vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA
5 Min Read5 Things to Know About NASA’s Tiny Twin Polar SatellitesArticle 

Visit JPL
Have you ever wondered were the rovers we send to Mars are built, or where spacecraft that explore the cosmos return their data to Earth? In a typical year, over 30,000 people visit NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in-person; now, you can see the Southern California facility from anywhere in the world on a virtual tour.

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Focus Areas

A leader in robotic space exploration, JPL has sent rovers to Mars, probes to our solar system’s farthest reaches, telescopes into space to study the universe, and satellites into Earth orbit to better understand our home planet.

Earth ScienceStudying Earth from land, air, sea, and space to better understand and manage our dynamic planet.Learn MoreSolar SystemCreating robotic explorers throughout our solar system to study the complex processes that have shaped the worlds within it and whether life exists elsewhere.Learn MoreAsteroids and CometsPinpointing the paths of comets and asteroids that may pass close to Earth.Learn MoreUniverseExploring the deepest reaches of the universe to understand the forces that shape it and to search for new worlds beyond our solar system.Learn MoreTechnologyDeveloping technology to further our exploration of the universe and improve life on Earth.Read More 

	Active Missions	

	Past Missions	

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Active Missions

Missions and instruments built or managed by JPL for NASA have visited every planet in our solar system as well as the Sun. While some provide key science data about our home planet, others have peered into the universe to locate planets around other stars.
Current missions that JPL has led or partnered on, such as GRACE-FO, the Curiosity and Perseverance Mars rovers, and the Ingenuity Mars helicopter continue the national laboratory’s long tradition, of being on the leading edge of robotic space exploration.

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Past Missions

Missions and instruments built or managed by JPL for NASA have visited every planet in our solar system as well as the Sun. While some provide key science data about our home planet, others have peered into the universe to locate planets around other stars.
Planetary Science - NASA Science
Read MoreNASA’s Dragonfly Rotorcraft Mission to Saturn’s Moon Titan ConfirmedNASA has confirmed its Dragonfly rotorcraft mission to Saturn’s organic-rich moon Titan, which allows the mission to progress to completion of final design, followed by the construction and testing of the entire spacecraft and science instruments.Read Morelaunching in octoberEuropa ClipperNASA’s Europa Clipper mission, slated to launch in October 2024, will investigate Jupiter’s icy moon Europa, which — with its subsurface ocean — is one of the most promising places in our solar system to find environments capable of supporting life.Learn MorePlanetary Science MissionsNASA’s robotic explorers gather data to help scientists understand how the planets formed, what triggered different evolutionary paths among planets, what processes have occurred and are active, and how Earth among the planets became habitable.In searching for evidence of life beyond Earth, scientists use these data to map zones of habitability, studying the chemistry of unfamiliar worlds, and unveiling the processes that lead to conditions necessary for life. With this knowledge, NASA is enabling safe and effective human missions to destinations beyond low Earth orbit.NASA Planetary Science Division missions. (January 2024)NASANASA missions continue to explore from the innermost planet, Mercury, to the outer reaches of the solar system, where Pluto orbits among many Kuiper Belt Objects. We have orbited and traversed the surface of Mars, finding evidence of liquid water and ancient habitable environments. Closer to home, the Planetary Science Division uses Earth-orbiting telescopes and ground-based sensors in coordination with other organizations, including the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Air Force. These telescopes and sensors are used to survey space to detect, track, catalog, and characterize near-Earth objects (NEOs), which may pose hazards to Earth or provide destinations and resources for future exploration.Read More About NASA's Science MissionsNASA’s Perseverance rover puts its robotic arm to work around a rocky outcrop called “Skinner Ridge” in Mars’ Jezero Crater. NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSSIllustration of NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft above Jupiter's ocean moon Europa.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
MARCH 6, 2015First Spacecraft to Visit a Dwarf Planet and First Spacecraft to Orbit Two Planetary DestinationsDawn

Two-and-a-half years after it left its first destination, the protoplanet Vesta, NASA's Dawn spacecraft slips into orbit around Ceres, the largest world in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The spacecraft is approximately 38,000 miles (61,000 kilometers) from Ceres when it is captured by Ceres' gravity. Dawn shows Ceres to be a heavily cratered world that was geologically active in the recent past, with many intriguing features such as a tall isolated mountain and numerous patches of bright material.
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OCTOBER 8, 2014First Discovery of an Ultraluminous PulsarNuSTAR

Astronomers using the NuSTAR high-energy space telescope detect a pulsating, dead star beaming with the energy of about 10 million Suns. This is the brightest pulsar -- a dense stellar remnant left over from a supernova explosion -- ever recorded. The pulsar, which is named M82 X-2, is 12 million light-years away from Earth, in a galaxy called Messier 82.
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AUGUST 6, 2014First High-Precision Global Measurements of Carbon DioxideOCO-2

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is NASA's first spacecraft dedicated to studying atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is the leading human-produced greenhouse gas responsible for warming our world. OCO-2 collects its first measurements on Aug. 6, as it flies over central Papua New Guinea and goes on to return almost a million measurements each day. These data are analyzed by scientists around the world to identify the sources emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the natural processes at Earth’s surface that are currently absorbing almost half of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities. This information is crucial for understanding how rapidly the concentration of this gas will increase in the future as the global carbon cycle responds to climate change.
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FEBRUARY 8, 2013First Drilling into Another Planet to Collect a SampleCuriosity

NASA's Curiosity rover bores into a flat, veiny, sedimentary rock on Mars to collect a sample from its interior.
NASA Selects 2 Missions to Study ‘Lost Habitable’ World of Venus - NASA
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Juno - NASA Science
During the Jupiter Orbit-Insertion phase, or JOI, the spacecraft had to complete an intricate series of critical steps on its own – turn away from the Sun, point in the correct direction relative to Jupiter, turn off unnecessary instruments that could interrupt the sequence, increase its rotation from 2 to 5 revolutions per minute (RPM) to help stabilize it, maintain communications with the enormous dish antennas of the Deep Space Network in Australia and California, and finally ignite the crucial 35-minute main-engine burn, to slow down Juno and guide it into orbit.  Mission operators designed the spacecraft’s configuration and commands so it could complete the entire sequence all on its own, even if some things didn’t go as planned, even if it had to reboot itself and start over. Because of the distance from Earth, messages to and from Juno took 48 minutes to arrive. There was no time for last-minute corrections to speed or attitude.  A tweet from NASA’s Juno Mission account at 11:54 p.m. EDT relayed the outcome: “Engine burn complete and orbit obtained. I’m ready to unlock all your secrets, #Jupiter. Deal with it.”  Engine burn complete and orbit obtained. I’m ready to unlock all your secrets, #Jupiter. Deal with it.— NASA's Juno Mission (@NASAJuno) July 5, 2016The Science MissionOrbit insertion had gone flawlessly. After a five-year journey across billions of miles, the engine burn completed within one second of its predicted timing. Then Juno got to work.  From its very first data-collection pass on Aug. 27, 2016, Juno revealed Jupiter as a complex, gigantic, turbulent world – even more than scientists had predicted. Polar cyclones as large as Earth, plunging storm systems that travel deep into the heart of the gas giant, and a mammoth, lumpy magnetic field far more powerful than the strongest magnetic field found on Earth, all tantalized scientists. Previous spacecraft visiting Jupiter traveled more or less even with its equator – the same view of the planet that’s visible from Earth. Juno was the first to fly over the north and south poles, a unique vantage point that accounts for many of the mission’s surprises.
Pioneer Venus 1
Pioneer Venus 1

ExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+Pioneer Venus 1past Mission TypeOrbiter/ProbeLaunchMay 20, 1978TargetVenusObjectiveOrbit VenusNASA's Pioneer Venus 1 was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to study the atmosphere of Venus. It was the first American spacecraft to orbit Venus. The second spacecraft was launched a few months later. The spacecraft burned up the atmosphere of Venus after a successful 14-year mission that was planned to last only eight months.An illustration of NASA's Pioneer Venus 1 spacecraft.Credit: NASAWhat was Pioneer Venus 1?NASA's Pioneer Venus 1 was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to study the atmosphere of Venus. It was the first American spacecraft to orbit Venus. The second spacecraft was launched a few months later.Pioneer Venus 1 used radar to map the surface of Venus.The probe found Venus to be generally smoother than Earth, though with a mountain higher than Mt. Everest and a chasm deeper than the Grand Canyon.It confirmed that Venus has little, if any, magnetic field and found the clouds to consist mainly of sulfuric acid.The spacecraft burned up the atmosphere of Venus, ending a successful 14-year mission that was planned to last only eight months.NationUnited States of America (USA)Objective(s)Venus OrbitSpacecraftPioneer Venus OrbiterSpacecraft Mass1,283 pounds (582 kilograms)Mission Design and ManagementNASA / ARCLaunch VehicleAtlas Centaur (AC-50 / Atlas no. 5030D)Launch Date and TimeMay 20, 1978 / 13:13:00 UTLaunch SiteCape Canaveral, Fla. / Launch Complex 36AScientific Instruments1. Charged Particle Retarding Potential Analyzer (ORPA)2. Ion Mass Spectrometer (OIMS)3. Thermal Electron Temperature Langmuir Probe (OETP)4. Neutral Particle Mass Spectrometer (ONMS)5. Cloud Photopolarimeter (OCPP)6. Temperature Sounding Infrared Radiometer (OIR)7. Magnetic Field Fluxgate Magnetometer (OMAG)8.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
Donald T. KettererProgram ManagerNASA Headquartersdketterer@sl.ms.ossa.hq.nasa.govMr. William J. O'NeilProject ManagerNASA Jet Propulsion LaboratoryDr. Torrence V. JohnsonProject ScientistNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratorytjohnson@jpltvj.jpl.nasa.govMr. Henry C. BrintonProgram ScientistNASA HeadquartersSelected ReferencesJohnson, T. V., et al., The Galileo Venus encounter,
 Science, 253, No. 5027, 1516-1518, doi:10.1126/science.253.5027.1516, Sept. 1991.Johnson, T. V., et al., Space science reviews volume of Galileo mission overview,
 Space Sci. Rev., 60, No. 1-4, 3-21, doi:10.1007/BF00216848, May 1992.Kerr, R. A., Galileo turns geology upside down on Jupiter's icy moons,
 Science, 274, No. 5286, 341, doi:10.1126/science.274.5286.341, Oct. 1996.Other Galileo Information/Data at NSSDCA
NSSDCA Master Catalog Information

Galileo Probe
Galileo Probe experiments

STS 34 (Galileo deployment mission)

Event Information

Galileo probe timeline of events
Galileo orbiter event information

Images

Index of images taken by Galileo in the NSSDCA Photo Gallery
Galileo Images of Callisto
Galileo Images of Ganymede
Galileo Images of Europa
Galileo Images of Io

JPL Press Releases

Surprising early science results from the Galileo probe
More science results from the Galileo probe
Science results from the first Io flyby!
Science results from the first Ganymede flyby!
Possible discovery of liquid water on Europa
Possible discovery of ionosphere on Io
More about water on Europa
Wet and dry spots on Jupiter
Discovery of ionosphere on Europa

Galileo's tape recorder problem (NASA press release, 10/12/95)
Galileo's fixed tape recorder (NASA press release, 10/21/95)
NASA Selects 2 Missions to Study ‘Lost Habitable’ World of Venus - NASA
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Planetary Science - NASA Science
NASA spacecraft have visited every planet and a variety of small bodies, and current and upcoming missions will bring back samples from exciting destinations, allowing detailed study and analysis back on Earth. Using recommendations from the National Academies' Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032 as our guide, NASA planetary science missions and research inform us about our solar system's origin and evolution, which will enable the expansion of humanity beyond Earth.Just hours before NASA's Juno mission completed its 53rd close flyby of Jupiter on July 31, 2023, the spacecraft sped past the planet's volcanic moon Io and captured this dramatic view of both bodies in the same frame.NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSPlanetary Science HappeningsNASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at MarsIn the months ahead, two of NASA’s Mars spacecraft will have an unprecedented opportunity to study how solar flares — giant explosions on the Sun’s surface — could affect robots and future astronauts on the Red Planet.Read MoreAstrobiology Graphic Novel: Becoming an AstrobiologistThis graphic novel follows the journey to becoming an astrobiologist, from what to study in school to starting a career as a scientist. Download this issue and earlier editions.Read MoreNASA Selects Students for Europa Clipper Intern ProgramNASA has selected 40 undergraduate students for the first Europa ICONS internships, which match students with mentors from the Europa Clipper science team for a 10-week program conducting original scientific research.
Solar System Exploration at JPL
. NASA’s Psyche Fires Up Its Sci-Fi-Worthy Thrusters News 
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 . NASA’s Juno Provides High-Definition Views of Europa’s Icy Shell Image 
 May 15, 2024
 . A JunoCam View of Europa Image 
 May 15, 2024
 . Europa Seen Up Close by Juno's SRU Image 
 May 13, 2024
 . CADRE Rovers Explore the Moon Together (Artist's Concept) 
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5 Things to Know About NASA’s Tiny Twin Polar Satellites - NASA
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Highlights

 

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Clare Luckey: Shaping the Future of Mars Missions and Inspiring the Artemis Generation 

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1 day ago
Planetary Science - NASA Science
Using recommendations from the National Academies' Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032 as our guide, NASA planetary science missions and research inform us about our solar system's origin and evolution, which will enable the expansion of humanity beyond Earth.Just hours before NASA's Juno mission completed its 53rd close flyby of Jupiter on July 31, 2023, the spacecraft sped past the planet's volcanic moon Io and captured this dramatic view of both bodies in the same frame.NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSPlanetary Science HappeningsNASA Scientists Gear Up for Solar Storms at MarsIn the months ahead, two of NASA’s Mars spacecraft will have an unprecedented opportunity to study how solar flares — giant explosions on the Sun’s surface — could affect robots and future astronauts on the Red Planet.Read MoreAstrobiology Graphic Novel: Becoming an AstrobiologistThis graphic novel follows the journey to becoming an astrobiologist, from what to study in school to starting a career as a scientist. Download this issue and earlier editions.Read MoreNASA Selects Students for Europa Clipper Intern ProgramNASA has selected 40 undergraduate students for the first Europa ICONS internships, which match students with mentors from the Europa Clipper science team for a 10-week program conducting original scientific research. Read MoreNASA’s Dragonfly Rotorcraft Mission to Saturn’s Moon Titan ConfirmedNASA has confirmed its Dragonfly rotorcraft mission to Saturn’s organic-rich moon Titan, which allows the mission to progress to completion of final design, followed by the construction and testing of the entire spacecraft and science instruments.Read Morelaunching in octoberEuropa ClipperNASA’s Europa Clipper mission, slated to launch in October 2024, will investigate Jupiter’s icy moon Europa, which — with its subsurface ocean — is one of the most promising places in our solar system to find environments capable of supporting life.Learn MorePlanetary Science MissionsNASA’s robotic explorers gather data to help scientists understand how the planets formed, what triggered different evolutionary paths among planets, what processes have occurred and are active, and how Earth among the planets became habitable.In searching for evidence of life beyond Earth, scientists use these data to map zones of habitability, studying the chemistry of unfamiliar worlds, and unveiling the processes that lead to conditions necessary for life.