vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cassini-Huygens - NASA Science
NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteCassini's Spectacular EndAfter two decades in space, NASA's Cassini spacecraft ended its remarkable journey of exploration.Having expended almost every bit of the rocket propellant it carried to Saturn, operators deliberately plunged Cassini into the planet to ensure Saturn's moons remain pristine for future exploration—in particular, the ice-covered, ocean-bearing moon Enceladus, but also Titan, with its intriguing pre-biotic chemistry.Read MoreA commemorative retro poster created for Cassini's Grand Finale.NASA/JPL-CaltechBacklit SaturnOn July 19, 2013, in an event celebrated the world over, NASA's Cassini spacecraft slipped into Saturn's shadow and turned to image the planet, seven of its moons, its inner rings -- and, in the background, our home planet, Earth.Learn MoreLessons LearnedBefore the mission ended, Cassini was already a powerful influence on future exploration. In revealing that Enceladus has essentially all the ingredients needed for life, the mission energized a pivot to the exploration of "ocean worlds" that has been sweeping planetary science over the past couple of decades.Lessons learned during Cassini's mission are being applied in planning NASA's Europa Clipper mission, planned for launch in October 2024. Europa Clipper will make dozens of flybys of Jupiter's icy moon to determine whether there are places below the surface that could support life. The mission uses an orbital tour design derived from the way Cassini explored Saturn.Farther out in the solar system, scientists have long had their eyes set on exploring Uranus and Neptune. So far, each of these worlds has been visited by only one brief spacecraft flyby (Voyager 2, in 1986 and 1989, respectively). Collectively, Uranus and Neptune are referred to as ice giant planets. A variety of potential mission concepts are discussed.
Saturn - NASA Science
Saturn - NASA Science

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Cassini-Huygens - NASA Science
It took us to astounding worlds where methane rivers run to a methane sea and where jets of ice and gas are blasting material into space from a liquid water ocean that might harbor the ingredients for life.Occurred 7 years agoTypeOrbiter, ProbeLaunchOct. 15, 1997TargetThe Saturn SystemstatusSuccessfulCassini Stories Explore All Cassini StoriesArticle5 min readNASA Study Finds Life-Sparking Energy Source and Molecule at EnceladusArticle1 min readCassini Top 10 Images of 2011Article1 min readCassini Top 10 Images of 2012Article1 min readCassini Top 10 Images of 20131 min readCassini 10 Years at Saturn Top ImagesArticle6 months ago1 min readCassini Top 10 Images of 2014Article6 months ago1 min readCassini Top 10 Images – 2015Article6 months ago6 min readNASA Cassini Data Reveals Building Block for Life in Enceladus’ OceanArticle12 months agoTimelineUnable to render the provided sourceRe-fly the Cassini mission from Earth in 1997 to it spectacular end at Saturn in 2015.NASA/JPL-Caltech/VTADMissionScienceThe Grand FinaleMission to SaturnFor more than a decade, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shared the wonders of Saturn, its spectacular rings, and its family of icy moons.Cassini was a sophisticated robotic spacecraft sent to study Saturn and its complex system of rings and moons in unprecedented detail. It was one of the most ambitious efforts ever mounted in planetary exploration. Read MoreWith this view, Cassini captured one of its last looks at Saturn and its main rings from a distance. The Saturn system was Cassini's home for 13 years.

This view was acquired at a distance of approximately 870,000 miles (1.4 million kilometers) from Saturn. Image scale is 50 miles (80 kilometers) per pixel.NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science InstituteScience at SaturnBefore Cassini, we had only brief glimpses of the discoveries awaiting us at Saturn.Cassini changed all that. It began the first in-depth, up-close study of Saturn and its system of rings and moons in 2004.
Cassini’s Final View of Home
The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every “superstar,” every “supreme leader,” every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there—on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the mission and designed, developed, and assembled the Cassini orbiter.
Image courtesy the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations. Caption by Adam Voiland, with information from the NASA JPL Photojournal.

As the spacecraft headed into its last days, it sent back this image of Earth framed by Saturn’s rings.
Image of the Day for April 29, 2017

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References & Resources

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2017, April 20) Cassini: The Grand Finale Toolkit. Accessed April 27, 2017.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2017, April 20) NASA Image Shows Earth Between the Rings of Saturn. Accessed April 27, 2017.
NASA Earth Observatory (2007, January 16) A View of Earth from Saturn. Accessed April 27, 2017.
The New York Times (2017, April 21) Cassini Moves Inside Saturn’s Rings. Accessed April 28, 2017.
The Planetary Society A Pale Blue Dot. Accessed April 27, 2017.

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Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Note: The bulletin board materials will include a small sample of the full set, which can be downloaded here. Download Reading, Writing and Rings Closer to home, September 15 will mark the end of the Cassini mission, which has spent nearly 13 years orbiting the ringed giant Saturn. Images and science from Cassini have shaped our understanding of Saturn and its mysterious moons, and continue to provide wonder to students. This collection of activities will get students using reading and writing to explore the Cassini mission’s science at Saturn. Find out more about the Cassini mission and its Grand Finale on Sept. 15, 2017. Download Saturn Postcards Take in some of Cassini’s best views of Saturn with these NASA postcards featuring images from the mission! Explore more images from the Cassini mission at Saturn. Download Visit our educator resources page for more downloads and online resources.

TAGS: materials, educator resources, educator resource center, classroom resources, bulletin board, teaching materials

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Availability of parking is determined by park staff and reserving of spaces is not allowed. Camping and day use is first-come, first serve.  We appreciate your patience during this hectic time of year.

 

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If it can legally drive down the California highway, it can fit in any of our campgrounds. However, Bee campground in the Lower Ranch and Sycamore in the Upper Ranch has more trees/obstacles.
Obstacle Course Campground Directions - if you are towing a trailer or driving a RV, the recomended route to the Obstacle Course campground is to take the second right onto Foothill Road and follow to the campground.

 

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Commercial Destinations in Low Earth Orbit - NASA
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Uranus - NASA Science
It appears to spin sideways.All About UranusSee AllIce GiantUranus is about four times wider than Earth.Seventh PlanetUranus is about 19.8 AU from the Sun. Earth = 1.A Uranian YearIt takes Uranus 84 Earth years to make a trip around the Sun.Fluid PlanetUranus is mostly a mass of "icy" fluid around a rocky core.Bring a SpacesuitAtmosphere: molecular hydrogen and atomic helium with a bit of methane.Literary MoonsUranus' 28 moons are named for characters in literature.13 RingsInner rings are dark; outer rings are brightly colored.Lonely PlanetNASA's Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to visit Uranus.No SignsUranus cannot support life as we know it.East to West RotationUranus is the only planet that rotates on its side.Planet Uranus OverviewUranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, and it's the third largest planet in our solar system – about four times wider than Earth. The diameter at its equator is 31,763 miles (51,120 kilometers). Uranus is a very cold and windy planet. It is surrounded by faint rings, and more than two dozen small moons as it rotates at a nearly 90-degree angle from the plane of its orbit. This unique tilt makes Uranus appear to spin on its side.Uranus is blue-green in color due to large amounts of methane, which absorbs red light but allows blues to be reflected back into space. The atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium, but also includes large amounts of water, ammonia and methane.Astronomer William Herschel tried unsuccessfully to name his discovery Georgium Sidus (George's star in Latin) after his patron, England's King George III. Instead, the planet was eventually named for Uranus, the Greek god of the sky, who was also the father of Kronos (or Saturn in Roman mythology).Only one spacecraft has explored the ice giant up close, NASA's Voyager 2. In January 1986, Voyager 2 made a close approach to Uranus, snapping images of the planet and some its moons. A new mission to Uranus was one of the highest priority objectives outlined in the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032.
Discovery Alert: a Long Year for a 'Cold Saturn' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
Discovery Alert: a Long Year for a 'Cold Saturn' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System

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| March 7, 2024

Discovery Alert: a Long Year for a 'Cold Saturn' 

By Pat Brennan, NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program

Illustration of the possible appearance of TOI-4600 c, a "cold Saturn." Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Discovery Alert: A Long Year for a ‘Cold Saturn’
The discovery: Two giant planets comparable to our own system’s Saturn orbit a star not unlike our Sun some 700 light-years away. The outer planet has the longest year – 483 days – of any found so far by NASA’s TESS (the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite). It’s also among the coldest.

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Key facts: The two planets, TOI-4600 b and c, could prove important to astronomers who investigate how large, gaseous planets form and evolve. And they begin to fill a gap in knowledge between gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system, and “hot Jupiters” (as well as “warm Jupiters”) elsewhere in our galaxy.
Details: The decades-long hunt for exoplanets – planets around other stars – has so far yielded more than 5,500 that are confirmed to be scattered across the Milky Way, which likely contains hundreds of billions. But the prevailing detection method turns up relatively few “long period” planets, those with years lasting 50 days or more. This method, seeking “shadows,” much more easily reveals planets orbiting their stars closely, with far shorter years.
Prague at Night
Prague at Night

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Prague at Night

March 21, 2022JPEG

An astronaut aboard the International Space Station took this photograph of Prague during a nighttime orbit over Central Europe. Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic (also called Czechia) and has been a crossroads for civilization and European trade for more than 1,000 years. The Václav Havel Airport Prague is visible as a bright cluster of lights. The airport is a critical part of Prague’s tourism industry, providing access to one of Europe’s most visited cities.
The dark meandering Vltava River contrasts with the bright lights of the city. The river flows for approximately 31 kilometers (19 miles) through the center of Prague and is crossed by 18 bridges that link each side of the city. Several of these bridges are visible as narrow strips of bright artificial lights in the full-resolution version of the photo.
Old Town, the city’s most historic district, is located on the eastern bank of the Vltava River in the center of Prague. This is the largest zone of orange-hued street lights where the Charles Bridge, astronomical clock tower, and numerous centuries-old buildings are located. Charles University is also located within Old Town, and at nearly 700 years old it is the oldest university in the Czech Republic.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
With the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), astronomers gain the ability to see sharp images of the high energy X-ray sky. NuSTAR's eyes can see through gas and dust to reveal black holes lurking in our Milky Way galaxy, as well as those hidden in the hearts of faraway galaxies. Among the first images from NuSTAR is a picture of Cygnus X-1, a black hole in our Milky Way that is siphoning gas off a giant-star companion. Finding these most elusive and energetic black holes helps scientists understand the structure of the universe.
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JANUARY 1, 2012First Twin “Formation-Flying” Spacecraft at Another WorldGRAIL

The twin spacecraft of NASA's GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) mission go into orbit around the Moon on Dec. 31, 2011 and Jan. 1, 2012. 2011. GRAIL's mission is to study the internal structure and composition of the Moon in unprecedented detail by measuring and mapping variations in the Moon's gravitational field. The two spacecraft -- GRAIL A (Ebb) and GRAIL B (Flow) -- fly one behind the other, with the distance between them changing slightly as they fly over areas of greater and lesser gravity. They are built upon the successful GRACE mission at Earth, which used two satellites to map Earth's gravitational field. Eventually, GRAIL generates the highest-resolution gravity field map of any celestial body and reveals an abundance of features never before seen in detail (including tectonic structures, volcanic landforms and basin rings).
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DECEMBER 20, 2011First Detection of Earth-Sized ExoplanetKepler

The first Earth-size planets orbiting a sun-like star outside our solar system are discovered by Kepler, a spacecraft developed by JPL and later managed by NASA's Ames Research Center designed to study exoplanets.
Teachable Moments – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
A Teachable Moment You Can See! The Transit of Mercury
A transit of Mercury (or Venus) is not just cool to see, it’s also a great introduction to how scientists search for planets outside our solar system.

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Exploring Exoplanets With Kepler
Subject Math
Grades 6-12
Time 30 mins - 1 hr

Sun Screen: A 'Pi in the Sky' Challenge
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Grades 6-9
Time < 30 mins

Can You Spot Mercury?
Student Activity
Type Slideshow
Subject Mercury

March 16, 2016
Pi Day the NASA Way
Use pi like the folks at NASA – to peer through the haze on Saturn’s moon Titan, discover Mars from above, keep satellites powered and put a spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter. 

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Pi in the Sky 3
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Grades 4-12
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How Many Decimals of Pi Do We Really Need?
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Pi Day – What's Going 'Round?
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January 13, 2016
Cruising to Jupiter: A Powerful Math Lesson
Find out how NASA’s Juno mission at Jupiter earned the title of most distant solar-powered spacecraft and how it relates to exponents.

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Powering Through the Solar System with Exponents
Subject Math
Grades 6-8
Time 30 mins - 1 hr

October 23, 2015
Flying Through the Plume on Saturn's Moon Enceladus
A daring feat by NASA’s Cassini mission at Saturn shed new light on the ocean world Enceladus. Get students exploring the math behind the science. 

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Where Does the Solar System End? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Where Does the Solar System End? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

oort-cloud

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Where Does the Solar System End?

The Short Answer:

	Beyond our solar system lies the Oort cloud. The Oort cloud is made of icy pieces of space debris the sizes of mountains and sometimes even larger. The Oort cloud is where some comets come from.
	

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What's out there?
Way past Neptune's orbit, even past the Kuiper belt, what is there out there? Have you ever wondered? Watch this video to find out! 

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This poster summarizes the video and makes a great wall decoration!

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Where does the solar system end?
The solar system we call home has our sun, eight planets, all their moons, the asteroid belt, and lots of comets. 
Outside Neptune's orbit is the Kuiper Belt. An almost empty ring around the sun that has icy bodies, almost all smaller than Pluto, making slow orbits around the sun. 
But what’s beyond the Kuiper belt? 
Beyond the fringes of the Kuiper belt is the Oort Cloud. Unlike the orbits of the planets and the Kuiper Belt, which are pretty flat like a disk, It's a giant spherical shell surrounding the sun, planets, and Kuiper Belt Objects. Like a big bubble with thick walls around our solar system. 
It’s made of icy pieces of space debris the sizes of mountains and sometimes larger. This is where some comets come from. 
The voyager 1 spacecraft took 35 years to leave the sun's magnetic influence. It’s traveling one million miles each day. At that speed, it will take 300 years to reach the inner layer of the Oort Cloud. And then it will take 30,000 to get through it all.