vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
An Unequal Air Pollution Burden at School
“This isn’t something we see in just one city or one region,” said Michael Cheeseman, an atmospheric scientist at Colorado State University and now the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “When you look at NASA satellite data across the United States and compare that to socioeconomic data about our schools, the picture is clear: Hispanic, Asian, and Black and African American public school children attend schools with higher concentrations of air pollution than white students, especially in urban areas.”Cheeseman and colleagues considered ambient air pollution concentrations for 98,537 public schools in the United States as part of an analysis published in GeoHealth. The research revealed what Cheeseman described as “surprisingly large” differences in air pollution concentrations for different racial and ethnic groups.

February 7, 2022JPEG

Air pollution comes with costs to health and academic performance. “We know that long-term exposure has been linked to increased risks of asthma, increased respiratory infections, and reduced lung function among children,” said Shobhana Gupta, a trained physician who is now the associate manager of NASA’s Earth Action Equity & Environmental Justice program. “Children have higher respiratory rates and their lungs are still developing, so they are more susceptible to air pollutants.” Some research also links air pollution exposure to impaired cognitive function, depression, lower test scores, and low school attendance rates.
The hotspot around Culver City and many other areas of high NO2 concentrations (red) are visible in the series of maps in this story. They show an average of three years (2017-2019) of NO2 concentration data derived from information about the location of roads, power plants, and other NO2 sources, as well as observations collected by the OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) sensor on NASA’s Aura satellite. NO2 is a highly reactive gas formed by combustion that puts stress on the human respiratory system. The gas comes mainly from fossil fuel combustion for transportation and industrial activity.
“Averaged nationally, we saw roughly a two parts per billion (ppb) difference in NO2 between Hispanic and white students—9.9 ppb for Hispanic students compared to 7.7 parts per billion for white students,” Cheeseman said.
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The Greenhouse Effect | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
In the middle region of the troposphere, ozone helps to clean the atmosphere of certain pollutants. 
That's good.
But in the atmosphere close to Earth's surface where we live, ozone adds to smog and is hard on plants and animals, including us. 
That's bad.

 	article last updated March 2, 2017
 

Finding the ozone
So, it is not enough to know how much ozone is in the air. We need to know where it is. That's one reason NASA has developed the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, or TES. TES is one of four instruments studying the atmosphere from an Earth-orbiting satellite called Aura.

From high above Earth's surface, TES looks down through the atmosphere and measures how much ozone is at different altitudes. This information is called an ozone profile—like slicing through the atmosphere and seeing it from the side. As Aura's polar orbit takes it over the North and South Poles, Earth rotates beneath. After 16 days of orbits, TES has measured ozone over the whole planet. Then it starts over.
The movie clip below shows the ozone measurements after computers have processed them into images. The reddest areas have the highest concentrations of ozone. In some places that red area is high in the stratosphere where it shows "good ozone," but in other places (such over large cities), the red areas drop to very close to the ground, showing "bad ozone."
Watch video
This movie is a moving "curtain plot" of ozone levels. It is made from TES ozone data. It shows concentrations of ozone at different altitudes in the atmosphere over North America the first week in November 2004. White areas show the highest concentrations (the most ozone). Red shows the next highest, then yellow, green, and black, which shows lowest concentrations. Notice how the red area dips down close to the ground in some locations. These are smoggy cities.
Now that you understand ozone, and how it is good or bad depending on where it is in the atmosphere, you are ready to play Ozone Trap-n-Zap!
An Unequal Air Pollution Burden at School
American Geophysical Union (2022, November 16) Air pollution high at US school with kinds from marginalized groups. Accessed October 31, 2023.
American Lung Association (2023, October 31) Disparities in the Impact of Air Pollution. Accessed October 31, 2023.
Bechle, M. et al. (2023) Ambient NO2 Air Pollution and Public Schools in the United States: Relationships with Urbanicity, Race—Ethnicity, and Income. Environmental Sci. Technol. Lett., 10, (10), 844-850.
The Center for Public Integrity (2017, February 17) The invisible hazard afflicting thousands of schools. Accessed October 31, 2023.
Cheeseman, M. et al. (2022) Disparities in Air Pollutants Across Racial, Ethnic, and Poverty Groups at US Public Schools. GeoHealth, 6 (12), e2022GH000672.
CSUN (2018, January 24) Clean Air in Classrooms—Right Next to the 405 Freeway. Accessed October 31, 2023.
Larkin, A. et al. (2017) Global Land Use Regression Model for Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution. Environmental Science Technology, 51 (12), 6957.
Mohegh, A., & Anenberg, S. (2021) Global surface NO2 concentrations 1990-2020 [Dataset]. Accessed October 31, 2023.
NASA (2023) ARSET — Satellite Data for Air Quality Environmental Justice and Equity Applications. Accessed October 31, 2023.
NASA Nitrogen Dioxide. Accessed October 31, 2023.
Palabra (2023) Youth-Powered Science. Accessed October 31, 2023.

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An Extra Air Pollution Burden
New research shows that neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., with more people of color are exposed to more air pollution and have higher rates of disease.

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An Unequal Air Pollution Burden at School
An Unequal Air Pollution Burden at School

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An Unequal Air Pollution Burden at School

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The El Marino Language School in Culver City, California, sits just a few hundred feet from Interstate 405, one of the busiest highways in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of cars pass by each day, leaving behind a cloud of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter, and other air pollutants. The school—which primarily serves Hispanic, Black and African American, and Asian students—is located in a part of Southern California where satellites often measure elevated concentrations of NO2.
“This isn’t something we see in just one city or one region,” said Michael Cheeseman, an atmospheric scientist at Colorado State University and now the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “When you look at NASA satellite data across the United States and compare that to socioeconomic data about our schools, the picture is clear: Hispanic, Asian, and Black and African American public school children attend schools with higher concentrations of air pollution than white students, especially in urban areas.”Cheeseman and colleagues considered ambient air pollution concentrations for 98,537 public schools in the United States as part of an analysis published in GeoHealth.
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Environmental Justice is the fair and meaningful treatment of all people, regardless of race, income, national origin or color, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies. Environmental Justice allows for disproportionately impacted residents to access the tools to address environmental concerns across all of DEC's operations. Continue to watch this page for news and updates.The Office of Environmental Justice (OEJ) works to address environmental issues and concerns that affect primarily low income and minority communities through grant opportunities, enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, consultation, guidance, and enhance public participation.Environmental Justice ProgramsOperation ECO QualityGrant OpportunitiesDEC Permit Applications DataSearch DEC Permit Applications currently under review or with final disposition: Begin Permit Application Search.Updates and NewsDisadvantaged Communities Criterial FinalizationOn March 27, 2023, New York State's Climate Justice Working Group (CJWG), a 13-member working group tasked with establishing the criteria by which disadvantaged communities (DACs) across the state would be identified, finalized the criterial for identifying the state's disadvantaged communities. The criteria will guide the equitable implementation of New York's ambitious Climate Act through requirements that all agencies and authorities prioritize DACs in air pollution and climate-altering greenhouse gas emissions reductions and targeting clean energy and energy efficiency investments.Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (The Climate Act)The Climate Act requires 35%, with a goal of 40%, of the benefits from renewable energy and energy efficiency investments made by state entities be realized in DACs.The Environmental Justice ReportWelcome to The Environmental Justice Report!
An Unequal Air Pollution Burden at School
For example, he said, zoning rules that prevent schools from being built near major sources of air pollution like highways, airports, ports, and factories are a logical next step that could reduce disparities.
There are also ways to bolster the safety of students in schools with high exposure pollution levels. Members of the El Marino Language School community successfully advocated for the installation of a new air filtration system and other upgrades to improve indoor air quality for students, according to reporting from California State University Northridge.

June 17, 2023JPEG

“A few years ago, we had very little experience using satellite data to identify racial and ethnic disparities in air pollution,” Anenberg said. “Now we’re doing everything we can to get that knowledge out beyond the research community and use it to inform actions that can address the problem.” For instance, the HAQAST team is currently working with developers of platforms widely used by the environmental justice community, such as the Environmental Protection Agency’s EJScreen tool, to potentially include satellite observations.
In the past few years, NASA has scaled up a broader equity and environmental justice research program. Among the dozens of currently funded projects is a citizen-science effort conducted by students from the Bronx Center for Science and Mathematics High School in New York City that are monitoring the challenge of air pollution directly. The school, located in the heart of the Bronx, is hemmed in between several highways in an area known for having high asthma rates. As part of the project, co-led by Columbia University researchers Carolynne Hultquist and Susana Beatriz Adamo, students are using portable air quality sensors to monitor air indoor and outdoor air pollution at ground level. They will also compare their measurements to satellite observations of outdoor pollution. The photo above, taken by Keerti Gopal, shows a senior at the school showing how she set up an air quality monitoring app on her phone.
“We want our scientists to be working in partnership with the community,” Gupta said. “This project in the Bronx is a great example of that approach.”

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May Puzzler
May 21st, 2024 by Kathryn Hansen

Every month on Earth Matters, we offer a puzzling satellite image. The May 2024 puzzler is shown above. Your challenge is to use the comments section to tell us where it is, what we are looking at, and why it is interesting. 
How to answer. You can use a few words or several paragraphs. You might simply tell us the location, or you can dig deeper and offer details about what satellite and instrument produced the image, what spectral bands were used to create it, or what is compelling about some obscure feature. If you think something is interesting or noteworthy, tell us about it.
The prize. We cannot offer prize money or a trip on the International Space Station, but we can promise you credit and glory. Well, maybe just credit. Within a week after a puzzler image appears on this blog, we will post an annotated and captioned version as our Image of the Day. After we post the answer, we will acknowledge the first person to correctly identify the image at the bottom of this blog post. We also may recognize readers who offer the most interesting tidbits of information. Please include your preferred name or alias with your comment.