vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
As Jakarta Grows, So Do the Water Issues
May 13, 2021

References & Resources

Channel News Asia (2021, February 6) The fight against Jakarta’s devastating yearly floods. Accessed May 11, 2021.
Channel News Asia (2019, June 29) Staying in Jakarta: Will a great sea wall protect Indonesia's capital from coastal flooding? Accessed May 11, 2021.
KPPIP National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NSICD) Phase A. Accessed May 11, 2021.
Hakim, W. et al. (2020) Land Subsidence Measurement of Jakarta Coastal Area Using Time Series Interferometry with Sentinel-1 SAR Data. Journal of Coastal Research, 102.
NASA Earth Observatory (2007, February 11) Floods in Jakarta.
NASA Earth Observatory (2020, January 8) Torrential Rains Flood Indonesia.
New Geography (2011) The Evolving Urban Form: Jakarta (Jabotabek). Accessed May 11, 2021.
Sengupta, D. et al. (2020) Gaining or losing ground? Tracking Asia’s hunger for ‘new’ coastal land in the era of sea level rise. Science of the Total Environment, 732, 139290.
The New York Times (2017, December 21) Jakarta Is Sinking So Fast, It Could End Up Underwater. Accessed May 11, 2021.
Reuters (2021, March 25) Indonesia floats idea of Garuda-shaped palace as it revives capital city move. Accessed May 11, 2021.
Wired (2019) The impossible fight to save Jakarta, the sinking megacity. Accessed May 11, 2021.
World Resources Institute (2017, July 31) Without Forests, Jakarta’s Water Situation Worsens Accessed May 11, 2021.

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What Is El Niño? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
The different heights of the ocean are shown on flat maps using different colors.

In these maps, purple, blue, and green are the colder parts of the ocean where the sea level is a little lower. Red, pink, and white are the warmer parts where the surface of the ocean bulges upward a bit. The surface of the water where the ocean is warmest is only about 2 meters (a bit less than 7 feet) higher than in the coldest areas.

 	article last updated June 27, 2019
 

Watch El Niño in action!
Here's a movie that shows the El Niño and La Niña conditions as they occur from December 1996 through January 2000. Watch the white bulge of warm water travel across the Pacific ocean.

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News Around NOAA
On November 24, NWS upgraded the Global ESTOFS to provide NWS forecasters with high resolution water level forecast guidance including storm tide (storm surge plus tides) for the entire globe.

 December 2, 2020 - NOAA model upgrades will improve severe weather and aviation forecasts
NOAA implements new enhancements to the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) and Rapid Refresh (RAP) models, which work hand-in-hand to provide the foundation for many vital forecasts issued by the National Weather Service each day.

 November 24, 2020 - Record-breaking Atlantic hurricane season draws to an end
The extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season is drawing to a close with a record-breaking 30 named storms and 12 landfalling storms in the continental United States.

 October 6, 2020 - The International Desks: NOAA’s Weather Prediction Center trains meteorology partners from around the world 
NOAA’s Weather Prediction Center (WPC) in College Park, Maryland, creates weather forecasts for the entire country, but did you know the center also trains meteorologists from around the world?

 October 2, 2020 - 4 safety tips for fall hazards: Small actions can have big impacts
To stay safe and healthy, simple but effective preparedness actions are key — and NOAA’s National Weather Service has you covered.

 September 23, 2020 - NOAA upgrades Global Ensemble Forecast System
NOAA’s Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) is undergoing significant upgrades to expand its capabilities and improve weather forecasting.

 September 15, 2020 - Hello Solar Cycle 25. 
Solar scientists announce that ‘solar minimum’ occurred and Solar Cycle 25 began in December 2019. Activity on the sun is predicted to peak in 2025.

 August 19, 2020 - 5 striking facts versus myths about lightning you should know
It might be cool to look at from a safe distance, but lightning kills more than 20 people each year in the United States and injures hundreds more — with some survivors suffering lifelong neurological damage.

 August 6, 2020 - 'Extremely active' hurricane season possible for Atlantic Basin
Atmospheric and oceanic conditions are primed to fuel storm development in the Atlantic, leading to what could be an “extremely active” season, according to forecasters with NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center

 June 24, 2020 - NWS Enhances Weather Warnings on the Go!
Climate Variability and Change | Terra
Regardless, snow levels in the Sierra Nevada mountains were still below average. Images from NASA’s Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) clearly show the difference between years.

April 13, 2016
Antarctic Ice Shelf Sheds Bergs – The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Terra Satellite captured this striking image of the formation of two new icebergs as they broke away from the Nansen Ice Shelf into the Southern Ocean on April 7, 2016.

April 9, 2016
Greening Ascension Island – When Charles Darwin first visited Ascension Island it was barren, but with the assistance of Joseph Hooker in the 1800s plants were introduced and now cover much of this once bleak island. The image from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emissions and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite shows the now green Ascension Island and it’s Green Mountain.

April 3, 2016
Pavlov Erupts Again – Pavlov Volcano, Alaska’s most active volcano, began erupting for the first time since November 2014. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites acquired images of the ash plume at 11:45 a.m on March 28, 2016.

Terra on the Earth Observatory: February

Posted on February 19, 2016 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

February 19, 2016
Ash Plume and Sea Ice Near Zhupanovsky – Since October, 2015 Zhupanovsky volcano in far eastern Russia has periodically been spewing ash into the atmosphere.  This MODIS image from February 13, 2016 shows an ash plume from Zhupanovsky volcano, which resulted in a code-red for air travel in the region.

February 12, 2016
The Demise of the Warm Blob – Ocean surface temperatures, showed a warm “blob” off the northern United State’s coast. This cell of warm ocean water in the Pacific Ocean no longer is present, having lasted from the winter of 2013 through December of 2015.

February 17, 2016
Waves Above and Below the Water – The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired an image of wave patterns in the sky and in the water off the coast of Western Australia.

February 11, 2016
The 2023-24 California Spending Plan: Resources and Environmental Protection
aIncludes funding from the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.
bIncludes funding from the Beverage Container Recycling Fund.

CalRecycle = California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery and RMDZ = Recycling Market Development Zone.

Coastal Resilience 
Retains $1.1 Billion in Funding for Coastal
Resilience. Previous budgets developed a multiyear plan to
appropriate $1.3 billion from 2022‑23 through 2024‑25 for coastal
resilience activities. As shown in Figure 12, the recent agreement
intends to retain $1.1 billion (86 percent) of that total, including
$653 million in 2023‑24. The most significant change is reducing the
State Coastal Conservancy’s (SCC) coastal resilience and sea-level rise
adaptation activities from a total of $1.1 billion to $881 million. The
changes include a $174 million reduction for coastal protection and
adaptation activities and a decrease of $9 million for adapting
infrastructure to the effects of sea-level rise. Budget bill language
provides somewhat more flexibility to SCC about how to prioritize
projects within these programs to address urgent sea-level rise
adaptation needs.

Figure 12
Revised Coastal Resilience Package
General Fund Unless Otherwise Noted (In Millions)

Program

Department 

Net Reductionsa

Revised Funding Levels

2022‑23

2023‑24

2024‑25

Totals

Protecting the coast from climate change

SCC

‑$174

$175 

$151 

—

$326 

Adapting to sea‑level rise: nature‑based activities

SCC

—

 120b

 300 

—

 420 

Protecting the ocean from climate change

OPC

—

 50 

 50 

—

 100 

Implementing SB 1

OPC

—

 38c

 55 

$10

 103 

Adapting infrastructure to sea‑level rise

SCC

‑9

 38c

 97 

—

 135 

Totals
Climate Variability and Change | Terra
The Demise of the Warm Blob – Ocean surface temperatures, showed a warm “blob” off the northern United State’s coast. This cell of warm ocean water in the Pacific Ocean no longer is present, having lasted from the winter of 2013 through December of 2015.

February 17, 2016
Waves Above and Below the Water – The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired an image of wave patterns in the sky and in the water off the coast of Western Australia.

February 11, 2016
Cloud Streets Over the Great Lakes – MODIS captured this image of cloud streets crossing the Great Lakes.

February 10, 2016
Snow in the Central U.S. – Snow from a blizzard blanketed parts of the Midwest. This image from Terra’s Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) captured the snow that remained after the clouds cleared over Nebraska.

February 6, 2016
Open- and Closed-Celled Clouds over the Pacific – Terra’s Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) captured in one image examples of two different types of convective clouds, open-celled and closed-celled.

February 5, 2016
Mount Erebus, Antarctica – Mount Erebus in Antarctica, thought to be the most southern volcano is still active. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emissions and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured images in visible and infrared, showing not just the volcano, but also the lava lake in its interior.

February 3, 2016
Drought in Southern Africa – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Terra’s Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor are being used to track drought conditions in southern Africa, analyzing the effects of the current strong El Niño on vegetation.

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Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal
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Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal

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 This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science.

February 10, 2007JPEG

The Andaman Islands consist of more than 500 islands in the Bay of Bengal. The largest islands comprise Great Andaman, easily seen from space. Not only can the islands themselves be seen from space, but something about them can also be discerned by satellites, something that has shed light on one of the largest earthquakes in recorded history. On December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake struck not far from Sumatra, Indonesia, claiming more than 200,000 lives. Satellite observations of the Andaman Islands collected before and after the disaster showed that the earthquake caused some islands to sink and others to rise. Satellite observations and field measurements helped researchers map the extent of the rupture caused by the earthquake.
On February 10, 2007, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image of the Andaman Islands. To the west of the main island group is North Sentinel Island, marked by a conspicuous coastline.
Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83
Soon after the break, the TIRS-2 (Thermal Infrared Sensor-2) on Landsat 9 captured this pair of false-color images. They are part of a special expanded data collection program called LEAP (Landsat Extended Acquisitions of the Poles), which since 2022 has been building year-round image records of glaciers, ice shelves, and sea ice around Antarctica, Greenland, and the Arctic Ocean.
Thermal images like these can help scientists keep watch over Earth’s polar areas, even when the Sun is below the horizon and visible images are unavailable. In these images, acquired on May 20 (left) and May 22 (right), yellows and oranges indicate areas where temperatures are warmer, like open water or thin sea ice, while blues denote areas of colder temperatures, like the thicker ice of the iceberg and ice shelf. Notice that the iceberg is already on the move, evident in the widening gap between the iceberg and ice shelf.
Christopher Shuman, a University of Maryland, Baltimore County, glaciologist based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, estimated that the iceberg spans about 375 square kilometers (145 square miles), which is about the same size as Portland, Oregon. The U.S. National Ice Center confirmed the name Iceberg A-83, which aligns with the longstanding naming convention that relates to where around the continent an iceberg is first observed.

Iceberg A-83 was first spotted off the Brunt Ice Shelf in the eastern Weddell Sea. It broke from a rift known as the “Halloween Crack” that appeared in October 2016 and grew eastward from the McDonald Ice Rumples. The rumples are the result of ice that flows over an underwater obstruction, where the bedrock rises high enough to reach into the underside of the floating ice shelf. This rocky formation impedes the flow of ice and causes pressure waves, crevasses, and rifts to form at the shelf’s surface.
Icebergs, even large ones like those recently released from the Brunt, are part of a natural, cyclical process of growth and decay at the limits of Earth’s ice sheets. As glacial ice flows from the inland ice sheet and spreads out over the sea, shelf areas farthest from shore grow thinner.
World of Change: Global Temperatures
Global temperature records start around 1880 because observations did not sufficiently cover enough of the planet prior to that time. The line plot above shows yearly temperature anomalies from 1880 to 2020 as recorded by NASA, NOAA, the Berkeley Earth research group, the Met Office Hadley Centre (United Kingdom), and the Cowtan and Way analysis. Though there are minor variations from year to year, all five records show peaks and valleys in sync with each other. All show rapid warming in the past few decades, and all show the last decade as the warmest.
The NASA GISS team chose the period of 1951-1980 as its baseline largely because the U.S. National Weather Service uses a three-decade period to define “normal” or average temperature. The GISS temperature analysis effort also began around 1980, so the most recent 30 years was 1951-1980. Their objective is to provide an estimate of temperature change that could be compared with predictions of global climate change in response to atmospheric carbon dioxide, aerosols, and changes in solar activity.
NASA’s temperature analyses incorporate surface temperature measurements from more than 20,000 weather stations, ship- and buoy-based observations of sea surface temperatures, and temperature measurements from Antarctic research stations. These in situ measurements are analyzed using an algorithm that considers the varied spacing of temperature stations around the globe and urban heat island effects.

References
Hansen, J., et al. (2010). Global surface temperature change. Reviews of Geophysics, 48.
NASA Earth Observatory (2015, January 21) Why So Many Global Temperature Records?
NASA Earth Observatory (2010, June 3) Global Warming.
NASA Earth Observatory (2023, January 13) 2022 Tied for Fifth Warmest Year on Record.
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (2023) GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP).
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022, January 10) Assessing the Global Climate in 2021.

World of Change: Global Temperatures

World Of Change
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 Global Temperatures
Water Level in Lake Powell
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New Seafloor Map Helps Scientists Find New Features 
Published January 13, 2016
The recent discovery of the Mammerickx Microplate was made possible by new satellite-derived maps of the ocean floor. 
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New Seafloor Map Helps Scientists Find New Features 

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New Seafloor Map Helps Scientists Find New Features 
Published January 13, 2016
The recent discovery of the Mammerickx Microplate was made possible by new satellite-derived maps of the ocean floor. 
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The Seafloor Focuses and Merges Tsunami Waves

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The Seafloor Focuses and Merges Tsunami Waves
Published March 12, 2012
Even at great distances from their source, tsunami waves can grow by being focused and steered by underwater ridges.
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The Seafloor Focuses and Merges Tsunami Waves

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The Seafloor Focuses and Merges Tsunami Waves
Published March 12, 2012
Even at great distances from their source, tsunami waves can grow by being focused and steered by underwater ridges.
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720 x 480
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 2 MB - MOV

 5 MB - MOV

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The Seafloor Focuses and Merges Tsunami Waves

 5 MB - MOV

The Seafloor Focuses and Merges Tsunami Waves
Published March 12, 2012
Even at great distances from their source, tsunami waves can grow by being focused and steered by underwater ridges.
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FAQs • San Bruno, CA • CivicEngage
Although it is true that replicating an entire coastal flood study will be time-consuming and expensive, a review of the study documentation can help focus an appeal on certain aspects of the study, including, but not limited to, the following:Quality of the topography and bathymetry used in the models;Validation of the models using historical flood events;Selection of flood events modeled;How those events are parameterized in the models;Methods by which water levels from individual simulations are combined statistically; andOverland wave hazard modeling.The first and last items listed above (topography and overland wave hazard modeling) have a significant influence on the Base (1-%-annual-chance) Flood Elevations (BFEs) and Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries and/or zone designations (Zones VE or AE) produced by a coastal flood study, and do not require high-powered computers and sophisticated models to appeal. In fact, challenging results based on these two items is no more complicated today than it was before the advent of supercomputers. Many appeals and revision requests are still submitted and granted using local topographic data, desktop computers, and readily-available models. 

17.
Why isn't FEMA using the latest two-dimensional wave models to estimate wave effects over land?

The latest models resolve the flow of water or waves in two horizontal directions, and they are referred to as 2-D models. Simpler, 1-D models resolve flow or waves in one direction. Each has advantages and disadvantages. For now, FEMA uses both types of models. It uses 2-D wave models in the ocean and in bays, and a 1-D model-Wave Height Analysis for Flood Insurance Studies (WHAFIS) - over land.On a large scale, 2-D wave models offer certain advantages over simplified wave analyses-the 2-D models better capture the physics of wave propagation, account for waves changing direction in response to bathymetric features.However, the 2-D models still have some unresolved technical and computational issues related to overland wave propagation:The 2-D wave models do not have the resolution required to capture small details and changes in topography and land use/land cover. Grid cells are usually hundreds of feet across, and physical features must be smoothed or averaged over each grid cell.
Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal
Feb 16, 2007

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North Sentinel Island, Andaman Sea
This photo-like image shows North Sentinel Island, in the Andaman Sea, almost five years after the devastating 2004 Aceh-Andaman Earthquake raised its surrounding reefs above the water line.

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