vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History
Viking Lander integration. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The farthestPerhaps JPL's grandest mission is Voyager, which visited all four of the solar system's gas giants. Launched in 1977, the twin Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft flew by the planets Jupiter (1979) and Saturn (1980–81). Voyager 2 then went on to an encounter with the planet Uranus in 1986 and a flyby of Neptune in 1989. Early in 1990, Voyager 1 turned its camera around to capture a series of images assembled into a "family portrait" of the solar system. Still communicating their findings as they speed out toward interstellar space, the Voyagers are expected to have enough power to continue communicating information about the Sun's energy field until approximately 2025. In February 1998, Voyager 1 passed NASA's Pioneer 10 to become the most distant human-made object in space. In August 2012, Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause to become the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space. Voyager 2 followed it, on Nov. 5, 2018. A Voyager awaiting encapsulation at Kennedy Space Center, August 4, 1977. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech To return data from its planetary missions, JPL also designed, built and operates NASA's Deep Space Network of antenna stations. These complexes are located in California's at Goldstone in the Mojave Desert, near Madrid, Spain and near Canberra, Australia, and are designed for communicating with and navigating spacecraft beyond Earth's orbit. In addition to NASA missions, the network regularly performs tracking for international interplanetary missions. The Goldstone station in California also hosts one of the country's two planetary radars. The 64-meter "Mars" antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Network station in California in 1970. It was later expanded to a 70-meter diameter. It also has radar capabilities. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The extinction crisisAlthough the Viking and Voyager missions were great achievements in exploration, the decade of their building and launch was greatly challenging for JPL. NASA focused its declining post-Apollo budget on building the Space Shuttle, and planetary exploration funding diminished substantially.
History
The Galileo mission to Jupiter had been authorized in October 1977 for a 1982 space shuttle launch, but delays to the shuttle program, confusion over the development of an appropriate upper stage to send the probe on its way out of Earth orbit, and finally the loss of space shuttle Challenger and its crew in 1986, postponed Galileo's launch until 1989. Galileo deployment from space shuttle Atlantis, October 1989. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The atmospheric entry probe carried by Galileo was developed by NASA Ames Research Center. The probe entered the Jovian atmosphere on Dec. 7, 1995, measuring the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere until it was crushed, as expected, by extreme pressure. The Galileo orbiter lasted until September 2003, when JPL ordered it to plunge into Jupiter's atmosphere to ensure that it would not crash into, and contaminate, any of Jupiter's moons. Among other things, Galileo found a water ocean under Europa's planetary ice sheet, and possibly under two other moons as well; determined that the moon Ganymede has a magnetic field; and spotted the first asteroid moon, Dactyl, orbiting main belt asteroid 243 Ida in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.JPL branches outThe downturn in planetary exploration funding during the 1970s had one welcome consequence: JPL began to seek other kinds of spaceflight tasks. This led the Lab into astronomy and Earth science.One of JPL's technology development efforts in the mid-1970s had been research on improving charge-coupled detectors (CCDs) for use in space. This work was intended for the Galileo camera system, but also resulted in the Laboratory being awarded the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field and Planetary Camera in 1978. Intended to be the observatory's primary imaging instrument, WFPC operated flawlessly when the telescope was finally launched in 1990.WFPC also helped pinpoint a manufacturing flaw in the telescope's primary mirror. It had been polished to just slightly the wrong shape. The error made Hubble a hugely expensive laughing stock shortly after launch, but JPL scientists realized they could rescue the mission by installing corrective optics in an updated camera. JPL developed the camera, WFPC2, which was installed on Hubble by astronauts in 1993, and operated until removed during a servicing mission in 2009.
Solar System Exploration at JPL
Solar System Exploration at JPL

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 Solar System Exploration at JPL
 Spacecraft managed by JPL for NASA have visited every planet in our solar system. This daunting accomplishment began when the JPL-built Mariner 2 spacecraft flew past Venus in 1962. Since then, many NASA space missions have explored the other planets and some of their many moons, as well as asteroids and comets.These missions have brought us dramatic and diverse discoveries, including volcanoes, canyons, geysers, colossal storms, and evidence of liquid oceans on other worlds.The venerable twin Voyager spacecraft have played a pivotal role in unlocking solar system secrets. Built at JPL and launched in 1977, between them they flew by and imaged Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Their discoveries added numerous chapters to astronomy books. Iconic Voyager images include a “family portrait” of planets, and a lookback view of Earth as a “pale blue dot.” The Voyagers are now in interstellar space—the space between the stars. And in case they ever encounter other beings, both spacecraft carry instructions for playing an onboard “Golden Record” of human greetings, sounds, music, and images.Salty Surprises in the Solar SystemIt seems there’s a surprise around every corner in the solar system. The thrill and benefits of discovering these delights are unlimited — except by vast travel distances, technology, resources, and the hostile conditions of space.
Mission to Jupiter: Juno | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
During the parts of each orbit when it is closest to Jupiter, Juno takes measurements to find out whether Jupiter has a solid planetary core. Juno is also mapping Jupiter's intense magnetic field, measuring the amount of water and ammonia in the deep atmosphere, and observing the planet's auroras.

 	article last updated February 11, 2021
 

Why "Juno"?

The name "Juno" comes from Greek and Roman mythology. The god Jupiter (for whom the planet is named) drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief. Jupiter's wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature.
The Juno spacecraft will also look beneath the clouds to see what the planet is up to. Juno the spacecraft will not be seeking signs of misbehavior, but it will be helping us to understand the planet's structure and history.

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Why "Juno"?

The name "Juno" comes from Greek and Roman mythology. The god Jupiter (for whom the planet is named) drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief. Jupiter's wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature.
The Juno spacecraft will also look beneath the clouds to see what the planet is up to. Juno the spacecraft will not be seeking signs of misbehavior, but it will be helping us to understand the planet's structure and history.
Juno - NASA Science
5, 2011TargetJupiterObjectiveExplore the Jovian systemContentsOverview Mission Objectives Spacecraft DesignSolar SailorArmored VaultArt+Science: A Sampler of Jupiter Images from JunoCamLaunch and Cruise PhasesOrbital InsertionThe Science MissionScientific Discoveries and ResultsEnd of MissionLegacy and ImpactJuno and Pop CultureFAQs and More About the MissionUnable to render the provided sourceAfter enduring a five-year, 1.7 billion-mile journey from Earth, and evading showers of the most punishing radiation outside the Sun, Juno has provided breathtaking images and breakthrough discoveries from Jupiter and its moons. And in their quest to engage and inspire the public, the Juno mission team shares the pictures with the world, fueling citizen science and creative artistry.From its very first orbit, stretching across 53 days from Jupiter’s cloud tops to the frontiers of its magnetic field, Juno has upended our views of the gas giant and its surroundings. The spacecraft found previously unseen networks of vast storms swirling around Jupiter’s poles, active volcanoes and lakes of lava on the tempestuous moon, Io, and answers to a decades-old question about winds on Jupiter extending hundreds of miles toward the planet’s interior. It’s scheduled to continue investigating the solar system’s largest planet through September 2025.Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system. Juno is going there as our emissary – to interpret what Jupiter has to say.scott boltonJuno's principal investigator, Southwest Research Institute in San Antoniojuno firstsCatching RaysFirst solar-powered spacecraft operating at Jupiter.Waiting for DaylightFarthest solar-powered spacecraft from Earth.Polar ExplorerFirst mission to orbit an outer planet from pole to pole.Daring DivesClosest orbiter to Jupiter, grazing deadly radiation belts.Eye for DetailHighest-resolution images ever captured at Jupiter.Overview Jupiter, king of the gods in Roman mythology, was also god of the sky and storms; he once concealed himself in a veil of clouds to hide his misbehavior.  His wife, Juno, queen of the gods, noticed this sudden fog and grew suspicious; she swooped down from the heavens and broke through the haze to investigate. She could see Jupiter’s true nature.
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Opportunities Internships and Jobs at JPL and NASA Discover exciting opportunities at the leading NASA center for robotic exploration of the solar system. DecemberAll Month – Send Your Name to JupiterHere's a gift idea that doesn't cost a thing: Send a loved one's name to Jupiter with NASA's Europa Clipper mission. December is the last month to add your name to a microchip that will be flown on the spacecraft along with a poem written by the U.S. Poet Laureate, Ada Limón. The Europa Clipper mission, which is scheduled to launch in October 2024, is designed to explore Jupiter's ice-covered ocean moon Europa – the newest frontier in our search for life beyond Earth. So don't miss the boat – or, in this case, spacecraft – on this exciting opportunity. Explore activities students can do in class or over winter break to write their own space poetry and engage in hands-on activities and experiments related to the Europa Clipper mission.Learning Resources Collection Europa Lessons for Educators Explore classroom activities to bring the excitement of STEM and NASA's Europa Clipper mission to students. Collection Europa Activities for Students Learn all about Jupiter's moon Europa with these projects and videos for students. Public Event Send Your Name to Jupiter Have your name engraved on NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft. Plus, explore more ways you can participate with the mission. Live Stream Watch Engineers Build Europa Clipper Live at JPL Get a live view into the "cleanroom" at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where engineers are building the Europa Clipper spacecraft. All Month – Prepare for the Science FairBefore you know it, it'll be science fair time. Avoid the stress of science fair prep by getting students organized and thinking about their projects before the winter recess. Start by watching our video series How to Do a Science Fair Project. A scientist and an engineer from JPL walk your students through all the steps they will need to create an original science fair project by observing the world around them and asking questions. You can also explore our science fair starter pack of lessons and projects to get students generating ideas and thinking like scientists and engineers.Learning Resources Video Series How to Do a Science Fair Project Learn all the ins and outs of crafting your very own science fair project.
Educator Guide: Spacecraft Materials and the Chemistry of Space Exploration | NASA/JPL Edu
Subjects: SCIENCE, ENGINEERINGTypes: CLASSROOM ACTIVITY, DEMONSTRATION, LABGrade Levels: 2 - 12Primary Topic: CHEMISTRYAdditional Topics:ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYMATERIALS SCIENCEPHYSICAL SCIENCESTime Required: 1hr - 2hrsNext Generation Science Standards (Website)
Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties
	2-PS1-1
	 
Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose
	2-PS1-2
	 
Make observations to construct an evidence-based account of how an object made of a small set of pieces can be disassembled and made into a new object
	2-PS1-3
	 
Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred
	MS-PS1-2
	 
Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties
	HS-PS1-2
	 Keywords: MISSIONSOCEAN WORLDSEUROPACLIPPEREUROPA CLIPPERROVERSSPACECRAFT 

Jump ToOverviewMaterialsManagementBackgroundProceduresDiscussionAssessmentExtensions 

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Juno - NASA Science
And after it completed its initial goals, and NASA extended the mission, the Juno team realized that the long orbits would evolve to eventually put the planet’s Galilean moons within reach. On June 7, 2021, during orbit 34, Juno flew within 652 miles of Ganymede, Jupiter’s largest moon (in fact, the largest moon in the solar system). It was the closest such encounter since the Galileo spacecraft flew by Ganymede in May 2000. Ganymede’s gravity altered Juno’s orbit, reducing its period from 53 days to 43 days and enabling a rendezvous with Europa in September 2022. That flyby further shrank Juno’s orbital period to 38 days, setting up encounters with Io in December 2023 and February 2024, which pushed Juno into its final orbital schedule, circling Jupiter every 33 days until end of mission. When the spacecraft launched, its primary mission was scheduled to end in 2017, but NASA pushed that back to July 2021, to incorporate time needed for the longer orbits. When Juno completed those tasks, the spacecraft remained healthy and continued sending back astonishing data and breathtaking imagery, so NASA extended its stay to 2025. 40-Year Mystery Solved: Source of Jupiter’s X-Ray Flares UncoveredNASA’s Juno Mission Captures Lightning On Jupiter In 2021 NASA gave its Juno spacecraft more time to explore the Jovian system, scheduling 42 additional orbits and extending the mission to 2025. The extension permitted encounters with three of Jupiter's intriguing Galilean moons – Ganymede, Europa, and Io.NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRIScientific Discoveries and ResultsThe signature bands of multicolored clouds we see encircling Jupiter, called belts (the dark orange stripes) and zones (the light areas, in shades of gray), penetrate deep into the atmosphere. But how far? One of the most fundamental questions about the giant planet, scientists have debated that for decades. By measuring Jupiter’s gravity field, Juno discovered that the belts and zones – which are alternating east- and west-flowing jet streams – extend about 1,900 miles (3,000 kilometers) below the cloud tops.  Scientists long thought Jupiter had a small, solid core surrounded by all its hydrogen and helium.
Educator Guide: Spacecraft Materials and the Chemistry of Space Exploration | NASA/JPL Edu
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech | › Download this image When we think about sending a spacecraft to another planet or into space, we ask questions like, “What will it look for?” or “How can we get it to its destination?” But when was the last time we asked, “What will it be made of?” This question is extremely important, as the material we choose needs to be suitable for the mission’s goals and locations. Imagine if we sent a satellite to a planet that can reach high temperatures, like Mercury, only to have it melt upon arrival!The study of how materials react to chemicals or conditions is called material science, and it is a very important field within chemistry for NASA scientists. For example, the New Horizons spacecraft, which was designed to fly by Pluto, was constructed of aluminum because it’s cheap and lightweight, which meant less fuel was needed to launch it into space. The Mars Curiosity rover, on the other hand, used a suspension system built largely out of titanium not just because it is strong, but also resistant to radiation. Similarly, titanium was used to protect the science instruments aboard the Juno spacecraft from the even more intense radiation at Jupiter.Jupiter’s icy moon Europa has shown signs that it may be home to active plumes ejecting material into space. Upon arriving in the Jovian system to study this ice-covered moon, the Europa Clipper spacecraft will look to see if these plumes actually exist. If they do, the spacecraft will fly through the plumes to sample them. Engineers designing the spacecraft had to consider this possibility and chose materials that could withstand coming into contact with the plumes.It’s important to note that just because metals may look and feel strong it doesn’t mean they are. They can be highly reactive to other chemicals or environments. Maybe you’ve seen rust on a car or bicycle when iron is oxidized to form iron oxide. Imagine if you spent years designing a spacecraft only to have it be covered in rust when it arrived at its destination.
Mission to Jupiter: Juno | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Mission to Jupiter: Juno | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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Mission to Jupiter: Juno

Color Jupiter with the project scientist for NASA's Juno spacecraft.
Jupiter is magnificent. It is giant, and at times it appears very big and bright in our night sky.
Jupiter is our solar system's largest planet. See how tiny Earth is compared to Jupiter. The raging storm known as the "Great Red Spot" on Jupiter could swallow up the whole Earth.
Jupiter is called a gas giant planet. It is made of mostly hydrogen and helium, the same materials as the sun. If Jupiter were bigger, could it have become our solar system's second sun? Imagine seeing two suns in the sky!
There is a lot about Jupiter we don't know. Scientists want to study Jupiter. They want to find clues to how Jupiter formed and has changed over the 4.6 billion years of our solar system's life. That will also help them to understand the formation of our solar system and other planetary systems around other stars. 

Juno Shows Jupiter's True Nature
Juno is a NASA spacecraft to help scientists learn more about Jupiter. Juno launched August 5, 2011, and it went into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016. The slowly spinning spacecraft orbits around Jupiter's poles instead of around its middle. It swings far away, then back toward Jupiter, coming as close as 3,100 miles (5,000 kilometers) above the cloud tops.
During the parts of each orbit when it is closest to Jupiter, Juno takes measurements to find out whether Jupiter has a solid planetary core. Juno is also mapping Jupiter's intense magnetic field, measuring the amount of water and ammonia in the deep atmosphere, and observing the planet's auroras.

 	article last updated February 11, 2021
 

Why "Juno"?

The name "Juno" comes from Greek and Roman mythology. The god Jupiter (for whom the planet is named) drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief.
Missions - NASA Science
Another, a scorching gas giant with about half the heft of our own planet Jupiter, hugged its star so tightly that a year, once around the star, took only four days.Their extreme nature, however, also made them easier to find with the early planet-hunting technology of the 1980s and ’90s. Ground-based observatories took the reins, providing the historic first burst of exoplanet discovery. The technology got better and the planet count ran into the hundreds. Still, Earth’s thick atmosphere and its rippling interference kept even the best ground-based telescopes from seeing more clearly.Lifting our telescopes above the veil of Earth's atmosphere revealed a dazzling universe across the light spectrum. It also extended our reach in the search for planets around other stars. Now we count these confirmed distant worlds – exoplanets – in the thousands, many of them about the size of Earth and orbiting in their stars’ "habitable zones." The next generation of space telescopes will open new windows in the search for life as we peer into the atmospheres of these planets, and taste their skies.Historic timelineLegacy of light: HubbleNASA's Hubble Space Telescope, marking its 30th anniversary in orbit in 2020, was a pioneer in the search for planets around other stars; Hubble even has been used to make some of the earliest profiles of exoplanet atmospheres.Orbital photo of the Hubble Space Telescope in 2009.NASAKepler and K2Another space explorer, NASA's Kepler Space Telescope, made history with its discovery of thousands of exoplanets, searching for tiny dips in starlight as the planets crossed the faces of their stars. In its first mission, from 2009 to 2013, Kepler monitored more than 150,000 stars, watching for tiny dips in starlight as planets crossed in front of their stars. The first mission ended in 2013 when technical problems caused the spacecraft to lose much of its pointing ability. In 2014, it began its second mission, dubbed K2, and continued discovering exoplanets despite its diminished directional capability. Decommissioned in 2018, Kepler remains credited with discovering the most exoplanets of any mission so far – more than 2,600.