vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
What Is a Barycenter? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
As seen from above, a large planet and a star orbit their shared center of mass, or barycenter. 

As seen from the side, a large planet and a star orbit their shared center of mass, or barycenter. The slightly off-center barycenter is what makes the star appear to wobble back and forth.
 

Planets around other stars—called exoplanets—are very hard to see directly. They are hidden by the bright glare of the stars they orbit. Detecting a star's wobble is one way to find out if there are planets orbiting it. By studying barycenters—and using several other techniques—astronomers have detected many planets around other stars!

 	article last updated June 3, 2020
 

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What Is a Barycenter? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
It is the point around which the objects orbit. This point is the barycenter of the objects. The barycenter is usually closest to the object with the most mass.

Barycenters in our solar system
Where is the barycenter between Earth and the sun? Well, the sun has lots of mass. In comparison, Earth's mass is very small. That means the sun is like the head of the sledgehammer. So, the barycenter between Earth and the sun is very close to the center of the sun.
Jupiter is a lot larger than Earth. It has 318 times more mass. As a result, the barycenter of Jupiter and the sun isn’t in the center of the sun. It’s actually just outside the sun's surface!

Our entire solar system also has a barycenter. The sun, Earth, and all of the planets in the solar system orbit around this barycenter. It is the center of mass of every object in the solar system combined.
Our solar system’s barycenter constantly changes position. Its position depends on where the planets are in their orbits. The solar system's barycenter can range from being near the center of the sun to being outside the surface of the sun. As the sun orbits this moving barycenter, it wobbles around.

How do barycenters help us find other planets?
If a star has planets, the star orbits around a barycenter that is not at its very center. This causes the star to look like it’s wobbling.

 As seen from above, a large planet and a star orbit their shared center of mass, or barycenter. 

As seen from the side, a large planet and a star orbit their shared center of mass, or barycenter. The slightly off-center barycenter is what makes the star appear to wobble back and forth.
 

Planets around other stars—called exoplanets—are very hard to see directly. They are hidden by the bright glare of the stars they orbit.
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Sun-Earth Day 2010: Magnetic Storms
 
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Magnetic Sun-Earth Connection Lesson Plans, 9-12

Magnetic Math (2009)
This 188-page book, produced by Dr. Sten Odenwald (Space Math @ NASA), contains six hands-on exercises, plus 37 math problems, which allow students to explore magnetism and magnetic fields. The activities include drawing and geometric construction, and introduce students in the use of simple algebra to quantitatively examine magnetic forces, energy, and magnetic field lines and their mathematical structure.
 
Magnetic Math book (9.5 MB) 

Wired For Space- NASA Connect
This NASA Connect Video:
 
Explores how algebra and arrays are used in NASA's activities.
Explains voltage, current, amp, and resistance.
Explains how NASA is using electricity and magnetism to propell spacecraft into orbit.
Explains acceleration, mass, and force in an algebraic equation.
Involves students in an online activity that investigates a physics module on electricity and magnetism. The activity studies static charge, moving charge, voltage, resistance, and current.
Involves students in an activity called Make It Go which simulates NASA.

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Exploring Magnetism- Grades 7-9
Students will act as scientists discovering magnetic fields and electromagnetism through inquiry and measurement. Included at the beginning of each session is a summary of the session, a list of national education standards that the session covers, and a list of materials required for the session. Each session is broken into several activities, with each activity outlined for the teacher. In the Background Material section, you can find science background for the lessons. A glossary can be found after the background section. At the end we recommend different resources to help you teach and learn more about magnetism. 
 
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9-12 SUN-EARTH CONNECTION LESSON PLANS

Ancient Observatories: Timeless Knowledge Activities
NASA's Earth Observing System
In the July-August issue of The Earth Observer, turn to page 4 to read our feature article on NASA's Earth Day 2023 celebration at Washington, DC's Union Station. On page 13 you will find a summary of the 2023 MODIS/VIIRS Science Team Meeting. Also included in this issue are news and meeting/event highlights from NASA Earth Science. Topics covered include NASA's TROPICS and NISAR missions, and a dive into why NASA wants to identify phytoplankton species from space.
Read More 

 
 From Low Earth Orbit to the Kitchen Table: NASA Earth Science Data Continues to Serve America's Farmers 
 In the May-June issue of The Earth Observer, turn to page 5 to learn about how NASA and its partners around the globe are working together to find the best ways to rethink and reshape our food and agriculture systems. Our feature article summarizes NASA's participation again this year in the Commodity Classic event, where agency representatives shared information, tools, and resources drawn from NASA’s Earth-observing satellites and scientific research to highlight the value of partnerships between NASA and American agriculture. The Editor's Corner highlights NASA's Student Airborne Research Program (SARP), which engaged 22 high-performing STEM undergraduate students from colleges nationwide in a real-world NASA research campaign—SARP-East (E)—that began in June and continued through July.
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 NASA's Earth Observing System Project Science Office 
 

NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) is a coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low inclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. As a major component of the Earth Science Division of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, EOS enables an improved understanding of the Earth as an integrated system. The EOS Project Science Office (EOSPSO) is committed to bringing program information and resources to the Earth science research community and the general public alike.
Download ChartEarth Science Mission Profiles
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 As residents of planet Earth, every one of us benefits from NASA research that has expanded our collective knowledge dramatically. These studies help us learn how Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere work separately and in concert, and how they directly affect our lives.Armed with sophisticated instruments on the ground, in the seas, in the air, and in space, NASA gathers images and data that help with real-world applications that include developing weather forecasts, climate trends, shipping routes, and disaster recovery plans.For example, because two-thirds of our planet is covered by water, tracking the movement of water is vital to monitoring the health of people and ecosystems. Too much water, or too little, can wreak havoc by leading to floods or droughts. Among the missions that JPL manages are satellites that monitor minute changes in Earth’s gravitational field, allowing scientists to track the movement of water around the world.
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As global tensions rose before World War 2, their rocket tests caught the attention of the U.S. Army, which began sponsoring development of rocket technology and missile systems.After the war, interest in space exploration spawned a rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. When the Soviets launched their Sputnik satellite into Earth orbit in October 1957, the Space Race heated up. To catch up, JPL built Explorer 1, which launched in January 1958 and became the first American Earth-orbiting satellite. Later that year, NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) was founded, and JPL was transferred to the agency by the Army. Since then, JPL has abandoned rocket development for space exploration, but remained under management by Caltech, which is several miles away in Pasadena. And the rest...is space history.Tour JPL: Go to https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/events/tours/ for information on booking in-person and virtual tours.Work at JPL: We support the economy of Southern California with more than 6,000 full-time positions. Browse https://jpl.jobs/ for career opportunities and internships.Learn more: Visit jpl.nasa.gov.Historic timeline: Explore our interactive timeline to learn how JPL has been reaching for the stars since 1939. 
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US, Germany Partnering on Mission to Track Earth’s Water Movement - NASA
The mission will be composed of a pair of identical satellites flying one behind the other, roughly 60 to 190 miles (100 to 300 kilometers) apart, in a polar orbit. The spacecraft will fly at an altitude of roughly 300 miles (500 kilometers). Together they will monitor monthly changes to the distribution of water on Earth from variations in the planet’s gravity field.
Following the Water
The pull of gravity varies naturally from place to place on Earth depending on the mass distribution near the surface. For instance, large shifts in underground water storage (groundwater) or losses from ice sheets move a great amount of mass around, which can in turn shift the planet’s gravity field on weekly to monthly time scales.
Researchers can gauge those changes by measuring very small changes in the distance between the two GRACE-C satellites. As the lead spacecraft flies over an area with relatively more mass – like a spot with more groundwater than its surroundings – the slight increase in Earth’s gravity field pulls the satellite forward, increasing its distance from the trailing spacecraft. Capable of measuring distance changes 100 times smaller than the thickness of a human hair, a laser ranging interferometer (LRI) instrument continually measures the distance between the two spacecraft.
The satellite systems and orbit for GRACE-C will be similar to those of GRACE-FO, ensuring the continuity of measurements between the two missions.
“GRACE-C will build on decades of observations of the global movement of water and changes in water resources. This is critical to informing predictions of future trends in our climate and to assess food and water security,” said Frank Webb, GRACE-C project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “The mission is an example of the commitment that NASA and our German partners share for studying the Earth and helping society better prepare for a warming world.”
GRACE-C, previously known as the Mass Change mission, addresses one of the key goals outlined in the 2017 Decadal Survey for Earth Science conducted by the U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine: to better understand the planet’s global water cycle through large-scale changes in Earth’s mass.
In Depth - NASA Science
The star that the exoplanet orbits is usually the undeclared "A" of the system, which can be useful if the system contains many stars, which themselves may be designated B or C. (Stars get capital letters; planets receive lowercase designations.) If a bunch of exoplanets around the same star are found at once, the planet closest to its star is named b with more distant planets named c, d, e and so on.An example of an exoplanet name is Kepler-16b, where "Kepler" is the name of the telescope that observed the system, 16 is the order in which the star was cataloged and "b" is the closest planet to the star. If we were naming Earth as an exoplanet, it would be called Sun d (Sun is the name of our star, and Earth is the third planet, starting with b, Mercury).Next: An overview of exoplanet typesExplore TRAPPIST-1This system of seven rocky worlds–all of them with the potential for water on their surface–is an exciting discovery in the search for life on other worlds.more ›More to Explore10 Things: All About TRAPPIST-1Read MorePlanet Hop from TRAPPIST-1eRead MoreTRAPPIST-1 is Older Than Our Solar SystemRead MoreKeep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASASearch for LifeStarsUniverseBlack HolesReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:last monthPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Earth | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Un volcán es una abertura en la superficie de un planeta o luna que permite que el material más caliente que su entorno se escape de su interior. 
explore

¡Volcanes espaciales!

 Explore los muchos volcanes de nuestro sistema solar utilizando el explorador de volcánes espaciales! 
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 ¡Escribe tu propia historia alocada de aventura!

 Escribe tu propia historia de aventura delirante! 
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Las aves y el radar

 ¿Cómo puede la NASA ayudarnos a aprender sobre la migración de las aves? 
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Tarjetas de San Valentín para imprimir

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Plantillas para calabazas

 Celebra el otoño. 
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¡Tormenta solar cancela las carreras de palomas! 

 ¿Por qué las palomas se preocupan por el clima espacial? 
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¿Cuál es la causa de las estaciones?

 La respuesta puede sorprender. 
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¿Tienes sed? ¡Bebe un cometa! 

 ¿Podrían haber traído el agua a nuestro planeta? 
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Prepara galletas de luna 

 Para la Luna Nueva, tienes que comer todo el relleno crema. 
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¡Ir Con El Flujo!

 ¡En este juego de corrientes oceánicas, usa calor y sal para hacer que tu submarino flote hacia el tesoro! 
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¿Por qué el cielo es azul?

 El color del cielo proviene de cómo la luz golpea la atmósfera de la Tierra. ¡Aprende todo sobre esto en este artículo! 
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Identificar los árboles... ¡desde el espacio!
Earth Observation With Satellite | Terra
In the table of stations, under the “view” heading, click on the magnifying glass in the row with “IN-MN-14″ to learn more about this station’s detailed location, including its latitude and longitude.
Record this station’s latitude and longitude to use later in the comparison with satellite data. (Record the following: Station IN-MN-14, Latitude 39.265964, Longitude -86.521293.) Optional: click view the station in Google Maps.
On the side bar, under the heading View Data, click on the link “station precip summary.” To access the data from this site.
In the next page that loads, you can type in the station ID numbers of any three stations that are of interest. Use the saved map of stations from step 3 of part 1 to view the station locations.
Type in IN-MN-14, IN-MG-14, and IN-MN-3. Choose the dates 6-02-2008 and 6-12-2008 as your beginning and end dates. Click the “get summary” button.

You will get a table of data. Check the data to see that it makes sense-is it what you asked for?
Look for any days of intense precipitation. In this case, there was a rainy period from approximately June 1 -15, 2008. What date did the rainfall amount peak? How do the stations vary?

Once you have checked the data, copy and paste the station’s data from the CoCoRaHS site into a spreadsheet program such as excel.
Since satellites report rain rate in millimeters per hour it will be easier to compare results if you use excel to convert the data from inches to millimeters by multiplying the total by 25.4. (1 inch=25.4 mm)
Produce a graph of rainfall rate in millimeters per 24 hours (y axis) versus date (x axis). Save your graph for comparison with the graph of satellite data that you will produce in the part 2.

 
Part 2: Above and Below
Comparing CoCoRaHS data with NASA Satellite data from the same location and time period.
Earth | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
¿Vivir en un invernadero? ¡Sería terrible!

 En el caso del ozono, todo es cuestión de lugar. 
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Haz un móvil de nubes

 Estas bonitas nubes se mueven, pero no desaparecen. 
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What's the secret code for talking to spacecraft? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
That language makes . . .


	 Spacecraft seem very smart.


	 The huge dish antennas that pick out the spacecraft's signal from millions of miles away seem very smart.


	 The computers that decode and process the signals into pictures seem very smart.

	But none of these machines can learn English, or Spanish, or any other human language the way people can. These machines understand only two ideas:

So the big question is.
How do we feed complicated information IN and get complicated information OUT, if we can only say "ON" and "OFF"? 
 Let's find out!

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The signals Voyager sent to Earth to give us these pictures looked something like this:
. . . 1101 0010 1001 0101 0000 1011 0001 . . .

	 How did we ever make enough sense of these 1's and 0's to get these magnificent images?

	 Spacecraft engineers and computer scientists have had to solve many big problems. But none of these problems could be tackled without one thing: a special language so people could communicate with machines. That language makes . . .


	 Spacecraft seem very smart.


	 The huge dish antennas that pick out the spacecraft's signal from millions of miles away seem very smart.


	 The computers that decode and process the signals into pictures seem very smart.

	But none of these machines can learn English, or Spanish, or any other human language the way people can. These machines understand only two ideas:

So the big question is.
What is the Universe? - NASA Science
About 8,000 miles (12,800 kilometers) below your feet — on the opposite side of Earth — lurks the unforgiving vacuum and radiation of outer space.In fact, you’re technically in space right now. Humans say “out in space” as if it’s there and we’re here, as if Earth is separate from the rest of the universe. But Earth is a planet, and it’s in space and part of the universe just like the other planets. It just so happens that things live here and the environment near the surface of this particular planet is hospitable for life as we know it. Earth is a tiny, fragile exception in the cosmos. For humans and the other things living on our planet, practically the entire cosmos is a hostile and merciless environment.This true-color image shows North and South America as they would appear from space 22,000 miles (35,000 km) above the Earth. The image is a combination of data from two satellites. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard NASA’s Terra satellite collected the land surface data over 16 days, while NOAA’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) produced a snapshot of the Earth’s clouds and the Moon. Reto Stöckli, Nazmi El Saleous, and Marit Jentoft-Nilsen, NASA GSFCHow old is Earth?Our planet, Earth, is an oasis not only in space, but in time. It may feel permanent, but the entire planet is a fleeting thing in the lifespan of the universe. For nearly two-thirds of the time since the universe began, Earth did not even exist. Nor will it last forever in its current state. Several billion years from now, the Sun will expand, swallowing Mercury and Venus, and filling Earth’s sky. It might even expand large enough to swallow Earth itself. It’s difficult to be certain. After all, humans have only just begun deciphering the cosmos.While the distant future is difficult to accurately predict, the distant past is slightly less so.
NASA - Sun-Earth Day 2010
These are wonderful opportunities for people to become aware of the motion Earth relative to the Sun and understand how it affects the seasons. These days are also celebrated in many cultures and often used to guide planting and harvest. Refer to the new Sun-Earth Day Calendar for a complete listing of dates.

Children's Literature Program / Story Time
For a list of books that focus on eclipses and Sun-Earth Connection, visit the Children's Books page in our Multimedia section. Some of these books are available for free by request or online in a digital format.
	
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