vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
This phase of the mission began 26 January 2008 and continued until the end of July. The spacecraft made three close Earth / Moon flybys to target itself for Hartley 2, on 31 December 2007, 29 December 2008, and 27 June 2010. Scientific observations of the Earth and Moon were made. The encounter with Hartley 2 took place on 4 November 2010 at approximately 14:00 UT (10:00 a.m. EDT) at a distance of roughly 700 km. The spacecraft and comet were 1.064 AU from the Sun and 0.156 AU from Earth at encounter. Approach phase angle was 86 degrees, MRI resolution at closest approach was 7 m per pixel. The two extended missions together are known as EPOXI. Following Hartley 2, remote observations were made of Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1) and comet ISON (C/2012 S1). After a period in which communications could not be established in 2013, it was concluded on 16 September 2013 that the spacecraft was lost, and end of mission was announced on 19 September. Total cost of the extended mission is $40 million.

Comet Tempel 1

Comet 9P/Tempel 1 is a periodic comet which orbits the Sun every 5.51 years. It has a semi-major axis of 3.12 astronomical units (AU, the distance from the Sun to the Earth) and a perihelion distance of 1.5 AU, which puts it between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Its orbit is inclined 10.5 degrees to the ecliptic. The orbit has changed in the past but the perihelion has been within 10 AU for at least 300,000 years. The nucleus is estimated to be roughly 14 km long and 4 km wide. The perihelion occurs on 5 July 2005, the day after the encounter. The comet was discovered on 3 April 1867 by Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel and was first recognized to be periodic in May of that year by C. Bruhns.

Comet Hartley 2
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
Telemetry contact was lost on 15 November 1995 at a distance of 106 million km. Future mission planning had included a 23.6 km/s, 10,000 km flyby of Comet P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova on Feb 3, 1996 (approaching the nucleus along the tail) some 0.17 AU from the Sun, and a 14 million km passage of Comet P/Giacobini-Zinner on Nov 29, 1998.

Spacecraft image for illustrative purposes - not necessarily in the public domain.Alternate Names15464MS-T5Pioneerurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.sakigFacts in BriefLaunch Date: 1985-01-08Launch Vehicle: M-3SIILaunch Site: Uchinoura Space Center, JapanMass: 138.1 kgNominal Power: 100 WFunding AgencyInstitute of Space and Aeronautical Science, U of Tokyo (Japan)DisciplinesPlanetary ScienceSpace PhysicsAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for SakigakeTelecommunications information for SakigakeExperiments on SakigakeData collections from Sakigake
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailProf. Kunio HiraoProject ManagerInstitute of Space and Aeronautical ScienceProf. Hiroshi OyaProject ScientistUniversity of Tohokuoya@ccmail.kukui-ut.ac.jpSelected ReferencesScarf, F. L., The 1985-86 spacecraft missions to comets Giacobini-Zinner and Halley,
 in Advances in Space Plasma Physics, Ed. B. Buti, 22-32, World Scientific Publ. Co., 1985.Hirao, K., and T. Itoh, The Planet-A Halley encounters,
 Nature, 321, No. 6067, 294-297, doi:10.1038/321294a0, May 1986.Reinhard, R., Space missions to Halley's comet and international cooperation,
Comet Fact Sheet
Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova - Originally planned target of 
Sakigake 
flyby at 10,000 km on 3 Feb 1996.

Wirtanen - Originally scheduled to be visited by the ESA 
Rosetta 
mission in 2011. Mission rerouted. 

Temple-Tuttle - Originally planned target of 
Suisei 
flyby on 28 Feb 1998.

Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Studied from orbit by 
Rosetta 
mission.

Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 - Planned encounter by 
CONTOUR 
mission on 18 June 2006. Split into three large pieces in 1995.

Kohoutek - Observed by 
Skylab 
astronauts in Dec 1973 and Jan 1974. 

West-Kohoutek-Ikemura - Original target of 
New Millenium Deep Space 1 
spacecraft in 2000.

Wild 2 - Target of the Discovery coma sample return mission, 
Stardust
, in Jan 2004. 

Wilson-Harrington - At one time a possible target of 
Deep Space 1 
spacecraft in 2001.

Chiron - Comet/asteroid, also known as asteroid 2060 Chiron. Subject of the 
Chiron Perihelion Campaign

Hale-Bopp - Discovered in July 1995. Bright comet, made closest 
approach to Earth on 22 March 1997.

Hyakutake - Discovered in January 1996. Bright comet, passed within 
0.1 AU of Earth on 25 March 1996.

 Notes on the Fact Sheets

 Comet Home Page

 Directory to other Planetary Fact Sheets

Author/Curator:
Dr. David R. Williams, dave.williams@nasa.gov
NSSDCA, Mail Code 690.1
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
+1-301-286-1258

NASA Official: Dave Williams, david.r.williams@nasa.gov

Last Updated: 04 January 2016, DRW
Comet Fact Sheet
Comet Fact Sheet

Comet Fact Sheet

Information on Selected Comets

The image shown is a view of the nucleus of Comet Halley taken by the Giotto spacecraft. 

Below is a table of information on selected comets, and at the bottom of the page are 

comments on the comets. 

 
Orbital
Perihelion
Perihelion
Semi-Major
Orbital
Orbital
Absolute

Number and Name
Period
Date
Distance
Axis
Eccentricity
Inclination
Magnitude

---------------------------
---------
----------
----------
----------
------------
-----------
---------

1P
Halley
76.1 yrs.
1986-02-09
0.587 AU
17.94 AU
0.967
162.2 deg.
5.5

2P
Encke
3.30 yrs.
2003-12-28
0.340 AU
2.21 AU
0.847
11.8 deg.
9.8

6P
d'Arrest
6.51 yrs.
2008-08-01
1.346 AU
3.49 AU
0.614
19.5 deg.
8.5

9P
Tempel 1
5.51 yrs.
2005-07-05
1.500 AU
3.12 AU
0.519
10.5 deg.
12.0

19P
Borrelly
6.86 yrs.
2001-09-14
1.358 AU
3.61 AU
0.624
30.3 deg.
What Is a Comet? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
What Is a Comet? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

comets

Earth
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What Is a Comet?

The Short Answer:

	Comets are large objects made of dust and ice that orbit the Sun. Best known for their long, streaming tails, these ancient objects are leftovers from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago.
	

Comets, such as the comet ISON pictured here, are thought to hold material from the time when the Sun and planets were forming. They are like giant, frozen time capsules in our solar system. Credit: NASA/MSFC/Aaron Kingery

Where do comets come from?
Comets are mostly found way out in the solar system. Some exist in a wide disk beyond the orbit of Neptune called the Kuiper Belt. We call these short-period comets. They take less than 200 years to orbit the Sun.
Other comets live in the Oort Cloud, the sphere-shaped, outer edge of the solar system that is about 50 times farther away from the Sun than the Kuiper Belt. These are called long-period comets because they take much longer to orbit the Sun. The comet with the longest known orbit takes more than 250,000 years to make just one trip around the Sun!

The Kuiper Belt is beyond the orbits of the planets in our solar system. The Oort Cloud is far beyond the Kuiper belt. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

What brings comets near Earth so we can see them?
The gravity of a planet or star can pull comets from their homes in the Kuiper Belt or Oort Cloud. This tug can redirect a comet toward the Sun. The paths of these redirected comets look like long, stretched ovals.
As the comet is pulled faster and faster toward the Sun, it swings around behind the Sun, then heads back toward where it came from. Some comets dive right into the Sun, never to be seen again. When the comet is in the inner solar system, either coming or going, that's when we may see it in our skies.
What Is a Comet? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
This tug can redirect a comet toward the Sun. The paths of these redirected comets look like long, stretched ovals.
As the comet is pulled faster and faster toward the Sun, it swings around behind the Sun, then heads back toward where it came from. Some comets dive right into the Sun, never to be seen again. When the comet is in the inner solar system, either coming or going, that's when we may see it in our skies.

This animation represents the 76-year, elliptical orbit of Halley’s comet (the white dot) against the more circular orbits of the planets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

What are the parts of a comet?
At the heart of every comet is a solid, frozen core called the nucleus. This ball of dust and ice is usually less than 10 miles (16 kilometers) across – about the size of a small town. When comets are out in the Kuiper Belt or Oort Cloud, scientists believe that’s pretty much all there is to them – just frozen nuclei.
But when a comet gets close to the Sun, it starts heating up. Eventually, the ice begins to turn to gas. This can also cause jets of gas to burst out of the comet, bringing dust with it. The gas and dust create a huge, fuzzy cloud around the nucleus called the coma.

This diagram shows the anatomy of a comet. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Why do comets have tails?
As dust and gases stream away from the nucleus, sunlight and particles coming from the Sun push them into a bright tail that stretches behind the comet for millions of miles.
When astronomers look closely, they find that comets actually have two separate tails. One looks white and is made of dust. This dust tail traces a broad, gently curving path behind the comet. The other tail is bluish and is made up of electrically charged gas molecules, or ions. The ion tail always points directly away from the Sun.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
On 18 June 2006 CONTOUR would encounter comet Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 at 14 km/sec, 0.95 AU from the Sun and 0.33 AU from Earth. Two more Earth fly-bys were scheduled in February of 2007 and 2008, and a fly-by of comet d'Arrest was possible on 16 August 2008 at a relative velocity of 11.8 km/sec, 1.35 AU from the Sun and 0.36 AU from Earth.

All fly-bys had a planned closest encounter distance of about 100 km and would have occurred near the period of maximum activity for each comet. After the comet Encke encounter, CONTOUR could have been retargeted towards a new comet if one was discovered with the desired characteristics (e.g. active, brighter than absolute magnitude 10, perihelion within 1.5 AU).Alternate Names27457Comet Nucleus Toururn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.conFacts in BriefLaunch Date: 2002-07-03Launch Vehicle: Delta II 7425Launch Site: Cape Canaveral, United StatesMass: 328 kgFunding AgencyNASA-Office of Space Science (United States)DisciplinePlanetary ScienceAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for CONTOURTelecommunications information for CONTOURExperiments on CONTOURData collections from CONTOUR
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailDr. Joseph F. VeverkaMission Principal InvestigatorCornell Universityjfv4@cornell.eduDr. Robert W. FarquharMission DirectorApplied Physics LaboratorySelected ReferencesCONTOUR Mishap Invest. Board, Comet nucleus tour CONTOUR - Mishap investigation board report May 31, 2003,
 NASA, Unnumbered, Wash., DC, Undated.Cochran, A., et al., The comet nucleus tour (CONTOUR): A NASA Discovery mission,
 Earth, Moon and Planets, 89, No. 1-4, 289-300, 2002.

 
 Full CONTOUR Mishap Board Investigation Report (PDF file)

 CONTOUR Mishap Board Completes Investigation
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
A software problem caused the spacecraft to go into a safing mode at approximately 12:00 UT on 28 July, but the problem was solved an the spacecraft returned to normal operations at 18:00 UT. Up to six minor trajectory correction maneuvers were scheduled in the 48 hours prior to the flyby. The spacecraft made its final pre-encounter transmission about 7 hours before closest approach, after which it turned its high-gain antenna away from Earth to point the MICAS camera/spectrometer camera towards the asteroid. The spacecraft had a target-tracking problem and the MICAS instrument was not pointed towards the asteroid as it approached, so no images or spectra were obtained. MICAS turned off about 25 seconds before closest approach at a distance of about 350 km and measurements were taken with the PEPE plasma instrument. The spacecraft then turned after the encounter to obtain images and spectra of the opposite side of the asteroid as it receded from view, but due to the target-tracking problem only two black and white images and a dozen spectra were obtained. The images were taken at 915 and 932 seconds after closest approach from 14,000 km and the spectra were taken about 3 minutes later. The data were transmitted back to Earth over the next few days. The diameter of Braille is estimated at 2.2 km at its longest and 1 km at its shortest. The spectra showed it to be similar to the asteroid Vesta.

The primary mission lasted until 18 September 1999, the spacecraft is now in an extended mission. By the end of 1999 approximately 22 kg of xenon had been used by the ion engine to impart a total delta V of 1300 m/s to the spacecraft. The original plan was to fly by the dormant comet Wilson-Harrington in January 2001 and comet Borrelly in September 2001. The star tracker failed on 11 November 1999 and a new extended mission to fly by comet Borrely (using techniques developed to operate the spacecraft without the star tracker) was planned. On 22 September 2001, Deep Space 1 entered the coma of comet Borrelly and made its closest approach (2171 km) to the nucleus at 22:29:33 UT ( 6:29:33 p.m. EDT). It was travelling at 16.58 km/s relative to the nucleus.
Galileo Mission Page


Galileo Mission Page

NSSDC Image Catalog
Galileo

Four image sequence of Comet SL-9 fragment W impact on Jupiter
Target Object: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
Mission: Galileo

(Page 1 of 1)
Read about the Galileo Mission

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Authors/Curators:
Dave Williams, dave.williams@nasa.gov, (301) 286-1258
Code 690.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

Jay Friedlander, jay.s.friedlander@nasa.gov, (301) 286-7172
Code 612.4, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

NASA Official: Dr. David R. Williams, David.R.Williams@nasa.gov

Last updated: 13 July 2015
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NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
in Advances in Space Plasma Physics, Ed. B. Buti, 22-32, World Scientific Publ. Co., 1985.Hirao, K., and T. Itoh, The Planet-A Halley encounters,
 Nature, 321, No. 6067, 294-297, doi:10.1038/321294a0, May 1986.Reinhard, R., Space missions to Halley's comet and international cooperation,
 in Comet Halley Investigations, Results, Interpretations Volume 1: Organization, Plasma, Gas, edited by J. W. Mason, Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, England, 1990.

 Suisei 
- Information on Sakigake's companion mission

 Sakigake Halley Data - International Halley Watch
Other International Halley Watch Missions

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NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
The hydrazine was depleted on 22 February 1991. Preliminary tracking indicated a 900,000 km flyby had been achieved. ISAS had decided during 1987 to guide Suisei to a Nov. 24, 1998 encounter with P/Giacobini-Zinner, but due to depletion of the hydrazine, this, as well as plans to fly within several million kilometers of Comet P/Tempel-Tuttle on Feb. 28, 1998 has been cancelled.

Spacecraft image for illustrative purposes - not necessarily in the public domain.Alternate Names15967CometPlanet-Aurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument_host:spacecraft.suiseiFacts in BriefLaunch Date: 1985-08-18Launch Vehicle: M-3SIILaunch Site: Uchinoura Space Center, JapanMass: 139.5 kgNominal Power: 100 WFunding AgencyInstitute of Space and Aeronautical Science, U of Tokyo (Japan)DisciplinesPlanetary ScienceSpace PhysicsAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for SuiseiTelecommunications information for SuiseiExperiments on SuiseiData collections from Suisei
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailProf. Kunio HiraoProject ManagerInstitute of Space and Aeronautical ScienceDr. Mikio ShimizuProject ScientistInstitute of Space and Aeronautical ScienceSelected ReferencesScarf, F. L., The 1985-86 spacecraft missions to comets Giacobini-Zinner and Halley,
 in Advances in Space Plasma Physics, Ed. B. Buti, 22-32, World Scientific Publ. Co., 1985.Hirao, K., and T. Itoh, The Planet-A Halley encounters,
 Nature, 321, No. 6067, 294-297, doi:10.1038/321294a0, May 1986.Reinhard, R., Space missions to Halley's comet and international cooperation,
 in Comet Halley Investigations, Results, Interpretations Volume 1: Organization, Plasma, Gas, edited by J. W. Mason, Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, England, 1990.
NEAR Mission Completes Main Task, Now Will Go Where No Spacecraft Has Gone Before
from NEAR Shoemaker's laser range-finder, Doppler tracking 
and the eventual loss of signal to learn when the spacecraft 
touches down, predicted for just after 3 p.m. EST.

"The whole sequence of engine burns has to go right, or it 
might not be a very soft touchdown," Farquhar said. " The 
unknown nature of the surface makes it hard to predict what 
will happen to the spacecraft, especially since it wasn't 
designed to land. The most we can hope for is a beacon from 
NEAR Shoemaker that says it's still operating." 

Images and information on end-of-mission media activities can 
be found at: 

http://near.jhuapl.edu/media/index.html

NASA Press Release: 01-13

Donald Savage
Headquarters, Washington, DC 
(Phone: 202/358-1727)

Michael Buckley
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
(Phone: 240/228-7536)

The target touchdown site for NEAR (yellow circle)

 NEAR Images of Eros

 NEAR Shoemaker Page

 Asteroid Home Page

 NSSDCA Planetary Home Page

Author/Curator:
Dr. David R. Williams, dave.williams@nasa.gov
NSSDCA, Mail Code 690.1
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
+1-301-286-1258

NASA Official: Dave Williams, david.r.williams@nasa.gov

Last Updated: 31 January 2001, DRW
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
Following a series of phasing orbits, the command was given to fire the Star 30BP solid rocket motor on 15 August 2002 at 08:49 UT to perform an injection maneuver to eject CONTOUR from Earth orbit and put it in a heliocentric trajectory.

Contact was not regained 46 minutes after the scheduled firing as planned. It was assumed the firing was at least partially completed, on 16 August three objects were observed on the approximate trajectory CONTOUR would have entered if the firing had ended 3 seconds early. When no contact was made by 20 December, the mission was declared lost. A mishap investigation board concluded the most likely cause of the failure was structural failure due to plume heating by the embedded solid rocket motor burn.

A successful firing would have put CONTOUR in the proper trajectory for an Earth fly-by in August 2003 followed by an encounter with comet Encke on 12 November 2003 at a distance of 100 to 160 km and a fly-by speed of 28.2 km/sec, 1.07 AU from the Sun and 0.27 AU from Earth. Three more Earth fly-bys were to follow, in August 2004, February 2005, and February 2006. On 18 June 2006 CONTOUR would encounter comet Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 at 14 km/sec, 0.95 AU from the Sun and 0.33 AU from Earth. Two more Earth fly-bys were scheduled in February of 2007 and 2008, and a fly-by of comet d'Arrest was possible on 16 August 2008 at a relative velocity of 11.8 km/sec, 1.35 AU from the Sun and 0.36 AU from Earth.

All fly-bys had a planned closest encounter distance of about 100 km and would have occurred near the period of maximum activity for each comet.
Comets
Chiron Perihelion Campaign (CPC)
International Halley Watch CD-ROMs
Giotto Grigg-Skjellerup Encounter Data on CD-ROM
Shoemaker-Levy 9/Jupiter Collision CD-ROMs
Galileo CD-ROMs
Galileo CD-ROM volume 16 - images of Shoemaker-Levy 9

Press Releases

Mysterious Sedna - Astronomers have discovered a mysterious planet-like body in the distant reaches of the solar system. 
 - NASA Science News, 15 March 2004
First Rotation Period of a Kuiper Belt Object Measured 
 - European Space Agency press release, 5 November 1998
New Kuiper Belt Object Discovered, possibly larger than Ceres 
 - Minor Planet Circular, 1 December 2000
Kuiper Belt Object with Diameter of roughly 1300 km Discovered 
 - NASA Press Release, 7 October 2002
Most Distant Object In Solar System Discovered 
 - NASA Press Release, 15 March 2004

Also of Interest

Comet and Spacecraft positions
PDS Small Bodies Node
Seiichi Yoshida's Comet Site
Comet Orbits Page
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