vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Make a Galaxy Montage | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Make a Galaxy Montage | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

galaxy-montage

Vea en Español

Earth
Sun
Solar System
Universe
Science and Tech
Educators

galaxy-evolution-explorer

Make a Galaxy Montage

Make a Galaxy Montage

Make a colorful work of galactic art using coffee filters, markers and construction paper. Hang your galaxy montage on the wall or refrigerator to remind you of the beauty of the night sky and the great variety of shapes the galaxies take.
What you need:

Coffee filters, any size, 2-6. (For best results, ask a grown-up to iron them flat before using.)

One large sheet (11 x 17) of black construction paper

One large sheet (11 x 17) of colored or white construction paper (optional)

Colored marker pens, at least 3 bright colors. These should be water-color pens, not
 permanent markers. You want the colors to run together!

Water in a cup

Plastic sheet to protect table (a garbage bag works fine)

Eye dropper or drinking straw

Scissors

Glue stick

Blue (or other color) glitter (optional)

 
 What to do:

Using the water-color markers, draw colorful designs on the filters. You could draw stars, planets, moons and comets, if you like. After all, these are all objects that make up galaxies! 

Spread out the plastic sheet to protect table or floor and lay the coffee filters on it. 

Use the straw or eye dropper to dribble a few drops of water on the filters. The water will make the colors run together in lovely ways. Let the filters dry.

When the filters are dry, cut them into galaxy shapes. See the galaxy patterns for our "Make a Galactic Mobile" activity for shape ideas. You may want to make the "arms" of spiral galaxies very long. Scientists have discovered the spiral arms often extend much farther than anyone thought. If you make the galaxies different sizes, the smaller ones will seem to be farther away.
Stars and Galaxies
After a long and historic period of exploring the four giant planets in our solar system, the Voyagers became the first probes ever to reach interstellar space. In that vast, previously unexplored region, the probes are tasting space outside the protective bubble of particles and magnetic fields created by our Sun. They crossed over in 2012 and 2018, respectively, becoming the first spacecraft to enter this region.Space OdditiesOur universe includes a variety of astonishing and sometimes bizarre objects. Massive black holes so powerful, they swallow nearby objects. Galaxies that merge into giant swirls. Enormous stars that eventually explode and become supernovas. Neutron stars — objects so dense, one tablespoon of their material would weigh about 1 billion tons on Earth. Through its research and missions, JPL has captured data and stunning images of many of these odd objects in space. In addition, future work involves unlocking the mysteries of the invisible phenomena of dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter makes up about 85% of the mass in the universe and creates the basic scaffolding for galaxy construction. Dark energy, which can help explain the past and future of the universe, makes up more than two-thirds of all energy. 
 Feature
 
 New Images From Euclid Mission Reveal Wide View of the Dark Universe
 
 Read more
 
 More About Stars and Galaxies
 Education 
 Jan. 12, 2021
 . How Do We See Dark Matter? News 
 May 23, 2024
 . New Images From Euclid Mission Reveal Wide View of the Dark Universe Image 
 May 23, 2024
 . Coronagraph Prepared for Shipping Image 
 May 23, 2024
 . Roman Coronagraph Digging the Dark Hole 
 Mission Spotlight
 
 SPHEREx
 
 The Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx) mission will provide the first all-sky spectral survey. Over a two-year planned mission, the SPHEREx Observatory will collect data on more than 450 million galaxies along with more than 100 million stars in the Milky Way in order to explore the origins of the universe.
 Explore Image 
 May 23, 2024
 . Coronagraph Team Signs Flag Farewell News 
 May 21, 2024
 .
ASTER | Terra
All three ASTER telescopes (VNIR, SWIR, and TIR) are pointable in the crosstrack direction. Given its high resolution and its ability to change viewing angles, ASTER produces stereoscopic images and detailed terrain height models.
The ASTER instrument was built in Japan for the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). A joint United States/Japan Science Team is responsible for instrument design, calibration, and data validation.
ASTER Web Site (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
ASTER in the News

 

NASA Official: Kurtis Thome  
 Webmaster: 610WebDev

 Curator: Nyssa Rayne  
 Last Updated: May 26, 2024

Accessibility
  |  

 Privacy Policy & Important Notices
  |  
Contact Us
NASA Tool Gets Ready to Image Faraway Planets - NASA
Coronagraphs with masks are already flying in space, but they can’t detect an Earth-like exoplanet. From another star system, our home planet would appear approximately 10 billion times dimmer than the Sun, and the two are relatively close to one another. So trying to directly image Earth would be like trying to see a speck of bioluminescent algae next to a lighthouse from 3,000 miles (about 5,000 kilometers) away. With previous coronagraphic technologies, even a masked star’s glare overwhelms an Earth-like planet.
The Roman Coronagraph will demonstrate techniques that can remove more unwanted starlight than past space coronagraphs by using several movable components. These moving parts will make it the first “active” coronagraph to fly in space. Its main tools are two deformable mirrors, each only 2 inches (5 centimeters) in diameter and backed by more than 2,000 tiny pistons that move up and down. The pistons work together to change the shape of the deformable mirrors so that they can compensate for the unwanted stray light that spills around the edges of the masks.

How does the Roman Coronagraph Instrument work? This video shows how it removes unwanted starlight to reveal planets around other stars. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
The deformable mirrors also help correct for imperfections in the Roman telescope’s other optics. Although they are too small to affect Roman’s other highly precise measurements, the imperfections can send stray starlight into the dark hole. Precise changes made to each deformable mirror’s shape, imperceptible to the naked eye, compensate for these imperfections.
“The flaws are so small and have such a minor effect that we had to do over 100 iterations to get it right,” said Feng Zhao, deputy project manager for the Roman Coronagraph at JPL. “It’s kind of like when you go to see an optometrist and they put different lenses up and ask you, ‘Is this one better? How about this one?’ And the coronagraph performed even better than we’d hoped.”
NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details
30 different exposure times ranging from 5.5 ms to 134 s are available, and there is a ~1 microsecond exposure time to correct readout smear. Four position-angle glass polarizers are mounted on one edge of the CCD chip covering 200 x 200 pixels each. These allow measurement of polarization of the asteroid in the v- and w-bands.

The associated electronics include a computer for data compression and image data processing. The electronics requires 9.5 W power compared to 6.8 W to run the camera. AMICA is body-mounted and cannot be pointed independently of the spacecraft. It is pointed approximately in the anti-solar direction for normal inflight conditions. Calibrations, health checks, and flat-field measurements will be performed intermittently during interplanetary cruise. First detection of the target astroid is expected at roughly one million km. At distances of a few hundred thousand km photometric measurements begin, with AMICA taking images of the asteroid every 20-30 minutes. These images will also be used for identification of the free nutation of the asteroid and the search for any natural satellites. Hayabusa will enter a station keeping postion roughly 10-20 km from the asteroid, from which global mapping will take place. This includes topographic and colorimetric mapping, profiling of overall shape and spin state, photometric and polarimetric behavior of the asteroid near opposition, and validation of ground-based observations. During the close approach and sampling phase, AMICA will be used for high resolution surface imaging.Alternate NamesAMICAHayabusa/AMICAurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument:amica.hayFacts in BriefMass: 5.74 kgPower (avg): 16.3 WFunding AgencyInstitute of Space and Aeronautical Science, U of Tokyo (Japan)DisciplinePlanetary Science: Geology and GeophysicsAdditional InformationHayabusaData collections from this experiment
 Questions and comments about this experiment can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailDr.
Step By Step: Backyard Observation | Terra
Place the post in the ground with the beveled end on top. Using the level, make sure the post does not lean in one direction or another.
Secure the post to make sure it does not wobble.
Mount your rain gauge on the post, with the gauge top a few inches above the top of the post. Place a level on the gauge to make sure the rain collector is level when you attach it to the post.
On your data sheet, note the condition of your rain gauge. Describe the surroundings (distance from trees and buildings).
If you wish to report your data to the CoCoRaHS network, complete the appropriate paper work to register your location with CoCoRaHS.

Testing Procedure
Use the CoCoRaHS training manual to learn how to read the gauge.
There are a variety of training options on the CoCoRaHS site. From the home page or resources link, one can download additional training slide shows files. Alternately, go to the Indiana page to listen to a web cast of how to use your rain gauge.
Check your rain gauge daily at 7 am (in your local time zone). The hours of 5-9 am (in your local time zone) are acceptable. Record the amount of rain in the gauge on your data sheet and report your rainfall to the CoCoRaHS Website. For more details review the information on the CoCoRaHS Website.
Warning
Do not collect rainfall measurements during a lightning event.
Going Further
Other measurements that may be of interest are hail and snow. These are also described on the CoCoRaHS Website.

Precipitation

Why Citizen Science?
Step by Step: Backyard Observation
Earth Observation With Satellites
Tools and Data Quick Reference
Additional Resources

 

NASA Official: Kurtis Thome  
 Webmaster: 610WebDev

 Curator: Nyssa Rayne  
 Last Updated: May 26, 2024

Accessibility
  |  

 Privacy Policy & Important Notices
  |  
Contact Us
Imagine the Universe!
Give me even more details about X-ray detectors

Gamma-ray Telescopes

Focusing gamma-rays is not easy. When a gamma-ray hits matter, it interacts in such a way as to destroy the gamma-ray or change its energy by a large amount. So traditional mirrors and lenses don't work for focusing gamma-rays. Find out about what does work.
Tell me about gamma-ray telescopes

Gamma-ray Detectors

While gamma-rays are made up of packets of energy called photons like all light, they have millions of times more energy than visible light photons. At the same time, sources of cosmic gamma-rays produce relatively few gamma-ray photons for us to detect near Earth. Because of this, gamma rays are detected on a photon-by-photon basis. Read more about how we detect them.
Tell me about gamma-ray detectors
Give me even more details about gamma-ray detectors

Observing Platforms for X-ray and Gamma-ray Astronomy

Earth's atmosphere absorbs most X-rays and gamma-rays, so we need to put our telescopes and detectors above most of the Earth's atmosphere to observe cosmic objects emitting in these wavelengths. The three ways scientists do this are with rocket flights, scientific balloons, and satellites.
Tell me about observing platforms for X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes

 
 
 

 

Home
Science

Astronomer's Toolbox
Cosmic Objects
Big Questions
Featured Science

Observatories

Learning Centers
Satellite Showcase
How Scientists Get Data
Detection Technology
History of High Energy Observatories

Special Exhibits

Coloring Pages
Scientist Profiles
You Be the Astrophysicist
Cosmic Distance Scale

Educators

Lesson Plans
Materials
Programs

Ask An Astrophysicist
Resources

Other Resources
Dictionary

Search

 

 
A service of the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Dr. Andy Ptak (Director), within the Astrophysics Science Division (ASD) at NASA/GSFC

The Imagine Team
Project Leader: Dr. Barbara Mattson
Curator: J.D. Myers
NASA Official: Dr. Andy Ptak
Imagine the Universe!
Imagine the Universe!

Skip navigation and go straight to page content. 
 
 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Goddard Space Flight Center

 
 

 
 
 

 

Home
Science

Astronomer's Toolbox
Cosmic Objects
Big Questions
Featured Science

Observatories

Learning Centers
Satellite Showcase
How Scientists Get Data
Detection Technology
History of High Energy Observatories

Special Exhibits

Coloring Pages
Scientist Profiles
You Be the Astrophysicist
Cosmic Distance Scale

Educators

Lesson Plans
Materials
Programs

Ask An Astrophysicist
Resources

Other Resources
Dictionary

Search

 
 
 

 

Technology for X-ray and Gamma-ray Detection
To capture the highest energy light – X-rays and gamma rays – astronomers must use telescopes and detectors specifically designed for the task. Use the links below to find out more about the technology astronomers use to study these wavelengths.

X-ray Telescopes

Creating a telescope to image and focus X-rays might seem like it should be an easy task. After all, scientists focus light all the time. However, X-rays are so energetic (and have such a small wavelength) that they tend to pass through most matter, so we need special techniques to capture and focus them.
Tell me about X-ray telescopes
Give me even more details about X-ray telescopes

X-ray Detectors

At its very heart, a telescope is a device to collect light from astronomical objects (like stars and galaxies) and deliver it to a detector. The detector's job is, then, to determine the direction, time of arrival, brightness, and intensity of the photons to the best of its ability.
Tell me about X-ray detectors
Give me even more details about X-ray detectors

Gamma-ray Telescopes

Focusing gamma-rays is not easy. When a gamma-ray hits matter, it interacts in such a way as to destroy the gamma-ray or change its energy by a large amount. So traditional mirrors and lenses don't work for focusing gamma-rays. Find out about what does work.
Tell me about gamma-ray telescopes

Gamma-ray Detectors
HEASARC Help Desk, Feedback, and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
HEASARC Help Desk, Feedback, and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Goddard Space Flight Center
Sciences and Exploration

Search:

[Advanced Search]

HEASARC Quick Links

---Quick Links---
---Archive Interfaces---
Argus: proposal info
Browse: search HEASARC archives
NVO DataScope
SkyView: virtual observatory
Xamin: powerful archive search
---Software & Tools---
CalDB: Calibration database
Coordinate Converter
Energy Converter
FITS: standard data format
FITSIO: FITS subroutine library
FTOOLS: general s/w for FITS files
fv: FITS file editor
Hera: remote data analysis service
HEXTErock
nH: Column Density
RPS proposal submission
RXTE ASM weather map
Time/Date Converter (xTime)
Timeline (RXTE, Swift, & HETE-2)
Viewing: possible obs. times
WebPIMMS: flux/count converter
WebSpec: spectral sims
Xanadu: data analysis suite
X-ray Background Tool
X-ray, Gamma-ray, EUV Source Finder
---Resources---
Bibliography
Contact Info
Deadlines (proposals & meeting regist.)
History of High-Energy Astronomy
Staff
Upcoming Meetings
Upcoming Summer Schools
What's New
---Education & Pub. Outreach---
APOD: Astronomy Picture of the Day
Ask an Astrophysicist
HEASARC Picture of the Week
Images, Spectra, Light Curves
Imagine the Universe!
StarChild (K-8 EPO)
WebStars: gen. astronomy info/news

Skip Navigation (press 2)

HEASARC Home

Observatories

Archive
Calibration
Software
Tools
Students/Teachers/Public

About the HEASARC
Resources for Scientists
Form Center • Special Event Equipment Use Application
ALL APPLICATIONS FOR USE OF MEASURE R EQUIPMENT SHALL PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:Equipment Collection Date and Time*Equipment Collection Date and TimeEquipment Collection Date and TimeMonday - Friday between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m.Equipment Drop-off Date and Time*Equipment Drop-off Date and TimeEquipment Drop-off Date and TimeMonday - Friday between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m.Contact person for pick-up and return*Contact info for pick-up and return*REQUESTED EQUIPMENTPlease enter the quantity of each equipment item you would like to select for your reservation. Available quantities are listed underneath each item. Please input a "0" for any equipment items you do not need. 

Available quantities are the totals of our inventory, they are not a reflection of what is available for rental. For example, another event may have already reserved a portion of the inventory. If your requested amount exceeds what is available you will be contacted by the Parks & Recreation Department.Regular Traffic ConesQuantity available: 3042" Traffic "Candlestick" cones with 16 lb. baseQuantity available: 80
(Used for special event vehicle/pedestrian safety. May require traffic control plan)Metal Crowd Control BarricadesQuantity available: 100 (Option of attaching signage; used for traffic control)6 ft. Yellow Polycade Plastic BarricadesQuantity Available: 80 (Used for crowd control and pedestrian safety)Free-Standing "Special Event Ahead" SignsQuantity Available: 10
(Includes Dynalock screwlock sign holders)10 ft. x 10 ft. Pop-up TentQuantity Available: 1Fender Public Address (PA) SystemQuantity Available: 2Honda 2000w Generator** for Timing System & ComputerQuantity Available: 2 (Must provide extension cord)Start/Finish Inflatable 25' ArchQuantity available: 15 ft. Cubodial Swim BuoysQuantity Available: 6Additional Requirements* Requires special training with A Plus Certified.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
It has the ability to "hop" on the surface of the asteroid and has full autonomy. It is equipped with an imaging system comprising three miniature cameras and temperature measuring devices. Data will be relayed to Hayabusa and then to Earth.

SSV Rover

The rover, or Small Science Vehicle (SSV), was to have been a NASA contribution to the mission but was cancelled due to budget contraints. The SSV would have been dropped onto the surface of the asteroid by the Hayabusa spacecraft. The rover goals were to make texture, composition and morphology measurements of the surface layer at scales smaller than 1 cm, investigations of lateral heterogeneity at small scales, investigation of vertical regolith structure by taking advantage of disturbances of the surface layer by microrover operations, and to measure constraints on the mechanical and thermal properties of the surface layer. The rover would weigh about 1 kg and would be capable of rolling, climbing, or hopping around on the surface of the asteroid. It would have run on solar power and carry a multi-band imaging camera, a near-infrared point spectrometer, and an alpha/X-ray spectrometer (AXS).

Spacecraft image at top of page by James Garry.Alternate Names27809Muses-Curn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.hayFacts in BriefLaunch Date: 2003-05-09Launch Vehicle: M-5Launch Site: Uchinoura Space Center, JapanMass: 415 kgFunding AgenciesInstitute of Space and Aeronautical Science, U of Tokyo (Japan)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)DisciplinesPlanetary ScienceTechnology ApplicationsAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for HayabusaTelecommunications information for HayabusaExperiments on HayabusaData collections from Hayabusa
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailSelected ReferencesKawaguchi, J., et al., The MUSES-C, worlds's first sample and return mission from Near Earth Asteroid: Nereus,
Five Tips from NASA for Photographing a Total Solar Eclipse - NASA
Anywhere you can point your camera can yield exceptional imagery, so be sure to compose some wide-angle photos that can capture your eclipse experience.
NASA photographer Bill Ingalls recommends focusing on the human experience of watching the eclipse. “The real pictures are going to be of the people around you pointing, gawking, and watching it,” Ingalls noted. “Those are going to be some great moments to capture to show the emotion of the whole thing.”
#4 – Practice
Be sure you know the capabilities of your camera before eclipse day. Most cameras, and even some camera phones, have adjustable exposures, which can help you darken or lighten your image during the tricky eclipse lighting. Make sure you know how to manually focus the camera for crisp shots.
For DSLR cameras, the best way to determine the correct exposure is to test settings on the uneclipsed Sun beforehand. Using a fixed aperture of f/8 to f/16, try shutter speeds between 1/1000 to 1/4 second to find the optimal setting, which you can then use to take images during the partial stages of the eclipse. During totality, the corona has a wide range of brightness, so it’s best to use a fixed aperture and a range of exposures from approximately 1/1000 to 1 second.
#5 – Share!
Share your eclipse experience with friends and family afterwards. Tag @NASA to connect your photos on social media to those taken around the country and share them with NASA.
While you’re snapping those eclipse photos, don’t forget to stop and look at the eclipse with your own eyes. Just remember to wear your solar viewing glasses (also called eclipse glasses) for all stages of the eclipse before and after totality!
Related Links

Learn more about the 2024 total solar eclipse
Eclipse Photographers Will Help Study Sun During Its Disappearing Act

By Mara Johnson-GrohNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.

Share

Details

Last Updated

Mar 21, 2024

Related TermsScience & Research2017 Solar Eclipse2024 Solar EclipseEclipsesHeliophysicsHeliophysics DivisionScience Mission DirectorateSkywatchingSolar EclipsesThe Sun

 

Explore More
How Does GPS Work? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Privacy Policy
Image Use
Accessibility

Contact NASA Space Place

 Last Updated: May 6th, 2024 

 

More
Less

By Subject

Space
Sun
Earth
Solar System
People & Technology
Parents & Educators

By Type

Explore
Do
Play

More
Less

GPS can be used to keep an eye on dangerous natural hazards, too!
Tsunamis

GPS can help provide early warning of tsunamis. Credit: mnlamberson.

Volcanoes

GPS is used to monitor volcanoes. Credit: Earth Uncut Productions Ltd.

Earthquakes

The aftermath of Earthquakes can be rapidly monitored using GPS. Credit: 李元顥.