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Clare Luckey: Shaping the Future of Mars Missions and Inspiring the Artemis Generation 

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1 day ago

 

2 min read

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1 day ago

 

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article

2 days ago

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3 min read

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article

4 days ago

 

6 min read

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5 days ago

 

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Documentary Series: JPL and the Space Age
Instead, he found himself struggling for JPL’s very survival in the midst of financial cutbacks at the very same time of the Voyagers' triumphs of discoveries at Jupiter and Saturn.Most of all, The Stuff of Dreams, is a tale of perseverance by people and machines struggling against forces put in their way.View episode ›Episode 6: The Footsteps of VoyagerNASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory would be among the first to demonstrate that NASA’s new space shuttle could be used to conduct science experiments about our own planet from the vantage of space. But for missions destined for targets beyond Earth orbit the shuttle posed new engineering challenges. One of them was Galileo, JPL’s flagship mission to Jupiter, whose route towards the launch pad would be full of unexpected twists and turns.At the same time the legendary Voyager 2 was in the midst of its triumphant Grand Tour through the outer planets. Drawing on rare film footage and the memories of the engineers and scientists those who were there, this 60 minute documentary brings alive again the dramatic experiences of these first ever encounters at Uranus and Neptune.As scientist Carl Sagan declares in the film, those who designed, built and operated Voyager are "heroes of human accomplishment. Their deeds will be remembered in the history books.”View episode ›Episode 7: To the RescueHubble in 1990 meant trouble. The highly touted space telescope was designed to escape Earth’s blurry atmosphere to capture unparallel visual images of the universe. But its creators were shocked to discover that it was cruelly nearsighted from a minuscule flaw. Enter NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists and engineers who offered up an ingenious solution to Hubble’s visual woes. But would it work?Hubble was not the only space misadventure getting JPL’s attention during the 1990s. The Magellan spacecraft, nicknamed “Salvage 1” for its reliance on spare parts, barely survived its arrival at Venus. Galileo, destined for Jupiter and at the time the world’s most sophisticated spacecraft, barely skirted mission failure when its main communications antenna refused to unfurl.And Mars Observer, the first mission to the Red Planet in nearly two decades, would mysteriously disappear just before going into orbit.
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What's Up? Magnetic Moons?
By Lou Mayo
Magnetic fields are all around us. They are generated quite simply by the movement of charge....electricity! Every piece of electronics you work with generates a magnetic field. The Earth and Sun also generate their own magnetic fields as do the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). Recent spacecraft observations of Jupiter's largest moons suggest that most of them also have magnetic fields, some that they generate on their own and some that need a little help.
Magnetic fields can tell us a lot about the interiors of solar system objects. Within some solar system bodies, global magnetic fields or "dipoles" are generated deep inside the object, by the rotational flow of charged particles. This allows scientists to probe the interiors of these bodies by observing and measuring their magnetic fields. The rotation of this electrically charged material is called a dynamo. In the sun, it takes the form of hot plasma gas. In the Earth, a liquid outer core of iron and nickel. Jupiter's four largest moons, the Galilean moons ,so named for their discoverer, Galileo Galilee in 1609, also have magnetic fields though they are generated in some very unique ways.

Jupiter's magnetic field oscillates up and down as the planet rotates

To measure magnetic field strength and direction, you need to be in the field. Remote sensing such as a ground based observatory, won't do. So, spacecraft observations were needed to tell us if the Galilean moons had a magnetic field. Neither Pioneers 10 and 11 nor Voyagers 1 and 2 got close enough to these moons to make a definitive measurement.
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Shoemaker-Levy 9 image is adapted from an image which is an artist's rendition 
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Halley's Comet image is adapted form an image found in the Mt. Wilson 
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NGC6822, NGC2997, and Centaurus A images are adapted from Anglo-Australian
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Gagarin, Vostok 1, Vostok 1 Landing, Vostok 6, Komarov, Tereshkova, Soyuz 11 crew, Leonov
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Venera 13 image is adapted from a photograph by J. Kelly Beatty, provided 
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SRB separation artist's impression is adapted from an image produced by 
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Image of Edwin Hubble at the 100-inch Hooker Telescope is from the Mt.
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Image of Clyde Tombaugh is courtesy of the New Mexico State University.
Sun-Earth Days 2013: Articles
Other changes in the sun can be observed throughout the solar cycle. During Solar Max the frequency of solar storms is at a peak. Solar storms are huge releases of electromagnetic and particle energy driven by magnetic reconnection events in the sun's corona. These storms in the form of solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMSs) hurl large amounts of high energy electromagnetic and particle radiation into the solar system carrying with it a portion of the sun's magnetic field. As these storms impact solar system bodies, they modify the electrical, magnetic, and chemical environments of planets, moons, and smaller bodies (asteroids and comets). Solar storms as well as the more constant solar wind cause changes in atmospheric chemical composition of planets and moons (e.g. Titan) due to both photo and particle disassociation. Changes to surface properties such as the beautiful reds, and yellows in the surface of Io are a direct result of high energy radiation modifying surface properties. The shapes of the magnetospheres of the gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are modified by changes in solar wind and solar storm pressure interacting with the planet's magnetic dynamo. This also produces auroras observed in the UV in all the outer planets.
There is strong evidence from orbiting spacecraft and surface rover observations that Mars once had a global magnetic field (magnetosphere), warmer temperatures, oceans of liquid water, and much higher atmospheric pressures. Today, Mars is a cold, arid planet with no global magnetic field and a rarified atmosphere by Earthly standards. What happened? It is generally believed that Mars lost its magnetosphere as its internal dynamo cooled and froze out. This gave the solar wind open access to Mars' atmosphere resulting in atmospheric erosion from solar wind particles and the eventual loss of water and most of the rest of the atmosphere. So, the solar wind is in part responsible for the enormous climate change that Mars has experienced over the last few billion years. Other contributors to this process include meteor collisions and absorption of CO2 by the Martian surface.

Figure 15: Click to Enlarge

The shape of the sun's corona changes during this cycle. The shape of the corona is determined by the sun's magnetic field.
Icy Moonquakes: Surface Shaking Could Trigger Landslides – NASA's Europa Clipper
Icy Moonquakes: Surface Shaking Could Trigger Landslides – NASA's Europa Clipper

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April 14, 2023

Icy Moonquakes: Surface Shaking Could Trigger Landslides 

A new NASA study offers an explanation of how quakes could be the source of the mysteriously smooth terrain on moons circling Jupiter and Saturn. 

NASA’s Galileo spacecraft captured this image of the surface of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede. On Earth, similar features form when tectonic faulting breaks the crust. Scientists modeled how fault activity could trigger landslides and make relatively smooth areas on the surfaces of icy moons. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Brown University 

Many of the ice-encrusted moons orbiting the giant planets in the far reaches of our solar system are known to be geologically active. Jupiter and Saturn have such strong gravity that they stretch and pull the bodies orbiting them, causing moonquakes that can crack the moons’ crusts and surfaces. New research shows for the first time how these quakes may trigger landslides that lead to remarkably smooth terrain.
The study, published in Icarus, outlines the link between quakes and landslides, shedding new light on how icy moon surfaces and textures evolve.

This view of Jupiter’s moon Europa was captured in the 1990s by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. It shows the kind of features studied by scientists who modeled how moonquakes may trigger landslides. The smooth slopes and nearby rubble may have been produced by landslides. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech 

On the surfaces of icy moons such as Europa, Ganymede, and Enceladus, it’s common to see steep ridges surrounded by relatively flat, smooth areas. Scientists have theorized that these spots result from liquid that flows out of icy volcanoes. But how that process works when the surface temperatures are so cold and inhospitable to fluids has remained a mystery.
A simple explanation outlined in the study doesn’t involve liquid on the surface.
How Do Hurricanes Form? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
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3
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Extensive
9-12

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5
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19+

The two GOES satellites keep their eyes on hurricanes from far above Earth's surface—22,300 miles above, to be exact! (Learn more about this kind of orbit.)
These satellites, built by NASA and operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), save lives by helping weather forecasters predict and warn people where and when these severe storms will hit land.

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Our World: What is a Hurricane?
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 	article last updated December 4, 2019
 

Hurricane Katrina from space

Here is a movie of Hurricane Katrina, which struck the coast of Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi on August 29, 2005, as a Category 3. This movie was made from images taken by the GOES weather satellite. In the movie you can see the storm starting to form in the Atlantic on August 24 and becoming more and more organized as it moves over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

Click to view movie.

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How do planets form? – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
How do planets form? – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System

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How do planets form?

Planets emerge from the dense disk of gas and dust encircling young stars. Credit: NASA

The dust around a star is critical to forming celestial objects around it. Dust around stars contains elements such as carbon and iron which can help form planetary systems.
When a star is in its forming disk, otherwise known as the T Tauri phase, it is ejecting extremely hot winds dominated by positively charged particles called protons and neutral helium atoms. Although much of the material from the disk is still falling on the star, small groups of lucky dust particles are crashing into one another, clumping into larger objects.
Dust clumps become pebbles, pebbles become larger rocks that grind together to expand. The presence of gas helps particles of solid material stick together. Some break apart, but others hold on. These are the building blocks of planets, sometimes called "planetesimals."

Scientists think planets, including the ones in our solar system, likely start off as grains of dust smaller than the width of a human hair. They emerge from the giant, donut-shaped disk of gas and dust that circles young stars. Gravity and other forces cause material within the disk to collide. If the collision is gentle enough, the material fuses, growing like rolling snowballs. Over time, dust particles combine to form pebbles, which evolve into mile-sized rocks. As these planetesimals orbit their star, they clear material from their path, leaving tracks of space empty but for fine dust. At the same time, the star gobbles up nearby gas and pushes more distant material farther away.
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Hurricane Katrina from space

Here is a movie of Hurricane Katrina, which struck the coast of Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi on August 29, 2005, as a Category 3. This movie was made from images taken by the GOES weather satellite. In the movie you can see the storm starting to form in the Atlantic on August 24 and becoming more and more organized as it moves over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

Click to view movie.