vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
Initially the orbit was circular with a radius of 200 km. The radius of the orbit was brought down in stages to a 50 x 50 km orbit on 30 April 2000 and decreased to 35 x 35 km on 14 July 2000. The orbit was raised over succeeding months to a 200 x 200 km orbit and then slowly decreased and altered to a 35 x 35 km retrograde orbit on 13 December 2000. The mission ended with a touchdown in the "saddle" region of Eros on 12 February 2001.

After launch on a Delta 7925-8 (a Delta II Lite launch vehicle with nine strap-on solid-rocket boosters and a Star 48 (PAM-D) third stage) and exit from Earth orbit, NEAR entered the first part of its cruise phase. It spent most of this phase in a minimal activity "hibernation" state, which ended a few days before the flyby of the 61 km diameter asteroid 253 Mathilde on June 27, 1997. The spacecraft flew within 1200 km of Mathilde at 12:56 UT at 9.93 km/sec, returning imaging and other instrument data. On July 3, 1997 NEAR executed the first major deep space maneuver, a two-part burn of the main 450 Newton thruster. This decreased the velocity by 279 m/sec and lowered perihelion from 0.99 AU to 0.95 AU. The Earth gravity assist swingby occurred on January 23, 1998 at 7:23 UT. The closest approach was 540 km, altering the orbital inclination from 0.5 to 10.2 degrees, and the aphelion distance from 2.17 to 1.77 AU, nearly matching those of Eros. Instrumentation was active at this time.

The first of four scheduled rendezvous burns on 20 December 1998 at 22:00 UT aborted due to a software problem. Contact was lost immediately after this and was not re-established for over 24 hours. The original mission plan called for these four burns to be followed by an orbit insertion burn on 10 January 1999, but the abort of the first burn and loss of communication made this impossible.
Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits
Gleick, J. (2003). Isaac Newton. New York: Vintage Books.
Hawking, S. (2004). The Illustrated on the Shoulders of Giants. Philadelphia: Running Press.
Iannotta, B. and Malik, T. (2009, February 11). U.S. satellite destroyed in space collision. Accessed May 22, 2009.
The James Webb Space Telescope. About JWST’s Orbit. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Accessed June 4, 2009.
Komoma GPS Satellite Orbits. Accessed May 22, 2009.
Pisacane. V. (2005). Fundamentals of Space Systems, p. 568. New York: Oxford University Press US. [Online]. Accessed September 4, 2009. 
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. (2006). SOHO’s Orbit. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency. Accessed June 4, 2009.

About Orbits
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Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits
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Three Classes of Orbit
Achieving and Maintaining Orbit

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About Orbits
Planetary Motion
Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits
Flying Steady

Introduction
Three Classes of Orbit
Achieving and Maintaining Orbit

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Terra | The EOS Flagship
But, at the same time that our lives on Earth were being shaped by our access to technology, 705 kilometers above us, a satellite was changing how we understood our planet.
For 20 years, Terra, the flagship Earth observing satellite,has chronicled changes on Earth. Designed and built in the 1980s and 90s, NASA and Lockheed Martin engineers set out to build a satellite that could take simultaneous measurements of Earth’s atmosphere, land, and water. Its mission – to understand how Earth is changing and to identify the consequences for life on Earth. Season after season, Terra data continues to helpus understand how the evolving systems of our planet affect our lives – and howwe can use that data to benefit society. Read more and find resources from our anniversary events, Terra 20 Events
Update on Terra’s New Orbit: Since 2020, Terra has been drifting to an earlier equator crossing time, and in October 2022 was lowered by ~5km in altitude. These changes in orbit did not reduce the data quality of Terra products, and only created minor changes to orbital repeat time and swath width (for some instruments). See Terra’s New Orbit for more information.

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Notes on the Fact Sheets
1200 UT on 1 January 2000 A.D. is JD 2451545, also referred to as J2000.Opposition - An orbital configuration in which two bodies are on exact opposite sides of the  Sun or are on the same side of the Sun forming a line with the Sun (neglecting inclination)Phase Angle - The angle between the Earth and Sun as seen from the body. Sub- and SuperscriptsIn the explanation of units, we've included a description of the units in the form where, for example, 10^24 equals 10 to the 24 power.  Directory to the Planetary Fact Sheets 

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NASA's Earth Observing System
NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) is a coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low inclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. As a major component of the Earth Science Division of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, EOS enables an improved understanding of the Earth as an integrated system. The EOS Project Science Office (EOSPSO) is committed to bringing program information and resources to the Earth science research community and the general public alike.
Download ChartEarth Science Mission Profiles
This website has been designed to cover not just the original Earth Observing System (EOS) missions, but also all of NASA’s Earth-observing satellite missions (many of them joint with other nations and/or agencies), along with other elements of NASA’s Earth Science program. The EOSPSO is funded through the Earth Science Division of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
NASA Earth Science Division Missions

Updated: September 26, 2022
 

 

 

ACRIMSAT

 Launch: Dec 20 1999
 

Altitude:720km
Inclination:98.10°
Local Node:10:00 a.m.

 

ADEOS

 Launch: Aug 17 1996
 

Altitude:803km
Inclination:98.60°
Local Node:10:15 a.m.

 

ATS

 Launch: Dec 7 1966
 

 

Aquarius
(NASA/Argentina )

 Launch: Jun 10 2011
 

Altitude:657km
Inclination:98.00°
Local Node:6:00 a.m. 

 

ATLAS-1

 Launch: Mar 24 1992
 

 

CHAMP

 Launch: Jul 15 2000
 

 

CALIPSO

 Launch: Apr 28 2006
 

Altitude:705km
Inclination:98.20°
Local Node:1:30 p.m. 

 

CATS on ISS
(NASA)

 Launch: Jan 10 2015
 

Altitude:420km
Inclination:51.65°

 

CloudSat
(Joint with Canada)

 Launch: Apr 28 2006
 

Altitude:705km
Inclination:98.20°
Local Node:1:30 p.m. 

 

CRRES

 Launch: Jul 25 1990
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topgeosynchronous orbit - A geosynchronous orbit is a satellite orbit at approximately 35,800 kilometers above the Equator in which objects travel at the same speed as Earth. Objects in this orbit remain stationary in reference to Earth. topgerminate - Germinate is when something starts to grow, particularly when a seed sprouts into a new plant. topgeyser - A geyser is a hot spring that periodically sends up fountain-like jets of water and steam into the air. topgibbous Moon - A gibbous Moon is a phase of the Moon in which more than half, but not all, of the Moon's daylight hemisphere is visible from Earth. topglacial advance - Glacial advance is an increase in the thickness and area of a glacier. This term also describes the time period it takes for the increase in glacial thickness to occur. topglacial retreat - Glacial retreat occurs when backward melting at the front of a glacier takes place at a rate exceeding forward motion. topglobal climate change - Global climate change is the long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of Earth's climate. topGLOBE - GLOBE, or the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment Program, is an international science and education program that provides students and the public worldwide with the opportunity to participate in data collection and the scientific process, and contribute meaningfully to our understanding of the Earth system and global environment. topgram - A gram is a unit used to measure the mass of small objects. There are 1,000 grams (g) in a kilogram. topgraph - A graph is a picture that represent mathematical information in an organized manner with lines, shapes, and colors. topgravitational force - Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses in the universe. topgravitational pull - Gravitational pull is the attraction that all masses in the universe exert on one another. The gravitational pull of the Moon on Earth's oceans causes tides. topgravity - Gravity is a force between objects based on their masses and the distance between the objects. The force of gravity on the moon is less than the force of gravity on Earth because the moon has only 1/6 the mass of Earth.
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synchronous rotation
Said of a satellite if the period of its rotation about its axis is the same as the period of its orbit around its primary. This implies that the satellite always keeps the same hemisphere facing its primary (e.g. the Moon). It also implies that one hemisphere (the leading hemisphere) always faces in the direction of the satellite's motion while the other (trailing) one always faces backward.
synchrotron radiation
Electromagnetic radiation given off when very high energy electrons encounter magnetic fields.
Systéme Internationale d'Unités (SI)
The coherent and rationalized system of units, derived from the MKS system (which itself is derived from the metric system), in common use in physics today. The fundamental SI unit of length is the meter, of time is the second, and of mass is the kilogram.
T
Tenma
The second Japanese X-ray mission, also known as Astro-B.

 Tell me more about Tenma

Thomson, William 1824 - 1907
Also known as Lord Kelvin, the British physicist who developed the Kelvin temperature scale and who supervised the laying of a trans-Atlantic cable.

 Show me a picture of Lord Kelvin!

time dilation
The increase in the time between two events as measured by an observer who is outside of the reference frame in which the events take place. The effect occurs in both special and general relativity, and is quite pronounced for speeds approaching the speed of light, and in regions of high gravity.
U
Uhuru
NASA's first Small Astronomy Satellite, also known as SAS-1. Uhuru was launched from Kenya on 12 December, 1970; The seventh anniversary of Kenya's independence. The satellite was named "Uhuru" (Swahili for "freedom") in honor of its launch date.

 Tell me more about Uhuru

ultraviolet
Electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths shorter than the violet end of visible light; the atmosphere of the Earth effectively blocks the transmission of most ultraviolet light.
universal constant of gravitation; G
The constant of proportionality in Newton's law of universal gravitation and which plays an analogous role in A. Einstein's general relativity.
How Does GPS Work? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
By doing that, it computes its location.
So when you search for the nearest pizza place in your smartphone, this is what your phone is thinking:
“What satellites are talking to me right now?
Hey there, satellites! I know you guys! And I know where you are in the sky right now, too!
Let me listen to your signal to figure out how far away I am from each of you…
Oh! I must be right here! There’s no other place that is the right distance away from each of you!
OK, let me check the internet to see what pizza places are near me…”
And all that happens in an instant. Good thing, too. You’re only getting hungrier.

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Launchpad: How Global Positioning System Works

 	article last updated August 29, 2022
 

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That is, if you were to release a particle within the Roche lobe, it would fall back onto the surface of that star. The point at which the Roche lobes of the two stars touch is called the inner Lagrangian or L1 point. If a star in a close binary system evolves to the point at which it `fills' its Roche lobe, material from this star will overflow onto the companion star (via the L1 point) and into the environment around the binary system.
Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845 - 1923)
A German scientist who fortuitously discovered X-rays in 1895.

 Tell me more about Wilhelm Röntgen

ROSAT
Röntgen Satellite

 Tell me more about ROSAT

rotation
The spin of a celestial body on its own axis. In high energy astronomy, this is often measured as the "spin period."
S
SAS-2
The second Small Astronomy Satellite: a NASA satellite launched November 1972 with a mission dedicated to gamma-ray astronomy.

 Tell me more about SAS-2

SAS-3
The third Small Astronomy Satellite: a NASA satellite launched May 1975 to determine the location of bright X-ray sources and search for X-ray novae and other transient phenomena.

 Tell me more about SAS-3

satellite
A body that revolves around a larger body. A satellite can be natural or human-made. For example, the moon is a natural satellite of the Earth, and the International Space Station is a human-made satellite of Earth.
Schwarzschild black hole
A black hole described by solutions to Einstein's equations of general relativity worked out by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916. The solutions assume the black hole is not rotating, and that the size of its event horizon is determined solely by its mass.
Schwarzschild radius
The radius r of the event horizon for a Schwarzschild black hole.
scientific notation
A compact format for writing very large or very small numbers, most often used in scientific fields. The notation separates a number into two parts: a decimal fraction, usually between 1 and 10, and a power of ten.
NASA - Sun-Earth Day 2010
The goal of these problems is to teach students about astronomy and space science by using mathematics and real-world problems.
	
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Glossary | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
También utilizamos la palabra satélite para referirnos a las naves espaciales construidas por humanos que orbitan la Tierra, otros planetas, lunas, asteroides u otros objetos que se encuentran en el espacio. 
Erupción solar: Una explosión de energía y partículas que provienen del sol. Libera gases, ondas de radiación y tormentas magnéticas.
Panel Solar: Un trozo de material que puede recoger la luz solar y convertirla en electricidad. 
Sistema solar: Un conjunto que incluye una estrella y toda la materia que la rodea, como planetas, lunas, asteroides, cometas, y otros objetos.
Viento solar: El flujo constante de partículas y energía que emite el sol.

Clima espacial: Las condiciones en el espacio que pueden afectar a la Tierra, los satélites, y los viajes espaciales. El clima espacial es, en gran medida, el resultado del viento solar y las tormentas solares.

Nave espacial: Un vehículo utilizado para viajar por el espacio.
Velocidad de la Luz: La luz es lo más rápido que existe en el universo. Viaja a 186,282 millas (299,792,458 metros) por segundo. 
Estrella: Una bola de gas luminoso, compuesta principalmente de hidrógeno y helio, unida por su propia fuerza de gravedad. Convertir el hidrógeno en helio crea la energía que hace que las estrellas brillen.

Sol: La estrella que se encuentra en el centro de nuestro sistema solar.
Aqua Earth-Observing Satellite Mission | Aqua Project Science
Aqua Earth-Observing Satellite Mission | Aqua Project Science

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Aqua Earth-Observing Satellite Mission

 
Aqua is currently in 'free-drift'! 
What is its past, current and future altitude and equator crossing time?
Drag your cursor over the graph below to find out! 

 
Due to fuel limitations, Aqua completed the last of its drag makeup maneuvers in December 2021 and is now in a free-drift mode, slowly descending below the A-Train and drifting to later equatorial crossing times, and lower altitudes. In Fall of 2026, passivation of the aircraft will begin.
Aqua data users have expressed the need for weekly updates on Aqua’s equator crossing time (in Mean Local Time [MLT]), as well as orbital altitude. Starting this month, we’ll be adding this information to the Aqua homepage and updating it weekly using data provided by the Operations Team. Move your cursor over the chart below to view both Aqua’s Mean Local Equator Crossing Time in UTC (dark black line) and orbital altitude (grey line) for each month through 2026.
 

Latest News from the Aqua Mission
 View Past News Highlights here

May 3, 2024
What Happens When NASA Loses Eyes on Earth? We’re About to Find Out.
A New York Times article came out today that highlights the importance of climate data record continuity and just how fortunate we have been over the past 20 years having Terra, Aqua and Aura satelites to monitor the earth. 
"In a way, it’s a credit to NASA that Terra, Aqua and Aura have lasted as long as they have, scientists said.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
The closest approach was 540 km, altering the orbital inclination from 0.5 to 10.2 degrees, and the aphelion distance from 2.17 to 1.77 AU, nearly matching those of Eros. Instrumentation was active at this time.

The first of four scheduled rendezvous burns on 20 December 1998 at 22:00 UT aborted due to a software problem. Contact was lost immediately after this and was not re-established for over 24 hours. The original mission plan called for these four burns to be followed by an orbit insertion burn on 10 January 1999, but the abort of the first burn and loss of communication made this impossible. A new plan was put into effect in which NEAR flew by Eros on 23 December 1998 at 18:41:23 UT at a speed of 0.965 km/s and a distance of 3827 km from the center of mass of Eros. Images of Eros were taken by the camera, data was collected by the near IR spectrograph, and radio tracking was performed during the flyby. A rendezvous maneuver was performed on 3 January 1999 involving a thruster burn to match NEAR's orbital speed to that of Eros. A hydrazine thruster burn took place on 20 January to fine-tune the trajectory. On 12 August a 2 minute thruster burn slowed the spacecraft velocity relative to Eros to 300 km/hr.

Orbit insertion around Eros occurred on 14 February 2000 at 15:33 UT (10:33 AM EST) after NEAR completed a 13 month heliocentric orbit which closely matched the orbit of Eros. A rendezvous maneuver was completed on 3 February at 17:00 UT, slowing the spacecraft from 19.3 to 8.1 m/s relative to Eros. Another maneuver took place on 8 February increasing the relative velocity slightly to 9.9 m/s. Searches for satellites of Eros took place on 28 January, and 4 and 9 February, none were found. The scans were for for scientific purposes and to mitigate any chances of collision with a satellite. NEAR went into a 321 x 366 km orbit around Eros on 14 February. The orbit was slowly decreased to a 35 km circular polar orbit by 14 July.
Science And Technology | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Science And Technology | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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¿Qué es una onda gravitatoria?

 ¿Cómo nos dan las ondas gravitacionales una nueva forma de aprender sobre el universo? 
explore

Plantillas para calabazas

 Celebra el otoño. 
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¿a Dónde Van Los Satélites Viejos Cuando Mueren?

 No duran para siempre. Entonces, ¿todos ellos se convierten en 'basura espacial'? 
explore

¡Haz un vitral de la Tierra!

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¿Cómo funciona un GPS?

 Todos lo usamos , pero ¿cómo funciona? 
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¡Construye tu propia sonda espacial!

 ¡Construye tu propio satélite! 
do

Las aves y el radar

 ¿Cómo puede la NASA ayudarnos a aprender sobre la migración de las aves? 
do

 ¡Escribe tu propia historia alocada de aventura!

 Escribe tu propia historia de aventura delirante! 
play

¿Qué es la ciencia? 

 La curiosidad es la clave. 
explore

¡Tormenta solar cancela las carreras de palomas! 

 ¿Por qué las palomas se preocupan por el clima espacial? 
explore

¿Tienes sed? ¡Bebe un cometa! 

 ¿Podrían haber traído el agua a nuestro planeta? 
explore

¿Por qué es agradable el número dieciséis?

 ¿Cómo hacemos matemáticas si tuviéramos 16 dedos? 
explore
Glossary | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Glossary | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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El glosario 

 ﻿

 A-F     G-M     N-R     S-Z 

Asteroide: Rocas que flotan en el espacio. Algunas son del tamaño de una camioneta. Otras se extienden por cientos de millas. 
Atmósfera: Los gases unidos mediante la fuerza de gravedad alrededor de la Tierra y de otros planetas. "Atmósfera" también se puede utilizar para referirse a los gases alrededor de las estrellas. 

Átomo: El elemento básico que compone la materia. Está compuesto de protones, neutrones, y electrones. Existen diferentes tipos de átomos. Por ejemplo, el átomo más simple compuesto de un protón y un electrón es un átomo de hidrógeno. Un átomo con seis protones, seis neutrones, y seis electrones es un átomo de carbono.
Aurora austral: Resplandores brillantes y bandas luminosas que aparecen en el cielo durante la noche, cerca del Polo Sur. También se las denomina las luces del sur.
Aurora boreal: Resplandores brillantes y bandas luminosas que aparecen en el cielo durante la noche, cerca del Polo Norte. También se las denomina las luces del norte.
Agujero negro: Un lugar en el espacio del que la materia y la luz no se pueden escapar si caen dentro.
Cometa: Una roca helada que libera gas y polvo, que puede formar colas cuando vuela cerca de un sol.