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Here’s How.Article3 weeks agoEarth Observatory25 Years, 25 StoriesOver the past two and a half decades, EO has published more than 18,000 image-driven stories. This video highlights some of our favorites.Learn MoreOver the past two and a half decades, EO has published more than 18,000 image-driven stories. This video highlights some of our favorites. View the full story
Greenhouse GasesNASA has several instruments and tools for measuring and modeling greenhouse gases – where they come from, where they go, and how they are driving climate change. The agency works with federal, state, and international partners to make this information freely available.Explore Climate Change Drivers5 min readAs the Arctic Warms, Its Waters Are Emitting CarbonArticle5 months ago5 min readNASA Flights Link Methane Plumes to Tundra Fires in Western AlaskaArticle7 months ago4 min readNASA-Built Greenhouse Gas Detector Moves Closer to LaunchArticle8 months ago5 min readNASA Mission Excels at Spotting Greenhouse Gas Emission SourcesArticle6 months ago5 min readNASA Space Mission Takes Stock of Carbon Dioxide Emissions by CountriesArticle1 year agoNASA, Partners Launch US Greenhouse Gas Center to Share Climate DataRead MoreRecent Videos & VisualizationsOur Oceans from SpaceNASA's exploration of our oceans from space spans a rich history. Delving into the depths of our oceans unveils the mysteries of our own planet, our home. Therefore, NASA remains steadfast in leading the way in oceanic research.Images of the DayMore Earth Observatory Images of the DayAntarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83The Brunt Ice Shelf lost a large wedge of floating ice, the third sizeable iceberg to calve from the shelf in recent years.Read MoreDerecho Darkens HoustonDestructive winds left many people in the most populous city in Texas without power.Read MoreWhite and Black Volcanoes of Saudi ArabiaContrasting colors of lava and ash reveal the geologic origins of Harrat Khaybar’s volcanic cones.Read MoreDusty Spring in the Tarim BasinStrong winds kicked up sand and dust from China’s vast Taklimakan Desert.Read MoreOrce’s Archaeological WonderlandAncient hominin fossils lie beneath the sandy soils on the outskirts of this village in southern Spain.
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topenergy - (see also thermal energy) Energy is the ability to do work, and there are several different forms of energy (e.g., kinetic, potential, thermal, sound, light, chemical, etc.). While energy may be transformed from one form to another, the total energy remains the same within a closed system. topenergy budget - Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and away from Earth, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances the energy going out. The energy balance determines the climate of the Earth. topengineer - Engineers use math and science to design new tools and devices to solve practical problems. topengineering design process (EDP) - The engineering design process is a series of steps that engineers and others follow to come up with a solution to a problem. Often, the solution involves designing a product or process. The process generally includes the following steps: asking questions, imagining solutions, planning designs, creating and testing models, and making improvements. Because the engineering design process includes improving the product of process design, it is an ongoing process. topenvironment - The environment is the complex of physical, chemical, and biological factors in which a living organism or community exists. topequation - An equation is a number sentence that uses the equal sign (=) to show that two expressions have the same value (Example: 8 + 4 = 12.) toperosion - Erosion is the process of carrying away soil or pieces of rocks. topEuropa - Europa is one of the many moons of Jupiter. It is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon and has a surface that is largely covered in ice. Europa is considered among the most promising environments suitable for life. Europa is thought to have an iron core, a rocky mantle and an ocean of salty water (below a shell of ice). topevaporation - Evaporation is the process of changing from a liquid to gas. topevapotranspiration - Evapotranspiration is the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.
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Discovery Alert: Webb Maps and Finds Traces of Water in an Ultra-hot Gas Giant's Atmosphere - NASA Science
The temperature, or brightness, map shows a huge change in temperature – up to 1,000 degrees – from the hottest point facing the star to the terminator, where day and night sides of the tidally-locked planet meet in permanent twilight.Researchers made a brightness map, tracing the glow from hot regions of WASP-18 b as it slipped behind, and reappeared from, its star. This event is known as a secondary eclipse. Scientists can measure the combined light from star and planet, then measure the light from just the star as the planet moves behind it. The plot is a light curve, the measured change in brightness of a star as a planet moves in front of or behind it. The planet’s brightness map, obtained using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, allowed researchers to determine a temperature map of the planet’s atmosphere.NASA/JPL-Caltech (K. Miller/IPAC)‘‘JWST is giving us the sensitivity to make much more detailed maps of hot giant planets like WASP-18 b than ever before. This is the first time a planet has been mapped with JWST, and it’s really exciting to see that some of what our models predicted, such as a sharp drop in temperature away from the point on the planet directly facing the star, is actually seen in the data!’’ said Megan Mansfield, a Sagan Fellow at the University of Arizona, and one of the authors of the paper describing the results.The team mapped temperature gradients across the day side of the planet. Given how much cooler the planet is at the terminator, there is likely something hindering winds from efficiently redistributing heat to the night side. But what is affecting the winds is still a mystery.‘‘The brightness map of WASP-18 b shows a lack of east-west winds that is best matched by models with atmospheric drag. One possible explanation is that this planet has a strong magnetic field, which would be an exciting discovery!’
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Webb Cracks Case of Inflated Exoplanet - NASA Science
Using Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph), Sing’s team built an independent spectrum covering 2.7 to 5.2 microns.The precision of the data makes it possible to not just detect, but actually measure the abundances of a wealth of molecules, including water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ammonia (NH3). Image:Warm Gas-Giant Exoplanet WASP-107 b Transmission Spectrum (Hubble WFC3, Webb NIRCam, and Webb MIRIThis transmission spectrum, captured using NASA’s Hubble and James Webb space telescopes, shows the amounts of different wavelengths (colors) of starlight blocked by the atmosphere of the gas-giant exoplanet WASP-107 b. The spectrum includes light collected over four separate observations using a total of three different instruments: Hubble’s WFC3 (Wide Field Camera 3) Grism Spectrometer in green, Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) Grism Spectrometer in orange, and Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) Low-Resolution Spectrometer in pink. This spectrum shows clear evidence for water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ammonia (NH4) in the planet’s atmosphere, allowing researchers to estimate the interior temperature and mass of the core. Illustration: NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralf Crawford (STScI) Science: L. Welbanks (ASU) and the JWST MANATEE teamImage:Warm Gas-Giant Exoplanet WASP-107 b (Transmission Spectrum: Webb NIRSpec)This transmission spectrum, captured using Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) Bright Object Spectrometer, shows the amounts of different wavelengths (colors) of near-infrared starlight blocked by the atmosphere of the gas-giant exoplanet WASP-107 b.
Stars - NASA Science
Nuclear fusion releases energy, which heats the star and prevents it from further collapsing under the force of gravity.Our Sun, a main sequence star, emits a strong solar flare flashes in this image captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory.NASA/SDOAstronomers call stars that are stably undergoing nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium main sequence stars. This is the longest phase of a star’s life. The star’s luminosity, size, and temperature will slowly change over millions or billions of years during this phase. Our Sun is roughly midway through its main sequence stage.A star’s gas provides its fuel, and its mass determines how rapidly it runs through its supply, with lower-mass stars burning longer, dimmer, and cooler than very massive stars. More massive stars must burn fuel at a higher rate to generate the energy that keeps them from collapsing under their own weight. Some low-mass stars will shine for trillions of years – longer than the universe has currently existed – while some massive stars will live for only a few million years.DeathAt the beginning of the end of a star’s life, its core runs out of hydrogen to convert into helium. The energy produced by fusion creates pressure inside the star that balances gravity’s tendency to pull matter together, so the core starts to collapse. But squeezing the core also increases its temperature and pressure, making the star slowly puff up. However, the details of the late stages of the star’s death depend strongly on its mass.A low-mass star’s atmosphere will keep expanding until it becomes a subgiant or giant star while fusion converts helium into carbon in the core. (This will be the fate of our Sun, in several billion years.) Some giants become unstable and pulsate, periodically inflating and ejecting some of their atmospheres. Eventually, all the star’s outer layers blow away, creating an expanding cloud of dust and gas called a planetary nebula.The Helix nebula, imaged here, lies 650 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius.
Stratosphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids


Stratosphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

stratosphere

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Stratosphere

The Short Answer:
What is the stratosphere?

	The stratosphere is a layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
	

The layer made of layers
Above the troposphere and below the mesosphere, we have the stratosphere. “Strat” means layer. This layer of our atmosphere has its own set of layers. There are no storms or turbulence here to mix up the air, so cold, heavy air is at the bottom and warm, light air is at the top. That’s the opposite of how the layers work in the troposphere, where we live.  If you were to climb a mountain in the stratosphere you would have to take off your warm clothes as you got closer to the top rather than putting them on like we usually do. But there are no mountains high enough to reach the stratosphere, so you don’t have to worry about that.

This layer is 22 miles (35 kilometers) thick. The stratosphere is where you’ll find the very important ozone layer. The ozone layer helps protect us from ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. In fact, the ozone layer absorbs most of the UV radiation the sun sends to us. Life as we know it wouldn’t be possible without this layer of protection.

Visit other layers in Earth's atmosphere.
Where would you like to go?

Go in to the troposphere.
Go out to the mesosphere.

        	article last updated June 28, 2019
        

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Home › Leadership › Dr. Helen Worden

Dr. Helen Worden

MOPITT U.S. Principal Investigator
Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory National Center for Atmospheric Research
P. O. Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307 USA 
Phone: 303.497.2912
Email: hmw@ucar.edu

In June of 2016, Dr. Helen Worden became the U.S. Principal Investigator for MOPITT. She is interested in multi-decadal trends of carbon monoxide that indicate changing emissions of pollution with global and regional implications. Her goals for the MOPITT data products are to have a fully characterized long-term archive of atmospheric CO observations with documented precision and bias that can be used to study changes in atmospheric chemistry and emissions of pollution.
She earned her B.A. in Physics from the University of Colorado, Boulder and her PhD in Elementary Particle Physics from Cornell University. She worked several years at JPL/CalTech in Pasadena, CA before moving to Boulder, Colorado to work at NCAR. Awards include the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal for leading the algorithm development for the EOS/Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES).

 

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