vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Eastern Coyote - NYSDEC
Coyotes do not frequently kill healthy adult deer.Coyotes are not strictly nocturnal. They may be observed moving about during the day, yet are more active after sunset and at night. Seeing a coyote during the day does not necessarily mean it is sick or unhealthy, but caution should be exercised. Coyotes do not migrate. They are year-long residents and typically inhabit an area known as a home range. They are territorial, and will firmly defend portions of their home range. Adult coyotes live in home ranges throughout the year in New York; however, they may shift their activity patterns during the four seasons.Coyotes are monogamous and mate for life. In early spring, female coyotes use dens for raising pups and often stay close to these sites. Male coyotes may travel greater distances to hunt more intensively while seeking additional food to support the female and pups. Litters of 4-6 pups are born in ground dens, brush piles, or under downed trees or human structures, such as sheds and other buildings. Coyote pups grow rapidly and are weaned at 5 to 7 weeks of age and abandon den sites around this time. They are fully grown at 9 months and eventually disperse after being driven from their parents' home ranges. These young coyotes often travel 50 to 100 miles in search of a vacant territory, find a mate, and enter adulthood as a breeding pair.Distribution and HabitatThere are two hypotheses to explain the presence of Eastern coyotes in New York. The first explanation is that coyotes were here before Europeans settled North America. The clearing of the forest for farms and homes forced coyotes to retreat to unsettled areas of the Northeast. The return of forested habitats during the 20th century coincided with the return of the coyote.The second and more widely accepted hypothesis is that Eastern coyotes are a relatively new species in New York. This explanation suggests that coyotes originally inhabited central North America and naturally extended their range throughout the continent in response to human changes to the land. Evidence indicates that coyotes reached New York and the Northeast in the early 1930s and 1940s, with coyote range expansion first reaching the state by passing north of the Great Lakes and into northern New York. Coyotes then spread rapidly across the state over the next 40-50 years.
The 2024-25 Budget: California State University
This suggests the transfer pipeline has yet to recover from community college enrollment declines during the pandemic. 
Continuing Students. Since fall 2021, CSU’s incoming cohorts (particularly new transfer students) have been smaller than pre‑pandemic levels. Some of these smaller cohorts will remain at CSU in 2024‑25, likely leading to fewer continuing students. In addition, it remains to be seen whether retention rates begin to recover from the declines seen since the start of the pandemic.

Demographic Trends Are Likely to Limit Growth in Out‑Years. Whereas CSU has seen increases in new freshmen over the past few years, demographic trends could limit this growth moving forward. Based on the most recent projections from the Department of Finance, the number of high school graduates in California has peaked. As Figure 14 shows, the number of high school graduates is projected to decline by 40,097 students (9 percent) from 2023‑24 to 2026‑27. All else equal, this would translate to smaller new freshman cohorts in the out‑years. (We discuss these and other demographic trends in our recent report, Trends in Higher Education: Student Access.)

Most CSU Campuses Are Already Meeting Student Demand. In the past, a key reason the Legislature has funded CSU enrollment growth was to expand access to eligible students who might otherwise not be admitted. This issue is less of a concern today. Over the past few years, admission rates have increased at nearly all CSU campuses, and fewer campuses and programs are impacted. A majority of campuses are currently below their enrollment targets—several by more than 10 percent. Moreover, CSU’s plan to reallocate existing enrollment targets among campuses can help expand capacity at those campuses that continue to have unmet enrollment demand without requiring additional state funds.
Budget Options
As Starting Point, Hold CSU’s Funded Enrollment Target Flat for 2024‑25. Consistent with our recommendation in the previous section to hold state funding for CSU flat, we recommend holding CSU’s enrollment target flat at the current level of 387,114 resident FTE students.
2024 Public Comments to Preliminary Applications
Winter Wildlands Alliance (WWA) is in support of grant goals submitted by the El Dorado County CAO that pertain to winter education needs. Printed media that educates users on winter recreation creates both a safer and more enjoyable experience for all users, including those new to public lands. It minimizes conflicts, environmental degradation, and the chance of users getting off route in winter conditions. Thank you for your consideration of our comments. We look forward to continuing to work collaboratively with public agencies and winter recreation stakeholders to help develop equitable and balanced recreation opportunities. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions. For more information, contact Kelly Bessem, WWA California Stewardship Manager OR Hilary Eisen, WWA Policy Director: heisen@winterwildlands.org Kelly Bessem - 5/6/2024

 El Dorado County Sheriff's Office

The Rubicon Trail Foundation (RTF)is a 501{c} 3 educational charity whose mission is to enhance the future health and use of the Rubicon Trail while ensuring responsible year around trail access. We have encouraged and supported the El Dorado County Sheriffs Office (EDSO) providing patrols on the Rubicon Trail for many years. They have done an excellent job enforcing, working with the community, and helping to keep the trail safe and environmentally sound. We are specifically in support of the EDSO’s grant request for a Jeep vehicle to replace their 2007 patrol vehicle as it has many trail miles on it and has become unreliable. The foundation (RTF) has communicated with the EDSO on this project and pledged our support financially (for matching funds as necessary) and to assist within the community and with vendors to outfit and equip the new vehicle. We are in support of this grant. Ken Hower President Rubicon trail Foundation Ken Hower - 4/13/2024

The Rubicon Trail Foundation (RTF)is a 501{c} 3 educational charity whose mission is to enhance the future health and use of the Rubicon Trail while ensuring responsible year around trail access. We have encouraged and supported the El Dorado County Sheriffs Office (EDSO) providing patrols on the Rubicon Trail for many years.
2024 Public Comments to Preliminary Applications
Without the OHV team patrolling the KRA, there would be an increased safety and security risk to residents of the area and law abiding citizens using the nearby public lands. Thank you for supporting the NCSC's application. Catherine Koehler - 3/23/2024

 Nevada County Sheriff's Office

Winter Wildlands Alliance (WWA) is in support of grant goals submitted by the Nevada County Sheriff's Office that pertain to winter education and patrols. During the winter, this area features hundreds of square miles of OSV recreation, with recent land management plan changes due to the signing of the Tahoe National Forest OSV Plan. As stated by Nevada County personnel, there is public confusion about which areas are open to motorized users and a public perception that unauthorized motorized use will not be enforced. This grant would fund 2 year-around deputies that would patrol known high-use areas as well as multi-user areas such as Boca Reservoir, and special winter events such as the California Four Wheel Drive Association Winter Fun Festival. We have seen how the presence of winter staff at OHV (OSV) trailheads can minimize winter recreation conflicts and create a safe, enjoyable experience for all users. Often there are good land management plans in place, but no funding for the staff needed to support them on the ground. By funding education for winter users and enforcement of things like wilderness boundaries and safe speeds, user increases and the difficulty in communicating land management changes can be mitigated. This ultimately helps to create a better experience for all of those getting out on public lands –both OSV and other winter users. Thank you for your consideration of our comments. We look forward to continuing to work collaboratively with public agencies and winter recreation stakeholders to help develop equitable and balanced recreation opportunities. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions. For more information, contact Kelly Bessem, WWA California Stewardship Manager OR Hilary Eisen, WWA Policy Director: heisen@winterwildlands.org Kelly Bessem - 5/6/2024

 Placer County Sheriff's Office
COVID-19 Forecasting and Mathematical Modeling | CDC
Bringing Together Forecasts for COVID-19 in the United States
CDC works with partners to bring together weekly forecasts based on statistical or mathematical models that aim to predict national and state numbers of new COVID-19 hospitalizations per day for the next 4 weeks.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Previously, forecasts also predicted the number of new COVID-19 deaths and cases per week. Death forecasts stopped in March 2023 and case forecasts stopped in February 2022. A machine readable database of past forecasts is available at data.cdc.gov.
Ensemble forecasts
Forecasting teams in the COVID-19 Forecasting Hub predict numbers of hospitalizations using different modeling methods, types of data (e.g., COVID-19 data, demographic data, mobility data), and estimates of the impacts of interventions (e.g., social distancing, use of face coverings). These forecasts are developed independently and shared publicly here. It is important to bring these forecasts together to help understand how they compare with each other and how much uncertainty there is about what may happen in the near future.
An “ensemble” forecast combines each of the independently developed forecasts into one aggregate forecast to improve prediction over the next 4 weeks.  This article, Ensemble Forecasts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S. describes the “ensemble” forecast methodology and its usefulness as a real-time tool to help guide policy and planning.

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COVID-19 Surge Tool


	Last Updated June 27, 2023	Source: 	National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases

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Frequently Asked Influenza (Flu) Questions: 2019-2020 Season | CDC
Flu Activity & Surveillanceplus iconCDC's WHO Collaborating CenterOverview of Influenza Surveillance in the United StatesInfluenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET)Current United States Flu Activity MapWeekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report (FluView)FluView InteractivePast Weekly Surveillance ReportsFluSight: Flu Forecastingplus iconCurrent Week's Flu ForecastAbout CDC’s Flu Forecasting EffortsPrevious ForecastsExpanding Viral Genomic Sequencing Infrastructure in the U.S.
Tracking Canada’s Extreme 2023 Fire Season
Understanding what drives this explosive growth can help refine risk models for future fires in an increasingly flammable world.
As of late October 2023, Canada’s remarkable fire season was finally slowing down. Dozens of fires were still out of control on October 24, but winter weather is expected to suppress most of them. However, even winter may not be enough in some cases. Previous research shows that overwintering “zombie” fires in this region have increasingly begun to smolder underground throughout the winter and remerge in the spring as temperatures rise.   

                                                

 NASA Earth Observatory animations by Michala Garrison, using Fire Events Data Suite (FEDS) data on fire movement and severity by ingesting thermal observations from VIIRS from NASA EOSDIS LANCE, GIBS/Worldview, and the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) and NASA EOSDIS LANCE, GIBS/Worldview, and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership. The FEDS algorithm is based on Chen, Yang, et al. (2022), data for Canada provided by NASA’s Earth Information System (EIS) Project. Basemaps include MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Story by Adam Voiland.

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A new system that draws upon active fire data from satellites is making it easier for scientists to track the spread of wildland fires in near real-time.
 
Image of the Day for October 25, 2023

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References & Resources

Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre Inc. (2023, October 6) Home. Accessed October 24, 2023.
CBC (2023, October 19) Five charts to help understand Canada’s record-breaking wildfire season. Accessed October 24, 2023.
Chen, T. et al.
Snakes on a trail: Tips for hiking in rattlesnake country
Snakes on a trail: Tips for hiking in rattlesnake country
By Stephen Nett
Summer is the perfect time to hit the trails to hike and explore. Remember, we share Sonoma County's parks with wildlife, and one of the local residents active this time of year, the rattlesnake, has a formidable bite. 
Sonoma County's rattler is the northern Pacific rattlesnake, most active between April and October. While it’s rare for a human to suffer a rattlesnake bite, and extremely rare for a human to die from a bite, here are some rattlesnake facts to help you stay safe on the trail.      
How do I know if it’s a rattlesnake?
At a glance, it may be hard to tell our 33 species of local snakes apart. Most are harmless. But a rattlesnake has a distinctive triangular shaped head, with a tapered neck and thick body, large scales, and (unless they lose it, which they can) a rattle at the tail.
Not sure? Stay away. 

What’s a rattlesnake doing on the trail?
Rattlesnakes can’t regulate their temperatures, so they look for sunny spots to warm up after a cool night. A bare sunny trail or open space is a perfect sunning spot, so stay alert when walking in the cooler parts of the day.
When it’s really hot, rattlesnakes need to find sheltered places out of the sun to keep from overheating: shady places along or under logs, rocks, heavy shrub or woodpiles, even the foundations of buildings. 
While they can be out any time, rattlesnakes are most active in the morning and from dusk into the night. They hunt mice and rodents in darkness because they can sense body heat with special organs on their face. 
What should I do if I see a rattlesnake on the trail?
First, back away. Rattlesnakes aren’t aggressive to humans unless threatened or frightened. They eat mice and rodents and are shy of bigger animals. If they sense you, they will usually try to escape. Give them space to do so.
Little Brown Bat - Watchable Wildlife - NYSDEC
Entering into caves or mines is dangerous without the proper knowledge or guidance. In addition, it is important not to disturb and awaken hibernating bats in the winter, because they will lose necessary fat reserves that they rely on to survive. White-nose syndrome is a serious disease in bat populations that can be spread from cave to cave by humans. What to Listen for Bats make sounds by echolocation, which are generally too high-pitched for the human ear to hear. You may be able to hear a click or squeak as they fly directly overhead. When to Watch When temperatures become warm enough in the spring, bats emerge from their hibernation sites to find an above-ground roost. Your best bet is to look for bats, approximately 30 minutes after sunset, from late spring to early autumn. When temperatures fall in autumn, the bats will return to their winter homes to hibernate. More Information About Little Brown Bats White-nose Syndrome Bats of New York State (PDF)-brochure from the Conservationist Build or buy a bat house to keep bats out of your home; see How to Build a Bat House (PDF) Rabies-visit the NYS Department of Health (DOH) rabies webpage for more information The Best Places to See Little Brown Bats Check out your local park or forested area, especially near water and along trails. Even your own backyard can be a great place to view bats if you have a collection of trees near your home! Allegany State Park, Cattaraugus County Bashakill Wildlife Management Area, Orange and Sullivan County (leaves DEC website) Buttermilk Falls State Park, Tompkins County (leaves DEC website) Chenango Valley State Park, Broome County (leaves DEC website) Five Rivers Environmental Education Center, Albany County 

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February | 2014 | Terra
Caption by Adam Voiland.

All Dry on the Western Front

Posted on February 13, 2014 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

2013 was a dry year for California, but it has nothing on 2014 so far. January is on track to be California’s driest on record, and since the state receives half of its precipitation between December and February, it appears that the 2013-2014 water year could be the driest on record too. With that possibility in view, California governor, Edmund G. Brown, Jr. declared a state of emergency on January 17, urging Californians to conserve water.
From brown landscapes to the bare mountains, California is clearly dry in this view from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite, taken on January 18, 2014. The lower image, taken on January 18, 2013, contrasts last year’s drought conditions with the extreme conditions currently in place. Read more

NASA images courtesy LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Holli Riebeek.

 

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2024 Public Comments to Preliminary Applications
We look forward to continuing to work collaboratively with public agencies and winter recreation stakeholders to help develop equitable and balanced recreation opportunities. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions. For more information, contact Kelly Bessem, WWA California Stewardship Manager OR Hilary Eisen, WWA Policy Director: heisen@winterwildlands.org Kelly Bessem - 5/6/2024

 Placer County Sheriff's Office

Winter Wildlands Alliance (WWA) is in support of grant goals submitted by the Placer County Sheriff's Office that pertain to education and winter patrols in both the Auburn and Tahoe areas. Placer county receives a high amount of winter OSV use, especially in the Tahoe area and where there have been land management plan changes due to the signing of the Tahoe National Forest OSV Plan.This grant would provide funding for deputies to be trained in snowmobile use to support important patrols, in high use areas such as the Rubicon staging area or south of North Star ski resort. Known public safety issues in winter OHV areas include alcohol consumption while driving, littering, public nuisance, and parking violations due to such high visitation rates. They also cite environmental concerns that go along with high use. Thank you for your consideration of our comments. We look forward to continuing to work collaboratively with public agencies and winter recreation stakeholders to help develop equitable and balanced recreation opportunities. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions. For more information, contact Kelly Bessem, WWA California Stewardship Manager OR Hilary Eisen, WWA Policy Director: heisen@winterwildlands.org Kelly Bessem - 5/6/2024

 Plumas County

I fully support this grant application. Providing these funds will help maintain sustainable trails and minimize impacts use-trails around obstacles on routes. Please approve this grant. Thank you! Maia Averett - 3/7/2024

Please continue to build new trails in Plumas County. Thanks! Jim Dallas - 3/7/2024

I write in full support of the Claremont Phase 1 Development project. This trail system would be an incredible addition to the local region, its citizens, and the economy.
World of Change: Development of Orlando, Florida
World of Change: Development of Orlando, Florida

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Orlando, Florida, is reported to be the most visited destination in the United States. In 2014, more than 62 million people flocked to this centrally located city in the Sunshine State. And while the exact number of visitors fluctuates from year to year, tourism has had a marked impact on the landscape.
The spread of development is visible in this series of false-color images of greater Orlando, southwest of the city’s downtown area. Acquired with the Landsat series of satellites between 1972 and 2014, the scenes are shown in green, red, and near-infrared light, a combination that helps differentiate components of the landscape. Water is black, vegetation is red, and urban areas are brown to gray. (Note that the resolution of Landsat imaging instruments was lower at the beginning of the time series than at the end.)
Scouting in the 1960s for a location to build his namesake resort, Walt Disney settled on an area in Central Florida where highway infrastructure was already in place—near the confluence of the Florida Turnpike and Interstate 4. The landscape was primarily swampland.
Lake Victoria’s Falling Waters
(2006) Lake Victoria levels at Jinja raise eyebrows. East African Business Week. January 16, 2006. Accessed March 13, 2006.
Olupot, M. (2006) Govt May Close Jinja Dam Over Water Levels. New Vision, January 6, 2006. Accessed February 3, 2006.
Oywa, J. (2006) Shrinking Lake Leaves Transporters Very Worried. February 3, 2006.
Reynolds, C. (2005) Low Water Levels Observed on Lake Victoria. Report published on the Web site for the Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division of the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. September 26, 2005. Accessed March 13, 2006.
Speke, J.H. (1864) What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1864. Accessed March 13, 2006.
USDA/NASA 2006. Global Reservoir and Lake Monitor Project. Accessed March 13, 2006.
UNEP. (2005) Africa’s Lakes: An Atlas of Environmental Change. United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed March 13, 2006.

 Lake Victoria’s Falling Waters 
 
The area around Lake Victoria is the most densely populated rural region in the world. The region’s 30 million residents rely on the lake for food, transportation, power, and income from tourism. Beige colors on this map represent areas of low population density, while dark red areas represent high population density. (NASA image by Robert Simmon, based on data provided by the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service.)

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