vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
News Around NOAA
NWS National Cooperative Observer Program Manager, Amy Fritz, and her husband, Ryan, heroically saved a young boy from a rip current while vacationing in North Carolina in August 2020.

 July 22, 2021 - New “Destructive” Severe Thunderstorm Warning category to trigger Wireless Emergency Alerts on mobile phones
Starting August 2, the National Weather Service will better convey the severity and potential impacts from thunderstorm winds and hail by adding a “damage threat” tag to Severe Thunderstorm Warnings.

 July 21, 2021 - Breakthrough computer model to help NWS provide better space weather forecasts, more targeted warnings 
NOAA’s National Weather Service has transitioned a new computer model into operations to increase its understanding of space weather events and improve space weather forecasting capabilities.

 July 20, 2021 - NOAA Upgrades Key Air Quality Prediction Model
NOAA’s Environmental Modeling Center launched an upgrade to the Air Quality Model based on the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System to deliver improved air quality forecast guidance.

 June 29, 2021 - 4 safety tips for summer weather hazards
Though the season brings longer, sunnier days, it also comes with life-threatening weather hazards such as extreme heat, rip currents, and thunderstorms and lightning.

 June 21, 2021 - Stay ahead of the heat this summer with these 6 forecast tools
Summer is a great time to enjoy fun in the sun, but the negative effects of heat to people and animals are numerous. Long periods of time lounging in the sun and exercising or working outdoors during extreme heat can be dangerous to your health, even fatal.

 June 17, 2021 - NWS Collecting Public Feedback to Simplify the Watch, Warning & Advisory System 
The National Weather Service (NWS) is improving the way it communicates hazard messages — and we need your help!

 June 1, 2021 - NWS Launches 2021 Summer Safety Campaign 
To ensure that you’re Weather-Ready for the season ahead, the National Weather Service launched its Summer Safety Campaign today featuring preparedness tips for summer hazards such as flash floods, excessive heat, hurricanes, tornadoes and lightning.

 May 28, 2021 - Don’t Fry Day: 5 Sun Safety Tips
Summer is right around the corner!
Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact
Whereas aerosols can influence climate by scattering light and changing Earth’s reflectivity, they can also alter the climate via clouds. On a global scale, these aerosol “indirect effects” typically work in opposition to greenhouse gases and cause cooling. While greenhouse gases disperse widely and have a fairly consistent impact from region to region, aerosol effects are less consistent, partly because of how the particles affect clouds.
Most elementary school students learn that clouds form when enough water vapor condenses. That’s true, but aerosols play a critical role in the process. In fact, most clouds owe their existence to aerosols that serve as the tiny “seeds,” called cloud condensation nuclei.
Natural aerosols—often sulfates, sea salt or ammonium salts—are the most common condensation nuclei in pristine environments. Polluted air, in contrast, usually contains much higher concentrations of water-soluble particles, which means pollution-rich clouds tend to have more numerous, but smaller, droplets. The small droplets make polluted clouds look brighter than they would otherwise be. Just as many bits of crushed ice give light more surfaces to reflect off—appearing brighter than a solid cube of ice—if the water in a cloud is divided into a larger number of smaller droplets, it will scatter more light and become more reflective.

Clouds in clean air are composed of a relatively small number of large droplets (left). As a consequence, the clouds are somewhat dark and translucent. In air with high concentrations of aerosols, water can easily condense on the particles, creating a large number of small droplets (right). These clouds are dense, very reflective, and bright white. This influence of aerosols on clouds is called the “indirect effect,” and is a large source of uncertainty in projections of climate change. (NASA image by Robert Simmon.)

Brighter clouds, in turn, block sunlight from reaching Earth’s surface, shading the planet and producing net cooling. This cloud brightening effect—called the “cloud albedo effect”—may have a big impact on the climate, though only in recent years has it been possible to start quantifying the effect.
News Around NOAA
The National Weather Service (NWS) is improving the way it communicates hazard messages — and we need your help!

 June 1, 2021 - NWS Launches 2021 Summer Safety Campaign 
To ensure that you’re Weather-Ready for the season ahead, the National Weather Service launched its Summer Safety Campaign today featuring preparedness tips for summer hazards such as flash floods, excessive heat, hurricanes, tornadoes and lightning.

 May 28, 2021 - Don’t Fry Day: 5 Sun Safety Tips
Summer is right around the corner! In an effort to remind everyone to protect their skin while having fun in the sun, today has been designated as “Don’t Fry Day” by the National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention.

 May 24, 2021 - Critical solar observations from NSF’s GONG network now maintained by NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center
Recently, the National Science Foundation’s National Solar Observatory successfully transitioned the processing of these important observations of the Sun’s magnetic field and lower atmosphere to the operational control of NOAA’s, Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC).

 May 24, 2021 - 8 boating safety tips and tools you can use
It’s National Safe Boating Week, and we’ve partnered with the National Safe Boating Council to make it easy to remember what to do when you’re out in a sail- or motor boat, canoe, kayak or other sea-worthy vessel this summer.

 May 20, 2021 - ‘Average’ Atlantic hurricane season to reflect more storms
Beginning with this year’s hurricane season outlooks, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center (CPC) will use 1991-2020 as the new 30-year period of record. The updated averages for the Atlantic hurricane season have increased with 14 named storms and 7 hurricanes.

 May 19, 2021 - Near- or below-normal 2021 hurricane season predicted for the Central Pacific
For the season as a whole, 2 to 5 tropical cyclones are predicted for the Central Pacific hurricane region. This number includes tropical depressions, named storms and hurricanes. A near-normal season has 4 or 5 tropical cyclones.

 May 14, 2021 - More targeted delivery of weather warnings coming to Clark County, Nevada
The National Weather Service will begin using partial county alerting in Clark County on June 1, 2021.

 May 12, 2021 - High Resolution Ensemble Forecast system undergoes upgrades
Love Our New York Lands - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

Ways to Protect

Report a Problem

Public Safety

Wildfires

Air

Water

Bulk Storage

Recycling and Composting

Waste Management

Mining & Reclamation

Site Cleanup

Oil and Gas

Pesticides

Mercury

Radiation

Acid Rain

Climate Change

Facilities In Your Neighborhood

Offshore Wind Development

Help For Businesses

Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

Regulatory

Regulatory

DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

Regulations and Enforcement

Regulations

Regulatory Agenda

Guidance And Policy Documents

Enforcement

Hearings

Permits, Licenses, and Registrations

Find a Permit or License

Permit Documentation For Notable Projects

Natural Resource Damages (NRD)

News

News

The Environmental Notice Bulletin lets you know about projects or regulations being proposed each week. Sign up for one of DEC’s many electronic newsletter topics or subscribe to the Conservationist, New York State’s award-winning nature magazine.

Stay Informed

Press Releases

Environmental Notice Bulletin

Conservationist Magazine

DEC Delivers: Email Newsletters

Storms & Alerts

Podcast

Get Involved

Get Involved

DEC sponsors events across New York including informational webinars, public meetings, and in-person environmental education sessions. Environmental justice programs address needs in disadvantaged communities and many grants are available for community groups and municipalities.

See How You Can Get Involved

Education

Events

Find a Form

Environmental Justice

Grant Applications

Living the Green Life

Public Participation

HuntFishNY Mobile App

Environmental Excellence Awards

About

About

Passionate about the environment? Check our employment pages and come work for DEC. If you have a question, we are here to help so contact us using one of the roster or office pages on our site. 

Learn About DEC

Contact Us
Invasive Species - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

Ways to Protect

Report a Problem

Public Safety

Wildfires

Air

Water

Bulk Storage

Recycling and Composting

Waste Management

Mining & Reclamation

Site Cleanup

Oil and Gas

Pesticides

Mercury

Radiation

Acid Rain

Climate Change

Facilities In Your Neighborhood

Offshore Wind Development

Help For Businesses

Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

Regulatory

Regulatory

DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

Regulations and Enforcement

Regulations

Regulatory Agenda

Guidance And Policy Documents

Enforcement

Hearings

Permits, Licenses, and Registrations

Find a Permit or License

Permit Documentation For Notable Projects

Natural Resource Damages (NRD)

News

News

The Environmental Notice Bulletin lets you know about projects or regulations being proposed each week. Sign up for one of DEC’s many electronic newsletter topics or subscribe to the Conservationist, New York State’s award-winning nature magazine.

Stay Informed

Press Releases

Environmental Notice Bulletin

Conservationist Magazine

DEC Delivers: Email Newsletters

Storms & Alerts

Podcast

Get Involved

Get Involved

DEC sponsors events across New York including informational webinars, public meetings, and in-person environmental education sessions. Environmental justice programs address needs in disadvantaged communities and many grants are available for community groups and municipalities.

See How You Can Get Involved

Education

Events

Find a Form

Environmental Justice

Grant Applications

Living the Green Life

Public Participation

HuntFishNY Mobile App

Environmental Excellence Awards

About

About

Passionate about the environment? Check our employment pages and come work for DEC. If you have a question, we are here to help so contact us using one of the roster or office pages on our site. 

Learn About DEC

Contact Us
Water & Energy Cycle | Terra
Leadership
      Dr. Kurtis Thome
      Dr. David J. Diner
      Dr. James R. Drummond
      Dr. Michael D. King
      Mr. Michael J. Abrams
      Dr. Norman G. Loeb
      Dr. Si-Chee Tsay
      Mr. Robert Wolfe
      Mr. Wynn J. Watson
      Dr. Nyssa Rayne

Terra Instruments:
 

ASTER

CERES

MISR

MODIS

MOPITT

Science
Applications
Atmosphere
Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems
Climate Variability and Change
Earth’s Surface & Interior
Water & Energy Cycle
Weather

Features

Home › Science › Water & Energy Cycle

Water & Energy Cycle

When energy from the Sun reaches the Earth, it warms the atmosphere, land, and ocean and evaporates water. The movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean—the water cycle—is fueled by energy from the Sun.
Changes in the energy cycle will ripple into the water cycle. As greenhouses gases retain more energy in the Earth system, the extra energy enhances the water cycle. An enhanced water cycle means more extreme weather events, particularly floods and droughts.
Terra and the water and energy cycle
Four of Terra’s five instruments record aspects of the water and energy cycles. Because these measurements are taken at the same time, they help scientists map out the connections between the land and ocean surface, water vapor, clouds, and energy.
Atmospheric water vapor and clouds
A warming climate will increase concentrations of water vapor in the atmosphere and may change clouds. MODIS measures both water vapor concentrations and cloud properties. The sensor can differentiate between liquid water and ice particles in a cloud. Both MISR and MODIS record cloud-top height, and CERES measures the amount of energy clouds reflect and radiate. Taken together, these measurements are helping define the relationship between clouds and energy and are tracking how clouds and water vapor change as climate changes.
Surface reflectance and energy
All things absorb and reflect energy from the Sun. Bright surfaces, like snow, ice, and clouds, reflect more energy than they absorb.
Privacy Policy - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

Ways to Protect

Report a Problem

Public Safety

Wildfires

Air

Water

Bulk Storage

Recycling and Composting

Waste Management

Mining & Reclamation

Site Cleanup

Oil and Gas

Pesticides

Mercury

Radiation

Acid Rain

Climate Change

Facilities In Your Neighborhood

Offshore Wind Development

Help For Businesses

Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

Regulatory

Regulatory

DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

Regulations and Enforcement

Regulations

Regulatory Agenda

Guidance And Policy Documents

Enforcement

Hearings

Permits, Licenses, and Registrations

Find a Permit or License

Permit Documentation For Notable Projects

Natural Resource Damages (NRD)

News

News

The Environmental Notice Bulletin lets you know about projects or regulations being proposed each week. Sign up for one of DEC’s many electronic newsletter topics or subscribe to the Conservationist, New York State’s award-winning nature magazine.

Stay Informed

Press Releases

Environmental Notice Bulletin

Conservationist Magazine

DEC Delivers: Email Newsletters

Storms & Alerts

Podcast

Get Involved

Get Involved

DEC sponsors events across New York including informational webinars, public meetings, and in-person environmental education sessions. Environmental justice programs address needs in disadvantaged communities and many grants are available for community groups and municipalities.

See How You Can Get Involved

Education

Events

Find a Form

Environmental Justice

Grant Applications

Living the Green Life

Public Participation

HuntFishNY Mobile App

Environmental Excellence Awards

About

About

Passionate about the environment? Check our employment pages and come work for DEC. If you have a question, we are here to help so contact us using one of the roster or office pages on our site. 

Learn About DEC

Contact Us
Grant Applications - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

Ways to Protect

Report a Problem

Public Safety

Wildfires

Air

Water

Bulk Storage

Recycling and Composting

Waste Management

Mining & Reclamation

Site Cleanup

Oil and Gas

Pesticides

Mercury

Radiation

Acid Rain

Climate Change

Facilities In Your Neighborhood

Offshore Wind Development

Help For Businesses

Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

Regulatory

Regulatory

DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

Regulations and Enforcement

Regulations

Regulatory Agenda

Guidance And Policy Documents

Enforcement

Hearings

Permits, Licenses, and Registrations

Find a Permit or License

Permit Documentation For Notable Projects

Natural Resource Damages (NRD)

News

News

The Environmental Notice Bulletin lets you know about projects or regulations being proposed each week. Sign up for one of DEC’s many electronic newsletter topics or subscribe to the Conservationist, New York State’s award-winning nature magazine.

Stay Informed

Press Releases

Environmental Notice Bulletin

Conservationist Magazine

DEC Delivers: Email Newsletters

Storms & Alerts

Podcast

Get Involved

Get Involved

DEC sponsors events across New York including informational webinars, public meetings, and in-person environmental education sessions. Environmental justice programs address needs in disadvantaged communities and many grants are available for community groups and municipalities.

See How You Can Get Involved

Education

Events

Find a Form

Environmental Justice

Grant Applications

Living the Green Life

Public Participation

HuntFishNY Mobile App

Environmental Excellence Awards

About

About

Passionate about the environment? Check our employment pages and come work for DEC. If you have a question, we are here to help so contact us using one of the roster or office pages on our site. 

Learn About DEC

Contact Us
Discounts For Outdoor Recreation - NYSDEC
Whether it is addressing climate change effects, promoting responsible waste management, monitoring air quality, overseeing contaminated site clean-ups, or oil and gas mining monitoring, DEC is there to safeguard the environment; you can too by reporting environmental violations and problems. 

Ways to Protect

Report a Problem

Public Safety

Wildfires

Air

Water

Bulk Storage

Recycling and Composting

Waste Management

Mining & Reclamation

Site Cleanup

Oil and Gas

Pesticides

Mercury

Radiation

Acid Rain

Climate Change

Facilities In Your Neighborhood

Offshore Wind Development

Help For Businesses

Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

Regulatory

Regulatory

DEC uses policies and regulations to limit environmental impacts. We issue permits and licenses to individuals, municipalities, and corporations so they can comply with these regulations.

Regulations and Enforcement

Regulations

Regulatory Agenda

Guidance And Policy Documents

Enforcement

Hearings

Permits, Licenses, and Registrations

Find a Permit or License

Permit Documentation For Notable Projects

Natural Resource Damages (NRD)

News

News

The Environmental Notice Bulletin lets you know about projects or regulations being proposed each week. Sign up for one of DEC’s many electronic newsletter topics or subscribe to the Conservationist, New York State’s award-winning nature magazine.

Stay Informed

Press Releases

Environmental Notice Bulletin

Conservationist Magazine

DEC Delivers: Email Newsletters

Storms & Alerts

Podcast

Get Involved

Get Involved

DEC sponsors events across New York including informational webinars, public meetings, and in-person environmental education sessions. Environmental justice programs address needs in disadvantaged communities and many grants are available for community groups and municipalities.

See How You Can Get Involved

Education

Events

Find a Form

Environmental Justice

Grant Applications

Living the Green Life

Public Participation

HuntFishNY Mobile App

Environmental Excellence Awards

About

About

Passionate about the environment? Check our employment pages and come work for DEC. If you have a question, we are here to help so contact us using one of the roster or office pages on our site. 

Learn About DEC

Contact Us
News and Events | Terra
The spectacle, forming overnight and vanishing by late morning, aligned with the destabilization of the lower atmosphere due to ground heat radiation.

August 2023: “The Ocean Has a Fever“
July 2023 also marked record-high global sea surface temperatures, influenced by the developing El Niño in the Pacific and long-term warming trends. On August 21, 2023, anomalies exceeded 3°C (5.4°F), particularly in the equatorial Pacific, emphasizing El Niño’s significant impact on global sea surface temperatures and potential repercussions on weather patterns into winter. The map shown, derived from NASA’s JPL Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MUR SST) project, integrates data from diverse sources, including NASA’s Terra satellite, while showcasing variations from the August 21, 2003-2014 daily average sea surface temperature.

September 2023: “Torrential Rain Wreaks Havoc in Libya“
On September 10, 2023, a low-pressure storm struck northeastern Libya in Africa, causing severe flooding in cities along the Mediterranean coast, particularly in Al Bayda and Derna. Located at the end of a dry valley, the city of Derna faced dam collapses along Wadi Derna, resulting in destructive floods. Satellite images from NASA’s Terra satellite on September 7 and 13 depict the flooded regions and inland wadis. The storm, dubbed Storm Daniel, exhibited characteristics of a “Mediterranean Hurricane” or “medi-cane” during its landfall.

October 2023: “Darkened by the Moon’s Shadow“
On October 14, 2023, an annular solar eclipse, or “ring of fire,” graced the skies over the United States, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. The map shown, created by NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio using Terra and Aqua satellites’ MODIS data, outlines the eclipse’s path from Oregon to Texas. Duration contours on the map indicate the varying eclipse lengths. The next annular solar eclipse visible from the U.S. is expected on June 21, 2039, with a total solar eclipse on April 8, 2024.

November 2023: “Antarctic Iceberg Sails Away“
Global Warming
Labitzke, K., Butchart, N., Knight, J., Takahashi, M., Nakamoto, M., Nagashima, T., Haigh, J., et al. (2002). The global signal of the 11-year solar cycle in the stratosphere: observations and models. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 64(2), 203-210.
Laštovička, J., Akmaev, R. A., Beig, G., Bremer, J., & Emmert, J. T. (2006). ATMOSPHERE: Global Change in the Upper Atmosphere. Science, 314(5803), 1253-1254.
Lau, K. M., and H. T. Wu. (2007). Detecting trends in tropical rainfall characteristics, 1979-2003. International Journal of Climatology, 27.
Lean, J. L., & Rind, D. H. (2009). How will Earth’s surface temperature change in future decades? Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L15708.
Lean, J. L., & Rind, D. H. (2008). How natural and anthropogenic influences alter global and regional surface temperatures: 1889 to 2006. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(18).
Luthcke, S.B., Zwally, H.J., Abdalati, W., Rowlands, D.D., Ray, R.D., Nerem, R.S., Lemoine, F.G., McCarthy, J.J., and Chinn, D.S. (2006). Recent Greenland ice mass loss by drainage system from satellite gravity observations. Science, 314, 1286-1289.
Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M. K., Bradley, R. S., Miller, S. K., Rutherford, S., & Ni, F. (2008). Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia.