vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
The solar panels, designated SCARLET II (Solar Concentrator Arrays with Refractive Linear Element Technology) constitute one of the technology tests on the spacecraft. A cylindrical lens concentrates sunlight on a strip of GaInP2/GaAs/Ge photovoltaic cells and acts to protect the cells. Each solar array consists of four 160 cm x 113 cm panels. The array will furnish 2500 W at 100 volts at the beginning of the mission, and less as the spacecraft moves further from the Sun and as the solar cells age. Communications are via a high-gain antenna, three low-gain antennas, and a Ka-band antenna, all mounted on top of the spacecraft except one low gain antenna mounted on the bottom.

Propulsion is provided by a xenon ion engine mounted in the propulsion unit on the bottom of the frame. The 30 cm diameter engine consists of an ionization chamber into which xenon gas is injected. Electrons are emitted by a cathode traverse discharge tube and collide with the xenon gas, stripping off electrons and creating positive ions. The ions are accelerated through a 1280 volt grid at to 31.5 km/sec and ejected from the spacecraft as an ion beam, producing 0.09 Newtons (0.02 pounds) of thrust at maximum power (2300 W) and 0.02 N at the minimum operational power of 500 W. The excess electrons are collected and injected into the ion beam to neutralize the electric charge. Of the 81.5 kg of xenon, approximately 17 kg were consumed during the primary mission.

Other technologies which will be tested on this mission include a solar concentrator array, autonomous navigation plus two other autonomy experiments, small transponder, Ka-band solid state power amplifier, and experiments in low power electronics, power switching, and multifunctional structures (in which electronics, cabling, and thermal control are integrated into a load bearing element).

Mission Profile
Planetary Exploration Test Facilities | Glenn Research Center | NASA
The TRaction and Excavation Capabilities (TREC) Rig is a single wheel dynamometer used to determine the tractive performance of various wheel and tire designs in simulated lunar and Mars soils. The TREC Rig offers independent motion control of the carriage and the tire such that forced slip conditions ranging from 0 to 90% can be achieved. The vertical tire load is adjustable from approximately 90 N to 900 N, including off-loading capability. The linear speed is also adjustable with a maximum rate of 6 cm/s. Tires up to 95 cm in diameter can be tested in the rig’s current configuration.
An in-hub mounted 6-axis load cell captures the drive force and the ground force such that a net traction versus slip curve can be generated. Forces up to 900 N and torques up to 230 Nm can be applied and measured at the wheel. In addition, a laser displacement sensor is used to measure and record the tire sinkage with time.
The MSL Curiosity Wheel is tested for traction on the TREC Rig in GRC-3
The TREC rig features two available simulants contained in adjacent soil tanks that are 3m x 2m x 0.75m in depth. One tank contains GRC-3, a custom silty-sand lunar soil simulant consisting of semi-angular silica particles and Bonnie silt to provide added strength for ISRU considerations such as excavation.  It can be prepared to a wide range of densities.  The other tank contains a commercial sand identified as #90:  a poorly graded silica sand designed to represent the aeolian regions of the Martian terrain.
A semi-automated rake and screed method is used to prepare the simulants to repeatable conditions. Similar to SLOPE, the simulant in the TREC soil tanks can be removed and replaced with alternate granular media upon request.
In addition to single wheel tractive performance, the dynamic and static net traction of a tire or wheel over bedrock can be obtained using the TREC rig.
Excavation Lab
Excavation Lab at NASA Glenn Research Center houses the Advanced Planetary Excavator (APEX) and soil bins inside a dust enclosure.
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Team Assessing SHERLOC Instrument on NASA’s Perseverance Rover
However, imaging microscopy can still be acquired with WATSON, a color camera on SHERLOC used for taking close-up images of rock grains and surface textures. WATSON (Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering) operates through a different aperture.Get the Latest JPL News 
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 SHERLOC is part of a seven-instrument suite on Perseverance. During development of the mission, the team designed the instrument suite such that the rover could still achieve its science objectives should any single instrument fail, as there is some overlap among the capabilities of the instruments. Along with SHERLOC, PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry) and SuperCam also perform spectroscopy.Currently making its way to explore an area nicknamed “Beehive Geyser,” the rover marked its 1,000th Martian day, or sol, on the Red Planet on Dec. 12, 2023 – more than 300 sols beyond its initial prime mission. Since the rover’s landing Feb. 18, 2021, SHERLOC has scanned and provided rich data on 34 rock targets, creating a total of 261 hyperspectral maps of those targets. Featuring a radioisotope power system, Perseverance’s design is based on the agency’s Curiosity Mars rover, which is still going strong after more than 11 years (4,000 sols) on the Red Planet.More About the MissionA key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life.
Team Assessing SHERLOC Instrument on NASA’s Perseverance Rover - NASA
To better understand the issue with the mechanism and move the ACI cover to a fully open position, the engineering team has tried different actions to move the cover, including heating, increasing drive torque, commanding a rocking motion, and even commanding the rover’s drill to perform its percussive action in free space (not against a rock). The cumulative effects of these actions resulted in the cover moving substantially toward the fully open position.
While the team has concluded that the cover and autofocus mechanism will not return to being fully operational, they continue to work on opening the cover even further and on focusing the optics in a fixed position. The same mechanism that moves the cover also controls the focus of the ACI. The team is also working to identify modes to operate SHERLOC’s laser and collect Raman spectroscopy data with the cover in the permanently open position.
Engineers are working to stabilize a dust cover on one of the science instrument’s cameras.
Data and imagery from NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover indicate one of two covers that keep dust from accumulating on the optics of the SHERLOC instrument remains partially open. In this position, the cover interferes with science data collection operations. Mounted on the rover’s robotic arm, SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals) uses cameras, a spectrometer, and a laser to search for organic compounds and minerals that have been altered in watery environments and may be signs of past microbial life.
The mission determined on Jan. 6 that the cover was oriented in such a position that some of its operation modes could not successfully operate. An engineering team has been investigating to determine the root cause and possible solutions. Recently, the cover partially opened. To better understand the behavior of the cover’s motor, the team has been sending commands to the instrument that alter the amount of power being fed to it.
With the cover in its current position, the instrument cannot use its laser on rock targets, and cannot collect spectroscopy data. However, imaging microscopy can still be acquired with WATSON, a color camera on SHERLOC used for taking close-up images of rock grains and surface textures.
Team Assessing SHERLOC Instrument on NASA’s Perseverance Rover - NASA
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NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
This dual spin attitude control system accommodates instruments which require stable, accurate pointing (the imaging instruments) and those which benefit from repetitive, broad-angular coverage (the various particles and fields instruments). The length of the spacecraft is 9 m and, with the high-gain antenna (HGA) deployed, is 4.6 m in diameter.

Power is provided to the spacecraft through the use of two radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs), each of which is located at the end of a short boom. The magnetometer sensors and plasma wave antenna are located on yet another boom, 10.9 m in length.

Although it was intended that communications with the Deep Space Network (DSN) would be primarily through the HGA (which would remain pointing toward the Earth at all times), thermal constraints forced the use of the two low-gain antennas prior to the first Earth flyby. HGA deployment was planned thereafter, but at least three of the HGA "ribs" were unable to be moved much beyond their launch configurations, thereby jeopardizing the total science return of the mission. Several attempts have been made to deploy the antenna through a variety of techniques.

The orbiter was intentionally targeted to impact Jupiter to eliminate any chance of contaminating Europa or other jovian satelllites. Atmospheric entry took place at 18:57 UT on 21 September 2003 approximately 1/4 degree south of the equator, ending the mission.
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
The goal of Saffire is to learn how fire works in space to ensure a safe environment for astronauts. topsalinity - Salinity is a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given liquid. topsample - A sample is a specimen, or small part of something that is intended to show the quality, style, or nature of the whole. topsample return capsule - A sample return capsule, or SRC, is a spacecraft whose goal is to collect and return samples from an extraterrestrial location to Earth for analysis. ISIRIS-REx is tasked with carrying samples of the asteroid Bennu back to Earth and protecting it during a high-speed entry into Earth's atmosphere. topsand - Sand is rock material that has been eroded into small grains. topsatellite - A satellite is an artificial or natural body that revolves around another celestial body that is greater in mass. topsatellite data - Satellite data is data collected by a human-produced machine that is launched into space. Satellites contain cameras and sensors that gather information on clouds, oceans, land, ice; measure the amount of ozone and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the amount of energy absorbed and emitted by Earth; and monitor wildfires and volcanoes. topsaturated solution - A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. topscale - Scale is the ratio of the length in a drawing, or model, to the length of the real object. If you scale an object, you size or measure it proportionately. topscale factor - Scale factor is the ratio of any two corresponding lengths in two similar geometric figures. topscience - Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and physical world using a systematic approach. Scientific knowledge is based on evidence arrived at through observation and repeated experimentation. topscientific protocol - Scientific protocol is the exact set of procedures to be followed in scientific research to make sure that collected data can be compared. topscientists - Scientists use systematic methods to study the world around them. They use an organized approach to observe and study the world. They ask questions, look for patterns, and try to find general rules for the natural world.
Why web components | California Design System
It uses a custom element tag associated with a JavaScript class.Web component advantagesWeb components work anywhereAll framework support web components. You get this component model with its API built into all browsers. If you still need to support Internet Explorer, a polyfill is available. We use the @webcomponents/webcomponentsjs polyfill on covid19.ca.gov.Web components help ensure longevity of codePreferred web stacks evolve. Many mature organizations maintain applications written in a variety of frameworks. Each rewrite or launch is an opportunity to update codebases to the âmodern approach,â but that changes over time.Web components allow us to take our frontend widgetsÂ off this cycleÂ of getting rebuilt in the newest framework flavor. Standardized features are built into all browsers. This means theyâre supported forever. We are not subject to breaking changes in new versions of frameworks. We also do not worry about developers who prefer to write widgets that only work with a specific underlying technology.Easier component managementPublishing each component individually lets us take advantage of separate versioning. Site owners can get dependabotÂ notifications when there are updates to each npm package. This comes with associated semver compliant version numbers and published changelogs. Site owners can decide if they want to upgrade or ignore the change on their own timeline. Owners can add, upgrade, or remove componentsmore easily than if its code was part of the whole site. We learn a lot from other modular design systems like:The U.S. Web Design SystemOther systems also built with web components, like Adobeâs SpectrumSystems with fantastic documentation for new contributors, likeÂ ClarityComponents encapsulate codeThe code for each widget is within the custom element class. Our component patterns with local variables protect us from accidentally influencing global variables. The custom element API provides a clear interface for interacting with the rest of the application. It receives events responding to instantiation, removal, and attribute updates.When we use web componentsWe only need web components when we need JavaScript. We do not always need JavaScript.
Team Assessing SHERLOC Instrument on NASA’s Perseverance Rover - NASA
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