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Why Is the Sky Blue? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
All light travels in a straight line unless something gets in the way and does one of these things:—

 reflect it (like a mirror)

 bend it (like a prism)

or scatter it (like molecules of the gases in the atmosphere)

Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered in all directions by the tiny molecules of air in Earth's atmosphere. Blue is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time.

Closer to the horizon, the sky fades to a lighter blue or white. The sunlight reaching us from low in the sky has passed through even more air than the sunlight reaching us from overhead. As the sunlight has passed through all this air, the air molecules have scattered and rescattered the blue light many times in many directions.

Also, the surface of Earth has reflected and scattered the light. All this scattering mixes the colors together again so we see more white and less blue.

What makes a red sunset?
 As the Sun gets lower in the sky, its light is passing through more of the atmosphere to reach you. Even more of the blue light is scattered, allowing the reds and yellows to pass straight through to your eyes.

Sometimes the whole western sky seems to glow. The sky appears red because small particles of dust, pollution, or other aerosols also scatter blue light, leaving more purely red and yellow light to go through the atmosphere.

Is the sky blue on other planets, too?
It all depends on what’s in the atmosphere! For example, Mars has a very thin atmosphere made mostly of carbon dioxide and filled with fine dust particles. These fine particles scatter light differently than the gases and particles in Earth’s atmosphere.
Photos from NASA’s rovers and landers on Mars have shown us that at sunset there is actually the opposite of what you’d experience on Earth. During the daytime, the Martian sky takes on an orange or reddish color. But as the Sun sets, the sky around the Sun begins to take on a blue-gray tone.
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Home › 2021 › MayMonth: May 2021

MODIS Data Used to Identify Source of Fungus Carried by Dust Storms that Cause Valley Fever

Posted on May 6, 2021 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

Valley Fever is caused by the Coccidioides fungus, which grows in dirt and fields. The fungus, when inhaled, can cause fever, rash and coughing. Dust storms in the Southwestern United States carry these spores in the air, where they can be inhaled and cause illness. 
Supported by NASA’s Health and Air Quality (HAQ), NASA researcher Daniel Tong, an associate professor at George Mason University, and his team are studying the impact of dust storms in the southwest U.S on the spread of Valley fever. Using a novel, yet simple technique, Tongs team catches dust using cake pans and marbles. The dust is tested for the Coccidioides fungus. Their research “combines this data with NASA satellite data and high-end computer modeling to enhance current forecasting and surveillance activities related to dust storms and the airborne spread of Valley fever across the southwestern states.” 
Mentions of Terra from NASA articles
NASA Applied Science – Dust Storms, Valley Fever… and Cake Pans
“The on-the-ground measurements were combined with Earth observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard the NASA satellites Terra and Aqua.
Solar Maximum 2013
During Solar Max, there are many sunspots, prominences, and solar storms (solar flares, and coronal mass ejections), all of which can affect communications and technology on Earth. During solar max there can be hundreds of sunspots, formed when magnetic field lines just below the Sun's surface become twisted and poke through the Solar Photosphere.
Solar storms, generated above these sunspot groups blast huge quantities of EM and particle radiation into the solar system. When headed our way, these storms can disrupt radio communications, compromise electrical power systems, damage sensitive satellite electronics, and degrade their orbits, and cause navigational equipment to make mistakes. Astronauts outside of Earth's protective atmosphere or magnetosphere can be endangered by radiation from these events. The effects of these solar storms reach throughout our entire solar system impacting planets, moons, comets and asteroids, and even the boundaries on the solar system itsself. Fortunately, our planet is protected from the harmful effects of the radiation and plasma by our atmosphere and an invisible magnetic field, our magnetosphere. We are also protected by the many spacecraft, telescopes and scientists who monitor the flow of radiation in space (space weather) in order to provide warning for those of us on Earth; a Space Weather Alert.
 
 

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Activities for Students – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Take a closer look at how images from NASA's most powerful space telescope yet are helping to answer some of astronomers' most burning questions.TAGS:ExoplanetsInfraredJWSTJames Webb Space TelescopeWebbWebb telescopespectraspectrumblack holeblack holesnebulanebulaeplanetary nebulawhite dwarfgalaxiesgalaxygravitational lensingredshiftMissionsSpacecraftUniverse

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In this challenge, you will build and program a light-powered device that can move to collect as much light as possible while not overheating.TAGS:Climate ChangeEarthEarth's MoonJupiterMarsMissionsMoonsRoversSolarSolar PowerSolar PanelJunoPsycheCodingIo FlybySpacecraftSun

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Raw Radiances
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The MODIS news section keeps you up to date with various 
 on-orbit events, technical issues, and overall status of the 
 MODIS instruments. In addition, you can also find information 
 regarding MODIS science team developments, and general news 
 regarding the MODIS project. Listed below are all the MODIS 
 stories occurring in the past 365 days. You may alter how far back the listing shows by selecting a different length of time below. If you wish to see a 
 more detailed list of events, specific to a particular aspect 
 of the project, just click on one of the links on the left 
 hand side that corresponds to your choice. To obtain more 
 details on a specific headline listed below, simply click 
 on the headline. 
View all News from the past:
1 month
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NASA’s Terra/Aqua MODIS Science and Instrument teams win 2023 AAS Earth Science and Applications Award (April 22, 2024)TERRA Orbital Drift Information (February 21, 2024)MODAPS-LAADS Systems reboot scheduled for 02/26 (February 20, 2024)MODAPS-LAADS Systems Maintenance Announced (February 08, 2024)Latest Release of AppEEARS Includes MODIS Version 6.1 Vegetation Continuous Fields (February 01, 2024)LPDAAC Announces MODIS Aqua LST Product Anomaly (January 17, 2024)MODIS Data Used In NASA-Funded Environmental Justice Study (December 18, 2023)LAADS DAAC Announces Collection 6 Decommissioning (July 18, 2023)
 

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Published Aug 30, 2020
 

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Lighthouse Reef and the Great Blue Hole
This marine wonder off of Belize is rich with mystery and biodiversity.
Published Aug 23, 2020
 

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Aurora, Meet Airglow
The colors and altitude are often the same, but the atmospheric processes are different.
Published Aug 16, 2020
 

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Xiamen and Quanzhou
Bright lights of these coastal cities of China are sandwiched between mountains and the sea.
Published Aug 9, 2020
 

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Cooper Creek, Australia
The combination of stable, ancient dunes and water channels displaying both braided and cross-connecting patterns make this region a planetary analogue for Mars.
Published Aug 2, 2020
 

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Death Valley Landscapes
The area is known for its extreme dryness and dangerous heat records. However, traces on the land indicate that water sometimes flows here.
Published Jul 26, 2020
 

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Comet NEOWISE Brightens the Night
In July 2020, sky gazers on Earth and on the International Space Station had a front row seat to one of the brightest comets in decades.
Published Jul 18, 2020
 

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Meandering Mississippi River
The wandering river is a boon to farming, but it has no interest in state borders.
Published Jul 19, 2020
 

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Lake Rukwa, Tanzania
One of the smaller lakes of the East African Rift is rich with mud, fish, and geologic beauty.
Published Jul 12, 2020
 

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Pacific Northwest Bathed in Green and White
The Olympic Peninsula, Cascade Mountains, and Salish Sea caught the eye of an astronaut on the space station.
Published Jul 4, 2020
 

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Ankara at Night
Dark Nights in Antakya
The left map shows the area on February 4, 2023; the right map shows the same area on February 8.
The maps come from the Black Marble HD product, provided by Eleanor Stokes and Ranjay Shrestha of the NASA/USRA Black Marble science team. The maps are based on data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor on the NASA-NOAA Suomi NPP satellite. The basemap was built from data collected by the Landsat 9 satellite.
The maps show widespread outages beyond the central business district of Antakya in suburban and exurban communities. Some of the darkened communities include Dursunlu, Harbiye, and Samandağ to the southwest; Günyazı to the west; Ziyaret to the east; and Alazı to the north. A wider view of the region shows that other provinces, such as Kahramanmaraş and Adıyaman, also appear darker after the quake.
The second pair of maps (below) show that some lights returned between February 8 and 9, but widespread outages persisted in much of the region. Clouds on these days prevented the science team from assessing outages in the Antakya’s central business district.

February 8 - 9, 2023

Raw, unprocessed images of night lights can be misleading because moonlight, clouds, air pollution, snow cover, seasonal vegetation, and even the position of the satellite, can change how light is reflected. The Black Marble science team processes the data to account for these factors. They also apply a technique known as “downscaling,” in which data from Landsat and OpenStreetMap are used to create a high-definition version of the product, the Black Marble HD.
Nighttime imagery can help relief groups identify areas that are most in need of aid. The Black Marble product was one of several NASA datasets used by the United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) to make evidence-based decisions about disaster response during the Türkiye earthquake.
Note, however, that the maps on this page reflect conditions as of February 8 and 9, 2023, and conditions may have changed since then.
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The best time to see them depends on whether their orbit is closer to the Sun than Earth's or farther away. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, and they never appear to move too far away on the sky from our local star. Thus these two planets will always be seen near sunrise and sunset. Mercury is closest to the Sun, so it always rises or sets soon before or after the Sun. Venus orbits farther out than Mercury, so it lingers up to a couple of hours before or after the Sun comes and goes. The highest point Mercury and Venus reach in the sky, which makes it easiest to observe them, is called their greatest elongation – it's a fancy way of saying the farthest away they appear get from the Sun. Each planet appears to move back and forth along a line to the left and right of the Sun from our vantage point. At greatest elongation, they reach the end of that line and start to head the other way. (Of course, what's really happening is they're orbiting the Sun, but we're seeing that happen from the side, so they appear to move back and forth over the months.)Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun farther out than Earth does. The best time to observe them is around the time when they're at what's called opposition. This is the time each year when each planet lies directly opposite of the Sun from Earth – that is, along a line from the Sun to Earth to the planet. Near opposition, the planet is visible all night and appears high overhead around midnight.Why do we call the Earth's moon "The Moon," when there are lots of other moons orbiting other planets? Until just a few hundred years ago, we didn't know other planets had moons of their own. Our Moon was the only one we knew of. It wasn't until astronomers began to study the planets with telescopes that they observed there were objects that appeared to be orbiting them. Galileo was the first to do so, but he referred to the moons of Jupiter as both "stars" and "planets." (He wasn't quite sure what the objects were that he had discovered.)
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Cupola Over the Caribbean
Clouds trace the islands and color variations trace the seafloor.
Published Sep 20, 2020
 

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Moraleda Channel, Chile
Carved out by ancient glaciers, this portion of the coastal Andes is rich with glacial fjords, complex shorelines, active volcanoes, and marine life.
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Swirls in the Southern Caspian
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Nestled in a river valley in the Allegheny Mountains, the city first attracted weary travelers, who then stayed for the salt, trees, and coal.
Published Aug 30, 2020
 

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Lighthouse Reef and the Great Blue Hole
This marine wonder off of Belize is rich with mystery and biodiversity.
Published Aug 23, 2020
 

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Aurora, Meet Airglow
The colors and altitude are often the same, but the atmospheric processes are different.
Published Aug 16, 2020
For Everyone | Terra
NEO is your source for global data imagery from NASA. The global data sets are interactive allowing users to look for relationships between different types of data. Ever wondered how Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll concentrations are related? Use the interactive tool to see how.

Earth Observatory
Earth Observatory web site The Earth Observatory offers current information about Earth science through images updated multiple times daily, articles, fact sheets, blogs, and animations. Experiments are activities for educators. The Global Maps section contains movies that show seasonal change in things like plant growth, cloudiness, and rainfall. Articles about current science and fact sheets are in the Features section. All articles are reviewed by NASA scientists to ensure scientific accuracy. The Images section offers satellite images that show new scientific findings, current events, or simple beauty.

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An online source of visualizations that showcase NASA programs. The SVS works closely with scientists in the creation of visualizations, animations, and images in order to promote a greater understanding of Earth and Space Science research activities at Goddard Space Flight Center and within the NASA research community.

 

 

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All Resources | Terra
Monthly Solar Insolation (Terra/CERES) – Monthly Terra/CERES solar insolation, July 2006 to 2013.Monthly Net Radiation (Terra/CERES) – Monthly Terra/CERES net radiation maps, July 2006 to 2013.Monthly Reflected Shortwave Radiation (Terra/CERES) – Monthly Terra/CERES reflected-shortwave radiation, 2006 to 2013.
Land Cover/Carbon Cycle
16-Day Vegetation Index (Terra/MODIS) – 16-Day Terra/MODIS vegetation index maps beginning February 18, 2000.Monthly Vegetation Index (Terra/MODIS) – Monthly Terra/MODIS vegetation index maps, February 2000 to 2013.
Fire
Global Fire Observations and MODIS NDVI –  Sequence of global fires as seen by NASA’s MODIS instruments from 2002 – 2011.Mapping the Fire Intensity Record for United States (2000 through 2013) – Mean Fire Radiative Power (FRP) from the MODIS Climate Modeling Grid fire products.

Citizen Science
GLOBE ObserverGLOBE Observer is an international network of citizen scientists and scientists working together to learn more about our shared environment and changing climate. To participate, just download the GLOBE Observer app and submit regular observations. The GLOBE Observer Program currently accepts cloud, mosquito habitat, land cover observations, and tree height observations. In August of 2017 GLOBE Observer accepted air temperature measurements for the solar eclipse. (The solar eclipse occurred on Monday, August 21, 2017.)
Theoretical Basis for Data Products
Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBDs)For details on the logic behind each of Terra’s data products, refer to the listing of ATBDs. These are technical documents describing the process by which the Terra data products are produced using the radiance and reflectance information collected by the five on-board sensors.

 

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 Last Updated: May 26, 2024

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