vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
In 2022, the next great observatory, the James Webb Space Telescope, began exploring the infrared universe with an even larger mirror from a location beyond the orbit of the Moon. In Rad Reflection, students use pi to gain a new understanding of our ability to peer deep into the cosmos by comparing the area of Hubble’s primary mirror with the one on Webb.Metal MathOrbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter, the asteroid (16) Psyche is of particular interest to scientists because its surface may be metallic. Earth and other terrestrial planets have metal cores, but they are buried deep inside the planets, so they are difficult to study. By sending a spacecraft to study Psyche up close, scientists hope to learn more about terrestrial planet cores and our solar system’s history. That's where NASA's Psyche comes in. The mission will use specialized tools to study Psyche's composition from orbit. Determining how much metal exists on the asteroid is one of the key objectives of the mission. In Metal Math, students will do their own investigation of the asteroid's makeup, using pi to calculate the approximate density of Psyche and compare that to the density of known terrestrial materials.Eclipsing EnigmaOn Oct. 14, 2023, a solar eclipse will be visible across North and South America, as the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, blocking the Sun's light from our perspective. Because Earth’s orbit around the Sun and the Moon’s orbit around Earth are not perfect circles, the distances between them change throughout their orbits. Depending on those distances, the Sun's disk area might be fully or only partially blocked during a solar eclipse. In Eclipsing Enigma, students get a sneak peek at what to expect in October by using pi to determine how much of the Sun’s disk will be eclipsed by the Moon and whether to expect a total or annular eclipse.Teach ItCelebrate Pi Day by getting students thinking like NASA scientists and engineers to solve real-world problems in the NASA Pi Day Challenge. In addition to solving this year’s challenge, you can also dig into the more than 30 puzzlers from previous challenges available in our Pi Day collection.
NASA's Sun-Earth Day
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/podcasts/media/SED2006/SED2006_podcast2_lmayo.mp3 
 
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/podcasts/media/SED2006/SED2006_podcast2_lmayo.mp3
Mon, 20 Mar 2006 14:00:00 -0500
NASA's Sun-Earth Connection Education Forum
Interview with astronomer Lou Mayo
11:22
Sun-Earth Day 2006 focuses on March 29th's Total Solar Eclipse. In this Podcast you will hear an interview conducted with Lou Mayo; a professional astronomer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. His interview highlights information about eclipses and also includes some interesting facts that you will want to know before seeing the eclipse live or via our webcast on March 29th.

NASA, space, Earth, astronomy, science, solar eclipses, math, moon, total solar eclipse, Turkey, eclipse path
no

Sun-Earth Day 2006, Program 3
Sun-Earth Day 2006 focuses on March 29th's Total Solar Eclipse. In Podcast #3 you will hear an interview with Joe Davila; a NASA astronomer who has been working at Goddard Space flight Center since 1982. He is priMarily involved in Solar Physics and the study of our Sun's atmosphere. During his interview he talks about a very interesting and somewhat unique experiment he will be conducting in Libya during the upcoming total solar eclipse on March 29th!
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/podcasts/media/SED2006/SED2006_podcast3_jdavila.mp3 
 
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/podcasts/media/SED2006/SED2006_podcast3_jdavila.mp3
Mon, 20 Mar 2006 14:30:00 -0500
NASA's Sun-Earth Connection Education Forum
Interview with astronomer Joe Davila
6:23
Sun-Earth Day 2006 focuses on March 29th's Total Solar Eclipse.
Catch NASA's JPL at the Clippers SciFest This Weekend
Engineers, among others.
Drop
by the booth for NASA's JPL to see:
• Mars exhibits, including a remote-controlled rover
• Models and activities for Europa Clipper, a
new mission to the icy moon of Jupiter
• A virtual tour of our galaxy and planets
outside our solar system
• Models and hands-on activities for climate
and Earth science
WHEN: Friday,March 22:
School groups only; 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Saturday, March 23: Open
to the public; 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
WHERE: Los Angeles Convention
Center (South Halls G/H), 1201 S. Figueroa St., Los Angeles, 213-741-1151 
 News Media Contact
 Arielle Samuelson Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. 818-354-0307 arielle.a.samuelson@jpl.nasa.gov 
 2019-045
 
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NASA - Sun-Earth Day - Space Weather Around the World
We'll learn more about the different types of eclipses and what eclipses can tell us about the Sun!
 
Download The 2008 Eclipse #1 MP3 (10 MB)
Download the 2008 Eclipse #1 Transcript (pdf) 
Learn more about eclipses from Fred Espenak's web site

Storytelling: Wandering Planets
Jordan Hill shares a fantastic folk tale about why the planets in our solar system have auroras.
 
Download the Wandering Planets MP3 (12.5 MB)
Download the Wandering Planets transcript 

Arctic Impressions
Arctic Impressions is the audio journal of Dorian Janney, a middle school teacher from Rockville, Maryland. Dorian kept a written journal of her entire experience with us in Barrow, Alaska, complete with descriptive text and imagery.

Read more
Download Arctic Impressions #1 (10 MB)
Download Arctic Impressions #2 (13 MB)
Download Arctic Impressions #3 (7 MB)
Download Arctic Impressions #4 (10 MB)

Polar Gateways, Barrow Alaska
The Sun-Earth Day team traveled to Barrow, Alaska to join scientists from all over the world for the 4th polar conference called, "Polar Gateways Arctic Circle Sunrise 2008' - posted Feb 1st, 2008

Read more
Download Polar Gateways #1 (11 MB)
Download Polar Gateways #2 (15 MB)
Download Polar Gateways #3 (15 MB)

Technology Through Time Highlight: Where did the Sun's magnetic field come from?
In today's podcast we'll be hearing from Dr. Sten Odenwald, the chief author and editor of the Sun-Earth Day Technology Through Time series. Sten will fill us in on our latest Technology Through Time Mystery, "Where does the Sun's magnetic field come from?" - posted January 22nd, 2008

Download the Tech Through Time Highlight MP3 (11 MB)

Sun-Earth Day Highlights: ASP Conference
Founded in 1889 in San Francisco, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific or ASP, long ago outgrew its regional sounding name to become one of the nation's leading organizations devoted to improving people's understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of astronomy and space as an
avenue for advancing science literacy - posted November 30th, 2007

More information on this podcast
Sun Earth Day 2005 - Ancient Observatories


Sun Earth Day 2005 - Ancient Observatories

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The best views of the sun are from space where Earth's atmosphere no longer distorts the seeing. Satellites can capture clear images of solar activity ...Learn More»

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Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Lesson Model a Solar Eclipse Students use simple materials to model a partial, annular, and total solar eclipse. Math Problem Eclipsing Enigma: A ‘Pi in the Sky’ Math Challenge In this illustrated math problem, students use pi to figure out how much of the Sun’s disk will be covered by the Moon during an eclipse and whether it’s a total or annular eclipse. April 22 - Celebrate Earth Day With NASAYou may not immediately think of Earth science when you think of NASA, but it's a big part of what we do. Earth Day on April 22 is a great time to learn more about our Earth and climate science projects and missions, especially with the much anticipated NISAR mission taking to the skies in 2024 to track minute changes in the planet's surface, including those from natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides.Whether you want to focus on Earth’s surface and geology, climate change, extreme weather, or the water budget, we have an abundance of lessons, student projects and Teachable Moments to guide your way.Learning Resources Collection Earth Lessons for Educators Discover a collection of standards-aligned STEM lessons all about Earth and climate change. Collection Earth Activities for Students Try these science and engineering projects, watch videos, and explore images all about the planet that we call home. Teachable Moments Climate Change Collection Explore this collection of Teachable Moments articles to get a primer on the latest NASA Earth science missions, plus find related education resources you can deploy right away! MayMay 6-10 – Give Thanks to Teachers and Black HolesIt may not seem like there's much to be gained from the dual programming of Black Hole Week and Teacher Appreciation Week on May 6-10, but sending students off to learn more about everyone's favorite spacely phenomenon might just give teachers the breather they deserve after a busy school year. Have students dig into the science of black holes or even try out an experiment to learn how a black hole collision helped prove the existence of gravitational waves. Meanwhile, teachers can learn about all the ways their work has inspired us. Learning Resources Slideshow Black Holes: By the Numbers What are black holes and how do they form? Lesson Dropping In With Gravitational Waves Students develop a model to represent the collision of two black holes, the gravitational waves that result and the waves' propagation through spacetime.
NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science
The heliosphere acts as a shield that protects the planets from interstellar radiation.NASASolar EclipsesNASA studies solar eclipses on the ground, in our atmosphere, and in space, influencing solar and Earth science.Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and Earth. This doesn't happen every month, because the moon doesn't orbit in the exact same plane that the sun and Earth do – but it does happen occasionally. When it happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching Earth. This causes an eclipse of the sun, or solar eclipse. During a solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow onto Earth.Read MoreA total solar eclipse is seen on Monday, Aug. 21, 2017, above Madras, Oregon. During a total solar eclipse, the Moon will completely block the visible surface of the Sun, revealing the star’s outer atmosphere.NASA / Aubrey GemignaniScience Questions What causes the sun to vary?How do Earth, the planets, and the heliosphere respond?What are the impacts on humanity?Helpful Links MissionsSenior Reviews Heliophysics Mission Fleet ChartHeliophysics Organization ChartsNational Space Weather Program Featured StoryUnlocking the Sun’s X-raysPROJECT Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) SNAPSHOT NASA has developed a new type of instrument that can provide key…Read the StoryReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:4 months agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Explore the Electromagnetic Spectrum | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
This information was gathered by the Cosmic Background Explorer spacecraft over 4 years in the early 1990's.

Infrared Waves

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Infrared waves are about the length of a grain of sand.
Do you recognize the constellation Orion? If you could see Orion in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, this is what you would see. Most of the stars you normally see in Orion don't stand out in this wavelength. One of the things you do see is a large bright ring-shaped feature, which is expanding debris from an exploding star. We normally experience infrared radiation as heat. The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched in August 2003. It is helping us learn much more about the infrared universe.

Visible Light

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The Visible Light Magic Window sees the same part of the spectrum as our eyes see. Visible waves are a little shorter than the size of a bacterium. This is planet Jupiter. If you looked through a very good telescope you would see Jupiter like this. The Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit sees very far and very faint objects in the visible part of the spectrum, as well as the ultraviolet.
By the way, in the visible light range of the electromagnetic spectrum are the separate smaller ranges that our eyes see as different colors. A prism separates white light into its different wavelengths. White light goes in, all the colors of the rainbow come out. In the visible range, red has the longest wavelength, while violet has the shortest.

Ultraviolet Waves

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Ultraviolet waves are as tiny as a single virus. The Ultraviolet Magic Window shows us our own star, the Sun, as it rotates and seethes with activity. We can clearly see sunspots, flares, and other solar events in this wavelength.
The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), in orbit around the Sun, has an ultraviolet telescope onboard that gives us images like this one.

X-rays

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Imagine the Universe!
Not the dust one finds around the house (which is typically fine bits of fabric, dirt, and dead skin cells). Rather, irregularly shaped grains of carbon and/or silicates measuring a fraction of a micron across which are found between the stars. Dust is most evident by its absorption, causing large dark patches in regions of our Milky Way Galaxy and dark bands across other galaxies.
dust tail
A stream of dust particles emitted from the nucleus of a comet. It is the most visible part of a comet.
E
eccentric
Non-circular; elliptical (applied to an orbit).
eccentricity
A value that defines the shape of an ellipse or planetary orbit. The eccentricity of an ellipse (planetary orbit) is the ratio of the distance between the foci and the major axis. Equivalently the eccentricity is (ra-rp)/(ra+rp) where ra is the apoapsis distance and rp is the periapsis distance.
eclipse
The passage of one celestial body in front of another, cutting off the light from the second body (e.g. an eclipse of the sun by the moon, or one star in a binary system eclipsing the other). It may also be the passage of all or part of one body through the shadow of another (e.g. a lunar eclipse in which the moon passes through the Earth's shadow).
ecliptic
The plane of Earth's orbit about the Sun.
Eddington limit (Sir A. Eddington)
The theoretical limit at which the photon pressure would exceed the gravitational attraction of a light-emitting body. That is, a body emitting radiation at greater than the Eddington limit would break up from its own photon pressure.
Einstein, Albert (1879 - 1955)
German-American physicist; developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity which along with Quantum Mechanics is the foundation of modern physics.

 Show me a picture of Albert Einstein!

Einstein Observatory
The first fully imaging x-ray telescope in space, launched by NASA in 1978. Originally named "HEAO-2" (High Energy Astrophysics Observatory 2), it was renamed for Albert Einstein upon launch. Also see HEAO.
NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details
At closest approach the camera will be operated in a 128 x 128 pixel sub-frame mode to allow more rapid imaging. The CCD camera will be able to image the comet nucleus with a resolution of about 1.4 meters per pixel when the spacecraft is 700 km away, the approximate distance at final imaging.

The IR spectrometer is designed to measure spectral reflectivity and thermal emission of the nucleus and dust and the emission bands of water, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, the most abundant volatiles. The spectrometer detector uses a 2 prism design (one of CaF2 and one of ZnSe) and a 1024 (wavelength) by 1024 (spatial) HgCdTe focal plane array. Only half the device is active, giving an effective detector area of 1024 x 512. The central quarter of the detector is covered with a neutral density filter due to likely saturation problems imaging warm areas of the nucleus. The entrance slit is 2.53 milliradians by 10 microradians (0.145 degrees by 2 arcseconds). The camera and collimator lead to an effective f/12 with a focal length of 360 cm. It will have a resolution of 10 meters at closest approach. The spectral range is 1.05 to 4.8 microns, spectral resolution varies from 740 (lambda/delta-lambda) at 1.05 microns to a minimum of 210 at 2.5 microns and back up to 385 at 4.8 microns.Alternate NamesDeep Impact High Resolution Instrument - IR SpectrometerDeep Impact High Resolution Instrument - Visible CCDDeepImpact/HRIHRIHRIIHRIVurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument:dif.hriiurn:nasa:pds:context:instrument:dif.hrivFunding AgencyNASA-Office of Space Science Applications (United States)DisciplinePlanetary Science: Small BodiesAdditional InformationDeep Impact/EPOXIData collections from this experiment
 Questions and comments about this experiment can be directed to:
 Dr. David R. Williams PersonnelNameRoleOriginal AffiliationE-mailDr.
Moon - NASA Science
The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark. NASA’s LRO mission has used its seven science instruments to map the entire lunar surface, including the Moon's near and far sides, down to a scale of one meter.Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ImagE:Far Side of the MoonObserve the MoonDaily Moon GuideNASA’s interactive map for observing the Moon each day of the year.Moon Observation JournalBegin a month of lunar observations, starting with the solar eclipse on April 8, 2024!International Observe the Moon NightOn Sept 14, 2024, celebrate lunar observation, science, and exploration.Moon Stories Explore All Moon Stories Image Article1 min readGood Night, MoonArticle3 min readNASA’s New Mobile Launcher Stacks Up for Future Artemis Missions 1 min readA Moonlit TrioImage Article min readNavigating the Moon with ArtImage Article3 min readNASA Goddard to Build Quake Detector for Artemis III Moon LandingArticle1 month agoKeep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAFacts About EarthMarsSaturnUranusReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:3 weeks agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Explore the Electromagnetic Spectrum | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Ultraviolet waves are as tiny as a single virus. The Ultraviolet Magic Window shows us our own star, the Sun, as it rotates and seethes with activity. We can clearly see sunspots, flares, and other solar events in this wavelength.
The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), in orbit around the Sun, has an ultraviolet telescope onboard that gives us images like this one.

X-rays

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The wavelength of a single x-ray is smaller than a single atom.
This is what is left of a star whose life ended in a huge explosion long ago. It is called the supernova remnant Cassiopeia (cas-ee-oh-PE-a) A. All of the elements that make up the sun and planets in our solar system, and all the elements on Earth and in our bodies are "cooked" in these exploded stars. The bright point near the center is the neutron star that remains.
This image was made with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, placed in orbit around Earth by the Space Shuttle in July 1999. Chandra studies high-energy regions of the universe, such as hot gas in the remnants of exploded stars and clusters of galaxies, and matter falling into black holes or shooting out of active galaxies in jets.

Gamma Rays

Gamma rays are the most energetic form of light we have detected. Gamma rays come from black holes, neutron stars, supernovae (stars exploding at the end of their lives), pulsars, quasars, and other sources we don't understand yet. Great bursts of gamma rays occur frequently, and it's still a mystery where they are coming from.
This image was taken by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope which was placed in orbit around Earth in June 2008. At the height of this gamma ray outburst, the galaxy was more than 10,000 times brighter than the combined brightness of all of the stars in our Milky Way galaxy.

Related Resources for Educators

The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Video Series and Companion Book
ViewSpace: Explore the Universe with Interactives and Videos
Sensing the Universe

 	article last updated December 19, 2023
 

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