vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Juno - NASA Science
The instruments Juno carries in its toolbox: Microwave Radiometer (MWR): To measure the abundance of water and ammonia in the deep layers of Jupiter’s atmosphere, obtain a temperature profile of the atmosphere, and make surface and subsurface observations of Jupiter’s moons Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM): A spectrometer to provide images of auroras in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere, and observations of the composition and temperature of the surface of Jupiter’s moons. This was a contribution of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) Magnetometer (MAG): To map Jupiter’s magnetic field and determine the dynamics of the planet’s interior, and map the magnetic field in the vicinity of Jupiter’s moons Gravity Science (GS): To map the distribution of mass inside Jupiter by measuring its effect on the spacecraft’s radio signals to and from Earth  Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE): To measure aspects of ions and electrons at low energy present in the auroras of Jupiter, and in the vicinity of Jupiter’s moons Jovian Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI): To measure aspects of ions and electrons at high energy present in the auroras of Jupiter, and in the vicinity of Jupiter’s moons Radio and Plasma Wave Sensor (Waves): To identify the regions of auroral currents that define Jovian radio emissions and acceleration of the auroral particles, and make similar observations around Jupiter’s moons Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS): To provide spectral images of the ultraviolet auroral emissions in the planet’s polar magnetosphere, as well as measure ultraviolet auroral emissions from Ganymede JunoCam: A visible-light camera/telescope to study the dynamics of Jupiter’s clouds and surface features of Jupiter’s moons, and to facilitate education and outreach Stellar Reference Unit (SRU): This engineering camera is used to help orient Juno in space by taking images of the stars, but has also been employed to take low-light images used to gather information on Jupiter’s radiation, atmosphere and lightning, dust rings, and the surfaces of Jupiter’s moons Juno spacecraft and its science instruments.NASA/JPL-CaltechSolar SailorJuno is the first solar-powered spacecraft designed by NASA to operate at such a great distance from the Sun. Jupiter’s orbit is five times farther from the Sun than Earth’s, so the giant planet receives 4% as much sunlight as Earth does.
MOPITT | Terra
Posted in News and Events 

The Principal Investigator for the Measurements Of Pollution In the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on-board Terra, James R. Drummond, was awarded the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Insitut Alouette Award. The Alouette Award is awarded in recognition of outstanding contributions to the advancement of Canadian space technology, application, science, or engineering. Read the entire press release from CASI. 
CASI Aloutte Award Press Release
Jim Drummond has been the Principal Investigator for a spectacularly successful Canadian satellite instrument for three decades, and also has made many invaluable contributions to Canada’s space program over the course of his long and distinguished career. These contributions, combined with his impassioned and tireless leadership in the satellite community, both nationally and internationally, have provided a body of research and accomplishments that make him an outstanding recipient of this prestigious award.Jim is best-known in the space community for his leadership of the Canadian-led space instrument MOPITT (Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere) from conception to launch to celebrating its 20th anniversary on orbit. MOPITT was launched on NASA’s Terra satellite on December 18, 1999 and since then has made more than 1.3 billion measurements, resulting in over 470 publications. MOPITT measures carbon monoxide, and is notable for producing the first continuous global tropospheric chemical measurements from satellite and for mapping the global transport of pollution. MOPITT is a Canadian instrument; conceived, designed and constructed in Canada.Jim began his scientific career at the University of Oxford where he completed his D.Phil. and a Post-Doctoral Fellowship, joining the Physics Department at the University of Toronto in 1979. Jim was the first person to thoroughly develop the concept of the length-modulated radiometer, recognizing the advantages that it offered over pressure-modulated radiometers. Jim and his students developed both balloon-borne and ground-based instruments based on these principles.
MISE | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
MISE | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper

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An infrared spectrometer will map ices, salts, organics, and hotspots on Europa.

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Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)

ASSEMBLY STATUS

Step 4

Environmental Testing

Tests are conducted to demonstrate that the Europa Clipper spacecraft can survive the environments it will experience in flight.

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Introduction
Living things interpret physical phenomena in a variety of ways. Sounds at various frequencies can signal threats, or sources of food. Likewise, image and color (the absorption and reflection of specific wavelengths of light), and their interpretation indicates much about its source. Spectrometers interpret light too, but with greater range and precision.
Europa Clipper’s Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa, or MISE (pronounced “mize”), will analyze infrared light reflected from Europa. It will measure the presence, absence, strength, and weakness of various wavelengths, or frequencies, of light. MISE will map Europa’s surface composition in detail.

Interact with an isolated view of the instrument.

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How It Works
How It Works
Infrared light enters MISE through a slit. Mirrors direct the light to a calcium fluoride (CaF2) lens, which directs the light to a grating. The grating cuts light into discrete wavelengths, which then strike a detector. But MISE doesn’t produce a picture all at once like a conventional camera.
MISE team member and JPL systems engineer Rick Redick explains further.
MASPEX | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
MASPEX | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper

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MASPEX will sample gases to study Europa’s ocean, surface, & atmospheric chemistries.

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MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration/Europa (MASPEX)

ASSEMBLY STATUS

Step 4

Environmental Testing

Tests are conducted to demonstrate that the Europa Clipper spacecraft can survive the environments it will experience in flight.

Learn more ›

Introduction
The space near Europa teems with gases. Some get knocked off Europa’s surface by Jupiter’s relentless radiation. Others might vent into space from Europa's suspected subsurface ocean, or from water trapped in the moon’s ice shell. The MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration/Europa, or MASPEX, will identify those molecules with unparalleled precision.
MASPEX collects gases and converts them into charged particles called ions. It bounces the ions (atoms and molecules missing an electron) back and forth within the instrument. By timing their transit through the instrument, MASPEX determines the ions' mass. The mass reveals each molecule's identity to help determine whether Europa is habitable.

Interact with an isolated view of the instrument.

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How It Works
How It Works
MASPEX generates high-energy (fast moving) electrons to strip electrons from incoming gas molecules. That makes the gas molecules into positively-charged ions. The instrument accelerates the ions to a uniform amount of energy.
MOPITT | Terra
Dr. Kurtis Thome
      Dr. David J. Diner
      Dr. James R. Drummond
      Dr. Michael D. King
      Mr. Michael J. Abrams
      Dr. Norman G. Loeb
      Dr. Si-Chee Tsay
      Mr. Robert Wolfe
      Mr. Wynn J. Watson
      Dr. Nyssa Rayne

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Home › About Terra › Terra Instruments › MOPITT

MOPITT

Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere

Widespread fires in western Africa release carbon monoxide into the atmosphere (red) in February 2004.
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) is an instrument designed to enhance our knowledge of the lower atmosphere and to observe how it interacts with the land and ocean biospheres. MOPITT’s specific focus is on the distribution, transport, sources, and sinks of carbon monoxide in the troposphere. Carbon monoxide, which is expelled from factories, cars, and forest fires, hinders the atmosphere’s natural ability to rid itself of harmful pollutants.
MOPITT is one of the earliest satellite sensors to use gas correlation spectroscopy. The sensor measures emitted and reflected radiance from the Earth in three spectral bands. As this light enters the sensor, it passes along two different paths through onboard containers of carbon monoxide. The different paths absorb different amounts of energy, leading to small differences in the resulting signals that correlate with the presence of these gases in the atmosphere.
MOPITT’s spatial resolution is 22 km at nadir and it ‘sees’ the Earth in swaths that are 640 km wide. Moreover, it can measure the concentrations of carbon monoxide in 5-km layers down a vertical column of atmosphere, to help scientists track the gas back to its sources.
MOPITT web site at the University of Toronto
MOPITT web site at the National Center for Atmospheric Research
MOPITT in the News

 

NASA Official: Kurtis Thome  
 Webmaster: 610WebDev
Todos los instrumentos científicos están a bordo para la misión Europa Clipper - NASA Ciencia
Esos datos serán clave para comprender su océano, porque este campo es creado, o inducido, por la conductividad eléctrica del agua salada del océano a medida que Europa se desplaza a través del fuerte campo magnético de Júpiter. Trabajando en conjunto con el magnetómetro, hay un instrumento que analizará el plasma (las partículas cargadas) que están alrededor de Europa, las cuales pueden distorsionar los campos magnéticos. Juntos, garantizarán las mediciones más precisas posibles.Lo que la misión descubra sobre la atmósfera de Europa también aportará información acerca de la superficie y el interior de la luna. Aunque la atmósfera es muy tenue, con apenas una cienmilmillonésima de la presión que tiene la atmósfera de la Tierra, los científicos esperan que contenga abundantes pistas sobre la luna.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
A payload of eight instruments is mounted on the spacecraft: Magnetometer, Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, Langmuir Probe and Waves, Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrometer, Solar Wind Electron Analyzer, Solar Wind Ion Analyzer, Solar Energetic Particles, and a SupraThermal And Thermal Ion Composition.

MAVEN launched on an Atlas V 401 with a single-engine Centaur upper stage on 18 November 2013 at 18:28 UT. It reached Mars and entered orbit, completing its orbit insertion burn at 2:24 UT on 22 September 2014 (10:24 p.m. EDT, Sept. 21). It will go into a 4.5 hour science orbit with an inclination of 75 degrees and a periapsis of 150 km. The nominal science mission will last 1 year and will include 5 "deep-dip" maneuvers during which the periapsis will be lowered to 125 km for 5-day periods.

For the latest news on the MAVEN mission see: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/maven/main/Alternate Names39378MAVENMAVENurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.mavenFacts in BriefLaunch Date: 2013-11-18Launch Vehicle: Atlas V 401Launch Site: Cape Canaveral, United StatesFunding AgencyNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)DisciplinePlanetary ScienceAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)Telecommunications information for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)Experiments on Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)Data collections from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailDr. Bruce M. JakoskyMission Principal InvestigatorUniversity of Coloradobruce.jakosky@colorado.eduProf. Robert P. LinDeputy Mission Principal InvestigatorUniversity of California, BerkeleyDr.
NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details
STROFIO consists of ram-facing funnels to collect low-energy particles. The neutral particles are ionized after entering the chamber, and then focused into a beam ions into a dispersing region and into a detector system that measures time-of-flight at various masses, to give a mass/charge ratio. The system can measure particles with energy under 1 eV and a mass range from 1 to 64 AMU at a mass resolution of 60 (M/delta M). The "viewing angle" is 20 degrees, time resolution is 10 seconds.

The Miniature Ion Precipitation Analyser (MIPA) is an ion monitor investigating the chain of processes by which plasma precipitates towards the surface. The ion flux arrival angle is analyzed by an electrostatic deflector and the energy by an electrostatic analyzer. The ions exiting the energy analyzer enter time-of-flight cell consisting of START and STOP surfaces and two continuous channel electron multipliers. MIPA measures particles in an energy range from 15 eV to 15 keV with an energy resolution (delta E/E) of 7%. The field of view is 90 x 300 degrees, using 4 polar and 6 azimuth pixels, giving an angular resolution of 22.5 x 60 degrees. The mass range is 1 to 50 AMU with a resolution (M/delta M) of approximately 5. It requires 18 seconds to cover 96 energy steps over the 24 pixels, giving a sampling time of 7.8 milliseconds.

The Planetary Ion CAMera (PICAM) is an ion mass spectrometer designed to study the ejection from the surface, ionization, and transport of neutral particles in the Mercury environment. PICAM operates as an all-sky camera using aa annular slit in a conical surface allowing a view of an entire hemisphere. Ions enter the slit and pass through a time-of-flight and imaging section. Mass analysis is achieved by a deflection gate, retarding potential analyzer, and detector. It can detect ions with energies up to about 3 keV and masses up to 123 AMU.

SERENA-STROFIO and ELENA are mounted on the upper instrument deck on the Mercury Planetary Orbiter.
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Office of Technology Transfer
All universities have complete freedom to use the patents for research and scientific purposes, and all of the JPL patents have U.S. Government rights that allow the U.S. Government to make, use, and have-made the subject inventions.
	

	MONTE Design and Project Editions
	

	The Mission analysis Operations and Navigation Toolkit Environment (MONTE). It is JPL’s signature astrodynamics computing platform, supporting all phases of space mission development from early-stage mission design and analysis through flight navigation services.
	

	The product can be used for mission design and analysis and spacecraft maneuver optimization. It can also design optimal trajectories and maneuvers, as well as provide tools for analysis, all in one application. Data and trajectories can be visualized with 2- and 3-dimensional plotting packages, that are included.
	

MONTE has roots reaching back to the 1960s at JPL, when it was called the Orbit Determination Program.
	

	Currently MONTE has both Design and Project Editions, and these are both available for licensing for commercial, research, and educational uses.
	

	Additional information about MONTE is online here: montepy.jpl.nasa.gov/

The GipsyX System

GipsyX is software recently developed at JPL, that replaces GIPSY-OASIS (Global Navigation and Satellite Systems Inferred Positioning System and Orbit Analysis Simulation Software). It can be used for real-time precision GPS Navigation.
	

	GIPSY / OASIS is a popular GPS software package, developed by JPL. It has been used extensively by researchers for various geodetic studies that require precise positioning knowledge. It has also been licensed commercially to support GPS augmentation applications. GipsyX, the new real-time version of the GIPSY / OASIS system, includes a superset of features and features an advanced new architecture.
	

	The GIPSY / OASIS system is available for licensing to academia and industry.
	

	Additional information is available on-line here: gipsy-oasis.jpl.nasa.gov

JPL Welcomes Open Source Software Development Paradigm

The Open Source paradigm for developing and disseminating software continues to be a growing trend in industry and increasingly, in government. JPL is continuing to develop a clearly articulated and thoughtful policy and set of best practices relating to the Open Source paradigm.
MASPEX | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
“MASPEX has a mass resolution hundreds of times finer than anything that’s flown to space before,” said MASPEX principal investigator James Burch, a planetary scientist and experimental space physicist at the Southwest Research Institute.
Carbon monoxide and molecular nitrogen have nearly equal atomic mass. But the energy binding their atoms alters their mass in telltale ways. MASPEX uses that mass defecit to identify molecules. It also differentiates isotopes – atoms with equal numbers of protons but a different number of neutrons.
Meet the Team
Meet the Team

Life might be able to survive in the moon’s subsurface ocean, or in liquid water reservoirs in Europa’s ice. If an ocean or reservoir is erupting into space, MASPEX can analyze its chemistry. “Plumes or gas leakage are the most exciting possibility,” said Christopher Glein, MASPEX co-investigator and a planetary geochemist at the Southwest Research Institute. “We know microbes on Earth exploit any molecule that can serve as a food source. Mass spectrometers are great at sniffing out those molecules.
“We can believe Europa has plumes venting into space, or the right stuff for life,” Glein said. “But it’s like what Carl Sagan advocated: 'I don’t want to believe. I want to know.' Knowing is the goal, and Europa Clipper will be our truth teller,” he said.

James Burch

Principal Investigator

Southwest Research Institute

Where is MASPEX on Clipper?

MASPEX highlighted in red on the Europa Clipper Spacecraft.

EIS

E-THEMIS

Europa-UVS

MISE

ECM

PIMS

Gravity/Radio Science

REASON

MASPEX

SUDA

Related News

Members of the media put on “bunny suits” on April 11, 2024, to see Europa Clipper up close at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.

Media Get Close-Up of NASA's Jupiter-Bound Europa Clipper
PIMS | Instruments – NASA's Europa Clipper
It's the key to precisely determining Europa's ice shell thickness, ocean depth, and conductivity.

Interact with an isolated view of the instrument.

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How It Works
How It Works
PIMS has four sensors called Faraday cups to study plasma’s density, temperature, and velocity. Each cup is about three inches (eight centimeters) deep and eight inches (20 centimeters) wide. A grid near the top of each cup produces an electric field to block unwanted particles. In the bottom of each cup is a flat, circular detector plate with three 120-degree segments, like a pie with three equal slices. Plasma creates an electrical current when it strikes the plate, revealing the plasma’s speed and density. 
If plasma enters the Faraday cup head-on, it strikes the center of the plate and generates equal currents on all three segments. When plasma enters the cup at an angle, it strikes one segment more than the other two. That tells the instrument what direction the plasma was coming from.
How We'll Use It
How We'll Use It
Jupiter rotates once every 10 hours, carrying with it a donut-shaped ring of plasma (ions and electrons).
“PIMS measures the characteristics of the plasma in Jupiter's magnetic environment, which is where Europa sits, said Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, principal investigator for PIMS. "One of the beauties of PIMS is that it's a relatively simple instrument. It's a suite of Faraday cups (sensors that will measure plasmas, or electrically charged gases). The measurements will enable us to decipher complex physical processes that ultimately will help us understand the properties of Europa's subsurface ocean.”
“Europa creates a magnetic field in response to an external magnetic field that comes from Jupiter, Luspay-Kuti added. "Measuring that magnetic field can tell us a lot about Europa’s subsurface ocean. The problem is that there's also plasma in the magnetosphere of Jupiter and that plasma hits Europa. Europa basically sits in this plasma river.
NASA - NSSDCA - NMC - Data Collection - Query Results
:Asteroid Multi-band Imaging Camera (AMICA)Galileo Orbiter:Solid-State Imaging (SSI)NEAR Shoemaker:NEAR Multispectral Imager (MSI)Mars Global Surveyor:Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC)Stardust/NExT:Imaging and Navigation CameraMars Express:Super/High-Resolution Stereo Color Imager (HRSC)Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter:High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)STOOKE SMALL BODIES MAPS V3.0 (PDS)Hayabusa:Asteroid Multi-band Imaging Camera (AMICA)Phobos 2:Videospectrometric System (VSK)Galileo Orbiter:Solid-State Imaging (SSI)NEAR Shoemaker:NEAR Multispectral Imager (MSI)Mars Global Surveyor:Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC)Stardust/NExT:Imaging and Navigation CameraMars Express:Super/High-Resolution Stereo Color Imager (HRSC)Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter:High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)Deep Space 1:Miniature Integrated Camera Spectrometer (MICAS)Rosetta:Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS