vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Collection - Earth at Night
Isaac, a slow-moving storm, hit the Gulf Coast as a category 1 hurricane on August 28, 2012. 
Published Aug 30, 2012
 

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Mount Tongariro Erupts
A new satellite captured the eruption of a volcano at night on New Zealand's North Island.
Published Aug 8, 2012
 

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Night View of Fires in Siberia
The Suomi NPP satellite carries an instrument so sensitive to low light levels that it can detect wildfires in the middle of the night.
Published Aug 7, 2012
 

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The Lights of London
Unique satellite instruments capture the view of the Olympic host city at night.
Published Jul 26, 2012
 

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Power Outages in Washington, DC Area
A powerful line of thunderstorms knocked out power to millions of households in the U.S. Midwest and Mid Atlantic on June 29, 2012.
Published Jul 4, 2012
 

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U.S. Atlantic Seaboard at Night
One of the largest conurbations in the world is located along East Coast of the United States, and stretches from Boston to Washington.
Published May 23, 2011
 

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City Lights, 2003
Observations collected at night shed light on the changing face of our planet.
Published Nov 29, 2008
 

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Tokyo at Night
This nighttime photograph of Tokyo, Japan, was taken by International Space Station astronaut Dan Tani on February 5, 2008. The heart of the city is brightest, with ribbons of lights radiating outward from the center along streets and railways.
Published Apr 22, 2008
 

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Earth’s City Lights 1994
Satellite map of the man-made lights on Earth, which scientists use to study development and urbanization.
Published Oct 23, 2000
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Prague at Night
Infrastructure new and old glows across the Czech Republic’s capital city.
Published Jul 2, 2023
 

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Brighter Nights in Antakya
Lights have been steadily returning to southeast Türkiye after deadly earthquakes triggered power outages in February 2023.
Published May 15, 2023
 

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An Awesome Aurora
Events on the Sun helped unleash beautiful displays of nighttime lights seen on Earth.
Published Apr 25, 2023
 

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A Dazzling Aurora Borealis
Astronauts and sky watchers oohed and aahed as the night sky lit up with pulsating displays of reds, greens, and purples.
Published Mar 3, 2023
 

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Dark Nights in Antakya
In the days after strong earthquakes struck Türkiye, significant destruction left many areas without electric power.
Published Feb 24, 2023
 

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Power Outages after Hurricane Ian
Several cities on the west coast of Florida lost much of their electric power for days after the storm.
Published Oct 3, 2022
 

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Power Outages in Puerto Rico
Four days after Hurricane Fiona made landfall on the island, citizens were coping with widespread power losses.
Published Sep 22, 2022
 

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Southern Nights with Lights
The aurora australis fluttered north and south of the Antarctic Circle on several nights in July.
Published Jul 25, 2022
 

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Tracking Night Lights in Ukraine
The data are useful for researchers and relief agencies because they provide estimates of where and how many people have lost access to basic services.
Published Jun 29, 2022
 

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Skywatching - NASA Science
Heading out to less developed areas, away from town, will enable you to see more stars.> More about finding a good skywatching locationQ: How can I involve my children in skywatching?Parents can prepare to involve their children in skywatching by learning some of the basics, like the phases of the Moon, the names of a few easy to recognize constellations, and knowing how to identify bright stars and planets using a favorite astronomy app. Staying up to date with the month's skywatching highlights, with resources like NASA's What's Up video series, makes it easy to know what there is to observe, and provides some fun facts to share when out under the stars. If you don't have easy access to a safe place for the family to stargaze, most local astronomy clubs host public viewing nights, where children can enjoy telescope views of the sky's wonders.> Look for astronomy clubs and events in your areas with NASA's Night Sky NetworkNASA's Space Place also offers skywatching resources for kids, including these articles:> What are Constellations?> What is a Solar Eclipse?> What is a Meteor Shower?Q: Where can I find more NASA resources about skywatching?NASA provides a variety of skywatching resources to help you make a personal connection with the amazing place we study and explore.
Watch the Skies -
Even under perfect conditions – dark, away from city lights, open view of the sky – only a few meteors per hour are expected to be visible to the naked eye because of the bright Moon. For a dedicated observer, it may still be worth spotting members of one of the oldest known meteor showers – the Lyrids have been observed for 2,700 years!

The Eta Aquarids meteor shower peaks during early May each year. These meteors are known for their speed, which can leave glowing “trains” (incandescent bits of debris in the wake of the meteor) which last for several seconds to minutes. This is expected to be an outburst year, exclaims Bill Cooke, who leads the Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. “Visual rates could be as high as one per minute in the Southern Hemisphere, with just slightly less in the Northern.” The moon will be a waning crescent during its peak overnight May 4-5, so there will not be much moonlight interference.
Grains of cosmic dust streaked through night skies in early May 2023. Swept up as planet Earth plowed through the debris streams left behind by periodic Comet Halley, the annual meteor shower is known as the Eta Aquarids. Credit: Petr Horalek / Institute of Physics in Opava
Cooke is most excited for the Perseid meteor shower  in mid-August, “The Perseids are always a stunner and this year, there will be no moonlight to spoil the show.” During its peak overnight August 12-13, about 50 to 100 meteors per hour can be seen! Perseids are also known for their fireballs. Fireballs are larger explosions of light and color that can persist longer than an average meteor streak.
In this 30 second exposure, a meteor streaks across the sky during the annual Perseid meteor shower, Wednesday, Aug. 11, 2021, in Spruce Knob, West Virginia. Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls
Happy skywatching!
By Lauren Perkins
NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center
 

Author Beth RidgewayPosted on April 18, 2024Categories MSFC Meteoroid Environment OfficeTags Eta Aquarid, Lyrid meteor, Perseid meteor
What's Up: May 2024 Skywatching Tips from NASA - NASA Science
What's Up: May 2024 Skywatching Tips from NASA - NASA Science
Collection - Earth at Night
Published Feb 8, 2022
 

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A Wolf Awakens at Night
Incandescent lava erupts from a volcano in the Galápagos Islands.
Published Jan 7, 2022
 

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Seeing Suomi
Reindeer, indigenous people, and modern meteorology converge in a winter scene from Nordic Europe.
Published Dec 25, 2021
 

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Nighttime Images Detail Kentucky Blackout
Tornadoes and severe winds knocked out power to Mayfield and surrounding towns.
Published Dec 15, 2021
 

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Satellites Spot Tornado Tracks Across Midwest
Preliminary reports suggest one tornado may have traveled nearly 200 miles, causing severe damage and human losses in Kentucky and three other states.
Published Dec 13, 2021
 

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Hunting Milky Seas by Satellite
Like a sea captain tracking a white whale, Steve Miller has been chasing a rare form of marine bioluminescence for decades.
Published Nov 2, 2021
 

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Auroras Announce the Solar Cycle
The 25th cycle is underway, and it brings more frequent opportunities to see the northern lights and southern lights.
Published Oct 14, 2021
 

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Cumbre Vieja Lights Up the Night
An astronaut photograph shows the proximity of a volcanic eruption to nearby cities on the Spanish island of La Palma.
Published Sep 24, 2021
 

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Satellite Observes Power Outages in New Orleans
Three days after Hurricane Ida, many people in Louisiana are going without electric power due to downed power lines and damaged transmission towers.
Published Sep 1, 2021
 

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Good Light, Good Night Activity [Activity - Big Astronomy] (English and Spanish) | Night Sky Network
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Globe at Night Citizen Science Activity
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It’s emitted by fireflies, lightbulbs, and stars. Scientists use it to study all kinds of cosmic objects. NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, for example, uses visible light to find exoplanets, or worlds beyond our solar system.Ultraviolet (UV) light carries more energy than visible light. Most of it is blocked by Earth’s atmosphere, but some UV rays from the Sun get through it to give us tans and sunburns. NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope uses UV light to study everything from auroras on Jupiter to star formation in other galaxies.X-rays are so penetrating that dentists use them to see into your teeth and airport security uses them to see through bags. Astronomers study X-rays emitted by neutron stars, galaxies, and cosmic explosions with missions like NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.Gamma rays are the highest-energy form of light. They’re used to sterilize food and medical equipment and to treat some forms of cancer. Astrophysicists use them to investigate some of the most powerful events in the cosmos – explosions of massive stars and collisions of neutron stars and black holes. NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has been collecting gamma rays for over a decade and has discovered many exciting new phenomena, including two huge gamma-ray bubbles extending thousands of light-years above and below the center of our home galaxy.ParticlesMany cosmic objects and events also eject high-speed particles. In some cases, particles allow scientists to peer into places that cannot be seen with light. For example, some particles can escape extremely dense environments where even light might struggle to get out, like inside dying stars. Cosmic particles come in two classes –neutrinos and cosmic rays.NeutrinosNeutrinos are fundamental particles – they can’t be broken down into smaller parts. They’re produced by radioactive decay and nuclear reactions, including those that occur in nuclear reactors on Earth, in the cores of stars, in supernova explosions, and when black holes shred stars. Neutrinos outnumber all the atoms in the universe, travel at nearly the speed of light, and rarely interact with other matter.
News Archive | Night Sky Network
Find the Summer Rose "Star" as it rises in the south. Messier 55 is a special summer treat and Hubble just imaged it beautifully.
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Night Sky Notes: Look Up In the Sky - It's a Swan

Summer skies are great for viewing one of the few constellations to resemble its namesake - Cygnus the swan. Find treasures both visible and invisible in this guidepost to the Milky Way.
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Make Your Own Image of the Phantom Galaxy with NASA's Astrophoto Challenge

What's going on with M74? What causes the eerie shapes we see within this Phantom Galaxy?

Learn more about the Phantom Galaxy (M74), the target for this season of NASA's #AstrophotoChallenge
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Solar Eclipses in 2023 and 2024

Have you ever witnessed a total solar eclipse? What about an annular solar eclipse? If not, then you are in luck if you live in North America: the next twelve months will see two solar eclipses darken the skies for observers in the continental United States, Mexico, and Canada!
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Spot the Morning and Evening Star: Observe Venus

Venus is usually the brightest planet in our skies, and is called "Earth's Twin" due to its similar size to Earth and its rocky composition. However, Venus is a nightmare version of our planet, featuring a thick, crushing atmosphere of acidic clouds, greenhouse gasses, howling winds, and intense heat at its surface.
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Help NASA find new worlds with Exoplanet Watch

Find out how you can help NASA discover strange new worlds by participating in their latest citizen science program devoted to exoplanets!
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Binoculars: A Great First Telescope

Do you want to peer deeper into the night sky and dive into astronomy with your first telescope? As it turns out, the best choice for many budding stargazers is something unexpected: a good pair of binoculars!
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Cepheus: A House Fit for a King

The northern constellation of Cepheus contains many notable objects, including the original Cepheid Variable: Delta Cephei! How did observations of stars like Delta Cephei change astronomy?
Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact
Atmospheric science: Black carbon and brown clouds. Nature Geoscience, 1, 15–16.
Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, (eds.). (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Unger, N., Bond, T., Wang, J., Koch, D., Menon, S., Shindell, D., and Bauer, S. (2010). Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 3382-3387.

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Aerosol Optical Depth
They can help clouds to form, or they can inhibit cloud formation. And if inhaled, some 
aerosols can be harmful to people's health.
These maps show average monthly aerosol amounts around the world based on observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. Satellite measurements of aerosols, called aerosol optical thickness, are based on the fact that the particles change the way the atmosphere reflects and absorbs visible and infrared light. An optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish brown) indicates very hazy conditions.
High aerosol amounts are linked to different process in different places and times of year. High aerosol amounts occur over South America from July through September. This pattern is due to land clearing and agricultural fires that are widespread across the Amazon Basin and Cerrado regions during the dry season. Aerosols have a similar seasonal pattern in Central America (March-May), central and southern Africa (June-September, and Southeast Asia (January-April).
In other cases, however, aerosol concentrations are not related to fires. For example, from May through August each year, aerosol amounts rise dramatically around the Arabian Peninsula and nearby oceans due to dust storms. Elevated aerosol amounts nestle at the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in northern India in some months, and linger over eastern China for much of the year. These elevated aerosol amounts are due to human-produced air pollution.
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June's Night Sky Notes: Constant Companions: Circumpolar Constellations, Part III

In our final installment of the stars around the North Star, we look ahead to the summer months in June's Night Sky Notes!
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Monthly Webinar Series - April 2024: All About That Space

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May's Night Sky Notes: Stargazing for Beginners

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April's Night Sky Notes: Participate in Eclipse Science

April is Citizen Science Month at NASA. Here are some projects that you take part in during the eclipse on April 8th, and beyond!
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March's Night Sky Notes: Constant Companions: Circumpolar Constellations, Part II

We're continuing with our series on northern hemisphere constellations that never set with March's Night Sky Notes!
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Monthly Webinar Series - February 2024: Astromycology in Space Exploration

Fungi hold immense promise as cell factories for a sustainable future.