vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
Ice sheets form from the compression of snow as new snow builds on top of it. topICESat-2 - ICESat-2 (short for Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite), launched Sept. 15, 2018, uses lasers and a very precise detection instrument to measure the elevation of Earth's surface. By timing how long it takes laser beams to travel from the satellite to Earth and back, scientists can calculate the height of forests, glaciers, sea ice, lakes and more. topincandescent light - An incandescent light produces light when a metal wire inside a glass bulb is heated and gets hot enough to glow. The glass bulb contains an inert gas that does not react with the filament. topinclination - Inclination is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or axis of direction. For an artificial satellite, the reference plane is the Equator. The inclination of a satellite's orbit is the angle that the orbit crosses the Equator. If a satellite has a 0° inclination then it would be orbiting over the Equator. If a satellite has a 90° inclination, then its orbit is perpendicular to the Equator and it would pass over the poles. topinclined plane - An inclined plane is a sloping plank or ramp that makes it easier to raise heavy loads. For example, pushing a heavy wagon up an inclined plane takes less force than lifting it. topincoming energy - Incoming energy is energy coming to Earth from the Sun. About 29% of the solar energy that arrives at the top of the atmosphere is reflected back to space by clouds, atmospheric particles, or bright ground surfaces like sea ice and snow. This energy plays no role in Earth's climate system. About 23% of incoming solar energy is absorbed in the atmosphere by water vapor, dust, and ozone, and 48% passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by the surface. Thus, about 71% of the total incoming solar energy is absorbed by the Earth system. topincrease - to get larger topinertia - Inertia is the tendency of an object to continue doing what it is doing, either moving or resting, unless acted on by an outside force.
Eclipses - NASA Science
Safety is the number one priority when viewing a solar eclipse. Be sure to follow these safety guidelines when viewing a solar eclipse.Quick FactsThe next total solar eclipse visible in the contiguous United States will be on Aug. 23, 2044.Lunar eclipses occur during the full moon phase, and solar eclipses occur during the new moon phase.We can't normally see the corona –—the Sun's outer atmosphere — because Sun's surface below it is so much brighter. But during a total solar eclipse, the corona emerges, offering unique opportunities to study it.An eclipse season is one of only two periods during each year when the Sun, the Moon and Earth are aligned, allowing eclipses to occur. Each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months later!Featured StoryThe April 8 Total Solar Eclipse: Through the Eyes of NASAOn April 8, 2024, the Moon’s shadow swept across North America, treating millions to a breathtaking view of a total…Read the StorySafetyCitizen ScienceEclipse TypesScienceHistoryEye Safety During an EclipseObserving our star, the Sun, can be safe and inspirational.Except for a specific and brief period of time during a total solar eclipse, you must never look directly at the Sun without proper eye protection, such as safe solar viewing glasses (eclipse glasses). Eclipse glasses are NOT the same as regular sunglasses; regular sunglasses are not safe for viewing the Sun. During a total solar eclipse, you must wear your eclipse glasses (or use other solar filters) to view the Sun directly during the partial eclipse phase. You can only take your glasses off during the short time when the Moon completely obscures the Sun – known as the period of totality. If you don’t have eclipse glasses, you can use an indirect viewing method, such as a pinhole projector, which projects an image of the Sun onto a nearby surface.It is safe to look at the Moon with unprotected eyes or through a telescope during all types and during all stages of a lunar eclipse.Learn MoreA family wearing eclipse glasses watches the total solar eclipse on Aug. 21, 2017.
Virtual Observatory Activities
as the base URL where "xxx" is the short name of the table/catalog (more info).
Getting HEASARC Table Data Using the Table Access Protocol
HEASARC general table data may be accessed through the 
TAP protocol. Use 
"https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/tap/"
as the base URL (more info).
Finding HEASARC VO Services
The HEASARC publishes information about its services in the NAVO Directory. You can also search the 
ESAVO 
registry for HEASARC services.
VO Operations Services
VO Validation Service
The VO Validation Service checks that VO services are in compliance with VO standards. 
The VO Validation Service home page summarizes the results of these checks
and allows users to view the validation status of individual services at their site.
Monitoring Services
The VO Monitor displays the status of VO
sites and services and allows users to test services interactively.
The VO Statistics Service displays uptime statistics for VO sites in a given range of start and end dates.
Historical References
NVO Book
This volume is a collection of the NVO Summer School lectures and tutorials. It includes a complete set of software libraries and worked examples to guide the astronomer/software developer through the process of developing VO-enabled programs in a variety of programming languages and scripting environments.

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NISAR's antenna reflector extends above the spacecraft like a catcher's mitt and is engineered to help the mission get an unprecedented view of Earth's surface. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech | + Expand imageWe typically want the best resolution possible, but we’re limited by the size of the antenna we can build and deploy in space. Conventionally, the resolution on a satellite is a function of the wavelength it uses and the size of the antenna. The larger the wavelength, the bigger the antenna needs to be to get quality images. At typical radar wavelengths, with a 12 meter diameter reflector, the best achievable resolution would be as coarse as 10s of kilometers, which is not very useful for observing features on Earth at the human scale. This diagram shows how synthetic aperature radar works by sending multiple radar pulses to an area on the ground from an antenna passing overhead. Credit: NASA | + Expand imageThis is why NISAR utilizes an approach called synthetic aperture radar, or SAR, to synthetically magnify the resolution achievable from the antenna. With SAR, the spacecraft sends multiple signals, or pulses, to an area as it flies overhead. Each signal gets reflected back to the spacecraft, which is meticulously designed to “catch” the reflected signals thanks to its position and velocity. Each signal in the sequence is then focused into a single high-resolution image, creating an effect as if the spacecraft is using a much larger antenna. Radar uses radio wavelengths, which are longer than those of visible light, allowing us to see through clouds and sometimes even tree coverage to the ground below, depending on the frequency of the radio waves. We’re also able to interpret a lot of information about the surface from the way the signal returns back to the orbiter. This is because NISAR will measure the amount of scatter, or dispersion, of the signal as compared to when it was originally transmitted. For example, a rigid, sharp angled building will bounce the signal back to the receiver differently than a leafy tree. Different radio frequencies are better used for different surfaces because they are influenced by the type of surface being analyzed. To this end, NISAR is the first mission to use two different radar frequencies simultaneously.
NASA - Sun-Earth Day 2010
HESSI paper model
The High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager was launched in 2002 to study solar flares. This document shows how to create a paper model of the spacecraft
	
Download this File (pdf - 1 MB)

SOHO Paper Model
The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory was launched in 1995 to observe the Sun. This document shows how to create a paper model of the spacecraft
	
Download this File (pdf - 1.7 MB)

TRACE Paper Model
The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer was launched in 1998 to image the solar corona. This document shows how to create a paper model of the spacecraft
	
Visit this Website

Make Your Own Sundial
Construct a model sundial from paper. After this activity you will know the design, principle and orientation of a sundial, the type with a gnomon pointing towards the pole of the heavens
	
Download this File (pdf - 47 KB)

Sunshine in your pocket! Making a sundial for the Northern hemisphere
After completing the activities on these pages you will be able to make a necklace or keychain horizontal sundial. These sundials are fun, portable, and inexpensive. A complete necklace can cost as little as 30 cents! They make a terrific classroom activity for students of all ages, and also make wonderful gifts.
	
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The Singing Sun
Visit this site to listen to the Sun's Song! Our Sun lies 93,000,000 miles away, surrounded by the vacuum of space. Sound won't travel through.
	
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FLIP CHARTS
With these Flip Charts your students will be able to analyze data and predict a solar storm with ease and accuracy by following the step by step instructions. Each Flip Chart contains introductory space weather information and tips on data analysis and website navigation!

Printable Flip Charts

Sunspot Regions Flip Chart V4 (228K)
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Data Collection Sheets
Bring your journals to life with these 'easy to understand' Data Collection Sheets. Each sheet provides the necessary questions and refreshers on how to
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Data Collection Sheets

Sunspot Regions Data Collection Sheet V4 (27K)
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Instructional Guide V4
The Instructional Guide follows the 5E Learning Cycle. Included in the guide are Instructional Objectives, Standards Connections and Activities. Every activity has been carefully designed to follow the sequence of events that occur during typical Solar Storm and are therefore comprised of the following four main sections: Sunspot Regions, Storm Signals, Magnetosphere, Auroras.

Instructional Guide V4 (481K)

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These can be purchased at most outdoor equipment retailers, bookstores, and on-line booksellers.Additional information, outdoor equipment, trip suggestions and guided or self-guided tours may be obtained from outdoor guide and outfitting businesses. Check area chambers of commerce, telephone directories or search the internet for listings.Consider hiring an outdoor guide if you have little experience or woodland skills. See the NYS Outdoor Guides Association for information on outdoor guides.

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What Is a Meteor Shower? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
What Is a Meteor Shower? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

meteor-shower

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Earth
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What Is a Meteor Shower?

Meteor shower!

If it's time for a meteor shower, you won't need a telescope, binoculars, or a high mountain to have a "star gazing" party. You might need a warm sleeping bag and an alarm clock to wake you in the middle of the night. But then just lying down in your own back yard will put you in the perfect spot to enjoy a great show. 
 
Meteors
A meteor is a space rock—or meteoroid—that enters Earth's atmosphere. As the space rock falls toward Earth, the resistance—or drag—of the air on the rock makes it extremely hot. What we see is a "shooting star." That bright streak is not actually the rock, but rather the glowing hot air as the hot rock zips through the atmosphere. 
When Earth encounters many meteoroids at once, we call it a meteor shower.
Why would Earth encounter many meteoroids at once? Well, comets, like Earth and the other planets, also orbit the sun. Unlike the nearly circular orbits of the planets, the orbits of comets are usually quite lop-sided.
As a comet gets closer to the sun, some of its icy surface boils off, releasing lots of particles of dust and rock. This comet debris gets strewn out along the comet's path, especially in the inner solar system (where we live) as the sun's heat boils off more and more ice and debris. Then, several times each year as Earth makes its journey around the sun, its orbit crosses the orbit of a comet, which means Earth smacks into a bunch of comet debris.
But not to worry!
The meteoroids are usually small, from dust particle to boulder size. They are almost always small enough to quickly burn up in our atmosphere, so there's little chance any of them will strike Earth's surface.
FAQs • San Bruno, CA • CivicEngage
Why do I need a cable box?

Cable boxes offer enhanced features to allow for the option of Parental Controls, Access to On Demand, PPV, Favorite Channels, Sports, Movies or Kids Channels and more. Explore your options using the remote control and by pressing menu. 

2.
How do I set up my cable box?

View the diagram and instructions (PDF) for the Set-Top Box Connection. 

3.
How do I add parental controls?

To add a code to block out titles, programming or channels:Click the Menu button on your remote.Use arrow key to highlight the lock icon and press Select/OK.Create 4-digit PIN using number keys.Options available for blocking out titles, programming or channels.Remember your PIN (PINs can only be cleared by account holder). 

4.
How do I turn on auto tune?

To use numeric keypad on remote to change channels (without pressing enter):Use remote and press menu.Use arrow key to highlight the house icon and press Select/OK.Scroll down to Setup and press Select/OK.Highlight Guide Setup and press Select/OK.Change "No Auto Tune" to "Auto Tune." 

5.
I just bought a new TV with a digital tuner. Do I still need a digital converter?

San Bruno Cable is an all-digital cable system, with the ability to address devices to determine what services you’ve ordered.  Yes, you’ll either need one of our boxes, a TV with a cable card slot or a TIVO recorder with a cable card slot.  At this time there are very few TVs with Cable Card slots, and TIVO has other limitations, so the most feasible option is to use a converter from San Bruno cable. 

6.
My box says “One Moment Please”. What does that mean?

Digital converters rely on data streaming to the device.  When there is an interruption of signal, or low signal levels, the picture may “freeze” or “tile” momentarily.  If the signal is too low or is interrupted, the converter box will display “One Moment Please” while it waits for an adequate level of signal to return.
The Big Questions - NASA Science
In recent years, NASA has taken images, called direct imaging, of exoplanets that are light-years away. In the images, the planets sometimes look like faint spots next to blotted out regions (where the bright light of the planet's star has been subtracted). Examples of imaged planets orbit the bright stars Fomalhaut, HR 8799, and Beta Pictoris. The James Webb Space Telescope and upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will image more exoplanets around nearby stars. The big challenge for NASA is to image Earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars, which tend to be about 10 billion times fainter than their stars,How many telescopes are looking for exoplanets?There are telescopes in space, on the ground and even in the air that are being used to hunt exoplanets. NASA has telescopes in space currently studying exoplanets – one observatory dedicated to discovering exoplanets (the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), and Hubble, a powerful, general-purpose observatory that conduct a wide range of astronomical observations, including exoplanet science. The James Webb Space Telescope is exploring exoplanet atmospheres. More than two dozen telescopes on the ground are being used to discover and characterize exoplanets, ranging from small robotic observatories to large telescopes like the Keck Observatories in Hawaii. Even SOFIA, NASA's infrared observatory built into a Boeing 747-SP airplane, conducted some exoplanet observations.Do any exoplanets have rings?Rings orbit all of the gas giant planets in our solar system. They range from being very dusty (Jupiter), to very icy (Saturn), to very carbon-rich (Uranus and Neptune). This hints that rings may be common around cold gas giant exoplanets orbiting other stars too. A very large ring system has been detected around one candidate exoplanet, J1407 b; however the rings cover tens of millions of miles.
CERES | Terra
Dr. Kurtis Thome
      Dr. David J. Diner
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      Mr. Michael J. Abrams
      Dr. Norman G. Loeb
      Dr. Si-Chee Tsay
      Mr. Robert Wolfe
      Mr. Wynn J. Watson
      Dr. Nyssa Rayne

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Home › About Terra › Terra Instruments › CERES

CERES

Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System

There are two identical CERES instruments aboard Terra that measure the Earth’s total radiation budget and provide cloud property estimates that enable scientists to assess clouds’ roles in radiative fluxes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. One CERES instrument operates in a cross-track scan mode and the other in a biaxial scan mode. The cross-track mode essentially continues the measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), while the biaxial scan mode provides new angular flux information that has improved the accuracy of angular models used to derive the Earth’s radiation balance.
Two CERES sensors also fly aboard Terra’s sister ship—Aqua. 
CERES Web Site (Langley Research Center)
CERES in the News

 

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HEASARC: NASA's Archive of Data on Energetic Phenomena
HEASARC: NASA's Archive of Data on Energetic Phenomena

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