vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Discovery Alert: a Long Year for a 'Cold Saturn' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
And they begin to fill a gap in knowledge between gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system, and “hot Jupiters” (as well as “warm Jupiters”) elsewhere in our galaxy.
Details: The decades-long hunt for exoplanets – planets around other stars – has so far yielded more than 5,500 that are confirmed to be scattered across the Milky Way, which likely contains hundreds of billions. But the prevailing detection method turns up relatively few “long period” planets, those with years lasting 50 days or more. This method, seeking “shadows,” much more easily reveals planets orbiting their stars closely, with far shorter years. The search for shadows, called the transit method, captures the tiny dip in starlight as an orbiting planet crosses the face of its star.
Spaceborne telescopes like TESS that rely on this method are responsible for the vast majority of exoplanet detections. But the longer a planet’s orbit, the harder it is for TESS to catch it transiting its star. Still, in a study published in September 2023, an international team of scientists using TESS data determined that TOI-4600 b and c have long-period orbits: 83 days for planet b, 483 for planet c (a year that’s a bit longer than Earth’s).
These orbits might not sound very impressive compared to the gas giants in our solar system. For Jupiter, one trip around the Sun takes 12 years; a “year” on Saturn equals more than 29 years on Earth. But because fewer long-period exoplanets transiting their stars have been detected, TOI-4600 b and c could prove to be a gold mine of data. While space telescopes have been able to measure some atmospheric components of hot and warm Jupiters, TOI-4600 b and c offer the rarer prospect of revealing atmospheric ingredients of “temperate” gas giants – those without scorching atmospheres.
Fun facts: “Temperate” is, of course, a relative term. If you’re looking for vacation spots, it’s best to leave these two planets off the list.
Juno - NASA Science
To generate adequate power, Juno’s solar arrays needed to be quite large; each of its three solar arrays extend about 29.5 feet (9 meters) from the main body. But each expansive array was built as multiple hinged segments, so the panels could fold up before launch, and the spacecraft could fit into the payload fairing of its rocket. With Juno pioneering the use of solar power at the outer planets, NASA’s next mission to Jupiter will carry even larger arrays. Europa Clipper, set to launch in October 2024, will be powered by twin solar arrays, each about 46.5 feet (14.2 meters) long and 13.5 feet (4.1 meters) wide. In total, its wingspan extends more than 100 feet (30.5 meters) – greater than the height of a 10-story building. For many of Juno’s instruments to do their job, the spacecraft had to orbit closer to Jupiter than any previous mission. But the planet is surrounded by a powerful magnetic field that is 15 times more powerful than Earth's magnetic field, and in some places, more than 50 times more intense. It rotates with Jupiter and sweeps up charged particles, accelerating them to very high energies and creating intense radiation that bombards anything passing near the planet, including spacecraft.  To avoid the highest levels of radiation in the belts surrounding Jupiter, Juno flies in long, looping orbits that approach the gas giant from the north. Over the north pole it dives between the radiation belts and the planet, at times descending to 2,200 miles (3,500 kilometers) above the cloud tops. That might sound like a great height, but if Jupiter were the size of a basketball, the equivalent distance would be less than one-quarter of an inch (0.6 centimeters). Juno traverses the planet and exits over the south pole, then zooms far away – beyond even the orbit of the Jovian moon Callisto – before Jupiter’s gravity pulls the spacecraft back for another pass. Jupiter's Magnetosphere: Jupiter is shown with several important components of its magnetosphere in this artist's representation. The planet's magnetic field is represented by soft purple lines that connect its north and south magnetic poles.
Catch NASA's JPL at the Clippers SciFest This Weekend
Catch NASA's JPL at the Clippers SciFest This Weekend

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 . Catch NASA's JPL at the Clippers SciFest This Weekend
 
 March 21, 2019
 Anya Biferno of NASA's JPL demonstrates how to find a planet outside our solar system at the USA Science and Engineering Festival in 2014. When USASEF holds its first Clippers SciFest SoCal in Los Angeles on March 22-23, JPL will be there with exhibits, hands-on activities and more. Credit: NASA/Gemignani 
 Explore the galaxy with NASA's JPL this weekend at a free STEM festival for Los Angeles students and families.
 Students
and families can meet a Mars rover, take a virtual tour through our solar
system and explore alien worlds with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the
Clippers SciFest SoCal. A smaller version of the USA Science and Engineering
Festival held in Washington, D.C., the free event is limited to school groups
on Friday, March 22, but open to the public on Saturday, March 23. Advance
registration through the Clippers SciFest
SoCal website is required for both. 
Created
to inspire kids to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering and math
(STEM), the festival will include exhibits on robotics, space, virtual reality,
coding, marine science and more. Along with JPL, participants include Caltech,
the National Science Foundation, Raytheon, SeaWorld and the Society of Women
Engineers, among others.
Drop
by the booth for NASA's JPL to see:
• Mars exhibits, including a remote-controlled rover
• Models and activities for Europa Clipper, a
new mission to the icy moon of Jupiter
• A virtual tour of our galaxy and planets
outside our solar system
• Models and hands-on activities for climate
and Earth science
WHEN: Friday,March 22:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
In a major advance, the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope for the first time captures the light from two known planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. Previously, all confirmed extrasolar planets had been discovered indirectly, by detecting how exoplanets cause their parent stars to wobble slightly or by measuring changes in the star's brightness as planets move in front of it. In new studies, Spitzer directly observes the warm infrared glows of two previously detected "hot Jupiter" planets, designated HD 209458b and TrES-1. The achievement caps a nearly 10-year search by astronomers since exoplanets were first discovered.
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FEBRUARY 16, 2005First Hint of an Ocean at Saturn's Moon EnceladusCassini

The magnetometer aboard NASA's robotic Cassini spacecraft discovers something—perhaps an atmosphere—is distorting Saturn's magnetic field around Enceladus, a small, icy moon of Saturn barely 300 miles (500 kilometers) in diameter. Follow-up investigation with Cassini reveals an unexpectedly active south pole—towering jets of icy spray and, under the moon's icy crust, a global liquid water ocean with salts, simple organic molecules, and likely hydrothermal vents. Enceladus turns out to be one of the most promising places in our solar system to search for present-day life beyond Earth.
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SEPTEMBER 8, 2004First Solar Wind SampleGenesis

The interstellar stuff that provided the building blocks for the solar system billions of years ago was relatively homogenous – a simple cloud of interstellar gas, dust and ice. Yet the most striking feature of our solar system today is the great diversity among its planets, moons, asteroids and comets. How did that come to be? Answering that question becomes the goal of the Genesis mission, which sends a spacecraft to collect samples of the solar wind – particles that continuously stream outward from the Sun – and bring them to Earth for analysis. The sample return capsule's landing in Utah turns out harder than planned when its parachute doesn't open, yet many sample collectors are successfully recovered. Researchers spend years analyzing the samples, and in 2011 announce that they show the Sun and inner planets formed out of different basic materials.
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Juno - NASA Science
That might sound like a great height, but if Jupiter were the size of a basketball, the equivalent distance would be less than one-quarter of an inch (0.6 centimeters). Juno traverses the planet and exits over the south pole, then zooms far away – beyond even the orbit of the Jovian moon Callisto – before Jupiter’s gravity pulls the spacecraft back for another pass. Jupiter's Magnetosphere: Jupiter is shown with several important components of its magnetosphere in this artist's representation. The planet's magnetic field is represented by soft purple lines that connect its north and south magnetic poles. Jupiter's brilliant auroras glow at the poles, while the bright areas to the left and right of the planet's equator represent the regions of most intense charged particle radiation - Jupiter's inner radiation belts. Early in its mission the Juno spacecraft, broadly speaking, passed between the planet and the most intense areas of radiation. This view visualizes only the inner part of the magnetosphere. The complete Jovian magnetosphere is an enormous, tadpole-shaped structure that balloons out to dozens of Jupiter widths around the planet. In the direction away from the sun, the magnetotail extends as far as the orbit of Saturn. NASA/JPLArmored VaultTo shield its delicate instruments from the planet’s merciless radiation belts, Juno carries a first-of-its-kind electronics vault. The titanium enclosure at the center of the spacecraft, about the size of an SUV’s trunk and weighing 400 pounds (180 kilograms), protects Juno’s sensitive electronics from the barrage of high-energy particles pummeling the spacecraft. Among the tools Juno is carrying, JunoCam is especially noteworthy. In space exploration, where every ounce of weight, second of observation time, and byte of data transmitted is precious, this visible-light, color camera was included on the spacecraft explicitly to reach out to the public – whom the Juno science team is embracing, even deputizing. Early in the mission, they invited amateur astronomers to weigh in, debate, and help plan where JunoCam should focus next. And they’ve encouraged researchers, photographers, artists, and anyone else to take Juno’s raw images to study, process, and play with them.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
HGA deployment was planned thereafter, but at least three of the HGA "ribs" were unable to be moved much beyond their launch configurations, thereby jeopardizing the total science return of the mission. Several attempts have been made to deploy the antenna through a variety of techniques.

The orbiter was intentionally targeted to impact Jupiter to eliminate any chance of contaminating Europa or other jovian satelllites. Atmospheric entry took place at 18:57 UT on 21 September 2003 approximately 1/4 degree south of the equator, ending the mission. The last signal was received at Earth at 19:43:14 UT.Alternate Names20298GalileoGalileoOrbiterJOPOJupiter Orbiterurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.goFacts in BriefLaunch Date: 1989-10-18Launch Vehicle: Shuttle-Inertial Upper StageLaunch Site: Cape Canaveral, United StatesMass: 2380 kgNominal Power: 570 WFunding AgenciesNASA-Office of Space Science Applications (United States)Deutsche Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) (Federal Republic of Germany)DisciplinesPlanetary ScienceSpace PhysicsEngineeringSolar PhysicsAstronomyEarth ScienceAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for Galileo OrbiterTelecommunications information for Galileo OrbiterExperiments on Galileo OrbiterData collections from Galileo Orbiter
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
 Dr. Edwin V. Bell, II PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailMr. Donald T. KettererProgram ManagerNASA Headquartersdketterer@sl.ms.ossa.hq.nasa.govMr. William J. O'NeilProject ManagerNASA Jet Propulsion LaboratoryDr. Torrence V. JohnsonProject ScientistNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratorytjohnson@jpltvj.jpl.nasa.govMr. Henry C. BrintonProgram ScientistNASA HeadquartersSelected ReferencesJohnson, T. V., et al., The Galileo Venus encounter,
Discovery Alert: The Planet that Shouldn't Be There – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
This merger, however, stops the red giant from expanding further, sparing the orbiting planet from destruction. In the second scenario, the violent merger of the two stars ejects an abundance of dust and gas, which forms a disk around the remaining red giant. This “protoplanetary” disk provides the raw material for a new planet to coalesce. It’s a kind of late-stage second life for a planetary system – though the star still is nearing its end.
Fun facts: How can astronomers infer such a chaotic series of events from present-day observations? It all comes down to well understood stellar physics. Planet-hunting TESS also can be used to observe the jitters and quakes on distant stars, and these follow known patterns during the red-giant phase. (Tracking such oscillations in stars is known as “asteroseismology.”) The pattern of oscillations on 8 Ursae Minoris, the discovery team found, match those of red giants at a late, helium-burning stage – not one that is still expanding as it burns hydrogen. So it isn’t that the star is still growing and hasn’t yet reached the planet. The crisis has come and gone, but the planet somehow continues to exist.
The discoverers: The paper describing the TESS result, “A close-in giant planet escapes engulfment by its star,” was published in the journal Nature in June 2023 by an international science team led by astronomer Marc Hon of the University of Hawaii.

Exoplanets 101

Everything you need to know about exoplanets, the worlds beyond our solar system.

What is an exoplanet?

What is an exoplanet?

An exoplanet is any planet beyond our solar system.

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Planet types

Planet types

Explore the planet types: Gas Giant, Neptune-like, Super-Earth and Terrestrial

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How do we find them?

Learn how we find and characterize exoplanets.

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What is a habitable zone?

What is a habitable zone?
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
The spacecraft's flyby of Neptune sets it on a course below the elliptic plane that will eventually take it beyond the edge of the solar system.
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JANUARY 24, 1986First Uranus MissionVoyager 2

After flying by the planets Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 makes history as it executes the first-ever encounter of Uranus, the seventh planet from the Sun. A gas giant, Uranus orbits the Sun 20 times the distance of Earth’s orbit. Resembling a pale blue billiard ball, Uranus is distinctive because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways. Uranus has a retinue of 27 moons, including 10 discovered during the Voyager flyby, as well as a complex system of dark rings.
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JANUARY 25, 1983First Infrared Telescope in SpaceIRAS

A joint mission with the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, or IRAS, provides the first infrared look at the sky from space following its launch from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base. Over just 10 months, the space telescope detects about 500,000 infrared sources, doubling the number of cataloged astronomical sources with discoveries of new asteroids and comets, and thousands of variable stars and starburst galaxies, as well as the core of our galaxy, which has never been detected. It also images disks of dust around stars that may be planetary systems in early stages of formation. IRAS paves the way for later space-based infrared observatories such as the Spitzer Space Telescope.
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MARCH 4, 1979First Images of Volcanic Plumes on Another WorldVoyager 1

As the Voyager 1 spacecraft flies by the giant planet Jupiter, it captures a picture of an active volcanic eruption on Jupiter’s moon Io. This discovery is the most surprising finding from Voyager's flyby; volcanism on Io had never been detected from ground-based telescopes or by NASA's Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft that previously flew by Jupiter. The volcano throws solid material upward at speeds of about 1,200 miles per hour, reaching an altitude of 100 miles.
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JUNE 27, 1978First Oceanographic SatelliteSeasat
Overview | What is an Exoplanet? – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
Some planets may be dominated by water or ice, while others are dominated by iron or carbon. We’ve identified lava worlds covered in molten seas, puffy planets the density of Styrofoam and dense cores of planets still orbiting their stars.

There's a huge amount of variety among exoplanets – planets outside our solar system. There are water worlds, lava planets, egg-shaped worlds, planets with multiple suns, and even planets with no sun at all! What can we learn from all this weird, wondrous variety? What does it tell us about both the exoplanets themselves and our own home planet? Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech 

The first exoplanets were discovered in the 1990s and since then we’ve identified thousands using a variety of detection methods. It’s pretty rare for astronomers to see an exoplanet through their telescopes the way you might see Saturn through a telescope from Earth. That’s called direct imaging, and only a handful of exoplanets have been found this way (and these tend to be young gas giant planets orbiting very far from their stars).

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Citizen Science

Now we live in a universe of exoplanets. The count of confirmed planets is in the thousands and rising. That’s from only a small sampling of the galaxy as a whole. The count could rise to the tens of thousands within a decade, as we increase the number, and observing power, of robotic telescopes lofted into space.

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, formerly known as WFIRST, is an upcoming space telescope designed to perform wide-field imaging and spectroscopy of the infrared sky. One of the Roman Space Telescope's objectives will be looking for clues about dark energy—the mysterious force that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Most exoplanets are found through indirect methods: measuring the dimming of a star that happens to have a planet pass in front of it, called the transit method, or monitoring the spectrum of a star for the tell-tale signs of a planet pulling on its star and causing its light to subtly Doppler shift.
Discovery Alert: Watch the Synchronized Dance of a 6-Planet System – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
The largest and most complex space telescope ever built, Webb will be able to gather light that has been traveling for 13.5 billion years, almost since the beginning of the universe. In effect, Webb is a time machine, allowing us to peer at the first galaxies to form after the Big Bang. Because it gathers infrared light, it will see right through the giant clouds of dust that block the view of most other telescopes. Webb will be 100 times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope. Most notably, with its 21-foot-wide (6.5-meter-wide) set of segmented mirrors unfolded, Webb is powerful enough to search for water vapor in the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.

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Juno - NASA Science
Polar cyclones as large as Earth, plunging storm systems that travel deep into the heart of the gas giant, and a mammoth, lumpy magnetic field far more powerful than the strongest magnetic field found on Earth, all tantalized scientists. Previous spacecraft visiting Jupiter traveled more or less even with its equator – the same view of the planet that’s visible from Earth. Juno was the first to fly over the north and south poles, a unique vantage point that accounts for many of the mission’s surprises.  Scientists discovered that the massive auroras undulating at Jupiter’s poles seem to form by different processes than the northern lights and southern lights on Earth. Investigators also discovered that lightning storms, which on Earth are more common near the equator, are a polar phenomenon on Jupiter, where they drop softball-sized hailstones of ammonia and water. A technical concern arose early in the mission, however – it changed Juno’s timeline, and altered what it would accomplish during its time in orbit.  Originally, the flight plan had Juno looping around Jupiter for a couple of 53-day orbits, then shrinking those orbits to 14 days for the remainder of the mission – spending about 15 months circling and studying the planet. But a problem in the main engine, with some valves not working as expected, troubled the Juno team; a misfire could prove disastrous. They decided to maintain the status quo of the longer orbits. Each flyby of Jupiter would give Juno’s instruments the same two-hour window to collect data, but they would come every seven weeks, instead of every two. The new plan meant a much longer schedule to complete Juno’s science goals. Then again, the wider orbits would allow for “bonus science” that wasn’t part of the original mission design.  The spacecraft could further explore the far reaches of space dominated by Jupiter’s magnetic field. And after it completed its initial goals, and NASA extended the mission, the Juno team realized that the long orbits would evolve to eventually put the planet’s Galilean moons within reach. On June 7, 2021, during orbit 34, Juno flew within 652 miles of Ganymede, Jupiter’s largest moon (in fact, the largest moon in the solar system). It was the closest such encounter since the Galileo spacecraft flew by Ganymede in May 2000.