vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
That's how you can tell them apart from units such as grams (g). An example of some variables used in this activity: s = speed, d = distance, t = time or s = d / t . Two variables you use all the time to plot points on a graph are the x and y coordinates [e.g., Plot point (x, y)]. topvector - A vector is a variable (something that can change/vary) that is composed of both an amount and a direction. An example of a vector is velocity. What makes velocity different than speed is the direction of travel. Wind velocity is a way vectors are used in everyday life. When the weather report states the wind is 40 kilometers per hour (25 miles per hour) out of the west, the wind's velocity, not speed, is what is being reported. topvector quantity - A vector quantity is any force that has both size and direction. For example, speed becomes a vector once you give it a direction. topveins - Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. topvelocity - The speed and the direction of travel of an object is the object's velocity. Velocity is similar to speed, but whereas an example of speed would be, "the wind was blowing at 40 miles per hour," velocity would be expressed as "40 miles per hour from the SE." Direction becomes important when dealing with navigation of boats, aircraft, wind and water currents, etc. topVenus - Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is Earth's closest neighbor in the solar system. Venus is slightly smaller in size than Earth. It is typically the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon. Venus is surrounded with thick clouds of sulfuric acid. Its surface is covered with craters, volcanoes, mountains, and big lava plains. Temperatures on Venus are hot enough to melt lead. topVertical Spin Tunnel - The vertical spin tunnel, which works much like the recreational indoor skydiving locations, features a vertically-rising test airstream into which free-flying unpowered aircraft models are hand-launched to evaluate spinning and spin recovery behavior, tumbling resistance, and recovery from other out-of-control situations.
Imagine the Universe!
Sometimes also called quasi-stellar object (QSO); A stellar-appearing object of very large redshift that is a strong source of radio waves; presumed to be extragalactic and highly luminous.
R
radial velocity
The speed at which an object is moving away or toward an observer. By observing spectral lines, astronomers can determine how fast objects are moving away from or toward us; however, these spectral lines cannot be used to measure how fast the objects are moving across the sky.
radian; rad
The supplementary SI unit of angular measure, defined as the central angle of a circle whose subtended arc is equal to the radius of the circle. One radian is approximately 57o.
radiation
Energy emitted in the form of waves (light) or particles (photons).
radiation belt
Regions of charged particles in a magnetosphere.
radio
Electromagnetic radiation which has the lowest frequency, the longest wavelength, and is produced by charged particles moving back and forth; the atmosphere of the Earth is transparent to radio waves with wavelengths from a few millimeters to about twenty meters.
Rayleigh criterion; resolving power
A criterion for how finely a set of optics may be able to distinguish the location of objects which are near each other. It begins with the assumption that the central ring of one image should fall on the first dark ring of another image; for an objective lens with diameter d and employing light with a wavelength lambda (usually taken to be 560 nm), the resolving power is approximately given by
1.22 x lambda/d
Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities
Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities occur when a heavy (more dense) fluid is pushed against a light fluid -- like trying to balance water on top of air by filling a glass 1/2 full and carefully turning it over. Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities are important in many astronomical objects, because the two fluids trade places by sticking "fingers" into each other. These "fingers" can drag the magnetic field lines along with them, thus both enhancing and aligning the magnetic field. This result is evident in the example of a supernova remnant in the diagram below, from Chevalier (1977):

red giant
A star that has low surface temperature and a diameter that is large relative to the Sun.
MOPITT | Terra
In February 2020 Terra stopped doing platform maneuvers that would control its equator crossing time in order to maintain fuel for collision avoidance maneuvers. The remaining fuel will also be used to lower Terra’s orbit as part of its eventual passivation process.  Now with the printed wire assemblies being returned to full function, Terra will be able to collect full data acquisitions from all five instruments throughout this process.
Terra will also continue collecting data after an orbit lowering maneuver planned for Fall 2022. The maneuver upholds agreements to ensure Terra is a safe distance from the other missions in the 705-km Earth Observing Satellite Constellation when fuel to maintain Terra’s orbit has been depleted.
“The science community views the changes in crossing time and orbit altitude as continuation of normal data collection for those products not affected by the orbital changes as well as an opportunity to do novel science with those that are affected,” according to Kurtis Thome, Terra Project Scientist.  The Terra Project fully expects the Terra platform and all five instruments to operate past 2026 allowing them to maintain their status as leaders in Earth science data production.  Terra’s long-term data record will continue to contribute to the Earth Science Division’s key science questions:
How is the global Earth system changing?What causes these changes in the Earth system?How will the Earth system change in the future?How can Earth system science provide societal benefit?
Terra, the flagship Earth Observing Satellite, continues to be a leader in Earth science data, contributing to scientific research and applications worldwide, now with data capacity levels restored by a successful solid state recorder reboot.

MOPITT PI Awarded the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Insitute Alouette Award

Posted on January 22, 2021 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

The Principal Investigator for the Measurements Of Pollution In the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on-board Terra, James R. Drummond, was awarded the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Insitut Alouette Award. The Alouette Award is awarded in recognition of outstanding contributions to the advancement of Canadian space technology, application, science, or engineering. Read the entire press release from CASI. 
CASI Aloutte Award Press Release
Mission Dispatch: Imaging Spectrometer's First Light – NASA's Europa Clipper
Mission Dispatch: Imaging Spectrometer's First Light – NASA's Europa Clipper

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| April 12, 2022

Mission Dispatch: Imaging Spectrometer's First Light

In a clean room at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, engineering flight technicians Sam Reyes and Duncan Cogswell install the flight scanner into the MISE instrument. The scanner was provided by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, in Maryland. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Europa Clipper will carry an intricate array of instruments to study Jupiter’s moon Europa, including an imaging spectrometer that will analyze infrared light reflected from the moon to look for surface materials, including sulfates, carbonates, and organic compounds. The instrument will map Europa’s surface composition in detail to help scientists understand both Europa’s geologic history and the moon’s ocean.
Europa Clipper’s imaging spectrometer, known as MISE (Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa), is built on knowledge gleaned from flying similar instruments on previous space missions. Using that foundation, a team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in partnership with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has been hard at work designing, building, and testing MISE. The team recently achieved a milestone for any telescope: first light. For MISE, this event was the first time that light from a test source in a laboratory traveled through the collection of mirrors, lenses, and detectors in the actual hardware that will fly to Europa in a few short years.
A Legacy of Imaging Spectrometers

The flight model of Europa Clipper’s Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) instrument in a cleanroom at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California. 

 
Most of the MISE instrument – including its housing, mirrors, lenses, detectors, shielding, and computer – is custom manufactured. Components come from different institutions, including JPL and APL.
Guides | NASA eClips
Interactive Lesson: In this activity participants will create a picture of the sun that can then be examined with colored filters to simulate how specialized instruments enable scientists to capture images and view different features of the sun. 

 Download Solar Images 

 Testing... 1, 2, 3... Testing 

 Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) is the process of evaluating materials to detect and measure the presence of defects without causing damage to the material being tested. In this lesson, middle and high school students are introduced to NDE, refraction of light, and birefringence. Students test a variety of transparent plastics using polarizing filters and analyze the extent and degree of stress the materials have
undergone by examining the birefringence produced. 

 Download Testing... 1, 2, 3... Testing 

 The Colors of Ice 

 In this activity participants learn about light refraction and birefringence by viewing sculptures of transparent tape through polarized film. 

 Download The Colors of Ice 

 Elementary Engineering Design Packet 

 The Elementary Engineering Design Packet provides a framework that guides learners in grades 3 - 5 through the engineering design process. This packet is versatile and can be used in a variety of settings for all content areas. The packet includes a checklist for learners' self-assessment. 

 Download Elementary Engineering Design Packet 

 Engineering Design Educator Implementation Guide 

 The Implementation Guide provides some background information, explanations and guiding questions to help educators use the Engineering Design Packets. Checklists and rubrics are also included. 

 Download Engineering Design Educator Implementation Guide 

 Secondary Engineering Design Packet 

 The Secondary Engineering Design Packet guides middle and high school age learners through a more complex engineering design process. The packet provides a framework that can be implemented in various settings. Age-appropriate checklists are included for learners' self-assessment. 

 Download Secondary Engineering Design Packet 

 Clouds - Teacher Packet 

 In this activity, students will explain the role of clouds in Earth's energy budget including reflection, shadowing, absorption, trapping heat at night as a result of watching the NASA Spotlite video, learning the vocabulary collaboratively, and discussing the relationship of clouds to Earth's energy budget. 

 Download Clouds - Teacher Packet 

 Composition of Earth's Atmosphere - Student Packet
NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details
NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details

Saturday, 25 May 2024

Medium Resolution Instrument (MRI)NSSDCA ID: 2005-001A-02Mission Name: Deep Impact/EPOXIPrincipal Investigator:Dr. Michael F. A'HearnDescriptionThe Medium Resolution Instrument (MRI) is designed to provide visible images with a wider field of view than the High Resolution Instrument (HRI) to provide science context to the observations, navigation, and to act as a backup to HRI. The MRI consists of a telescope, filter wheel, and Charged-Couple Device (CCD) camera. The telescope is of Cassegrain design, f/17.5 with a 12 cm diameter aperture and a 2.1 m focal length. It houses light baffles and zerodur glass primary and secondary mirrors. The filter wheel has two clear apertures and eight filters. The filters include some of the same filters used on the HRI and also have filters designed to isolate CN and C2. The camera uses a 1024 x 1024 split frame transfer CCD. The field of view is 10 milliradians (0.587 degrees, or 10 microradians/pixel) allowing a surface resolution of 7 meters at 700 km. The full field of view is expected to be 1.2 times larger than the comet nucleus at closest approach, so the entire nucleus will be visible by the instrument throughout the encounter. Full frame readout time is 1.8 seconds, faster readout of centered sub-frames is also possible.

The impactor also carries an imaging device, the Impactor targeting Sensor (ITS) which is identical to the MRI except that it doesn't have a filter wheel. It will be able to take images with a resolution of 0.2 meters/pixel at a distance of 20 km.Alternate NamesDeep Impact Medium Resolution Instrument - Visible CCDDeepImpact/MRIMRIurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument:dif.mriFunding AgencyNASA-Office of Space Science Applications (United States)DisciplinePlanetary Science: Small BodiesAdditional InformationDeep Impact/EPOXIData collections from this experiment
 Questions and comments about this experiment can be directed to:
Missions
| current Category: current. Mission Category: Mission. | current Category: current. MIRI 
 One of four instruments on the James Webb Space Telescope, the Mid-Infrared Instrument, or MIRI, studies planets, stars, and galaxies in infrared light.
 . Launch date: Dec. 25, 2021 Mission Category: Mission. | current Category: current. Mission Category: Mission. | current Category: current. Deep Space Network 
 The Deep Space Network is NASA’s international network of facilities used to communicate with faraway spacecraft exploring our solar system.
 . Published: Aug. 3, 2021 Mission Category: Mission. | current Category: current. Mission Category: Mission. | current Category: current. Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich Satellite 
 Designed to measure the height of the ocean - a key component to understanding how Earth's climate is changing - Sentinel-6/Michael Freilich consists of two identical satellites that will be launched five years apart.
 . Launch date: Nov. 21, 2020 
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Guides | NASA eClips
Learners design, measure, build, test and re-design a neutrally buoyant helium balloon and demonstrate how different forces affect motion. Learners apply what they have learned about balloons and density to design a series of balloons that float at different heights. 

 Download Full Guide 

 NASA's Real World: Measuring Atmospheric Heating 

 NASA's Measuring Atmospheric Heating asks students to think and act like engineers and scientists as they conduct an inquiry experiment about aerodynamic heating using everyday inflatables - balloons. Students discover the difference between qualitative and quantitative data; collect, organize, and interpret data; and use their data to explain transfer of heat energy. 

 Download Full Guide 

 NASA's Real World: Measuring Raindrops 

 NASA's Measuring Raindrops asks students to look at NASA technology and how the study of clouds provides scientists with information about the global environment, weather patterns and climate changes. Students then collect and analyze data about the size and shapes of raindrops. They have the opportunity to compare a 2-D representation to a 3-D representation to understand why scientists use multiple sources of data to study Earth Systems. Students may also build a simple cloud chamber. 

 Download Full Guide 

 NASA's Real World: Polyimide Foam 

 NASA's Polyimide Foam introduces students to sound and the properties of polyimide foam. They investigate the sound insulating properties of different materials. Thinking and acting like engineers, students use the design process to find the most effective and cost efficient combination of materials to suppress sound. 

 Download Full Guide 

 NASA's Real World: Preparing for a Soft Landing 

 NASA's Preparing for a Soft Landing introduces students to NASA's plans to return to the moon. Thinking and acting like scientists and engineers, students design and build models representing Orion. Students calculate the speed and acceleration of the models during test flights. 

 Download Full Guide 

 NASA's Real World: Self Healing Materials 

 NASA's Self Healing Materials has students look at NASA technology and how advanced materials are being developed and projected for use in many applications. They make a simple polymer, explore its properties and investigate what effect changing the proportion of ingredients has on the properties of the polymer. 

 Download Full Guide 

 NASA's Real World: The Light Plants Need
Search | NASA Software Catalog
Some operations are performed outside the commercial codes and utilize in-house developed FORTRAN codes. Additionally Direct Matrix Abstraction Program (DMAP) alters and PYTHON scripts are used to facilitate implementations written about MSC.NASTRAN and ABAQUS, respectively. Two solutions procedures of different fidelity and computational cost are offered in each implementation. They are equivalent linearization and time numerical simulation. Aerospace uses include aircraft and spacecraft structural analysis.
 

 U.S. Release Only
 

 LEW-19522-1
 

 Tool for Generation of MAC/GMC Representative Unit Cell for CMC/PMC Analysis
 

 This is a Graphics user interface (GUI) based tool that generates a number of different user-defined repeating unit cells (RUCs) interactively that can be used in conjunction with the composite micromechanics based analysis tool MAC GMC and HF GMC.In addition, the code has provisions for generation of a MAC/GMC-compatible input text file that can be merged with any MAC/GMC input file tailored to analyze composite materials. Although the primary intention was to address the three different constituents and phases that are usually present in CMCsnamely, fibers, matrix, and interphaseit can be easily modified to address two-phase polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials where an interphase is absent. Currently, the tool capability includes generation of RUCs for square packing, hexagonal packing, and random fiber packing as well as RUCs based on actual composite micrographs. All these options have the fibers modeled as having a circular cross-sectional area. In addition, a simplified version of RUC is provided where the fibers are treated as having a square cross section and are distributed randomly. 
 

 U.S. Release Only
 

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Best Practice | NASA eClips
This overview explains the concepts covered in the NASA's Real World: Measuring Atmospheric Heating Educator Guide available at https://nasaeclips.arc.nasa.gov/teachertoolbox/download/69.

Measuring Raindrops Demonstration

Measuring Raindrops Demonstration
NASA eClips Best Practices: Measuring Raindrops Demonstration shows how to complete the activity. The guide is available at https://nasaeclips.arc.nasa.gov/teachertoolbox/download/66.

Measuring Raindrops Overview

Measuring Raindrops Overview
NASA eClips Best Practices: Measuring Raindrops Overview explains the concepts covered in the NASA's Real World: Measuring Raindrops Educator Guide available at https://nasaeclips.arc.nasa.gov/teachertoolbox/download/66.

NASA eClips Best Practices: How to Assess a Frayer Model

NASA eClips Best Practices: How to Assess a Frayer Model
A Frayer Model is used within the NASA Spotlite lesson as a tool to help students organize and explain their thinking and learning. This "How To" video guides the viewer in how to assess the Frayer Model using a rubric included within the Spotlite lesson.

NASA eClips Best Practices: How to Use a Frayer Model

NASA eClips Best Practices: How to Use a Frayer Model
NASA Spotlite lessons are developed following the 5E Model of Learning. A Frayer Model is included within each lesson as a tool to help students EXPLAIN their understanding of introduced vocabulary. This "How To" video provides an overview of how to use a Frayer Model.

NASA eClips Best Practices: The 5E Instructional Model Video

NASA eClips Best Practices: The 5E Instructional Model Video
This model describes a five-stage teaching sequence that can be used for entire programs, specific units and individual lessons.

Polyimide Foam Demonstration

Polyimide Foam Demonstration
NASA eClips Best Practices: Polyimide Foam Demonstration shows how to complete the activity. The guide is available at https://nasaeclips.arc.nasa.gov/teachertoolbox/download/64 .

Polyimide Foam Overview

Polyimide Foam Overview
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Video Interview with Dr. Stacey Boland on the Development of the VITAL (Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally) Emergency Medical Device During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Expertise Flows from Computer Cognition
Ultrasonic Welding Makes Parts for NASA Missions, Commercial Industry
Getting Water Out of Snow With NASA Technology
Private Lander Shoots for the Moon
UTLP
MONTE Design and Project Editions
The GipsyX System
Open Source Software Development Paradigm

Office of Technology Transfer News

Video Interview with Dr. Stacey Boland on the Development of the VITAL (Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally) Emergency Medical Device During the COVID-19 Pandemic

	In response to the coronavirus pandemic, JPL spacecraft engineers worked with medical professionals to develop VITAL (Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally), a breathing aid that helps critically ill COVID-19 patients and bolstered scarce stocks of traditional hospital ventilators. Learn from JPL Ventilator (VITAL) Operations Lead, Dr. Stacey Boland, how this VITAL work went from a conversation over morning coffee to a life-saving machine licensed in 42 countries.
	

	For further information please see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODzTzTOAPnU

Expertise Flows from Computer Cognition

	Beyond Limits Inc. licensed JPL-developed AI technology to assist in strategic decision making and planning.
	

	For further information please see: https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Expertise-Flows-from-Computer-Cognition

Ultrasonic Welding Makes Parts for NASA Missions, Commercial Industry

	Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) improves reliability in heat exchangers, a crucial component of any spacecraft, licensed to startups Fabrisonic LLC, and Ultra Tech Machinery Inc.
	

	For further information please see: https://spinoff.nasa.gov/ultrasonic-welding-additive-manufacturing