accurate measurements, your rain gauge should be placed away from any permanent structures such as fences or buildings; 2-5′ above the ground; away from sprinkler systems, dogs and vandals and be easily accessible so that you can check it on a daily basis. You may be able to place the gauge in your yard, but you may wish to identify other locations within your community as well, particularly if you are interested in studying regional variability in rainfall patterns.
Using the map, identify possible rain gauge locations at various places in your region. Choose potential locations that are publicly accessible or where you have permission from the land owner to access the location on a daily basis.
Locate the site(s) in Google Earth. Place the cursor over the sampling site(s) and note the latitude and longitude that appears in the bottom left corner of the Google Earth window. Record this information on the data sampling sheet.
Select a sample location at the site. Look for objects that might adversely affect your collection of precipitation, as outlined in step one. Use the CoCoRaHS training manual pdf for more detailed specifications.
Place the post in the ground with the beveled end on top. Using the level, make sure the post does not lean in one direction or another.
Secure the post to make sure it does not wobble.
Mount your rain gauge on the post, with the gauge top a few inches above the top of the post. Place a level on the gauge to make sure the rain collector is level when you attach it to the post.
On your data sheet, note the condition of your rain gauge.
Build your own spacecraft! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Antennas (shaped like dishes or poles and rods) are a good way to do this.

Orientation Finder: Make sure you have something that lets your satellite know where it's pointed and which way is 'up.' Something that looks at the stars (a star tracker) or the sun (a sun tracker) would work.

Here's Some Examples...

<
>

Non-Edible Satellite 1

Container: small juice box.
Power source: battery made from a yellow sponge.
Instruments: small plastic dish attached with a pick-up stick.
Communication: Radio dish made with half a styrofoam ball, black construction paper, and a part of a pick-up stick.
Orientation finder: star tracker made from a screw.
Held together with: Scotch tape.

Non-Edible Satellite 2

Container: small cardboard box.
Power source: solar panels made from shiny book cover with straws and skewers.
Instruments: Dixie cup bowls (under the box).
Communication: antenna made from the other end of the straws.
Orientation finder: star tracker made with a washer.
Held together with: Scotch tape and Elmer’s glue.

 Non-Edible Satellite 3

Container: juice box.
Power source: solar panel made from shiny book cover, construction paper, and a skewer.
Instruments: bits of sponges.
Communication: antenna made from a screw.
Orientation finder:star tracker made from a washer.
Held together with: Elmer’s glue.

Non-Edible Satellite 4

Container: sponges held together with toothpicks.
Power source: solar panel made from CDs or DVDs attached to chop sticks.
Instruments: paper clips.
Communication: antenna made from the other end of the straws.
Orientation finder: star tracker made from a washer.
Held together with: tape and toothpicks.

Non-Edible Satellite 5

Container: juice box covered with construction paper.
Power source: solar panels made from sponges with pipe cleaners through them.
Instruments: screws.
NASA - NSSDCA - Data Collection - Details
fns. p: 150eV - 7keV; e: 10eV-1keVISEE 3:Vector Helium MagnetometerISEE 3:Plasma Waves Spectrum Analyzer 17 Hz - 100 kHz (E); 0.3 Hz-1 kHz (B)ISEE 3:Radio Mapping of Solar Wind Disturbances (Type III bursts) in 3-D; 30 kHz - 2 MHzVega 1:Television System (TVS)Vega 1:Infrared Spectrometer (IKS)Vega 1:Dust Mass Spectrometer (PUMA)Vega 1:Dust Particle Counter (SP-1)Vega 1:Plasma Energy Analyzer (PLASMAG)Vega 1:Energetic Particle Analyzer (TUNDE-M)Vega 1:Dust Particle Detector (DUCMA)Vega 1:Dust Particle Counter (SP-2)Vega 2:Television System (TVS)Vega 2:Infrared Spectrometer (IKS)Vega 2:Dust Mass Spectrometer (PUMA)Vega 2:Dust Particle Counter (SP-1)Vega 2:Plasma Energy Analyzer (PLASMAG)Vega 2:Dust Particle Detector (DUCMA)Vega 2:Dust Particle Counter (SP-2)Sakigake:Solar Wind Experiment (SOW)Sakigake:Magnetometer (IMF)Giotto:Halley Multicolor Camera (HMC)Giotto:Ion Mass Spectrometer (IMS)Giotto:Particle Impact Analyser (PIA)Giotto:Three-dimensional Positive Ion Analyser (JPA)Giotto:Magnetometer (MAG)Giotto:Dust Impact Detector (DID)Giotto:Optical Probe Experiment (OPE)Giotto:Radio Science Experiment (GRE)Suisei:Plasma Experiment (ESP)
 Questions and comments about this data collection can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailDr. Edwin J. Grayzeck, Jr.General ContactUniversity of MarylandEdwin.J.Grayzeck@nasa.govAdditional Information on the IHW CDs

Volumes 25 and 26

International Halley Watch Missions

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