vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Finding Fires in Peru
Suomi NPP — VIIRS

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Amazon Deforestation
Applied Sciences
MODIS Rapid Response

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References & Resources

Mongabay (2017, January 17) ‘Out of control’ wildfires damage protected areas in northern Peru. Accessed February 9, 2017.
Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (2017, January 31) MAAP #53: Wildfire Hotspots in the Peruvian Amazon in 2016. Accessed February 9, 2017.
Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (2017, January 11) MAAP #52: Update: Fires Degrade 11 Protected Areas in Northern Peru. Accessed February 9, 2017.
NASA Earth Observation Data (2017) Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS).

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A New Tool for Tracking Amazon Fires
Following a notable increase in fire activity in August 2019 and a gradual rise in deforestation, scientists have been watching for signs of how 2020 might shape up. Several worrisome signs have emerged.

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Reflecting on a Tumultuous Amazon Fire Season
The reality of science, statistics, and satellites is that a deep understanding of the causes, effects, and severity of a fire season takes time.

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Uptick in Amazon Fire Activity in 2019
Satellites have detected an increase in fire activity early in the 2019 dry season in the southern Amazon.

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Global Fires
Fire is ubiquitous, both a tool and a destructive force. Like plants, fire grows and wanes in seasons. 

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Earth Matters
This diagram illustrates the different processes in the atmosphere that are driven by the heat of the Sun: warm air rising and cooling and then forming clouds, and wind changing due to changes in air temperature.
Let’s look at the process by which clouds form.
Clouds form when air cools and water vapor condenses. There are four ways that cause air to rise in our atmosphere, which is necessary to initiate the formation of a cloud.
1) Convection
This process starts when the Sun warms the surface of the Earth. The air right above the surface is warmer than the rest of the air and it starts to rise. If this portion or parcel of air rises enough to cool to the dew point, condensation occurs and a cloud forms. You see this most often on hot summer days when beautiful cumulus towers develop and grow.
Comparison Example: You may have experienced convection when you sat around a campfire, and felt the warmth of the heat coming from right above the fire.
2) Convergence
This process happens when air at the surface comes together or converges and leads to air moving up. These clouds are not puffy cumulus like those seen through convection.
3) Fronts
Weather fronts, like a strong cold front, pushes air upward quite drastically and can produce strong cumulonimbus clouds that can lead to severe weather conditions. Different types of fronts lead to different lifting depending on the conditions. Dry lines* can also produce quite an amount of lifting that can lead to severe weather out in the Southwest.
*Dry lines are similar to a cold or warm front, but instead of being a boundary separating different types of temperatures, it is a boundary separating dry air from moist air. They occur frequently in the Southwest United States (Texas and Oklahoma) when moist air from the Gulf of Mexico meets dry desert air from the Southwest.
4) Topography
Lifting (or the movement of air upward) can also be caused by slopes and mountains. You may have seen how an area that is mostly flat can experience some clouds always around the one area that has some slope. Scientists call this process orographic lifting, meaning the movement of air influenced by mountains in that region.
ASTER | Terra
How is the global Earth system changing?What causes these changes in the Earth system?How will the Earth system change in the future?How can Earth system science provide societal benefit?
Terra, the flagship Earth Observing Satellite, continues to be a leader in Earth science data, contributing to scientific research and applications worldwide, now with data capacity levels restored by a successful solid state recorder reboot.

NASA’s ASTER Sees Arizona’s Bighorn Fire Burn Scar From Space

Posted on July 1, 2020 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

NASA’s Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument imaged areas burned by the Bighorn Fire north of Tucson, Arizona, on June 29. Vegetation is shown in red and burned areas are shown in dark gray. It covers an area of 20 by 30 miles (33 by 48 kilometers). Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech› Larger view

From the vantage point of the Terra satellite, the instrument can detect the scarred land that the wildfire, burning north of Tucson, is leaving in its wake.

On the night of June 5, a lightning strike started the Bighorn Fire in the Santa Catalina Mountains north of Tucson, Arizona. Extremely dry vegetation and windy conditions caused the fire to spread quickly. By June 30, the multi-agency incident information system, InciWeb, reported that it had ballooned to more than 114,000 acres and that it was about 45% contained.
NASA’s Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument aboard the Terra satellite imaged some of the burned area on June 29. In this image, vegetation is shown in red and burned areas appear dark gray. It covers an area 20 by 30 miles (33 by 48 kilometers).
Efforts to contain the fire continue with 21 hand crews, 10 helicopters and dozens of fire engines deployed to the area. Smoke impacts to surrounding communities are being carefully monitored.
With its 14 spectral bands from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelength region and its high spatial resolution of about 50 to 300 feet (15 to 91 meters), ASTER images Earth to map and monitor the changing surface of our planet. It is one of five Earth-observing instruments launched Dec. 18, 1999, on Terra.
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Covina Farmers Market – Heritage Plaza
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	CLOSE	

 Fuel Modification History and Background The dry, sunny climate and variable terrain of Southern California combine to create an environment where wildfires are a part of the natural ecosystem and an almost year-round occurrence. This ecosystem fosters a diverse fire-adapted community of plants and animals. Although human caused wildfires far outnumber naturally occurring wildfires within Los Angeles County, both have the potential to create situations where structures in the Wildland Urban Interface can be at risk. All vegetation will burn, even though irrigation has created a deceptively lush landscape of ornamental plants.
Following the loss of lives and structures during the 1993 wildfire season, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors created the Wildfire Safety Panel to offer recommendations that would help reduce the threat to life and property in areas prone to wildfires. One of the recommendations was to follow the findings of the Wildland Urban lnterface Task Force and another was to enforce the provisions of the Bates Bill.
Fire in the Xingu River Basin
Morton, D. et al (2011, July 15) Mapping canopy damage from understory fires in the Amazon forests using annual time series of Landsat and MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115 (7), 1706-1720.
Morton, D. et al (2013, April 22) Understory Fire Frequency and the Fate of Burned Forests in Southern Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences, 368 (1619).
NASA (2013, June 7) Climate Conditions Determine Amazon Fire Risk. Accessed June 7, 2013.

Schwartzman, S. et al (2013, April 22) The natural and social history of the indigenous lands and protected areas corridor of the Xingu River basin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences, 368 (1619).

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A New Tool for Tracking Amazon Fires
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The Pathway to Fighting Wildfires Found with CCC | California Conservation Corps
“Thank goodness for like the captains and supervisors, they helped me understand more about the tools,” said Los Piños Corpsmember Kevon Martinez. “I now see how Pulaskis, hoes, and chain saws work to build fireline.”
Though it can be a steep learning curve, Corpsmembers are eager to pick up the language and develop their skills. They’re getting the hands-on field experience and working in the classroom, where they earn firefighting certifications. The combination of experience and credentials can lead Corpsmembers to meaningful careers in the fire service.
“I’m going to the CAL FIRE Santa Cruz Unit,” said Los Piños Corpsmember Victor Palomo. “I was lucky enough to get picked up within a year of joining the CCC.”
However, nothing is more motivating than protecting communities. It makes all the hard work and preparation worth it.

 

Tahoe Corpsmember Eduardo Hernandez listens intently to his radio while looking at the hand line his crew is cutting during a wildland fire crew readiness drill near Pilot Hill, CA. 

 

“It’s not that we want California to burn, but that’s what we’ve been training for,” said Tahoe Corpsmember Eduardo Hernandez. “That’s what brings meaning in my life, helping communities, protecting lives, natural resources, and property.”
Across the state, more than 450 Corpsmembers stand ready to respond to any wildfire, big or small. Last year, CCC fire crews were dispatched to 205 wildfire incidents There’s still time for other young adults to join in and help, as 18 to 25-year-olds can enroll in the CCC year-round. Military veterans up to age 29 are also eligible.
“You can do anything that you set your mind to,” Cecilia said. “We are a family. We’re all constantly changing and growing. We’re just trying to help each other. That’s really cool.”

 
 
 
 

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Forest Health | California Conservation Corps
The CCC operates two programs dedicated to forest health and resiliency.

 
 
 

FORESTRY CORPS

 

The CCC Forestry Corps was established in 2019 and is committed to help reduce overgrown and dying trees which can fuel large wildfires, as well as tree planting and tree felling.

 
 
 

TENT CAMPS

 

Tent Camps focus on removing overgrown and dead vegetation to reduce wildfire risk and build fire breaks to slow and stop the spread of devastating wildfires.

 
 
 
 
 
 

TRAINING

 

• Corpsmembers receive hands-on training in fuel management and fire fuel reduction
• Crews learn about forest resiliency, tree planting, tree felling, flora and fauna identification, and more!
• Earn certifications, including chain saw training, Feller 3, arborist training, and more!

 

REQUIREMENTS

 

• Must be willing to respond to emergencies and be on-assignment for lengthy periods of time
• Corpsmembers often camp near worksites in remote forest areas to better access project locations, up to eight days straight
• Must meet physical fitness standards to earn wildland firefighting certifications (only available in Forestry Corps)

 

BENEFITS

 

• Help protect California’s forests and fire prone communities
• Improve visitor experiences in national, state, and local parks
• Corpsmembers can be hired by private forestry companies, local cities and counties, CAL FIRE, U.S. Forest Service and more!

 
 

 
 

Watch Corpsmembers conduct Forest Health work in Kings Canyon National Park!

 

 
 
 
 
 

 

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Defensible Space | CAL FIRE
Consider relocating boats, RVs, vehicles, and other combustible items outside this zone.
 


 Zone 1: Keep it Lean, Clean and Green Within 30 feet	
 

Regularly clear dead or dry vegetation and create space between trees. During times of drought when watering is limited, pay special attention to clearing dead or dying material.  

Why? Removing dead plants and creating space between trees and shrubs creates a buffer for your property and reduces potential fuel for fire.   
What to do: 

Remove all dead plants, grass, and weeds.
Remove dead or dry leaves and pine needles.
Trim trees regularly to keep branches a minimum of 10 feet from other trees.

Create a separation between trees, shrubs, and items that could catch fire, such as patio furniture, wood piles, swing sets, etc.


 Zone 2: Reduce Potential Fuel Within 100 feet
 

Continue reducing potential fuel within 100 feet or the property line.

Why? 100 feet of defensible space is required by law. Public Resources Code (PRC) 4291
What to do: 

Cut or mow annual grass down to a maximum height of four inches.
Create horizontal space between shrubs and trees. (See diagram)
Create vertical space between grass, shrubs and trees. (See diagram)
Remove fallen leaves, needles, twigs, bark, cones, and small branches. However, they may be permitted to a depth of three inches.
Keep 10 feet of clearance around exposed wood piles, down to bare mineral soil, in all directions.
Clear areas around outbuildings and propane tanks. Keep 10 feet of clearance to bare mineral soil and no flammable vegetation for an additional 10 feet around their exterior.


 How to Space Trees and Shrubs
 


 Vertical Spacing
 

Maintain space between the lowest tree branches and the ground or shrubs. 

Remove all tree branches at least six feet from the ground.
Allow extra vertical space between shrubs and trees. Lack of vertical space can allow a fire to move from the ground to the brush to the treetops like a ladder. This leads to more intense fire closer to your home.
Keep at least three times the height of any shrubs between the shrubs and the lowest branches of trees.
Home Hardening | CAL FIRE
Remove vegetation and combustible materials directly below eaves.
Create a soffit eave (horizontal) or enclose eave (angled) using noncombustible material. Consult your local building official or licensed contractor for building codes in your area.
Inspect eaves for gaps around rafter roof tails and blocking. Plug or caulk gaps.


 Exterior Siding
 

Exterior siding that is combustible, has gaps, holes, or rot is vulnerable to both embers and flame.
How is siding vulnerable?

If ignited, combustible siding can provide a path for flames to penetrate through other vulnerable areas such as windows, under-eave areas, or vents. 
Siding ignition from nearby combustibles that are too close to the house.
Roof-to-wall areas where combustible siding is present.
Gaps or penetrations in the exterior covering that are larger than 1/8 of an inch.

What to do about siding

Plug or repair all gaps, holes, or rot in your exterior siding.
Consider replacing combustible siding with a noncombustible or ignition-resistant material option. Consult your local building official or licensed contractor for local building codes in wildland areas.
If a full replacement of your exterior covering is not possible then consider a partial replacement by using a noncombustible siding material for the bottom 2 feet from the ground and add metal flashing to protect the bottom edge sheathing.


 Windows
 

Remove combustibles and vegetation around windows and upgrade older vulnerable single-pane windows with ones designed for areas that experience wildland fire. 
How are windows vulnerable? 

Windows that are left open unattended.
Combustible framing material that, when ignited, glass breaks or falls out providing a path for embers or flames to enter your home.
Radiant heat which can cause windows to break even before fire reaches the house. Single-pane and large windows are particularly vulnerable.
Windows that face large vegetation areas or have vegetation directly underneath.
Vinyl windows that do not have an internal reinforcement bar in the horizontal or vertical separator member as they are prone to failure from radiant exposure due to deformation of the frame.

What to do about windows

Install or upgrade to double-pane tempered glass windows.
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Firewood Task Force
Our forests are threatened by nonnative insects and diseases. Many of these pests can be transported long distances on firewood. Once transported to new areas, these invasive species can become established and kill large numbers of trees and shrubs.

 Firewood Scout
Firewood Scout is a web-based map that will help you find firewood dealers near the location where you will be using firewood. The website offers information on invasive species of concern in California as well as a set of questions consumers can ask to help assure the wood being purchased is low-risk for insects and diseases.
(Note: you will be directed to an outside website, may take about 10-20 secs to load.)

 Buy It Where You Burn It?
Moving firewood can spread invasive species. Keeping firewood local keeps the pests and diseases in the wood local, rather than spreading them to locations.
Read more by visiting our 'Frequently Asked Questions' page.

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2019 California Firewood Task Force
Defensible Space | CAL FIRE
Maintain space between the lowest tree branches and the ground or shrubs. 

Remove all tree branches at least six feet from the ground.
Allow extra vertical space between shrubs and trees. Lack of vertical space can allow a fire to move from the ground to the brush to the treetops like a ladder. This leads to more intense fire closer to your home.
Keep at least three times the height of any shrubs between the shrubs and the lowest branches of trees.

Example: A 5-foot shrub is growing near a tree. 15 feet of clearance is needed between the top of the shrub and the lowest tree branch.


 Horizontal Spacing
 

How much space should you leave between trees or shrubs?               
Horizontal space depends on the slope of the land and the height of the shrubs or trees. Leave more space between vegetation on bigger slopes. Refer to the chart below to determine spacing distance.

 
Space between shrubs: 

Flat or mild slope (less than 20%): Two times the height of the shrub. 
Mild to moderate slope (20-40%): Four times the height of the shrub
Moderate to steep slope (greater than 40%): Six times the height of the shrub 

Space between trees: 

Flat or mild slope (less than 20%): 10 feet.
Mild to moderate slope (20-40%): 20 feet.
Moderate to steep slope (greater than 40%): 30 feet. 

Check Your Readiness

Use our self-assessment tool to see how prepared your property is for wildfire. 

Create Your Custom Plan

Make a personalized plan to prepare for wildfire. 

Wildfire Action Plan

Take an interactive look through our Wildfire Action Plan. 

 Tips for Clearing in Dry Condition

Mow before 10 a.m. and never on a hot or windy day. 
String trimmers are safer than lawnmowers for clearing vegetation. 
When watering less during times of drought, be sure to remove all dead or dying vegetation.

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