vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Water - NYSDEC
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Commissioner And Executive Team
Commissioner and Executive Team - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

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Global Warming
As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal infrared radiation). From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth’s surface, microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters— like the bricks in a fireplace, they radiate heat even after the fire goes out. They radiate in all directions. The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface, enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight.
This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today.
See Climate and Earth’s Energy Budget to read more about how sunlight fuels Earth’s climate.
The enhanced greenhouse effect
What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent.

Increases in concentrations of carbon dioxide (top) and methane (bottom) coincided with the start of the Industrial Revolution in about 1750. Measurements from Antarctic ice cores (green lines) combined with direct atmospheric measurements (blue lines) show the increase of both gases over time. (NASA graphs by Robert Simmon, based on data from the NOAA Paleoclimatology and Earth System Research Laboratory.)

The atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere. Since some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface, Earth’s surface temperature rises. By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, we are making Earth’s atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse.

How is Today’s Warming Different from the Past?
Eastern Coyote - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

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Collection - Backgrounders
Atmosphere
Land
Life
Water

Article

What are Phytoplankton?
Microscopic plant-like organisms called phytoplankton are the base of the marine food web, and they play a key role in removing carbon dioxide from the air.
Published Jul 16, 2010
 

Life
Water

Article

Global Warming
Global warming is happening now, and scientists are confident that greenhouse gases are responsible. To understand what this means for humanity, it is necessary to understand what global warming is, how scientists know it's happening, and how they predict future climate.
Published Jun 3, 2010
 

Atmosphere
Heat
Land
Water

Article

Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits
Different orbits give satellites different vantage points for viewing Earth. This fact sheet describes the common Earth satellite orbits and some of the challenges of maintaining them.
Published Sep 4, 2009
 

Remote Sensing

Article

Planetary Motion: The History of an Idea That Launched the Scientific Revolution
Attempts of Renaissance astronomers to explain the puzzling path of planets across the night sky led to modern scienceâ€™s understanding of gravity and motion.
Published Jul 7, 2009
 

Land

Article

Climate and Earth’s Energy Budget
Earth’s temperature depends on how much sunlight the land, oceans, and atmosphere absorb, and how much heat the planet radiates back to space. This fact sheet describes the net flow of energy through different parts of the Earth system, and explains how the planetary energy budget stays in balance.
Published Jan 14, 2009
 

Heat

Article

The Ocean’s Carbon Balance
The amount of carbon dioxide that the ocean can take from the atmosphere is controlled by both natural cycles and human activity.
Published Jul 1, 2008
 

Water

Article

Tropical Deforestation
Tropical forests are home to half the Earth's species, and their trees are an immense standing reservoir of carbon. Deforestation will have increasingly serious consequences for biodiversity, humans, and climate.
Published Mar 30, 2007
 

Land
Life

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Environmental Protection - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

Ways to Protect

Report a Problem

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Wildfires

Air

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Pesticides

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Radiation

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Climate Change

Facilities In Your Neighborhood

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Help For Businesses

Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

Regulatory

Regulatory

DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

Regulations and Enforcement

Regulations

Regulatory Agenda

Guidance And Policy Documents

Enforcement

Hearings

Permits, Licenses, and Registrations

Find a Permit or License

Permit Documentation For Notable Projects

Natural Resource Damages (NRD)

News

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The Environmental Notice Bulletin lets you know about projects or regulations being proposed each week. Sign up for one of DEC’s many electronic newsletter topics or subscribe to the Conservationist, New York State’s award-winning nature magazine.

Stay Informed

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DEC Delivers: Email Newsletters

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DEC sponsors events across New York including informational webinars, public meetings, and in-person environmental education sessions. Environmental justice programs address needs in disadvantaged communities and many grants are available for community groups and municipalities.

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Passionate about the environment? Check our employment pages and come work for DEC. If you have a question, we are here to help so contact us using one of the roster or office pages on our site. 

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News Around NOAA
September 16, 2021 - Climate Prediction Center launches new maps for temperature and precipitation outlooks
NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center (CPC) launched a new look and feel to some of their temperature and precipitation maps to better communicate upcoming climate outlooks across the U.S.

 September 14, 2021 - NOAA Announces Appointees to New Space Weather Advisory Group
The members were chosen to provide a range of views that represent the span of the space weather community and end-user sectors.

 September 13, 2021 - 7 rip current myths debunked
Many people still do not know what rip currents are, how to spot them, or what to do if they are caught in one.

 September 10, 2021 - Wet Bulb Globe Temperature: How and when to use it 
Extreme heat is a major weather-related hazard. WBGT is an experimental forecast tool indicating expected heat stress on the human body when in direct sunlight.

 September 7, 2021 - Louis W. Uccellini, director of the U.S. National Weather Service, to retire
Louis W. Uccellini, federal scientist, global leader in meteorology and renowned expert and author on U.S. winter storms, has announced his plan to retire from public service on Jan. 1, 2022.

  August 5, 2021 - The costliest severe thunderstorm event in United States history
A long-lived line of severe storms known as a "derecho" produced severe wind damage across portions of South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio on Monday, August 10, 2020.

 July 27, 2021 - Q&A: NWS employee and husband rescue child caught in rip current
NWS National Cooperative Observer Program Manager, Amy Fritz, and her husband, Ryan, heroically saved a young boy from a rip current while vacationing in North Carolina in August 2020.

 July 22, 2021 - New “Destructive” Severe Thunderstorm Warning category to trigger Wireless Emergency Alerts on mobile phones
Starting August 2, the National Weather Service will better convey the severity and potential impacts from thunderstorm winds and hail by adding a “damage threat” tag to Severe Thunderstorm Warnings.

 July 21, 2021 - Breakthrough computer model to help NWS provide better space weather forecasts, more targeted warnings
How Do Hurricanes Form? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
The whole system of clouds and wind spins and grows, fed by the ocean's heat and water evaporating from the surface. 
Storms that form north of the equator spin counterclockwise. Storms south of the equator spin clockwise. This difference is because of Earth's rotation on its axis.
As the storm system rotates faster and faster, an eye forms in the center. It is very calm and clear in the eye, with very low air pressure. Higher pressure air from above flows down into the eye.

If you could slice into a tropical cyclone, it would look something like this. The small red arrows show warm, moist air rising from the ocean's surface, and forming clouds in bands around the eye. The blue arrows show how cool, dry air sinks in the eye and between the bands of clouds. The large red arrows show the rotation of the rising bands of clouds.
When the winds in the rotating storm reach 39 mph, the storm is called a "tropical storm." And when the wind speeds reach 74 mph, the storm is officially a "tropical cyclone," or hurricane.
Tropical cyclones usually weaken when they hit land, because they are no longer being "fed" by the energy from the warm ocean waters. However, they often move far inland, dumping many inches of rain and causing lots of wind damage before they die out completely.
Tropical cyclone categories:

Category
Wind Speed (mph)
Damage at Landfall
Storm Surge (feet)

1
74-95
Minimal
4-5

2
96-110
Moderate
6-8

3
111-129
Extensive
9-12

4
130-156
Extreme
13-18

5
157 or higher
Catastrophic
19+

The two GOES satellites keep their eyes on hurricanes from far above Earth's surface—22,300 miles above, to be exact! (Learn more about this kind of orbit.)
Acid Rain - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

Ways to Protect

Report a Problem

Public Safety

Wildfires

Air

Water

Bulk Storage

Recycling and Composting

Waste Management

Mining & Reclamation

Site Cleanup

Oil and Gas

Pesticides

Mercury

Radiation

Acid Rain

Climate Change

Facilities In Your Neighborhood

Offshore Wind Development

Help For Businesses

Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

Regulatory

Regulatory

DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

Regulations and Enforcement

Regulations

Regulatory Agenda

Guidance And Policy Documents

Enforcement

Hearings

Permits, Licenses, and Registrations

Find a Permit or License

Permit Documentation For Notable Projects

Natural Resource Damages (NRD)

News

News

The Environmental Notice Bulletin lets you know about projects or regulations being proposed each week. Sign up for one of DEC’s many electronic newsletter topics or subscribe to the Conservationist, New York State’s award-winning nature magazine.

Stay Informed

Press Releases

Environmental Notice Bulletin

Conservationist Magazine

DEC Delivers: Email Newsletters

Storms & Alerts

Podcast

Get Involved

Get Involved

DEC sponsors events across New York including informational webinars, public meetings, and in-person environmental education sessions. Environmental justice programs address needs in disadvantaged communities and many grants are available for community groups and municipalities.

See How You Can Get Involved

Education

Events

Find a Form

Environmental Justice

Grant Applications

Living the Green Life

Public Participation

HuntFishNY Mobile App

Environmental Excellence Awards

About

About

Passionate about the environment? Check our employment pages and come work for DEC. If you have a question, we are here to help so contact us using one of the roster or office pages on our site. 

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May | 2012 | Terra
Since it has a medium lifetime in the atmosphere (longer than a day, but not more than a few months), CO can be used to track pollution events and how they are transported across the globe. These events, such as large fires, have higher concentrations of CO that are easily measured over atmospheric background levels.
Are efforts to decrease CO emissions working?
HW: Yes, especially with the improved emissions in newer cars.
Finally, what you do is very technical”¦, what inspired you to go into this field?
HW: Understanding our atmosphere is very challenging, but necessary if we want to make informed decisions for our future. I also find remote sensing really interesting and at times, very exciting, like when we launch a satellite and we get a whole new image of our world.

MODIS Researcher: Dr. Robert Brakenridge

Posted on May 16, 2012 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

Over half of the US and one third of world population live along the coastlines.  In the US alone, from 2000-2010, 9 billion damages incurred from floods.  Dr. Robert  Brakenridge is at the forefront of flood studies by using advanced satellite remote sensing and geographic information science technologies.  He heads the Dartmouth Flood Observatory, which contains comprehensive database on floods and is, frequently, used by other flood researchers. 
You oversee a team of researchers who use Terra instruments to study floods.  Can you discuss how and why Terra instruments are used to study floods?
BB: Terra’s always-on sensor (MODIS) provides unprecedented imaging of the Earth’s changing surface waters on a near-daily basis, worldwide, at spatial resolutions of as good as 250 m. This capability now allows inundation from large floods to be to routinely mapped, in near-real time, and recorded for posterity. The latter task provides very useful information for future flood risk evaluation.  Floods cover large regions, so that MODIS’s big image “œfootprint” is a major advantage. Also aboard Terra, the ASTER sensor, then can provide as well the detailed mapping of smaller areas of land as much higher spatial resolution.
Dartmouth Flood Observatory contains a database that stores flood attributes.