vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Bill Text - AB-32 Air pollution: greenhouse gases: California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.
regulations, including distribution of emissions allowances where appropriate, in a manner that is equitable, seeks to minimize costs and maximize the total benefits to California, and encourages early action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (2) Ensure that activities undertaken to comply with the regulations do not disproportionately impact low-income communities. (3) Ensure that entities that have voluntarily reduced their greenhouse gas emissions prior to the implementation of this section receive appropriate credit for early voluntary reductions. (4) Ensure that activities undertaken pursuant to the regulations complement, and do not interfere with, efforts to achieve and maintain federal and state ambient air quality standards and to
	reduce toxic air contaminant emissions. (5) Consider cost-effectiveness of these regulations. (6) Consider overall societal benefits, including reductions in other air pollutants, diversification of energy sources, and other benefits to the economy, environment, and public health. (7) Minimize the administrative burden of implementing and complying with these regulations. (8) Minimize leakage. (9) Consider the significance of the contribution of each source or category of sources to statewide emissions of greenhouse gases.(c) In furtherance of achieving the statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit, by January 1, 2011, the state board may adopt a regulation that establishes a system of market-based declining annual aggregate emission limits for sources or categories of sources that emit greenhouse gas emissions, applicable from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2020, inclusive, that the state board determines will achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, in the aggregate, from those sources or categories of sources. (d) Any regulation adopted by the state board pursuant to this part or Part 5 (commencing with Section 38570) shall ensure all of the following:(1) The greenhouse gas emission reductions achieved are real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable,
	and enforceable by the state board. (2) For regulations pursuant to Part 5 (commencing with Section 38570), the reduction is in addition to any greenhouse gas emission reduction otherwise required by law or regulation, and any other greenhouse gas emission reduction that otherwise would occur.
Overview | Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper
Overview | Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper

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Spacecraft Type: Orbiter
Launch Window Opens: October 10, 2024
Science Instruments: 9
Science Target: Europa
Jupiter Orbit Insertion: April 2030

What will Europa Clipper do?Mission Overview
Europa Clipper’s main science goal is to determine whether there are places below the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, that could support life.

The mission’s three main science objectives are to understand the nature of the ice shell and the ocean beneath it, along with the moon’s composition and geology. The mission’s detailed exploration of Europa will help scientists better understand the astrobiological potential for habitable worlds beyond our planet.
NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will perform dozens of close flybys of Jupiter’s moon Europa, gathering detailed measurements to investigate the moon. The spacecraft, in orbit around Jupiter, will make nearly 50 flybys of Europa at closest-approach altitudes as low as 16 miles (25 kilometers) above the surface, soaring over a different location during each flyby to scan nearly the entire moon.

Europa Clipper’s main science goal is to determine whether there are places below the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, that could support life.

Spacecraft Design
NASA’s Largest Planetary Mission Spacecraft
With its massive solar arrays and radar antennas, Europa Clipper will be the largest spacecraft NASA has ever developed for a planetary mission. The spacecraft needs large solar arrays to collect enough light for its power needs as it operates in the Jupiter system, which is more than five times as far from the Sun as Earth. The spacecraft will be about 16 feet (5 meters) in height. With its arrays deployed, the spacecraft spans more than 100 feet (30.5 meters) and has a dry mass (no propellant in the tanks) of 7,145 pounds (3,241 kg).
Designed for Jupiter’s Tough Radiation Environment
Science | Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper
Science | Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper

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What is Europa Clipper's main science goal? 

Europa Clipper’s main science goal is to determine whether there are places below the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, that could support life.

OverviewOverview

Deep beneath the crust of Jupiter’s frozen moon Europa lies a massive liquid water ocean. Exploring this ocean world with our Europa Clipper spacecraft could provide new clues in our search for life beyond Earth. Scheduled to launch in October 2024, Europa Clipper’s main science goal is to determine whether there are places below the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, that could support life. Credit: NASA

Jupiter’s moon Europa shows strong evidence for an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust. Beyond Earth, Europa is considered one of the most promising currently habitable environments in our solar system. 
Below Europa’s icy surface, evidence suggests there is a global ocean with more water than all of Earth’s oceans combined. Europa could have all the “ingredients” needed for life as we know it: 

Water: Twice as much as Earth’s oceans 

Organics: Essential chemical building blocks from a variety of sources

Energy: Chemical energy sources from the surface and the sea floor

Stability: Conditions remaining similar for 4 billion years

NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will perform approximately 50 close flybys of the moon, gathering detailed measurements to investigate whether the moon could have conditions suitable for life. Europa Clipper is not a life detection mission – its main science goal is to determine whether there are places below Europa’s surface that could support life.

Europa Up Close

Take an in-depth look at Jupiter's icy moon and Europa Clipper's plans for investigation.

Learn more ›

Science ObjectivesScience Objectives
Europa Clipper has three main science objectives: 

Determine the Thickness of Europa’s Icy Shell & How the Ocean Interacts With the Surface
NASA Mission Named 'Europa Clipper' – NASA's Europa Clipper
NASA Mission Named 'Europa Clipper' – NASA's Europa Clipper

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| March 9, 2017

NASA Mission Named 'Europa Clipper'

NASA's Europa Clipper mission is being designed to fly by the icy Jovian moon multiple times and investigate whether it possesses the ingredients necessary for life.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute

NASA's upcoming mission to investigate the habitability of Jupiter's icy moon Europa now has a formal name: Europa Clipper.
The moniker harkens back to the clipper ships that sailed across the oceans of Earth in the 19th century. Clipper ships were streamlined, three-masted sailing vessels renowned for their grace and swiftness. These ships rapidly shuttled tea and other goods back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean and around the globe.
In the grand tradition of these classic ships, the Europa Clipper spacecraft would sail past Europa at a rapid cadence, as frequently as every two weeks, providing many opportunities to investigate the moon up close. The prime mission plan includes 40 to 45 flybys, during which the spacecraft would image the moon's icy surface at high resolution and investigate its composition and the structure of its interior and icy shell.
Europa has long been a high priority for exploration because it holds a salty liquid water ocean beneath its icy crust. The ultimate aim of Europa Clipper is to determine if Europa is habitable, possessing all three of the ingredients necessary for life: liquid water, chemical ingredients, and energy sources sufficient to enable biology. 
"During each orbit, the spacecraft spends only a short time within the challenging radiation environment near Europa. It speeds past, gathers a huge amount of science data, then sails on out of there," said Robert Pappalardo, Europa Clipper project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
Previously, when the mission was still in the conceptual phase, it was sometimes informally called Europa Clipper, but NASA has now adopted that name as the formal title for the mission.
The mission is being planned for launch in the 2020s, arriving in the Jupiter system after a journey of several years.
Science | Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper
Europa Clipper is not a life detection mission – its main science goal is to determine whether there are places below Europa’s surface that could support life.

Europa Up Close

Take an in-depth look at Jupiter's icy moon and Europa Clipper's plans for investigation.

Learn more ›

Science ObjectivesScience Objectives
Europa Clipper has three main science objectives: 

Determine the Thickness of Europa’s Icy Shell & How the Ocean Interacts With the Surface

Scientists aim to determine the thickness of Europa’s icy shell – the moon’s outer layer that includes its surface. They will discover whether there’s liquid water within and beneath the shell. Researchers will estimate the size, saltiness and other qualities of Europa's ocean. They also will determine how the ocean interacts with the surface: Does anything in the ocean rise up through the shell to the top? Does any material from the surface work its way down into the ocean?

Investigate Europa’s Composition

Scientists will investigate the composition of Europa's ocean to determine if it has the ingredients to permit and sustain life.

Characterize the Geology of Europa

Scientists will study how Europa’s surface features formed and locate any signs of recent activity such as sliding crust plates or plumes that are venting water into space.

Science InstrumentsScience Instruments

Imagers / Cameras
Europa Imaging System (EIS)
A wide-angle camera and a narrow-angle camera, each with an eight-megapixel sensor, will produce high-resolution color and stereoscopic images of Europa. They will study geologic activity, measure surface elevations, and provide context for other instruments.
Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS)
The thermal imager uses infrared light to distinguish warmer regions on Europa where liquid water may be near the surface or might have erupted onto the surface. It will also measure surface texture to understand the small-scale properties of the surface.
Imagers / Spectrometry
Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS)
By collecting ultraviolet light with a telescope and creating images, the mission’s ultraviolet spectrograph will help determine the composition of Europa’s atmospheric gases and surface materials.
NASA’s Europa Clipper Survives and Thrives in ‘Outer Space’ on Earth - NASA
Europa Clipper’s main science goal is to determine whether there are places below the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, that could support life. The mission’s three main science objectives are to determine the thickness of the moon’s icy shell and its surface interactions with the ocean below, to investigate its composition, and to characterize its geology. The mission’s detailed exploration of Europa will help scientists better understand the astrobiological potential for habitable worlds beyond our planet.
Managed by Caltech in Pasadena, California, JPL leads the development of the Europa Clipper mission in partnership with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. APL designed the main spacecraft body in collaboration with JPL and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, executes program management of the Europa Clipper mission.
Find more information about Europa here:
europa.nasa.gov
News Media Contacts
Gretchen McCartneyJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.818-393-6215gretchen.p.mccartney@jpl.nasa.gov
Karen Fox / Charles BlueNASA Headquarters, Washington301-286-6284 / 202-802-5345karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / charles.e.blue@nasa.gov
2024-032

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Mar 27, 2024

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NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Europa Clipper Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper
Two powerful science investigations will help unravel the mystery of whether Jupiter's icy moon Europa might have the right conditions for life, when a new NASA mission heads there sometime in the 2020s.

Europa Mission to Probe Magnetic Field and Chemistry

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Europa Clipper Vault Plate Positioned

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NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Completes Main Body of the Spacecraft – NASA's Europa Clipper
But they’re also designed for smaller maneuvers to manage the attitude of the spacecraft and to fine tune the precision flybys of Europa and other solar system bodies along the way.”
Those big and small maneuvers will come into play a lot during the six-year, 1.8-billion-mile (2.9-billion-kilometer) journey to this ocean world, which Europa Clipper will begin investigating in earnest in 2031.
More About the Mission
Missions such as Europa Clipper contribute to the field of astrobiology, the interdisciplinary research on the variables and conditions of distant worlds that could harbor life as we know it. While Europa Clipper is not a life-detection mission, it will conduct detailed reconnaissance of Europa and investigate whether the icy moon, with its subsurface ocean, has the capability to support life. Understanding Europa’s habitability will help scientists better understand how life developed on Earth and the potential for finding life beyond our planet.
Managed by Caltech in Pasadena, California, JPL leads the development of the Europa Clipper mission in partnership with APL for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, executes program management of the Europa Clipper mission. 
News Media Contact
Gretchen McCartney
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-393-6215
gretchen.p.mccartney@jpl.nasa.gov 
Karen Fox / Alana Johnson
NASA Headquarters, Washington
301-286-6284 / 202-358-1501
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov
2022-081

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Members of the media put on “bunny suits” on April 11, 2024, to see Europa Clipper up close at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.

Media Get Close-Up of NASA's Jupiter-Bound Europa Clipper

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Europa Clipper - NASA Science
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Overview | The Team – NASA's Europa Clipper
Overview | The Team – NASA's Europa Clipper

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They're united by a lofty goal – to determine whether there are places below Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, that could support life. Europa Clipper's scientists and engineers include many stars in the field of planetary exploration. Some came from leading roles in the flyby of Pluto by NASA's New Horizons mission. Several have worked together for decades, exploring Europa and other icy moons with NASA's Cassini, Galileo, and Voyager missions.

Members of the Europa Clipper mission team pose for a group photo at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in November 2022. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

We have a rare and wonderful opportunity with this mission to investigate whether Europa could be an abode for life.

We're in the service of our colleagues, our scientific community, our country, and our fellow human beings. It's a responsibility we take very seriously.

- Curt Niebur, Europa Clipper Program Scientist, NASA Washington Headquarters

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) manages the Europa Clipper mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C. The Europa Clipper mission is being developed in partnership with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), Laurel, Maryland.
Team Members
Team Members
Mission Management
Project Manager: Jordan Evans, JPL
Project Scientist: Robert Pappalardo, JPL
Deputy Project Manager: Tim Larson, JPL
Assistant Project Manager: Tom Magner, APL
Deputy Project Scientist: Bonnie Buratti, JPL
Deputy Project Scientist: Haje Korth, APL
Program Scientist: Curt Niebur, NASA Headquarters (HQ)
Deputy Program Scientist: Amanda Nahm, NASA HQ
Program Executive: David Lavery, NASA HQ
Program Manager: Scott Bellamy, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Europa Clipper Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper
NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Europa Clipper Mission – NASA's Europa Clipper

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| July 23, 2021

NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Europa Clipper Mission

This illustration, updated in December 2020, depicts NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft. With an internal global ocean twice the size of Earth's oceans combined, Jupiter's moon Europa may have the potential to harbor life. The Europa Clipper orbiter will swoop around Jupiter on an elliptical path, dipping close to the moon on each flyby to collect data. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA has selected Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) of Hawthorne, California, to provide launch services for Earth’s first mission to conduct detailed investigations of Jupiter's moon Europa.
The Europa Clipper mission will launch in October 2024 on a Falcon Heavy rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The total contract award amount for launch services is approximately $178 million.
Europa Clipper will conduct a detailed survey of Europa and use a sophisticated suite of science instruments to investigate whether the icy moon has conditions suitable for life. Key mission objectives are to produce high-resolution images of Europa's surface, determine its composition, look for signs of recent or ongoing geological activity, measure the thickness of the moon’s icy shell, search for subsurface lakes, and determine the depth and salinity of Europa's ocean.
NASA’s Launch Services Program at Kennedy will manage the Europa Clipper launch service. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California leads the development of the Europa Clipper mission in partnership with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, executes program management of the Europa Clipper mission.
For more information about the Europa Clipper mission, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/europa

News Media Contacts
Monica Witt
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
monica.j.witt@nasa.gov