vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
why should you care?
We must understand Earth in order to take good care of it. Learning about Earth is part of NASA's mission. 
NASA launched the Aura satellite in 2004 as part of its Earth Observing System. Aura carries four science instruments. They all study the atmosphere from about 20 miles high down to Earth's surface. One instrument is called TES, which is short for Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer. 
The troposphere is the lowest part of the atmosphere. It's down here where we live—and pollute, unfortunately. A spectrometer uses light to identify the chemical composition of matter. The TES mission is particularly interested in ozone and how it is distributed up and down throughout the atmosphere.

As TES passes over Earth's surface, it gathers data that can be made into a profile of the atmosphere, like this one. The profile shows with different colors how much ozone (or other greenhouse gas) is in the atmosphere at different altitudes. In this image, the areas of highest ozone levels are shown in red. Notice that where the red is closest to Earth's surface is near large cities in the U.S. 
Find out more about TES and ozone on our greenhouse gas amazing fact page.

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A mission to understand
So, now that you know all your greenhouse gases, you might be wondering . . . why should you care?
We must understand Earth in order to take good care of it. Learning about Earth is part of NASA's mission.
Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

gumdrops

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Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases!

Get your Gummy Greenhouse Gases!

Got gumdrops? Then you can build models of molecules. Molecules are tiny structures that make up just about all matter—including you! Molecules themselves are made of atoms, the basic building blocks of matter. 
Using just four kinds of atoms as building blocks, you can construct many different types of molecules. In this project, you will build models of some gas molecules. These kinds of gas molecules are part of the air. They are called greenhouse gases. We will explain why later.
For now, get ready for some gummy fun!
You will need:
Gumdrops, any size, four different colors. 
These atoms are usually modeled using red for oxygen, white for hydrogen, gray for carbon, and blue for nitrogen. However, some of these colors are mighty hard to find in gumdrops. So use any colors you like. Here's how many you will need of each (but don't forget to get extras for sneaking into your mouth):
	Red: 13
	White: 7
	Gray (or black): 3
	Blue: 2

Round wooden toothpicks
Construction paper, 1 large sheet (12x18, for example)
Felt pen or crayons
Here are the colors we used for our gumdrop building block atoms:

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

You will make . . . 
. . . Gummy Greenhouse Gas models of these gases. Each molecule has a shorthand name, which also gives its recipe, or formula. For example, ozone is also called O3, where O stands for an oxygen atom and the little 3 means there are three of them.
What's in the Atmosphere? | NASA Climate Kids
The thermosphere absorbs a lot of energy from the Sun. The more energy it absorbs, the hotter it gets.

Meteors
A meteor appears as a streak of light in the sky. It is created when a space rock burns upon entering Earth's atmosphere.

Ionosphere
The ionosphere overlaps the mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It is a very active part of the atmosphere. It grows and shrinks depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun.

Noctilucent clouds
Noctilucent clouds are the highest clouds in Earth's atmosphere — much higher than your average thunderstorm cloud. They are only visible at night and form when water vapor freezes around dust from meteors. NASA's AIM mission takes wide angle photos of these clouds to gather information about their temperature and chemical makeup.

The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up, or vaporize. Because of this, the mesosphere has a higher concentration of iron and other metals than the other layers of the atmosphere.

Mesosphere
The mesosphere is located above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. The mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.

NASA Scientific Balloon Flights
NASA's scientific balloons support space and Earth science research and investigations. Some experiments are fundamental science research and others are used to test out new instruments.

Weather Balloon

Ozone layer (highest concentration of ozone in the atmosphere)
The ozone layer is a thin layer of the stratosphere made of a gas called ozone. It has a very important job: to protect us from harmful energy from the Sun, called radiation.

ER-2
ER-2 airplanes are the highest flying airplanes in the world. NASA uses these airplanes to study the health of the stratosphere and the ozone layer and the impacts of climate change.

Stratosphere
The stratosphere is a very dry layer of the atmosphere. There is very little water vapor, so very few clouds form there.

Tropopause
The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
News Flash • SUGi Creates NYC’s First Miyawaki Method Pocket
"Trees New York is a longtime partner with iDig2Learn providing education and resources to expand New York City’s urban forest," shared Nelson Villarrubia, Executive Director of Trees New York.About SUGiSUGi are pioneers in creating green infrastructure, reimagining urban life, and restoring the human connection to nature. Their signature strategy for building biodiversity, climate resilience and wellbeing is based on the proven Miyawaki Method of planting ultra-dense, biodiverse forests of native species only. Since launching in May 2019, they have created 200 SUGi Pocket Forests in 42 cities on 6 continents and reconnected 52,000 youth & community members to Nature. SUGi has evolved from a grassroots movement to become a leading voice on civic rewilding, from the World Economic Forum, 1t.org, and UN Decade for Ecosystem Restoration, to numerous highly visible public projects and iconic brand collaborations.About iDig2LearniDig2Learn's programming aims to transform the way humans see and connect with the living breathing life surrounding us outdoors. We invite the young and young-at-heart to explore nature and rediscover the origin of food through plant life. Spotlighting smart waste reduction practices brings neighbors together to form deep bonds while supporting a healthy environment. Celebrating twelve years of service, iDig2Learn is a project of Open Space Institute, Inc. – a nonprofit 501(c)3 public charity – which serves as our fiscal sponsor as part of its Citizen Action Group Program.About Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation (RIOC):The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation (RIOC) was created in 1984 by the State of New York as a public benefit corporation with a mission to plan, design, develop, operate, and maintain Roosevelt Island. With a focus on innovative and environmentally friendly solutions, RIOC is committed to providing services that enhance the island's residential community. RIOC manages the two-mile-long island's roads, parks, buildings, a sports facility, and public transportation, including the iconic aerial tramway.
MOPITT | Terra
We’d love to feature them – email us your ideas!)
Our first post in this series highlights three trailblazing women at NASA who have contributed to Terra’s scientific legacy, while showcasing the collaborative efforts among scientists at Goddard, JPL, and NCAR/UCAR. Check out their stories below!

Dr. Nai-Yung Christina Hsu (GSFC)
Dr. Christina Hsu, a researcher from GSFC, has incorporated data from many of Terra’s instruments into her research. Most notably, in 2004, she developed a Deep Blue algorithm for MODIS data that better characterizes aerosol properties over deserts and urban areas. (Read the groundbreaking article here!)
More recently, Dr. Hsu collaborated with a team studying regional differences in air pollution reductions, due to the global COVID-19 lockdowns of 2020. She used datasets from MODIS and MISR (two instruments on Terra) to analyze aerosol optical depth (click the link to learn more!).  Learn more about Dr. Hsu’s research using this link, and access the full article here!

Abigail (Abbey) Nastan (JPL)
Check out this recent Earthdata feature of our own MISR instrument Applications and Communications lead, Abbey Nastan! This summary gives an overview of the diverse portfolio of projects that Abbey is currently working on, including MERLIN – a unique visualization tool that leverages the MISR Plume Height Project dataset, giving new life to “old-er” data.
For more information on the MERLIN tool and how it was made, download this PDF.

Dr. Rebecca Buchholz (NCAR/UCAR)
Meet Dr. Rebecca Buchholz, a MOPITT Project Scientist who has worked at NCAR/UCAR since 2014 and has used MOPITT’s carbon monoxide dataset to study long-term patterns of air pollution transportation, especially that associated with wildfires. In a Scientific American news article last month, Dr. Buchholz summarized her recent research findings (published in Nature Communications) that show a significant increase in Western U.S. wildfire air pollution during the month of August, a new peak that largely negates California’s efforts to reduce annual air pollution.
Faint Glow, Clear Signal from Plants
Plants, trees, and grasses—including farmlands—are an important part of the cycle, converting carbon dioxide into food during photosynthesis. When crops exhibit lower fluorescence values, less photosynthesis is occurring. In turn, those crops are taking up less carbon dioxide.
Based on the TROPOMI SIF data, the researchers estimated that the carbon uptake by Midwest crops in June and July 2019 was reduced by 100 million metric tons compared to the previous year due to the floods and late planting. Measurements from NASA’s OCO-2 satellite and from aircraft confirmed that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere over the Midwest were higher in 2019 due to the reduced capture of carbon as simulated with an atmospheric transport model.
“The reduction in regional carbon uptake could contribute to a faster CO2 increase, forming a positive feedback to climate warming,” Yin said. “A critical step in our efforts to address climate warming is understanding the structure and quantities of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The magnitude of the seasonal reduction shown in this study highlights the importance of monitoring carbon cycle anomalies in both natural and agricultural ecosystems to get a full picture.”
NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using data courtesy of Yin, Y. et al. (2020). Story by Kathryn Hansen.

View this area in EO Explorer

As scientists detect plant fluorescence in better detail, they inch closer to helping farmers respond to extreme weather and close in on understanding how carbon cycles through ecosystems.
Image of the Day for July 10, 2020

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In situ Measurement
OCO-2
Sentinel-5P

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Food and Agriculture

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References & Resources

Caltech (2020, March 31) Flooding Stunted 2019 Cropland Growing Season, Resulting in More Atmospheric CO2. Accessed July 9, 2020.
Fourth National Climate Assessment (2018) Chapter 21: Midwest. Accessed July 9, 2020.
Köhler, P. et al.
November | 2015 | Terra
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Home › 2015 › NovemberMonth: November 2015

MOPITT Helping Shape the Future of Air Quality Monitoring

Posted on November 25, 2015 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

Measurements of carbon monoxide in April 2014 from the MOPITT instrument (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere) aboard NASA’s globally orbiting Terra spacecraft. The boxes show the observing domains for geostationary satellites and red colors indicate high levels of carbon monoxide. (©UCAR. Image courtesy Helen Worden, NCAR
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) on NASA’s Terra satellite is being used to prove a concept in which new geostationary satellites could improve how agencies monitor and forecast air quality. Chemistry-climate model output would be combined from satellite data from a fleet of geostationary satellites.
“We think the new perspective made possible by geostationary sensors would provide data that is useful for everyday air quality forecasting, as well as for early warnings about extreme events, like the effects of wildfires,” said Helen Worden, NCAR scientist and member of the research team, according to the UCAR website.
MOPITT provides one to two measurements over a given location per day. The geostationary fleet would allow multiple measurements of certain locations per day, making it possible to track emissions over rush hour versus lower traffic times in some urban areas.
Make a Cloud Mobile! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Cumulonimbus clouds are the kings of all clouds, rising from low altitudes up to more than 12,000 meters (40,000 feet). They grow due to rising and falling currents, with their tops flattening out into an anvil shape. Cumulonimbus are a sure sign of severe weather, with heavy rain and possibly hail.

Cirrus clouds look like delicate strands or hooks. They are made mostly of ice crystals.
Cirrus are high clouds. They often look thin and patchy or feathery. Their name means "curl of hair."

Cumulus clouds are fluffy and cauliflower-like, with rounded white tops and flat grayish bases. They are mid-level clouds.

Nimbostratus clouds are low-level, dark, gray clouds that are dropping rain or snow. They usually cover the entire sky. Sometimes nimbostratus appear higher in the atmosphere, in the mid-altitudes.
Faint Glow, Clear Signal from Plants
Life
Water
Remote Sensing

View more Images of the Day:

Jul 9, 2020

Jul 11, 2020

References & Resources

Caltech (2020, March 31) Flooding Stunted 2019 Cropland Growing Season, Resulting in More Atmospheric CO2. Accessed July 9, 2020.
Fourth National Climate Assessment (2018) Chapter 21: Midwest. Accessed July 9, 2020.
Köhler, P. et al. (2018) Global Retrievals of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence With TROPOMI: First Results and Intersensor Comparison to OCO-2. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (19), 10,456–10,463.
NASA Earth Observatory (2019) Flooding in the Mississippi Watershed 2019.
Yin, Y. et al. (2020) Cropland Carbon Uptake Delayed and Reduced by 2019 Midwest Floods. AGU Advances, 1 (1), e2019AV000140.

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A Global Garden: Plants Storing Carbon
By providing a measurement of all of the carbon being stored in Earth’s plants, maps like these help scientists figure out what happens to the carbon people release by burning fossil fuels.

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What's in the Atmosphere? | NASA Climate Kids
Did you know that only a small part of Earth's atmosphere is breathable air? If Earth were the size of a beach ball, the breathable atmosphere wrapped around it would be as thin as paper.

International Space Station (ISS)
The International Space Station, which hosts an international crew of 6 astronauts, orbits Earth about 16 times a day, or once every 90 minutes. It also is home to science instruments that collect information about Earth and its atmosphere.

Did you ever wonder why the atmosphere doesn't float off into space? The answer is gravity! Earth's gravity is strong enough to hold on to the gases in our atmosphere.

The few gas molecules that are in the thermosphere are mostly oxygen, nitrogen and helium.

Aurora (Northern Lights/Southern Lights)
Auroras happen when particles from the Sun interact with gases in our atmosphere, causing beautiful displays of light in the sky. Depending on where you are on Earth, these are sometimes also called northern lights or southern lights.

"Thermo" means heat, and the temperature in the thermosphere can reach up to 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit. But if you were to hang out in the thermosphere, you would be very cold because there aren't enough gas molecules to transfer the heat to you.

Kármán Line
An imaginary boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space.

Sprites
Sprites are red flashes of light caused by electrical charges released by clouds. They can be seen from high-flying jets and the International Space Station.

Thermosphere
The thermosphere is located above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. The thermosphere absorbs a lot of energy from the Sun. The more energy it absorbs, the hotter it gets.

Meteors
A meteor appears as a streak of light in the sky. It is created when a space rock burns upon entering Earth's atmosphere.

Ionosphere
The ionosphere overlaps the mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It is a very active part of the atmosphere. It grows and shrinks depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun.

Noctilucent clouds
Make a Cloud Mobile! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Cumulonimbus clouds are the kings of all clouds, rising from low altitudes up to more than 12,000 meters (40,000 feet). They grow due to rising and falling currents, with their tops flattening out into an anvil shape. Cumulonimbus are a sure sign of severe weather, with heavy rain and possibly hail.

Cirrus clouds look like delicate strands or hooks. They are made mostly of ice crystals.
Cirrus are high clouds. They often look thin and patchy or feathery. Their name means "curl of hair."

Cumulus clouds are fluffy and cauliflower-like, with rounded white tops and flat grayish bases. They are mid-level clouds.

Nimbostratus clouds are low-level, dark, gray clouds that are dropping rain or snow. They usually cover the entire sky. Sometimes nimbostratus appear higher in the atmosphere, in the mid-altitudes.

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What Is El Niño?

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Learn more about the clouds in your mobile:

Cumulonimbus clouds are the kings of all clouds, rising from low altitudes up to more than 12,000 meters (40,000 feet). They grow due to rising and falling currents, with their tops flattening out into an anvil shape. Cumulonimbus are a sure sign of severe weather, with heavy rain and possibly hail.

Cirrus clouds look like delicate strands or hooks. They are made mostly of ice crystals.
Cirrus are high clouds. They often look thin and patchy or feathery.
Venus - NASA Science
It’s the hottest planet in our solar system.All about venusRead MoreTwin SisterVenus is similar in size to Earth.'Close' NeighborAt its nearest Venus, is 38 million miles (about 61 million km) from Earth.Long DaysVenus' day is longer than its year.Active Surface?Venus has volcanic plains and rifts.'Recently' ResurfacedVenus' surface appears young (100s of millions of years.)Runaway GreenhouseVenus’ thick atmosphere traps heat.Foul CloudsVenus' sulfuric acid clouds smell like rotten eggs.Science Hot SpotMore than 40 spacecraft have visited.Ingredients for Life?Venus is an unlikely place for life as we know it.Backward SunriseThe Sun rises in the west; sets in the east.Planet Venus OverviewVenus is the second planet from the Sun, and the sixth largest planet. It’s the hottest planet in our solar system.Venus is a cloud-swaddled planet named for a love goddess, and often called Earth’s twin. But pull up a bit closer, and Venus turns hellish. Our nearest planetary neighbor, the second planet from the Sun, has a surface hot enough to melt lead. The atmosphere is so thick that, from the surface, the Sun is just a smear of light.In some ways it is more an opposite of Earth than a twin: Venus spins backward, has a day longer than its year, and lacks any semblance of seasons. It might once have been a habitable ocean world, like Earth, but that was at least a billion years ago. A runaway greenhouse effect turned all surface water into vapor, which then leaked slowly into space. The present-day surface of volcanic rock is blasted by high temperatures and pressures. Asked if the surface of Venus is likely to be life-bearing today, we can give a quick answer: a hard “no.”Further, Venus may hold lessons about what it takes for life to get its start ­– on Earth, in our solar system, or across the galaxy. The ingredients are all there, or at least, they used to be. By studying why our neighbor world went in such a different direction with regard to habitability, we could find out what could make other worlds right.