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Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact
They drift in Earth’s atmosphere from the stratosphere to the surface and range in size from a few nanometers—less than the width of the smallest viruses—to several several tens of micrometers—about the diameter of human hair. Despite their small size, they have major impacts on our climate and our health.

Aerosols—tiny, airborne solid & liquid particles—are present throughout the atmosphere and largely responsible for hazy skies, as in this photograph of Shenzen, China. (Photograph ©2010 pseudo-san.)

Different specialists describe the particles based on shape, size, and chemical composition. Toxicologists refer to aerosols as ultrafine, fine, or coarse matter. Regulatory agencies, as well as meteorologists, typically call them particulate matter—PM2.5 or PM10, depending on their size. In some fields of engineering, they’re called nanoparticles. The media often uses everyday terms that hint at aerosol sources, such as smoke, ash, and soot.
Climatologists typically use another set of labels that speak to the chemical composition. Key aerosol groups include sulfates, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrates, mineral dust, and sea salt. In practice, many of these terms are imperfect, as aerosols often clump together to form complex mixtures. It’s common, for example, for particles of black carbon from soot or smoke to mix with nitrates and sulfates, or to coat the surfaces of dust, creating hybrid particles.

Sea salt, dust, and volcanic ash are three common types of aerosols. (Photograph by Katherine Mann.)

The bulk of aerosols—about 90 percent by mass—have natural origins. Volcanoes, for example, eject huge columns of ash into the air, as well as sulfur dioxide and other gases, yielding sulfates. Forest fires send partially burned organic carbon aloft. Certain plants produce gases that react with other substances in the air to yield aerosols, such as the “smoke” in the Great Smoky Mountains of the United States. Likewise in the ocean, some types of microalgae produce a sulfurous gas called dimethylsulfide that can be converted into sulfates in the atmosphere.
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Satellites captured an expansive blue and green phytoplankton bloom in the waters off France.
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Smoke and Fire in British Columbia
Unusually early and intense fires are spreading rapidly amid drought and high winds.
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Sundown and Lights Up Over the U.S. Northeast
As sunlight waned, the glow of artificial light revealed patterns of urbanization along the populous corridor.
Published May 12, 2024

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Springtime in the Deciduous Forest
Using instruments old and new, scientists collected data as leaves emerged across a deciduous forest in Edgewater, Maryland.
Published May 6, 2024

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Temperature Extremes 2023
Warmer-than-average temperatures are showing up locally and globally, with consequences for people, landscapes, and ecosystems.
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The 2023 season runs from June 1 to November 30, with peak activity generally occurring in September.
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Airborne aerosols can cause or prevent cloud formation and harm human health. These maps depict aerosol concentrations in the air based on how the tiny particles reflect or absorb visible and infrared light.

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Fire Season in the Northern Hemisphere
Wildland fires in 2023 brought hazy skies and poor air quality to several countries north of the equator.
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Land surface temperatures rise and fall with the heat of the Sun, and they represent how hot or cold the surface would feel to touch.
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Tracking Canada’s Extreme 2023 Fire Season
World Weather Attribution (2023, August 22) Climate change more than doubled the likelihood of extreme fire weather conditions in Eastern Canada. Accessed October 24, 2023.

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Fires in Indonesia
During the May-October dry season, fire often smolders through Indonesia’s tropical forests. The challenge is to keep track of the fires set in remote regions, a task perfectly suited to satellite imagery. Fire locations from MODIS for the week of August 4, 2008, are marked with red dots here. Officials were concerned that fires during the 2008 season could be more intense than normal because the dry season had been especially dry. 

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Finding Fires Before They Rage
Scientists have found a way to detect nighttime fires even sooner, when they are still relatively small.

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All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning. In the United States, an average of 300 people are injured and 80 people are killed each year by lightning. Although most lightning victims survive, people struck by lightning often report a variety of long-term, debilitating symptoms. Other associated dangers of thunderstorms include tornadoes, strong winds, hail, and flash flooding. Flash flooding is responsible for more fatalities—more than 140 annually—than any other thunderstorm-associated hazard.
Dry thunderstorms that do not produce rain that reaches the ground are most prevalent in the western United States. Falling raindrops evaporate, but lightning can still reach the ground and can start wildfires.

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They may occur singly, in clusters, or in lines.
Some of the most severe occur when a single thunderstorm affects one location for an extended time.
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About 10 percent of thunderstorms are classified as severe—one that produces hail at least three-quarters of an inch in diameter, has winds of 58 miles per hour or higher, or produces a tornado.

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Lightning’s unpredictability increases the risk to individuals and property.

Lightning often strikes outside of heavy rain and may occur as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall.

"Heat lightning" is actually lightning from a thunderstorm too far away for thunder to be heard. However, the storm may be moving in your direction!
A Global Decline in Carbon Monoxide
“We’ve seen carbon monoxide levels drop because cleaner-burning technologies are much more common now in the United States, Western Europe, and Eastern China due to stricter air quality standards,” explained Rebecca Buchholz, an atmospheric scientist at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). “We’ve also seen a reduction in fires and burned area in the tropics.” The research findings were published in Remote Sensing of the Environment.
Deciphering the reasons for declining carbon monoxide levels was complicated for Buchholz and colleagues because there are several sources of the pollutant. The burning of carbon-based fuel of any type—including coal, gasoline, oil, natural gas, and wood—can emit CO. As a result, many common technologies (combustion engines, blast furnaces, and fireplaces) are all potential sources of it. Outdoor fires—both wildfires and agricultural fires—are also major sources of the pollutant. Finally, there are natural sources, such as emissions from certain plants that react with the atmosphere to produce the gas. Volcanoes and decomposing organic matter in rivers and oceans are also minor sources.
Carbon monoxide is also a long-lived gas, often persisting in the atmosphere for around two months. That means it has plenty of time to spread out and mix in the air, which makes it harder for atmospheric scientists to pinpoint sources of the gas and understand what factors are contributing to its decline.However, the overall trends are clear. The figures on this page help illustrate how carbon monoxide concentrations have varied during the past two decades. The image above highlights the seasonal and geographic variation in atmospheric carbon monoxide as measured by Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) between 2000 and 2019. The seasonal peaks in the spring in both hemispheres are driven by changes in the availability of sunlight and hydroxyl radical (OH), a “detergent” molecule that removes carbon monoxide from the atmosphere by converting it into carbon dioxide. The reduction in light in winter reduces the amount of hydroxyl in the air, which allows levels of carbon monoxide to increase in the winter and early spring.
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Hood Mountain and the magic of fire recovery
You will also see places where our crews have removed “hazard trees,” defined as those weak enough to likely to pose a threat to visitors hiking the trails. In many cases, those logs are left to provide downed woody debris for habitat and soil health. Where there are too many hazard trees, we chip the material and either scatter it or re-use it for other purposes in the park.
Downed trees and other “hazard trees” 
Fire again?
What may happen if we see more fires in Hood? It’s possible that if we get repeat fires at short intervals, we will see much of the forest convert to shrublands dominated by ceanothus, chamise and scrub oaks. Even that, however, is part of nature’s resilience to change. 
We hope you enjoy the magic of fire recovery on your next visit to Hood Mountain.
Note: Ongoing work at Hood Mountain is supported by the local Parks for All – Measure M sales tax, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Sonoma County Regional Parks Foundation and the Bill and Dave Legacy Fund.
Melanie Parker is deputy director of Sonoma County Regional Parks.
This post was published May 2022.

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Corpsmembers created a 200-foot-wide fuel break along Acorn and Sugarloaf Roads near the rim of the San Joaquin River Canyon.

 
 
 

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Crews from the Monterey Bay Center completed a GGRF project in November 2018 to reduce fire fuel hazards in DeLaveaga Park. This area is the highest fire hazard severity zone in Santa Cruz County. An elementary school is located less than a mile away and dense trees and brush line the backyards of homes in this wildland-urban interface.

 
 
 

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Slough Fire

 
 Slough Fire 

100% Contained
640 Acres

                            1 County:
Fresno
                        

Last Updated  12/05/2023 2:14 PM

Date Started 06/18/2023 11:31 AM

Date Contained 06/18/2023 6:00 PM (Active for 0 days)

Location Information South Colusa Ave and West Floral Ave, San Joaquin, West of Fresno Slough  

Latitude / Longitude [36.5737,-120.188]

Admin UnitLead Agency: Fresno County Fire Protection District  

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