vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Discovery Alert: Webb Maps and Finds Traces of Water in an Ultra-hot Gas Giant's Atmosphere - NASA Science
Discovery Alert: Webb Maps and Finds Traces of Water in an Ultra-hot Gas Giant's Atmosphere - NASA Science

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Mission to Mars Student Challenge - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Read about and compare the rovers NASA has sent to Mars, from Sojourner to Perseverance.

 Technology |
 
 3-6 |
 
 30-60 mins 

 Student Article 

 Why Do We Care About Water on Mars? 
Using images of Mars, read about how NASA begin its search for water on the red planet.

 Technology |
 
 3-6 |
 
 30-60 mins 

 Student Article 

 All About Mars 
Learn about Mars history and the missions NASA has sent in this interactive article.

 Science |
 
 3-6 |
 
 30-60 mins 

 Student Project 

 Explore Earth and Space With Art 
Find out how art and science are connected. Then take a quiz to see if you can use elements of art to identify features on Earth’s surface. *Now, extend your skills with our newly added Mars quiz!

 Science |
 
 4-12 |
 
 Less than 30 mins 

 Educator Guide 

 Modeling Silicates and the Chemistry of Earth's Crust 
Students will use marshmallows to model the formation of silicates – the family of minerals that make up most of Earth’s crust – then analyze their chemical and physical properties.

 Science |
 
 9-12 |
 
 1-2 hrs 

 Lessons and activities are aligned to NGSS and Common Core Math standards. These assignments can be done in any order and in part or in full as schedules allow.
 

Plan Your Mission

Mission This Week

 Now that we have some knowledge about our destination, it’s time to plan our mission to Mars. We need to plan for a long trip, determine which power source we’ll use, select science instruments that will help us accomplish our goals, make sure everything will fit on the rocket, and stay under budget! Here’s Elizabeth Cordoba, a payload systems engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with some expert advice about how NASA plans missions to Mars.
 
Tips This Week

 Planning a mission involves deciding what science you'll do when you get there, balancing budgets, and choosing the best technology and power systems for your spacecraft.
Humans to Mars - NASA
Engineers and scientists around the country are working to develop the technologies astronauts will use to one day live and work on Mars and safely return home to Earth.

Quick Facts

Periodic dust storms on Mars can last for months, making nuclear fission power a more reliable option than solar power. 

 

Temperatures on Mars can range from -284 degrees F to 86 degrees F. The atmosphere on Mars is 96% carbon dioxide.

 

One day on Mars lasts about 37 minutes longer than an Earth day. A year on Mars is almost twice as long as a year on Earth.

 

Gravity on Mars is about one-third of the gravity on Earth. If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 38 pounds on Mars.

 

Mars has two moons: Phobos and Deimos. Phobos is 13.8 miles across, and Deimos is 7.8 miles across.

 

MARS
Getting There and Back
When astronauts travel to Mars and back, their vehicle will return home with more than a billion miles on its odometer — more than a thousand times the distance that Artemis I traveled. 

Learn More

Example roundtrip mission to Mars in 2039.NASA 

 

	Living and Working on Mars	

 

Oxygen

The Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, or MOXIE, is helping NASA prepare for human exploration of Mars by demonstrating the technology to produce oxygen from the Martian atmosphere for burning fuel and breathing.

 

Food

Astronauts on a roundtrip mission to Mars will not have the resupply missions to deliver fresh food. NASA is researching food systems to ensure quality, variety, and nutritional values for these long missions. Plant growth on the International Space Station is helping to inform in-space crop management as well. 

 

Water

NASA is developing life support systems that can regenerate or recycle consumables such as food, air, and water and is testing them on the International Space Station.

 

Power

Like we use electricity to charge our devices on Earth, astronauts will need a reliable power supply to explore Mars. The system will need to be lightweight and capable of running regardless of its location or the weather on the Red Planet. NASA is investigating options for power systems, including fission surface power. 

 

Spacesuits
Teachable Moments – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Mars in a Minute: Are There Quakes on Mars?
Student Activity
Type Video
Tag Mars

Mars in a Minute: How Did Mars Get Such Enormous Mountains?
Student Activity
Type Video
Tag Mars

May 18, 2018
NASA Mission Gets the View on Earth’s Water Resources from Space
Explore the water cycle and its effects on communities through the lens of a NASA satellite designed to track the movement of water around the globe.

Read the blog

Explore Lessons and Activities

Tracking Water With NASA Satellite Data
Subject Math
Grades 4-8
Time 1-2 hrs

Water Lessons
Subject Varies
Grades K-12
Time Varies

How to Read a Heat Map
Subject Science
Grades 4-12
Time 30 mins - 1 hr

April 24, 2018
NASA InSight Lander to Get First Look at ‘Heart’ of Mars
Learn what it takes to travel to Mars and get students engaged with lessons in calculating trajectories, plus building and launching rockets.

Read the blog

Explore Lessons and Activities

Let's Go to Mars: Calculating Launch Windows
Subject Math
Grades 9-12
Time 30 mins - 1 hr

Quake Quandary
Subject Math
Grades 11-12
Time < 30 mins

Mission to Mars Unit
Subject Varies
Grades 3-8
Time Varies

Stomp Rockets
Subject Math
Grades 4-9
Time 1-2 hrs

March 9, 2018
Pi Goes the Distance at NASA
Find out how pi is used at NASA to size up worlds beyond our solar system, look inside Jupiter, pinpoint “marsquakes” and more.

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Pi in the Sky 5
Subject Math
Grades 6-12
Time 30 mins - 1 hr

Pi in the Sky Lessons
Subject Math
Grades 4-12
Time Varies

18 Ways NASA Uses Pi
Student Activity
Type List
Subject Pi

Pi in the Sky Challenge
Student Activity
Type Slideshow
Subject Pi

How Many Decimals of Pi Do We Really Need?
Gale Crater | Pre-Launch – NASA Mars Exploration
Gale Crater | Pre-Launch – NASA Mars Exploration

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Curiosity's Landing Site: Gale Crater

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At 10:32 p.m. PDT on Aug. 5, 2012 (1:32 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012), the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, landed on Mars at 4.5 degrees south latitude, 137.4 degrees east longitude, at the foot of a layered mountain inside Gale Crater. The crater is named for Australian astronomer Walter F. Gale (1865-1945).
The Curiosity rover landed at the foot of a layered mountain within this massive crater. The portion of the crater where Curiosity landed has an alluvial fan likely formed by water-carried sediments. The layers at the base of the mountain contain clays and sulfates, both known to form in water. Curiosity will go beyond the "follow-the-water" strategy of recent Mars exploration. The rover's science payload can identify other ingredients of life, such as the carbon-based building blocks of biology called organic compounds.
Gale Crater

Altered Landing Target in Gale Crater, Mars: As of June 2012, the target landing area for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission is the ellipse marked on this image of Gale Crater.
Download full image ›

Gale Crater formed when a meteor hit Mars in its early history, about 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago. The meteor impact punched a hole in the terrain. The explosion ejected rocks and soil that landed around the crater. Scientists chose Gale Crater as the landing site for Curiosity because it has many signs that water was present over its history. Water is a key ingredient of life as we know it.
Minerals called clays and sulfates are byproducts of water. They also may preserve signs of past life--if it existed, that is!
NASA’s Curiosity Searches for New Clues About Mars’ Ancient Water - NASA
Curiosity is getting a new look into that more Earth-like past as it drives along and eventually crosses the Gediz Vallis channel, a winding, snake-like feature that – from space, at least – appears to have been carved by an ancient river.
That possibility has scientists intrigued. The rover team is searching for evidence that would confirm how the channel was carved into the underlying bedrock. The formation’s sides are steep enough that the team doesn’t think the channel was made by wind. However, debris flows (rapid, wet landslides) or a river carrying rocks and sediment could have had enough energy to chisel into the bedrock. After the channel formed, it was filled with boulders and other debris. Scientists are also eager to learn whether this material was transported by debris flows or dry avalanches.

Pan around inside this 360-degree video to see Gediz Vallis channel from the point of view of NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover.Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Since 2014, Curiosity has been ascending the foothills of Mount Sharp, which stands 3 miles (5 kilometers) above the floor of Gale Crater. The layers in this lower part of the mountain formed over millions of years amid a changing Martian climate, providing scientists with a way to study how the presence of both water and the chemical ingredients required for life changed over time.
For example, a lower part of those foothills included a layer rich in clay minerals where a lot of water once interacted with rock. Now the rover is exploring a layer enriched with sulfates – salty minerals that often form as water evaporates.
Revising Mount Sharp’s Timeline
It will take months to fully explore the channel, and what scientists learn could revise the timeline for the mountain’s formation.

The steep path NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover took to reach Gediz Vallis channel is indicated in yellow in this visualization made with orbital data. At lower right is the point where the rover veered off to get an up-close look at a ridge formed long ago by debris flows from higher up on Mount Sharp.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/UC Berkeley
STEM Education Resources – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Get K-12 students exploring Mars with NASA scientists, engineers, and the Perseverance rover as they learn all about STEM and design their very own mission to the Red Planet!

Participate
NASA's Mission to Mars Student Challenge

Participate

NASA's Mission to Mars Student Challenge

Get K-12 students exploring Mars with NASA scientists, engineers, and the Perseverance rover as they learn all about STEM and design their very own mission to the Red Planet!

Hear from experts and education specialists about the latest missions and science happening at NASA and get your questions answered.

Professional Development
Teaching Space With NASA Talks

Professional Development

Teaching Space With NASA Talks

Hear from experts and education specialists about the latest missions and science happening at NASA and get your questions answered.

Take a look inside the latest NASA missions and science news and find out how to get students engaged with related STEAM lessons and activities.

Blogs
Teachable Moments

Blogs

Teachable Moments

Take a look inside the latest NASA missions and science news and find out how to get students engaged with related STEAM lessons and activities.

Engage students in STEM with NASA resources, activities, and programs.

Websites
NASA STEM

Websites

NASA STEM

Engage students in STEM with NASA resources, activities, and programs.

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Mars Exploration Science Goals - NASA Science
With an ongoing series of Mars orbiters, landers, and rovers, with increasingly sophisticated tools, we are helping to answer numerous questions, such as what other materials might be trapped in rock with information about Mars' history, and how different rock types are distributed on the surface.Featured VideoSeeking Signs of Life in Ancient Martian RocksNASA’s Perseverance Mars rover is caching rock samples for a future mission to collect and return to Earth. For Mars 2020 Deputy Project Scientist at NASA-JPL Katie Stack Morgan, studying rocks is not only important in the search for ancient life, but it’s also a hobbyCredits: NASA 360Watch VideoNASA’s Perseverance Mars rover is caching rock samples for a future mission to collect and return to Earth. For Mars 2020 Deputy Project Scientist at NASA-JPL Katie Stack Morgan, studying rocks is not only important in the search for ancient life, but it’s also a hobby. Credits: NASA 360Prepare for Human ExplorationStudies are underway to determine how humans might safely journey to Mars and back to Earth. This extremely difficult engineering challenge requires a thorough understanding of the Martian environment, which is critical to the safe operation of equipment and the health of  humans.This artist’s concept shows a pair of astronauts suited up and working with experiment packages on Mars. NASAAstronaut Safety in the Harsh Martian EnvironmentThe safety of astronauts is of paramount importance to NASA. Mars lacks an ozone layer, which on Earth shields us from lethal doses of solar ultraviolet radiation. We are seeking to expand our information about how much ultraviolet radiation reaches the Martian surface. We need a more detailed understanding of the radiation environment to assess ultraviolet effects on astronauts and help engineers design protective space suits and habitats. In the presence of UV radiation, "superoxides" in Martian soil break down organic molecules. This would probably not affect astronauts seriously, but the impact of this and any other unique chemical aspects of the Martian soil must be assessed before human exploration of Mars can begin. NASA missions have already begun to analyze the Mars radiation environment on Mars and search for water resources that could support future human explorers. Those resources could be accessed eventually by robotic spacecraft, rovers, and drills.
Learning Space With NASA at Home – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
› 10 Things to Do With NASA at Home
› Standards-aligned lessons for educators

project
Make a Scale Solar System
mathematics

 

slideshow
The NASA Pi Day Challenge
mathematics

 

project
18 Ways NASA Uses Pi
mathematics

 

project
Code a Mars Sample Collection Video Game
technology

 

project
Explore Rocks Using Core Sampling
science

 

project
Mission to Mars Student Challenge
engineering

 

project
Describe Rocks Like a NASA Scientist
science

 

project
Building With Spaghetti
engineering

 

project
Make a Paper Glider
engineering

 

video
Solar System Size and Distance
science

 

project
Land a Spacecraft on Target
engineering

 

project
Write a Poem About Space
science

 

slideshow
NASA Space Poetry
science

 

project
Explore Earth and Space With Art - Now Including Mars!
science

 

project
How Warming Water Causes Sea Level Rise
science

 

project
How Melting Ice Causes Sea Level Rise
science

 

project
Make a Water Filter
engineering

 

project
Make a Volcano
science

 

project
Code a Mars Helicopter Video Game
technology

 

project
Make a Paper Mars Helicopter
engineering

 

project
Make a Moon Crater
science

 

project
Make a Moon Phases Calendar and Calculator - New for 2024
science

 

project
Make a Jupiter Orbiter
science

 

project
Make an Astronaut Lander
engineering

 

project
Make a Moon or Mars Rover Game
technology

 

project
Space Origami: Make Your Own Starshade
engineering

 

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Make a Cardboard Rover
engineering

 

Reading
How Many Decimals of Pi Do You Need?
Mathematics

 

Reading
Is Time Travel Possible?
Science

 

Project
Make a Planet Cutout You Can Wear
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Project
Make Handprint Art Using Ultraviolet Light!
Science

 

Interactive
What's in the Atmosphere
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Reading
What Is a Volcano?
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Reading
Earth's Atmosphere
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Reading
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
These data are analyzed by scientists around the world to identify the sources emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the natural processes at Earth’s surface that are currently absorbing almost half of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities. This information is crucial for understanding how rapidly the concentration of this gas will increase in the future as the global carbon cycle responds to climate change.
› visit website for more info

FEBRUARY 8, 2013First Drilling into Another Planet to Collect a SampleCuriosity

NASA's Curiosity rover bores into a flat, veiny, sedimentary rock on Mars to collect a sample from its interior. An analysis of this rock sample in Gale Crater shows that ancient Mars could have supported living microbes. Rock powder collected by the drill was delivered into onboard laboratory instruments, which detected the key chemical ingredients for life, as well as the kind of energy gradient many microbes on Earth exploit to live. This site was once the bed of an ancient, freshwater lake.
› visit website for more info

DECEMBER 5, 2012First High-Resolution Gravity Map of the MoonGRAIL

The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission uses twin NASA probes orbiting Earth's Moon to generate the most detailed gravity field map of any celestial body. The data reveal an abundance of features never before seen in detail, including tectonic structures, volcanic landforms, basin rings, crater central peaks and numerous simple, bowl-shaped craters. They also show that changes in the Moon's gravity field sync up with surface topography features. Using techniques similar to the GRACE mission circling Earth, GRAIL's twin spacecraft fly in formation, allowing scientists to use the changing distances between them as a way to discern areas of greater and lesser gravity on the Moon.
› visit website for more info

AUGUST 25, 2012First Spacecraft to Enter Interstellar SpaceVoyager 1

A chance burst of material from the Sun, which makes the environment around Voyager 1 vibrate, allows the spacecraft to sense that it is in interstellar space, or the space between stars. The pitch of these vibrations -- which Voyager 1 "hears" in April 2013 -- helps scientists extrapolate back to when the spacecraft first crossed over into interstellar space, a denser environment than the one inside the bubble our sun blows around itself.
Mars Exploration - NASA Science
Read MoreEXOMars ProgramESA’s (European Space Agency) Exobiology on Mars program consists of two missions: Trace Gas Orbiter and the Rosalind Franklin rover.Read MoreInSightInSight was the first space robotic explorer to study in-depth the "inner space" of Mars: its crust, mantle, and core. (2018-2022)Read MoreMAVENMAVEN is obtaining critical measurements of Mars' atmosphere to help understand dramatic climate change over the planet's history. (2013-present)Read MoreMars Reconnaissance OrbiterMRO studies the planet's atmosphere and terrain from orbit and serves as a key data relay station for other Mars missions. (2005-present)Read MoreMars Science Laboratory: Curiosity RoverCuriosity is investigating Mars to determine whether the Red Planet ever was habitable to microbial life. (2011-present)Read MoreMars PhoenixPhoenix carried a complex suite of instruments to look for signs of water-ice in a region farther north than any previous mission. (2007-2008)Read MoreMars Exploration Rovers: Spirit and OpportunityA pair of Mars rovers that used field geology and atmospheric observations as they looked for signs of ancient water activity. (2003-2010)Read MoreMars Express (ESA)NASA is contributing advanced radar and radio relay systems to this ESA-ASI mission searching for sub-surface water from Mars orbit. (2003-present)Read More2001 Mars OdysseyNASA's longest-lasting spacecraft at Mars is making the first global map of the amount and distribution of chemical elements and minerals that make up the Martian surface. (2001-present)Read MoreMars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2Mars Polar Lander's mission was to dig for water ice near the edge of the south polar cap and deploy two small surface probes, but all spacecraft were lost on arrival. (1999)Read MoreMars Climate OrbiterDesigned to function as an interplanetary weather satellite and a communications relay for Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter was lost on arrival after entering the atmosphere too low. (1999-1999)Read MoreMars Global SurveyorMars Global Surveyor studied the entire Martian surface, atmosphere, and interior, discovering repeatable weather patterns, gully formation, new boulder tracks, and recent impact craters.