vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
FAQs • San Bruno, CA • CivicEngage
Due to the large scale of FEMA's coastal flood studies, many are performed using clusters of high-powered computers to calculate components (e.g. storm surge, wave conditions) of a coastal flood. Such computing power is necessary to capture the physics of water moving over highly detailed topography and bathymetry.The computer models calculate water levels and wave effects in areas that can be several hundred miles across, at hundreds of thousands (or sometimes millions) of points every few seconds during each simulation. Typically, 100 to 200 storms or coastal flood events are simulated for a coastal flood study. 

15.
Are the flood study results appealable?

FEMA is sensitive to the needs of property owners and community officials who believe the flood hazard information shown on a new or updated FIRM or accompanying Flood Insurance Study (FIS) is incorrect. Therefore, the study procedures, data, and results are documented throughout a coastal flood study and are available for review by those individuals or communities considering an appeal. 

16.
Is it possible for community officials or individual property owners to appeal a coastal study when FEMA used supercomputers to obtain the results presented on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)?

Although it is true that replicating an entire coastal flood study will be time-consuming and expensive, a review of the study documentation can help focus an appeal on certain aspects of the study, including, but not limited to, the following:Quality of the topography and bathymetry used in the models;Validation of the models using historical flood events;Selection of flood events modeled;How those events are parameterized in the models;Methods by which water levels from individual simulations are combined statistically; andOverland wave hazard modeling.The first and last items listed above (topography and overland wave hazard modeling) have a significant influence on the Base (1-%-annual-chance) Flood Elevations (BFEs) and Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundaries and/or zone designations (Zones VE or AE) produced by a coastal flood study, and do not require high-powered computers and sophisticated models to appeal. In fact, challenging results based on these two items is no more complicated today than it was before the advent of supercomputers. Many appeals and revision requests are still submitted and granted using local topographic data, desktop computers, and readily-available models.
Reappraisal Exclusion for Seniors, Victims of Natural Disaster, and Severely Disabled | Sierra County, CA - Official Website
Reappraisal Exclusion for Seniors, Victims of Natural Disaster, and Severely Disabled | Sierra County, CA - Official Website

 

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HomeYour GovernmentAssessorTax Savings AvailableReappraisal Exclusion for Seniors, Victims of Natural Disaster, and Severely Disabled



Reappraisal Exclusion for Seniors, Victims of Natural Disaster, and Severely Disabled	

Persons over 55 years of age and the severely disabled can buy a residence of equal or lesser value than their existing home and transfer their current tax value to the new home. The purpose of this is to provide property tax relief for seniors by preventing a property tax increase, if they sell their existing home and buy a similar or lower valued home in the same county.In November 2020, California voters passed Proposition 19, which made changes to property tax benefits for families, seniors, severely disabled persons, and victims of natural disaster. These changes became effective in February or April 2021, depending on the component of the measure. The component affecting the transfer of base year values became effective April 1, 2021. Proposition 19 also added the ability to transfer base year values for Victims of Wildfire or Other Natural Disasters. If you wish to submit a claim to transfer your tax value to a new primary residence, please use the forms below.Read the Property Tax Savings Information Sheets from the Taxpayer's Rights Advocate for more information.Prop 19 Base Year Value Transfer Claim FormsClaim for Transfer of Base Year Value for Victims of Wildfire or Other Natural Disaster BOE-19-V (PDF)Claim for Transfer of Base Year Value for Severely Disabled Persons BOE-19-D (PDF)Claim for Transfer of Base Year Value for Persons at Least Age 55 years BOE-19-B (PDF)Certificate of Disability BOE-19-DC (PDF)Notice of Rescission of Claim to Transfer Base Year Value BOE-60-NR (PDF)To learn more about the Former Law and the Current Law (Proposition 19), check out the informational charts below created by the Board of Equalization, or view them on the at Proposition 19 – Board of Equalization (ca.gov) website along with the most current issued guidance, frequently asked questions, and additional resources.
May | 2012 | Terra
In part, this is due to lack of warning systems (orbital sensors have a role to play in improving this); there may also be lack of basic information as to what lands are being flooded (here the Flood Observatory’s near-real time flood mapping efforts are important); fatalities are also due to high population densities and inadequate control structures and drainage (in both the cities and the rural areas). In some cases, development assistance has exacerbated the damage, by providing a false sense of protection and fostering more development behind supposedly protective levees.
Why is it important to study floods?
BB: Floods are an integral part of floodplain ecosystems, and much of the global human population resides on floodplains. We live close to rivers, and we misunderstand their processes at our peril!  Many scientists who study rivers are urging different sorts of engineering responses to floods and flood hazard:  approaches that work with the rivers, and their natural processes, are more likely to be successful in the long term. The recent planned avulsion (diversion) of the Mississippi River to a pre-planned spillway is a good example of how setting aside some lands for temporary use by a river in major flood can help save urban properties downstream.
How did you get interested in the study of floods?
BB: In 1993, during the Great Flood of the Upper Mississippi River, I flew “œunderflew” a radar satellite imaging of this flooding (ERS-1, an ESA satellite). My colleague Jim Knox and I flew in a small plane at about 900 ft along the flooded valley while this satellite was acquiring images, which we then used to map the flood.  I interrupted my other work to do this, but found the topic of such inherent interest that my work has focused on flood remote sensing ever since then.

MISR Researcher: Dr. Larry Di Girolamo

Posted on May 2, 2012 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

Dr. Larry Di Girolamo is a Professor and the Daniel Shapiro Professorial Scholar in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  He uses data collected from ASTER, MISR, and MODIS to study weather, aerosol and cloud properties.
FEMA: Inundaciones
FEMA: Inundaciones

 
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Inundaciones
Las inundaciones son uno de los peligros más comunes en los Estados Unidos. No obstante, todas las inundaciones no son iguales. Las inundaciones fluviales se desarrollan lentamente, a veces durante un plazo de días. Las inundaciones repentinas pueden desarrollarse rápidamente, a veces en sólo unos minutos, sin señales visibles de lluvia. Las inundaciones repentinas a menudo tienen una pared peligrosa de agua rugiente que arrastra una carga mortal de rocas, lodo y otros escombros que pueden arrasar cualquier cosa en su paso. Las inundaciones terrestres ocurren fuera de un río o riachuelo definido, tal como cuando un dique se rompe, pero aun así puede ser destructiva. Las inundaciones también pueden ocurrir cuando una represa se rompe produciendo efectos similares a las inundaciones repentinas.
 Los efectos de las inundaciones pueden ser muy locales, afectando a un vecindario o comunidad, o de gran tamaño, afectando las riberas completas de los ríos y varios estados.
 Esté consciente de los riesgos de inundaciones, no importa donde usted viva, pero especialmente si reside en áreas bajas, cerca de agua o aguas abajo de una represa. Aun los arroyos pequeños, barrancos, riachuelos, alcantarillas, lechos secos de arroyos o terrenos bajos que parezcan inmunes en tiempo seco pueden inundarse.
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FAQs • San Bruno, CA • CivicEngage
But changes in your community can send water flowing in new directions, creating flood risks that never existed before. 

3.
A recent large storm hit near my house and it didn’t flood; are you sure these maps indicate the current flood risk in my area?

Be aware that every flood and every storm is different. For instance, there were some communities in Louisiana that flooded during Hurricane Isaac (2012) but did not flood during Hurricane Katrina (2005). Although Isaac was much weaker than Katrina, Isaac moved very slowly and caused flooding in areas that the faster-moving, stronger Katrina had not.FEMA is using the latest science and technology available to make your flood maps more accurate with the ultimate goal of protecting you, your home or business, and your community from flood-related losses. FEMA is also working with your local officials to use the information in your new flood map to better plan community development and protect your community from the devastation floods can cause. 

4.
What is the difference between a Zone VE and a Zone AE flood hazard designation?

Zone AE is the area subject to inundation by the base (1-%-annual-chance) flood event. Zone VE is also area subject to inundation from the base flood, but with additional hazards due to storm-induced velocity wave action. Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) derived from detailed hydraulic analyses are shown. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements and floodplain management standards apply in both zones. 

5.
Why did FEMA choose the 1-percent standard?

The base (1-%-annual-chance, or 100-year) flood standard was adopted for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) after various alternatives were considered. The standard constitutes a reasonable compromise between the need for building restrictions to minimize potential loss of life and property and the economic benefits of floodplain development. The Base (1-%-annual-chance) Flood Elevation (BFE) has been adopted by the NFIP as the basis for floodplain management and flood insurance regulations. 

6.
How does the preliminary map issuance change my flood insurance rate?

The issuance of a preliminary Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) does not impact flood insurance rates.
Climate Change - NYSDEC
Ocean temperature plays an important role in the Earth's climate system, particularly sea surface temperature (SST). SST has risen as oceans absorb more heat from the atmosphere, resulting in changes to ocean currents and circulation, as well as sea level rise. SST has a significant impact on climate. As SST rises, increased evaporation leads to a greater concentration of water vapor over the oceans, influencing weather systems that produce precipitation or contribute to drought conditions. Heat from water at the ocean's surface provides tropical storms and hurricanes with energy and influences weather patterns.The U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that over the last two decades the Atlantic Ocean along the northeastern United States (U.S.) has warmed faster than 99% of the global ocean. Coastal temperatures along the northeastern U.S. increased by 0.06°F per year from 1982 to 2016. Ocean temperatures over the Northeastern continental shelf are expected to warm by up to 0.76°F per decade by 2070.Ocean circulation plays an important role in climate through the movement of heat, freshwater, nutrients, and carbon. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) moves warm water from the tropics poleward and cold water from the poles towards the equator, largely influencing the climates of North America and Europe. However, warming ocean temperatures and changes in ocean salinity due to an influx of freshwater from melting sea ice and glaciers, can slow down the AMOC. The amount and velocity of heat transported by AMOC can be a cause for extreme weather and changes to precipitation patterns experienced by these continents.Increasing ocean temperatures can also create disturbances to marine ecosystems and the loss of essential habitats for marine fish and mammals. The loss of coral reef habitat from coral bleaching is a result of warming ocean temperatures. Pathogens, such as harmful algal blooms and bacteria, can spread more easily in warmer waters, putting global water supplies, human and animal health, and economies that depend on the fishing industry, at risk.Ocean AcidificationHigh levels of GHGs in the atmosphere are not only increasing global warming and intensifying climate change but are also threatening the health of ocean life and ecosystems. The oceans play a crucial role in absorbing heat, but also in regulating the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Climate Change - NYSDEC
Climate, however, refers to regional or global average patterns of temperature, humidity, and precipitation over longer time periods such as seasons, years, decades, or centuries. Climate is influenced by the movement of heat and moisture by air and ocean currents, which can affect the temperatures, precipitation, humidity, soil moisture, surface water levels, groundwater levels, and even storm events of a particular region.Climate change refers to long-term changes in the average weather patterns that define the Earth's global, regional and local climates. Often when we think of climate change, we think of the physical effects of climate change such as heatwaves, sea level rise, and heavy rainfall, and the impacts on communities and the environment, such as floods and droughts.Some climate change is influenced by naturally occurring changes in the Earth's temperature. For at least the last million years, the Earth has experienced natural cycles of cooling and warming, taking the Earth into ice ages and warming it up again. Each of these naturally-occurring cycles has taken approximately 100,000 years to complete.However, today's climate is changing much more rapidly because of greenhouse gas emissions released from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, wetland loss, and other human activities that are causing the Earth's average temperature to heat up much faster than it would naturally.The Greenhouse Effect, Greenhouse Gases, and Global Warming

 

Energy from the sun, or solar radiation, travels through space and enters the Earth's atmosphere, which forms a kind of warm blanket around the Earth. Some solar radiation remains trapped in the atmosphere under this blanket and is absorbed by land, air, and surface waters, while some solar radiation is reflected by land, ice, or clouds and escapes back out into space. When the Earth reflects the same amount of energy as it absorbs, the balance keeps the planet's average temperature fairly stable. This is called the greenhouse effect, and is essential for sustaining life on Earth. The revolution of the Earth around the sun and the tilt of the Earth on its axis create variation in the intensity of solar radiation received by different sections of the planet and drive naturally occurring cycles of planetary cooling and warming. This variation over time is what sends the Earth into ice ages and then into shorter warming periods between these ice ages.
Climate Change
These dramatic examples show how important parks are in keeping Sonoma County communities safer from the effects of climate change. And extreme wildfire isn’t the only threat we’re now facing. Increased flooding, rising sea waters, historic drought and species loss are all growing dangers in Sonoma County and beyond — dangers which parks are well-suited to deal with.
Tackling greenhouse gasses
Climate change is caused by higher levels of carbon dioxide and similar gasses entering the atmosphere. Any solution to climate change must reduce greenhouse gasses in two ways: by stopping further emissions, and by drawing carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere through “sequestration,” which traps it in the ground and in vegetation.
Sequestration is greatly aided by the presence of parks because healthy open space acts as a natural carbon sink. As trees and other plants grow, they convert carbon dioxide to oxygen; when they decompose, some of that carbon becomes sequestered in the soil. The more parks and open space we have, and the healthier and greener those places are, the more sequestration will occur.
Preparing for the future
Adaptation means acknowledging that climate change is happening and preparing accordingly. For Sonoma County Regional Parks, wildfire, flooding, sea level rise and habitat and species loss are among the challenges we must prepare for in the years ahead.
In some cases, that’s best accomplished by continuing to use smart land management practices. Grazing, prescribed burns and invasive species removal can help us manage wildfires. Stream restoration can reduce erosion and alleviate flooding. These and other practices improve native habitat, resulting in more robust and resilient ecosystems. Sustainable water management and drought preparedness are critical components to resilient park management. 
Sonoma County coordinates its larger adaptation and mitigation efforts through the Sonoma County Regional Climate Protection Authority. This agency, which brings county and city leaders together on a variety of climate-related issues, commissioned experts from the North Bay Climate Adaptation Initiative to develop a local assessment of climate risks. The resulting report, “Climate Ready Sonoma County,” provides an important blueprint for adapting to climate change locally at both the individual and societal level.
A local and global mandate