vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA Ames Astrogram - May 2022 - NASA
“Advanced Space used mature, flight-proven, NASA-derived simulation tools to develop, implement, and verify CAPSTONE’s mission trajectory and navigation approach,” said Tom Gardner, CAPSTONE program manager at Advanced Space of Westminster, Colorado. 
Launch and Earth Escape 
CAPSTONE is planned to launch no earlier than May 31 aboard Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket from the company’s Launch Complex 1 in Mahia, New Zealand. The CubeSat will start its mission joined with the Lunar Photon, an interplanetary third stage developed by Rocket Lab. 
About 20 minutes after launch, the Lunar Photon – carrying CAPSTONE as a payload – will separate from Electron’s second stage at an altitude of 155 miles. After a short coast, Photon’s HyperCurie engine will then periodically ignite to increase its velocity and raise the highest point of its orbit to about 37,000 miles.
About six days after launch, a final ignition will accelerate Photon to 24,500 miles per hour to escape low-Earth orbit on a trajectory into deep space. Within 20 minutes of its final burn completion, Photon will release CAPSTONE into space for the first leg of the CubeSat’s solo flight to the Moon.
Fly Me to the Moon, as Efficiently as Possible
The CubeSat will rack up serious mileage hurtling through deep space on its traverse from Earth to the Moon. Assisted by the Sun’s gravity, it will reach a distance of 963,000 miles from Earth – more than three times the distance between Earth and the Moon – before being pulled back towards the Earth-Moon system.
This sinuous track – called a ballistic lunar transfer, or BLT – follows dynamic gravitational contours in deep space. CAPSTONE’s team will calculate the BLT trajectory based on the ever-changing positions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.
Expending little energy, CAPSTONE will cruise along these contours punctuated by a series of planned trajectory correction maneuvers. At critical junctures, CAPSTONE’s team at Advanced Space’s mission operations center will command the spacecraft to fire its thrusters to adjust course. Terran Orbital Corporation in Irvine, California, designed and built CAPSTONE and developed novel technology that allows the spacecraft to execute maneuvers while maintaining control of the spacecraft on thrusters only.
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Mission to Mars Student Challenge - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
30-60 mins 

 Lessons and activities are aligned to NGSS and Common Core Math standards. These assignments can be done in any order and in part or in full as schedules allow.
 

Sample Handling

Mission This Week

 One of the most challenging parts of the Perseverance rover mission is collecting samples of Mars rocks and soil, placing those samples into tubes, and leaving them strategically on the surface, where they could eventually be collected and returned to Earth by a future mission. This week, students learn how we sample rocks on Mars and package these samples for return to Earth sometime in the future. Students can also consider how a future mission might collect these samples by programming a video game to do just that. This week is especially fun for students because they’ll be thinking about doing something NASA has never done before – bringing samples from Mars to Earth.
 
Tips This Week

 For younger students, use play dough to pre-build a rock for them to core and investigate. 
 

 Encourage students to keep up with NASA's Mars exploration as we continue to learn more about the Red Planet. 
 
Whether you decided to embark on the full challenge or just a component or two, you can celebrate your students' achievement with a certificate of participation! See the links below to download a personalizable certificate.

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Expand the menu below for a full list of this week's lessons and activities
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 An important part of the Perseverance Mars rover mission is to collect and store rock samples for future missions to retrieve and eventually return to Earth. Aaron Yazzie, a mechanical engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, talks about his job on the Perseverance Mars rover mission and how the rover will collect and store samples on the Red Planet. Watch en Español: Seleccione subtítulos en Español bajo el ícono de configuración.

This Week's Lessons and Activities ()
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What Is a Comet? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Rosetta detected building blocks of life on this comet, too. And images showed Comet 67P to be a rugged object with lots of activity shaping its surface.

Rosetta captured incredible images of the rubber ducky-shaped Comet 67P. Credit: ESA/Rosetta/NavCam – CC BY-SA IGO 3.0

Thanks to these missions and others like them, we now know a lot more about the structure of comets and the types of chemicals found on and around them. We’ve even learned a bit more about the formation of our solar system!

 	article last updated December 20, 2021
 

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Comet Fact Sheet
4.29 yrs.
2001-03-26
1.000 AU
2.64 AU
0.623
2.8 deg.
9.0

 
Hale-Bopp
4000. yrs.
1997-03-31
0.914 AU
250. AU
0.995
89.4 deg.
-1.0

 
Hyakutake
~40000. yrs.
1996-05-01
0.230 AU
~1165. AU
0.9998
124.9 deg.
 

Halley - Subject of the 
International Halley Watch 
(IHW), a coordinated effort of ground-based and 
spacecraft observations.

Encke - Planned encounter by 
CONTOUR 
mission on 12 November 2003. Radar observations made by Arecibo Observatory 
in 1980 indicated a radius of 0.4 to 4.0 km. 

d'Arrest - Planned encounter by 
CONTOUR 
mission on 16 August 2008.

Tempel 1 - Planned flyby and projectile impact by the 
Deep Impact 
mission on 4 July 2005.

Borrelly - Target of 
Deep Space 1 
spacecraft in 2001.

Giacobini-Zinner - Target of 
ICE 
flyby on 11 Sep 1985 within 7800 km.

Grigg-Skjellerup - Target of 
Giotto 
flyby (within 200 km) on 10 July 1992.

Crommelin - Subject of 1984 test of the 
IHW
network.

Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova - Originally planned target of 
Sakigake 
flyby at 10,000 km on 3 Feb 1996.

Wirtanen - Originally scheduled to be visited by the ESA 
Rosetta 
mission in 2011. Mission rerouted. 

Temple-Tuttle - Originally planned target of 
Suisei 
flyby on 28 Feb 1998.

Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Studied from orbit by 
Rosetta 
mission.
What Is a Comet? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
As dust and gases stream away from the nucleus, sunlight and particles coming from the Sun push them into a bright tail that stretches behind the comet for millions of miles.
When astronomers look closely, they find that comets actually have two separate tails. One looks white and is made of dust. This dust tail traces a broad, gently curving path behind the comet. The other tail is bluish and is made up of electrically charged gas molecules, or ions. The ion tail always points directly away from the Sun.

A comet has two tails that get longer the closer it gets to the Sun. Both tails are always directed away from the Sun. The ion tail (blue) always points directly away from the Sun, while the dust tail (yellow) points away from the Sun in a slightly different direction than the ion tail. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

How do we learn about comets?
People have been interested in comets for thousands of years. But it wasn't possible to get a good view of a comet nucleus from Earth since it is shrouded by the gas and dust of the coma. In recent years, though, several spacecraft have had the chance to study comets up close.
NASA’s Stardust mission collected samples from Comet Wild 2 (prounounced like “Vilt two”) and brought them back to Earth. Scientists found those particles to be rich in hydrocarbons, which are chemicals we consider the “building blocks” of life.
Rosetta, a mission of the European Space Agency that had several NASA instruments onboard, studied Comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Rosetta dropped a lander on the nucleus, then orbited the comet for two years. Rosetta detected building blocks of life on this comet, too. And images showed Comet 67P to be a rugged object with lots of activity shaping its surface.

Rosetta captured incredible images of the rubber ducky-shaped Comet 67P. Credit: ESA/Rosetta/NavCam – CC BY-SA IGO 3.0

Thanks to these missions and others like them, we now know a lot more about the structure of comets and the types of chemicals found on and around them.
Thirsty? Have a comet! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Hartley 2 is from the Kuiper Belt. All the other comets whose water "signatures" have been studied so far come from the Oort Cloud. 

Scientists are surprised at this finding. They didn't think the Kuiper Belt comets were a source of our ocean. They need to study a lot more comets to be more certain. 
But isn't it exciting to discover the possible source of our precious water? It's like an accidental gift from space!

 	article last updated October 24, 2019
 

A really cool telescope!

The Herschel Space Observatory was launched in May 2009 and it completed its mission in April 2013. As the largest infrared telescope launched up to that time, Herschel learned many new things about our universe. It located some of the youngest stars ever seen, helped us learn more about interstellar filaments and found water in many places in the universe.

If you saw a picture of yourself taken with an infrared camera, you would look very different—pretty odd, actually. Say the camera is set to show warmer objects as white, red, and yellow, and cooler objects as blue or black, you might have a red forehead, yellow eyes, and a blue nose. Ha!

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A really cool telescope!

The Herschel Space Observatory was launched in May 2009 and it completed its mission in April 2013. As the largest infrared telescope launched up to that time, Herschel learned many new things about our universe. It located some of the youngest stars ever seen, helped us learn more about interstellar filaments and found water in many places in the universe.
Thirsty? Have a comet! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
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A really cool telescope!

The Herschel Space Observatory was launched in May 2009 and it completed its mission in April 2013. As the largest infrared telescope launched up to that time, Herschel learned many new things about our universe. It located some of the youngest stars ever seen, helped us learn more about interstellar filaments and found water in many places in the universe.

If you saw a picture of yourself taken with an infrared camera, you would look very different—pretty odd, actually. Say the camera is set to show warmer objects as white, red, and yellow, and cooler objects as blue or black, you might have a red forehead, yellow eyes, and a blue nose. Ha!