vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
April | 2012 | Terra
Volcanic ash can cause major disruptions to air traffic (as was seen in Iceland in 2010), can render lands around the volcano unusable for decades, be a major irritant to human health, and can cause structures to fail due to the weight of the ash.
Volcano eruptions disperse gas, liquids, and particles into the lower atmosphere.  One of the expellants is sulfur dioxide (SO2.)  What are the effects on the environment?  
MR: Sulfur dioxide generally does not last for long periods in the atmosphere. However, if mixed with NO2, it can form acid rain. Even directly, its presence can be a major irritant to breathing and kill local vegetation.
Compared to other Earth-observing satellites, what makes ASTER the “œpremiere instrument” to study volcanoes?
MR: There are five critical factors that make ASTER the premiere instrument to study volcanoes. I document these in detail in the Ramsey and Dehn (2004) paper: “œSpaceborne observations of the 2000 Bezymianny, Kamchatka eruption: The integration of high-resolution ASTER data into near real-time monitoring using AVHRR”. First, and perhaps the most critical, is the strategy of routine night time acquisition data for all high-temperature targets. This allows far more data to be collected. Second, ASTER has a cross-track pointing capability, allowing an increased temporal frequency for any target as well as data collection up to 85 degrees latitude. Third, the instrument can generate along-track digital elevation models (DEMs) by way of one backward-looking telescope. Fourth, ASTER data are acquired using one of several dynamic ranges in order to mitigate data saturation over very hot target targets. Finally, ASTER provides more than two bands in the TIR for the first time from space, which is important for compositional mapping of volcanoes.
As a volcanologist, you travel all around the world to study volcanoes.  How do you merge field work and data you collect from ASTER?
MR: ASTER data commonly drives where and how my field work is performed. It can be used as simply as a base map from which to target certain thermal and compositional anomalies for field-based data collection.
Environmental Justice | California Air Resources Board
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A clean and healthy environment is a fundamental right for all California residents. CARB is committed to racial equity and environmental justice as a fundamental part of all it does, including programs that reduce exposure to pollutants and improve the quality of life in California communities facing environmental and economic challenges.CARB is committed to prioritizing environmental justice in everything that we do. This is supported by engaging with community members to provide them with the best possible information about the air they breathe, and working with them to improve air quality in their communities.

 Community Air GrantsThe Community Air Grants Program aims to provide support for community-based organizations to participate in the AB 617 process.More Information
 FeaturedCommunity Air Protection Program Communities most impacted by air pollutionEnvironmental Justice Advisory Committee Advises on development of AB 32 Scoping PlanEnvironmental Justice Blog Connecting with the EJ community

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No Breathing Easy for City Dwellers: Particulates
The map synthesizes measurements of aerosol optical depth acquired by NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)—satellite instruments flying since the late 1990s.

The graph above shows the global and regional urban averages of PM2.5-attributable mortality rates in different regions between 2000 and 2019. The dashed line shows the relatively steady global average rate.
“There is a large range in the average PM2.5 concentration and associated health risk for urban areas in different world regions,” Anenberg said. “Urban PM2.5 and associated health impacts are improving in Europe and in the Americas, and worsening in South Asia. In the Western Pacific, which is the region that included China, urban air pollution and associated health impacts increased dramatically before declining more recently.”
In some cities, even though the PM2.5 concentrations declined, the PM2.5-attributable mortality increased. This was due to aging populations and to disease rates shifting over time. “You have to think about not just the concentrations,” Anenberg said, “but the vulnerability of the people who are breathing that air.”
In 2019, about 86 percent of city dwellers worldwide (2.5 billion people) were found to live in areas where PM2.5 concentrations exceeded World Health Organization guidelines. Those levels of PM2.5 pollution resulted in an excess of 1.8 million deaths that year, the researchers found.
“Nearly everyone in any city around the world is exposed to air that has harmful levels of air pollution in it,” said Anenberg, a member of NASA’s Health and Air Quality Applied Sciences team.
For areas with little to no ground-based pollution monitoring, the data from Anenberg and colleagues may be the first that local officials have regarding the impacts of air pollution in their cities. The team plans to continue working with local stakeholders and governments to help them interpret the data.
“Even cities with ground monitors can benefit from this information because the monitors can be sparsely located and may not cover the entire urban area,” Anenberg said.
Outdoor Air
Other times, you may first learn about unhealthy air quality from news or weather broadcasts. Like the weather, air pollution levels can change from day to day or within the same day.

When Outdoor Air is Unhealthy

Spend more time indoors. This is especially important for at-risk groups (“sensitive groups”), like children and teenagers, older adults, people with respiratory or heart problems, pregnant people, and those who exercise or work outdoors.
If it gets hot inside, cool off with air conditioning if you can. Find a place to get cool.
People who must spend time outdoors should take frequent breaks and adjust work or exercise schedules for when air conditions improve. 
Schools, childcare and adult care facilities, employers and activities programs should plan for more indoor activities or reduce outdoor activities when air quality is unhealthy. 
People with health symptoms should contact their health care provider.

Follow Air Quality Alerts
New York State alerts the public when the level of certain outdoor air pollutants is expected to be unhealthy. An Air Quality Alert is issued the day before or the same day for the region of the state affected. These alerts are often broadcast on the news or weather station. The alerts will define who is at risk or the “sensitive groups” based on the pollutant and actions you should take to reduce exposure to outdoor air pollutants.  
Air Quality Alerts will tell you:

The pollutant of concern
The AQI or rating of air quality from good to hazardous
Who is at risk
Actions to protect health when outdoor air is unhealthy


	 AQI Basics for Ozone and Particle Pollution
 

Air Quality Index
Conditions
Description of Air Quality

Green: 0 to 50 Good
Good
It's a great day to be outside.

Yellow: 51 to 100 
Moderate
Air quality is acceptable. However, there may be a risk for some people, particularly those who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.

Orange: 101 to 150 
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is less likely to be affected.

Red: 151 to 200 
Unhealthy for Everyone
Atmosphere | Terra
MISR can record the height of aerosol plumes in the atmosphere. Aerosols can shade the Earth by reflecting sunlight. CERES measures how much energy aerosols reflect or absorb.
 
Carbon Monoxide
While carbon monoxide (CO) is not itself a greenhouse gas, CO is chemically linked with methane, ozone, and carbon dioxide, and therefore impacts both climate and air quality.  Primary sources of CO include fossil-fuel burning, biomass burning and methane oxidation. MOPITT measurements of CO concentrations in the troposphere are based on observations made with a suite of gas correlation radiometers operating in two CO-sensitive spectral bands.  MOPITT CO products are used to study the movement of pollution in the atmosphere, to quantify CO emissions and to support air quality forecasts.
Terra Atmospheric Science in the News

 

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DEC protects the land, water, and air resources in New York. Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

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Report An Environmental Violation Or Problem - NYSDEC
How the Public can Contact DEC with Environmental ConcernsIf you see something happening in the environment, whether you believe that it is a violation of environmental law or a natural occurrence, we appreciate it when you let us know. The guide below will help you locate the correct office to contact.If You Witness a Violation of Environmental Conservation LawReports from citizens are vital for effective enforcement of New York's environmental laws. There are more than 300 Environmental Conservation Police Officers (ECOs) and Investigators in New York State, each patrolling an average of 400 square miles. You can help by reporting every Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) violation that you observe or suspect. To ensure a prompt response to your complaint, please be prepared to provide detailed information when reporting a violation of law.How to file a complaint of suspected ECL violations:Call 1-844-DEC-ECOS (1-844-332-3267) to report poaching and polluting complaints to a DEC dispatcher. They are open 24/7.Call an ECO in your area using the regional ECO roster.In all cases, you may request to file a complaint anonymously.Information about Commonly-Reported Environmental ProblemsCitizens report problems and issues of concern ranging from injured wildlife, to stream erosion, to trash burning to the DEC every day, and we are grateful for the information. Generally, it's best if you can send your concern or question directly to the specific DEC division or region that handles that topic, and our Contact Us page will help you find out how to do that. A guide to some of the most commonly reported problems is also given below.BurningWith several exceptions, open burning is prohibited in New York. Some of these exceptions include:campfires less than 3 feet in height and 4 feet in length, width or diameter;small cooking fires; andceremonial or celebratory bonfires.Fires cannot be left unattended and must be fully extinguished. Only charcoal or clean, dry, untreated or unpainted wood can be burned. Additional information on DEC's open burning regulations is available.
Exposure to Smoke from Fires
June 6, 2023: Air Quality Health Advisory Issued for Long Island, New York City Metro, Lower Hudson Valley, Upper Hudson Valley, Adirondacks, Eastern Lake Ontario, and Central New York
June 6, 2023: Governor Hochul Updates New Yorkers on Canadian Wildfires Impacting State's Air Quality
June 2, 2023: Air Quality Health Advisory Issued for Long Island, New York City Metro, and Western New York In Effect for Friday, June 2, 2023

 
 
 

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DEC protects the land, water, and air resources in New York. Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

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Earth - NASA Science
Instruments on NASA satellites, along with airborne and ground-based sensors, are constantly collecting data on major pollutants in our atmosphere.Learn MoreNASA has a unique vantage point for observing the beauty and wonder of Earth and for making sense of it. Looking back from space, astronaut Edgar Mitchell once called Earth “a sparkling blue and white jewel,” and it does dazzle the eye.Earth: a photo-essay.Earth Information CenterFor more than 50 years, NASA satellites have provided data on Earth's land, water, air, temperature, and climate. NASA's Earth Information Center allows visitors to see how our planet is changing in six key areas: sea level rise and coastal impacts, health and air quality, wildfires, greenhouse gases, sustainable energy, and agriculture.ExploreConnect with NASAEarth@NASAEarth@NASAEarth@NASAEarthKeep ExploringExplore Earth ScienceClimate ChangeEarth Science in ActionEarth Science DataReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:yesterdayPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
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Acid rain comes in many forms: rain, snow, sleet, hail, and fog (wet deposition), and as acid particles, aerosols, and gases (dry deposition). Acid deposition forms when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) combine with moisture in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

 

By the 1960s, it became clear to scientists that acid deposition was devastating natural resources across New York. The Catskill and Adirondack Mountains were particularly hard hit. Soils were becoming too acidic to maintain healthy forests with noticeable tree die-offs at higher elevations.
About | California Air Resources Board
As a result, cars today are 99 percent cleaner than in the 1970s, resulting in less air pollution overall, shorter hospital stays and fewer days missed from school and work due to respiratory and cardiopulmonary diseases.California regulations, based on extensive research and sound science, have driven innovation, leading to significant technological developments such as the catalytic converter (which helped slash ozone by 60 percent), and the production of highly marketable low- and zero-emission cars and trucks, and cleaner fuels.The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Nunez) expanded CARB’s role to development and oversight of California’s main greenhouse gas reduction programs. These include cap-and-trade, the Low Carbon Fuel Standard and the zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) programs. As a result of these efforts, the state is on track to roll back carbon emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. With the passage of additional laws (such as SB 32 in 2014 and AB 398 in 2017), CARB is now mapping out how these programs and others can help California reach its next target: reducing greenhouse gas emissions an additional 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The ultimate goal for California is to reduce greenhouse gases 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.Remaining ChallengesCARB’s efforts to clean the air and curb the worst effects of climate change have brought progress, but they are not enough. Millions of Californians, especially those in the Los Angeles area and the San Joaquin Valley, live with the worst air quality in the country and suffer the illnesses and symptoms made worse by air pollution. The state is seeing major impacts from a warming world, including deeper, prolonged drought, more intense wildfires and rising sea levels.California’s work in cutting air pollution over the past half century now serves as its foundation for the next 50 years, to continue our legacy of protecting public health and ensuring that all Californians benefit from these efforts.

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(800) 242-4450  |  helpline@arb.ca.gov 
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