vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Dark Nights in Antakya
Landsat 9 — OLI-2
Suomi NPP — VIIRS

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Feb 26, 2023

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Earthquakes in Türkiye

Destructive earthquakes struck south-central Turkey near the Turkey-Syria border on February 6, 2023.

References & Resources

NASA (2023) The Black Marble Project. Accessed February 24, 2023.
NASA Earth Observatory (2017) Earth at Night. Accessed February 24, 2023.
United Nations Satellite Centre (2023, February 14) Light loss assessment following the Marash / Antep Earthquake (6 February 2022, Mw 7.8) using Night-time Light Imagery. Accessed February 24, 2023.

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Brighter Nights in Antakya
Lights have been steadily returning to southeast Türkiye after deadly earthquakes triggered power outages in February 2023.

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Blackout Leaves American Cities in the Dark
A power outage left many major American cities in the dark on August 14, 2003. The blackout was apparent from the perspective of space in this pair of DMSP satellite images.

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Puerto Rico Goes Dark
A power plant fire left much of the island without electricity.

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Power Outages Plague Southeast 
Hurricane Matthew knocked out power for more than one million customers as it grazed the coasts of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. 

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Russia’s Golden Autumn
Primorsky Krai, in the Russian Far East, displays some of the planet’s most striking fall color.

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Blizzard in southern Chile

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A Blaze of Yellow
In northern Sweden, bursts of fall color fill valleys before the darkness of winter descends.

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A Winter Blanket for Lesotho
Snowfall occurs periodically in the short winter season, though not as often as it once did.

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Offshore Wind Farms Make Wakes
Offshore Wind Farms Make Wakes

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 This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science.

June 30, 2015JPEG
June 30, 2015TIFF

June 30, 2015

For at least the past decade, satellites have spotted white dots cropping up in the North Sea. If viewed from Earth’s surface, you would see that these dots are actually wind turbines—huge arrays of towers rising from the sea and topped with electricity-generating rotors. But they’re doing more than harvesting the wind. They appear to also be giving rise to sediment plumes.
Some of the North Sea’s most expansive arrays are visible in these images, acquired on Jun 30, 2015, with the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite. When these images were acquired, there were 84 offshore wind farms in Europe (including some under construction). The North Sea accounts for the most offshore wind capacity—69 percent—in European seas, followed by the Irish Sea and Baltic Sea.
The turbines were built to take advantage of high winds blowing over the North Sea’s surface. The London Array, visible in the first detailed image, spans 100 square kilometers (40 square miles).
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Space weather is a two-sided coin: it creates beautiful auroras, but it can also jeopardize the technologies we rely on daily. 

New Path for Space Weather Collaboration Among Federal Agencies 

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Space weather scientists at NOAA and experts across the government celebrated a new collaborative effort to improve space weather forecasts and services to mitigate impacts of space weather.

Why Does the Aurora Change Colors? 

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The early technique of tracking wobbling stars revealed one planet after another, many of them large “hot Jupiters” with tight, blistering orbits.The wobble method measures changes in a star’s “radial velocity.” The wavelengths of starlight are alternately squeezed and stretched as a star moves slightly closer, then slightly farther away from us. Those gyrations are caused by gravitational tugs, this way and that, from orbiting planets.Transits: Planets Found in Dips in LightThe Kepler Space Telescope (2009-2018) ushered in what we could call the “modern” era of planet hunting. Kepler settled into an Earth-trailing orbit, then fixed its gaze on a small patch of sky. It stared at that patch for four years.Within that small patch were 150,000 stars. Kepler was waiting to catch tiny dips in the amount of light coming from individual stars, caused by planets crossing in front of them. This is called “transit method.” Once detected, the planet's orbital size can be calculated from the period (how long it takes the planet to circle once around the star) and the mass of the star.NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, launched in 2018, employs the same technique (it’s in the name, afterall) to survey whole swaths of our sky. Space telescopes like Spitzer and Hubble have been used to discover exoplanets and reveal more information about what they’re like. From mass characterizations to elements in atmospheres to planetary weather maps.Transit Spectroscopy: Reading the LightOur eyes in space will grow sharper, begin to scrutinize the atmospheres of extremely distant planets, and even capture direct images of some of these worlds – perhaps another small, rocky, blue and white marble.Once light is captured, it can be probed to reveal the composition of exoplanet atmospheres. Think of a prism: shine white light through it, and it splits the light into a rainbow spectrum. Scientists can read the color bands of this spectrum like a bar code, revealing which molecules are present.NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has several powerful scientific instruments, called spectrographs, on board.
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Eta Aquariids Outburst This Weekend – Next One in 2046 

The eta Aquariid meteor shower should put on a spectacular sky show this year with meteor rates up to one per minute! The typical peak viewing time would normally be the night of May 4 into the morning of May 5. However, due to the outburst, May 2-6 could provide excellent skygazing opportunities.
According to Bill Cooke, who leads the Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, many of the shooting stars we see this year are actually caused by material from Halley’s Comet that is around 3,000 years old. As Earth runs into that debris, we can see streaks of light across the sky. When our planet moves through concentrated clumps of material, we can get a meteor outburst. The next time the eta Aquariids will outburst is about 20 years from now.
Grains of cosmic dust streaked through night skies in early May 2023. Swept up as planet Earth plowed through the debris streams left behind by periodic Comet Halley, the annual meteor shower is known as the Eta Aquarids. Credit: Petr Horalek / Institute of Physics in Opava
Explanation: Grains of cosmic dust streaked through night skies in early May. Swept up as planet Earth plowed through the debris streams left behind by periodic Comet Halley, the annual meteor shower is known as the eta Aquariids. In 2022, the eta Aquariids peak was visually hampered by May’s bright full Moon. But early morning hours surrounding last May’s shower of Halley dust were free of moonlight interference. In exposures recorded between April 28 and May 8 in 2022, this composited image shows nearly 90 eta Aquariid meteors streaking from the shower’s radiant in Aquarius over San Pedro de Atacama, Chile.
To really top off this year’s event, the new Moon aligns with the peak nights, therefore there will be no light interference to obscure the fainter meteors. There’s only one catch with this shower in particular – the best viewing time is from 4 a.m. to dawn.
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May 26, 2024

Long Shadows of Mongolian MountainsIn central Asia, jagged mountain peaks rise high above the steppe.

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Historic Geomagnetic Storm Dazzles
Space scientists and sky-watchers were treated to a stunning display of the northern lights in May 2024.

Historic Geomagnetic Storm Dazzles

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Published May 23, 2024

Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83
The Brunt Ice Shelf lost a large wedge of floating ice, the third sizeable iceberg to calve from the shelf in recent years.

Antarctic Ice Shelf Spawns Iceberg A-83

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Where the Wood Bison Roam
Everything’s bigger in Canada’s Wood Buffalo National Park, where unique wildlife, plains, wetlands, and animal-engineered landscapes all exist on a grand scale.
Published May 25, 2024

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Derecho Darkens Houston
Clouds & Radiation Fact Sheet
The fraction of solar energy that is reflected back to space is called the
albedo. Different parts of the Earth have different albedos. For example,
ocean surfaces and rain forests have low albedos, which means that they
reflect only a small portion of the sun's energy. Deserts, ice, and clouds,
however, have high albedos; they reflect a large portion of the sun's energy.
Over the whole surface of the Earth, about 30 percent of incoming solar
energy is reflected back to space. Because a cloud usually has a higher
albedo than the surface beneath it, the cloud reflects more shortwave radiation
back to space than the surface would in the absence of the cloud, thus leaving
less solar energy available to heat the surface and atmosphere. Hence, this
"cloud albedo forcing," taken by itself, tends to cause a cooling
or "negative forcing" of the Earth's climate.
Another part of the energy going to space from the Earth is the electromagnetic
radiation emitted by the Earth. The solar radiation absorbed by the Earth
causes the planet to heat up until it is emitting as much energy back into
space as it absorbs from the sun. Because the Earth is absorbing only a
tiny fraction of the sun's energy, it remains cooler than the sun, and therefore
emits much less radiation. Most of this emitted radiation is at longer wavelengths
than solar radiation. Unlike solar radiation, which is mostly at wavelengths
visible to the human eye, the Earth's longwave radiation is mostly at infrared
wavelengths, which are invisible to the human eye. When a cloud absorbs
longwave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, the cloud reemits a portion
of the energy to outer space and a portion back toward the surface. The
intensity of the emission from a cloud varies directly as its temperature
and also depends upon several other factors, such as the cloud's thickness
and the makeup of the particles that form the cloud. The top of the cloud
is usually colder than the Earth's surface. Hence, if a cloud is introduced
Winter Sandstorm in China
Over the last few decades, China has been restoring vegetation cover in Inner Mongolia to reduce air pollution and desertification in the region, noted Zhang. These findings align with a 2019 study that used MODIS data to show that China has substantially increased vegetation cover since 2000, in large part as a result of programs to conserve and expand forests.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Story by Emily Cassidy.

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A rare December sandstorm in China darkened skies in several cities.
Image of the Day for December 15, 2022

Instrument:
Terra — MODIS

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Northern Hemisphere Dust Storms

Strong winds routinely loft sand and dust into the atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere.

References & Resources

AirNow US Embassies and Consulates. Accessed December 13, 2022.

Bloomberg (2022, December 12) Beijing Choked by Worst Air Pollution in More Than a Year. Accessed December 13, 2022.

CNN (2022, December 12) Beijing and northern China hit by winter sandstorm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
NASA Earth Observatory (2019, February) China and India Lead the Way in Greening.
Song, Q. et al. (2021) Global dust optical depth climatology derived from CALIOP and MODIS aerosol retrievals on decadal timescales: regional and interannual variability. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13369–13395.
World Air Quality Project Beijing Air Quality Index (AQI). Accessed December 13, 2022.

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A Winter Haze Over China
Even while skies are clearing over China, one type of particulate pollution continues to cause problems.

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Particle Pollution in Eastern China

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Imagine the Universe!
The uppermost level of a star's atmosphere. In the sun, the corona is characterized by low densities and high temperatures (> 1,000,000 degrees K).

 Tell me about X-rays from the Sun's corona.
 Tell me about X-rays from other stellar coronae.

COS-B
A satellite launched in August 1975 to study extraterrestrial sources of gamma-ray emission.

 Tell me more about COS-B.

cosmic background radiation; primal glow
The background of radiation mostly in the frequency range 3 x 108 to 3 x 1011 Hz (see scientific notation) discovered in space in 1965. It is believed to be the cosmologically redshifted radiation released by the Big Bang itself.
cosmic rays
Atomic nuclei (mostly protons) and electrons that are observed to strike the Earth's atmosphere with exceedingly high energies.
cosmological constant; Lambda
A constant term (labeled Lambda) which Einstein added to his general theory of relativity in the mistaken belief that the Universe was neither expanding nor contracting. The cosmological constant was found to be unnecessary once observations indicated the Universe was expanding. Had Einstein believed what his equations were telling him, he could have claimed the expansion of the Universe as perhaps the greatest and most convincing prediction of general relativity; he called this the "greatest blunder of my life".
cosmological distance
A distance far beyond the boundaries of our Galaxy. When viewing objects at cosmological distances, the curved nature of spacetime could become apparent. Possible cosmological effects include time dilation and redshift.
cosmological redshift
An effect where light emitted from a distant source appears redshifted because of the expansion of spacetime itself. Compare Doppler effect.
cosmology
The astrophysical study of the history, structure, and dynamics of the universe.
CXO
The Chandra X-ray Observatory. CXO was launched by the Space Shuttle in July 1999, and named for S. Chandrasekhar.

 Tell me more about CXO.

D
dark matter
Watch the Skies -
Bill Cooke, NASA’s Meteoroid Environment Office Lead and eclipse enthusiast, says he is most looking forward to the 2024 total eclipse because totality, when the sun is covered 100%, will last much longer than the last total eclipse in 2017 – up to nearly four and a half minutes.
In any of the upcoming eclipse events, in our technology-fueled world, you may also experience some electronic changes as the moon moves across Earth and the ionosphere cools.
The ionosphere forms the boundary between the Earth’s lower atmosphere – where we live and breathe – and the vacuum of space. It is formed when particles are charged, or ionized, by solar radiation. A total solar eclipse effectively “turns off” the ionosphere’s primary charging mechanism, mimicking nighttime conditions, so the many communications signals passing through the ionosphere could be disrupted.
GPS signals could produce location errors. Radio waves could change, sometimes even allowing Ham Radio operators to send or receive transmissions over longer distances.
The ionosphere is also home to many NASA satellites, including the International Space Station.
Solar Eclipse Science
Experiencing an eclipse is one way that everyone can participate in NASA Science. Depending on your access to different types of technology (phones, laptops, telescopes), there are several NASA Citizen Science projects you can participate in that relate to the Sun’s corona and the effects of the Moon’s shadow on Earth’s upper atmosphere.

GLOBE Observer https://observer.globe.gov/do-globe-observer

Help monitor the conditions of clouds, water (especially as a habitat for mosquitoes), plants (trees and other land cover), and see change over time.

Solar Jet Hunter https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/sophiemu/solar-jet-hunter

Join the hunt for solar jets — enigmatic bursts of energy from our own star — the Sun!

Planet Hunters Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/nora-dot-eisner/planet-hunters-tess

Find planets that will help us understand how these extrasolar systems form and evolve over time

Eclipse Soundscapes https://eclipsesoundscapes.org/
Galleries - NASA Science
NASA has a unique vantage point for observing the beauty and wonder of Earth while trying to make sense of it.Featured GalleryFall ColorsAs green chlorophyll fades from trees and plants each autumn, other pigments color Earth’s landscapes. Satellites take leaf-peeping to a whole new level.View the galleryThe Alaskan tundra puts on a fleeting display of color before the snows fall and bears hibernate.Credit: NASA Earth ObservatoryScientific Visualization StudioNASA's Scientific Visualization Studio produces visualizations, animations, and images in order to promote a greater understanding of Earth and Space Sciences. They work closely with scientists — both within the NASA community, and within the broader academic research community — to create high-quality, data-backed visualizations.Learn MoreUsing observations from different NASA missions, this map shows where the Moon’s shadow will cross the U.S. during the 2023 annular solar eclipse and 2024 total solar eclipse. The map was developed by NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio (SVS) in collaboration with the NASA Heliophysics Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio. - Download the full mapNASA/Scientific Visualization Studio/Michala Garrison; eclipse calculations by Ernie Wright, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterEarth ObservatoryNASA's Earth Observatory brings you the Earth, every day. They share with the public the images, stories, and discoveries about the environment, Earth systems, and climate that emerge from NASA research, including its satellite missions, in-the-field research, and models.Learn MoreNASA / Earth ObservatoryOther GalleriesGateway to Astronaut Photography of EarthAstronauts photograph the Earth from their unique point of view in low Earth orbit.