vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Climate Variability and Change | Terra
On shorter time scales, years to decades, Earth’s temperature varies because of events like El Niño and La Niña.  Studying year-to-year climate variability helps scientists understand the processes that connect the ocean, atmosphere, land, snow and ice, and climate. Understanding the connections in the Earth system will improve our ability to predict what will happen as Earth’s climate changes.
In fact, NASA’s goal in studying climate variability and change is to improve predictions from season to season and decade to decade. Such predictions will help communities prepare for extreme weather months ahead of time and plan infrastructure for long-term climate change.
Terra and Climate Change
The Terra satellite’s five instruments provide important climate measurements that record how Earth’s energy budget—the amount of energy flowing through the Earth system from the Sun—is changing. These measurements span more than a decade. Since climate is the average of Earth’s temperature over decades, long-term measurements are necessary to track climate change. Terra’s climate measurements become more and more valuable the longer the satellite is in orbit.
Clouds
Clouds reflect energy from the Sun back into space, helping to shade and cool Earth. Four Terra instruments (ASTER, CERES, MISR, and MODIS) work together to monitor how clouds are changing, both in response to climate change and natural climate variability because of things like El Nino or changes in solar activity.
Aerosols 
Aerosols, tiny particles in the atmosphere, reflect energy back into space, cooling the Earth. Dark-colored aerosols, like black carbon or soot, absorb energy and heat the atmosphere. Terra instruments (CERES, MISR, MODIS) monitor aerosols concentrations, identify aerosol types and sources, and monitor how aerosols are affecting the climate.
Snow and Ice
Snow and ice reflect energy, which helps keep the climate cool. Terra instruments record snow and ice extent (ASTER, MODIS) and track the amount of energy reflected into space from snow and ice (CERES).
Terra Science on Climate Change and Variability in the News

 

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 This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science.

 

 

The study of clouds, where they occur, and their characteristics, play
a key role in the understanding of climate change. Low, thick clouds primarily
reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. High, thin clouds
primarily transmit incoming solar radiation; at the same time, they trap
some of the outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the Earth and radiate
it back downward, thereby warming the surface of the Earth. Whether a given
cloud will heat or cool the surface depends on several factors, including
the cloud's altitude, its size, and the make-up of the particles that form
the cloud. The balance between the cooling and warming actions of clouds
is very close although, overall, averaging the effects of all the clouds
around the globe, cooling predominates.
The Earth's climate system constantly adjusts in a way that tends toward
maintaining a balance between the energy that reaches the Earth from the
sun and the energy that goes from Earth back out to space. Scientists refer
to this as Earth's "radiation budget." The components of the Earth
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DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

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World Of Change
Climate change may have nudged the process along, but mechanical forces have played the largest role in the ice loss.

Snow and Ice

Updated Jul 24, 2019
World of Change: Burn Recovery in Yellowstone
In 1988, wildfires raced through Yellowstone National Park, consuming hundreds of thousands of acres. This series of Landsat images tracks the landscape’s slow recovery through 2019.

Land

Updated Nov 7, 2018
World of Change: Shrinking Aral Sea
A massive irrigation project has devastated the Aral Sea over the past 50 years. These images show the decline of the Southern Aral Sea in the past decade, as well as the first steps of recovery in the Northern Aral Sea.

Land
Human Presence

Updated Jul 31, 2018
World of Change: Padma River
One of the major rivers of Bangladesh has been growing in size, transforming in shape, and changing in location for decades. Each twist and zigzag of the river tells a different geologic story about the power of erosion.

Land
Water
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World of Change: Growing Deltas in Atchafalaya Bay
While the sea overtakes much of the delta plain of the Mississippi River, sediment from the Atchafalaya River is building two new deltas to the west.

Land
Water
Human Presence

Updated May 16, 2017
World of Change: Devastation and Recovery at Mt. St. Helens
The devastation of the May 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens and the gradual recovery of the surrounding landscape is documented in this series of satellite images from 1979–2016.

Land
Life
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Updated Oct 25, 2016
World of Change: Athabasca Oil Sands
The Athabasca Oil Sands are at once a source of oil, of economic growth, and of environmental concern. This series of images shows the growth of surface mines around the Athabasca River from 1984 to the present.

Land
Human Presence

Updated Jun 14, 2016
World of Change: Ice Loss in Glacier National Park
Shrinking since at least the early 1900s, the ice cover in Glacier National Park is expected to keep declining until only insignificant lumps remain.
News Around NOAA
This year La Niña returns for the third consecutive winter, driving warmer-than-average temperatures for the Southwest and along the Gulf Coast and eastern seaboard, according to NOAA’s U.S. Winter Outlook.

October 17, 2022 - The Tropical Cyclone Track Forecast Cone: A conversation with Jamie Rhome, acting director of the National Hurricane Center
Jamie Rhome, NHC Acting Director, sits down for a question and answer session about the Tropical Cyclone Track Forecast Cone and Hurricane Ian.

October 3, 2022 - New lightning tool tells a striking story
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IMETs provide critical fire weather information to wildfire management teams so they can map out the safest possible tactics for firefighters.

August 22, 2022 - Hurricane Andrew’s 30th Anniversary
In August of 1992, Hurricane Andrew slammed into South Florida before making a second U.S. landfall in Louisiana. At the time, it was the costliest and most damaging hurricane ever to hit the United States.

August 4, 2022 - NOAA still expects above-normal Atlantic hurricane season
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July 26, 2022 - Biden Administration launches Heat.gov with tools for communities facing extreme heat
Heat.gov is a new website to provide the public and decision-makers with clear, timely and science-based information to understand and reduce the health risks of extreme heat.

July 26, 2022 - NWSChat migrating to Slack
In support of NWS forecasters and their partners, the National Weather Service is upgrading its chat service to improve reliability, security and expand functionality.

July 11, 2022 - U.S. dominated by remarkable heat, dryness in June
The year so far also brought nine separate billion-dollar weather and climate disasters to the nation — including tornado outbreaks, damaging hail and extreme drought.
World of Change: Global Temperatures
The maps above show temperature anomalies in five-year increments since 1880. (Click on the arrow to run the animation.) These are not absolute temperatures, but changes from the norm for each area. The data reflect how much warmer or cooler each region was compared to a base period of 1951-1980. (The global mean surface air temperature for that period was 14°C (57°F), with an uncertainty of several tenths of a degree.) 
The image below shows global temperature anomalies in 2022, which tied for the fifth warmest year on record. The past nine years have been the warmest years since modern recordkeeping began in 1880.

As the maps show, global warming does not mean temperatures rise everywhere at every time by same rate. Temperatures might rise 5 degrees in one region and drop 2 degrees in another. For instance, exceptionally cold winters in one place might be balanced by extremely warm winters in another part of the world. Generally, warming is greater over land than over the oceans because water is slower to absorb and release heat (thermal inertia). Warming may also differ substantially within specific land masses and ocean basins.
In the animation at the top of the page and in the bar chart below, the years from 1880 to 1939 tend to be cooler, then level off by the 1950s. Decades within the base period (1951-1980) do not appear particularly warm or cold because they are the standard against which other years are measured.
The leveling off of temperatures in the middle of the 20th century can be explained by natural variability and by the cooling effects of aerosols generated by factories, power plants, and motor vehicles in the years of rapid economic growth after World War II. Fossil fuel use also increased after the war (5 percent per year), boosting greenhouse gases. Cooling from aerosol pollution happened rapidly. In contrast, greenhouse gases accumulated slowly, but they remain in the atmosphere for a much longer time. According to former GISS director James Hansen, the strong warming trend of the past four decades likely reflects a shift from balanced aerosol and greenhouse gas effects on the atmosphere to a predominance of greenhouse gas effects after aerosols were curbed by pollution controls.
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