vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Composting | US EPA
Windrows are the most common method of composting in the United States. Windrows can be turned periodically or have perforated pipes underneath them to allow air flow. Small to large volumes and a wide variety of materials can be composted using this method, which makes it adaptable to many scales and sites for composting. Windrow composting often requires equipment such as front-end loaders, excavators, or windrow turners.
In-Vessel
In-vessel composting can process a variety of organic materials without taking up much space. This method involves feeding materials into a vessel, such as a drum, silo, concrete-lined trench, or similar enclosed equipment. The materials are then mechanically turned or mixed in the vessel with bulking agents like wood chips to ensure aeration. Vessels, also known as bioreactors, vary in size and capacity. A similar composting method that takes place in an enclosed area is an agitated bay system where mixing and aerating equipment moves compost along walled bays or beds as it decomposes and stabilizes.
Worm Composting (Vermicomposting)

 Resources
 

Check out EPA’s Home Composting page as well as vermicomposting resources from North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension.

Worm composting, or vermicomposting, relies on earthworms and microorganisms to break down organic materials into vermicompost, or worm castings, a high-quality soil amendment. A vermicomposting system can be indoors or outdoors in the shade and sized to match the volume of food scraps put into the system. Vermicomposting can used by households, schools, farms, institutions, and businesses. A properly maintained vermicomposting system does not produce odors or attract pests.
It is essential to use a suitable worm species, such as red wrigglers (Eisenia fetida). Worms are kept in a closed bin or system that should be shielded from light and rain, with sufficient air flow, and a way to drain excess liquid. The ideal temperature for a vermicomposting system is 55 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
Backyard Composting | Madison County, NY
Backyard Composting | Madison County, NY

 

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Backyard Composting	

Four Easy Steps to Composting at HomeKindly put together by Julie Poplaski, Master Gardener Volunteer with CCE Madison

 
 
 

Step 1: Pick Out A BinMake sure your bin is at least 3x3x3 feet in size.A sunny vs. shady spot will impact how fast your compost will dry out or hold water.A closed bin (like a tumbler) is the only way to ensure you will keep critters out. It will also keep out microbes which are needed to break down your waste. If you use a closed bin make sure to add a shovel full of soil from the ground.Keep your bin somewhere convenient to use and access. It can be helpful to have a hose within reach if weather is dry.Pallets make great open compost bins and free if you can get a hold of them. They should be stamped, look for ones that say HT for heat treated. If stamp says MB leave them be and keep looking.If you make your own closed bin with a vessel like a garbage can, you will need to drill holes to allow oxygen exchange.Step 2: Gather MaterialsA common way to describe materials that go in your compost is brown or greens. Browns are higher in carbon while greens have a higher nitrogen to carbon ratio.3 parts brown to 1 part green is optimal. This ratio does not have to be exact but will generally achieve the best results.Leave out feces from cats and dogs, invasive plants, weed seeds, oil, fats, plastics or non organic matter.Gather kitchen waste in a container by your sink.
FAQs • Code Enforcement
No other containers shall be used;    (b)    If the capacity of the containers provided by the servicer is insufficient for the quantity of all refuse, recyclables and/or yard waste generated at the premises between pickups, then the residential service customer shall subscribe to such additional service as determined and required by the servicer to protect the public health, safety, and well-being against the growth and spread of vectors from such refuse, recyclables and/or yard waste;    (c)    All refuse and recyclables to be collected shall be placed in the containers provided by servicer, as follows:    (1)    Curbside Service;    (A)   Refuse and recyclables (not including yard waste) shall be placed in the black container(s);    (B)   Yard waste shall be placed in the green container(s);    (C)   No such container may be placed for pickup if its contents exceed three hundred pounds;    (2)    Bin Service. The occupant shall place refuse and recyclables in the bin(s) provided by the servicer;    (3)    Construction and demolition debris. Except for disposal by a self hauler pursuant to Section 6.08.280, construction and demolition debris shall be placed in the debris box(es) provided by the servicer and/or the black container(s) for refuse and recyclables provided by the servicer (the black containers are subject to the three hundred pound weight limit);    (d)    To minimize interference with the public rights-of-way, no person shall place a container or bulky item on a parkway for collection service earlier than twenty-four hours prior to the normal collection date as specified by the director of public works. To minimize interference with public rights-of-way, any containers not collected from or any bulky items not removed shall be removed from the public right-of-way location by midnight of the scheduled day of collection;    (e)    Unless otherwise directed by the servicer, containers shall be placed for collection on the street with the wheels of each against the curb and at least one foot distance between each container. In instances where no curb exists, containers shall be placed as close to the edge of the street as practicable with the wheels toward the lot.
Ordinances and Regulations - City of Piedmont

The ordinances are designed to help the state reach the long-term goal of reducing waste by ensuring that 75% of recyclables and compostables are diverted from the landfill by 2025. 
ORGANICS REDUCTION AND RECYCLING ORDINANCE 
California State law, SB 1383, aims to keep food and other compostable materials ("organics") out of landfills to reduce emissions that contribute to climate change. In Alameda County, the law is implemented and enforced under the Organics Reduction and Recycling Ordinance, which went into effect on January 1, 2022. The law affects all generators of compostable and recyclable materials; however, requirements may vary slightly for different generators. Residents must sort compostable and recyclable materials into the appropriate containers. Businesses, nonprofits, institutions, schools, and multi-family properties must: subscribe to compost (organics) and recycling collection service (or have an approved waiver on file); place color-coded labeled recycling and compost bins next to all garbage bins (not required in restrooms); and sort materials into the proper bins and inform employees, tenants, and contractors of the rules (at least annually and during move in and move out). In addition, some businesses that generate surplus edible food must recover and donate their surplus edible food and feed people. For more information, visit this page here. 
MANDATORY COMMERCIAL RECYCLING LAW
 Mandatory recycling in Piedmont has been in effect since July 1, 2012 for businesses and institutions with 4 or more cubic yards of garbage service as well as multi-family properties with 5 or more units. Phase 2 of the Mandatory Recycling Ordinance began July 1, 2015 for all commercial accounts (regardless of garbage service volume).

Requirements to collect food scraps and compostable paper separately from garbage is effective January 1, 2018 for businesses, institutions, and multi-family properties.
All recyclable covered materials: cardboard, newspaper, white paper, mixed recyclable paper, recyclable glass food and beverage containers, metal (aluminum and steel) food and beverage containers, PET (#1) and HDPE (#2) plastic
PLANT DEBRIS LANDFILL BAN ORDINANCE
 This ordinance applies to certain businesses and institutions and requires plant debris be separated and composted.
FAQs - City of Piedmont

Q. How can I save money?

A. There are four ways to reduce the cost of garbage collection service.

Service rates are based upon the size of your garbage cart. Collection service for recyclables and organics is unlimited in volume and provided at no additional cost. By recycling more and generating less garbage, you may be able to switch to a smaller garbage cart to save money. But be sure to choose the right container for your garbage needs. Charges will be assessed for overflowing garbage, garbage set out beyond your service level, or allowing garbage to accumulate on your property. Recycling carts and organics carts contaminated with garbage will not be serviced. Call Republic Services at (800) 320-8077 to order additional or larger carts for recyclables and organics.
On-premises (backyard) collection service costs more than curbside service. Switching to curbside service saves approximately $50 per month. With curbside collection, the customer is responsible for placing the wheeled carts at the curb on their regular collection service day and returning the carts to their storage location promptly after collection. With curbside collection, carts are not limited in size as they are with on-premises collection.
An Annual Pre-Payment Discount allows single family customers to voluntarily pay for one (1) year of service with the twelfth (12th) month of service provided at no charge. That is 12 months of service for the cost of 11 months of service.

 Physically disabled residential customers with no able-bodied household members are eligible to receive on-premises (backyard) collection at curbside rates. The maximum cart size available to on-premises collection is 35 gallons. To receive the discount, the account holder must fill out the application for exemption to curbside placement of carts, provide a doctor's certification that the customer is unable to move the carts to the curb or provide a copy of a valid California Disability Placard, and verify that there are no able-bodied household members that can move the carts to the curb.

Service Rates for Single Family Residences

Q. What are the Service Rates for Single Family Residences?

A. Single family residential prices are based on the size of the garbage cart. Each residential account includes unlimited recycling and organics carts.
Ordinances and Regulations - City of Piedmont

Ordinances and RegulationsRecycling, Organic Waste, & Garbage Collection Service in PiedmontCollection ServicesFAQsResourcesGarbageRecyclingOrganicsBulky ItemsConstruction and DemolitionE WasteHousehold Hazardous WasteOrdinances and RegulationsSB 1383COVID-19 Updates and InformationClimate ActionSolid Waste Data
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What do you need to recycle?

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Updates and Information

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Ordinances and Regulations
 With the passage of Assembly Bill 341 (Mandatory Commercial Recycling law) in 2011, California enacted a statewide program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by diverting commercial solid waste from landfills. The law also established a statewide recycling goal of 75% by 2020. In 2016, AB 1826 (Mandatory Organics Recycling law) went into effect, requiring businesses and multifamily complexes that generated specified amounts of organic waste to arrange for organics collection services. Most recently, SB 1383 (California's Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction law), in effect as of 2022, expanded upon the goals of AB 341 and AB 1826. 
 Alameda County has three recycling ordinances that are mandatory. The purpose of these ordinances is to reduce the amount of easily recyclable and compostable materials deposited in landfills from businesses, institutions, single-family and multi-family properties, and self-haulers. The ordinances are designed to help the state reach the long-term goal of reducing waste by ensuring that 75% of recyclables and compostables are diverted from the landfill by 2025. 
ORGANICS REDUCTION AND RECYCLING ORDINANCE 
California State law, SB 1383, aims to keep food and other compostable materials ("organics") out of landfills to reduce emissions that contribute to climate change. In Alameda County, the law is implemented and enforced under the Organics Reduction and Recycling Ordinance, which went into effect on January 1, 2022.
FAQs - City of Piedmont

To receive the discount, the account holder must fill out the application for exemption to curbside placement of carts, provide a doctor's certification that the customer is unable to move the carts to the curb or provide a copy of a valid California Disability Placard, and verify that there are no able-bodied household members that can move the carts to the curb.

Service Rates for Single Family Residences

Q. What are the Service Rates for Single Family Residences?

A. Single family residential prices are based on the size of the garbage cart. Each residential account includes unlimited recycling and organics carts. Carts used for on-premises (backyard) services are limited to a maximum size of 35 gallons. Additional garbage carts are available for an additional cost.

Curbside Collection:

20 Gallon Garbage Cart - $94.76 per month
35 Gallon Garbage Cart - $100.41 per month
65 Gallon Garbage Cart - $138.33 per month
95 Gallon Garbage Cart - $154.91 per month

Residential Rates Effective July 1, 2023 - Curbside Service

On-Premises (Backyard) Collection:

20 Gallon Garbage Cart - $145 per month
35 Gallon Garbage Cart - $150.65 per month

Backyard Rates Effective July 1, 2023 - Back Yard Service
(Limited to 20 or 35 gallon carts ONLY for worker safety)

Interested in Organics Recycling (Composting)?

Q. What goes in the Green Organics Cart?

A. Yard trimmings, food scraps and food soiled paper. All items must fit within the cart with the lid completely closed. This includes twigs and branches. Click here to view Organics Recycling details.

Q. What doesn't belong in the Green Organics Cart?

A. All plastics (including bags and flower pots), all glass and metal, pet waste, diapers, treated or coated wood, trash, hazardous waste and rocks (dirt, concrete and sand).

Q. I just completed a yard clean-up. How do I dispose of all the yard debris that does not fit in my Green Organics Cart?
CalRecycle Home Page
×75% of California Communities report they have residential organic waste collection.
100% of California Communities have expanded programs to send still-fresh, unsold food to Californians in need.
3 million cars worth of climate pollution will be cut by reaching SB 1383’s recycling and food rescue targets.
 
Learn More×CalRecycle’s monthly webcast provides updates, announcements, and a report from Director Rachel Machi Wagoner.
Meeting Details

SB 1383 Food and Yard Waste ResourcesTools and guidance for SB 1383, the state’s food and yard waste recycling law, which has targets to:

Cut organic waste disposal 75% by 2025
Send at least 20% of surplus, still fresh food to Californians in need by 2025.

Learn More

SB 343: Accurate Recycling LabelsIncreasing recycling in California first requires accurate labels on recyclables. The law outlaws manufacturers and others from selling products or packaging labeled as recyclable unless the items are regularly collected and processed for recycling in the state.
Learn More

SB 54: Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility ActPackaging is over 50% of waste landfilled in California by volume. Get updates on Senate Bill 54 (Allen, Chapter 75, Statutes of 2022), the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act.
Learn More

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The current standard of a maximum of four feet, or in some cases, four and one-half feet, is implemented to provide not only a type of security for the property, but also to insure visibility for safety reasons. If you are considering the in the front yard, please stop by City Hall to submit a simple site plan and wall elevation for Planning clearance prior to starting the work	

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What do I need to do to replace that old asphalt driveway with a new concrete one for my single family property?

To replace the asphalt driveway you will need to submit a simple site plan which indicates the buildings and structures and provides dimensions for the driveway. Your plan needs Planning clearance prior to commencing any work.	

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) | Placer County, CA
All statements filed after June 1st must be submitted by mail.

I found the E-Filing link, but it is asking for a Business Identification Number (BIN)? What is this and how do I obtain one?

The Business Identification Number (BIN) is a unique access code that provides private and secure access to your property statement through the E-File program. A new BIN is issued each year and is included with the Notice and Assessor’s Request to File a Business Property Statement letter sent in January. Because the BIN is unique each year, the BIN you received last year will not work to grant you future access to the E-Filing program. If you require a new BIN, you will need to email the Assessor’s Office.

I closed my business and the business assets are not being used. Why do I have to file a property statement or pay taxes?

Business property not in use but located within the county is still assessable. If you have received a Business Property Statement you should complete it for the remaining property and add a letter of explanation as to where and what the remaining assets are.If you have not received a Business Property Statement, you should complete and return a Business Property Statement (PDF) to the Placer County Assessor’s Office. There is a section regarding property remaining after a business closure. Based upon the information you provide, a review of your assessment will be completed.

What should I do if I've closed, sold, or disposed of my business assets after January 1?

Please complete, sign, date, and return a Business Property Affidavit (eFile) to the Placer County Assessor’s Office. Under California Law, the owner of assessable business property at 12:01 a.m, January 1 (lien date) is responsible for taxes and must be assessed at full value. Sale, closure, or disposal of property after the lien date does not relieve the Assessee of the obligation to report and pay taxes.

What should I do if I've closed, sold, or disposed of my business assets before January 1?

Please complete, sign, date, and return a Business Property Affidavit (eFile) to the Placer County Assessor’s Office.
Permit Requirements | Madison County, NY
Upon issuance of the Commercial Waste Permit the permit holder shall affix the Commercial Waste Permit to the inside rear bottom corner of the driver’s window in each and every vehicle, on which shall be set forth clearly the official number of such Commercial Waste Permit and/or the license plate number of the vehicle to which the Commercial Waste Permit is affixed, and for every container with a capacity equal to or greater than ten cubic yards the permit holder shall affix its name along with the identification number assigned by the County for each such container in permanent lettering that is readily visible and a minimum of four inches in height, in a location or locations specified by the Department. g) Renewal of Commercial Waste Permits shall be in the same manner and subject to the same conditions as original Commercial Waste Permits, and also shall be subject to any additional requirements in effect at the time of application for renewal as specified by the Department, the Committee or the Board of Supervisors. h) Whenever satisfactory proof, such as by means of an affidavit, is submitted to the Department that a Commercial Waste Permit issued for the purpose set forth in this local law has been lost or destroyed, the Department shall, upon payment by the applicant of the appropriate fee, issue a new Commercial Waste Permit in lieu of the one that has been lost or destroyed. i) No Commercial Waste Permit issued pursuant to the provisions of this local law shall be transferable.   j) The Commercial Waste Permit holder hereunder shall furnish the Department with a list identifying the municipalities within which collection services are provided and detailing the number of residences, commercial establishments or other generators of Solid Waste and/or Recyclables located in the County and serviced by the applicant.  The identification numbers and cubic yard capacities of the vehicles, and of the containers that have a capacity equal to or greater than ten cubic yards, utilized in each collection area by the Commercial Waste Permit holder shall be included on aforesaid list.  This list shall be prepared at a level of detail satisfactory to the Department and shall be updated by the Commercial Waste Permit holder at the request of the Department, but not more often than every three months.