vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Webb Cracks Case of Inflated Exoplanet - NASA Science
Two independent teams of researchers have an answer.Data collected using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, combined with prior observations from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, show surprisingly little methane (CH4) in the planet’s atmosphere, indicating that the interior of WASP-107 b must be significantly hotter and the core much more massive than previously estimated.The unexpectedly high temperature is thought to be a result of tidal heating caused by the planet’s slightly non-circular orbit, and can explain how WASP-107 b can be so inflated without resorting to extreme theories of how it formed.The results, which were made possible by Webb’s extraordinary sensitivity and accompanying ability to measure light passing through exoplanet atmospheres, may explain the puffiness of dozens of low-density exoplanets, helping solve a long-standing mystery in exoplanet science.Image: Warm Gas-Giant Exoplanet WASP-107 b (Artist’s Concept)This artist’s concept shows what the warm Neptune exoplanet WASP-107 b could look like based on recent data gathered by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope along with previous observations from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories. Observations captured by Hubble’s WFC3 (Wide Field Camera 3), Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera), Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph), and Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) suggest that the planet has a relatively large core surrounded by a relatively small mass of hydrogen and helium gas, which has been inflated due to tidal heating of the interior. NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralf Crawford (STScI)The Problem with WASP-107 bAt more than three-quarters the volume of Jupiter but less than one-tenth the mass, the “warm Neptune” exoplanet WASP-107 b is one of the least dense planets known. While puffy planets are not uncommon, most are hotter and more massive, and therefore easier to explain.“Based on its radius, mass, age, and assumed internal temperature, we thought WASP-107 b had a very small, rocky core surrounded by a huge mass of hydrogen and helium,” explained Luis Welbanks from Arizona State University (ASU), lead author on a paper published today in Nature.
Kuiper Belt - NASA Science
One explanation is that an unseen planet’s gravity is pulling dust and gas into the planet’s inclined orbit.Read MoreThis illustration is based on Hubble Space Telescope images of gas-and-dust disks around the young star TW Hydrae. NASA, AURA/STScI for ESA, Leah Hustak (STScI)Featured StoryNASA’s New Horizons to Continue Exploring Outer Solar SystemNASA has announced an updated plan to continue New Horizons’ mission of exploration of the outer solar system.  Beginning in…Read the StoryKuiper Belt14 ImagesGo To GalleryGo To GalleryNews From NASANews Release4 min readNASA Launches Small Climate Satellite to Study Earth’s PolesArticle1 min readNASA TACP Team Visits with UCF Students, Faculty1 min readHiCAM 2024 Spring ReviewImage Article4 min readNASA Engages in Artemis Accords Workshop to Advance ExplorationNews Release4 min readJennifer Scott Williams: Leading the Next Giant Leap in Space Exploration and Championing STEM AdvocacyArticle1 day agoLearn moreFor Kids: About the Kuiper BeltJust outside of Neptune’s orbit is a ring of icy bodies. We call it the Kuiper Belt. It’s pronounced "ky-purr."Keep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAOort CloudPlutoSkywatchingAsteroids, Comets & MeteorsReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:7 months agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Astronaut Exercise - NASA
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Where Does Interstellar Space Begin? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Where Does Interstellar Space Begin? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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Where Does Interstellar Space Begin?

The Short Answer:

	Scientists define the beginning of interstellar space as the place where the Sun’s constant flow of material and magnetic field stop affecting its surroundings. This place is called the heliopause.
	

What is interstellar space?

At first glance, the answer seems simple. ‘Inter’ means between. ‘Stellar’ refers to stars. “Easy!” you think, “Interstellar space is the part of space that exists between stars.”
Not so fast! Wouldn’t that pretty much mean that all of space is interstellar space? 
For interstellar space to be something different, then there must be some defined boundary between the space near a star and the space in between stars. But what is that boundary?
Look to the solar wind!

The solar wind pushes against the particles of interstellar space.

Scientists define the beginning of interstellar space as the place where the Sun’s constant flow of material and magnetic field stop affecting its surroundings. This place is called the heliopause. It marks the end of a region created by our Sun that is called the heliosphere. 
The Sun creates this heliosphere by sending a constant flow of particles and a magnetic field out into space at over 670,000 miles per hour. This stream is called the ‘solar wind.’ 
Like Earth wind, this wind pushes against the stuff around it. What it pushes against are particles from other stars. —pretty much anything that doesn’t come from our own solar system.
How would we know when we’ve arrived in interstellar space?
When it comes to the Sun it’s all about detecting the concentration and temperature of the particles around you.
Inside the heliosphere, the solar particles are hot but less concentrated. Outside of the bubble, they are very much colder but more concentrated.
Astrobiology - NASA Science
Does life exist elsewhere in the Universe? How do we search for life in the Universe? Over the past 50 years, astrobiologists have uncovered myriad clues to answering these Big Questions.Read MoreEuropaThe Search for Life in the UniverseHow did life begin on Earth? Does life exist beyond our home planet? How do we search for it? These are the really tough questions astrobiologists want to answer by studying life as we know it.astrobiologyJoin the Search for LifeWant to help answer some of humanity's biggest questions? Our graphic novel,"Becoming an Astrobiologist" is your step-by-step guide! Download this comic-book-style guide to explore different paths for contributing to NASA's search for life, from what to study in school to career tracks.
Imagine the Universe!
Einstein, Albert (1879 - 1955)
German-American physicist; developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity which along with Quantum Mechanics is the foundation of modern physics.

 Show me a picture of Albert Einstein!

Einstein Observatory
The first fully imaging x-ray telescope in space, launched by NASA in 1978. Originally named "HEAO-2" (High Energy Astrophysics Observatory 2), it was renamed for Albert Einstein upon launch. Also see HEAO.

 Tell me more about HEAO-2 (Einstein Observatory).

ejecta
Material that is ejected. Used mostly to describe the content of a massive star that is propelled outward in a supernova explosion. Also used to describe the material that is blown radially outward in a meteor impact on the surface of a planet or moon.

electromagnetic spectrum
The full range of frequencies, from radio waves to gamma rays, that characterizes light.

 Introduce me to the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Tell me more about the electromagnetic spectrum.

electromagnetic waves (radiation)
Another term for light. Light waves are fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields in space.
electron
A negatively charged particle commonly found in the outer layers of atoms. The electron has only 0.0005 the mass of the proton.
electron volt
The change of potential energy experienced by an electron moving from a place where the potential has a value of V to a place where it has a value of (V+1 volt). This is a convenient energy unit when dealing with the motions of electrons and ions in electric fields; the unit is also the one used to describe the energy of X-rays and gamma rays. A keV (or kiloelectron volt) is equal to 1000 electron volts. An MeV is equal to one million electron volts. A GeV is equal to one billion (109) electron volts. A TeV is equal to a million million (1012) electron volts.
elements
The fundamental kinds of atoms that make up the building blocks of matter, which are each shown on the periodic table of the elements. The most abundant elements in the universe are hydrogen and helium.
Goddard Space Flight Center - NASA
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All stars and exoplanets have designations, but very few have proper names.The first part of an exoplanet name is usually the telescope or survey that discovered it. The number is the order in which the star was cataloged by position. The lowercase letter stands for the planet, in the order in which the planet was found. The first planet found is always named b, with ensuing planets named c, d, e, f and so on. The star that the exoplanet orbits is usually the undeclared "A" of the system, which can be useful if the system contains many stars, which themselves may be designated B or C. (Stars get capital letters; planets receive lowercase designations.) If a bunch of exoplanets around the same star are found at once, the planet closest to its star is named b with more distant planets named c, d, e and so on.An example of an exoplanet name is Kepler-16b, where "Kepler" is the name of the telescope that observed the system, 16 is the order in which the star was cataloged and "b" is the closest planet to the star.
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Why Is the Sky Blue? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Why Is the Sky Blue? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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misr

Why Is the Sky Blue?

The Short Answer:

 Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered more than the other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time.
 

Click above to watch this video about why the sky is blue! Voiceover provided by NASA scientist Dr. Moogega Stricker. Click here to download this video (1920x1080, 87 MB, video/mp4).

It's easy to see that the sky is blue. Have you ever wondered why?
A lot of other smart people have, too. And it took a long time to figure it out!

The light from the Sun looks white. But it is really made up of all the colors of the rainbow. 

When white light shines through a prism, the light is separated into all its colors. A prism is a specially shaped crystal.
If you visited The Land of the Magic Windows, you learned that the light you see is just one tiny bit of all the kinds of light energy beaming around the universe--and around you!
Like energy passing through the ocean, light energy travels in waves, too. Some light travels in short, "choppy" waves. Other light travels in long, lazy waves. Blue light waves are shorter than red light waves.

All light travels in a straight line unless something gets in the way and does one of these things:—

 reflect it (like a mirror)

 bend it (like a prism)

or scatter it (like molecules of the gases in the atmosphere)

Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered in all directions by the tiny molecules of air in Earth's atmosphere.
Imagine the Universe!
Imagine the Universe!

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Profile: Dr. Jean Cottam

What is Jean's big question?

What is this image?

Biography
Jean was born in Fort Belvoir, Virginia, but by the time she started school, her family had moved to Manhattan. She attended an all-girls school there, and it was her 8th grade physical science teacher who first piqued her interest in physics. Now this was not your average physics class. They talked about things like how many edges a six-dimensional solid might have, and they plotted saturation for colors like light blue, and they played with static electricity. Jean loved it.
So after high school, she set off for Harvard to work on an undergraduate degree in physics. But Jean hated it. Classes were too difficult and she had taken too many. When she graduated, she swore she would never go back to physics. So Jean applied to study philosophy in graduate school -- unsuccessfully.
Plan B: Jean had to step back and adjust her career strategy. She knew she loved teaching, so she began with what she knew best: physics and math. But in a surprising turn, after a couple of years of teaching Jean realized that going back to school to study physics would help her become the best teacher she could be. Columbia University welcomed her. It was hard work, but once again physics was fascinating and fun.
The New Physicist

Reflection Grating Spectrometer for XMM

In a short time, her interest in teaching physics started to take a back seat to physics research.