vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
MOPITT | Terra
MOPITT | Terra

MOPITT – Terra

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 Terra in Visible Earth

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Terra Instruments

ASTER
CERES
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Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems
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Dr. Kurtis Thome
Dr. David J. Diner
Dr. James R. Drummond
Dr. Michael D. King
Mr. Michael J. Abrams
Dr. Norman G. Loeb
Dr. Si-Chee Tsay
Mr. Robert Wolfe
Mr. Wynn J. Watson
Dr. Nyssa Rayne

☰ Main MenuAbout
      Mission
      Terra Instruments
            ASTER
            CERES
            MISR
            MODIS
            MOPITT
Science
      Applications
      Atmosphere
      Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems
      Climate Variability and Change
      Earth’s Surface & Interior
      Water & Energy Cycle
      Weather
Data
      ASTER Data
      CERES Data
      MISR Data
      MODIS Data
      MOPITT Data
Multimedia
      TERRA Images
      Videos
      Podcasts
News
Resources
      For Data Users
      For Educators
      For Everyone
      All Resources
Leadership
      Dr. Kurtis Thome
      Dr. David J. Diner
      Dr. James R. Drummond
      Dr. Michael D. King
      Mr. Michael J. Abrams
      Dr. Norman G. Loeb
      Dr. Si-Chee Tsay
      Mr. Robert Wolfe
      Mr. Wynn J. Watson
      Dr. Nyssa Rayne

Terra Instruments:
 

ASTER

CERES

MISR

MODIS
MOPITT Data | Terra
MOPITT Data Products (detailed descriptions listed with product)MOPITT Data User’s Guides (recommended for scientists)MOPITT Product Visualization – Pre-generated plots show global distributions of carbon monoxide for specific days or months of the Terra mission available through the MOPITT website. Advanced users benefit from using these plots to quickly identify potentially interesting geographical areas for analysis, such as regions where large-scale biomass burning might be taking place.
MOPITT News

 

NASA Official: Kurtis Thome  
 Webmaster: 610WebDev

 Curator: Nyssa Rayne  
 Last Updated: May 26, 2024

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Mission Dispatch: Imaging Spectrometer's First Light – NASA's Europa Clipper
Inside was the team’s optics lead Hong Tang, wearing a white, full-body protective gown and mask, known as a “bunny suit,” to avoid contaminating the instrument. Only the optics lead could see the computer screen displaying the test results. Nuding and her colleagues outside would not know how things were going until the optics lead reported it to them.
“Even though he had a mask on, we could still see that he was smiling from ear to ear,” Nuding said. “It was an incredible moment to experience.”
MISE measures multiple wavelengths of infrared light in each location, collecting only one line of pixels at a time (that is why the instrument’s successful first light image shows only one line of spectra). During operation, MISE will capture line after line, each adjacent to the previous one, until the instrument has recorded 300 lines. The 300 lines are then combined to make a single image containing the signatures of the atoms and molecules that are present. This technique is known as a push-broom observation, assembled in a manner somewhat analogous to that of a moving scanner line in a traditional photocopier. MISE will repeat this operation during the spacecraft’s flybys of Europa to provide scientists with a map of the composition of Europa’s surface.
But MISE is, of course, not yet at the finish line.
“First light is just the beginning of many activities to verify that the instrument is built and functioning correctly before it can be integrated with the spacecraft,” said Annette Sahakian, JPL instrument manager for MISE. “There are a few more pieces to integrate before the instrument is fully assembled, and every time a piece is added, the instrument goes through rigorous testing to verify it’s working and maintaining alignment and focus. Then the next piece is integrated.” There are many exciting milestones ahead as MISE makes its way to Europa.

Related content pages

Meet Europa Clipper

MISE

Meet Europa Clipper

NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will conduct a detailed survey of Jupiter's moon Europa to determine whether the icy moon could harbor conditions suitable for life.
Guides | NASA eClips
Age-appropriate checklists are included for learners' self-assessment. 

 Download Secondary Engineering Design Packet 

 Clouds - Teacher Packet 

 In this activity, students will explain the role of clouds in Earth's energy budget including reflection, shadowing, absorption, trapping heat at night as a result of watching the NASA Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and discussing the relationship of clouds to Earth's energy budget. 

 Download Clouds - Teacher Packet 

 Composition of Earth's Atmosphere - Student Packet 

 In this lesson, students will learn about the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Using interactive Frayer Models, students will learn key vocabulary that will help them form a clearer understanding of the elements, compounds, and other materials that make up our atmosphere. 

 Download Composition of Earth's Atmosphere - Student Packet 

 Composition of Earth's Atmosphere - Teacher Packet 

 In this lesson, students will learn about the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Using interactive Frayer Models, students will learn key vocabulary that will help them form a clearer understanding of the elements, compounds, and other materials that make up our atmosphere. 

 Download Composition of Earth's Atmosphere - Teacher Packet 

 Density - Student Packet 

 As a result of watching the Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and discussing the definition of density, students explain that the density of an object does not change when the size of the object changes. 

 Download Density - Student Packet 

 Density - Teacher Packet 

 As a result of watching the Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and discussing the definition of density, students explain that the density of an object does not change when the size of the object changes. 

 Download Density - Teacher Packet 

 Evidence of Chemical Change - Student Packet 

 In this lesson, students will address the common misconception that Mars is red because of its temperature. As students develop their understanding of chemical change in matter through explore activities, they will learn new vocabulary that applies to new concepts. Students will apply the vocabulary as they explain that Mars has a reddish tint due to the reaction of the rocks to its atmosphere. 

 Download Evidence of Chemical Change - Student Packet 

 Evidence of Chemical Change - Teacher Packet 

 In this lesson, students will address the common misconception that Mars is red because of its temperature.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
Overall science instrument mass was 57.6 kg. The total height of the spacecraft was 3.35 m.

The spacecraft was attitude stabilized in three axes (referenced to the sun and the star, Canopus) through the use of 3 gyros, 2 sets of 6 nitrogen jets mounted on the ends of the solar panels, a Canopus tracker, and two primary and four secondary sun sensors. Propulsion was provided by a 223 N rocket motor mounted within the frame which used monopropellant hydrazine. The nozzle with 4-jet vane vector control protruded from one wall of the octagonal structure. Power was supplied by 17,472 photovoltaic cells covering an area of 7.7 square meters on the four solar panels. These could provide 800 W of power near Earth and 449 W at Mars. The maximum power requirement was 380 W at Mars encounter. A 1200 W-hr rechargeable silver-zinc battery was used to provide backup power. Thermal control was achieved through the use of adjustable louvers on the sides of the main compartment.

Three telemetry channels were available for telecommunications. Channel A carried engineering data at 8 1/3 or 33 1/3 bps, channel B carried scientific data at 66 2/3 or 270 bps and channel C carried science data at 16,200 bps. Communications were accomplished via the high- and low-gain antennas via dual S-band travelling wave tube 10/20 W amplifiers for transmission and a single receiver. An analog tape recorder with a capacity of 195 million bits could store television images for subsequent transmission. Other science data was stored on a digital recorder. The command system, consisting of a central computer and sequencer (CC&S), was designed to actuate specific events at precise times. The CC&S was programmed with a standard mission and a conservative backup mission befire launch, but could be commanded and reprogrammed in flight. It could perform 53 direct commands, 5 control commands, and 4 quantitative commands.

Mission Profile
Office of Technology Transfer
The GIPSY / OASIS system is available for licensing to academia and industry.
	

	Additional information is available on-line here: gipsy-oasis.jpl.nasa.gov

JPL Welcomes Open Source Software Development Paradigm

The Open Source paradigm for developing and disseminating software continues to be a growing trend in industry and increasingly, in government. JPL is continuing to develop a clearly articulated and thoughtful policy and set of best practices relating to the Open Source paradigm.
	

	Open Source Software Policy at JPL
	

	The current JPL policy is to embrace the open source paradigm for developing and disseminating software in cases where it makes sense to do so. To date JPL endorses open source software releases that are vetted and approved by the Software Release Authority (SRA) using pre-approved licenses such as: Apache 2.0, Eclipse Public License (EPL) and BSD etc.
	

	The benefits of open source policy include:
	

	Facilitates exchange of ideas in a research setting, fostering exploration and experimentation
	

	Facilitates productivity and efficiency in a collaborative development setting, based on ease of sharing status and progress
	

	Facilitates ease of interaction and timeliness of support relative to traditional vendors
	

	Positions the institution to recruit fresh-outs who are aware of Open Source as a useful, modern practice
	

	Increases institutional productivity when consuming Open Source software for appropriate uses and applications
	

	For more information on Open Sourcing your software, please contact Brian Morrison, JPL’s Software Release Authority at (818) 354-2458.
	

About OTT
The Office of Technology Transfer at JPL specifically aims to focus on JPL intellectual property management and licensing, and commercialization support to apply JPL space technologies to NASA and commercial market needs.

Useful Links

Complete the NTR form (Internal only)
Get a material cleared
Obtain a Non-Disclosure agreement (Internal only)
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Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topLRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) - RO launched on an Atlas V rocket on June 18, 2009, beginning a four-day trip to the moon. LRO spent its first three years in a low polar orbit collecting detailed information about the moon and its environment. After this initial orbit, LRO transitioned to a stable elliptical orbit, passing low over the lunar south pole. With a suite of seven powerful instruments, LRO has collected a treasure trove of data, making an invaluable contribution to our knowledge about the moon. topLuna - Luna is the official name of Earth's moon. toplunar crane - The lunar crane, part of the Lunar Surface Manipulation System, was developed because of the need for a versatile system capable of performing multiple functions on the lunar surface, such as unloading components from a lander, transporting components to an operational site and installing them, and supporting service and replacement during component life. The lunar lander is a complex machine that consists of several simple machines including a lever, pulley and wheel and axle. toplunar eclipse - A lunar eclipse is when the moon passes through Earth's shadow at full moon. topluster - Luster is a way a mineral reflects light from its surface. Words like shiny and dull describe the luster of a mineral. topmmachine - A machine is a device that uses energy and does work. A machine can be as simple as a lever or screw or as complex as an airplane or computer. topmagma - Magma is molten (melted) rock beneath the Earth's (or other planet or moon's) surface that is melted by intense heat. topmagnetic field - The magnetic field is the region around a magnet where its force attracts or repels materials. topmagnitude - Magnitude is the size (or amount or quantity) of a measurement or object. topmare - Mare are the large, dark areas of the moon that are made of basalt. topMars - Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. Mars is about one-sixth the size of Earth. It is sometimes called the "Red Planet" because of its reddish color, which it gets from the iron in its soil.
9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel
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AETC Portfolio OfficeHomeAerosciences Evaluation and…9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind…Aerosciences Evaluation and Test…Ground FacilitiesSubsonic FacilitiesTransonic FacilitiesSupersonic FacilitiesHypersonic FacilitiesPropulsion FacilitiesTest TechnologyAboutLeadership and TeamContact NASA 

 

 

 

9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Facility

The 9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel (9×15) is the most utilized low-speed propulsion acoustic facility in the world. It is the only national facility that can simulate takeoff, approach, and landing in a continuous subsonic environment.

 Learn More About the 9- by 15-Foot Low Sped Wind Tunnel about 9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Facility 

 

Focus Areas and Capabilities

Learn more about the specifications and capabilities of this wind tunnel.

CharacteristicsThe 9'x15' Low Speed Wind Tunnel provides customers with a facility capable of testing large scale aeropropulsion hardware.Read More on CharacteristicsQuick FactsThe 9- by 15-Foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel (9×15), provides a unique facility for testing large-scale hardware in a continuous subsonic air stream.Read More on Quick FactsData AcquisitionModel data and control system capabilitiesRead More on Data Acquisition 

 

Virtual Tours and Video

Explore AETC's Virtual Tours and a video explaining more about the 9×15 Wind Tunnel.

9×15 Virtual TourInteract with the 9×15 Tour8×6 and 9×15 Lobby Virtual TourInteract with the Lobby Tour9×15 Wind Tunnel VideoWatch the 9×15 Wind Tunnel Video 

 

9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel

4 Images 

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Contact Information
MOPITT | Terra
MOPITT produced the first long-term global maps of carbon monoxide, including movies that clearly show the transport of the products of pollution and biomass burning plumes around the world. Without Jim’s dedication, commitment, and outstanding grasp of experimental issues, MOPITT would not be the success that it is.“Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute Announces 2020 Senior Award Honourees.” Press Release, December 16, 2020.

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NASA Official: Kurtis Thome  
 Webmaster: 610WebDev

 Curator: Nyssa Rayne  
 Last Updated: May 26, 2024

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 Privacy Policy & Important Notices
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Contact Us
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
Body mounted on the framework are one high- and one medium-resolution instrument, each of which consists of an imaging camera and an infrared spectrometer which will be used to observe the ejected ice and dust, much of which will be exposed to space for the first time in over 4 billion years. The medium resolution camera has a field of view (FOV) of 0.587 degrees and a resolution of 7 m/pixel at 700 km distance and is used for navigation and context images. The high resolution camera has a FOV of 0.118 degrees and a resolution of 1.4 m/pixel at 700 km. The infrared spectrometers cover the range from 1.05 to 4.8 micrometers with FOV of 0.29 degrees (hi-res) and 1.45 degrees (lo-res). The total flyby bus instrument payload has a mass of 90 kg and will use an average of 92 W during encounter.

The flyby spacecraft measures approximately 3.2 m x 1.7 m x 2.3 m, is three-axis stabilized and uses a blowdown hydrazine primary propulsion system with 5000 N-s RCS total impulse providing a total delta-V of 190 m/s. Communications with the ground from the flyby bus are via X-band (8.000 MHz) through a 1 meter diameter parabolic dish antenna mounted on a 2-axis gimbal or through a fixed low-gain antenna. Communication between the impactor and flyby spacecraft is in S-band. The uplink data rate will be 125 bps, downlink will be at 175 kbps. Power of 620 W at the encounter is provided by a 7.2 square meter solar array and stored in a small NiH2 battery. The spacecraft control system consists of four hemispherical resonator gyros, two star trackers, reaction wheels, and hydrazine thrusters. Pointing accuracy is 200 microradians with 65 microradian knowledge. Thermal control is achieved by insulating blankets, surface radiators, finishes, and heaters. The spacecraft has two redundant RAD750 computers with 309 MB each of memory for scientific data.

The Impactor
Imagine the Universe!
See also general relativity.
spectral line
Light given off at a specific frequency by an atom or molecule. Every different type of atom or molecule gives off light at its own unique set of frequencies; thus, astronomers can look for gas containing a particular atom or molecule by tuning the telescope to one of the gas's characteristic frequencies. For example, carbon monoxide (CO) has a spectral line at 115 Gigahertz (or a wavelength of 2.7 mm).
spectrometer
The instrument connected to a telescope that separates the light signals into different frequencies, producing a spectrum.
A Dispersive Spectrometer is like a prism. It scatters light of different energies to different places. We measure the energy by noting where the X-rays go. A Non-Dispersive Spectrometer measures the energy directly.
spectroscopy
The study of spectral lines from different atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is an important part of studying the chemistry that goes on in stars and in interstellar clouds.
spectrum (plural: spectra)
A plot of the intensity of light at different frequencies. Or the distribution of wavelengths and frequencies.

 Tell me more about spectra

speed of light (in vacuum)
The speed at which electromagnetic radiation propagates in a vacuum; it is defined as 299 792 458 m/s (186,282 miles/second). Einstein's Theory of Relativity implies that nothing can go faster than the speed of light.
star
A large ball of gas that creates and emits its own radiation.
star cluster
A bunch of stars (ranging in number from a few to hundreds of thousands) which are bound to each other by their mutual gravitational attraction.
Stefan-Boltzmann constant; sigma (Stefan, L. Boltzmann)
The constant of proportionality present in the Stefan-Boltzmann law. It is equal to 5.6697 x 10-8 Watts per square meter per degree Kelvin to the fourth power (see scientific notation).
Stefan-Boltzmann law (Stefan, L. Boltzmann)
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topspecific heat - Different materials require different amounts of heat to produce similar changes in their temperatures. In other words, materials have different specific heat capacities, often called, specific heat. The specific heat capacity of a material is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the material 1 degree Celsius. Specific heat capacity can be measured in joules per gram per degree Celsius (J/g ?C). topspectrometer - A spectrometer is a tool that helps scientists study comets. Spectrometers can be found on satellites, rockets, airplanes, and telescopes. A spectrometer works like our eyes, but it breaks light into colors like a rainbow. topspectroscope - A spectroscope is an instrument used to produce and observe spectra. topspectroscopy - Spectroscopy refers to the science and practice of using spectrometers and spectroscopes and of analyzing spectra. topspeed - Speed is the time it takes an object to travel a certain distance. Speed equals distance divided by time or s = d / t. topspeed of light (c) - The speed of light is the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a perfect vacuum. The speed of light is the same for all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, 3.0x10 8 m/s. topsphere - A sphere is a solid figure whose surface consists of an infinite number of consecutive points that are all positioned at the same distance from its center. topstar - A star is a huge ball of very hot, glowing gas that gives off both heat and light. topstates of matter - States of matter are the distinct forms of matter. Three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. topstatistics - Statistics is a branch of mathematics concerned with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of large amounts of numerical data. topSTEM - STEM is an acronym for the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and math. topstratus cloud - A stratus cloud is a low-altitude gray cloud that has a flat, uniform base.
Other Power-Driven Mobility Devices (OPDMD)
Larger devices affect the safe flow of pedestrian traffic, impede safe passing of other users and devices, and may encounter issues with tight turning radius. Due to the physical and design characteristics of park routes, larger devices may stray from the established route, which creates a substantial risk of serious harm to the immediate environment and natural or cultural resources.

Weight
The overall weight of the OPDMD and user(s) shall not exceed 550 pounds.
Assessment factors (i, iii, iv, v). Heavier devices affect the ability of the device to stop quickly, which creates a substantial risk of serious harm to other users. Due to the physical and design characteristics of park routes, heavier devices may affect and degrade the composition and surface of park routes, and thus pose a substantial impact to the immediate environment, natural or cultural resources, and sustainability.

Speed
OPDMD shall not be operated at speeds more than 5 miles per hour.1
Assessment factors (i, ii, iii). Considering the physical and design characteristics of park routes, devices operated at speeds more than 5 mph may affect the safe flow of pedestrian traffic and impede the safe passing of other users and devices.

Noise
OPDMD shall not produce noise levels more than 70 decibels (dB).
Assessment factors (iv, v). Noise pollution exceeding 70 dB may be a safety risk to other users, poses substantial risk of serious harm to natural resources such as wildlife, and may fundamentally alter the nature of the experience for other users.

Emissions
OPDMD shall not exceed zero emissions during use.
Assessment factor (v). Devices with emissions reduce air quality, affecting other users and harming natural resources. Emissions producing devices create a substantial risk of serious harm to the immediate environment and natural or cultural resources due to the fire dangers of a hot engine, potential spark emissions, and the remote nature of park routes.

 
1OPDMD capable of exceeding 5 mph will not be prohibited from use, but individuals observed exceeding the speed limit may be subject to citation and penalties.
Approved Routes
Devices that meet all of the preceeding criteria are generally allowed in the following locations within California state parks:

Class I designated trails that are designated as accessible or multiple use.