vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topsimulation - A simulation is something that substitutes for the real thing. For instance, flight simulators are mockups for pilots to practice so they do not crash real aircraft under different weather and equipment emergencies. A simulation can have many qualities of the authentic experience without all the expenses and dangers. A model simulates - or is a simulation of - a real object or event. topslope - Slope is a measure of the difference in position between two points on a line. Slope is a measure of a line's rise (the amount it changes along the y axis) divided by its run (the amount it changes along the x axis). Slope can be used to refer to the steepness of a volcano and can be calculated by dividing the height of a volcano by its width. topslow carbon cycle - The slow carbon cycle is the movement between rocks, soil, ocean, and atmosphere as a part of the overall carbon cycle. Through a series of chemical reactions and tectonic activity, carbon takes between 100-200 million years to move between rocks, soil, ocean, and atmosphere in the slow carbon cycle. topsmoke detector - A smoke detector is a device that is used in homes, businesses, and schools to sense smoke, which can be an indicator of fire. topSoda Lake - Soda Lake, in southern California, is in the Mojave Desert. The water in Soda Lake quickly dries, leaving basic (alkaline) deposits behind (including sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate). topsoil - Soil is a mixture of minerals, weathered rocks, and decayed plant and animal material. topsolar - Having to do with the sun. topsolar eclipse - A solar eclipse is when the Moon passes between the sun and Earth casting its shadow on the Earth. topsolar flares - Solar flares are violent eruptions of gas on the sun's surface. topsolar radiation - Solar radiation refers to energy that travels in rays or waves and originates from the sun. topsolar system - The solar system includes the sun, the planets, and other bodies that revolve around the sun including comets. topsolid - A solid is a state of matter having a definite shape and a definite volume.
Exosphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids


Exosphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

exosphere

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Exosphere

The Short Answer:
What is the exosphere?

	The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere.
	

The outermost layer
The exosphere is the outermost layer of our atmosphere. “Exo” means outside and is the same prefix used to describe insects like grasshoppers that have a hard shell or “exoskeleton” on the outside of their body.

The exosphere is the very edge of our atmosphere. This layer separates the rest of the atmosphere from outer space. It’s about 6,200 miles (10,000 kilometers) thick. That’s almost as wide as Earth itself. The exosphere is really, really big. That means that to get to outer space, you have to be really far from Earth.

The exosphere has gases like hydrogen and helium, but they are very spread out. There is a lot of empty space in between. There is no air to breathe, and it’s very cold.

Visit other layers in Earth's atmosphere.
Where would you like to go?

Go in to the thermosphere.

Visit the ionosphere.

        	article last updated June 28, 2019
        

Exosphere(This is only part of the exosphere. It's actually 12 times bigger than this!)

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News Flash • SUGi Creates NYC’s First Miyawaki Method Pocket
News Flash • SUGi Creates NYC’s First Miyawaki Method Pocket

 

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Posted on: April 8, 2024SUGi Creates NYC’s First Miyawaki Method Pocket Forest on Roosevelt Island with iDig2Learn, RIOC April 6, 2024 SOUTHPOINT PARK, ROOSEVELT ISLAND, NEW YORK — In an effort to spotlight new ways to restore green spaces within the concrete hardscapes of cities, and highlight the role the community plays in rebuilding habitat, four organizations — SUGi, iDig2Learn, the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation and the Lenape Center — have collaborated to plant the first Miyawaki Method pocket forest in New York City on Roosevelt Island.“SUGi has created high-impact urban pocket forests all around the world, but finally ‘making it’ to New York feels like a perfect confirmation of our promise that these native ecosystems can thrive anywhere. Community and collaboration — of plants and people — is crucial to resilience, healing, and growth; here, we couldn’t have asked for more,” stated Elise Van Middelem, Founder & CEO SUGi.“We now understand that rebuilding soil health positively affects the health of all surrounding life. By respecting local natural resources — we happily received large donations of nutrient-rich compost from Big Reuse’s community food scrap program and wood chips from Green-Wood Cemetery grounds — we are completing the full cycle of life to feed the new Pocket Forest trees,” shared iDig2Learn Founder, Christina Delfico. She added, “This method of tight-knit planting allows roots to share nutrients underground, boosting their growth, which mirrors perfectly how diverse communities can come together above ground to support each other and strengthen the land.”
Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems | Terra
For example, plants may bloom earlier in the year and grow for more months (assuming sufficient water is present) as the growing season gets longer, altering the food supply for animals in the ecosystem. If more plants grow, they will take more carbon out of the atmosphere and cool temperatures. If, on the other hand, warming slows plant growth, habitats will shift and more carbon will go into the atmosphere where it can cause additional warming.
Terra and the Carbon Cycle
Terra’s five instruments provide measurements of plant (vegetation) composition, structure, extent, and change. All four measurements are necessary to estimate how much carbon plants take up as they grow, and how much is being released to the atmosphere over time. Terra also measures concentrations of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Since Terra measurements begin in 2000, they provide a record of the rate and extent of change for more than a decade.
Ocean
MODIS measures chlorophyll concentrations and fluorescence at the ocean surface to assess the concentration and health of photosynthesizing organisms like phytoplankton. Such measurements indicate how much carbon is taken up by ocean biology. MODIS also measures particulate organic carbon and particulate inorganic carbon, which can be used to gauge how much carbon the ocean exchanges with the atmosphere directly. See The Ocean’s Carbon Balance on the Earth Observatory.
Land vegetation
MISR collects data on the general height and structure of broad areas of vegetation (the canopy structure), the area covered by photosynthesizing leaves, and the amount of energy absorbed by leaves. Such measurements provide insight into carbon flux. MODIS collects a variety of measurements that indicate how much plants are growing, including vegetation indices, leaf area index, primary productivity, and evapotranspiration. See Measuring Vegetation on the Earth Observatory.
Land cover change
The MODIS land cover product indicates what type of vegetation is growing (forest, grassland, etc.) in a given location. Disturbance products, including the burned area product, show how land cover changes through deforestation or reforestation, agriculture, fire, urbanization, and so forth.
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Each spring, the Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve comes alive with the seasonal surprises of the Mojave Desert Grassland habitat. The duration and intensity of colors and scents vary from year to year.

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Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
The atmosphere contains trace amounts of the elements neon, helium, methane, krypton and hydrogen. toptrajectory - Trajectory is the path that an object takes moving through space. toptranslucent - Translucent describes an object through which only some light is able to pass. toptransmit - When referring to light, transmit or transmission is when light passes through an object without having an effect on the object toptransparent - Transparent describes an object through which light is able to pass. toptranspiration - Transpiration is evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant. Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. toptrend - A trend is a general direction of movement. On a graph, the trend is the overall direction (either increase or decrease) of the values graphed. topuultraviolet - Ultraviolet wavelengths are shorter than visible light. Shorter waves have more energy. Ultraviolet radiation can burn and cause skin cancer. topunbalanced forces - Unbalanced forces are forces that do not cancel each other out when acting together on an object. topuniverse - The universe, or cosmos, is space and all the planets, stars, and other forms of energy and matter that make it up. topvvacuum - A vacuum is a space entirely devoid of matter. topvalley - A valley is a place that is naturally lower than the surrounding land. Valleys are often located between mountains or hills. topvariable - A letter that represents a group of numbers is called a variable. Variables are italicized. That's how you can tell them apart from units such as grams (g). An example of some variables used in this activity: s = speed, d = distance, t = time or s = d / t . Two variables you use all the time to plot points on a graph are the x and y coordinates [e.g., Plot point (x, y)]. topvector - A vector is a variable (something that can change/vary) that is composed of both an amount and a direction.
Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
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So, now that you know all your greenhouse gases, you might be wondering . . . why should you care?
We must understand Earth in order to take good care of it. Learning about Earth is part of NASA's mission. 
NASA launched the Aura satellite in 2004 as part of its Earth Observing System. Aura carries four science instruments. They all study the atmosphere from about 20 miles high down to Earth's surface. One instrument is called TES, which is short for Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer. 
The troposphere is the lowest part of the atmosphere. It's down here where we live—and pollute, unfortunately. A spectrometer uses light to identify the chemical composition of matter. The TES mission is particularly interested in ozone and how it is distributed up and down throughout the atmosphere.

As TES passes over Earth's surface, it gathers data that can be made into a profile of the atmosphere, like this one. The profile shows with different colors how much ozone (or other greenhouse gas) is in the atmosphere at different altitudes. In this image, the areas of highest ozone levels are shown in red. Notice that where the red is closest to Earth's surface is near large cities in the U.S. 
Find out more about TES and ozone on our greenhouse gas amazing fact page.
Faint Glow, Clear Signal from Plants
Faint Glow, Clear Signal from Plants

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Faint Glow, Clear Signal from Plants

June 2018 - September 2019PNG

It might sound like science fiction, but the U.S. Midwest literally glows during the growing season. The glow—emitted by healthy, productive plants all over the world—is far too dim to be seen with the naked eye. In recent years, however, scientists have worked on detecting this signal using satellites. And they’re using it to make some remarkable observations.
When a plant is performing photosynthesis—absorbing sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into food—its chlorophyll will 	“leak” or emit some photons during the process. This faint glow is called “solar induced fluorescence,” or SIF. The glow is directly related to the biochemical processes happening inside the plant, so scientists can use it as a proxy for plant productivity. The higher the fluorescence from a plant, the more carbon dioxide it is taking from the atmosphere to fuel its growth.
Because fluorescence offers a direct view into the photosynthetic machinery of plants, scientists can use it to detect nuances in the growing season that might be missed by other methods that rely on changes in vegetation color, or “greenness.”
Facts About Earth - NASA Science
These air molecules then begin to glow and cause aurorae, or the northern and southern lights.The magnetic field is what causes compass needles to point to the North Pole regardless of which way you turn. But the magnetic polarity of Earth can change, flipping the direction of the magnetic field. The geologic record tells scientists that a magnetic reversal takes place about every 400,000 years on average, but the timing is very irregular. As far as we know, such a magnetic reversal doesn't cause any harm to life on Earth, and a reversal is very unlikely to happen for at least another thousand years. But when it does happen, compass needles are likely to point in many different directions for a few centuries while the switch is being made. And after the switch is completed, they will all point south instead of north.8 Need-to-Know Things About Our Home PlanetMeasuring Up - If the Sun were as tall as a typical front door, Earth would be the size of a nickel.We're On It - Earth is a rocky planet with a solid and dynamic surface of mountains, canyons, plains and more. Most of our planet is covered in water.Breathe Easy - Earth's atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and 1 percent other ingredients—the perfect balance to breathe and live.Our Cosmic Companion - Earth has one moon.Ringless - Earth has no rings.Orbital Science - Many orbiting spacecraft study the Earth from above as a whole system—observing the atmosphere, ocean, glaciers, and the solid earth.Home, Sweet Home - Earth is the perfect place for life as we know it.Protective Shield - Our atmosphere protects us from incoming meteoroids, most of which break up in our atmosphere before they can strike the surface.NASA Space PlaceKid-Friendly EarthOur home planet Earth is a rocky, terrestrial planet. It has a solid and active surface with mountains, valleys, canyons, plains and so much more. Earth is special because it is an ocean planet. Water covers 70% of Earth's surface. Earth's atmosphere is made mostly of nitrogen and has plenty of oxygen for us to breathe.
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Mission: Biomes online interactive activity to support learning and awareness of seven terrestrial biomes.

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Overview - NASA Science
On the other hand, the smaller planets that orbit close to their stars could be the cores of Neptune-like worlds that had their atmospheres stripped away.Explaining the Fulton gap will require a far better understanding of how planetary systems form.Variety is a major theme in exoplanet discoveries over the past quarter century, as shown in this illustration. Most have been discovered by the "transit" method – watching for the tiniest of shadows as a planet crosses the face of its star.NASA/JPL-CaltechTypes of exoplanetsEach planet type varies in interior and exterior appearance depending on composition.Gas giants are planets the size of Saturn or Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, or much, much larger.More variety is hidden within these broad categories. Hot Jupiters, for instance, were among the first planet types found – gas giants orbiting so closely to their stars that their temperatures soar into the thousands of degrees (Fahrenheit or Celsius).Neptunian planets are similar in size to Neptune or Uranus in our solar system. They likely have a mixture of interior compositions, but all will have hydrogen and helium-dominated outer atmospheres and rocky cores. We’re also discovering mini-Neptunes, planets smaller than Neptune and bigger than Earth. No planets of this size or type exist in our solar system.Super-Earths are typically terrestrial planets that may or may not have atmospheres. They are more massive than Earth, but lighter than Neptune.Terrestrial planets are Earth sized and smaller, composed of rock, silicate, water or carbon.