vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Surface of Jupiter's Moon Europa Churned by Small Impacts – NASA's Europa Clipper
The work, published July 12 in Nature Astronomy, estimates that the surface of Europa has been churned by small impacts to an average depth of about 12 inches (30 centimeters) over tens of millions of years. And any molecules that might qualify as potential biosignatures, which include chemical signs of life, could be affected at that depth.
That’s because the impacts would churn some material to the surface, where radiation would likely break the bonds of any potential large, delicate molecules generated by biology. Meanwhile, some material on the surface would be pushed downward, where it could mix with the subsurface.
“If we hope to find pristine, chemical biosignatures, we will have to look below the zone where impacts have been gardening,” said lead author Emily Costello, a planetary research scientist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. “Chemical biosignatures in areas shallower than that zone may have been exposed to destructive radiation.”
Going Deeper
While impact gardening has long been understood to be likely taking place on Europa and other airless bodies in the solar system, the new modeling provides the most comprehensive picture yet of the process. In fact, it is the first to take into account secondary impacts caused by debris raining back down onto Europa’s surface after being kicked up by an initial impact. The research makes the case that Europa’s mid- to high-latitudes would be less affected by the double whammy of impact gardening and radiation.
“This work broadens our understanding of the fundamental processes on surfaces across the solar system,” said Cynthia Phillips, a Europa scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and a co-author of the study. “If we want to understand the physical characteristics and how planets in general evolve, we need to understand the role impact gardening has in reshaping them.”
Managed by JPL for NASA, Europa Clipper will help develop that understanding. The spacecraft, targeting a 2024 launch, will conduct a series of close flybys of Europa as it orbits Jupiter. It will carry instruments to thoroughly survey the moon, as well as sample the dust and gases that are kicked up above the surface.
More About the Mission
Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions – NASA's Europa Clipper
Europa Clipper Rolls Into KSC's Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility

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[19]

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Europa Clipper Toy Bricks Model – NASA's Europa Clipper
It works with a dozen FIRST LEGO League teams in north-central West Virginia and operates a high-school program that includes youth from four counties. Of the 30 to 40 high school students who participate in Mountaineer Area Robotics, nearly half were members of FIRST LEGO League teams. Working with the middle and high school students are over 30 adult volunteer mentors, including Mountaineer Area Robotics alumni who are pursuing STEM degrees in higher education. Learn more about the MARS team at http://marsfirst.org. 
Note: Mention of any particular products or services on these pages does not constitute an endorsement of those products or services from NASA, the Europa Clipper mission team, or NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

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Instructional Guide - Europa Clipper Toy Bricks Model 
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Meet Europa Clipper

NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will conduct a detailed survey of Jupiter's moon Europa to determine whether there are places below the moon's surface that could support life.

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Build your own version of Europa Clipper, learning how each part of the spacecraft fits together as you go. 

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Evidence for an Ocean | Why Europa – NASA's Europa Clipper
There also were tantalizing hints that perhaps Europa had a warm interior at some time in the past, and perhaps still does. Studies of how tidal heating should affect Europa suggested that a global subsurface ocean might exist within the icy moon today. 

These intriguing findings led to a strong sense of anticipation for the Galileo mission, which launched in 1989 and entered orbit around Jupiter in 1995. Galileo's primary mission included observations of each the four Galilean satellites during repeated flybys. The information about Europa that Galileo sent was so intriguing that the mission was extended to make a total of 12 close flybys of the icy moon. Data from the mission included images of Europa at a range of scales, revealing new details about the surface and providing context for how those details related to the moon as a whole.
One of the most important measurements made by the Galileo mission showed how Jupiter's magnetic field was disrupted in the space around Europa. This measurement strongly implied that a special type of magnetic field is being created (induced) within Europa by a deep layer of some electrically conductive fluid beneath the surface. Based on Europa's icy composition, scientists think the most likely material to create this magnetic signature is a global ocean of salty water.
Europa Clipper will seek to confirm the presence of its ocean. For example, measurements of the amount of flexing due to the tides are one important indicator -- if the ocean exists, the tides should deform the surface by about 30 m (100 feet); if the moon is frozen through, the tides should stretch the surface by only one meter (3 feet). Also of great interest will be the composition of the reddish material on the surface. Scientists would like to know if this material holds clues to the composition of the ocean and whether material is cycling between the surface and the interior.
In addition to Europa Clipper, other missions will explore Europa. The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) by the European Space Agency (ESA) will address some of these questions, and conduct detailed investigations of Europa's sister moon, Ganymede. 
In addition, the proposed Europa Lander mission concept would land on Europa’s surface to perform an in situ study of composition and habitability.

Learn more

Discovering Alien Oceans: Density
New Video Series Captures Team Working on NASA's Europa Clipper – NASA's Europa Clipper
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A full-scale prototype antenna, which at 10 feet tall is the same height as a standard basketball hoop, is in the Experimental Test Range (ETR) at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.

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Europa-UVS | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
The mission isn’t directly seeking life on Europa, but instead will determine if the moon could support life. Organic molecules in a plume or on the surface would suggest that Europa may have the ingredients for some form of life.
Meet the Team
Meet the Team

Tracy Becker is a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute. She's on the Europa-UVS team, and eager to search for plumes at Europa. “Europa has always been one of the most interesting satellites in the solar system. There's tantalizing evidence that it has a subsurface ocean,” she said.

“Europa is one of the most interesting moons in the solar system because of the tantalizing evidence that it has a subsurface ocean.”

- Tracy Becker, planetary scientist and Europa-UVS team member

To characterize a plume, Europa-UVS could perform a stellar occultation. The instrument will stare at a bright star. Then the spacecraft’s motion causes the plume to pass between the star and the spacecraft. The star’s light will change as plume material intrudes upon the instrument’s line of sight. And that will reveal what materials are present in the plume.

Kurt Retherford

Principal Investigator

Southwest Research Institute

Where is Europa-UVS on Clipper?

Europa-UVS highlighted in red on the Europa Clipper Spacecraft.

EIS

E-THEMIS

Europa-UVS

MISE

ECM

PIMS

Gravity/Radio Science

REASON

MASPEX

SUDA

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This color-enhanced image of Jupiter and two of its largest moons – Io and Europa – was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft as it performed its eighth flyby of the gas giant planet.

Juno Observes Jupiter, Io and Europa

NASA's upcoming mission to investigate the habitability of Jupiter's icy moon Europa now has a formal name: Europa Clipper.

NASA Mission Named 'Europa Clipper'