vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Global Warming
How fast are the ice sheets melting? Science, 314, 1251-1252.
Clement, A.C., Burgman, R., Norris, J.R. (2009, July 24) Observational and model evidence for positive low-level cloud feedback. Science, 325 (5939), 460-464.
Dessler, A., Zhang, Z., Yang, P. (2008, October 23). Water-vapor climate feedback inferred from climate fluctuations, 2003-2008. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L20704.
Emanuel, K. (2005). Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature, 436, 686-688.
Foucal, P., Frölich, C., Spruit, H., and Wigley, T. (2006). Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth’s climate. Nature, 443, 161-166. 
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Kharecha, P., Lacis, A., Miller, R., Nazarenko, L., et al. (2007). Climate simulations for 1880–2003 with GISS model E. Climate Dynamics, 29(7), 661-696.
Hansen, J., Nazarenko, L., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., Willis, J., Del Genio, A., Koch, D., Lacis, A., Lo, K., Menon, S., Novakov, T., Perlwitz, J., Russell, G., Schmidt, G.A., and Tausnev, N. (2005, June 3). Earth’s energy imbalance: confirmation and implications. Science, 308, 1431-1435.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Summary for Policymakers. A Report of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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May | 2012 | Terra
This capability now allows inundation from large floods to be to routinely mapped, in near-real time, and recorded for posterity. The latter task provides very useful information for future flood risk evaluation.  Floods cover large regions, so that MODIS’s big image “œfootprint” is a major advantage. Also aboard Terra, the ASTER sensor, then can provide as well the detailed mapping of smaller areas of land as much higher spatial resolution.
Dartmouth Flood Observatory contains a database that stores flood attributes.  Can you discuss some of these attributes and discuss how they may be used for modeling purpose?
BB: One route towards better flood prediction is to simply obtain a better record of what is occurring. The Flood Observatory does this, in part, by remote sensing. Again the temporal and geographic sampling of MODIS allows us to track floods worldwide, year after year. Patterns then emerge: which portions of the monsoonal regions flood first; which areas are predictably affected by snowmelt in the spring, and how variable are the floods, each year. We can now compare the number of floods, and their locations, and their intensities, this year, with past years.  Previously, one could do this, for some nations, using point-site streamflow records (which only indirectly indicate actual overbank flooding). Now we can do this directly, by imaging and mapping and preserving the maps of actual flooding.
What roles do floods play in Earth System Science?
BB: Floods are a component of the global water cycle, and along some rivers a large portion of total annual runoff is transmitted during these time-restricted events.   Ground-based measurement stations are often destroyed during large floods, which are the events most easily well-measured from space. Floods also transport major quantities of sediment, and including materials such as organic and inorganic carbon that are important in understanding the global carbon cycle.  Many other practical applications are there to be developed:  transport of heavy metal pollutants, absorbed onto sedimentary particles, for example: where do these transported and deposited pollutants cause human health issues? Measuring the fluxes and pathways of flood water is indeed best performed from orbital sensors.
What are some long term global effects of flooding?
BB: There are major humanitarian and economic issues every year from flooding, worldwide.
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Global Warming
(NASA graphs by Robert Simmon, based on data from the NOAA Paleoclimatology and Earth System Research Laboratory.)

The atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere. Since some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface, Earth’s surface temperature rises. By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, we are making Earth’s atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse.

How is Today’s Warming Different from the Past?
Earth has experienced climate change in the past without help from humanity. We know about past climates because of evidence left in tree rings, layers of ice in glaciers, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. For example, bubbles of air in glacial ice trap tiny samples of Earth’s atmosphere, giving scientists a history of greenhouse gases that stretches back more than 800,000 years. The chemical make-up of the ice provides clues to the average global temperature.
See the Earth Observatory’s series Paleoclimatology for details about how scientists study past climates.

Glacial ice and air bubbles trapped in it (top) preserve an 800,000-year record of temperature & carbon dioxide. Earth has cycled between ice ages (low points, large negative anomalies) and warm interglacials (peaks). (Photograph courtesy National Snow & Ice Data Center. NASA graph by Robert Simmon, based on data from Jouzel et al., 2007.)

Using this ancient evidence, scientists have built a record of Earth’s past climates, or “paleoclimates.” The paleoclimate record combined with global models shows past ice ages as well as periods even warmer than today. But the paleoclimate record also reveals that the current climatic warming is occurring much more rapidly than past warming events.
As the Earth moved out of ice ages over the past million years, the global temperature rose a total of 4 to 7 degrees Celsius over about 5,000 years. In the past century alone, the temperature has climbed 0.7 degrees Celsius, roughly ten times faster than the average rate of ice-age-recovery warming.
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DEC protects the land, water, and air resources in New York. Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems.

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News Around NOAA
A few minutes of exposure to direct sunlight can be extremely taxing on the human body, so it’s important to know whether or not it’s too dangerous to head outside – especially if you’re planning to engage in strenuous activities.

May 27, 2022 - Stay Safe in the Heat while having Fun in the Sun
The Friday before every Memorial Day marks Don’t Fry Day, an important day to revisit key tips to stay safe and healthy in the sun, as well as a great opportunity to be reminded of overall heat safety.

May 24, 2022 - NOAA predicts above-normal 2022 Atlantic Hurricane Season
Forecasters at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, a division of the National Weather Service, are predicting above-average hurricane activity this year — which would make it the seventh consecutive above-average hurricane season.

May 18, 2022 - NOAA predicts a below-normal 2022 Central Pacific hurricane season
There is a 60% chance of below-normal tropical cyclone activity during the Central Pacific hurricane season this year, according to NOAA’s Central Pacific Hurricane Center and NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, divisions of the National Weather Service.

May 16, 2022 - National Weather Service’s Mary Erickson Talks Organizational Culture, Women in STEM, and the Future of the National Weather Service
Recently retired NWS Director Louis W. Uccellini guided the agency through organizational change and positioned its workforce for future success. And by his side for the past 5 years ensuring that it all came together has been the agency’s deputy director, Mary Erickson.

May 5, 2022 - We want your feedback on the NWS Experimental National GIS Map Viewer
In July of 2021, the NWS began an experimental phase of an Experimental National Geographic Information System (GIS) Map Viewer (“the Viewer”) web application, and since then, we’ve made some changes that’d we’d love to hear from you about!

April 15, 2022 - Photo story: So how do you maintain a huge weather buoy network?
NOAA’s 200 moored buoys operate in a harsh environment, subjected to powerful ocean currents, fluctuating strong winds, surging waves, sea salt, the sun’s ultraviolet rays, cold temperatures and even vandalism.