vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topdouble refraction - Double refraction, also called birefringence, is a property of light in which a single ray of unpolarized light entering a certain medium is split into two rays, each traveling in a different direction. One ray is bent, or refracted, at an angle as it travels through the medium; the other ray passes through the medium unchanged. topdrag - Drag is the resistance on an object to movement through a fluid. It is a force that slows an object down. For example, swimmers and submarines experience drag as they move through water and birds and aircraft experience drag as they move through air. topdrop test - An experiment that measures speed, velocity or acceleration of a falling object, or the results of a fall or the impact of the fall, is called a drop test. topdwarf planet - A dwarf planet is a celestial body that orbits the Sun, has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it is nearly round shape in shape, has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite. topeEarth Orbiting System - The Earth Orbiting System, or EOS, is a series of satellites that orbit Earth and collect various types of data. topEarth Science - Earth Science is the study of Earth and the universe around it. topEarth system - The Earth system is a unified system comprised of six spheres: the anthrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. topeclipse - The partial or total apparent darkening of the sun when the moon comes between the sun and Earth (solar eclipse), or the darkening of the moon when the full moon is in Earth's shadow (lunar eclipse). topecosystem - An ecosystem is the living things (biotic) and their nonliving (abiotic) environment. topEDITH drill - EDITH drill stands for Exit Drills in the Home. An EDITH drill is a plan that families can use to quickly and safely exit a home in the event of a fire. topefficiency - Efficiency is the work a machine does compared to the energy needed to run the machine. topeffort - Effort is the force placed on simple machines to move the load.
Resultados científicos revolucionarios en la estación espacial de 2023 - NASA
Una investigación llamada Dinámica de la Materia Blanda del Laboratorio de Ciencia de Fluidos, o FSL (FOAM, por sus siglas en inglés) de la ESA examina el engrosamiento, o agrandamiento, del grano, un proceso termodinámico en el cual las burbujas grandes crecen a expensas de las más pequeñas. Los investigadores determinaron las tasas de agrandamiento para diversos tipos de espumas y encontraron una estrecha concordancia con las predicciones teóricas. Una mejor comprensión de las propiedades de las espumas podría ayudar a los científicos a mejorar estas sustancias para una diversidad de usos, incluyendo el combate de incendios y el tratamiento del agua en el espacio, y la fabricación de detergentes, alimentos y medicamentos en la Tierra.
Respuesta a preguntas candentes

Una muestra de tela compuesta de algodón y fibra de vidrio se quema durante el experimento Saffire-IV.
NASA

El fuego es una preocupación constante en el espacio. La serie de experimentos Saffire estudia las condiciones de las llamas en microgravedad utilizando la nave espacial de reabastecimiento Cygnus desocupada, que se ha desacoplado de la estación espacial. El Experimento Contra Incendios en Naves Espaciales IV (Saffire-IV, por sus siglas en inglés) examinó el desarrollo del fuego con diferentes materiales y condiciones, y mostró que una técnica llamada pirometría del color puede determinar la temperatura de una llama que se propaga.
모터사이클과 운전자를 위한 조언 | 주지사의 교통 안전 위원회
다른 드라이버에 대한 가시성을 높이기 위해 높은 가시성 조끼, 리플렉터 기능이 있는 의복 및 액세서리를 사용할 수 있습니다. 오토바이를 올바르게 유지하십시오. 모든 불빛과 경적이 작동하고 두 미러가 모두 조정되었는지 확인하십시오. 타이어가 제대로 부풀려지고 합법적인 트레드 깊이를 가지고 있는지 확인하십시오. 모터사이클은 다른 차량들과 비교할 때 도로 상에서 더 작은 타이어 접촉 패치를 유지한다는 것을 기억하라.
Why Do We Care About Water on Mars? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Why Do We Care About Water on Mars? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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Why Do We Care About Water on Mars?

The first spacecraft from Earth to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965. Since then, several robotic spacecraft have flown by, orbited, or landed on Mars and sent back lots of information about this world so different from our own.

 Mars is a cold, bleak wasteland, with very thin air that we Earthlings could never breathe. However, many of the pictures our telescopes, orbiters, and rovers have sent back show signs that liquid water might have been on the surface of Mars long ago. Also, we can see ice caps at the north and south poles.

Image of Martian ice clouds. Credit: NASA/Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Artist's depiction of Mars Global Surveyor. Credit: NASA

 All these signs of water are very exciting. Why? Because on Earth, almost everywhere there is water, there is life. Whether the water is boiling hot or frozen, some sort of creature seems to thrive in it. Is it the same on other planets? If water once flowed on Mars, did life once thrive there too? Or, maybe there is still water on Mars, only it has gone underground. Could there be tiny life forms—like bacteria—on Mars even now?

A comparison of Arizona’s Grand Canyon, left, with Mars’ Nanedi Valles, right. The images suggest that a river once cut through Nanedi Valles much like the Colorado River cuts through the Grand Canyon. Credit: NASA/JPL

NASA's four goals in exploring Mars:
Find out if life ever existed on Mars.
NASA scientists will look for water and places where living things might use heat energy from under ground. They will also look for signs of carbon, which is an element needed for life as we know it.

Learn about the climate on Mars.

Martian dust storm.
NASA Missions Provide New Insights into 'Ocean Worlds' in Our Solar System – NASA's Europa Clipper
The paper from researchers with the Cassini mission, published in the journal Science, indicates hydrogen gas, which could potentially provide a chemical energy source for life, is pouring into the subsurface ocean of Enceladus from hydrothermal activity on the seafloor.
The presence of ample hydrogen in the moon's ocean means that microbes – if any exist there – could use it to obtain energy by combining the hydrogen with carbon dioxide dissolved in the water. This chemical reaction, known as "methanogenesis" because it produces methane as a byproduct, is at the root of the tree of life on Earth, and could even have been critical to the origin of life on our planet.
Life as we know it requires three primary ingredients: liquid water; a source of energy for metabolism; and the right chemical ingredients, primarily carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. With this finding, Cassini has shown that Enceladus – a small, icy moon a billion miles farther from the sun than Earth – has nearly all of these ingredients for habitability. Cassini has not yet shown phosphorus and sulfur are present in the ocean, but scientists suspect them to be, since the rocky core of Enceladus is thought to be chemically similar to meteorites that contain the two elements.
"Confirmation that the chemical energy for life exists within the ocean of a small moon of Saturn is an important milestone in our search for habitable worlds beyond Earth," said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.
The Cassini spacecraft detected the hydrogen in the plume of gas and icy material spraying from Enceladus during its last, and deepest, dive through the plume on Oct. 28, 2015. Cassini also sampled the plume's composition during flybys earlier in the mission. From these observations scientists have determined that nearly 98 percent of the gas in the plume is water, about 1 percent is hydrogen and the rest is a mixture of other molecules including carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia.
The measurement was made using Cassini's Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) instrument, which sniffs gases to determine their composition.
The Mars Rovers: Spirit and Opportunity | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Credit: Mars Exploration Rover Mission, JPL, NASA 
The rocks that Spirit and Opportunity studied showed scientists that a long time ago, water on Mars may have looked a lot like water on Earth. Mars once had lakes and rivers on the surface. Like Earth, it also had water below the ground, as well as water vapor in the atmosphere. 

 	article last updated October 14, 2020
 

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