vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Spring Bloom in New Zealand Waters
Phytoplankton use chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis, and when they grow in large numbers, they change the way the ocean surface reflects sunlight. Caught up in eddies and currents, the blooms create intricate patterns of blues and greens that spread across thousands of square kilometers of the sea surface.
Especially bright blue areas may indicate the presence of phytoplankton called coccolithophores, which are coated with calcium-carbonate (chalk) scales that are very reflective. The duller greenish-brown areas of the bloom may be diatoms, which have a silica-based covering.
In addition to their importance as the foundation of the ocean food web, phytoplankton play a key role in the climate because, like plants on land, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When they die, they sink to the ocean floor where the carbon they took from the atmosphere is stored for thousands of years. 
NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team. Caption by Rebecca Lindsey, NASA Earth Observatory. 


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A phytoplankton bloom colored the waters east of New Zealand on October 25, 2009.
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References & Resources

 Murphy, R., Pinkerton, M., Richardson, K., and Bradford-Grieve, J. (2001). 
Phytoplankton distributions around New Zealand derived from SeaWiFS remotely-sensed ocean colour data. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 35, 343-362

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Phytoplankton Bloom off New Zealand
Swirls of iridescent green decorated the South Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand’s South Island on January 5, 2008.

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Water Cycle | Terra
(2015, 29 October). Nature Research Highlights, Accessed November 25, 2015.

Shrinking Shoreline of the Salton Sea

Posted on October 21, 2015 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using ASTER data from NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team, and Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey.
Fed primarily from agricultural irrigation runoff, the Salton Sea in southern California’s Sonoran Desert has dropped by 8 feet since 1984. While drought in California has contributed to the receding shoreline, water conservation efforts also play a role. The sea may be reduced to two small pools by the 2030s. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image showing the exposed Deltas along its southern shore.
Read the whole article on NASA’s Earth Observatory

In Africa, More Smoke Leads to Less Rain

Posted on September 21, 2015 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image of numerous fires burning in the transition zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the greener savannas to the south. The image, dating from November 2004, includes parts of Sudan, Chad and other nations to the south and west. Image credit: NASA
A new study is the first to use satellite observations to look at how smoke affects rainfall. Specifically focusing on agricultural fires in North Africa that reduce the amount of rainfall during the dry season.
African agricultural fires, a major source of fires globally, are used to increase agricultural productivity and clear land for farming.  Large plumes are formed by these fires, impacting weather and precipitation patterns, while carrying nutrients to land and ocean regions downwind.
Using satellite data from three NASA satellites from varying passover times along with weather records, Michael Tosca and his colleagues from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, assessed how microscopic smoke particles affect the formation of clouds and rainfall in Africa, north of the equator and south of the Saharan Desert.
Swimming - NYS Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation

Red flags indicate a danger or hazard. Flag designations may vary, so be sure to understand the color coding before you dive in.

Be attentive.
	
Always swim sober.
If you're swimming with children, designate a "water watcher" who will always keep a close eye on the kids. This person shouldn't be reading, using a phone, or doing anything but observing. 
	Never let children swim unattended.
Know the signs of trouble: While we tend to think that swimmers in trouble will be waving their hands and making lots of noise, this may not always be the case. Watch out for people whose heads are low in
	the water (mouth submerged) or tilted back with mouth open, eyes closed or unable to focus, legs vertical in the water, or who are trying to swim but not making progress.

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Protecting California's Beaches and Waterways
Be part of a movement to become a clean & green California boater. Marinas can also benefit from this program. Find out how.
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Global climate change is affecting California's coastal and estuarine oceanography. DBW directs studies to improve boating facility, beach erosion, restoration design, and boating and maritime safety and access. All of these programs rely upon climate change data collection and studies.
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Find out how to properly dispose of a vessel without polluting California's waterways or creating hazardous conditions.
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Since 2001 when the California Air Resources Board required manufacturers to reduce emissions from outboard and personal watercraft engines, including two-stroke motors, there have been many questions about what types of marine engines are allowed on California waterways. Here you will find a list of restrictions placed by certain California waterways on two-stroke engines and personal watercraft.
Vessel Pumpout Locations
Keep California's waterways clean by using the restroom before boating or by properly disposing sewage at a pumpout station. Find the nearest pumpout station here.

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Colorful Celtic Sea
Roughly mimicking the coastline, the bloom forms a giant semicircle in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Green Seaweed in the Yellow Sea
In June 2021, algal slicks painted the waters green off Qingdao, China, during the region’s largest bloom on record.

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California Fish and Wildlife Journal - Contents

River Pollution—1: Chemical Analysis (Book Review). W. M. Kier
Dangerous Marine Animals, That Bite—Sting—Are Nonedible (Book Review). J. E. Fitch
Shark Attach (Book Review). E. A. Best

1959

California Fish and Game 45(4). Fall 1959.

A survey of anadromous fish losses in irrigation diversions from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. R. J. Hallock and W. F. Van Woert
California sturgeon tagging studies. H. K. Chadwick
The use of probability sampling for estimating annual number of angler days. N. Abramson and J. Tolladay
An ecological study of the food habits of the mourning dove. B. M. Browning
Game water development on the desert. R. A. Weaver, F. Vernoy, and B. Craig
Immunization of pheasants with botulinum toxoid. M. N. Rosen
Occurrence of the giant kidney worm, Dioctophyma renale, in the coyote of California. O. A. Brunetti
Record silver salmon taken in Papermill Creek, Marin County. A. F. Giddings
Striped bass introduced into the Colorado River. J. S. St. Amant
Handbook of Computations for Biological Statistics of Fish Populations (Book Review). H. K. Chadwick
Environmental Conservation (Book Review). H. D. Bissell
The Conservation of Natural Resources (Book Review). W. A. Evans
Marine Ecology (Book Review). J. E. Fitch
We Come from the Sea (Book Review). C. H. Turner

California Fish and Game 45(3). Summer 1959.

History of kelp harvesting in California, W. L. Scofield
A revised checklist of the freshwater and anadromous fishes of California. L. Shapovalov, W. A. Dill, and A. Cordone
Changes in a river's physical characteristics under substantial reductions in flow due to hydroelectric diversion.
Being A Responsible Angler - NYSDEC
The Adirondacks once supported outstanding brook trout fisheries, but due to the introduction of competitive fish, brook trout have been pushed out of much of its original range (Learn more about these impacts and how DEC has been protecting Adirondack fish). Sometimes the introduction of these competitive fish is a result of anglers emptying their bait buckets into the water at the end of the day. In other cases, the introduction may be purposely done by an angler who feels that a bait species may provide beneficial forage for a particular species that he or she desires to catch. What is not understood is that a fish population in a pond, lake or stream is part of a stable community that has evolved over many years. Add a foreign fish to this community and the entire system can be thrown out of balance.Introducing fish diseases: Baitfish can harm native fish communities by spreading disease. Just like a human with a cold can spread their illness to other humans, so can diseased fish. In fact, movement of baitfish from water to water by unknowing anglers is thought to be the primary mechanism by which viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) , a serious fish disease identified in New York, has spread from the Great Lakes to inland waters.How You Can Help: To guard against these unwanted introductions, DEC places restrictions on the use of baitfish. Anglers can help by obeying these baitfish regulations and following the general principles below:Never use baitfish in waters where their use is prohibited.Never release live bait from your bait bucket into any of New York's waters.Never move bait or other fish from one water to another.Never stock any species of fish in any water without obtaining a free Fish Stocking Permit from your Regional Fisheries Office.Only use certified disease-free bait purchased from a licensed dealer.Always dispose of water from your bait bucket on land- never back into a water body.Use Best Practices for Catching and Releasing FishWhile a fresh fish dinner represents the ideal conclusion to a fishing trip for many people, an increasing number of anglers prefer to return their catch to the water.
Massive Muddy Tides in the Bay of Fundy
On land, fall weather had transformed the foliage of hardwoods and other deciduous trees and shrubs.
Sediment-rich waters are a common sight in the Bay of Fundy. With a tidal range up to 12 meters (38 feet), the funnel-shaped bay has the highest observed tides in the world. For comparison, most of the U.S. coast has a tidal range of 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6 feet).
The geometry of the bay causes tidal resonance, which plays a key role in elevating tides. The bay is just the right width and depth for water to slosh back and forth at a frequency—every 12 or 13 hours—that matches the natural frequency of high tides, which are driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on Earth. In addition, the position and configuration of continents in the Northern Hemisphere contributes to the high tides. Since North America, Europe, and Asia are pressed closer together than the continents in the Southern Hemisphere, water gets “constricted” in the Northern Hemisphere in a way that slightly amplifies tides.
Since the Bay of Fundy becomes shallower and narrower, incoming tidal flows get forced especially high as water piles up behind mudflats at the mouth of the bay. Once water pushes past this obstacle, it rushes into the narrow valleys and collides with river water flowing in the opposite direction, producing waves and rapids that move opposite of the rivers’ natural flow.
The huge volumes of water rushing into Bay of Fundy’s feeder rivers can create quite a spectacle, with surges of water that rush upstream at roughly 15 kilometers (9 miles) per hour. They make a roaring sound reminiscent of an oncoming train. These tidal bores often have leading waves as high as 1 meter (3 feet), large enough for rafting and surfing.
As for the colors, rivers in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick flow through soft red Triassic-era sandstone that easily erodes. The sediment and the regular churning of incoming and outgoing tides and tidal bores keeps the bay and rivers perpetually muddy.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens, using data from the Level 1 and Atmospheres Active Distribution System (LAADS) and Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE). Story by Adam Voiland.
Approaches to Composting | US EPA
Vermicomposting
Composting Biosolids
Additional Resources
Composting Process
Organic materials, such as wasted food, dry leaves, and untreated wood chips, are separated from other materials such as packaging, and collected to be composted. These materials are known as feedstocks in the composting process. The feedstocks are mixed in a composting system, or pile, to begin the decomposition process. Composting requires a specific carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the materials added, as well as adequate oxygen and moisture, so that the microorganisms in the system can thrive as they digest and break down the organic materials. The structure of the compost pile also contributes to the success of the composting process as factors like particle size and pile density affect oxygen and moisture levels. As materials decompose, the temperature of the pile rises and then falls. The natural decomposition process results in a dark, crumbly, earthy-smelling material called compost.
Feedstocks and Nutrient Balance
Composting requires a certain balance of carbon-rich materials (“browns”), such as dry leaves and untreated wood chips, to nitrogen-rich materials (“greens”), such as food scraps. The ideal ratio is roughly three parts browns to one part greens by volume. (This translates to roughly 30:1 in terms of elemental carbon to nitrogen or C:N.) The microbes in a compost pile convert carbohydrates from the carbon-rich material into energy for metabolization and respiration, and use proteins from the nitrogen-rich materials for growth and reproduction. A mismatched ratio of carbon to nitrogen may lead to odors, pests, or incomplete decomposition of materials in the pile.
Pile Structure
The size of particles in a compost pile and the size of the pile itself impact how oxygen, water and microorganisms move through the pile. Chopping, chipping, or shredding materials into smaller pieces before adding them to a compost pile increases the surface area on which microorganisms can feed. Smaller particles produce a more homogeneous compost mixture and improve pile insulation to help maintain optimum temperatures.
Massive Muddy Tides in the Bay of Fundy
As for the colors, rivers in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick flow through soft red Triassic-era sandstone that easily erodes. The sediment and the regular churning of incoming and outgoing tides and tidal bores keeps the bay and rivers perpetually muddy.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens, using data from the Level 1 and Atmospheres Active Distribution System (LAADS) and Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE). Story by Adam Voiland.

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High tides in the funnel-shaped bay are anything but a bore when they collide with river water flowing in the opposite direction.
Image of the Day for October 28, 2019

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Oct 27, 2019

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References & Resources

Burntcoat Head Park Geology. Accessed October 25, 2019.
Bay of Fundy Tidal Bore. Accessed October 25, 2019.
Columbia University (2012) Nova Scotia Field Guide. Accessed October 25, 2019.
Daily Beast The Insane Experience of Riding the World’s Highest Tidal Wave. Accessed October 25, 2019.
National Geographic Tidal Bore. Accessed October 25, 2019.
NASA Tides in Ocean Basins. Accessed October 25, 2019.
NOAA NOAA Where is the Highest Tide? Accessed October 25, 2019.
NOAA Bay of Fundy: The Highest Tides in the World. Accessed October 25, 2019.
Shubenacadie Canal Waterway Shubenacadie River. Accessed October 25, 2019.

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High and Low Tides in Bay of Fundy

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Filaments and Color in Rupert Bay 
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Some Tea With Your River?
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Ocean Color Web

 NASA deploys a number of Earth observing instruments that measure the spectral nature, or color, of water. Specifically, NASA acquires, archives, and publicly distributes such data from a variety of sources, including remote sensing ocean color instruments on satellite and airborne platforms, as well as similar measurements made on shipborne field campaigns, by long-duration autonomous in situ platforms, and derived as Earth system model outputs.
 

 The Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has been operating and supporting the Ocean Color Web since 1996. As a Science Investigator-led Processing System (SIPS), our responsibilities include the collection, processing, calibration, validation of ocean-related products from a large number of operational, satellite-based remote-sensing missions providing ocean color, sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity data to the international research community. As a Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), known as the Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC), we are responsible for the archive and distribution of satellite ocean biology data produced or collected under NASA EOSDIS, including those from historical missions and partner space organizations.
 

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What is Ocean Color?

 Ocean Color is the apparent hue, shade, or tone of water that results from the interactions of sunlight with the microscopic composition of the water column and water itself. Typical relevant water constituents include phytoplankton, mineral particles, and dissolved organic matter. The color of the ocean varies with how these materials in seawater absorb and scatter photons of different wavelengths, which varies with their composition. For example, highly productive waters where phytoplankton are abundant can appear green, whereas less productive waters with fewer constituents typically appear blue.
 
The spectral nature of color of the water, that is, the intensity at which different wavelengths absorb and scatter photons, can be used to infer the quality and quantity of materials that comprise natural waters - allowing scientists, policymakers, and society as a whole to understand their composition on local to global scales. This understanding can lend insight into how aquatic organisms at the base of the food chain thrive or decline under changing conditions of their environments.

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