vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
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Published October 19, 2023
With an El Niño brewing in the Pacific, uncontrolled fires are burning beneath the canopy in some parts of the rainforest.
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Indigenous Communities Protect the Amazon

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Indigenous Communities Protect the Amazon
Published October 9, 2023
Indigenous people are protecting carbon-rich forests in South America, and satellites are helping.
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Collection - Renewable and Alternative Energy
Windpark Fryslân can produce enough electricity to power about half a million homes in the Netherlands.
Published Jul 31, 2023
 

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The Geysers of California
Hot springs and fumaroles dot this misnamed geothermal field that hosts the world’s largest complex of power plants capturing subterranean heat.
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Solar Takes a Swim
As countries look to decarbonize their economies, floating solar farms have become an option.
Published Aug 22, 2022
 

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Spring in the Tennessee Valley
Greening valleys and sinuous reservoirs near Knoxville stand out in this April satellite image.
Published Apr 21, 2022
 

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Keeping a Satellite Eye on GERD
Remote sensing could help experts monitor Nile hydrology as a new reservoir is filled.
Published Apr 20, 2022
 

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A Grand New Dam on the Nile
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will boost electricity production and development in Ethiopia, but could have less desirable consequences for other users of Nile River water.
 
Published Apr 19, 2022
 

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A Renewable Future for Fukushima
Solar and wind farms now cover fields that were abandoned after the nuclear accident in 2011.
Published Apr 14, 2022
 

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Soaking Up Sun in the Thar Desert
The Thar desert’s abundance of open space and sunshine make it an ideal place for solar power.
Published Feb 19, 2022
 

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The Braided Paraná
South America’s second-longest river forms part of the border between Argentina and Paraguay.
Published Dec 19, 2021
 

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Capturing Wind on Maui
Kaheawa Wind Power facilities provide 10 to 15 percent of this Hawaiian island’s electric power.
Published Nov 14, 2020
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We cannot offer prize money or a trip on the International Space Station, but we can promise you credit and glory. Well, maybe just credit. Within a week after a puzzler image appears on this blog, we will post an annotated and captioned version as our Image of the Day. After we post the answer, we will acknowledge the first person to correctly identify the image at the bottom of this blog post. We also may recognize readers who offer the most interesting tidbits of information. Please include your preferred name or alias with your comment. If you work for or attend an institution that you would like to recognize, please mention that as well.
Recent winners. If you have won the puzzler in the past few months, or if you work in geospatial imaging, please hold your answer for at least a day to give less experienced readers a chance.
Releasing comments. Savvy readers have solved some puzzlers after a few minutes. To give more people a chance, we may wait 24 to 48 hours before posting comments. Good luck!

Citizen Scientists Capture Brilliant Photos of the Aurora
May 15th, 2024 by Kathryn Hansen

On May 11, 2024, the day-night band of VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite spotted the aurora borealis over the United States during the strongest geomagnetic storm in over two decades. That same night, observers on the ground captured spectacular photographs of the dazzling light. The following photos represent just a handful of those shot by citizen scientists as part of NASA’s Aurorasaurus project, which tracks aurora sightings around the planet. 

Photo by Gunjan Sinha, acquired on May 11, 2024, from near Saskatoon in Saskatchewan, Canada. 

Photo by Gunjan Sinha, acquired on May 11, 2024, from near Saskatoon in Saskatchewan, Canada. 

Photo by Kashmir Wilkinson, acquired on May 11, 2024, from the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, U.S.

Photo by Kashmir Wilkinson, acquired on May 10, 2024, from the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, U.S.

Photo by Justin Anderson, acquired on May 11, 2024, from Steep Rock in Manitoba, Canada.
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He…BioDaniel AndrewsDaniel Andrews is the project manager for NASA’s planned Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) as Ames Research Center in…BioDr. Kate CalvinNASA’s Chief Scientist and Senior Climate Advisor - NASA HeadquartersBioKalée TockNASA Citizen ScientistBioRocky RaybellNASA Citizen ScientistBioDiane MalarikDiane began her NASA career as a shadow student at NASA Glenn Research Center in 1983, as part of a…BioDr. Travis BlakeDr. Travis Blake serves is the Program Officer for Space Traffic Coordination within NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD). Prior to…BioEric IansonMr. Eric Ianson is currently the Deputy Director of the Planetary Science Division of the Science Mission Directorate at NASA…BioDarcy WennNASA Citizen ScientistBioPetri KuossariNASA Citizen ScientistBioMichael PrimmNASA Citizen ScientistBioMartin FowlerNASA Citizen ScientistBioDr. Antonino Cucchiara, Ph.D.Dr. Antonino (Nino) Cucchiara is the Lead Program Scientist for the Future Investigator in NASA Earth and Space Science and…BioSam L. ZadehProject Configuration Manager - NASA Jet Propulsion LaboratoryBioMr.
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Spotlight on the Galápagos Islands
Spotlight on the Galápagos Islands

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Spotlight on the Galápagos Islands

October 24, 2020JPEG

This photograph, taken by an astronaut from the International Space Station, offers a peek at several of the Galápagos Islands, visible between cloud cover and accented by sunglint on the ocean surface.
The sunglint helps reveal features that are usually hard to spot, such as the lake occupying the summit caldera of La Cumbre, the shield volcano that makes up Fernandina Island. The youngest and most active volcanic island in the Galápagos archipelago, Fernandina formed less than one million years ago, with its most recent eruption occurring in January 2020. The lake formed after the collapse of La Cumbre’s summit caldera during a violent eruption in 1968. It changes volume with each eruption.
The reflected sunlight also reveals internal wave packets surrounding the Galápagos Islands. Such imagery of internal waves and their movement can help researchers to estimate potential changes in the water column and to observe effects of climate change on marine communities. For example, coral bleaching may be influenced by the upwelling and transport of water that is above or below normal temperature ranges.
The Galápagos island chain is home to at least 9000 species, including the giant tortoise, the land iguana, the Galápagos penguin.
Making Sense of Amazon Deforestation Patterns
In parts of the Amazon where forests still stand, thinning canopies hint at significant degradation due to logging, drought stress, and understory fire activity.
Satellites have provided scientists with unparalleled views of these changes. In addition to simply tallying how much forest has been cut, scientists have deciphered much about how deforestation has unfolded over four decades. One of the themes that emerges is just how dynamic deforestation has been.
“It is not a uniform process by any means,” said Eugenio Arima, a land system scientist from the University of Texas at Austin. “If you look at deforestation patterns carefully, you can see the fingerprints of economic and institutional history etched into some parts of the landscape.”
One of the best tools for reading the long-term rhythms of deforestation has been the Landsat program. With seven successive satellites, Landsat has taken a snapshot of every part of the Amazon rainforest every two weeks for 47 years, creating the world’s longest, most consistent record of change in the region. Most Landsat satellites have collected 30-meter images, with each pixel representing an area about the size of a baseball field—enough to detect even relatively small clearings and fires. Poring through these many thousands of images of the Amazon, scientists have used the data to analyze everything from how roads have spread, to how the size of cleared parcels has changed, to how deforestation has altered the water cycle.
In the 2000s, Arima was one of many Brazilian scientists who launched a career by studying deforestation as part of the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). This NASA campaign examined how Amazon ecosystems were interconnected and how they were reacting to rapid deforestation, global warming, and cycles of drought. One of Arima’s projects, conducted with Robert Walker of the University of Florida, involved using Landsat to map roads and deforestation patterns, piecing together how those patterns related to what was happening on the ground. 

December 15, 2000JPEG
January 19, 2017JPEG

In Peru, Colombia, and other Amazon countries, deforestation has tended to follow rivers, which are often the main transportation routes to remote parts of the rainforest.
October | 2019 | Terra
spacecraft, a unique mission to explore the connections between Earth’s
atmosphere, land, snow and ice, ocean and energy balance to understand Earth’s
climate and climate change. No other Earth science mission has been as
productive as Terra; its exponential increase in data distribution has driven
many changes in science data systems.  This session will address the 20
years of advances in algorithm and data production, data maturity and quality,
and data discovery and access.  Special interest topics include improvements
in access to Terra data that subsequently resulted in advancing climate
research and applications which would not have been achieved otherwise. The
convening committee will request oral presentations representing data
management from each of the five instruments on Terra.  We will also seek
presentations from industry and academia to discuss how data management has
changed and best practices.

Winds Drive Smoky Wildfires in California, Mexico

Posted on October 26, 2019 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

Hot, dry weather and fierce easterlies fanned the flames of
several blazes, endangering homes and lives. On October 25, 2019, the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired
a natural-color image (top) with a wide view of fires near the Pacific Coast.
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145787/winds-drive-smoky-wildfires-in-california-mexico

A Flash Drought Dries the Southeast

Posted on October 23, 2019 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

After a wet spring in the eastern United States, a quick-onset drought has parched fields. The maps show Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) data, a drought indicator based on observations of land surface temperatures from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration geostationary satellites and on observations of leaf area index from NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on Suomi NPP. The combination makes it possible to gauge evapotranspiration—how much water is evaporating from the land surface and from the leaves of plants.
April | 2012 | Terra
Finally, ASTER provides more than two bands in the TIR for the first time from space, which is important for compositional mapping of volcanoes.
As a volcanologist, you travel all around the world to study volcanoes.  How do you merge field work and data you collect from ASTER?
MR: ASTER data commonly drives where and how my field work is performed. It can be used as simply as a base map from which to target certain thermal and compositional anomalies for field-based data collection. We also schedule ASTER observations while in the field in order to validate the thermal IR data collected on the ground or to better understand the larger picture of the volcano’s activity over the time when we are there. In a new study, we have merged airborne and ASTER thermal IR data collected from the Shiveluch Volcano, Russia. By comparing the ASTER data over the first six months of the eruption to the thermal IR data collected in the field, we were able to document the volume of the extruded lava dome and how its position changed following the eruption.
Finally, what motivated you to study volcanoes?
MR: I had always been interested in geology since I was a child, however my undergraduate degree was in Mechanical Engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia. My interest in geology was rekindled there after taking a course in Engineering Geology. I took several more classes in geology and went on to do a Ph.D. in the field at Arizona State University. I was not focused on remote sensing or volcanology when I started there, but ended up with two main advisors (one in remote sensing – Phil Christensen and one in volcanology – Jon Fink). It was a natural progression to merge the two fields and study active volcanic eruptions using thermal IR data. This was a few years prior to the launch of Terra, but once ASTER started returning data it became the best way to study small-scale volcanic processes globally.

MISR Measures Drop in Cloud Height

Posted on April 3, 2012 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

Deseasonalized anomalies of global effective cloud-top height from the 10-year mean. Solid line: 12-month running mean of 10-day anomalies. Dotted line: linear regression.
Collection - Winter from the International Space Station
Four of the range’s prominent volcanoes—Rainier, St. Helens, Adams, and Hood—were on full display in February 2022.
Published Dec 25, 2022
 

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Cold and Hot Yellowstone Lake
Beneath a layer of snow and ice, exceptionally hot fluids rise from the floor of Yellowstone Lake.
 
Published Dec 27, 2022
 

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Montreal Islands
Canada’s second-most populous city occupies the largest of hundreds of islands within the Hochelaga Archipelago.
Published Dec 24, 2022
 

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Icy Lake Paiku
This deep lake on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau freezes over during winter, curbing the large changes in lake level observed during other seasons.
Published Dec 23, 2022
 

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Snow Day in Delmarva
The Mid-Atlantic coast occasionally sees snow, but rain has become increasingly common over time.
Published Dec 21, 2022
 

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The Spine of South Island
New Zealand’s Southern Alps rise high above the landscape and influence the weather around them.
Published Feb 26, 2022
 

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Winter on the Roof of the World
With an average elevation of 4500 meters above sea level, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of Earth’s highest geographic features.
Published Jan 23, 2022
 

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Snowy Scene Surrounding the Salish Sea
After a rainy autumn, winter weather arrived in the Pacific Northwest.
Published Jan 7, 2022
 

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Winter is Long in Orenburg
Snow cover highlights the details of this railroad hub and city at the south end of the Ural Mountains.
Published Apr 18, 2021
 

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April | 2012 | Terra
Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L03701.

Thermal mapping of Hawaiian volcanoes with ASTER data

Posted on April 3, 2012 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

An analysis of data from Terra’s Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument mapped the thermal characteristics of Hawaii’s Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, HualÃ£lai, and HaleakalÃ£ volcanoes between 2000 and 2010. Images for all five areas were compiled and stacked to provide time series and temperature trends. Thermal areas were conspicuous on Kilauea, shown here, and Mauna Loa. The image on the right was produced by “œstacking” 42 individual surface kinetic temperature measurements of the Kilauea crater. The only significant change in thermal activity noted in the study period is the opening of the Halema”˜uma”˜u ventat KÃ¯lauea’s summit in 2008. Researchers observed several small thermal anomalies that coincidewith pit craters on HualÃ¤lai. The anomalies most like  result from the sheltered nature of the depression, but closer inspection is warranted to determine if genuine thermal activity exists in the craters. Thermal areas were not detected on HaleakalÃ¤ or Mauna Kea.
Patrick, M.R., and Witzke, C.-N., 2011, Thermal mapping of Hawaiian volcanoes with ASTER satellite data: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5110, 22 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5110/.

 

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October | 2022 | Terra
Explosive Volcanic Eruption Dynamics

Kathleen incorporates data from Terra’s Multi-Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) instrument to analyze volcanic ash and aerosols throughout the atmospheric column.
Personal website linked here, and NASA Bio linked below. 

Kathleen’s NASA Bio

Ryan Kramer

Global Radiation Budget and Modeling

Ryan uses data from the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument to improve how climate models handle future precipitation predictions. 
Link to Ryan’s Early Career Scientist Spotlight, and NASA Bio linked below.

Ryan’s NASA Bio

Andy Feldman

Soil – Plant – Atmosphere Interactions

Andy uses satellite products, like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), to analyze how changes in precipitation intensity and frequency impacts plant photosynthesis. 
Academic Bio linked here, and NASA Bio linked below.

Andy’s NASA Bio

Terra’s Upcoming Orbital Maneuvers

Posted on October 6, 2022 by Nyssa Rayne 
	Posted in News and Events 

The Terra Flight Operations Team is planning a set of orbital maneuvers for October 12 and 19 to lower Terra’s orbit by 6 km, as part of an effort to reduce orbital crossings with several other missions currently at Terra’s 705 km altitude. For more information, view the animation and graphic below, which are also available on the Terra website.

Brief animation of Terra’s October Orbital Maneuvers 

NASA’s Terra, Aqua, and Aura Drifting Orbits Workshop Information

Posted on October 5, 2022 by Nyssa Rayne 
	Posted in News and Events 

NASA previously released a Request for Information (RFI) on a Terra, Aqua, and Aura Drifting Orbits Workshop, for which the response date is October 11, 2022. 
The Terra, Aqua, and Aura Drifting Orbits Workshop will be held virtually on November 1-2, 2022. The Workshop Agenda has been posted on the NSPIRES page for this RFI. To attend please register at https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/terra-aqua-and-aura-drifting-orbits-workshop-registration, or use the QR code in the image below.
TAADOW_socialDownload

 

NASA Official: Kurtis Thome