vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Collection - Fall Colors
Collection - Fall Colors

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Fall Colors

As green chlorophyll fades from trees and plants each autumn, other pigments color Earth’s landscapes. Satellites take leaf-peeping to a whole new level.

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Watching for Color in the Wasatch Back
The eastern side of the Wasatch Range in autumn displays abundant reds and oranges, followed by vibrant yellows.
Published Nov 13, 2023
 

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Fall Color in the Cuyahoga Valley
Forests of maples and oaks show their brilliant autumn hues in northeast Ohio’s national park.
Published Nov 6, 2023
 

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Warm Autumn Hues on Kodiak Island
The Alaskan tundra puts on a fleeting display of color before the snows fall and bears hibernate.
Published Oct 11, 2023
 

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Snow on the Upper Peninsula
A snowstorm dropped a temporary blanket of white in Michigan amid the region’s colorful fall foliage.
Published Oct 24, 2022
 

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Autumn in the Adirondacks
Vibrant leaf color in northeast New York has not disappointed leaf-peepers.
Watch the Skies -
The NASA All-sky Fireball Network is a network of cameras set up by the NASA Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO) with the goal of observing the brightest meteors called fireballs.
However, sometimes creepy, crawly, spooky, strange, and mysterious images also get picked up by their cameras.

Do you see the jack-o-lantern in the clouds?

Long-legged creepy crawler.

Hooded visitor of the night?

Not all tree frogs live in trees.

Broomstick convention or birds?

I bet those talons could grab a lot of candy.
Images and video of fireballs from the cameras are available for anyone to download from NASA’s All-Sky Fireball Network.
By Lauren Perkins
NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center
 

Author Beth RidgewayPosted on October 30, 2023October 30, 2023Categories MSFC Meteoroid Environment OfficeLeave a comment on Spooky Season of the Skies 

The Solar Eclipse Experience 

On Oct. 14, 2023, and April 8, 2024, the entire United States and millions around the world will be able to view a solar eclipse.
 
A map showing where the Moon’s shadow will cross the U.S. during the 2023 annular solar eclipse and 2024 total solar eclipse. (NASA SVS)
There are three different kinds of solar eclipses: total, annular, and partial. When the Moon is far from the Earth, its size is too small to completely cover the Sun, thus an annular eclipse is observed, like what is expected on Oct. 14, 2023. When the Moon is close to the Earth, its larger size completely covers the Sun, causing a total eclipse, which will occur on April 8, 2024. A partial eclipse occurs when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are not perfectly aligned so only a part of the Sun will appear to be covered, giving it a crescent shape. During a total or annular solar eclipse, people outside the totality/annularity paths will see a partial solar eclipse.
From left to right, this image shows a total solar eclipse, annular solar eclipse, and partial solar eclipse.
The Eclipse Experience
Collection - Earth at Night
This nighttime photograph of Tokyo, Japan, was taken by International Space Station astronaut Dan Tani on February 5, 2008. The heart of the city is brightest, with ribbons of lights radiating outward from the center along streets and railways.
Published Apr 22, 2008
 

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Earth’s City Lights 1994
Satellite map of the man-made lights on Earth, which scientists use to study development and urbanization.
Published Oct 23, 2000
 

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What's Up: May 2024 Skywatching Tips from NASA - NASA Science
You can see meteors from this shower the whole week centered around the peak night, though. The place on the sky where the meteors appear to originate, the radiant, is in the constellation Aquarius, so you'll have a chance to see meteors as long as the radiant is above the horizon, with more meteors the higher that point rises in the sky. This time of year, Aquarius rises after midnight, so the time to watch this shower is in the few hours before dawn.This is a great shower for observers in the Southern Hemisphere. The radiant rises a good bit higher in the sky before morning twilight, because in May, which is autumn there, nights are longer. Those in optimal dark sky conditions can see 40 meteors per hour. For Northern Hemisphere observers, it's less than half that amount – more like 10 to 20 meteors per hour.It's still an above average shower, though, especially with the peak this year being near a new moon, making for a darker sky. And with the warmer temperatures that come with springtime north of the equator, it can be a worthy shower to go out and enjoy.As always, to see the most meteors, find yourself a safe, dark spot away from bright lights and give your eyes a few minutes to adapt to the dark.Lie down with your feet pointed more or less toward the east, and look straight overhead. Bring a warm drink and a friend or two, and turn an early morning into a "meteor morning," as you search the skies for the eta Aquariid meteors.Here are the phases of the Moon for May. Sky chart showing the Moon with Saturn and Mars before sunrise on May 3. NASA/JPL-CaltechStay up to date on NASA's missions exploring the solar system and beyond at science.nasa.gov. I'm Preston Dyches from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and that's What's Up for this month.Skywatching Resources​NASA's Night Sky NetworkNASA's Watch the Skies BlogDaily Moon Observing GuideFull Moon BlogAbout the What's Up production team"What's Up" is NASA's longest running web video series.
Sensing the Universe - NASA Science
They can learn much more about cosmic objects and events by combining information from multiple messengers than by using just one. Scientists call this approach multimessenger astronomy.LightScientists picture light as streams of photons, particles representing the smallest possible packets of light energy. Light behaves both as if it’s made up of particles and as if it’s made up of waves. While we usually talk about light in terms of waves, it’s really a bit of both.Different types of light combine into a collection called the electromagnetic spectrum. Scientists define these different regions of the spectrum by the energy, wavelength, and frequency of their light.Explore the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to gamma rays, with this infographic.NASARadio waves have the lowest energies, lowest frequencies, and longest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. On Earth, we use radio waves to transmit data when we use cell phones or wireless internet. The universe is also full of radio-emitting objects like pulsars, nebulae, and some types of galaxies.Microwaves cook popcorn in a few minutes. Astronomers use this light to learn about the structure of galaxies, including our own. NASA’s Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) used this wavelength to map the cosmic microwave background, taking a sort of baby picture of the universe.Infrared light is often used to detect heat. It’s what you see when you wear night-vision goggles. In space, astronomers use it to map the dust between stars and observe newborn stars. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope employs infrared light to study some of the universe’s oldest stars.Visible light is what our eyes detect. It’s emitted by fireflies, lightbulbs, and stars. Scientists use it to study all kinds of cosmic objects. NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, for example, uses visible light to find exoplanets, or worlds beyond our solar system.Ultraviolet (UV) light carries more energy than visible light. Most of it is blocked by Earth’s atmosphere, but some UV rays from the Sun get through it to give us tans and sunburns.
Sun-Earth Days 2013: Articles
Variations in solar activity play important roles in our daily lives. We already know that the interactions between the magnetic field of the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere result in beautiful auroras seen in high northern and southern latitudes. These aurora (Aurora Borialis and Aurora Australis) are roughly symmetrical and are driven by similar processes that drive auroras on the outer planets. Auroras have been observed locally in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus as well. Neither planet having a global magnetic field.
Auroras on Earth are seen in the presence of the uniform solar wind. Solar storms, flares and CMEs, intensify these sightings and extend them to much lower latitudes. In fact, newspaper reports of the 1859 super storm record auroral sightings in the northern hemisphere as far south as South America!
Radio Interference
Because solar storms pump energy into Earth's magnetosphere, magnetic field lines can come together (reconnect) forming a closed circuit loop. Charged particles in the magnetosphere, attracted to these lines of force, spiral down the lines eventually colliding with atoms in the upper atmosphere. The accelerated spiral motion of these particles produces radio waves which are experienced as radio wave interference with electronics such as TVs and radios (that's why they call them radios!). So disruptions in communications occur much more frequently during times of high solar activity.

Figure 16: A surge of infrared radiation from nitric oxide and carbon dioxide molecules on March 8-10, 2012, signals the biggest upper-atmospheric heating event in seven years. Credit: SABER/TIMED

Satellite Orbits
Increases in solar energy during solar storms also have a pronounced effect on the extent of the atmosphere. We see this most clearly in increased infrared emissions from atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitric oxide. As 10's of billions of kWH of electromagnetic and particle radiation from a flare or CME heats up the atmosphere, these molecules expel most of the added energy as infrared energy which is detectable from Earth orbiting satellites like SABER and TIMED. The added energy expands the thermosphere resulting in increased drag on low orbiting satellites which degrades their orbits and poses risks for untimely reentry.
One Night in Bangkok
May 24, 2021

May 26, 2021

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Light Show Near the Limb
Lightning, fishing boats, and city lights frame an active night in Southeast Asia.

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Prague at Night
Infrastructure new and old glows across the Czech Republic’s capital city.

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Noumea
The capital city is the economic and tourist hub of New Caledonia.

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Arabian Night Lights
Researchers have found another use for night lights imagery: tracking unregulated and under-reported fishing.

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May Puzzler
Published 5/21/2024 in Earth MattersYour challenge is to tell us the location of the satellite image and why it is interesting.
read more ❯
Citizen Scientists Capture Brilliant Photos of the Aurora
Published 5/15/2024 in Earth MattersParticipants in NASA’s Aurorasaurus project captured these images during the May 2024 geomagnetic storm. 
read more ❯
Springtime in the Deciduous Forest
Published 5/6/2024 in Notes from the FieldUsing instruments old and new, scientists collected data as leaves emerged across a deciduous forest in Edgewater, Maryland.
read more ❯
April Puzzler
Published 4/23/2024 in Earth MattersYour challenge is to tell us the location of the satellite image and why it is interesting.
read more ❯

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Collection - Earth at Night
Collection - Earth at Night

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Earth at Night

 Satellite images of Earth at night have been a curiosity for the public and a tool of fundamental research for at least 25 years. They have provided a broad, beautiful picture, showing how humans have shaped the planet and lit up the darkness.
 

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Europe at Night
Major cities in northwestern Europe shine bright in this nighttime photo, taken by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.
Published Apr 18, 2024
 

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Auroras Light Up the North
A spate of solar activity produced widespread auroras across Canada.
Published Dec 19, 2023
 

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Tracking Nightlights in Libya
Cities and towns darkened after a cyclone unleashed torrential flooding along the country’s coast.
Published Sep 25, 2023
 

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Prague at Night
Infrastructure new and old glows across the Czech Republic’s capital city.
Published Jul 2, 2023
 

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Brighter Nights in Antakya
Lights have been steadily returning to southeast Türkiye after deadly earthquakes triggered power outages in February 2023.
Published May 15, 2023
 

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News Archive | Night Sky Network
Here are some projects that you take part in during the eclipse on April 8th, and beyond!
read more

March's Night Sky Notes: Constant Companions: Circumpolar Constellations, Part II

We're continuing with our series on northern hemisphere constellations that never set with March's Night Sky Notes!
read more

Monthly Webinar Series - February 2024: Astromycology in Space Exploration

Fungi hold immense promise as cell factories for a sustainable future. Learn from our February webinar speaker why their remarkable versatility makes them indispensable allies in our efforts to address global challenges and create more sustainable processes.
read more

February's Night Sky Notes: Constant Companions: Circumpolar Constellations, Part I

Some constellations can be as familiar as old friends. Learn about three of them in February's Night Sky Notes!
read more

NASA's 2024 Winter Astrophoto Challenge

Make Your Own Image of the Crab Nebula!
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January's Night Sky Notes: Connecting the 'Dots' with Asterisms

Have you ever noticed how some stars, when arranged, can form shapes in the night sky? Trace asterisms along with us during this month's Night Sky Notes!
read more

Monthly Webinar Series - December 2023: Astronomy Picture of the Day

Join us for the last webinar of the year: Astronomy Picture of the Day 2023 with Dr. Robert Nemiroff!
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Monthly Webinar Series - November 2023: Active Galaxies: Monsters of the Deep (Space)

For normal galaxies, we think of the total energy they emit as the sum of the emission from each of the stars found in the galaxy. But what about active galaxies? Learn more with November's Night Sky Network webinar.
read more

December's Night Sky Notes: A Flame in the Sky - the Orion Nebula

It's that time of year again: winter! Here in the Northern Hemisphere, the cold, crisp sky offers spectacular views of the Orion Nebula!
read more

November's Night Sky Notes: Spy the Seventh Planet, Uranus
Collection - Backgrounders
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Article

El Niño: Pacific Wind and Current Changes Bring Warm, Wild Weather
El Niño is one of the most important weather-producing phenomena on Earth. The changing ocean conditions disrupt weather patterns and marine life in the Pacific and around the world. Satellites are unraveling the many traits of this wild child of weather.
Published Feb 14, 2017
 

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Sea Ice
Polar sea ice grows and shrinks dramatically each year, driven by seasonal cycles. Habitat for wildlife and harbinger of changing climate, sea ice offers scientists important clues about the state of our planet.
Published Sep 16, 2016
 

Water
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Article

Why is that Forest Red and That Cloud Blue?
Are you distracted by unusual colors in satellite images? They are not photographs, and understanding the difference between them is the key to unlocking the power of false-color images.
Published Mar 4, 2014
 

Remote Sensing

Article

How to Interpret a Satellite Image: Five Tips and Strategies
What do you do when presented with a new satellite image? Here's what the Earth Observatory team does to understand the view.
Published Nov 18, 2013
 

Remote Sensing

Article
ASTER | Terra
Gypsy moth caterpillars damaged parts of New England’s forests and the damage is extensive enough to be seen from space. The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiomenter on NASA’s Terra satellite captured images of the damage over Rhode Island, Massachussetts and Connecticut during the pests’ population boom in the summer of 2016. Read more on  NASA’s Earth Observatory.

Making Waves in the Sky off of Africa
July 14 , 2016
On June 26, 2016, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired this natural-color image of cloud gravity waves off the coast of Angola and Namibia. Learn more about this phenomenon on NASA’s Earth Observatory.

Unusual Dust Off of Chile
July 12, 2016
Large amounts of dust were airborne off the west coast of South America. This is not a typical location dust events such as this one. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired this image of airborne dust off the coast of Chile, on July 8, 2016. Read more on NASA’s Earth Observatory.

Studying the Sherpa Fire
July 2, 2016
The Sherpa fire west of Santa Barbara, California was contained before it caused damage to homes or infrastructure. However, it still charred several thousand acres as of June 29. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite acquired an image of the burn scar on June 19, 2016. Read more on NASA’s Earth Observatory.

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Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact
This map shows the average distribution of aerosols from June 2000 through May 2010, measured by the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR). Red indicates high concentrations of aerosols, beige indicates low concentrations. (NASA map by Robert Simmon, based on MISR data.)

Aerosol monitoring instruments also measure single scattering albedo (SSA), the fraction of light that is scattered compared to the total. Values for most aerosols range from about 0.7 for very absorbing particles to 1 for aerosols that only scatter light.
The first satellite instrument capable of crudely monitoring aerosol optical depth from space—the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)—retrieved optical depth from measurements in the visible and near-infrared spectrum, beginning in the late 1970s. AVHRR, a passive radiometer, measured the intensity of sunlight as it reflected off aerosols, using the dark ocean as the background.
Over subsequent decades, the instruments have grown more sophisticated and made it possible to study aerosols over the land as well. Newer radiometers such as the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroadiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomer (MODIS) are capable of viewing aerosols at many more angles and wavelengths, providing more accurate results.

Satellite instruments such as CALIPSO can measure the distribution of aerosols in a vertical slice of the atmosphere. This image shows a dust plume off the west coast of Africa on April 22, 2010. (NASA image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, based on data from MODIS and CALIPSO.)

Newer instruments also provide insight into properties of light that AVHRR couldn’t detect. The Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observer (CALIPSO) uses a laser-based technology that provides detailed vertical profiles of aerosol plumes and clouds. A French instrument, the Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances (POLDER) offers insight into the orientation—or polarization—of light waves as they move through the atmosphere. This previously unmeasured quantity has proven helpful in retrieving particle type information.