vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA SVS | Earth Observing Fleet (October 2018)
NASA SVS | Earth Observing Fleet (October 2018)

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5061: Earth Observing Fleet (January 2023)

Earth Observing Fleet (October 2018)

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	NASA's Earth Science Fleet as of October 2018
	

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NASA's Earth Science Fleet as of October 2018

This animation shows the orbits of NASA's fleet of Earth observing spacecraft that are considered operational as of October 2018. New elements in this version include the ICESat-2 and Cloudsat/CALIPSO in new orbits.
Glossary | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Glossary | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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Earth
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Educators

Glossary

 A-F     G-M     N-R     S-Z 

Asteroid: Rocks floating around in space. Some are the size of a pick-up truck. Others are hundreds of miles across. 
Atmosphere: The gases held by gravity around Earth and around other planets. "Atmosphere" can also be used to talk about gases around stars. 

Atom: The basic building block of matter. It is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. There are many different kinds of atoms. For example, the simplest atom with one proton and one electron is a hydrogen atom. An atom with six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons is a carbon atom.
Aurora australis: Bright glows and bands of light that appear in the skies at night near the South Pole. They are also called the southern lights.
Aurora borealis: Bright glows and bands of light that appear in the skies at night near the North Pole. They are also called the northern lights.
Black hole: A place in space where matter and light cannot escape if they fall in.
Comet: An icy rock that lets off gas and dust, which may form tails when it is flying close to a sun. 

Constellation: A group of stars in the sky. They're often named after an animal, object, or person. The stars form certain patterns based on where you are. We have one view of stars here on Earth, but from another solar system or galaxy, the constellations would look different. 
Corona: The outer atmosphere of a star. 
Cosmos: The universe seen as an orderly, harmonious whole. 

Crater: A large, bowl-shaped dent in the ground. They can be caused by an explosion or the impact of a meteorite. 
Dwarf planet: Objects that are round and orbit the sun, just like planets do. But unlike planets, dwarf planets are not able to clear their path around the sun.
Explore the Night Sky - NASA Science
The star is about 4 million years old, and in 10 million to 20 million years, it will likely detonate as a supernova. NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)Hubble’s Caldwell Catalog144 ImagesGo To GalleryGo To GalleryObserving the Night SkyWhat's UpYour monthly video guide to the night sky from NASAEach month, NASA's skywatching video series shares highlights to help you prepare for your stargazing adventures and feel more connected to the real places NASA explores.Learn MoreNASA's Night Sky NetworkNASAExplore More HubbleImpact & BenefitsHubble's mission is to capture observations of the universe, but its technology would alter life on the ground in unique and unexpected ways.Hubble Servicing MissionsHubble’s serviceable design and modular components enabled upgrades that took advantage of advancements in technology.Hubble Online ActivitiesFind your Hubble birthday image, take interactive tours, play games, and discover the universe with Hubble.Hubble E-booksInvestigate the mysteries of the universe, or dive into Hubble's history with our free, downloadable e-books.Return to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:7 months agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Dusty Spring in the Tarim Basin
May 20, 2024

May 22, 2024

Northern Hemisphere Dust Storms

Strong winds routinely loft sand and dust into the atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere.

References & Resources

MODIS Image of the Day (2024, May 17) Heavy Dust across China. Accessed May 20, 2024.
NASA Earth Observatory (2016, May 3) The Taklimakan Desert: A Factory for Dust Storms. Accessed May 20, 2024.
Xiaoyu, L., et al. (2018) 
The Impacts of Taklimakan Dust Events on Chinese Urban Air Quality in 2015. Atmosphere, 9 (7), 281.
Zhou, Y., et al. (2023) 
Characteristics of Dust Weather in the Tarim Basin from 1989 to 2021 and Its Impact on the Atmospheric Environment. Remote Sensing, 15 (7), 1804.

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Taklimakan Dust Storm

Dust and Haze

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The Taklimakan Desert: A Factory for Dust Storms
Huge dust storms regularly blow across the arid Tarim Basin in western China.

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Dust Storm in the Taklimakan Desert
Acquired April 24, 2012, this image shows a continuing dust storm in the Taklimakan Desert of western China.

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Land
Dust and Haze

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Dust Storm in the Taklimakan Desert
Acquired August 11, 2011, this natural-color image shows dust and clouds over the Taklimakan Desert in western China.

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Dust and Haze

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Terra Orbital Drift Information | Terra
Evidence in imagery of the earlier crossing time will be visible as longer shadows, especially in mountain landscapes. Meanwhile as Terra moves closer to Earth, the sensors’ views will become narrower leading to slightly narrower swath widths.   The effect will be most noticeable in ASTER imagery, but each of Terra’s sensors will be affected. However, the impact on science is expected to be minimal. In fact, some impacts could prove beneficial to some areas of research – like land morphology, surface temperature, and climate research. 
Terra’s lengthy legacy of more than two decades of data will continue to contribute to meaningful research of Earth’s Systems science for years to come.
Choose any of the linked buttons below to learn more.

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Terra, Aqua, Aura Drifting Orbits Workshop (2022)

 

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Collection - Fall Colors
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Fall Colors Arriving
A process that occurs on a micro scale in trees shows up on a macro scale in satellite imagery.
Published Sep 30, 2014
 

Image of the Day
Land
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Fall Colors in Pennsylvania
Cooler temperatures and shorter days have transformed Pennsylvania’s forests.
Published Oct 30, 2013
 

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Land

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Fall Colors in the Mid-Atlantic
Fall colors swept across the Mid-Atlantic during October 2012.
Published Oct 26, 2012
 

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From Green to Brown
In a span of just 11 days, fall colors swept over the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia.
Published Oct 4, 2012
 

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Cloudy With a Chance of Eclipse
NASA citizen scientists collected thousands of photographs and temperature readings that are being used to study the relationship between total solar eclipses and clouds.
 
Published May 3, 2024

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Looking Up and Down During the Eclipse
Astronauts and photographers captured unforgettable views of Earth and the Sun as the Moon’s shadow swept across North America.
Published Apr 12, 2024

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Total Solar Eclipse Darkens North America
Satellites gathered striking views of the Moon’s shadow from above as observers on the ground were awed by the Sun’s corona.
Published Apr 9, 2024

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The Best Places to View the Total Solar Eclipse
It’s not a forecast, but this map of historical cloud cover will tell you how often skies on April 8 have been cloudy in the past.
Published Mar 22, 2024

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Arctic Sea Ice 6th Lowest on Record  
Satellite data shows that Arctic sea ice likely reached its annual minimum extent on September 19, 2023.
 
Published Sep 26, 2023

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Five Tips from NASA for Photographing a Total Solar Eclipse - NASA
To take images when the Sun is partially eclipsed, you’ll need to use a special solar filter to protect your camera, just as you’ll need a pair of solar viewing glasses (also called eclipse glasses) to protect your eyes. However, at totality, when the Moon completely blocks the Sun, make sure to remove the filter so you can see the Sun’s outer atmosphere – the corona.
#2 – Any Camera Is a Good Camera
Taking a stunning photo has more to do with the photographer than the camera. Whether you have a high-end DLSR or a camera phone, you can take great photos during the eclipse; after all, the best piece of equipment you can have is a good eye and a vision for the image you want to create. If you don’t have a telephoto zoom lens, focus on taking landscape shots and capture the changing environment.
Having a few other pieces of equipment can also come in handy during the eclipse. Using a tripod can help you stabilize the camera and avoid taking blurry images when there is low lighting. Additionally, using a delayed shutter release timer will allow you to snap shots without jiggling the camera.

People watch a partial eclipse in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on March 20, 2015.
Credits: Robin Cordiner

#3 – Look Up, Down, All Around
While the Sun is the most commanding element of a solar eclipse, remember to look around you. As the Moon slips in front of the Sun, the landscape will be bathed in eerie lighting and shadows. As light filters through the overlapping leaves of trees, it creates natural pinholes that project miniature eclipse replicas on the ground. Anywhere you can point your camera can yield exceptional imagery, so be sure to compose some wide-angle photos that can capture your eclipse experience.
NASA photographer Bill Ingalls recommends focusing on the human experience of watching the eclipse. “The real pictures are going to be of the people around you pointing, gawking, and watching it,” Ingalls noted. “Those are going to be some great moments to capture to show the emotion of the whole thing.”
#4 – Practice
Be sure you know the capabilities of your camera before eclipse day.
Watching for Color in the Wasatch Back
Watching for Color in the Wasatch Back

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Watching for Color in the Wasatch Back

September 25, 2023JPEG

 

October 19, 2023JPEG

 

September 25, 2023

October 19, 2023

September 25, 2023JPEGOctober 19, 2023JPEG

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Heber City, Utah, lies in the Wasatch Back, a region on the eastern side of the Wasatch Range of the Rocky Mountains. It is located just 43 miles (69 kilometers) southeast of Salt Lake City, but the mountain town and surrounding region displays fall color on its own timeline.
In summer, the Wasatch Back’s maples, oaks, and aspens hold leaves that appear green due to chlorophyll, the molecule that plants use to synthesize food. As the arrival of autumn brings shorter daylight hours and cooler temperatures, chlorophyll concentrations drop. Loss of the green pigment offers a chance for other leaf pigments—particularly carotenoids (yellow) and anthocyanins (red)—to show off their hues.
In the Wasatch Back region, reds and oranges tend to show up first. These colors adorn trees such as bigtooth maple and Gambel oak.
World of Change: Seasons of Lake Tahoe
In the summer, the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives more direct light than the opposite hemisphere, which is experiencing winter. (See Earth’s tilt is the reason for the seasons for an illustration.) Areas closest to the poles experience the greatest variation in seasons, while those near the equator experience no seasons at all because the angle of sunlight hardly changes throughout the year. At about 39 degrees north of the equator, Lake Tahoe sees each of the four seasons.
The seasonal shift in light is evident in the shadows that play across the images. All of the images were taken at about the same time of day (around 10 a.m.), and the colors have been matched so that variations in color reflect actual changes on the ground. During the height of July and August, direct light illuminates both the mountain tops and valley floors around the lake. Moving into September and October, the sun is lower in the sky, and shadows paint the western side of the mountains. By December, shadows dominate, with only eastern mountain faces reflecting bright light. The shadows diminish throughout the spring and disappear again in summer.
The changes in light cause changes in some plants. The pine forests in the Carson Mountains east of Lake Tahoe show little variation from month to month, but the crops in Carson Valley grow in accord with the seasons. Irrigation keeps plants green throughout the summer, but shifts in light and temperatures signal the end of the growing season. Crops mature and are harvested. The fields turn brown until they are covered with snow, ready to begin the cycle again when light and warmth return in the spring.
References
Lake Tahoe Data Clearinghouse. (2008, January 3). Facts about Lake Tahoe. U.S. Geological Survey. Accessed October 19, 2010.
Tahoe Environmental Research Center. (2010, August 31). Tahoe State of the Lake Report 2010. University of California Davis. Accessed October 19, 2010.
Windows to the Universe. (2006, October 31). Earth’s tilt is the reason for the seasons. National Earth Science Teachers Association. Accessed October 19, 2010.

World of Change: Seasons of Lake Tahoe
Guides | NASA eClips
In this interactive lesson, students will be able to explain the difference between a physical change and a chemical change, as a result of watching the Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and discussing the differences between physical and chemical change. 

 Download Physical Change - Teacher Packet 

 Seasons - Teacher Packet 

 In this activity, students explain that Earth's seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis combined with the position of Earth in its orbit around the sun as a result of watching the Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and discussing the sun-Earth relationship. 

 Download Seasons - Teacher Packet 

 Sound Waves and Medium - Student Packet 

 As a result of watching the Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and exploring how sound waves travel through different materials, students will explain that sound is a form of energy and needs a medium in which to travel. 

 Download Sound Waves and Medium - Student Packet 

 Sound Waves and Medium - Teacher Packet 

 As a result of watching the Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and exploring how sound waves travel through different materials, students will explain that sound is a form of energy and needs a medium in which to travel. 

 Download Sound Waves and Medium - Teacher Packet 

 Stars - Teacher Packet 

 In this interactive lesson, students will explain how a star's color indicates its surface temperature as a result of watching the NASA Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and discussing a star's size and the position in its lifespan. 

 Download Stars - Teacher Packet 

 Sun's Position - Teacher Packet 

 Students will explain why the location of where the sun appears during sunrise and sunset changes over the year. Through watching a NASA Spotlite video and follow-up class discussion, and building an understanding of the vocabulary through a collaborative activity, students will be able to explain how the tilt and movement of Earth determines the path the sun travels during different seasons. 

 Download Sun's Position - Teacher Packet 

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Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact
The Global Hawk Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (bottom) can carry several instruments to measure aerosols from the air. Photograph by Ovidiu Pancrati, ©2007 CANDAC. Lower photograph by Tony Landis/NASA.)

Despite great progress, many questions remain about the competing impacts of aerosols. Measuring particles within clouds remains challenging. Different types of particles can clump together to form hybrids that are difficult to distinguish. And changes in humidity or temperature can cause drastic changes in how certain aerosols behave and interact with cloud droplets.
Most importantly, the quantitative uncertainties in the amount of aerosols, and especially aerosol properties, need to be reduced. Only better measurements—and the more sophisticated computer modeling such measurements make possible—will provide the critical information that scientists need to fully integrate aerosol impacts into climate models and to reduce uncertainty about how the climate will change.

References
Chin, M., Diehl, T. Ginoux, P. and Malm, W. (2007). Intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols: implications for regional air quality. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 5501-5517. 
Chin, M., Kahn, R., and Schwartz, S. (2009). Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Climate Impacts: A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC: NASA.
Chung, C., Ramanathan, V., Kim, D., and Podgomy, I. (2005). Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and ground-based observations. Journal of Geophysical Research. 110, D24207.
Holben, B., Tanré, D., Smirnov, A., et al. (2001). An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: aerosol optical depth from AERONET. Journal of Geophysical Research, VOL. 106, NO. D11, PP. 12,067-12,097.
Kaufman, Y., Tanré, D., and Boucher, O. (2002).
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Dust: A World Traveler

Dust: A True World Traveler (11 MB) – March 2022
How far can dust travel? Where does it come from? Explore the answers to these questions and make a model of how dust affects sky visibility in Dust a True World Traveler.
Earth Observatory Stories Highlighted in this issue:
Early Season Dust Storm Hits Beijing
Dust Traverses the Atlantic Ocean
Dust Storm Envelops the Arabian Sea
Copper River Valley Dust Cloud
Dusting the Virtues of Snow
Dust over Algeria

 
EO Kids is written for audiences aged 9 to 14. It is published with support from NASA’s Landsat, Terra, and Aqua missions.

 We would appreciate any comments or feedback you could provide to us about this new publication (e.g., content, style, format): Let us know what you think.

 
Mission: Biomes online interactive activity to support learning and awareness of seven terrestrial biomes.

Recent Issues

Dust: A World Traveler

Sipping Snow in the Sierras

Picturing Earth From the Space Station

Smoky Skies and Satellites

Keeping a Close Eye on the Storm: Hurricanes

Barrier Islands: Sands & Lands in Motion

Shifting Shapes of Sandy Scapes

The Ozone Hole: We Need More Sunscreen
World of Change: Development of Orlando, Florida
Fire in Etosha National Park
Green Seasons of Maine
Drought Cycles in Australia
Severe Storms
Seasons of the Indus River
Urbanization of Dubai
Seasons of Lake Tahoe
Solar Activity
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