vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Earth Science Researchers - NASA Science
ESD also sponsors research and extends science and technology education to learners of all ages, inspiring the next generation of explorers.Science QuestionsNASA’s Science Mission Directorate Strategic Plan reflects the agency’s science agenda, as proscribed by the Executive and Legislative branches. Published every four years, the SMD plan is designed to complement the agency’s overall strategic plan and is informed by the most recent Decadal Survey.NASA’s strategic objective for Earth science is to advance knowledge of Earth as a system in order to meet the challenges of environmental change and to improve life on our planet.The Earth Science Division (ESD) programs address this objective by asking the following key science questions:How is the global Earth system changing?What causes these changes in the Earth system?How will the Earth system change in the future?How can Earth system science provide societal benefit?These science questions translate into six focus areas to guide the Earth Science Division’s selection of investigations and other programmatic decisions:Atmospheric Composition (AC) conducts research on Earth’s atmosphere, including its chemical and physical properties, Earth’s energy budget, and air quality.Weather and Atmospheric Dynamics (WAD) researches the dynamics of the atmosphere to improve our understanding of the fundamental processes that drive weather.Climate Variability and Change (CVC) measures and models Earth’s dynamic systems and how they change over time.Water and Energy Cycle (WEC) supports focused and crosscutting research to improve our understanding of the global water cycle.Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems (CCE) detects, explains, and predicts changes in Earth’s ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and land cover.Earth Surface and Interior (ESI) supports research and analysis of solid-Earth processes from crust to core.NASA Earth System ObservatoryNASA is developing the Earth System Observatory, the core of which is five satellite missions providing critical data on climate change, severe weather and other natural hazards, wildfires, and global food production.These observations will address the most pressing questions about our changing planet, as identified in the 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. The core of the Observatory will focus on five areas: Aerosols; Cloud, Convection, and Precipitation; Mass Change; Surface Biology and Geology; and Surface Deformation and Change.
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Earth’s Surface & Interior | Terra
What are the dynamics of the Earth’s magnetic field and its interactions with the Earth system?

Terra and Earth Surface and Interior
Terra has more than a decade of observations showing how earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, and coastal erosion have altered Earth’s surface. The measurements also show how Earth’s surface is changing as a result of both short-term climate variability (drought) and climate change (melting ice sheets and glaciers).
Routine Disaster Monitoring
Terra instruments provide a bird’s-eye view of natural disasters as they occur. Such a view may often be the only way to gauge the full scope of the event, and as such, is extremely valuable to responders. Two Terra instruments are routinely used to monitor hazards: MODIS and ASTER.
MODIS has a near-global view every day and thus can provide imagery of an event nearly every day. The LANCE Rapid Response System provides MODIS images in near-real time in a format compatible with mapping programs. Users include the U.S. Forest Service, UN World Food Programme, the Environmental Protection Agency, and other international organizations.
ASTER was specifically designed and built to observe local- and regional-processes that occur near or on Earth surface at 15 meters per pixel. One of the ASTER telescopes is movable, so that it can be rapidly directed to image the disaster region.
Volcanoes
MODIS daily images are used to track volcanic ash, which can damage jet engines. MISR has also been used to estimate volcanic plume height to provide a better estimate of where ash is in the atmosphere. Both MODIS and MISR measurements help decision makers divert air traffic away from ash plumes.
MODIS and ASTER also work together to monitor volcanic activity, particularly in remote regions. When MODIS detects a thermal anomaly over a volcano, an automatic scheduling program triggers a request for a high-resolution ASTER image of the volcano. ASTER’s high resolution visible, infrared, and thermal infrared measurements provide unprecedented information about erupting volcanoes.
Listen to ASTER scientist Dave Pieri talk about keeping planes safe by watching volcanoes from space on these podcasts (external site) available from EarthSky.
Listen to Michael Ramsey discuss monitoring volcanoes from space in this EarthSky podcast (external link).
Understanding Climate Change
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on (GRACE-FO) measures changes in Earth’s gravity field in order to track water movement and surface mass changes across the planet.
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Dusty Spring in the Tarim Basin
Strong winds kicked up sand and dust from China’s vast Taklimakan Desert.
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Cloudy With a Chance of Eclipse
NASA citizen scientists collected thousands of photographs and temperature readings that are being used to study the relationship between total solar eclipses and clouds.
 
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In addition to making rain and snow, clouds can have a warming or cooling influence depending on their altitude, type, and when they form. These maps show what fraction of an area was cloudy each month.
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Airborne aerosols can cause or prevent cloud formation and harm human health. These maps depict aerosol concentrations in the air based on how the tiny particles reflect or absorb visible and infrared light.
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These maps depict monthly total rainfall around the world. Rainfall is the primary source of fresh water for humans, plants, and animals. Rain also moves heat between the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
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Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

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Collection - Applied Sciences
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NASA satellites and sensors constantly take the pulse of our planet, measuring how Earth changes by the day, season, year, and decade. Researchers and resource managers analyze those measurements and apply them on local and regional scales to better manage things like our food and water supplies, health, safety, land use, and ecosystems. NASA data is also used by other government agencies to help with responses to natural disasters and emergencies around the country and the world.

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Parched Kafue Flats
Severe drought in Zambia jeopardizes electricity supplies and food security for millions of people.
Published Apr 30, 2024
 

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Severe Drought in Southern Africa
One of the driest growing seasons in decades has decimated crops and left millions hungry.
Published Apr 22, 2024
 

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Tracking the Invisible Movement of Water
A moisture measurement tool known as OpenET is improving the way farmers, ranchers, and water resource managers steward one of Earth’s most precious resources.
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Earthquake Lifts the Noto Peninsula
Cloud Fraction
One of the biggest sources of uncertainty in computer models that predict future climate is how clouds influence the climate system and how their role might change as the climate warms.
These maps show what fraction of an area was cloudy on average each month. The measurements were collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy). Like a digital camera, MODIS collects information in gridded boxes, or pixels. Cloud fraction is the portion of each pixel that is covered by clouds. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy).
From month to month, a band of clouds girdles the equator. This band of persistent clouds is called the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the place where the easterly trade winds in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet. The meeting of the winds pushes warm, moist air high into the atmosphere. The air expands and cools, and the water vapor condenses into clouds and rain. The cloud band shifts slightly north and south of the equator with the seasons. In tropical countries, this shifting of the Intertropical Convergence Zone is what causes rainy and dry seasons.
Another frequently cloudy place is the Southern Ocean. Although there is not as much evaporation in the high latitudes as in the tropics, the air is cold. The colder the air, the more readily any water vapor in the air will condense into clouds.
View, download, or analyze more of these data from NASA Earth Observations (NEO):
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Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

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