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Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
The lander, formally named the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and the rover, named Sojourner, both outlive their design lives -- the lander by nearly three times and the rover by 12 times.
› visit website for more info

DECEMBER 8, 1995First Jupiter OrbiterGalileo

After a five-year voyage, the Galileo spacecraft arrives at Jupiter.
Galileo is the first spacecraft to directly measure Jupiter's atmosphere with a descent probe, and conducts long-term observations of the Jovian system. After discoveries including evidence for the existence of a saltwater ocean beneath the Jovian moon Europa's icy surface, extensive volcanic processes on the moon Io and a magnetic field generated by the moon Ganymede, Galileo plunges into Jupiter's atmosphere on September 21, 2003 to prevent an unwanted impact with Europa.
› visit website for more info

MAY 25, 1993First Mission to Use 'Aerobraking' and Crash Intentionally Into a PlanetMagellan

Magellan, a spacecraft with a sophisticated imaging radar that eventually makes the most highly detailed maps of Venus ever captured, is the first spacecraft to test a new maneuvering technique that uses the planet's atmosphere to slow or steer a spacecraft. This technique, known as aerobraking, makes the orbit around Venus more circular so Magellan can collect better gravity data. Flight controllers first attempt the maneuver on May 25, 1993 (after the mission's fourth mapping cycle of Venus) and dip Magellan into Venus's atmosphere on each orbit until Aug. 3, 1993. On Oct. 12, 1994, Magellan also becomes the first spacecraft intentionally crashed into a planet. Flight controllers chose this trajectory so that Magellan could gather valuable data on Venus's atmosphere.
› visit website for more info

OCTOBER 29, 1991First Asteroid FlybyGalileo

While its ultimate destination is Jupiter and its mysterious moons, the Galileo mission also becomes notable for discoveries during its journey to the gas giant. It is the first spacecraft to visit an asteroid, called Gaspra. Galileo also provides the only close observations of a comet colliding with a planet when it witnesses fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact Jupiter. And its flight past Venus in 1990 yields fascinating infrared images of the planet's clouds.
Juno - Jupiter Missions - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Juno - Jupiter Missions - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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 Mission to Jupiter
 
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 The Juno spacecraft, which entered orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016, is the first explorer to peer below the planet's dense clouds to answer questions about the gas giant itself and the origins of our solar system. Now in an extended mission phase, the agency’s most distant planetary orbiter continues its investigation.
 
 Visit Mission Website
 Mission Statistics Time in Orbit Loading… 
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 Launch Date Aug. 5, 2011 Type
 Orbiter
 Target
 Jupiter
 Status
 Current
 About the mission On August 5, 2011, NASA’s Juno spacecraft embarked on a 5-year journey to Jupiter, our solar system's largest planet. Juno arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, after a five-year, 1,740-million-mile journey, and settled into a 53-day polar orbit stretching from just above Jupiter’s cloud tops to the outer reaches of the Jovian magnetosphere.During the prime mission’s 35 orbits of Jupiter, Juno collected more than three terabits of science data and provided dazzling views of Jupiter and its satellites, all processed by citizen scientists with NASA’s first-ever camera dedicated to public outreach. Juno’s many discoveries have changed our view of Jupiter’s atmosphere and interior, revealing an atmospheric weather layer that extends far beyond its water clouds and a deep interior with a dilute heavy element core. Near the end of the prime mission, as the spacecraft’s orbit evolved, flybys of the moon Ganymede initiated Juno’s transition into a full Jovian system explorer.Now in its extended mission, Juno will continue its investigation of the solar system’s largest planet through September 2025, or until the spacecraft’s end of life.
Juno - Jupiter Missions - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Juno’s many discoveries have changed our view of Jupiter’s atmosphere and interior, revealing an atmospheric weather layer that extends far beyond its water clouds and a deep interior with a dilute heavy element core. Near the end of the prime mission, as the spacecraft’s orbit evolved, flybys of the moon Ganymede initiated Juno’s transition into a full Jovian system explorer.Now in its extended mission, Juno will continue its investigation of the solar system’s largest planet through September 2025, or until the spacecraft’s end of life. This extension tasks Juno with becoming an explorer of the full Jovian system – Jupiter and its rings and moons – with additional rendezvous planned for two of Jupiter’s most intriguing moons: Europa and Io. 
 Instruments
 
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 Waves
 
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 Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM)
 
 JunoCam
 
 Stellar Reference Unit (SRU)
 
 Mission Highlights
 
 Aug. 5, 2011
 
 Launch
 Juno launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. 
 August-September 2012
 
 Deep Space Maneuevers
 The spacecraft performed deep space maneuvers during August-September 2012. 
 Oct. 1, 2013
 
 Earth Flyby Gravity Assist
 Juno performed an Earth flyby with gravity assist during the month of October, 2013. 
 July 4, 2016
 
 Jupiter Arrival and Orbit Insertion
 The spacecraft arrived at Jupiter and performed its orbit insertion on this date. 
 Aug. 1, 2021
 
 Extended Mission
 Now in an extended mission phase, the agency’s most distant planetary orbiter continues its investigation of the solar system’s largest planet. 
 September 2025
 
 End of Mission
 Juno’s investigation of Jupiter will continue through September 2025, or until the spacecraft’s end of life. Learn more 
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 Interactive 3D model of Juno. View the full interactive experience at Eyes on the Solar System. 
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NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details

Saturday, 25 May 2024

Galileo OrbiterNSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1989-084BDescriptionThe Galileo mission consists of two spacecraft: an orbiter and an atmospheric probe. The orbiter will be the sixth spacecraft to explore the Jovian magnetosphere, but the first to be placed into orbit around the giant planet. Scientific objectives addressed by the orbiter are to: (1) investigate the circulation and dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere; (2) investigate the upper Jovian atmosphere and ionosphere; (3) characterize the morphology, geology, and physical state of the Galilean satellites; (4) investigate the composition and distribution of surface minerals on the Galilean satellites; (5) determine the gravitational and magnetic fields and dynamic properties of the Galilean satellites; (6) study the atmospheres, ionospheres, and extended gas clouds of the Galilean satellites; (7) study the interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere with the Galilean satellites; and, (8) characterize the vector magnetic field and the energy spectra, composition, and angular distribution of energetic particles and plasma to a distance of 150 Rj.

The structure of the orbiter is divided into two sections. The main body of the spacecraft, comprised of the electronics bays, propellant system, RTG and science booms, and high-gain antenna, rotates at rates of 3.25 or 10.5 rpm. The despun section, aft of the main body, uses an electric motor to drive it counter to the rotation of the main section. This dual spin attitude control system accommodates instruments which require stable, accurate pointing (the imaging instruments) and those which benefit from repetitive, broad-angular coverage (the various particles and fields instruments). The length of the spacecraft is 9 m and, with the high-gain antenna (HGA) deployed, is 4.6 m in diameter.

Power is provided to the spacecraft through the use of two radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs), each of which is located at the end of a short boom. The magnetometer sensors and plasma wave antenna are located on yet another boom, 10.9 m in length.
Juno - Jupiter Missions - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Now in an extended mission phase, the agency’s most distant planetary orbiter continues its investigation of the solar system’s largest planet. 
 September 2025
 
 End of Mission
 Juno’s investigation of Jupiter will continue through September 2025, or until the spacecraft’s end of life. Learn more 
 Juno
 Interactive 3D model of Juno. View the full interactive experience at Eyes on the Solar System. 
 More about Solar System
 
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 NASA’s Europa Clipper Makes Cross-Country Flight to Florida
 
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 NASA’s Juno Provides High-Definition Views of Europa’s Icy Shell
 
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 A JunoCam View of Europa
 
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 Europa Seen Up Close by Juno's SRU
 
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 CADRE Rovers Explore the Moon Together (Artist's Concept)
 
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 NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars
 
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
Grace also lays the groundwork for NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, which maps the moon’s gravitational field.
› visit website for more info

FEBRUARY 11, 2000First Topographic Map of Earth From SpaceShuttle Radar Topography

During an 11-day journey aboard the space shuttle Endeavour, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission sweeps Earth's surface with a specialized radar to capture the first detailed topographic maps of the planet from space. The digital images are later refined and combined to create the first-ever digital elevation map of Earth. Diverse industries benefit from the data, which offer a much more accurate and standardized view of Earth than anything before it.
› visit website for more info

OCTOBER 24, 1998First Ion Engine on Planetary SpacecraftDeep Space 1

Deep Space 1 is launched as a technology demonstration under NASA's New Millennium program designed to flight-test new technologies. It is the first interplanetary spacecraft to use ion propulsion, gently thrusting as it flies toward its flyby target, the asteroid 9969 Braille. In an extended mission, Deep Space 1 flies by the comet Borrelly.
› visit website for more info

JULY 4, 1997First Planetary RoverMars Pathfinder

Mars Pathfinder lands on the surface of Mars, carrying the first rover to another planet. The Mars Pathfinder mission, designed to demonstrate a low-cost method for delivering a set of science instruments to the Red Planet, is the first wheeled vehicle to be used on any other planet in the solar system and serves as the foundation for the Mars rovers of today. The mission is also notable as the first to use airbags to land on another planet. The lander, formally named the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and the rover, named Sojourner, both outlive their design lives -- the lander by nearly three times and the rover by 12 times.
› visit website for more info

DECEMBER 8, 1995First Jupiter OrbiterGalileo

After a five-year voyage, the Galileo spacecraft arrives at Jupiter.
Galileo is the first spacecraft to directly measure Jupiter's atmosphere with a descent probe, and conducts long-term observations of the Jovian system.