vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Seeds and squirrels: Nature’s approach to fire recovery
We have to be careful we are not accidentally replacing plants already on site. Even “native” seed is not necessarily representative of the plant community that existed pre-fire and will respond on its own post-fire.
For more severely burned sites, birds, animals, and the wind will bring in seed. The knobcone pine is a tree controlled exclusively by fire. Only temperatures of 400 degrees or more can melt their cones and release their seeds. Knobcones have long “wings” attached to their seeds, so the seeds can readily catch drafts and travel miles. Knobcone pine are doing this in real time on the highest points in Hood Mountain.
So, bottom line, park vegetation will come back on its own, with a few exceptions. We have areas heavily impacted by fire suppression, areas where dozer lines, hand lines, and staging areas were cut into the landscapes. Those areas require active seeding and stabilizing. A Press Democrat article showed photos of one place we put native seed and straw on Hood Mountain. It was by far the exception to the rule and represented a place where so much soil had been disturbed that active seeding made sense.
Wildlife will return

So what about the squirrels? And all of the other animals that live in these forests? Where are they now? Larger animals likely ran from the flames and took shelter in nearby unburned areas. Others sheltered in place. Ground squirrels and other rodents can stay underground, and we already see them active in the burned areas. Tree squirrels found refuge in tall trees above the flames or in unburned patches.
To be sure, some wildlife perished, but research shows the vast majority can get out of the way of fire and will return. They will make good use of hollow stumps for shelter, downed trees for dens, piled brush for protection, and they will feed on seed and sprouts as available. In their travels, they will spread the seeds and inoculate the soil with tiny fungi that support seedling growth. The seeds support the squirrels, and the squirrels support the seeds.
The forests and wildlife of Sonoma County will be resilient. They will recover. They will rebuild.
MOPITT | Terra
MOPITT data are used to derive carbon monoxide concentrations such as those released from burning vegetation, coal, and other combustible plant material. MOPITT carbon monoxide measurements are used to determine where wildfires are burning and to infer the presence of other air pollutants, too. After analyzing over 15 years of data, the MOPITT team found that overall carbon monoxide levels have decreased globally over the past decade, but with varying amounts related to regional land use differences. Additionally, the team also discovered that an increase in new seasonal peaks of air pollution– especially from summer wildfires burning in the American Pacific Northwest – contribute to increased health risks “downwind” of these fires – even impacting places as far away as Colorado!  Find out more about this research in this NCAR/UCAR News article and this Earth Observatory Image of the Day!
For more on Dr. Helen Worden’s research, check out her bio here as well as her 2012 interview by our own Tassia Owens! 

Highlighting Two Decades of Terra Talent

Posted on June 3, 2022 by Nyssa Rayne 
	Posted in News and Events 

With Terra’s 25th Anniversary only two years away (December 2024), we’re kicking off the celebration early in our News and Events section with a new series highlighting some of Terra’s researchers, data users, educators, and science communicators. We’re especially excited to promote current and proposed research that uses Terra data in unique or novel ways!  (Do you know someone who’s made important contributions to the Terra mission? Or a groundbreaking Terra study that you feel made a substantial impact in the fields of earth science or remote sensing? We’d love to feature them – email us your ideas!)
Our first post in this series highlights three trailblazing women at NASA who have contributed to Terra’s scientific legacy, while showcasing the collaborative efforts among scientists at Goddard, JPL, and NCAR/UCAR. Check out their stories below!

Dr. Nai-Yung Christina Hsu (GSFC)
Dr. Christina Hsu, a researcher from GSFC, has incorporated data from many of Terra’s instruments into her research.
Fire in the Xingu River Basin
Fire in the Xingu River Basin

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Fire in the Xingu River Basin

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When most people think of the Amazon rainforest, they envision a vast expanse of green jungle, dripping with moisture year round. Some parts of the Amazon do receive relentless rain, but other regions have a distinct dry season when little or no rain falls. 
The southeastern Amazon, in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Pará, has a four-to-five month dry season that limits rains to a trickle. Lush vegetation survives by sending roots up to 10 meters (30 feet) into the ground. Ecologists worry that as climate change brings hotter, drier conditions to the region, the southern edge of the Amazon could easily transition from forest to tropical savanna known in South America as the Cerrado.
The boundary between rainforest and the Cerrado cuts across the Amazon Basin in a ragged line that runs through the Brazilian states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and Pará.
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Frequently Asked Questions: Moving Firewood Can Spread Invasive Species

 Why is moving firewood such a bad idea? Tree-killing insects and diseases can lurk in firewood. These insects and diseases can't move far on their own, but when people move firewood they can jump hundreds of miles. New infestations destroy our forests, property values, and cost huge sums of money to control.

Why should I be cautious about moving firewood?
Firewood can carry invasive insects and diseases that can kill native trees. New infestations of these insects and diseases can destroy our forests, lessen property values, and cost a great deal to monitor, manage and control.
Which firewood-related pests should I be concerned about in California?
Pests that can be carried by firewood are:
	
Emerald ash borer
Goldspotted oak borer
Sirex woodwasp
Gypsy moth
Asian longhorned beetle
Diseases, such as Sudden Oak Death

Why are non-native insects and diseases so much worse than the native ones?
Native trees have evolved to survive with local insects and diseases. Likewise, native predators eat native insects and that keeps their numbers in check (environmental balance). Non-native insects and diseases have few (if any) predators, and the native trees have few natural defenses against them. Invasive insects and diseases reproduce quickly and outcompete native species.
What are other states and regions in the United States doing about this issue?
Some Midwest and East Coast states have quarantines that prevent you from moving firewood more than 50 miles, others donât allow you to move wood from county to county, and some states donât allow firewood to be transported from other states.
My firewood has no visible signs of insect or disease infestation. Is it OK to transport it?
There are no bugs, holes, burrows or sawdust. Is it OK to transport it?
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And an instrument perched on the International Space Station mapped surface temperatures during the record-breaking heat wave that coincided with the historic wildfire outbreak in California. 
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The Pathway to Fighting Wildfires Found with CCC | California Conservation Corps
“I always learn something new and then I take it on to the next day. I see how much I’m progressing. I’m proud of my success.”
For the last few weeks, she and her crew have been donning their protective gear, sharpening their hand tools, and hitting the trails of Northern California. These are not easy strolls through the woods, these are workouts intended to prepare Corpsmembers for the demanding months ahead on the fireline.

 

Placer Corpsmember Serra Davidsson does pull-ups during physical training at the CCC Placer Center in Auburn. 

 

“I’m not the best hiker, but I’ve seen so much improvement,” Cecilia said. “I know what I have to do and I work on it. We all know we have to improve. I have to keep pushing myself.”
In order to find success, Corpsmembers spend time working together on their physical fitness. They complete intense training circuits focusing on building up the strength and endurance needed to hike and swing hand tools for hours at a time.
“I came in barely being able to do one pull-up,” said Placer Corpsmember Serra Davidson. “Today we did 100 pull-ups. It’s not easy but I get it done.”

 

CCC Los Piños Corpsmembers use their hand tools to clear debris within five feet of a tree, in order to prepare for a prescribed burn in the Cleveland National Forest. 

 

For many Corpsmembers, this will be their first time on a wildland fire crew. They joined the CCC without any prior experience and receive hands-on, paid training where they work directly with CAL FIRE captains.
“Thank goodness for like the captains and supervisors, they helped me understand more about the tools,” said Los Piños Corpsmember Kevon Martinez. “I now see how Pulaskis, hoes, and chain saws work to build fireline.”
Though it can be a steep learning curve, Corpsmembers are eager to pick up the language and develop their skills. They’re getting the hands-on field experience and working in the classroom, where they earn firefighting certifications.
Exposure to Smoke from Fires
Exposure to Smoke from Fires

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Exposure to Smoke from Fires

Wildfires Affecting New York State
Wildfires can affect air quality in New York State. You can check air quality at airnow.gov and follow the tips below when air quality is unhealthy.


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Green: 0 to 50 Good
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Orange: 101 to 150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Avocado Fire | CAL FIRE


Avocado Fire | CAL FIRE

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Avocado Fire

 
 Avocado Fire 

100% Contained
10 Acres

                            1 County:
Riverside
                        

Last Updated  07/13/2023 7:14 AM

Date Started 07/12/2023 4:29 PM

Date Contained 07/13/2023 6:30 AM (Active for 1 days)

Location Informationnear Avocado Mesa Road, in La Cresta 

Latitude / Longitude [33.505725,-117.300098]

Admin UnitCAL FIRE Riverside Unit 

Incident Management Team No team assigned

Cause Under Investigation

Reports Prior status reports

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National Aeronautic and Space Administration - Athena: Earth ResourcesExplore the environment created by wetlands, volcanoes, and earthquakes, including their influence on Earth's geography and landforms. Part of NASA's Learning Technologies Project (LTP).Bureau of Land ManagementThis website is produced and maintained by the Environmental Education and Volunteers Group of the Bureau of Land Management. It presents learning opportunities associated with the 262 million acres of public lands that BLM manages for all Americans. They've gathered information for students and teachers to use both in the classroom, in informal outdoor settings, or in "virtual" classrooms.U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyWould you like to teach about the environment? This may be the site for you! The U.S. EPA put together a collection of fact sheets, brochures, and web pages that you can use to explain environmental issues. These resources offer basic and clear information to assist you in teaching your students about the environment.USDA Forest Service - Woodsy OwlCaring, friendly, and wise, Woodsy Owl is a whimsical fellow and he's got his heart set on motivating kids to form healthy, lasting relationships with nature.  He encourages youngsters to marvel at and explore the natural world, even in the city. His new motto, "Lend a Hand--Care for the Land." encourages everyone to make a positive difference in the world.  Join the USDA Forest Service in introducing children to this fanciful creature.USDA Forest Service - Smokey the BearThe new Smokeybear.com site features a redesigned children's area, including Smokejumpers! an online game honoring the famed wildland firefighter's who parachute out of plans to fight wildfires. The site's overarching goal is to further educate the public and promote Smokey's message of wildfire safety and prevention.
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Tracking Canada’s Extreme 2023 Fire Season
Tracking Canada’s Extreme 2023 Fire Season

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Tracking Canada’s Extreme 2023 Fire Season

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June 1 - July 23, 2023

Wildland fire experts have described Canada’s 2023 fire season as record-breaking and shocking. Over the course of a fire season that started early and ended late, blazes have burned an estimated 18.4 million hectares—an area roughly the size of North Dakota. On average, just 2.5 million hectares burn in Canada each year.
While the total number of reported fires has not been unusual—6,595 by October—a subset of the fires reached extraordinary sizes. Hundreds of fires exceeded 10,000 hectares (39 square miles), large enough to be considered “megafires.” These megafires were also unusually widespread this season, charring forests from British Columbia and Alberta in the west to Quebec and the Atlantic provinces in the east to the Northwest Territories and the Yukon in the north.
As the fires raged, NASA scientists tracked them with a new system—the Fire Events Data Suite (FEDS). The system draws upon NOAA and NASA satellite data to provide more frequent monitoring of fire activity, growth, and behavior than has been available in the past.