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One of the Largest Batteries in the World
Michigan’s Ludington Pumped Storage Plant uses excess electricity to pump water uphill, which generates power when it flows back down.
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The World’s Largest Freshwater Wind Farm
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The Geysers of California
Hot springs and fumaroles dot this misnamed geothermal field that hosts the world’s largest complex of power plants capturing subterranean heat.
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Galaxies Actively Forming in Early Universe Caught Feeding on Cold Gas - NASA Science
For KidsWhat is a galaxy?VIDEO: Reading the Rainbow of Light from an Exoplanet's AtmosphereWhat is the Webb Telescope?SpacePlace for KidsEn EspañolPara Niños : Qué es una galaxia?Ciencia de la NASANASA en español Space Place para niñosKeep ExploringRelated TopicsJames Webb Space TelescopeExoplanetsStarsUniverseShareDetailsLast UpdatedMay 24, 2024EditorStephen SabiaContactLaura Betzlaura.e.betz@nasa.gov Related TermsAstrophysicsGalaxiesGalaxies, Stars, & Black HolesGoddard Space Flight CenterJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST)Science & ResearchThe UniverseReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:10 hours agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
toporbital period - Orbital period is the time it takes a satellite to complete one orbit. toporganic molecules - Organic molecules are molecules containing carbon. The ability of carbon atoms to form chains means that there are millions of organic molecules. Organic molecules are responsible for life on Earth. toporganism - An organism is any living thing that can carry out its life on its own. topOrion - NASA's Orion crew exploration vehicle will replace the space shuttle after it is retired. Orion is the flagship of NASA's programs for space exploration beyond low Earth orbit and a key element of NASA's Constellation Program to explore the Moon, Mars and beyond. topOSIRIS-REx - OSIRIS-REx, or Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer, is a spacecraft that traveled 1.2 billion-miles to the asteroid Bennu. OSIRIS-REx's mission is to collect samples from Bennu that will help scientists investigate how planets formed and how life began, as well as improve our understanding of asteroids that could impact Earth. topoutgoing energy - Outgoing energy is energy radiated from Earth's surface and atmosphere. The atmosphere radiates heat equivalent to 59% of incoming sunlight; the Earth's surface radiates only 12 percent. The total amount of outgoing energy (71%) equals the amount of incoming energy, creating an energy balance. topoxygen - Oxygen is a gas found in air that cells need to live (represented by O2). topozone - Ozone is a gas molecule that is made up of three oxygen atoms. toppparent material - Parent material is the underlying geological material in which soil horizons form (or from which the soil developed). topparticle - A particle is a tiny amount or small piece of something. topparts per million by volume (ppmv) - Parts per million by volume is the measure of the concentration of a gas within the atmosphere. In this case, it measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. toppath of totality - The path of this shadow, the path of totality, is where observers will see the Moon completely cover the Sun for about two and a half minutes.
Webb Cracks Case of Inflated Exoplanet - NASA Science
With the distance between the star and planet changing continuously over the 5.7-day orbit, the gravitational pull is also changing, stretching the planet and heating it up.Researchers had previously proposed that tidal heating could be the cause of WASP-107 b’s puffiness, but until the Webb results were in, there was no evidence.Once they established that the planet has enough internal heat to thoroughly churn up the atmosphere, the teams realized that the spectra could also provide a new way to estimate the size of the core.“If we know how much energy is in the planet, and we know what proportion of the planet is heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, versus how much is hydrogen and helium, we can calculate how much mass must be in the core,” explained Daniel Thorngren from JHU.It turns out that the core is at least twice as massive as originally estimated, which makes more sense in terms of how planets form.All together, WASP-107 b is not as mysterious as it once appeared.“The Webb data tells us that planets like WASP-107 b didn’t have to form in some odd way with a super small core and a huge gassy envelope,” explained Mike Line from ASU. “Instead, we can take something more like Neptune, with a lot of rock and not as much gas, just dial up the temperature, and poof it up to look the way it does.”The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it.
Troposphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids


Troposphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

troposphere

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Troposphere

The Short Answer:
What is the troposphere?

	The troposphere is the innermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere.
	

The layer we call home
Closest to the surface of Earth, we have the troposphere. “Tropos” means change. This layer gets its name from the weather that is constantly changing and mixing up the gases in this part of our atmosphere.  


The troposphere is between 5 and 9 miles (8 and 14 kilometers) thick depending on where you are on Earth. It’s thinnest at the North and South Pole. 


This layer has the air we breathe and the clouds in the sky. The air is densest in this lowest layer. In fact, the troposphere contains three-quarters of the mass of the entire atmosphere. The air here is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. The last 1% is made of argon, water vapor, and carbon dioxide.


When you feel the wind on your face, see clouds in the sky, and watch a bird flap its wings in flight, you’re experiencing the troposphere. It’s a pretty nice layer to call home.

Visit other layers in Earth's atmosphere.
Go out to the stratosphere.

        	article last updated June 28, 2019
        

Exosphere(This is only part of the exosphere. It's actually 12 times bigger than this!)

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NASA’s Webb Finds Carbon Source on Surface of Jupiter’s Moon Europa - NASA
Researchers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope reported tentative detections of plumes in 2013, 2016, and 2017. However, finding definitive proof has been difficult.
The new Webb data shows no evidence of plume activity, which allowed Villanueva’s team to set a strict upper limit on the rate of material potentially being ejected. The team stressed, however, that their non-detection does not rule out a plume.
“There is always a possibility that these plumes are variable and that you can only see them at certain times. All we can say with 100% confidence is that we did not detect a plume at Europa when we made these observations with Webb,” said Hammel.
These findings may help inform NASA’s Europa Clipper mission, as well as ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) upcoming Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE).
The two papers will be published in Science on Sept. 21.
The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.

Media Contacts:
Laura BetzNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.laura.e.betz@nasa.gov
Christine PulliamSpace Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.cpulliam@stsci.edu

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The Greenhouse Effect | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
The Greenhouse Effect | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

greenhouse

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The Greenhouse Effect

Life in a greenhouse? How ghastly!
A greenhouse is for growing plants. It is made of glass or clear plastic to let in lots of sunlight. But why not just put the plants outside? A greenhouse stays warmer than the air outside. Instead of cooling off at night, it traps some of the heat inside to keep the plants warm. Even in the winter, with no heat source but the Sun on a clear day, a greenhouse stays warmer than the air outside. In the summer, if a greenhouse gets too hot, the gardener can open the windows and doors and maybe turn on a fan.
Greenhouse Earth?
A greenhouse is terrific if all you want to do is grow heat-loving plants. But what if Earth's atmosphere started to behave like a too-hot greenhouse? Don't forget, we cannot open Earth's windows or doors to cool it off. Earth as a closed-up greenhouse would soon grow to be ghastly!
If you made our Gummy Greenhouse Gas models, you may wonder why the molecules you made with gumdrops are called greenhouse gases. Here is why: If the atmosphere contains too much of these gases, the whole Earth becomes a hotter and hotter greenhouse. The atmosphere holds onto too much of the heat at night instead of letting it escape into space. Then, the next day, the Sun heats Earth's surface even more. 


If the atmosphere works too well as a greenhouse, each day gets a little warmer and a little warmer. We may not be able to measure this effect from day to day or even year to year. But over tens of years, a few degrees of warming starts causing changes. For example, ice melts in the North and South Pole regions. All this new liquid water raises the sea level. Cities built on coastlines could someday be under water! 
When the oceans get warmer, weather is affected everywhere.
Juno - NASA Science
As with solar eclipses on the Earth, within the dark circle racing across Jupiter's cloud tops one would witness a full solar eclipse as Io passes in front of the Sun. Such events occur frequently on Jupiter because it is a large planet with many moons. In addition, unlike most other planets in our solar system, Jupiter's axis is not highly tilted relative to its orbit, so the Sun never strays far from Jupiter's equatorial plane (+/- 3 degrees). This means Jupiter's moons regularly cast their shadows on the planet throughout its year. Juno's close proximity to Jupiter provides an exceptional fish-eye view, showing a small fraction near the planet's equator. The shadow is about 2,200 miles (3,600 kilometers) wide, approximately the same width as Io, but appears much larger relative to Jupiter. A little larger than Earth's Moon, Io is perhaps most famous for its many active volcanoes, often caught lofting fountains of ejecta well above its thin atmosphere. Citizen scientist Kevin M. Gill created this enhanced-color image using data from the spacecraft's JunoCam imager. The raw image was taken on Sept. 11, 2019 at 8:41 p.m. PDT (11:41 p.m. EDT) as the Juno spacecraft performed its 22nd close flyby of Jupiter. At the time the image was taken, the spacecraft was about 4,885 miles (7,862 kilometers) from the cloud tops at a latitude of 21 degrees. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA23437In this view of a vortex near Jupiter's north pole, NASA's Juno mission observed the glow from a bolt of lightning. On Earth, lightning bolts originate from water clouds, and happen most frequently near the equator, while on Jupiter lightning likely also occurs in clouds containing an ammonia-water solution, and can be seen most often near the poles. In the coming months, Juno's orbits will repeatedly take it close to Jupiter as the spacecraft passes over the giant planet's night side, which will provide even more opportunities for Juno's suite of science instruments to catch lightning in the act. Juno captured this view as Juno completed its 31st close flyby of Jupiter on Dec. 30, 2020.
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Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topwwaning - Waning is an adjective that means "decreasing," as in a "waning crescent Moon." topwater - Water is a substance made when two atoms of hydrogen bond to one atom of oxygen. In temperatures between 0?C-100?C, it is a clear liquid that has no color, taste, or smell. In its frozen state (below 0?C), water is called ice. In its gaseous state, (above 100?C), water is called water vapor. topwater cycle - The water cycle is one part of the Earth system. It involves the movement of water from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back through the processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. topwater vapor - Water vapor is the water present in the atmosphere in a gaseous form. topwavelength - Wavelength is the distance between two crests or two troughs on a wave. Light is classified by its wavelength. Wavelength is usually measured in meters. topwaxing - Waxing is an adjective that means "increasing," as in a "waxing crescent Moon." topweather - Weather is the current state of the atmosphere, measured in terms of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, cloudiness and precipitation. topweathering - Weathering is a process through which rocks or other materials are broken down. Wind, moving water (rivers and waves) and glaciers all cause weathering. topwedge - A wedge is a simple machine with 2 or more sloping surfaces. An ax is a wedge used to split wood. topweight - Weight is the force of gravity on an object. Here on Earth, it means how hard the Earth pulls down on objects. Because the moon is smaller than the Earth, the moon wouldn't pull down on an object as hard and it would weigh a lot less there. However, since the object would still be made up of the same number and type of particles, its mass and density would be the same on the Earth and on the moon. topwheel and axle - A wheel and axle is a simple machine in which a round frame (wheel) turns on a central shaft or rod (axis). top
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A Global Decline in Carbon Monoxide
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References & Resources

Buchholz, R. et al. (2021) Air pollution trends measured from Terra: CO and AOD over industrial, fire-prone, and background regions. Remote Sensing of Environment, 256, 112275.
Environmental Protection Agency (2020) Carbon Monoxide Trends. Accessed May 25, 2022.
NASA Earth Observatory (2015, June 2) Fourteen Years of Carbon Monoxide from MOPITT. Accessed May 25, 2022.
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Carbon Monoxide. Accessed May 25, 2022.
World Health Organization Type of Pollutants. Accessed May 25, 2022.
Zheng, B. et al. (2019) Global atmospheric carbon monoxide budget 2000-2017 inferred from multi-species atmospheric inversions. Earth Systems Science Data, 11, 1411-1436.

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