vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
How Long is a Year on Other Planets? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
How Long is a Year on Other Planets? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

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Educators

How Long is a Year on Other Planets?

The Short Answer:

Here is how long it takes each of the planets in our solar system to orbit around the Sun (in Earth days):
Mercury: 88 days
Venus: 225 days
Earth: 365 days
Mars: 687 days
Jupiter: 4,333 days
Saturn: 10,759 days
Uranus: 30,687 days
Neptune: 60,190 days

A year on Earth is approximately 365 days. Why is that considered a year? Well, 365 days is about how long it takes for Earth to orbit all the way around the Sun one time.

A year is measured by how long it takes a planet to orbit around its star. Earth orbits around the Sun in approximately 365 days. Credit: NASA/Terry Virts

It’s not exactly this simple though. An Earth year is actually about 365 days, plus approximately 6 hours. Read more about that here.
All of the other planets in our solar system also orbit the Sun. So, how long is a year on those planets? Well, it depends on where they are orbiting!
Planets that orbit closer to the Sun than Earth have shorter years than Earth. Planets that orbit farther from the Sun than Earth have longer years than Earth.

A planet orbiting close to its star has a shorter year than a planet orbiting farther from its star. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

This happens for two main reasons.

If a planet is close to the Sun, the distance it orbits around the Sun is fairly short. This distance is called an orbital path.

The closer a planet travels to the Sun, the more the Sun’s gravity can pull on the planet. The stronger the pull of the Sun’s gravity, the faster the planet orbits.

Check out how long a year is on each planet below!

Mercury
Facts About Earth - NASA Science
It's the only place we know of inhabited by living things.Quick FactsLength of Day23.9 hoursLength of Year365.25 daysDistance from Sun93,327,712 miles / 150,196,428 kilometersOne Way Light Time to Sun8.350022 minutesWhile Earth is only the fifth largest planet in the solar system, it is the only world in our solar system with liquid water on the surface. Just slightly larger than nearby Venus, Earth is the biggest of the four planets closest to the Sun, all of which are made of rock and metal.Earth is the only planet in the solar system whose English name does not come from Greek or Roman mythology. The name was taken from Old English and Germanic. It simply means "the ground." There are, of course, many names for our planet in the thousands of languages spoken by the people of the third planet from the Sun.Unable to render the provided sourceNamesakeThe name Earth is at least 1,000 years old. All of the planets, except for Earth, were named after Greek and Roman gods and goddesses. However, the name Earth is a Germanic word, which simply means “the ground.”Potential for LifeEarth has a very hospitable temperature and mix of chemicals that have made life abundant here. Most notably, Earth is unique in that most of our planet is covered in liquid water, since the temperature allows liquid water to exist for extended periods of time. Earth's vast oceans provided a convenient place for life to begin about 3.8 billion years ago.Some of the features of our planet that make it great for sustaining life are changing due to the ongoing effects of climate change.Size and DistanceWith an equatorial diameter of 7926 miles (12,760 kilometers), Earth is the biggest of the terrestrial planets and the fifth largest planet in our solar system.From an average distance of 93 million miles (150 million kilometers), Earth is exactly one astronomical unit away from the Sun because one astronomical unit (abbreviated as AU), is the distance from the Sun to Earth.
How Does Our Sun Compare With Other Stars? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
How Does Our Sun Compare With Other Stars? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

sun-compare

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Earth
Sun
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Universe
Science and Tech
Educators

How Does Our Sun Compare With Other Stars?

The Short Answer:

	Our Sun is an average sized star: there are smaller stars and larger stars, even up to 100 times larger. Many other solar systems have multiple suns, while ours just has one. Our Sun is 864,000 miles in diameter and 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit on the surface.
	

Credit: ESA/NASA

Our Sun is a bright, hot ball of hydrogen and helium at the center of our solar system. It is 864,000 miles (1,392,000 km) in diameter, which makes it 109 times wider than Earth. It's 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5,500 degrees Celsius) at the surface, and 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15,000,000 degrees Celsius) in the core. Yikes!
Our Sun is pretty impressive, but how does it compare to other stars? There are billions more stars in the Milky Way galaxy - the galaxy we call home. And there are many, many more in the rest of the universe. Is our Sun special?

The size of our sun
It turns out that our Sun is an average sized star. There are bigger stars, and there are smaller stars. We have found stars that are 100 times bigger in diameter than our sun. Truly, those stars are enormous. We have also seen stars that are just one tenth the size of our sun.

Suns with friends
Our Sun is a little unusual because it doesn't have any friends. It's just one Sun surrounded by planets, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. But solar systems can have more than one sun. In fact, that's often the case. More than half of all stars are in multiple star systems. That means the solar system has two or more suns in it.
Suborbital Research - NASA Science
Flights are launched in Sweden and land in Canada with multiple balloon volumes available for multi-day flights supporting scientific missions and utilizing both line of sight and over the horizon communications capability. Launches take place in Antarctica with multiple balloon volumes available for missions lasting from a few days to several weeks to support scientific missions and utilizing both line of sight and over the horizon communications.Launches takes place in New Zealand using the ~0.5 million cubic meter volume super-pressure balloon for missions lasting from a few days to several weeks at the southern hemisphere mid-latitude in support of scientific missions and utilizing line of sight and over the horizon communications. Launches take place at the conventional or Long Duration locations using a 1.7 million cubic meter volume zero-pressure balloon for short or long duration flights supporting scientific missions utilizing line of sight and over the horizon communications.Flight Duration~2 hrs to 36 hrs~4 to 7 days~7 to 50+ days~ 7 up to 100 days~2 hrs to 21+ daysTarget Altitude30 to 40 km30 to 40 km30 to 40 km33.5 km47 to 50 kmPayload Weight CapacityUp to 2,948 kgUp to 2,948 kgUp to 2,948 kg900 to 1300 kgUp to 200 kgPayload DimensionsCompatible with various payload dimensions (small, medium or large); details available from NASA BPOCompatible with various payload dimensions (small, medium or large); details available from NASA BPOCompatible with various payload dimensions (small, medium or large); details available from NASA BPOCompatible with various payload dimensions (small, medium or large); details available from NASA BPOCompatible with various payload dimensions (small, medium or large); details available from NASA BPOPayload MountingExternalExternalExternalExternalExternalAdditional information regarding NASA-provided balloon platforms is available through the NASA Balloon Program Office.Figure 5. – Current balloon capabilities for the NASA Balloon Program Office (Source: NASA BPO).4.
Asteroid Watch
Asteroid Watch

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 Asteroid Watch: Keeping an Eye on Near-Earth Objects
Managed for NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) accurately characterizes the orbits of all known near-Earth objects, predicts their close approaches with Earth, and makes comprehensive impact hazard assessments in support of the agency’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office at NASA Headquarters in Washington.Near-Earth objects are asteroids and comets with orbits that bring them to within 120 million miles (195 million kilometers) of the Sun, which means they can circulate through the Earth’s orbital neighborhood. Most near-Earth objects are asteroids that range in size from about 10 feet (a few meters) to nearly 25 miles (40 kilometers) across.The orbit of each object is computed by finding the elliptical path through space that best fits all the available observations, which often span many orbits over many years or decades. As more observations are made, the accuracy of an object's orbit improves dramatically, and it becomes possible to predict where an object will be years or even decades into the future – and whether it could come close to Earth. Did you ever wonder how NASA spots asteroids that maybe getting too close to Earth for comfort? Watch and learn. Find out more about NASA finds, studies and tracks near-Earth objects by visiting https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The majority of near-Earth objects have orbits that don’t bring them very close to Earth, and therefore pose no risk of impact, but a small fraction of them – called potentially hazardous asteroids – require more attention.
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
You can also have students write a letter or poem to be opened on the next leap day or get them learning about orbits across the solar system.And since we've got an extra 24 hours this year, don't forget to take a little time to relax!Educator Resources Problem Set Leap Day Math In this problem set, students calculate the difference between the calendar year and Earth's orbital period to determine when leap years occur. Subject Math Grades 5-8 Time Less than 30 mins Collection Solar System Scale & Size Lessons Explore a collection of standards-aligned lessons all about the size and scale of our solar system. Educator Guide Planetary Poetry Have students write a poem they can open and re-read next leap day! Subject Science Grades 2-12 Time 1-2 hrs Student Resources Article What Is a Leap Year? Get the answer in this article from NASA Space Place. Plus, learn if other planets have leap years! Article How Long Is a Year on Other Planets? Get the answer in this article from NASA Space Place. Collection All About the Size and Scale of the Solar System Learn how big and far away the planets are with these projects and activities. 
TAGS: K-12 Education, Math, Leap Day, Leap Year, Events, Space, Educators, Teachers, Parents, Students, STEM, Lessons, Earth Science, Earth

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Lyle Tavernier, Educational Technology Specialist, NASA-JPL Education Office

Lyle Tavernier is an educational technology specialist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. When he’s not busy working in the areas of distance learning and instructional technology, you might find him running with his dog, cooking or planning his next trip.

READ MORE

Teacher Feature | 
	April 3, 2023

Working With the Next Wave of Science Teachers
By Brandon Rodriguez

Four pre-service teachers at Cal Poly Pomona are developing their skills in lesson design and delivery as they study Earth science concepts and prepare for graduation.

 Clockwise from upper left: Amie Gallardo, Sofia Vallejo, Afiya Kindle, Jacquelin Galvez-Coyt. Image courtesy: Brandon Rodriguez | + Expand image
A Message from the Project Scientist | Terra
The importance of orbit maintenance is that changes in orbit can affect the quality of data from a sensor.  Earlier crossing times for a morning platform like Terra mean lower solar elevations (leading to more prevalent shadows), decreased cloud probabilities, lower surface temperatures, and lower reflected energy (leading to lower signals).  A decrease in orbit altitude alters the spatial coverage of the sensor including possible gaps in spatial sampling, decreased spatial coverage, but better spatial resolution. 
The flight operations team works to maintain both crossing time and platform altitude to provide the highest quality data.  The trade is that fuel is often a life-limiting factor for long-life platforms.  The amount of maneuvering fuel is a trade between platform weight at launch, expected platform life, and safe disposal of the platform at end of life. Fuel use is dominated by inclination maneuvers since they require significantly more fuel than drag makeup maneuvers.
Fortunately, Terra benefited from a near perfect launch and accurate orbit insertion by the launch vehicle leading to almost a full tank of fuel for maneuvering.  Inclination maneuvers have been done on average four times per year since launch to maintain Terra’s crossing time of 10:30 am (though it was 10:45 am for the first two years on orbit).  IAMs continued until the remaining fuel was just enough for a Constellation Exit and perigee-lowering burns.  The Constellation Exit lowers the platform’s orbit by 6 km to remove it from the 705-km orbit altitude of the Earth Sciences Constellation.  The perigee-lowering burns take place at the time of Terra’s passivation and all remaining fuel is used to lower Terra to begin its slow re-entry to an uncontrolled de-orbit.
After Terra’s IAM it began to drift to an earlier crossing time.  Drag makeup maneuvers are being continued to maintain Terra’s orbit altitude of 705 km.  Risk mitigation maneuvers will also continue to avoid orbital debris.  When Terra’s crossing time reaches a 10:15 AM MLT (currently predicted for Fall 2022), the flight operations team will have Terra exit the Earth Sciences Constellation and lower Terra to an altitude of 694 km by performing two retrograde maneuvers.
About Terra | Terra
Launch Date: December 18,1999Size: the spacecraft bus is 6.8 m long and 3.5 m across.Weight: 5,190 kg (11,442 lbs.) at launch.

Orbit Quick Facts: 
Altitude: 705 kilometers (438 miles) above Earth’s surfaceInclination: 98.5 degreesPeriod: 99 minutes (14 complete orbits per day)Ground track repeat: 16 daysEquatorial crossing: 10:30 a.m., descending mode

Terra Status:
Operating instruments: ASTER, CERES, MODIS, MISR, and MOPITT are operating well.  ASTER Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) data is unavailable.Current systems issues: None.Processed Terra data are available through several NASA data centers.Current life expectancy: Terra  has far exceeded its design life and has a strong chance of operating successfully into the early 2020s. Terra began drifting in February of 2020. Read more about Terra’s drifting or see key dates below.
Key dates of Drift
Exceed 10:30 MLT (+/- 1 min) – April 2021*Exceed 10:15 MLT – October 2022* Constellation Exit – October 2022*Exceed 9:00 MLT – December 2025* 
Passivation dates are not yet determined, but passivation is expected to take place due to signal to noise limits from lower solar zenith angles, limited battery power from changing solar angle on the solar panels, or programmatic funding limits. 
*Dates are subject to change.

 

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NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
Another maneuver took place on 8 February increasing the relative velocity slightly to 9.9 m/s. Searches for satellites of Eros took place on 28 January, and 4 and 9 February, none were found. The scans were for for scientific purposes and to mitigate any chances of collision with a satellite. NEAR went into a 321 x 366 km orbit around Eros on 14 February. The orbit was slowly decreased to a 35 km circular polar orbit by 14 July. NEAR remained in this orbit for 10 days and then was backed out in stages to a 100 km circular orbit by 5 September 2000. Maneuvers in mid-October led to a flyby of Eros within 5.3 km of the surface at 07:00 UT on 26 October.

Following the flyby NEAR moved to a 200 km circular orbit and shifted the orbit from prograde near-polar to a retrograde near-equatorial orbit. By 13 December 2000 the orbit was be shifted back to a circular 35 km low orbit. where NEAR will remain until the nominal end of mission on 12 February 2001. Starting on 24 January 2001 the spacecraft began a series of close passes (5 to 6 km) to the surface and on 28 January passed 2 to 3 km from the asteroid. The spacecraft made a slow controlled descent to the surface of Eros ending with a touchdown in the "saddle" region of Eros on 12 February 2001 at 20:01:52 UT (3:01:52 p.m. EST). This was the first spacecraft touchdown on an asteroid. After landing, the spacecraft continued to operate until the final contact was made on 28 February. The gamma-ray spectrometer collected data from the asteroid's surface over this time. A later attempt to contact the spacecraft on 10 December 2002 was unsuccessful.

Spacecraft and Subsystems

The spacecraft has the shape of an octagonal prism, approximately 1.7 m on a side, with four fixed gallium arsenide solar panels in a windmill arrangement, a fixed 1.5 m X-band high-gain radio antenna with a magnetometer mounted on the antenna feed, and an X-ray solar monitor on one end (the forward deck), with the other instruments fixed on the opposite end (the aft deck).
Pluto & Dwarf Planets - NASA Science
YouTechnology Technology Transfer & SpinoffsSpace Travel TechnologyTechnology Living in SpaceManufacturing and MaterialsRoboticsScience InstrumentsComputingThe Universe ExoplanetsThe Search for Life in the UniverseStarsGalaxiesBlack HolesThe Big BangDark Matter &amp; Dark EnergyThe Solar System The SunMercuryVenusEarthThe MoonMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto &amp; Dwarf PlanetsAsteroids, Comets &amp; MeteorsThe Kuiper BeltThe Oort CloudSkywatchingEspañol CienciaAeronáuticaCiencias TerrestresSistema SolarUniversoScience All NASA ScienceEarth SciencePlanetary ScienceAstrophysics & Space ScienceThe Sun & HeliophysicsBiological & Physical SciencesLunar ScienceCitizen ScienceAstromaterialsAeronautics ResearchHuman Space Travel ResearchExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+HomePluto & Dwarf...Pluto and Dwarf Planets OverviewPlutoCeresHaumeaMakemakeErisAll PlanetsAbout PlanetsMercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptuneOur Solar SystemExplore This SectionPluto and Dwarf Planets OverviewPlutoCeresHaumeaMakemakeErisAll PlanetsOur Solar SystemDwarf PlanetsOur solar system has five dwarf planets. In order of distance from the Sun they are: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.Dwarf Planets OverviewPluto and other dwarf planets are a lot like regular planets. So what’s the big difference? The International Astronomical Union (IAU), a world organization of astronomers, came up with the definition of a planet in 2006. According to the IAU, a planet must do three things:Orbit its host star (In our solar system that’s the Sun).Be mostly round.Be big enough that its gravity cleared away any other objects of similar size near its orbit around the Sun.Dwarf planets like Pluto were defined as objects that orbit the Sun, and are nearly round, but have not been able to clear their orbit of debris. So far, the IAU has only recognized five dwarf planets.
Virtual Vocabulary | NASA eClips
topmoon - A moon is a natural satellite that revolves around another body that is greater in mass. topMoon phases - Moon phases are the different appearances of the Moon over the course of approximately one month. As the lit portion of the Moon appears to change shape, each distinct stage of the change is called a phase. topmotion - Motion is a change in position over time. topmountain - A mountain is any place on Earth that rises sharply and is well above its surroundings. topnNational Transonic Facility - The National Transonic Facility (NTF) is a high-pressure, cryogenic, closed-circuit wind tunnel that uses super cold nitrogen gas at high pressure to duplicate true flight aerodynamics. The NTF can accommodate models as small as one-fiftieth the size of an actual aircraft. Notable vehicles tested in the NTF have included the Boeing 777 and 767, the Space Shuttle and Booster, the B-2 Bomber, and the F-18 Hornet. topnavigating - Navigating is to plot and manage the course or position of a ship, aircraft, etc. topnear-Earth object - Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are comets and asteroids that have been nudged by the gravitational attraction of nearby planets into orbits that allow them to enter the Earth's neighborhood. topNear-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) - The Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or NEOWISE, is a NASA infrared-wavelength space telescope active from December 2009 to February 2011. The NEOWISE project helped collect physical data on a number of minor planets and detected over158,000 asteriods and more than 155 comets. topnet force - The net force is the total of all of the forces acting on an object. These forces are vectors, which means they have direction as well as magnitude. topneutron star - A neutron star is the type of star formed when a massive star explodes as a supernova, leaving behind an ultra dense core. topnew Moon - A new Moon is the phase of the Moon in which no part of the Moon is visible from Earth.
October | 2022 | Terra
The Terra, Aqua, and Aura Drifting Orbits Workshop will be held virtually on November 1-2, 2022. The Workshop Agenda has been posted on the NSPIRES page for this RFI. To attend please register at https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/terra-aqua-and-aura-drifting-orbits-workshop-registration, or use the QR code in the image below.
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Sun-Earth Day 2004 Venus Transit
Through engaging activities focused on US and world history, music, technology, math, and astronomy, classrooms and museums can create their own event or participate in one 
of the opportunities we make available. Comparisons of Venus with Earth and Mars, calculations of the distances to nearby stars, and the use of transits to identify extra-solar 
planets will all add to the excitement of this cosmic occurrence. 

While visiting this site don't forget to register for your free educational packet!

Click below for this year's Sun-Earth Day flyer.

Sun-Earth Day Flyer PDF file (188 K)

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These maps depict how much hotter or cooler an ocean basin was compared to the long-term average. Temperature anomalies can indicate changes in ocean circulation or the arrival of patterns like El Niño and La Niña.

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