vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Earth | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Learn more about these big waves and how NASA monitors them. 

Supermoon, Blood Moon, Blue Moon and Harvest Moon

 Learn about the different names we have for a full moon! 
explore

What Is an Earthquake?

 Learn more about tremors on Earth—and other planets too! 
explore

What Is a Solar Eclipse?

 Learn more about what happens when the moon passes between Earth and the sun! 
explore

How Is the Sun Completely Blocked in an Eclipse?

 It all has to do with the distance between Earth and the sun and Earth and the moon. 
explore

What Is La Niña?

 Learn more about this weather pattern! 
explore

How Much Water Is on Earth?

 Learn more about Earth's water in this video! 
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Make a Pastel Aurora!

 Make your own colorful aurora! 
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Earth's Atmosphere

 A jacket for the planet 
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Troposphere

 The layer we call home 
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Stratosphere

 The layer made of layers 
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Mesosphere

 The middle layer 
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Thermosphere

 The heat that won’t keep you warm 
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Make a Fan with Earth's Layers

 Cool yourself with Earth’s hot interior 
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Ionosphere

 The active, changing layer 
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Exosphere

 The outermost layer 
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What Is an Aurora?

 What causes this beautiful light show? 
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All About Earth

 The planet with living things 
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Lunar Eclipses and Solar Eclipses

 What’s the difference? 
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How Far Away Is the Moon?

 It’s farther away than you might realize. 
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How Does GPS Work?

 Space Place in a Snap explains how your phone knows where to look for pizza. 
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The Space Place Experiment Center

 It's science time! 
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Make a Stained Glass Earth!

 See our planet in a whole new light. 
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How Does GPS Work?

 We all use it, but how does it work, anyway? 
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Rare Juniper Trail
Typically, the seedlings form a "burl" at the base from which multiple tree trunks then grow. Most of the junipers around you have 2 - 12 trunks.In this unusual specimen, the burl did not form. Single-trunked junipers are very rare; we have found only seven in this woodland but none are as well developed as this one.
2. A Second Single-Trunked Juniper
This also appears to be a single-trunked juniper. No burl is found at the base. For unknown reasons, it is growing horizontally with the limbs at the far end.A Desert Woodrat (Packrat) has used this tree's unusual form to create a grand entrance to its midden.
3. If Tree Stumps Could Talk
California juniper wood was historically used for firewood and fence posts by the valley's homesteaders. Junipers have a strong smell of cedar when cut, and the wood takes many years to decompose.This and the next single-trunked stump must have been magnificent trees before all of the limbs were cut off, which likely killed the tree.All cutting of junipers in this woodland occurred prior to the establishment of the park in 1988.
4. Count the Rings
Step around the side of this trunk to count the tree rings, with each ring typically representing one year of growth. This tree, when cut, was over 150 years old.Juniper tree rings show more growth on the north side of vertical trunks, and on the undersides of horizontal-growing trunks. The cut area on this trunk reveals that it grew from the approximate center outwards.
5. Surviving after Cutbacks
When a trunk is cut, it will die back only to the burl. As this tree demonstrates, as long as at least one trunk is left, the burl survives and the trunk continues to grow.A juniper at the northwest end of the park was half damaged by fire in 2006. The dead trunks will remain there for many years while the survivors on the same burl continue to grow.Burls produce new trunks up until the tree stops growing, possibly at between 75 and 130 years old.
Fires are extremely damaging in the desert.
All Resources | Terra
Each month a new issue is published and coupled with a hands-on activity. Earth Observatory for Kids asks children to come explore our Earth with us.NASA WavelengthA digital collection of NASA Earth and space science resources for educators of all levels – from elementary to college, to out-of-school programs. These resources, developed through funding of the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD), have undergone a peer-review process through which educators and scientists ensure the content is accurate and useful in an educational setting. Use NASA Wavelength to quickly and easily locate resources, create your own collections within NASA Wavelength, connect them to other websites using atom feeds, and even share resources through social media.GLOBE ObserverGLOBE Observer is an international network of citizen scientists and scientists working together to learn more about our shared environment and changing climate. To participate, just download the GLOBE Observer app and submit regular observations. The GLOBE Observer Program currently accepts cloud, mosquito habitat, land cover observations, and tree height observations. In August of 2017 GLOBE Observer accepted air temperature measurements for the solar eclipse. (The solar eclipse occurred on Monday, August 21, 2017.)MY NASA DATA (MND)A tool that allows anyone to make use of satellite data that was previously unavailable. Through the use of MND’s Live Access Server (LAS) a multitude of charts, plots and graphs can be generated using a wide variety of constraints. This site provides a large number of lesson plans with a wide variety of topics, all with the students in mind. Not only can you use our lesson plans, you can use the LAS to improve the ones that you are currently implementing in your classroom.
Web Resources
NASA’s Earth Observations (NEO) NEO is your source for global data imagery from NASA. The global data sets are interactive allowing users to look for relationships between different types of data.  Ever wondered how Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll concentrations are related?  Use the interactive tool to see how.Earth ObservatoryThe Earth Observatory offers current information about Earth science through images updated multiple times daily, articles, fact sheets, blogs, and animations. Experiments are activities for educators. The Global Maps section contains movies that show seasonal change in things like plant growth, cloudiness, and rainfall. Articles about current science and fact sheets are in the Features section.
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
Europa is considered among the most promising environments suitable for life. Europa is thought to have an iron core, a rocky mantle and an ocean of salty water (below a shell of ice). topevaporation - Evaporation is the process of changing from a liquid to gas. topevapotranspiration - Evapotranspiration is the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants. topexert - Exert is to put forth strength or effort. topexpands - When the heart expands, or gets larger, the heart muscles stretch and the spaces within the heart spread out. topextinct - An extinct animal or plant is one that has died out. topextract - Extract is to remove or take out. topextremophile - An extremophile is an organism that can survive in extremely harsh environments where it was thought no organisms could live, such as environments with intense heat, high acidity, extreme pressure, or extreme cold. topffast carbon cycle - The fast carbon cycle is part of the movement of carbon through life forms on Earth or the biosphere as a part of the overall carbon cycle. The time it takes carbon to move through the fast carbon cycle is measured in a lifespan. topfault - A fault is a break in Earth's crust or the surface of a planet or moon where sections of rock often slide past each other. Faults are found at the boundaries of tectonic plates. topFermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope - Fermi is a space telescope that consists of two parts: the Large Area Telescope, or LAT, and the Fermi Burst Monitor. The LAT has a wide field of view and can detect gamma rays. The Fermi Burst Monitor observes gamma ray bursts which are sudden, brief flashes of gamma radiation that occur about once a day. topfertile - Fertile is a term used to describe soil that is rich in nutrients. topfilament - A filament is a small thin wire inside an incandescent light bulb that is heated until it glows. topfire - Fire is the flame, heat, and light produced by burning.
Facts About Earth - NASA Science
When spring and fall begin, both hemispheres receive roughly equal amounts of heat from the Sun.MoonsEarth is the only planet that has a single moon. Our Moon is the brightest and most familiar object in the night sky. In many ways, the Moon is responsible for making Earth such a great home. It stabilizes our planet's wobble, which has made the climate less variable over thousands of years.Earth sometimes temporarily hosts orbiting asteroids or large rocks. They are typically trapped by Earth's gravity for a few months or years before returning to an orbit around the Sun. Some asteroids will be in a long “dance” with Earth as both orbit the Sun.Some moons are bits of rock that were captured by a planet's gravity, but our Moon is likely the result of a collision billions of years ago. When Earth was a young planet, a large chunk of rock smashed into it, displacing a portion of Earth's interior. The resulting chunks clumped together and formed our Moon. With a radius of 1,080 miles (1,738 kilometers), the Moon is the fifth largest moon in our solar system (after Ganymede, Titan, Callisto, and Io).The Moon is an average of 238,855 miles (384,400 kilometers) away from Earth. That means 30 Earth-sized planets could fit in between Earth and its Moon.RingsEarth has no rings.FormationWhen the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the Sun. Like its fellow terrestrial planets, Earth has a central core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust.StructureEarth is composed of four main layers, starting with an inner core at the planet's center, enveloped by the outer core, mantle, and crust.The inner core is a solid sphere made of iron and nickel metals about 759 miles (1,221 kilometers) in radius. There the temperature is as high as 9,800 degrees Fahrenheit (5,400 degrees Celsius). Surrounding the inner core is the outer core.
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Real World: The Carbon Cycle - Essential for Life on Earth | Real World | NASA eClips
Real World: Tools for Construction - NASA's Lunar Crane [Archived] 

 Real World: Lessons in Heavy Metal [Archived] 

 Real World: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Resources [Archived] 

 Real World: Lunar Landing Test Designs [Archived] 

 Real World: The Math Involved in ARES[Archived] 

 Real World: Space Shuttle Thermal Protection System [Archived] 

 Real World: Moon Dirt [Archived] 

 Real World: Scarab, NASA's Newest Lunar Exploration Rover [Archived] 

Real World: The Carbon Cycle - Essential for Life on Earth

Description

Carbon is an essential building block for life. Learning how carbon is converted through slow- and fast-moving cycles helps us understand how this life-sustaining element moves through the environment. Discover how NASA measures carbon through both field work and satellite imagery keeping watch through its eyes on the sky, on Earth, and in space.
Published on: October 22, 2019 

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Related Links

Related NASA eClips Resources 

 NASA eClips Ask SME: Dr. Lola Fatoyinbo Agueh - Research Physical Scientist. 6-8 

Background Information 

 Climate Kids Why Is Carbon Important?. 6-8 

 GLOBE Carbon Cycle. 6-8 

 My NASA Data Earth System: Matter and Energy Cycle (The Carbon Cycle). 6-8 

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 NASA Science Mission Directorate Carbon Cycle. 6-8 

 NASA TERRA Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems. 6-8 

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Activities 

 GLOBE Carbon Cycle Learning Activities. 6-8 

 My NASA Data Carbon Dioxide Production and Sequestration. 6-8 

 My NASA Data How can a series of Landsat images help scientists estimate a forest's age over time?. 6-8
NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science
Life on Earth initially developed and continues to be sustained under the protection of this magnetic environment.Read MoreEarth is surrounded by a giant magnetic bubble called the magnetosphere, which is is part of a dynamic, interconnected system that responds to solar, planetary, and interstellar conditions.NASAIonosphere, Thermosphere and MesosphereNASA’s heliophysics researches the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere region where our neutral atmosphere transitions into the ionized plasma of space.In this thin shell that surrounds our home planet, the atmosphere is in constant motion, shaped by the influence of both solar activity and changes in the lower atmosphere and in near-Earth space. But this region is more than just a passive boundary — energy is not only deposited but also transformed in and transported through this region, and it’s an active source of energy and plasma into the magnetosphere.Read More​Stretching from roughly 50 to 400 miles above the surface, this region, called the ionosphere, is an electrified layer of the upper atmosphere, generated by extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center / Mary Pat Hrybyk-KeithHeliosphereThe sun sends out a constant flow of charged particles called the solar wind, which ultimately travels past all the planets to some three times the distance to Pluto before being impeded by the interstellar medium.This forms a giant bubble around the sun and its planets, known as the heliosphere. NASA studies the heliosphere to better understand the fundamental physics of the space surrounding us - which, in turn, provides information regarding space throughout the rest of the universe, as well as regarding what makes planets habitable.Read MoreThe sun sends out a constant flow of solar material called the solar wind, which creates a bubble around the planets called the heliosphere. The heliosphere acts as a shield that protects the planets from interstellar radiation.NASASolar EclipsesNASA studies solar eclipses on the ground, in our atmosphere, and in space, influencing solar and Earth science.Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and Earth. This doesn't happen every month, because the moon doesn't orbit in the exact same plane that the sun and Earth do – but it does happen occasionally. When it happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching Earth.
Terra | The EOS Flagship
Leadership
      Dr. Kurtis Thome
      Dr. David J. Diner
      Dr. James R. Drummond
      Dr. Michael D. King
      Mr. Michael J. Abrams
      Dr. Norman G. Loeb
      Dr. Si-Chee Tsay
      Mr. Robert Wolfe
      Mr. Wynn J. Watson
      Dr. Nyssa Rayne

Terra Instruments:
 

ASTER

CERES

MISR

MODIS

MOPITT

 Where the Wood Bison Roam 

 Dusty Spring in the Tarim Basin 

 Floods Engulf Porto Alegre 

 Sierra Snowpack Springs Back 

 Destructive Floods Afflict Tanzania 

 Parched Kafue Flats 

 25 Years, 25 Images 

 A “Surprisingly Average” Year for Sierra Snowpack 

 Terra: the EOS Flagship 

On May 11, 2024, Terra stopped transmitting Direct Broadcast. Terra is experiencing a solar array power generation issue limiting our ability to continue all science and provide Direct Broadcast continuously. We are continuing to evaluate the spacecraft power generation issue. We will resume Direct Broadcast if power generation returns to normal, but may only be able to support limited Direct Broadcast, if any. 
A recent programmatic change in the Terra mission is prompting the flight operation staffing to go from 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, with limited operational response when staff are not on site. For more information, see below. 

Terra: The EOS Flagship
Terra explores the connections between Earth’s atmosphere, land, snow and ice, ocean, and energy balance to understand Earth’s climate and climate change and to map the impact of human activity and natural disasters on communities and ecosystems

Connecting Earth’s Systems with Terra’s Observations

ASTER

CERES

MISR

MODIS

MOPITT

Examples of each instrument’s capabilities (clockwise): land composition (ASTER), reflected energy (CERES), aerosols (MISR), vegetation snow and ice (MODIS), carbon monoxide (MOPITT)
 
Important Terra Updates and Information
Mr. Wynn J. Watson | Terra
Mr. Wynn J. Watson | Terra

Mr. Wynn J. Watson – Terra

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Resultados científicos revolucionarios en la estación espacial de 2023 - NASA
Este hallazgo es un paso inicial en la utilización de la regeneración del tejido conectivo para el tratamiento de enfermedades y lesiones en los futuros exploradores espaciales.
Músculos poderosos en microgravedad

Instalación de la Unidad de Hábitat de Ratones en el Centro Experimental de Biología Celular de la estación.
NASA/JAXA

La JAXA (Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial) desarrolló el Sistema Múltiple de Investigación de Gravedad Artificial (MARS, por sus siglas en inglés), el cual genera gravedad artificial en el espacio. Tres investigaciones de la JAXA, MHU-1, MHU-4 y MHU-5, emplearon el sistema de gravedad artificial para examinar el efecto en los músculos esqueléticos que producen diferentes cargas gravitatorias: microgravedad, gravedad lunar (1/6 g) y gravedad terrestre (1 g). Los resultados muestran que la gravedad lunar protege contra la pérdida de algunas fibras musculares, pero no de otras. Es posible que se necesiten diferentes niveles gravitacionales para sustentar la adaptación muscular en las misiones futuras.
Mejores imágenes de ultrasonido

El astronauta de la JAXA Akihiko Hoshide utiliza el dispositivo de ultrasonido de la estación para obtener imágenes de la arteria femoral de su pierna derecha.
NASA
News and Events | Terra
Spooky Sunglint: A dark spirit-like intrusion breaks into the bright glint of reflected sunlight off the coast of Oman, in an optical illusion caused by the less-reflective current of turbulent waters. (Featured in both Earth Observatory and a major news outlet, both linked here.)
Ancient Graveyards: From above, Terra views what appear to be emerald key holes, but that are actually massive ancient burial sites in Japan! For more information on these incredible tombs, check out “A Burial Site Fit for an Emperor,” linked here.
Creepy Clouds: These ghastly clouds over Australia offer a real modern-day mystery in how they were formed! (But similar events have been caused by atmospheric gravity waves — read more in “Curious Waves of Clouds Across Australia,” linked here!)

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Logros de la NASA en la estación espacial en 2023 - NASA
Este es un factor importante para identificar los “superemisores”: fuentes que producen una parte desproporcionada de las emisiones totales. El seguimiento de las emisiones causadas por la actividad humana podría ofrecer un enfoque rápido y de bajo costo para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero.

Índice de estrés evaporativo sobre el valle de San Joaquín en California.
NASA

Los modelos que utilizan los datos del experimento ECOSTRESS de la NASA hallaron que la fotosíntesis de las plantas comienza a decaer a los 46,7 grados centígrados (C), o 116 grados Fahrenheit (F). ECOSTRESS está ayudando a explorar las repercusiones del cambio climático en las selvas tropicales. Según este estudio, las temperaturas medias han aumentado 0,5 C por década en algunas regiones tropicales, y las temperaturas extremas son cada vez más acentuadas. Se desconoce si las temperaturas de la vegetación tropical pronto podrían acercarse a este umbral, pero este resultado crea conciencia sobre la necesidad de mitigar los efectos del cambio climático en las selvas tropicales, las cuales son un productor primario del oxígeno del mundo.
Estudios para el viaje más allá de la órbita terrestre baja
La NASA ha logrado una recuperación de agua del 98% a bordo del segmento estadounidense de la estación espacial, lo cual es un hito necesario para las misiones espaciales que se aventuren a destinos lejanos.