vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
CalPERS PERSpective
https://news.calpers.ca.gov/?p=6745
By Marcie Frost, Chief Executive Officer, CalPERS Casual readers may miss the real message in The Wall Street Journal’s sky-is-falling editorial about our decision to withhold support for ExxonMobil’s directors [&#8230;]
<p><em>By Marcie Frost, Chief Executive Officer, CalPERS</em></p>
<p>Casual readers may miss the real message in The Wall Street Journal’s sky-is-falling editorial <a href="https://news.calpers.ca.gov/why-calpers-is-voting-against-exxonmobils-board-of-directors/">about our decision to withhold support for ExxonMobil’s directors and CEO</a> at next week’s annual shareholder meeting.</p>
<p>Set aside the hyperbole, though, and the message is crystal clear.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/exxon-mobil-proxy-voting-shareholder-resolution-arjuna-capital-follow-this-afe881fa?reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink" target="_blank" rel="noopener">May 21 editorial</a> suggests that shareholders should be guaranteed rights only as long as they don’t ask any questions that anger a company’s executives. This breathtaking assertion is camouflaged by The Editorial Board’s attack on shareholders, maligned as unruly “agitators” who are wrongly focused on the issue of climate change.</p>
<p>Once again, for the record: CalPERS’ current disagreement with ExxonMobil isn’t about climate change. It’s about company executives seeking to silence shareholder speech that they don’t like.</p>
<p>From our initial comments in March until this week’s decision to vote against ExxonMobil’s leadership, we have been solely focused on the systemic danger presented by the anti-shareholder lawsuit.</p>
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NASA's SAGE III instrument will provide valuable information to help us understand how our global Earth system is changing.
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topheat - Heat is the amount of thermal energy absorbed, released, or transferred by a material. This is typically expressed as q, and is measured in joules (J). topHIAD - (Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators) HIADs are inflatable heat shield structures made up of incredibly strong, yet flexible fabric designed to maintain shape and withstand head during atmospheric reentry. tophighlands - Highlands are mountainous regions of land. tophill - A hill is raised above the surrounding land, but is smaller than a mountain. tophorizon - The horizon is a layer of soil that is different from both the layers above and below it. tophot spring - A hot spring is a spring where the water temperature is 6-9?C (10-15?F) warmer than the mean annual air temperature of the area around it. topHubble Space Telescope, HST - The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope that orbits Earth. It is named after astronomer Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953). tophumus - Humus is part of the soil that is made up of decayed organic materials. tophydrosphere - The hydrosphere is the part of Earth that is composed of water. tophypotenuse - A hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle in a a right triangle. topiice - Ice is frozen water. topice age - An ice age is a cycle cold period marked by periods of glacial advance with episodes of glacial retreat. topice core - Ice cores are cylinders of ice obtained by drilling into a glacier. topice sheet - An ice sheet is the layer of ice covering a large land mass, notably Antarctica and Greenland. Ice sheets form from the compression of snow as new snow builds on top of it. topICESat-2 - ICESat-2 (short for Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite), launched Sept. 15, 2018, uses lasers and a very precise detection instrument to measure the elevation of Earth's surface. By timing how long it takes laser beams to travel from the satellite to Earth and back, scientists can calculate the height of forests, glaciers, sea ice, lakes and more.
Falling For Corn
The natural-color image above was acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra. The map below shows lands that were planted with corn in 2020 (marked in yellow). The map was built from the Cropland Data Layer product provided by the National Agricultural Statistics Service, which includes data from the USGS National Land Cover Database and from satellites such as Landsat 8, ResourceSat-2, and Sentinel-2.

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In its October 2021 report, USDA noted that corn production was up 3 percent this year, with an estimated 15 billion bushels of corn harvested from 93.3 million planted acres. Record-high yields were reported in ten states, including Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio (all shown above).
That vast corn supply has three primary uses. About one-third is used to feed livestock either directly or through animal feed products. (Corn provides the carbohydrates while soy provides the protein.) Another third ends up as ethanol, a fuel additive to gasoline. The rest of the corn crop is consumed in food and drinks by people in the U.S. and abroad. The largest importers of U.S. corn include Mexico, South Korea, Japan, and Colombia.
In a new NASA-led study released on November 1, 2021, scientists estimated that global yields of corn (maize) and wheat could be affected by climate change as soon as 2030. Over the next century, maize yields could decline as much as 24 percent in some regions due to rising temperatures, changing growing seasons, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and more erratic rainfall.
Other NASA-funded scientists are using satellites to study soil loss over time and to develop tools to support farmers as they adopt conservation techniques. According to some estimates, the United States loses about five tons of soil per acre each year, nearly 10 times the rate at which it forms. Researchers recently used machine learning and data from Landsat, Terra and Aqua MODIS, and ESA’s Sentinel-1 to show how conservation tillage could affect yields across the Corn Belt. They found that long-term, low-till corn fields actually experienced an average yield increase of 3.3 percent compared to more traditional tilling.
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NASA's SAGE III instrument will provide valuable information to help us understand how our global Earth system is changing. Find out the difference between good ozone and bad ozone. Learn about the health problems that a small percent of our atmosphere, or only a few parts per billion, can create.
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A Global Decline in Carbon Monoxide
A Global Decline in Carbon Monoxide

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A Global Decline in Carbon Monoxide

2000 - 2019

For more than two decades, NASA’s Terra satellite has measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO). The good news is that average levels of the toxic air pollutant have dropped by about 15 percent since 2000. However, the rate of decline has slowed, falling from about 1 percent per year in the earlier part of the record to about 0.5 percent per year in the later years.
“We’ve seen carbon monoxide levels drop because cleaner-burning technologies are much more common now in the United States, Western Europe, and Eastern China due to stricter air quality standards,” explained Rebecca Buchholz, an atmospheric scientist at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). “We’ve also seen a reduction in fires and burned area in the tropics.” The research findings were published in Remote Sensing of the Environment.
Deciphering the reasons for declining carbon monoxide levels was complicated for Buchholz and colleagues because there are several sources of the pollutant.
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Water & Energy Cycle | Terra
The sensor can differentiate between liquid water and ice particles in a cloud. Both MISR and MODIS record cloud-top height, and CERES measures the amount of energy clouds reflect and radiate. Taken together, these measurements are helping define the relationship between clouds and energy and are tracking how clouds and water vapor change as climate changes.
Surface reflectance and energy
All things absorb and reflect energy from the Sun. Bright surfaces, like snow, ice, and clouds, reflect more energy than they absorb. Dark surfaces like a forest or the ocean absorb more energy. The absorbed energy heats the surface, and it radiates heat back into space. The CERES sensor records the amount of energy that is reflected from the Earth (reflected shortwave radiation) and the amount of energy that is radiated into space as heat (outgoing longwave radiation). ASTER, MODIS, and MISR measure the reflective properties of Earth’s varied surfaces. Taken together, these measurements help scientists understand how changes on Earth’s surface—replacing a dark forest with lighter-colored crops or exchanging white sea ice for a dark ocean—influence how energy is absorbed and reflected across the planet.
Terra Science on the Water Cycle in the News
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World of Change: Seasons of Lake Tahoe
World of Change: Seasons of Lake Tahoe

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August 27, 2009
September 7, 2010

August 27, 2009

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Perhaps the most familiar change in our changing world is the annual swing of the seasons. In the course of a year, all landscapes outside the tropics transform, exchanging light, warmth, and green plants for darkness, cold, and exposed earth. This series of images from the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite shows the changes around Lake Tahoe, on the border between California and Nevada, from August 27, 2009, to September 7, 2010. Snow, plants, light, and the lake itself all shift in accordance with the seasons.
One of the most obvious signals in the Lake Tahoe region is snow, a commodity that draws skiing vacationers from November to April. The high-elevation lake received 37 percent of its precipitation as snow in 2009. At the center of the images is the Heavenly Ski Resort in the Carson Range southeast of Lake Tahoe. The groomed trails are among the first places to turn white when the first snow arrives in October, and they are among the last places to lose snow in June.