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The rate at which a star or other object emits energy, usually in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

M
M0
A representation of the mass of an object in terms of Solar mass. The average mass of the Sun is about 2x1033 grams. Astronomers often express units for other objects in terms of solar units, since it makes the resulting numbers smaller and easier to deal with.
magnetic field
A description of the strength of the magnetic force exerted by an object. Bar magnets have "di-polar" fields, as the force is exerted from the two ends of the bar. In simple terms, the earth, the sun, stars, pulsars all have dipolar magnetic fields.
magnetic pole
Either of two limited regions in a magnet at which the magnet's field is most intense. The two regions have opposing polarities, which we label "north" and "south", after the two poles on the Earth.
magnetosphere
The region of space in which the magnetic field of an object (e.g., a star or planet) dominates the radiation pressure of the stellar wind to which it is exposed.
magnetotail
The portion of a planetary magnetosphere which is pushed in the direction of the solar wind.
magnitude
The degree of brightness of a celestial body designated on a numerical scale, on which the brightest star has magnitude -1.4 and the faintest star visible without a telescope has magnitude 6. A decrease of one magnitude represents an increase in apparent brightness by a factor of 2.512; also called apparent magnitude.
mass
A measure of the total amount of material in a body, defined either by the inertial properties of the body or by its gravitational influence on other bodies.
matter
A word used for any kind of stuff which contains mass.
mega-ton
A unit of energy used to describe nuclear warheads. The same amount energy as 1 million tons of TNT.
1 mega-ton = 4 x 1022 ergs = 4 x 1015 joules.
Messier, Charles (1730 - 1817)
The 18th century French astronomer who compiled a list of approximately 100 fuzzy, diffuse looking objects which appeared at fixed positions in the sky.
Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System

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Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere'

By Chelsea Gohd 
NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program 

Like Kepler-10 b, illustrated above, the exoplanet HD 63433 d is a small, rocky planet in a tight orbit of its star. HD 63433 d is the smallest confirmed exoplanet younger than 500 million years old. It's also the closest discovered Earth-sized planet this young, at about 400 million years old.
NASA/Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle

News

|
January 10, 2024

The discovery: In a system with two known planets, astronomers spotted something new: a small object transiting across the Sun-sized star. This turned out to be another planet: extra hot and Earth-sized.
Key Facts: The newly-spotted planet, called HD 63433 d, is tidally locked, meaning there is a dayside which always faces its star and a side that is constantly in darkness. This exoplanet, or planet outside of our solar system, orbits around the star HD 63433 (TOI 1726) in the HD 63433 planetary system. This scorching world is the smallest confirmed exoplanet younger than 500 million years old. It's also the closest discovered Earth-sized planet this young, at about 400 million years old.

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Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere'

Discovery Alert: With Six New Worlds, 5,500 Discovery Milestone Passed!
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VNP43MA2.001
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The square of the period of a planet's orbit is proportional to the cube of that planet's semimajor axis; the constant of proportionality is the same for all planets.

kilogram (kg)
The fundamental SI unit of mass. The kilogram is the only SI unit still maintained by a physical artifact (a platinum-iridium bar) kept in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres, France. One kilogram is equivalent to 1,000 grams or about 2.2 pounds; the mass of a liter of water.
kinematics
Refers to the calculation or description of the underlying mechanics of motion of an astronomical object. For example, in radioastronomy, spectral line graphs are used to determine the kinematics or relative motions of material at the center of a galaxy or surrounding a star as it is born.
Kirchhoff's law of radiation (G.R. Kirchhoff)
The emissivity of a body is equal to its absorbance at the same temperature.

Kirchhoff's laws (G.R. Kirchhoff)
Kirchhoff's first law
	An incandescent solid or gas under high pressure will produce a continuous spectrum.
Kirchhoff's second law
	A low-density gas will radiate an emission-line spectrum with an underlying emission continuum.
Kirchhoff's third law
	Continuous radiation viewed through a low-density gas will produce an absorption-line spectrum.

L
L0
A representation of the luminosity of an object in terms of Solar luminosity. The average luminosity of the Sun is about 4x1033 erg/sec. Astronomers often express units for other objects in terms of solar units, which makes the resulting numbers smaller and easier to deal with.
Lagrange, Joseph (1736 - 1813)
A French mathematician of the eighteenth century. His work Mecanique Analytique (Analytical Mechanics; 1788) was a mathematical masterpiece. It contained clear, symmetrical notation and covered almost every area of pure mathematics. Lagrange developed the calculus of variations, established the theory of differential equations, and provided many new solutions and theorems in number theory.
Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
This exoplanet, or planet outside of our solar system, orbits around the star HD 63433 (TOI 1726) in the HD 63433 planetary system. This scorching world is the smallest confirmed exoplanet younger than 500 million years old. It's also the closest discovered Earth-sized planet this young, at about 400 million years old.

More

Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere'

Discovery Alert: With Six New Worlds, 5,500 Discovery Milestone Passed!

Details: A team of astronomers analyzed this system using data from NASA's TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), which spots "transits," or instances where planets cross in front of their star as they orbit, blocking a tiny piece of the starlight. Two planets had already been previously discovered in this planetary system, so to see what else might be lurking in the star's orbit, the team took the data and removed the signals of the two known planets. This allowed them to see an additional signal - a small transit that would reappear every 4.2 days. Upon further investigation, they were able to validate that this was actually a third, smaller planet.
The tidally locked planet is very close to Earth size (it is approximately 1.1 times the diameter of our own planet) and it's orbiting a star that's similar to the size of our Sun (the star is about 0.91 the size and 0.99 the mass of the Sun). The star in this system is a G-type star, the same type as our Sun. But HD 63433 d orbits much closer to its star than we do, with a minuscule 4.2 day long "year" and extremely high temperatures on its dayside. 
Fun Facts: While this newly found planet and its star are just about the size of our own planet and Sun, HD 63433 d is quite different from our home world.
Firstly, it is a very young planet in a very young system.
Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
The star in this system is a G-type star, the same type as our Sun. But HD 63433 d orbits much closer to its star than we do, with a minuscule 4.2 day long "year" and extremely high temperatures on its dayside. 
Fun Facts: While this newly found planet and its star are just about the size of our own planet and Sun, HD 63433 d is quite different from our home world.
Firstly, it is a very young planet in a very young system. The planetary system itself is about 10 times younger than ours and this 400-million-year-old planet is in its infancy compared to our 4.5-billion-year-old world.
It is also much closer to its star than we are to ours. This planet is 8 times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun. Being so close to its star, this dayside of this tidally-locked planet can reach temperatures of about 2,294 Fahrenheit (1,257 Celsius). Being so hot, so close to its star, and so small, this planet likely lacks a substantial atmosphere.
These scorching temperatures are comparable to lava worlds like CoRoT-7 b and Kepler-10 b, and the team behind this discovery thinks that the planet's dayside could be a "lava hemisphere.''
The planet's small size, young age, and closeness to its star make it an interesting candidate for further exploration. Follow-up study could confirm the results of this study and potentially reveal more information about the planet's "dark side," and the status of its (possible) atmosphere. As this study states, "Young terrestrial worlds are critical test beds to constrain prevailing theories of planetary formation and evolution."
The Discoverers: This discovery was described in a new study, accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal, titled "TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) XI: An Earth-sized Planet Orbiting a Nearby, Solar-like Host in the 400 Myr Ursa Major Moving Group."
StarChild: Glossary
Ultraviolet rays cause people to get sunburned.
UNIVERSE
The huge space which contains all of the matter and energy in existence.
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A piece of low land lying between hills or mountains.
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Something used to carry people and things over land or in space.
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Able to be seen.
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Water which is in the form of a gas.
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Having little or no weight; not feeling the effects of gravity.
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The smallest (quantum) unit of light/electromagnetic energy. Photons are generally regarded as particles with zero mass and no electric charge.
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The constant equal to the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, which is approximately 3.141593.
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planetary nebula
A shell of gas ejected from stars like our Sun at the end of their lifetime. This gas continues to expand out from the remaining white dwarf.
plasma
A low-density gas in which the individual atoms are ionized (and therefore charged), even though the total number of positive and negative charges is equal, maintaining an overall electrical neutrality.
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protostar
Very dense regions (or cores) of molecular clouds where stars are in the process of forming.
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Glossary - NASA Science
“Dwarf” is the term for an average adult star, used to distinguish stars like the sun from the giant stars that exist in the universe.Spectroscopy:A method of analyzing light by separating it into distinct wavelengths, which allows one to identify its chemical components (by their unique wavelength signatures) to determine the atmospheric components of alien worlds.White dwarf:A dim, dense, compact star; the remnant core that remains after intermediate-mass stars (similar to the Sun) exhaust their nuclear fuel and blow off their outer layers. They are dominated by oxygen and carbon, but often have thin layers of hydrogen and helium.F-type star:A main sequence star that is somewhat hotter, more massive, and more luminous than our Sun.Keep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASASearch for LifeStarsUniverseBlack HolesReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:last monthPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Stars in an Exoplanet World - NASA Science
Ninety percent of a star’s life is spent in the main sequence phase.What does a star's color mean?When you look at the night sky, you may notice that some stars shine more brightly than others. The brightness of a star is related to how much energy it puts out, as well as how close it is to Earth.Stars also vary in color – because they vary in temperature. Hotter stars appear blue or white, while cooler stars look orange or red. Astronomers use these characteristics to classify main sequence stars into categories by color and temperature: O (blue), B (blue-white), A (white), F (yellow-white), G (yellow), K (orange), and M (red), from hottest and biggest to coolest and smallest. Stars at the ends of their lives are out of the main sequence. These include supergiants, red giants, and white dwarfs.An image of the Sun at 17.1 nanometers (an extreme ultraviolet wavelength) reveals the Sun’s outermost atmospheric layer – the corona.NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/SDOWhat kind of star is our Sun?Our Sun is categorized as a G-type yellow-dwarf main sequence star. It is predicted that our Sun will remain in the main sequence phase for a few billion more years.Stars can live for billions of years, but their lives can be shorter or longer depending on their size (technically, their mass). The bigger (or more massive) the star, the shorter its life, as more massive stars burn their nuclear fuel faster.This infographic compares the characteristics of three classes of stars in our galaxy: Sunlike stars are classified as G-type stars; stars less massive and cooler than our Sun are K dwarfs; and even fainter and cooler stars are the reddish M dwarfs. The habitable zones, potentially capable of hosting life-bearing planets, are wider for hotter stars. The longevity for red dwarf M stars can exceed 100 billion years. K dwarf ages can range from 15 to 45 billion years. Meanwhile, our Sun only lasts for 10 billion years.
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Strange New Worlds - NASA Science
It takes this alien world only 1.1 days to completely circle its Sun.View55 Cancri e - Lava ocean, sparkling skiesDiscovered 2004: This super hot world is covered in a global ocean of lava and has sparkling skies.ViewTYC 8998-760-1 b - Planet or failed star?Discovered 2020: This object, a brown dwarf or perhaps a large planet, joins an exclusive club: those that have been directly imaged.ViewGJ 15 A b - Super-heated Super-EarthDiscovered 2014: GJ 15 A b orbits a red-dwarf star just 11 light-years away with its companion GJ 15 A c, making them our nearest multi-planet neighbors discovered so far.ViewGJ 15 A c - Only 11 light-years awayDiscovered 2018: Nearby GJ 15 A c orbits a red-dwarf star just 11 light-years away with its companion, making them our nearest multi-planet neighbors discovered so far.Read MoreKepler-36 b - Bizarrely close neighborsDiscovered 2012: Kepler-36b and its companion planet, Kepler-36c, are far too close to their sun to be in the habitable zone, and they are bizarrely close to each other.Read MoreGJ 504 b - Magnificently magentaIf we could travel to this giant planet, we would see a world still glowing from the heat of its formation with a color reminiscent of a dark cherry blossom, a dull magenta.Read MoreGJ 436 b - Mysteriously missing methaneDiscovered 2004: A close exoplanet with a secret: a lack of methane on this hot world. GJ 436 b is a Neptune-sized exoplanet that orbits an M-type star.