vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA “Wildfire Digital Twin” Pioneers New AI Models and Streaming Data Techniques for Forecasting Fire and Smoke - NASA Science
These models simulate phenomena like wind speed and cloud cover, which makes them the perfect foundation for a Wildfire Digital Twin.Specifically, Halem’s team is working on new satellite data assimilation techniques that will blend information from space-based remote sensors into their Wildfire Digital Twin, enabling improved global data forecasts that will be useful for emergencies and science missions alike.In October, Halem’s team participated in the first FireSense field campaign in collaboration with the National Forest Service’s Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) to observe smoke as it traveled more than 10 miles during a controlled burn in Utah, using a ceilometer. Now the team is feeding that data into their modeling software to help it track plumes more accurately.They’re especially interested in tracking particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, which are small enough to pass through a person’s lungs and enter the bloodstream. These particles, also known as PM 2.5, can cause serious health issues even if a person is nowhere near an active burn.“When these fires ignite and start to burn, they produce smoke, and this smoke travels considerable distances. It affects people not only locally, but also at distances of thousands of kilometers or more,” said Halem.Data from the controlled burn will also help Halem and his team quantify the relationship between aerosols and precipitation.
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Drought Fuels Wildfires in the Amazon
NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview and Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Adam Voiland.

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With an El Niño brewing in the Pacific, uncontrolled fires are burning beneath the canopy in some parts of the rainforest.
Image of the Day for October 20, 2023

Instruments:
Landsat 9 — OLI-2
Terra — MODIS

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Oct 19, 2023

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South American Fires in 2023

The fire season in South America spans several ecosystems and has far-reaching consequences.

References & Resources

Amazonia Real (2023, October 11) Manaus is suffocated by smoke. Accessed October 19, 2023.
Associated Press (2023, October 12) In the Amazon, millions breathe hazardous air as drought and wildfires spread through the rainforest. Accessed October 19, 2023.
Global Forest Watch Brazil. Accessed October 19, 2023.
Mongabay (2023, October 13) Despite severe drought, Amazon deforestation continues to slow. Accessed October 18, 2023.
Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (2023, July 17) MAAP: #189: Amazon fire season heats up. Accessed October 19, 2023.
National Institute for Space Research Queimadas Program. Accessed October 19, 2023.
NASA FIRMS Fire Information for Resource Management System. Accessed October 19, 2023.
The New York Times (2023, October 17) A Severe Drought Pushes an Imperiled Amazon to the Brink. Accessed October 19, 2023.
SERVIR Amazonia (2023, August 1) July-September 2023 climate forecast points to an above normal fire season in western Amazon. Accessed October 19, 2023.
SERVIR Amazonia Amazon Fire Dashboard. Accessed October 19, 2023.

You might also be interested in    (view all)
Tracking Canada’s Extreme 2023 Fire Season
“The FEDS system could help fire crews pinpoint the parts of a fire perimeter that are actively burning and might need attention—especially in remote areas where monitoring by aircraft or other means is limited,” said Douglas Morton of the Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. “It could also help fire crews identify areas of residual heat behind the main fire front that may pose a hazard for fire crews on the ground.”
The FEDS system also offers a trove of information that could help advance scientists’ understanding of fire. For example, how do factors such as vegetation type, terrain, weather conditions, and firefighting tactics affect the rate that fires spread and the volume of emissions they produce? And how does the interplay between localized factors and larger scale shifts in the climate affect fire behavior?
Ignited by lightning on June 1, the fire in Quebec saw surging growth in late June and early July, a period when temperatures were unusually high and drought gripped the region. “The great thing about FEDS is that we can really dig into and study how several individual factors affect fire spread,” said Tempest McCabe, a scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. “We’re in the process of doing that now for several of the fires in Canada—as well as other major fire events around the world that have happened in recent years.”
Meanwhile, Chen and colleagues recently used FEDS data in their analysis of hundreds of large fires that occurred in California between 2012 and 2020. “We saw a lot of interesting patterns,” said Chen. “Many of those fires showed quite uneven growth overall, with explosive rates of growth occurring during the first several days after ignition.” Understanding what drives this explosive growth can help refine risk models for future fires in an increasingly flammable world.
As of late October 2023, Canada’s remarkable fire season was finally slowing down. Dozens of fires were still out of control on October 24, but winter weather is expected to suppress most of them. However, even winter may not be enough in some cases. Previous research shows that overwintering “zombie” fires in this region have increasingly begun to smolder underground throughout the winter and remerge in the spring as temperatures rise.
Fire in the Xingu River Basin
“One of the things this research shows is that deforestation probably isn’t the key driver of understory fires we once thought it was,” said Morton. “The simple presence of people—indigenous or otherwise—along with hot, dry weather is all you need for large understory fires to burn along the southern edge of the Amazon.” 
Morton’s next question: “Are the forests along the edges of the Amazon able to withstand all these understory fires or will we see a gradual transition from forest to savanna over time?”

Further Reading
Earth Observatory (2004, June 8) From Forest to Field: How Fire is Transforming the Amazon.
Earth Observatory (2012, January 9) Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon:
Mapping the World’s Forests in Three Dimensions.
Environmental Defense Fund (2011, April 7) Tragedy and transformation in Brazil’s Xingu River Basin. Accessed June 7, 2013.

NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using data provided by Douglas Morton (NASA/GSFC). Caption by Adam Voiland.

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New maps of understory forest fires in the southern Amazon suggest there’s little connection between deforestation and understory fires. Some indigenous reserves where deforestation is minimal still have frequent understory fires.
Image of the Day for June 8, 2013

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Terra — MODIS

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Amazon Deforestation

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References & Resources

Morton, D. et al (2011, July 15) Mapping canopy damage from understory fires in the Amazon forests using annual time series of Landsat and MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115 (7), 1706-1720.
Morton, D. et al (2013, April 22) Understory Fire Frequency and the Fate of Burned Forests in Southern Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences, 368 (1619).
NASA (2013, June 7) Climate Conditions Determine Amazon Fire Risk. Accessed June 7, 2013.
Fire in the Xingu River Basin
In the last few years, Morton has worked out a new technique based on data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor that makes it easier to distinguish understory fires from similar-looking forest disturbances.
The technique has made it possible for Morton and his colleagues to map the distribution of understory fires across the entire southern Amazon basin for the first time. (See the large image for the distribution of understory fires across the basin). Morton found that understory forest fires burned more than 85,500 square kilometers (33,000 square miles), or 2.8 percent of the forest, between 1999 and 2010.
The prevailing theory has been that deforestation and understory fires go hand in hand, because deforestation creates gaps in the rainforest canopy that dry out the forest floor. Surprisingly, Morton’s mapping found no correlation between understory fires and deforestation. In fact, even in areas with little or no deforestation—such as the large reserves in the Xingu River Basin set aside for Brazil’s indigenous people—the analysis detected very large understory fires, with some areas burning frequently.
The Xingu River Basin saw more forests with repeated burning than nearly anywhere else in the Amazon over the study period, with some areas facing four or more fires. As shown in the map above, the fires within the indigenous reserve were concentrated along the banks of the Xingu River; rivers are the main transportation network for indigenous groups in the Xingu basin, similar to other remote regions of the Amazon where roads are scarce or seasonally flooded. Amongst the farms and ranches on the forest frontier beyond the reserve, fires were also common but scattered more broadly. 
“One of the things this research shows is that deforestation probably isn’t the key driver of understory fires we once thought it was,” said Morton. “The simple presence of people—indigenous or otherwise—along with hot, dry weather is all you need for large understory fires to burn along the southern edge of the Amazon.” 
Morton’s next question: “Are the forests along the edges of the Amazon able to withstand all these understory fires or will we see a gradual transition from forest to savanna over time?”

Further Reading
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Fire in the Xingu River Basin
Lush vegetation survives by sending roots up to 10 meters (30 feet) into the ground. Ecologists worry that as climate change brings hotter, drier conditions to the region, the southern edge of the Amazon could easily transition from forest to tropical savanna known in South America as the Cerrado.
The boundary between rainforest and the Cerrado cuts across the Amazon Basin in a ragged line that runs through the Brazilian states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and Pará. The boundary has emerged as one of the most interesting parts of the Amazon to study because it is at this forest frontier where the needs of modern Brazilian society—cleared land for farmers, ranchers, villages, and roads—come into direct conflict with those of the rainforest and the large populations of indigenous peoples who live within the forest.
Then there are the fires. Satellite and ground observations of the forest edge show evidence of what ecologists call “understory” fires—low-intensity blazes that creep along the leaf littler on the forest floor but never get hot enough to burn up through the canopy. Since the fires remain beneath the canopy, NASA satellites designed to monitor fire activity rarely detect understory fires (unlike those that release more energy, such as deforestation or agricultural management fires). But satellites can sense the subtle changes in the forest canopy in the wake of these understory fires, as the damaged vegetation slowly dies and new trees grow back. 
Distinguishing between understory fire damage and other types of forest disturbance—such as selective logging and deforestation for agriculture—is not straightforward with satellite imagery, explained NASA scientist Doug Morton. In the last few years, Morton has worked out a new technique based on data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor that makes it easier to distinguish understory fires from similar-looking forest disturbances.
The technique has made it possible for Morton and his colleagues to map the distribution of understory fires across the entire southern Amazon basin for the first time. (See the large image for the distribution of understory fires across the basin). Morton found that understory forest fires burned more than 85,500 square kilometers (33,000 square miles), or 2.8 percent of the forest, between 1999 and 2010.
Exposure to Smoke from Fires
Long work schedules and the physical demands of work performed outdoors can affect a worker’s health when air quality is unhealthy. Take frequent breaks and talk to your employer about adjusting your work until air quality improves. Follow advice from NIOSH.

Schools and Child Care Providers

Continue to monitor air quality at DEC's air quality forecast website or airnow.gov.
Consider implementing an Air Quality Flag Program where your organization raises a flag for the day when the air is unhealthy. On these days you can use this information to adjust outdoor activities.
New York State recommends that schools and child care providers suspend outdoor activities and field trips when air quality is unhealthy.
Children who spend time outdoors should wear a well-fitting face mask.
When air quality is good, you can resume normal activities; masking is not necessary.

More About Health Risks
How does wildfire smoke affect the air?

The smoke from any fire (forest, brush, crop, structure, tires, waste or wood burning) releases particles and chemicals when carbon-containing materials burns. All smoke contains carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter (PM or soot). Smoke can also contain different chemicals, like aldehydes, acid gases, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, styrene, metals, and dioxins. The particles and chemicals in smoke varies depending on what is burning, how much oxygen is available, and the temperature.

Who is most at risk?

Everyone should avoid smoky areas and limit physical exertion when high levels of smoke can’t be avoided. People with cardiovascular or respiratory conditions like asthma, young children, and older adults may be more at risk of health effects from smoke. If you must be exposed to smokey conditions for long periods of time, proper use of respiratory protection will reduce exposure to the fine particles and gases in smoke.

What symptoms can occur?

Inhaling smoke for a short time can cause immediate effects. Smoke irritates the eyes, nose, and throat, and its odor can be nauseating. Studies show that some people exposed to heavy smoke have temporary changes in lung function that makes breathing more difficult.
Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact
In the Northern Hemisphere, plumes of mineral dust swirl over deserts and arid regions. In the Southern Hemisphere, slash-and-burn agriculture in the Amazon and Central Africa releases large amounts of smoke and soot. Fires, some sparked by lightning and some by human activity, leave large patches of forest ablaze during summers in Canada, Russia, and the United States.

Dust storms (top) and wildfires (bottom) are significant, if transient, sources of aerosols. (NASA images by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response.)

Although most aerosols remain suspended in the atmosphere for short periods—typically between four days and a week—they can travel vast distances. Particles moving with the atmosphere at 5 meters (16.4 feet) per second will travel thousands of kilometers in a week. Dust plumes from the Sahara frequently cross the Atlantic and reach the Caribbean. Winds sweep a mixture of Asian aerosols—particularly dust from the Gobi desert and pollution from China—east over Japan and toward the central Pacific Ocean. Smoke from wildfires in Siberia and Canada can find its way to the Arctic ice cap.

Dust from North Africa spreads over the Atlantic Ocean on July 1, 2009 (from 00:00 to 18:00 Universal Time) in this series of images derived from a computer model of aerosol movement. Click for animation. (NASA maps by Pete Colarco and Robert Simmon, based on GEOS-5 model data.)

Over time, aerosol emissions have changed significantly. In Asia, anthropogenic emissions have increased in recent decades as urbanization and industrialization has proceeded at a breakneck pace. By contrast, aerosols have declined in North America and Europe as factories have moved to developing countries and Western nations have adopted more stringent clean air regulations.

Aerosols and Incoming Sunlight (Direct Effects)
The Sun provides the energy that drives Earth’s climate, but not all of the energy that reaches the top of the atmosphere finds its way to the surface. That’s because aerosols—and clouds seeded by them—reflect about a quarter of the Sun’s energy back to space.

Aerosols play an important role in Earth’s climate.
Collection - Amazon Deforestation
Collection - Amazon Deforestation

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Smoke Blankets Venezuela
Drought and heat have fueled unusually high numbers of fires in the South American country during the first three months of 2024. 
Published Mar 28, 2024
 

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Amazon Forest Fires Rage in Roraima
Huge understory fires are spreading throughout the state in northern Brazil as drought and heat turn the rainforest into tinder.
Published Mar 1, 2024
 

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Indigenous Communities Protect the Amazon
Indigenous people are protecting carbon-rich forests in South America, and satellites are helping.
Published Oct 9, 2023
 

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Deforestation Follows a Road Through Ucayali
A remote oil and logging road first established in eastern Peru in the 1980s has become a hub for forest clearing.
Published Oct 25, 2022
 

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Sizing Up How Agriculture Connects to Deforestation
Using satellite data from the past two decades, scientists are starting to pinpoint which crops and farming styles have lasting impacts on forests.
Published Aug 11, 2021
 

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