vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Europa Mission to Probe Magnetic Field and Chemistry – NASA's Europa Clipper
Since Europa's composition includes water ice, scientists determined the most likely explanation for the induced magnetic field is a global ocean of salty water. The magnetic field data from ICEMAG will take Galileo's measurements to the next level.
"The nature of the subsurface ocean and how it interacts with the surface is critical to evaluating Europa's potential habitability," said ICEMAG Principal Investigator Carol Raymond of JPL. "Knowledge of the ocean properties helps us understand Europa’s evolution and allows evaluation of processes that have cycled material between the depths and the surface."
The ICEMAG instrument combines two types of sensors from JPL and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to make precise and varied measurements of the induced magnetic field at Europa, probing the ocean's depth, thickness and salinity.
The other instrument, called MISE, for Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa, will examine Europa's surface to determine its composition. From these measurements, scientists expect to be able to relate the moon's surface composition to the habitability of its ocean. Since NASA's Voyager mission flew past Europa in 1979, scientists have worked to understand the composition of the reddish-brown material that coats fractures and other geologically youthful features on Europa's surface. MISE will probe the composition of this material and the rest of Europa's surface. It will identify and map the distributions of organics, salts, acid hydrates, water ice phases and other materials to determine the habitability of Europa's ocean.
"Habitability is hard to assess -- you have to not only know what is there but how the system works," said the instrument's principal investigator, Diana Blaney of JPL. "By mapping the composition of specific surface features with MISE, we can understand not only what Europa is made of, but also the processes that link the ocean to the surface."
MISE is built in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, overseen by Deputy Principal Investigator Karl Hibbitts. APL will develop the MISE scanning mirror and the instrument electronics.
Planetary Exploration Test Facilities | Glenn Research Center | NASA
Facility 208 VAC – 3 phase power is converted to 325 VDC, 100 amps to power the actuators.
Pea Gravel bin:  61cm W x 91cm L x 51cm H
GRC-3B soil bin:  76.2cm W x 183cm L x 76cm H – sits on shaker table
Dump bin sits on 61cm x 61cm platform scale to weigh delivered load.
Shaker table:  81cm W x 188cm L x 36cm H, 22.24 kN Max. load.
Digital power meter is used with 50-amp shunt to measure DC power to APEX.
Platform scale
61 x 61 cm
Range = 2224 N x 0.22 N

Extreme Cyclic Environmental Load (XCEL) Test Rig
55 cm diameter tire installed inside the XCEL load frame and environmental chamber (front half removed for clarity) for a radial compliance test against a flat plate
The Extreme Cyclic Environmental Load (XCEL) Test Rig is a hydraulic load frame coupled with an environmental chamber sized to enclose a full-scale wheel or tire. This test rig is used for cyclic radial compression tests at temperatures ranging from 133K (lowest tested to date) to 370K. Liquid Nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide can be used to cool the chamber to the desired temperature. The nominal inner dimensions of the environmental chamber are 139 cm tall x 101 cm deep x 121 cm wide; the maximum tire size is dependent on the hardware and fixture needs, as well as stroke length. The nominal cyclic rate is 1 Hz.
Extreme Terrain Endurance Rig (XTERra)
The Extreme Terrain Endurance Rig (XTERra) is a new single wheel life test rig used to evaluate the durability of new wheels and tires at planetary temperatures over representative terrain elements. The XTERra carousel and tire are independently driven to create a forced slip condition ranging from 0 to 100%. The maximum linear speed is on the order of 100 cm/s depending on the desired tire load. The chamber can be heated up to 60° C; it can also be cooled though the coldest achievable temperature is currently unknown. Tires up to 95cm in diameter can be tested in XTERra.
Aeronautics Research
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NASA Autonomous Flight Software Successfully Used in Air Taxi Stand-Ins

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NASA, Lockheed Martin Reveal X-59 Quiet Supersonic Aircraft

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Resources | California Air Resources Board
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MOPITT Search and Subsetting Web Application » Set Search Criteria
If you do not make a geospatial selection, the default is to search the whole globe. If you limit your search to a specific area, the search will return all available data that intersect with your selected area.

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User-defined bounding box
Modify the geospatial fields to specify your area of interest, or use your mouse directly on the map to draw a bounding box by clicking and dragging. The map uses latitude/longitude bounds (north, south, east, and west) to define the area of a box. If you use the mouse to draw the area on the map, the fields are filled in automatically, based on the box drawn. Simply click on the map to clear your bounding box selection and reset the geospatial fields.
	

	Latitudes and longitudes are in Decimal Degrees (DD) format.
	

	Use: '+' for north latitudes or east longitudes; use '-' for south latitudes or west longitudes. Example: +40.68, -74.04
	

	To cross the anti-meridian, left must be greater than right. Example: (left) +148.64, (right) -115.73

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Guides | NASA eClips
Student understanding is assessed using overlapping circle Venn diagrams. 

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 Our World: Insulators 

 Insulators introduces students to thermal insulating properties of different materials. Students review their understanding of insulators and conductors and extend this understanding to the Hubble Space Telescope's thermal blanket. They work in teams to test the insulating properties of cups made of three different materials and use the design process to improve the insulating properties of the best performing insulator from their previous experiment. 

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 Our World: Keeping the Beat 

 Keeping the Beat has students in grades 3-5 measure and record their pulse rate before and after physical activity to learn more about the heart. Students have the opportunity to use a math model to look for patterns in the pulse rate data. They participate in a cardiac relay to deepen understanding of the circulatory system and make observations of gravity's effects on a water balloon to learn about its effects on water in the body. Thinking and acting like scientists and engineers, students learn more about the design of exercise equipment to keep astronauts healthy in space. 

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 Our World: More than Just Dirty Snowballs 

 More than Just Dirty Snowballs guides student teams in grades 3-5 to create ice cream comet models to be analyzed by another team of students. They evaluate basic facts about comets to determine how scientists discovered this information. They explore the Stardust Mission and Deep Impact Mission and discuss the scientific contributions of each mission. 

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 Our World: Recycled Crew Exploration Vehicle 

 Recycled Crew Exploration Vehicle asks students in grades 4-5 to compare NASA's new Orion space capsule to the Apollo space capsules. Students then design their own capsule and transform a 2-D drawing into a 3-D model using recycled materials. Students utilize a design process to create and evaluate their designs. 

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 Our World: Rose Colored Glasses - A New Camera for Hubble 

 Rose Colored Glasses - A New Camera for Hubble teaches fifth and sixth grade students about visible light, wavelengths of different colored light and the electromagnetic spectrum. Working in teams, students observe images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope through different colored filters and analyze how the filters affect what they can see.
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Calculate volatile organic compound emissions from agricultural applications of nonfumigant pesticides.

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MOPITT | Terra
MOPITT’s spatial resolution is 22 km at nadir and it ‘sees’ the Earth in swaths that are 640 km wide. Moreover, it can measure the concentrations of carbon monoxide in 5-km layers down a vertical column of atmosphere, to help scientists track the gas back to its sources.
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topphotosphere - The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun. topphotosynthesis - Photosynthesis is the process in green plants and certain other organisms that uses energy from sunlight to make food (a sugar called glucose) from water and carbon dioxide. topphysical change - A physical change is a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties. topphysical feature - Physical features include bodies of water and landforms. Any body that is part of the topography (oceans, plateaus, mountains, lakes, rivers, volcanoes, canyons, etc.) is a physical feature. topphysical map - A physical map shows the location of major landforms such as mountains, plains, and deserts. It also shows country borders and major cities. topphysical model - A physical model is a copy of an object that represents that object. It can be the same size as the object, or larger or smaller than the object. Models are very useful for experiments, visualization, or education whether by professionals (scientists and engineers, for example) or others. topplains - Plains are large, flat, level ground. Plains are often covered with low grasses and have very few or no trees. topPlanck's constant (h) - Planck's constant is a physical constant relating the energy of a photon to its frequency. The value of this constant is approximately 6.626 x 10-34 joule·second. topplanet - A planet is a celestial body that orbits the sun, is round because of its own gravity, and has cleared the neighborhood around its orbital path topplanetary volcanoe - Planetary volcanoes are volcanoes that are found on the planets (including Earth) and their moons. topPlasma - A fourth state of matter (in addition to solid, liquid, and gas) that exists in space. In this state, atoms are positively charged and share space with free negatively charged electrons. toppolar orbit - A polar orbit is an orbit in which the satellite passes over the North and South Poles on each orbit, and eventually passes over all points on Earth.
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
In Lunar Logic, students use pi to find out how much surface area Lunar Flashlight will measure with a single pulse from its laser.Core ConundrumSince 2018, the InSight lander has studied the interior of Mars by measuring vibrations from marsquakes and the “wobble” of the planet as it rotates on its axis. Through careful analysis of the data returned from InSight, scientists were able to measure the size of Mars’ liquid core for the first time and estimate its density. In Core Conundrum, students use pi to do some of the same calculations, determining the volume and density of the Red Planet’s core and comparing it to that of Earth’s core.Dam DeductionThe Surface Water and Ocean Topography, or SWOT mission will conduct NASA's first global survey of Earth's surface water. SWOT’s state-of-the-art radar will measure the elevation of water in major lakes, rivers, wetlands, and reservoirs while revealing unprecedented detail on the ocean surface. This data will help scientists track how these bodies of water are changing over time and improve weather and climate models. In Dam Deduction, students learn how data from SWOT can be used to assess the environmental impact of dams. Students then use pi to do their own analysis, finding the powered output of a dam based on the water height of its reservoir and inferring potential impacts of this quick-flowing water.Telescope TangoThe Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS, is designed to survey the sky in search of planets orbiting bright, nearby stars. TESS does this while circling Earth in a unique, never-before-used orbit that brings the spacecraft close to Earth about once every two weeks to transmit its data. This special orbit keeps TESS stable while giving it an unobstructed view of space. In its first two years, TESS identified more than 2,600 possible exoplanets in our galaxy with thousands more discovered during its extended mission. In Telescope Tango, students will use pi to calculate the distance traveled by TESS each time it sends data back to Earth.Teach ItCelebrate Pi Day by getting students thinking like NASA scientists and engineers to solve real-world problems in NASA Pi Day Challenge.
Team Assessing SHERLOC Instrument on NASA’s Perseverance Rover - NASA
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Clare Luckey: Shaping the Future of Mars Missions and Inspiring the Artemis Generation 

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NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
For the latest news on the MAVEN mission see: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/maven/main/Alternate Names39378MAVENMAVENurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.mavenFacts in BriefLaunch Date: 2013-11-18Launch Vehicle: Atlas V 401Launch Site: Cape Canaveral, United StatesFunding AgencyNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)DisciplinePlanetary ScienceAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)Telecommunications information for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)Experiments on Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)Data collections from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailDr. Bruce M. JakoskyMission Principal InvestigatorUniversity of Coloradobruce.jakosky@colorado.eduProf. Robert P. LinDeputy Mission Principal InvestigatorUniversity of California, BerkeleyDr. Joseph M. GrebowskyProject ScientistNASA Goddard Space Flight Centerjoseph.m.grebowsky@nasa.govSelected ReferencesJakosky, B. M., et al., The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Mission,
 Space Sci. Rev., 195, 3-48, doi:10.1007/s11214-015-0139-x, 2015.NSSDCA Master Catalog Search

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SUDA | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
SUDA | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper

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Europa Clipper

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SUDA

A dust analyzer will sample sand-size dust to study Europa’s surface chemistry.

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SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA)

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Step 4

Environmental Testing

Tests are conducted to demonstrate that the Europa Clipper spacecraft can survive the environments it will experience in flight.

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Introduction
Micrometeorites constantly blast fragments of Europa’s surface into space. The ejecta are individually small, but scientists estimate that half a ton (about 500 kilograms) of Europa’s surface material floats above the moon at all times. 
Europa Clipper’s SUrface Dust Analyzer, or SUDA, will scoop up the ejecta and identify its chemistry, revealing Europa’s surface composition including potential organic molecules. SUDA is uniquely capable of detecting salts in the dust/ice grains. The grains’ speed and direction will tell SUDA their origin on Europa’s surface. If a subsurface ocean or reservoir is venting material into space as plumes (like the geyser Old Faithful), SUDA will analyze it to help determine if Europa’s water is suitable for some form of life.

“Once the lid on the SUDA bucket opens, SUDA is like a shark with an open mouth.”

- Murthy Gudipati, a planetary scientist and astrophysicist at JPL, and investigation scientist for SUDA

Interact with an isolated view of the instrument.

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How It Works
How It Works