vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
All Mars Resources - NASA Science
& FeaturesMultimediaAll PlanetsMercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto & Dwarf PlanetsOur Solar SystemExplore This SectionMars HomeFactsMars ExplorationNews & FeaturesMultimediaAll PlanetsOur Solar SystemAll Mars ResourcesFiltersSearch Search Sort:Publish dateOrder:DescendingHow Solar Storms This Year Will Help Mars Astronauts in the Future (Mars Report – April 2024)The Sun’s activity will be at its peak in 2024, providing a rare opportunity to study how solar storms and…See Ingenuity’s Flight Map: 72 Helicopter Flights on MarsNASA’s Ingenuity Mars helicopter became the first vehicle to achieve powered, controlled flight on another planet when it took to…Postcards From Earth to NASA’s Ingenuity Mars HelicopterThroughout its mission on the Red Planet, NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter received thousands of electronic postcards filled with well wishes…Meet the Mars Samples: Comet Geyser (Sample 24)Meet the 24th Martian sample collected by NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover – “Comet Geyser,” a sample taken from a region…NASA’s Curiosity Rover Reaches Gediz Vallis Channel (360 View)360-degree panorama provided by NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover.
History
Huygens recorded the most distant planetary landing to date, and operated for 72 minutes on the moon's frozen surface before its batteries failed.The Cassini orbiter continued to study Saturn, its rings and moons until Sept. 15, 2017, when its fuel ran low and the flight team crashed the spacecraft into Saturn's atmosphere to avoid contaminating moons that could harbor native microscopic life.Cassini circled Saturn for nearly half of the giant planet's 29.5 year orbit around the Sun, studied the seasonal changes in its atmosphere during that time, and made dozens of flybys of its moons. Among its many discoveries was super-low temperature volcanism ("cryovolcanism") on the tiny moon Enceladus, with the spacecraft even flying through a plume of gas and dust to sample it. The plume contained chemicals that could fuel microbial life, exciting scientists interested in the search for life off Earth. Cassini flew through Saturn's rings and atmosphere during its final scientific campaign, returning data on their composition and structure until the moment it disintegrated. A composite image of Saturn and its rings, May 9, 2007. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Making tracks on MarsLong before Cassini's end, NASA leaders had turned the loss of Mars Observer into an opportunity. They gained approval of a Mars exploration program called Mars Surveyor, and chose JPL to lead the program. The Mars Surveyor program eventually flew all of Mars Observer's experiments, though on smaller spacecraft. Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Climate Orbiter, the 2001 Mars Odyssey, and finally the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter of 2005, all carried Mars Observer instruments. The Mars Surveyor program came to an end in 2000, after the failure of two missions launched in 1998, the Mars Climate Orbiter and the Mars Polar Lander.Mars Observer's loss also helped enable NASA to gain approval for another planetary mission program, known as Discovery. The Discovery Program required NASA centers and university-based scientists to submit proposals to competitions that were to be held every few years. To get the program going, the first two Discovery missions were assigned. JPL was awarded Mars Pathfinder. The Mars Pathfinder mission introduced what has become a powerful technology for planetary exploration: the planetary rover.
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
Venus is surrounded with thick clouds of sulfuric acid. Its surface is covered with craters, volcanoes, mountains, and big lava plains. Temperatures on Venus are hot enough to melt lead. topVertical Spin Tunnel - The vertical spin tunnel, which works much like the recreational indoor skydiving locations, features a vertically-rising test airstream into which free-flying unpowered aircraft models are hand-launched to evaluate spinning and spin recovery behavior, tumbling resistance, and recovery from other out-of-control situations. topvibrate - Vibrate is to move to and fro or from side to side topviscosity - Viscosity is a measure of how strongly a liquid or gas resists flowing. A substance with a high viscosity, such as honey, flows very slowly. Water has a very low viscosity and flows easily. topvisible light - Visible light is the part of the electromagnetic wave that can be seen by the human eye. topvisualize - To visualize means to form a mental image or to make something visible to the eye. topvolcanism - Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock (magma) and gases onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon. topvolcano - A volcano is a vent in the surface of Earth or solid-surface planet or moon where molten material and gases from the inside comes up and flows/explodes out onto the surface. topvolume - The volume of an object is how much space it occupies, and it is typically expressed in milliliters (mL), cubic centimeters (cm or cc), liters (L) or cubic meters (m3). topwwaning - Waning is an adjective that means "decreasing," as in a "waning crescent Moon." topwater - Water is a substance made when two atoms of hydrogen bond to one atom of oxygen. In temperatures between 0?C-100?C, it is a clear liquid that has no color, taste, or smell. In its frozen state (below 0?C), water is called ice. In its gaseous state, (above 100?C), water is called water vapor. topwater cycle - The water cycle is one part of the Earth system.
Mars Exploration Rovers: Spirit and Opportunity - NASA Science
Spirit lasted 20 times longer than its original design, concluding its mission on March 22, 2010. Opportunity worked for nearly 15 years on Mars and broke the driving record for putting the most miles on its odometer, ending its mission on Feb. 13, 2019.This infographic highlights NASA’s twin robot geologists, the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity. The rovers landed on the Red Planet in 2004, in search of answers about the history of water on Mars. Spirit concluded its mission in 2010. Opportunity last communicated with Earth on June 10, 2018, as a planet-wide dust storm blanketed the solar-powered rover's location on Mars.NASA/JPL-CaltechMeet Spirit and OpportunityUnable to render the provided sourceA 3D model of the twin Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity.NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD)Mars Exploration Rovers In DepthRover BasicsEach robotic explorer sent to the Red Planet has its own unique capabilities driven by science. Many attributes of a rover take on human-like features, such as “heads,” and “bodies.” ExploreObjectivesNew knowledge from the twin rovers uniquely contributed to meeting the four overarching goals of the Mars Exploration Program, while complementing data gathered through other Mars missions.ExploreScienceBy studying the rock record, Spirit and Opportunity confirmed that water was long standing on the surface of Mars in ancient times.ExploreRaw ImagesView raw images sent back by Spirit and Opportunity from their explorations on Mars.ExploreResourcesVisit the one-stop-shop for all Spirit and Opportunity multimedia.ExploreLanding SitesThe rovers were targeted to land at sites on opposite sides of Mars that looked as though they were affected by liquid water in the past. Spirit landed at Gusev Crater, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater. Opportunity landed at Meridiani Planum, a place where mineral deposits suggested that Mars had a wet history.This image mosaic taken by the panoramic camera onboard the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit shows the rover's landing site, the Columbia Memorial Station, at Gusev Crater, Mars. This spectacular view may encapsulate Spirit's entire journey, from lander to its possible final destination toward the east hills.
NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars - NASA
The planet’s thin atmosphere can affect the intensity of the particles by the time they reach the surface, which is where NASA’s Curiosity rover comes in. Data from Curiosity’s Radiation Assessment Detector, or RAD, has helped scientists understand how radiation breaks down carbon-based molecules on the surface, a process that could affect whether signs of ancient microbial life are preserved there. The instrument has also provided NASA with an idea of how much shielding from radiation astronauts could expect by using caves, lava tubes, or cliff faces for protection.
When a solar event occurs, scientists look both at the quantity of solar particles and how energetic they are.
“You can have a million particles with low energy or 10 particles with extremely high energy,” said RAD’s principal investigator, Don Hassler of the Boulder, Colorado, office of the Southwest Research Institute. “While MAVEN’s instruments are more sensitive to lower-energy ones, RAD is the only instrument capable of seeing the high-energy ones that make it through the atmosphere to the surface, where astronauts would be.”
 

The Radiation Assessment Detector on NASA’s Curiosity is indicated in this annotated image from the rover’s Mastcam. RAD scientists are excited to use the instrument to study radiation on the Martian surface during solar maximum.NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS 

This artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) near Mars. The spacecraft observes radiation, solar particles, and more from high above the Red Planet.NASA/GFSC 

When MAVEN detects a big solar flare, the orbiter’s team lets the Curiosity team know so they can watch for changes in RAD’s data. The two missions can even assemble a time series measuring changes down to the half-second as particles arrive at the Martian atmosphere, interact with it, and eventually strike the surface.
The MAVEN mission also leads an early warning system that lets other Mars spacecraft teams know when radiation levels begin to rise. The heads-up enables missions to turn off instruments that could be vulnerable to solar flares, which can interfere with electronics and radio communication.
Lost Water
Mars News & Features - NASA Science
Engineers working on NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter assembled…Article1 month agoNASA Sets Path to Return Mars Samples, Seeks Innovative Designs0 min readNASA Administrator Bill Nelson shared on Monday the agency’s path forward on the Mars Sample Return program, including seeking innovative designs to return valuable samples from Mars to Earth. Such samples will not only help us understand the formation and…News ReleaseNASA Invites Media to Mars Sample Return Update0 min readNASA will host a media teleconference at 1 p.m. EDT, Monday, April 15, to discuss the agency’s response to a Mars Sample Return Independent Review Board report from September 2023, including next steps for the program. The teleconference will livestream…News ReleasePrevious12345…70NextReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:last monthPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
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Mars 2020 - NASA rover to Mars (2020)
 Tianwen 1 - Chinese Mars rover and orbiter (2020)
 Hope - United Arab Emirates Mars orbiter (2020)
InSight - NASA lander to Mars (2018)
ExoMars 2016 - ESA Orbiter and Lander to Mars (2016)
MAVEN - NASA Mars Orbiter (2013)
Mangalyaan - ISRO (India) Mars Orbiter (2013)
NASA Mars Science Laboratory - NASA Mars Rover (2011)
Phobos-Grunt - Attempted Russian Phobos Sample Return (2011)
Yinghuo-1 - Attempted Chinese Mars Orbiter (2011)
Phoenix - NASA Mars Scout Lander (2007)
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - NASA Orbiter (2005)
Mars Exploration Rovers - Two NASA Rovers to Mars (2003)

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Mars Express - ESA Mars Orbiter and Lander (2003)
2001 Mars Odyssey - NASA Orbiter Mission to Mars (2001)
Mars Polar Lander - NASA attempted lander to Mars (1999)
Deep Space 2 - NASA attempted penetrator mission to Mars (1999)
Mars Climate Orbiter - NASA attempted orbiter to Mars (1998)
Nozomi (Planet-B) - ISAS (Japan) orbiter to Mars (1998)
Mars Global Surveyor - NASA Mars orbiter (1996)
Mars Pathfinder - NASA lander and rover to Mars (1996)
Mars 96 - Russian attempted mission to Mars (1996)
 Mars Observer - NASA attempted mission to Mars (1992)
Phobos 1 - Soviet mission to Mars (1988)
Phobos 2 - Soviet mission to Mars (1988)
Viking - NASA orbiters/landers to Mars (1975)
 Mars 7 - Soviet attempted Mars lander (1973)
 Mars 6 - Soviet Mars lander (1973)
 Mars 5 - Soviet Mars orbiter (1973)
 Mars 4 - Soviet attempted Mars orbiter (1973)
NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars - NASA
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Use playdough to see how dust and gas in our ancient solar system collided to form the planets.TAGS:ExoplanetsSolar SystemAccretionPlanetsSunUniverse

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