vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Self-Help Glossary - selfhelp
bail: A security deposit (usually money) given to release a defendant or witness from custody and to make sure that they go to court when they’re supposed to.

bail bond: A legal paper that you buy from a bondsman and give to the court instead of bail. The defendant signs it and is let go. But if they don’t come to court when they’re supposed to, they must pay the amount of money on the bail bond.

bail exoneration: When you get your bail back. Or when a bail bondsman or insurance ("surety") company isn’t responsible for your bail anymore.

bail forfeiture: A court order to let the court keep the bail deposit because the defendant didn’t go to court when they were supposed to.

bail notice: A legal paper from the court that says the court will make a warrant for arrest unless the defendant goes to court or pays bail.

bail receipt: A written statement that the court gives a defendant that says bail was paid.

bail schedule: A list of the amount of bail that is recommended for different charges. In criminal cases, the court decides how much bail a defendant has to pay to be released.

bailiff: A person that is in charge of security in the court. Bailiffs are picked by sheriffs or marshals.

bank levy: Way to enforce a decision against someone that owes money. The money is taken from their checking or savings account at a bank, savings and loan, thrift institution, or credit union.

bankruptcy: The legal way for a business or person to get help when they can’t pay the money they owe. In bankruptcy court, they can get rid of debts by paying part of what they owe. There are special bankruptcy judges at these hearings.

bar: All of the lawyers qualified to practice law. For example, a state bar includes all of the lawyers qualified to practice law in that state.

battery: Illegal beating or physical violence or control of a person without their permission. (Compare with assault.)
California’s Child Welfare System: Addressing Disproportionalities and Disparities
Given that poverty correlates significantly with child maltreatment and child welfare system involvement, economic supports can help address this key underlying risk factor. However, prevention as provided through the child welfare system consists mostly of services (such as substance use disorder treatment and mental health counseling) rather than economic supports for the family. The state provides various economic/concrete supports through other programs outside the child welfare system, such as California Earned Income Tax Credit (CalEITC), CalWORKs, CalFresh, Medi‑Cal, housing assistance programs, and subsidized child care programs. Research increasingly focuses now on concrete economic supports provided outside of the child welfare system as an important form of “primary prevention.” Primary prevention refers to supports provided to families and communities prior to child welfare system involvement that can help mitigate trauma by addressing poverty and other correlating risk factors for child maltreatment. We discuss this research in the box below. 

Programs and Policies Associated With Reducing the Risk of Child Maltreatment
A growing body of research finds that increasing direct economic supports (such as the Earned Income Tax Credit and general cash assistance) is associated with a significant reduction in child maltreatment. Other concrete supports (such as housing assistance and food assistance) similarly are associated with significant reductions in maltreatment. This figure summarizes the focal areas of some of these studies that have found a significant correlation between providing/increasing supports and reducing child maltreatment. 
One recent study looked broadly at the relationship between state spending on anti‑poverty programs and child maltreatment. Specifically, this research examined total public benefits spending in all 50 states in 2010‑2017, and found an increase of $1,000 in public assistance spending per person living in poverty was associated with more than a 4 percent reduction in child maltreatment allegations, 2 percent reduction in foster care placements, and nearly 8 percent reduction in child fatalities. 

Options to Begin to Address Disproportionalities
This section lays out front‑end policy options for the Legislature as it considers how to begin to address disproportionalities and disparities present in the child welfare system.
California’s Child Welfare System: Addressing Disproportionalities and Disparities
Beyond changes to mandated reporter statute and training materials, and efforts to mitigate implicit bias, there may be additional policy and practice changes around neglect that the Legislature could consider to help ensure that legislative intent of AB 2085 and SB 1085 (that is, reducing unsubstantiated general neglect allegations and ensuring that families do not become involved with the child welfare system based on conditions of economic hardship) is met. In exploring what these potential policy and practice changes could entail, some questions for the Legislature to consider include: 

In what ways may counties interpret the recently updated statutory definitions of neglect differently in terms of what constitutes “substantial risk” and when it is appropriate to substantiate a general neglect maltreatment allegation involving families facing economic hardship? 
Now that DSS has communicated guidance to counties around implementing AB 2085 and SB 1085, how can the Legislature best oversee implementation of this guidance? Depending on how the guidance is implemented, is additional legislative direction needed to help ensure more uniform interpretation and practices across the state? 

Concrete Supports
Consider How Well Cash Assistance and Other Concrete Supports Currently Are Contributing to Preventing Child Maltreatment in California. As a matter of standard practice, the state does not currently assess how programs like CalWORKs or CalFresh may reduce child maltreatment allegations, substantiations, or foster placements. This is understandable since, currently, the primary aim of these programs is supporting families more broadly rather than assessing how these programs reduce child maltreatment. To improve understanding around what specific economic and concrete support programs are most effective at helping to reduce the risks of child maltreatment in California, the Legislature could consider:

Are there state programs for which the Legislature would like to be able to measure and track any reduction in child maltreatment for families who participate, and what would be the feasibility of such an effort? For example, if the state were to consider future cash payments to Family Maintenance and Emergency Response caseloads—similar to the temporary payments that the state implemented in response to the COVID‑19 pandemic—how could the Legislature assess any reduction in maltreatment as a result of these cash payments? What data collection would be needed?
Basics of Criminal Court - criminal_selfhelp
Each county has its own District Attorney’s Office. In some cities certain offenses are prosecuted by the city attorney instead of the district attorney.Only the government — not another person or private agency — can charge you with a criminal violation.
In criminal court, you are presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

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Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases

A criminal case happens when the government files a case in court to punish someone (the defendant) for committing a crime. If the defendant is found guilty of a crime, he or she may face jail or prison.
 
A civil case happens when one person, business, or agency sues another one because of a dispute between them, usually involving money. If someone loses a civil case, they may be ordered to pay the other side money or to give up property, but they will not go to jail just for losing the case.
 
There are other important differences, like:
 

In a criminal case, the government must prove the defendant’s guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt.” In a civil case, the plaintiff must prove his or her case by a “preponderance of the evidence” (more than 50 percent). This means that a party to a civil case can win if he or she is able to convince the judge or jury that his or her side of the case is slightly more convincing than the other side’s. 

 In criminal cases where the charge is a misdemeanor or felony, if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, the court will appoint one without cost to the defendant. In civil cases, if a party cannot afford a lawyer, they have to represent themselves. There is no right to a court-appointed lawyer in an infraction case. 

In criminal cases, defendants almost always have the right to a trial by jury, except in infraction cases. In civil matters, there are many types of cases where there is no right to a trial by jury. 
 

Types of Criminal Cases

There are 3 types of criminal cases:

Infractions 
An infraction is a minor violation. Many traffic violations are infractions. The punishment for infractions is usually a fine, and if the defendant pays the fine, there is no jail time.
Criminal | Superior Court of California | County of Tuolumne
Self-addressed, stamped envelope large enough to accommodate the requested documents.

A letter including the defendants name, date of birth and case number (if known), as well as a list of the documents you want copied.

What is a felony?

A felony offense is a criminal charge which carries a maximum penalty of a state prison term, or in certain cases, the death penalty. Other possible penalties include: probation, county jail, fines, or a combination thereof.

What is a misdemeanor?

A misdemeanor offense is a criminal charge which carries a maximum penalty of one year in the county jail. Other possible penalties include: probation, county jail or work program, fines, or a combination thereof.

What are the different sentences the judge could impose?

State and local laws define crimes and specify punishment. The maximum sentence for an infraction is a fine; for a misdemeanor it is up to one year in a county jail or a fine or both; and for a felony it is more than one year in jail, time in a state prison or, for some murders, death.

 

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Criminal | Superior Court of California | County of Tulare
Jail release papers, if applicable
Any documents which prove that you have complied with the judicial orders and/or sentencing
Cash, personal check, or postal money order to pay for fines and fees
Do not use any nickname or alias. Instead, use the same spelling of your name as it appears on documents related to the case. Make sure that the spelling of your name on those documents is correct. If the spelling of your name is incorrect, advise the court.
WARNING: If you fail to appear in court as promised, a bench warrant may be issued which may result in your being arrested and/or punished by JAIL AND/OR A FINE.

What Occurs in a Misdemeanor Case?
Misdemeanors are primarily offenses with a maximum punishment of a $1,000 fine and a county jail term of one year or less. However, there are some offenses which can carry a higher maximum fine.
An Arrest is Made:
Police take the defendant to jail, or defendant is released on a signed citation. If the defendant is arrested and given a date to appear in court, three things could happen:
The defendant is released and no charges are filed; or
The defendant posts bail or is released on his own recognizance and is scheduled for arraignment; or
The defendant remains in custody of the Sheriff /law enforcement agency and is brought to court for arraignment.
Arraignment and Plea: Defendant is Brought to Court:
Defendant is informed of charges.
Defendant is informed of his/her constitutional rights.
An attorney is retained by the defendant. If the defendant wishes to have an attorney but cannot afford one of his/her choice, the court may appoint one.
The defendant may either be released on his/her own recognizance or remain in custody if they are unable to post bail. If the defendant is released on their own recognizance, they are bound by promise to appear in court.
Defendant enters a plea of either guilty, not guilty, or no contest:
Not Guilty: The defendant states that he/she did not commit the crime. The case is set for a future hearing.
Self-Help Glossary - selfhelp
held to answer: A judge's decision at the end of a preliminary hearing in a trial court saying there is enough evidence against the defendant to have a trial. (See also bind over.)
holding cell: A cell inside a courthouse where prisoners are held in custody before and after their court appearance.
home detention: When an electronic device is put on a prisoner's body to keep track of where the prisoner goes in the community and what the prisoner does. Used instead of a jail sentence. (See also electronic surveillance.)
homicide: When 1 person kills another directly, or has someone else kill that person, or the person is killed by the omission of another (that is, by their failure to act when the law requires them to act). It is not always a crime. Homicide can be:
(1) excusable - the result of a lawful act when no hurt was intended or from an act of self-defense;
(2) criminal - the result of any wrongful act without any excuse or justification in law; or
(3) justifiable - the result of an intentional but lawful act such as the execution of a death sentence by an agent of the law (can also apply to self-defense). (See also manslaughter, murder.)
honor camp: A rehabilitation ("rehab") program run by the probation department that accepts people that are low risk or that are nonhabitual offenders.
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I
IEP: Stands for "individualized education program." An IEP is designed to meet the exceptional educational needs of public school students that are eligible for special education services.
illegal parking: Violation of any state or local parking regulation.
immunity: A right to be excepted from duty or penalty. (See also privilege.)
impeachment: (1) The process of calling a witness's testimony into question.
Domestic violence and child custody | California Courts | Self Help Guide
If the judge gives any custody or unsupervised visits to the parent accused of domestic violence, the judge must clearly explain the reasons for doing so.
 
If you want the judge to know about domestic violence in your case, you can write a statement on form MC-030 and file it with the court.

Talk to a legal professional if there's been domestic violence in your family. 
Your local  Self-Help Center can give you free legal information. Or, you can talk to a lawyer.
 

 

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Revenue Recovery | Superior Court of California | County of Tuolumne
What happens if I fail to pay my vehicle code traffic fine?

If you fail to pay your fine, your driver's license will be suspended. Your license will remain suspended until you pay the fine in full plus any fines that are assessed. If you are caught driving on a suspended license, the police will impound your car for a minimum of 30 days in addition to the penalty for failure to pay your original fine.

What happens if I violate those terms of my probation related to fine payment?

If you fail to comply with the terms of your probation, three events may occur:
You may have your probation revoked;
A warrant may be issued for your arrest; and/or
Your driving privileges may be suspended.

 

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Self-Help Glossary - selfhelp
rebuttal: Evidence presented at trial by 1 party in order to overcome evidence introduced by another party.
recess: A short break in a trial ordered by the judge. (See also adjournment; compare continuance.)
recidivist: Habitual criminal, repeat offender.
reciprocity: A relationship in which 1 state gives certain privileges to other states or the citizens of other states on the condition that the first state and its citizens receive the same privileges in those other states.
record: A written account of the proceedings in a case, including all pleadings, evidence, exhibits, and judgment submitted during the case.
record on appeal: A copy of the pleadings, evidence, exhibits, orders, and judgment, filed in a case in a trial court and a transcript of the testimony from the case.
record sealing: A request for a court order to "seal" the record of a misdemeanor conviction. To be eligible for sealing, the crime must have been committed before a defendant's 18th birthday and the judge must have already granted a "release of penalties" order. A sealing order closes any records related to the case, including conviction, charge, and arrest records. If a judge grants an order to seal the record, in the eyes of the law, the misdemeanor is considered to never have happened.
records retention and disposal schedule: A system or plan covering all records kept by a court that states what records may be disposed of and when.
recuse: To excuse (oneself) or be excused from a criminal or civil proceeding because of conflict of interest. For example, a judge may recuse himself or herself from a case because of personal or professional involvement with 1 or more of the parties.
referee: A person appointed by the court to hear and make decisions on limited legal matters, like juvenile or traffic offenses.
referral: Usually refers to an alternative program, like drug/alcohol rehabilitation ("rehab") instead of serving time in jail.
register of actions: The official permanent court record of actions in civil cases, including small claims. May be kept electronically and/or in a ledger.
reinstated bail: When bail that had been forfeited, exonerated, or reduced is reestablished in its original amount.
Domestic violence and child custody | California Courts | Self Help Guide
There are two types of child custody
Physical custody: The person that the child lives with on a regular basis.
Legal custody: The right for a person to make important decisions about the child’s health care, education, and welfare.
For both types of custody, parents can share custody (joint custody) or one parent can have full custody (sole custody). A judge grants custody based on what's in the best interest of a child.
Judges must use a special law to decide on child custody in domestic violence cases
If there's been domestic violence in your family, special laws apply when a judge makes a decision about who gets custody of your children. Which law applies depends on when the domestic violence happened and if a court was involved. 

If there was a conviction for domestic violence or a restraining order 

If a parent has been convicted or committed domestic violence for an incident that happened in the last five years, then a law called "3044" applies. This law requires a judge to go through a detailed decision-making process before giving an abusive parent custody of a child. 
 
This usually means that the judge grants the non-abusive parent sole legal and physical custody of the child. The parent who committed the abuse can still get some visitation with the child.
	Get more information on "3044."
More information about "3044" in other languages.  
Get a Family code section handout in:
	
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If one parent accuses the other parent of domestic violence

If a parent accuses the other parent of domestic violence, the judge must consider the allegation and decide what custody order would be best for the child. If the judge gives any custody or unsupervised visits to the parent accused of domestic violence, the judge must clearly explain the reasons for doing so.
 
If you want the judge to know about domestic violence in your case, you can write a statement on form MC-030 and file it with the court.

Talk to a legal professional if there's been domestic violence in your family. 
Your local  Self-Help Center can give you free legal information.
California’s Child Welfare System: Addressing Disproportionalities and Disparities
This legislative package makes fundamental changes to the way the state cares for youth in the foster care system. Namely, CCR aims to: (1) end long‑term congregate care placements; (2) increase reliance on home‑based family placements, including those with relatives/kin; (3) improve access to supportive services regardless of the type of foster care placement a child is in; and (4) utilize universal child and family assessments to improve placement, service, and payment rate decisions. Under 2011 realignment, the state pays for the net costs of CCR, which include up‑front implementation costs. CCR is a multiyear effort—with implementation of the various components of the reform package beginning at different times over several years—and the state continues to work toward full implementation currently.
Accessing Federal Funds for Prevention Services. Historically, one of the main federal funding streams available for foster care—Title IV‑E—has not been available for states to use on services that may prevent foster care placement in the first place. Instead, the use of Title IV‑E funds has been restricted to support youth and families only after a youth has been placed in foster care. Passed as part of the 2018 Bipartisan Budget Act, the Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA) expands allowable uses of federal Title IV‑E funds to include certain evidence‑based and federally approved services to help prevent children and families from entering (or re‑entering) the foster care system. 
California is in the process of implementing the state’s FFPSA program. In particular, the 2021‑22 budget provided $222 million for block grants to counties (on an opt‑in basis) to help them develop comprehensive prevention plans (CPPs) and begin implementing optional Title IV‑E prevention services, as well as any other non‑federally eligible prevention services they choose to implement. In developing CPPs, counties are required to conduct needs and capacity assessments, map current services and providers, define the specific prevention services they will implement and who the target populations will be, and more. Counties opting into the state block grant program were required to submit their CPPs to DSS in July 2023.