vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
News Around NOAA
With summer heat comes pop-up thunderstorms across much of the U.S., leading to a daily threat of lightning and other thunderstorm hazards.

June 29, 2023 - Rip current safety ahead of the July 4th weekend
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) is reminding beach goers ahead of the July 4th weekend to be aware of the dangers of rip currents and other beach hazards -- and to swim near a lifeguard, if at all possible. 

June 21, 2023 - NOAA upgrades space weather model used by the electric power industry
When severe and extreme geomagnetic space weather storms occur, they can generate unexpected currents in electric power transmission lines at the surface, putting the stability of electrical grids at risk. Providing accurate and timely information that allow grid operators to protect their systems is one of the primary missions of NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center.

June 8, 2023 -   NOAA declares the arrival of El Nino
The expected El Nino has emerged, according to scientists at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, a division of the National Weather Service. 

June 2, 2023 - Solar Cycle 25 time-lapse and timeline from December 2019 to April 2023
New time-lapse shows increasing activity on the Sun. NOAA satellites captured the activity while NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center forecasters issued alerts, watches and warnings, and tracked the solar events.
 

May 25, 2023 - NOAA predicts a near-normal 2023 Atlantic hurricane season
NOAA is forecasting a range of 12 to 17 total named storms (winds of 39 mph or higher). Of those, 5 to 9 could become hurricanes (winds of 74 mph or higher), including 1 to 4 major hurricanes (category 3, 4 or 5; with winds of 111 mph or higher).

May 2, 2023 - NOAA upgrades model to improve forecasts of storm surge during tropical cyclones
This upgrade advances storm surge modeling and forecasting for the contiguous U.S. (CONUS), Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and comes just in time for the 2023 hurricane season beginning on June 1 and running through November 30.

April 27, 2023 - Storms from the sun spark collaboration at 24th annual Space Weather Workshop
Launch a rocket from a spinning planet | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Also, Earth rotates eastward on its axis, one complete turn each day. At the equator, Earth's surface is rotating at 1675 kilometers per hour (1041 miles per hour)!So if we launch the rocket toward the east, it will get another big boost from Earth's rotational motion.

 Now, we launch eastward. We pick the time of launch (in Deep Space 1's case, early morning) to give the rocket time to accelerate as it goes partway around Earth. Then, when the spacecraft is headed in the same direction as Earth's orbital motion around the sun, the rocket gives it a final boost out of Earth orbit and on its way.
 Using both the rotational motion of Earth on its axis and the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun, we can save a lot of fuel and a lot of time in getting to our far distant destination!
Ready . . . Aim . . . Blast off!

 Where do we want to go? Once we know that, we figure out the best time of year to launch based on where Earth will be in its orbit around the sun. Deep Space 1 will actually end up in orbit around the sun, too, but farther from the sun than we are. The launch was timed so that, after eight months or so of thrusting from Deep Space 1's ion engine, the spacecraft's orbit crossed the orbit of Asteroid Braille on July 29, 1999.

 	information last updated more than 13 years ago
 

Launch windows
 The best times to launch the rocket are called "launch windows."

As a glass window is an opening in a wall, a launch window is an opening in time.
 Usually, engineers will try for the beginning of the first launch window. However, several things can delay a launch. For example, the weather might be bad. Or something might suddenly look a little funny with the spacecraft or the rocket or the ground communications. Or a boat or airplane might appear, even though they've been warned to keep their distance. Any of these could cause a delay until the next launch window or later in the same launch window.

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NASA Visible Earth - Home
“Stable landslide” sounds like a contradiction in terms, but there are indeed places on Earth where land has been creeping downhill slowly and harmlessly for as long as a century.
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Gabon’s Towering Mangroves 

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Gabon’s Towering Mangroves 
Published May 19, 2017
The mangroves in Pongara National Park are among the tallest in the world, towering up to 60 meters. 
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Gabon’s Towering Mangroves 

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Gabon’s Towering Mangroves 
Published May 19, 2017
The mangroves in Pongara National Park are among the tallest in the world, towering up to 60 meters. 
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Last Call for Larsen B

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Last Call for Larsen B
Published June 9, 2015
The remnant of Antarctica’s Larsen B Ice Shelf is flowing faster, becoming increasingly fragmented, and developing large cracks. 
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Decline of West Antarctic Glaciers Appears Irreversible

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Decline of West Antarctic Glaciers Appears Irreversible
Published May 16, 2014
The Amundsen Sea segment of the ice sheet has begun a melting process that will result in its loss, possibly within the next few hundred years.
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Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits
In this highly inclined orbit, the satellite moves around the Earth from pole to pole, taking about 99 minutes to complete an orbit. During one half of the orbit, the satellite views the daytime side of the Earth. At the pole, satellite crosses over to the nighttime side of Earth.
As the satellites orbit, the Earth turns underneath. By the time the satellite crosses back into daylight, it is over the region adjacent to the area seen in its last orbit. In a 24-hour period, polar orbiting satellites will view most of the Earth twice: once in daylight and once in darkness.
Just as the geosynchronous satellites have a sweet spot over the equator that lets them stay over one spot on Earth, the polar-orbiting satellites have a sweet spot that allows them to stay in one time. This orbit is a Sun-synchronous orbit, which means that whenever and wherever the satellite crosses the equator, the local solar time on the ground is always the same. For the Terra satellite for example, it’s always about 10:30 in the morning when the satellite crosses the equator in Brazil. When the satellite comes around the Earth in its next overpass about 99 minutes later, it crosses over the equator in Ecuador or Colombia at about 10:30 local time.

A Sun-synchronous orbit crosses over the equator at approximately the same local time each day (and night). This orbit allows consistent scientific observations with the angle between the Sun and the Earth’s surface remaining relatively constant. These illustrations show 3 consecutive orbits of a sun-synchronous satellite with an equatorial crossing time of 1:30 pm. The satellite’s most recent orbit is indicated by the dark red line, while older orbits are lighter red. View animation. (NASA illustration by Robert Simmon.)

The Sun-synchronous orbit is necessary for science because it keeps the angle of sunlight on the surface of the Earth as consistent as possible, though the angle will change from season to season. This consistency means that scientists can compare images from the same season over several years without worrying too much about extreme changes in shadows and lighting, which can create illusions of change. Without a Sun-synchronous orbit, it would be very difficult to track change over time.
Sun-Earth Days 2013: Articles
The two Voyager spacecraft, launched in 1977, are now very near the outer edge of the heliosphere at distances of about 123 AU and 101 AU respectively (Feb 1, 2013) and have already pierced the termination shock at 94 and 84 AU. Beyond the termination shock is the heliosheath, perhaps 10's of AU thick and bounded at its outer point by the heliopause, the final point of influence of the sun's magnetic field. Beyond the heliopause, the Inter Stellar Medium (ISM) populates the vast spaces between the stars. Each of these regions is characterized by the density, strength, and velocities of its fields and particles. The two Voyager apcecraft will sample these regions with a suite of field and particle instruments until about 2025 when their nuclear power sources will run out. Scientists anticipate that the Voyagers will have passed into interstellar space by that time.
The shape of the heliosphere is defined by the opposing pressures of the IMF and ISM. And, the IMF pressure is a function of the speed and direction of the solar wind which is in turn impacted by the solar cycle.

Figure 14: 400 years of sunspot observations

Solar Max And The Effects Of Solar Variability
As previously mentioned, our sun goes through cycles of activity. The most prominent of these cycles is the 11 year sunspot cycle though there are other cycles (The Hallstatt solar cycle (2300 years) and the Gleissberg solar cycle (80-90 years), etc.). The number of sunspots in a given year varies predictably over a roughly 11 year period. This year, 2013, is projected to be the peak of the sunspot cycle called SOLAR MAXIMUM (Solar Max). Other changes in the sun can be observed throughout the solar cycle. During Solar Max the frequency of solar storms is at a peak. Solar storms are huge releases of electromagnetic and particle energy driven by magnetic reconnection events in the sun's corona. These storms in the form of solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMSs) hurl large amounts of high energy electromagnetic and particle radiation into the solar system carrying with it a portion of the sun's magnetic field.
As Jakarta Grows, So Do the Water Issues
As Jakarta Grows, So Do the Water Issues

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As Jakarta Grows, So Do the Water Issues

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With global temperatures rising and ice sheets melting, plenty of coastal cities face a growing risk of flooding due to sea level rise. Few places, however, face challenges like those in front of the Jakarta metropolitan area, a conglomeration of 32 million people on the Indonesian island of Java.
Since the city’s early days, flooding has been a problem because Jakarta is situated along several low-lying rivers that swell during the monsoon season. In recent decades, the flooding problems have grown even worse, driven partly by widespread pumping of groundwater that has caused the land to sink, or subside, at rapid rates. By some estimates, as much as 40 percent of the city now sits below sea level.
With mean global sea levels rising by 3.3 millimeters per year, and amid signs that rainstorms are getting more intense as the atmosphere heats up, damaging floods have become commonplace. Since 1990, major floods have happened every few years in Jakarta, with tens of thousands of people often displaced.
Strange New Worlds - NASA Science
GJ 436 b is a Neptune-sized exoplanet that orbits an M-type star. Its mass is 22.1 Earths.Read MoreTOI-849 b - Atmosphere destroyed by starDiscovered 2020: A world called TOI 849 b could be the exposed, naked core of a gas giant whose atmosphere was blasted away by its star.Read MoreAU Microscopii b - Infant solar systemDiscovered 2020: Located less than 32 light-years from Earth, AU Microscopii is among the youngest planetary systems ever observed by astronomers, and its star throws vicious temper tantrums!Read MorePSR B1257+12 b - Doomed worldDiscovered 1994: PSR B1257+12 b, along with fellow doomed worlds, were among the first and creepiest to be discovered as they orbit an undead star known as a pulsar. Pulsar planets like Poltergeist and its neighboring worlds, Phobetor and Draugr, are consumed with constant radiation from the star’s core.Read MoreHD 189733 b - Rains glassDiscovered 2005: This far-off blue planet may look like a friendly haven – but don’t be deceived! Weather here is deadly. The planet’s cobalt blue color comes from a hazy, blow-torched atmosphere containing clouds laced with glass. Howling winds send the storming glass sideways at 5,400 mph (2km/s), whipping all in a sickening spiral. It’s death by a million cuts on this slasher planet!Read MoreKOI-55 b - Hotter than the SunDiscovered 2011: Kepler-70b (aka KOI-55) could well be another circle of hell with an average temperature hotter than the Sun’s surface. It used to be Jupiter-sized until it spent some time inside its now-dead star…a trip that destroys most planets, but left this one a Freddy Krueger-like burned world smaller than Earth. At about 12,000 degrees F (6,800 C), it is one of the hottest planets discovered. In fact, the planet itself is evaporating, soon to be another victim.Read MoreHD 17156 b - AKA MulchatnaDiscovered 2007: A giant planet composed mostly of gas.
News Around NOAA
Of those, 5 to 9 could become hurricanes (winds of 74 mph or higher), including 1 to 4 major hurricanes (category 3, 4 or 5; with winds of 111 mph or higher).

May 2, 2023 - NOAA upgrades model to improve forecasts of storm surge during tropical cyclones
This upgrade advances storm surge modeling and forecasting for the contiguous U.S. (CONUS), Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and comes just in time for the 2023 hurricane season beginning on June 1 and running through November 30.

April 27, 2023 - Storms from the sun spark collaboration at 24th annual Space Weather Workshop 
Scientists and industry offer solutions to improve space weather observations, prediction

April 24, 2023 - Severe geomagnetic storm hits Earth 
NOAA forecasters observed a severe geomagnetic storm (G4) on Earth April 23. The G4 storm was caused by a filament eruption on the sun associated with a solar flare. 

April 11, 2023 - NWS prepares for major upgrade to TAO buoy array
Experts at the National Data Buoy Center have designed a more strategically placed TAO array and the buoys will have additional sensors and new capabilities. Better data will improve the prediction and understanding of El Niño/La Niña climate patterns, which affect weather around the world.

April 10, 2023 - Mike Brennan selected as director of NOAA’s National Hurricane Center
NOAA has selected Mike Brennan, Ph.D., to serve as the next director of NOAA’s National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Miami, as preparations continue ahead of the 2023 hurricane season. He will assume this new role effective today, April 10, 2023.

April 7, 2023 - Space weather forecasting and impacts: what you need to know
We connected with SWPC’s Rob Steenburgh to talk about space weather and what to expect during Solar Cycle 25’s solar maximum.

April 6, 2023 - When Knowing Your Safe Place Meant Everything: The January 2023 Selma, AL Tornado 
In the early morning of January 12, 2023, the director of Crosspoint Daycare in Selma, Alabama, gave her employees a quick overview of the potential for severe weather later that day.
Winter Sandstorm in China
Winter Sandstorm in China

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Winter Sandstorm in China

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On December 12, 2022, waves of sand and dust streamed over northern China, degrading air quality in several cities.
Airborne particulate matter from the storm created hazardous air conditions in Beijing and surrounding areas. At the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, the air quality index for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeded 300, which is considered hazardous to human health. Air quality measurements by the Beijing Environmental Protection Monitoring Center for PM10 (larger particles) reached 999—the maximum threshold for the indicator. Beijing residents were warned to stay inside, according to news reports.
These images were acquired on December 12, 2022, with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite. The false-color image on the left incorporates infrared wavelengths to help distinguish between clouds (shown in white), snow (blue), and sand and dust (brown).
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Molly Brown on early warning for famine
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Yang Liu on the intersection of air pollution and public health
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Diane Davies on a wildfire alert system
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Jean-Phillipe Avouac on earhquakes
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Ilan Koren says Amazon smoke slows formation of clouds, rainfall
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Galaxy of Horrors - NASA Science
It used to be Jupiter-sized until it spent time inside its now-dead star…a trip that destroys most planets!Read MoreMonster Mash - InteractiveA hulking monster of a star is stealing pieces of its nearby planet, WASP-12b, and extreme gravity is stretching the hot gas giant into the shape of an egg. If you enjoy watching the world fall to pieces, this planet is for you.Read MoreEternal Darkness - InteractiveAre you afraid of the dark? Welcome to TrEs-2b, the planet of eternal night. The darkest planet ever discovered orbiting a star, this alien world is less reflective than coal with a burning atmosphere – the air is as hot as lava.Read MoreKeep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAExoplanetsDark Energy, Dark MatterGalaxiesReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:last monthPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
NASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at Mars - NASA
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This coronal mass ejection, captured by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, erupted on the Sun Aug. 31, 2012, traveling over 900 miles per second and sending radiation deep into space. Earth’s magnetic field shields it from radiation produced by solar events like this one, while Mars lacks that kind of shielding.
NASA/GFSC/SDO

The Sun will be at peak activity this year, providing a rare opportunity to study how solar storms and radiation could affect future astronauts on the Red Planet.
In the months ahead, two of NASA’s Mars spacecraft will have an unprecedented opportunity to study how solar flares — giant explosions on the Sun’s surface — could affect robots and future astronauts on the Red Planet.
That’s because the Sun is entering a period of peak activity called solar maximum, something that occurs roughly every 11 years. During solar maximum, the Sun is especially prone to throwing fiery tantrums in a variety of forms — including solar flares and coronal mass ejections — that launch radiation deep into space. When a series of these solar events erupts, it’s called a solar storm.
Earth’s magnetic field largely shields our home planet from the effects of these storms. But Mars lost its global magnetic field long ago, leaving the Red Planet more vulnerable to the Sun’s energetic particles. Just how intense does solar activity get on Mars? Researchers hope the current solar maximum will give them a chance to find out.