vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Europa's Ocean Ascending – NASA's Europa Clipper
The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa features a widely varied landscape, including ridges, bands, small rounded domes and disrupted spaces that geologists call "chaos terrain." Three newly reprocessed images, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s, reveal details in diverse surface features on Europa.

Newly Reprocessed Images of Europa Show 'Chaos Terrain' in Crisp Detail

Scientists discovered that the yellow color visible on portions of the surface of Europa is actually sodium chloride, a compound known on Earth as table salt, which is also the principal component of sea salt.

Table Salt Compound Spotted on Europa

A full-scale prototype antenna, which at 10 feet tall is the same height as a standard basketball hoop, is in the Experimental Test Range (ETR) at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.

Europa Clipper High Gain Antenna Undergoes Testing at Langley

New comprehensive mapping of the radiation pummeling Jupiter’s icy moon Europa reveals where scientists should look -- and how deep they’ll have to go -- when searching for signs of habitability and biosignatures.

Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions

Scientists re-examining data from an old mission bring new insights to the tantalizing question of whether Jupiter’s moon Europa has the ingredients to support life.

Old Data Reveal New Evidence of Europa Plumes

NASA will host a Science Chat at 10 a.m. PDT (1 p.m. EDT Monday, May 14), to discuss the latest analysis of Jupiter’s moon Europa and its status as one of the most promising places in the solar system to search for life.

NASA Hosts Live Discussion about Europa Findings, Potential for Life

The Europa Clipper project team continues to grow as we move into more detailed design of the equipment, and it is gratifying to see such a geographically distributed team work well together. 

The Sextant: Europa Clipper Newsletter

This color-enhanced image of Jupiter and two of its largest moons – Io and Europa – was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft as it performed its eighth flyby of the gas giant planet.

Juno Observes Jupiter, Io and Europa

NASA's upcoming mission to investigate the habitability of Jupiter's icy moon Europa now has a formal name: Europa Clipper.
Todos los instrumentos científicos están a bordo para la misión Europa Clipper - NASA Ciencia
Europa Clipper no aterrizará; en lugar de eso, después de llegar al sistema de Júpiter en 2030, la nave espacial orbitará ese planeta durante cuatro años, realizando 49 sobrevuelos de Europa y utilizando su poderoso conjunto de nueve instrumentos científicos para investigar el potencial de esta luna como un medioambiente habitable.“Los instrumentos trabajan juntos, mano a mano, para responder a nuestras preguntas más apremiantes acerca de Europa”, dijo Robert Pappalardo, científico del proyecto de esta misión del JPL. “Aprenderemos qué es lo que hace que Europa tenga actividad, desde su núcleo y su interior rocoso hasta su océano y su capa de hielo, su atmósfera muy delgada y el entorno espacial que la rodea”.El sello distintivo de la investigación científica de Europa Clipper es la manera como todos los instrumentos funcionarán sincronizados mientras recopilan datos para lograr los objetivos científicos de la misión. Durante cada sobrevuelo, el conjunto completo de instrumentos obtendrá mediciones e imágenes que se superpondrán para mostrar la imagen completa de Europa.Europa, la luna helada de Júpiter, contiene un vasto océano interno que podría poseer condiciones aptas para la vida. La misión Europa Clipper de la NASA ayudará a los científicos a comprender mejor el potencial de los mundos habitables más allá de nuestro planeta.Crédito: NASA/JPL-Caltech“La investigación científica es mejor si obtenemos las observaciones al mismo tiempo”, dijo Pappalardo.
Europa Clipper High Gain Antenna Undergoes Testing at Langley – NASA's Europa Clipper
The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa features a widely varied landscape, including ridges, bands, small rounded domes and disrupted spaces that geologists call "chaos terrain." Three newly reprocessed images, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s, reveal details in diverse surface features on Europa.

Newly Reprocessed Images of Europa Show 'Chaos Terrain' in Crisp Detail

An icy ocean world in our solar system that could tell us more about the potential for life on other worlds is coming into focus with confirmation of the Europa Clipper mission's next phase. 

Mission to Jupiter's Icy Moon Confirmed

Scientists discovered that the yellow color visible on portions of the surface of Europa is actually sodium chloride, a compound known on Earth as table salt, which is also the principal component of sea salt.

Table Salt Compound Spotted on Europa

Students and families can meet a Mars rover, take a virtual tour through our solar system and explore alien worlds with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the Clippers SciFest SoCal.

Catch NASA's JPL at the Clippers SciFest This Weekend

NASA has decided to replace the current magnetometer on the upcoming Europa Clipper mission with a less complex instrument. 

NASA Seeks New Options for Science Instrument on Europa Clipper

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Deep Dive on Jupiter's Moon Europa Infographic

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2021 Europa Clipper Spacecraft (Artist's Concept)

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NASA's Design for Message Heading to Jupiter's Moon Europa

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Potential Plumes on Europa Could Come From Water in the Crust – NASA's Europa Clipper
The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa features a widely varied landscape, including ridges, bands, small rounded domes and disrupted spaces that geologists call "chaos terrain." Three newly reprocessed images, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s, reveal details in diverse surface features on Europa.

Newly Reprocessed Images of Europa Show 'Chaos Terrain' in Crisp Detail

Scientists discovered that the yellow color visible on portions of the surface of Europa is actually sodium chloride, a compound known on Earth as table salt, which is also the principal component of sea salt.

Table Salt Compound Spotted on Europa

A full-scale prototype antenna, which at 10 feet tall is the same height as a standard basketball hoop, is in the Experimental Test Range (ETR) at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.

Europa Clipper High Gain Antenna Undergoes Testing at Langley

New comprehensive mapping of the radiation pummeling Jupiter’s icy moon Europa reveals where scientists should look -- and how deep they’ll have to go -- when searching for signs of habitability and biosignatures.

Radiation Maps of Europa: Key to Future Missions

New animation shows how “bands” and “grooves” in the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa could transport subsurface water to the moon’s surface. 

Europa's Ocean Ascending

Scientists re-examining data from an old mission bring new insights to the tantalizing question of whether Jupiter’s moon Europa has the ingredients to support life.

Old Data Reveal New Evidence of Europa Plumes

NASA will host a Science Chat at 10 a.m. PDT (1 p.m. EDT Monday, May 14), to discuss the latest analysis of Jupiter’s moon Europa and its status as one of the most promising places in the solar system to search for life.

NASA Hosts Live Discussion about Europa Findings, Potential for Life

The Europa Clipper project team continues to grow as we move into more detailed design of the equipment, and it is gratifying to see such a geographically distributed team work well together. 

The Sextant: Europa Clipper Newsletter
Time Is Running Out to Add Your Name to NASA's Europa Clipper – NASA's Europa Clipper
A gantlet of tests prepared the spacecraft for its challenging trip to the Jupiter system, where it will explore the icy moon Europa and its subsurface ocean.

NASA's Europa Clipper Survives and Thrives in ‘Outer Space' on Earth

When it launches in October, NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will carry a richly layered dispatch that includes more than 2.6 million names submitted by the public.

NASA Unveils Design for Message Heading to Jupiter's Moon Europa

Cuando quedan menos de nueve meses en la cuenta regresiva para su lanzamiento, la misión Europa Clipper de la NASA ha superado un hito importante: sus instrumentos científicos han sido incorporados a la enorme nave espacial, que es ensamblada en el Laboratorio de Propulsión a Chorro (JPL, por sus siglas en inglés) de la NASA en el sur de California.

Todos los instrumentos científicos están a bordo para la misión Europa Clipper

The science performed by the complex suite of instruments recently added to the spacecraft will reveal whether Jupiter’s moon Europa has conditions that could support life.

Poised for Science: NASA's Europa Clipper Instruments Are All Aboard

Six weeks remain for you to add your name to a microchip that will ride aboard the spacecraft.

Time Is Running Out to Add Your Name to NASA's Europa Clipper 

Astronomers using data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have identified carbon dioxide in a specific region on the icy surface of Europa.

NASA's Webb Finds Carbon Source on Surface of Jupiter's Moon Europa

La NASA ha lanzado un nuevo sitio web en español para invitar al público a enviar sus nombres a bordo de Europa Clipper, una misión que iniciará su viaje a la luna de Júpiter Europa en octubre de 2024.

NASA invita a hispanohablantes a enviar sus nombres en Europa Clipper

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Greenland Ice, Jupiter Moon Share Similar Feature – NASA's Europa Clipper
This color-enhanced image of Jupiter and two of its largest moons – Io and Europa – was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft as it performed its eighth flyby of the gas giant planet.

Juno Observes Jupiter, Io and Europa

NASA's upcoming mission to investigate the habitability of Jupiter's icy moon Europa now has a formal name: Europa Clipper.

NASA Mission Named 'Europa Clipper'

A mission to examine the habitability of Jupiter's ocean-bearing moon Europa is taking one step closer to the launchpad, with the recent completion of a major NASA review.

NASA's Europa Flyby Mission Moves into Design Phase

Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have imaged what may be water vapor plumes erupting off the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. 

NASA's Hubble Spots Possible Water Plumes Erupting on Jupiter's Moon Europa

A new NASA study modeling conditions in the ocean of Jupiter's moon Europa suggests that the necessary balance of chemical energy for life could exist there, even if the moon lacks volcanic hydrothermal activity.

Europa's Ocean May Have An Earthlike Chemical Balance

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Europa Clipper Rolls Into KSC's Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility

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Europa-UVS

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Europa Clipper Vault Plate - Inward-Facing Side

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Icy Moonquakes: Surface Shaking Could Trigger Landslides – NASA's Europa Clipper
U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón, who is known for work that explores the human connection to the natural world, is crafting a new poem dedicated to NASA’s Europa Clipper mission.

A Voice Among the Stars: Poem by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón Will Ride to Europa on NASA Spacecraft

La poetisa laureada estadounidense Ada Limón, conocida por su trabajo que explora la conexión humana con el mundo natural, está escribiendo un nuevo poema dedicado a la misión Europa Clipper de la NASA.

Una voz entre las estrellas: Poema de la poetisa laureada estadounidense Ada Limón viajará a Europa en una nave espacial de la NASA

How will Europa Clipper see through Europa's thick ice shell to study the moon's ocean?

Mission Dispatch: Using Radar to Study Earth and Europa

Parallel ice ridges, a common feature on Jupiter’s moon Europa, are also found on Greenland’s ice sheet.

Greenland Ice, Jupiter Moon Share Similar Feature

Jupiter’s moon Europa and its global ocean may currently have conditions suitable for life. Scientists are studying processes on the icy surface as they prepare to explore.

Surface of Jupiter's Moon Europa Churned by Small Impacts

Jupiter’s icy moon Europa may be the most promising place in the solar system to find present-day environments suitable for life beyond Earth. 

Europa: A World of Ice, With Potential for Life

Jupiter’s moon Europa has an icy crust covering a vast, global ocean. The rocky layer underneath may be hot enough to melt, leading to undersea volcanoes.

Europa's Interior May Be Hot Enough to Fuel Seafloor Volcanoes

Scientists have theorized on the origin of the water plumes possibly erupting from Jupiter's moon Europa. Recent research adds a new potential source to the mix.

Potential Plumes on Europa Could Come From Water in the Crust

New lab experiments re-create the environment of Europa and find that the icy moon shines, even on its nightside. The effect is more than just a cool visual.
A Few Steps Closer to Europa: Spacecraft Hardware Makes Headway – NASA's Europa Clipper
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NASA’s Europa Clipper Survives and Thrives in ‘Outer Space’ on Earth - NASA
The spacecraft is the largest NASA has ever built for a planetary mission and one of the largest ever to squeeze into JPL’s historic 85-foot-tall, 25-foot-wide (26-meter-by-8-meter) thermal vacuum chamber (TVAC). Known as the 25-foot Space Simulator, the chamber creates a near-perfect vacuum inside to mimic the airless environment of space.
At the same time, engineers subjected the hardware to the high temperatures it will experience on the side of Europa Clipper that faces the Sun while the spacecraft is close to Earth. Beams from powerful lamps at the base of the Space Simulator bounced off a massive mirror at its top to mimic the heat the spacecraft will endure.
To simulate the journey away from the Sun, the lamps were dimmed and liquid nitrogen filled tubes in the chamber walls to chill them to temperatures replicating space. The team then gauged whether the spacecraft could warm itself, monitoring it with about 500 temperature sensors, each of which had been attached by hand.

Watch as engineers and technicians move NASA’s Europa Clipper into the thermal vacuum chamber at JPL in February 2024.Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
TVAC marked the culmination of environmental testing, which included a regimen of tests to ensure the electrical and magnetic components that make up the spacecraft don’t interfere with one another.
The orbiter also underwent vibration, shock, and acoustics testing. During vibration testing, the spacecraft was shaken repeatedly – up and down and side to side – the same way it will be jostled aboard the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket during liftoff. Shock testing involved pyrotechnics to mimic the explosive jolt the spacecraft will get when it separates from the rocket to fly its mission. Finally, acoustic testing ensured that Europa Clipper can withstand the noise of launch, when the rumbling of the rocket is so loud it can damage the spacecraft if it’s not sturdy enough.
“There still is work to be done, but we’re on track for an on-time launch,” Evans said. “And the fact that this testing was so successful is a huge positive and helps us rest more easily.”
Looking to Launch
Mission Dispatch: Using Radar to Study Earth and Europa – NASA's Europa Clipper
Below Europa’s icy surface, evidence suggests there is a global ocean with twice as much water as all of Earth’s oceans combined. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The thickness of the ice is a key factor to determine whether Europa could sustain life. Theory and observation suggest that Europa's icy shell is around 10 to 15 miles (15 to 25 kilometers) thick, overlying an ocean approximately 40 to 100 miles (60 to 150 kilometers) deep. Jupiter’s magnetic field hurls atomic particles at Europa’s surface, creating compounds that potential life, like microbes, might use. Thinner ice would help those compounds reach the ocean, improving the odds that Europa could sustain life.
Subsurface oceans are known or suspected in a surprising number of places in the cold outer solar system, including Jupiter’s other moons Ganymede and Callisto, Saturn’s moons Titan and Enceladus, Neptune’s moon Triton, and possibly Pluto. “It will be amazing to apply what we learn from Europa to the other ocean worlds of the outer solar system,” Steinbrügge said.
Schroeder says that comparing Earth and other worlds helps us understand each in greater detail. “We can observe Earth up close and understand it in great depth, which helps us understand other parts of the solar system. Likewise, studying processes on other worlds under different and extreme conditions helps us understand Earth.”

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Europa Clipper Paper Model (Advanced) 

Europa Clipper Paper Model

Europa Clipper Scale Model - 3D Print

Meet Europa Clipper

NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will conduct a detailed survey of Jupiter's moon Europa to determine whether the icy moon could harbor conditions suitable for life. Europa Clipper will carry an advanced suite of science instruments to discover whether Europa hosts environments suitable for life.

Meet the spacecraft ›

Why Europa?

Scientists are almost certain that hidden beneath the icy surface of Europa is a saltwater ocean thought to contain about twice as much water as Earth’s global ocean. It may be the most promising place in our solar system to find present-day environments suitable for some form of life beyond Earth.

Learn more about Europa › 

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Europa Clipper Paper Model – NASA's Europa Clipper
Europa Clipper Paper Model – NASA's Europa Clipper

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Europa Clipper Paper Model

Want to learn more about the Europa Clipper spacecraft? Build a paper model! You can build your own version of Europa Clipper, learning how each part of the spacecraft fits together as you go. 

Age level: Grades 5+

Estimated time to build as an individual: ~2.5 hours

Estimated time to build as a group: ~2 hours (Tip: Reduce build-time by dividing into teams for cutting and gluing.)

Finished model size: 22 inches long

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Meet Europa Clipper

NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft will conduct a detailed survey of Jupiter's moon Europa to determine whether there are places below the moon's surface that could support life.

Meet the spacecraft ›

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Europa, a moon of Jupiter, appears as a thick crescent in this enhanced-color image from NASA's Galileo spacecraft.

Europa's Frozen Surface 

Europa Clipper's propulsion module rotates on a stand in the cleanroom at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.

Europa Clipper Propulsion Module

This image shows a close-up view of terrain within the region of Europa's surface named Conamara.

Conamara Color Closeup

An engineering model of Europa Clipper’s narrow-angle camera, shown at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.

 Europa Imaging System Narrow Angle Camera

Europa Clipper’s thermal imager sits in its protective enclosure in the cleanroom at Arizona State University. 

Preparing Thermal Imager for First Light Test

A technician prepares to attach the vault plate to NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft on May 3, 2024. 

Europa Clipper Vault Plate Lifted

This image of Europa, smallest of Jupiter's four Galilean satellites, was acquired by Voyager 2 on July 9, 1979

Europa's Fractured Surface