vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Leases & rentals | New York State Attorney General
If a lease does not disclose an additional early-termination charge, the lessor cannot charge more than the actuarial lease balance (other than any amounts you owe).
Be sure to ask for these charges when shopping for a lease. Consider these disclosed amounts when you are comparing other factors: monthly payment, total lease charges, mileage allowance, excess mileage charges, purchase option, and other key features.
Key consumer protections
The New York MVRLA provides important consumer protections before and during a lease, as well as at lease termination.
Protections before entering the lease

Upon request, the lessor must provide you with a sample lease agreement. The lessor must also post a sign stating that a sample lease agreement is available upon request.
If you make a payment before signing a lease, you are entitled to a refund if your application is not approved. Other protections apply if the lessor holds your vehicle as a trade-in while waiting for execution of the lease.
The lessor must provide a separate notice if you are responsible for paying any early-termination amount (gap) if your vehicle is stolen, confiscated, or damaged and declared a total loss by your insurance company. Coverage does not include vehicle confiscation. The lessor must offer gap protection to cover this potential liability. For this gap protection, the lessor can charge its actual cost plus a maximum administrative fee of $10, or provide this coverage at no additional charge.

Protections during the lease agreement

The printed lease form must be labeled "lease agreement," "retail lease agreement," or "motor vehicle lease agreement."
The lessor must give you a completely filled-in and executed copy of the lease when you sign it. Until you receive your copy, you have an unconditional right to cancel the lease.
You have a 10-day grace period on all monthly payments before the lessor can assess a late charge.
If you default on a monthly lease payment and your lease is canceled because your payment was late, you have the right to reinstate the lease once during the lease term. The lessor must notify you of the amount necessary to reinstate the lease and give you at least 25 days to reinstate it.
California Rules of Court: Title Ten Rules
At a minimum, the procedure must include the address to which requests are to be addressed, to whom requests are to be directed, and the office hours of the judicial branch entity.
(4)  Costs of duplication, search, and review 
(A)  A judicial branch entity, on request, must provide a copy of a judicial administrative record not exempt from disclosure if the record is of a nature permitting copying, subject to payment of the fee specified in this rule or other applicable statutory fee. A judicial branch entity may require advance payment of any fee.
(B)  A judicial branch entity may impose on all requests a fee reasonably calculated to cover the judicial branch entity's direct costs of duplication of a record or of production of a record in an electronic format under subdivision (i). The fee includes:
(i)  A charge per page, per copy, or otherwise, as established and published by the Judicial Council, or as established by the judicial branch entity following a notice and comment procedure specified by the Judicial Council, representing the direct costs of equipment, supplies, and staff time required to duplicate or produce the requested record; and
(ii)  Any other direct costs of duplication or production, including, but not limited to, the costs incurred by a judicial branch entity in retrieving the record from a remote storage facility or archive and the costs of mailing responsive records.
(C)  In the case of requests for records for commercial use, a judicial branch entity may impose, in addition to the fee in (B), a fee reasonably calculated to cover the actual costs of staff search and review time, based on an hourly rate for salary and benefits of each employee involved.
(D)  For purposes of this rule:
(i)  "Commercial use" means a request for a use or purpose that furthers the commercial, trade, or profit interests of the requester or the person on whose behalf the request is being made. A request from a representative of the news media that supports its news-dissemination function is not a request for a commercial use.
Office of the Patient Advocate - State of California


Be sure to look at all costs (beyond just the premium) related to the care you need and providers you prefer seeing.
You want to have a primary care doctor who can help you manage your care.  A primary care doctor can help you decide what other care you need and how to get it.
You want to simplify your health care costs. Usually the only costs you pay in an HMO are set co-pays. You do not get a bill for a percent of the cost of the service. And you do not have to submit claims.

Why would I NOT choose an HMO?

You want to be able to see specialists and other providers when you want to, without having to get a referral and pre-approval.
You want the flexibility to see providers who are not in the network, even if you have to pay more.

HMO Costs

Premium
The fee an HMO charges each month to maintain your coverage. The total premium is what you pay PLUS what your employer pays.

Co-Pay
The flat fee that you pay each time you see a doctor or get services. Doctor visits, prescription drugs, emergency room visits, and hospital stays have different co-pays.

Co-Insurance
Some HMOs charge you a co-insurance instead of a co-pay. The co-insurance is a percent of the cost of a service.

Yearly Deductible
Some HMOs have a yearly deductible. This is the amount you must pay each year to providers before your HMO pays anything. The yearly deductible does not apply to preventive services. From the beginning of the year, you only pay the co-pay for preventive checkups, family planning services, maternity/prenatal care, and some other services. You may pay a separate yearly deductible for prescription drugs.

Out-of-Pocket Maximum
This is the total you have to pay each year for most of your services. However, you still pay co-pays for some services, including prescription drugs and most medical equipment, even after you meet your yearly maximum.

Hospital Costs
Real problems with health care | New York State Attorney General
Helps consumers challenge insurers that deny coverage.
Targets health care organizations that have fraudulent, misleading or deceptive practices.
Educates New Yorkers about their health care rights.
Pushes for laws, regulations and policies that enhance the rights of health care consumers. 

The Health Care Bureau has successfully helped individual New Yorkers: 

Receive cancer treatment that had been denied.
Obtain a high cost specialty drug where preauthorization had been denied.
Obtain a reversal of a health plan denial, resulting in payment of a $128,000 hospital bill.
Reduce an improper balance bill from a provider for over $1000 to a zero balance.
Obtain over $3000 in refunds after receiving wrong deductible determinations from insurer.
Reinstate health coverage after uncovering billing errors.

Be informed
Health network coverage 
“In-network” providers agree to accept the insurance company’s payment, along with your co-pay as full payment. Check with your plan and all your providers — even labs — to confirm that those you want to use are in network. 
Check out-of-network coverage carefully. Plans may pay very little to out-of-network providers, leaving you to pay the balance. 
Prescription drugs 
Check whether your medication is on the plan’s list of covered drugs (“drug formulary”). If your plan requires you to use mail order and you believe you cannot, ask about a hardship waiver to use a retail pharmacy. 
Be proactive 
Question bills
You generally should not have to pay more than your deductible, co-pay, or coinsurance for any in-network provider. Compare any other charges to your coverage. 
Document everything
Write down the date of the conversation, the person with whom you spoke, and what was said. 
Appeal denials 
Exercise your internal and external appeal rights if your health plan denies a claim.
Request financial aid
Ask about a hospital’s financial aid program. If you are not eligible, ask whether the hospital will accept a discounted payment.
How does the helpline work?
Bill Text - AB-132 Postsecondary education trailer bill.
(4) Reasonable costs to the agency associated with the agency’s process of protecting personal information under the conditions of CPHS approval may be billed to the researcher, including, but not limited to, the agency’s costs for conducting a portion of the data processing for the researcher, removing personal information, encrypting or otherwise securing personal information, or assigning subject codes.(5) The CPHS may enter into written agreements to enable other institutional review boards to provide the data security approvals required by this subdivision, if the data security requirements set forth in this subdivision are satisfied.(6) Pursuant to paragraph
	(5), the CPHS shall enter into a written agreement with the institutional review board established pursuant to former Section 49079.6 of the Education Code. The agreement shall authorize, commencing July 1, 2010, or the date upon which the written agreement is executed, whichever is later, that board to provide the data security approvals required by this subdivision, if the data security requirements set forth in this subdivision and the act specified in subdivision (a) of Section 49079.5 of the Education Code are satisfied.(u) To an insurer if authorized by Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 10900) of Division 4 of the Vehicle Code.(v) Pursuant to Section 450, 452, 8009, or 18396 of the Financial Code.(w) For the sole purpose of participation in interstate data sharing
	of prescription drug monitoring program information pursuant to the California Uniform Controlled Substances Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 11000) of the Health and Safety Code), if disclosure is limited to prescription drug monitoring program information.This article does not require the disclosure of personal information to the individual to whom the information pertains if that information may otherwise be withheld as set forth in Section 1798.40.SEC. 2. The heading of Article 1 (commencing with Section 10850) is added to Chapter 8.5 of Part 7 of Division 1 of Title 1 of the Education Code, to read:
 Article
  1. Cradle-to-Career Data System WorkgroupSEC. 3. Section 10851 of the Education Code is amended to read:10851.
FTB Publication 1017 | FTB.ca.gov
A withholding agent is any person or entity with the control, receipt, custody, disposal, or payment of California source income. We also refer to withholding agents as âpayers.â
6. Who is the payee?
Generally, the payee is the person or entity that receives items of income from a payer. It also includes partners, beneficiaries, shareholders, or members that receive payments or distributions from a PTE, estate, or trust. A payee may also include vendors that provide services to the payer.
7. Who is the payer?
Generally, the payer is the person or entity that pays an item of income or makes a distribution to a payee.
8. What is a partnership?
The term partnership has the same meaning as defined in R&TC Section 17008. For purposes of withholding, both LLCs and LLPs classified as partnerships are treated as partnerships.
9. What is a partner?
The term partner has the same meaning as defined in R&TC Section 17008. For purposes of withholding, members of both LLCs and LLPs classified as partnerships are generally included in the term partner.
10. When is a withholding agent required to withhold?
A withholding agent is required to withhold from all payments or distributions of California source income made to a nonresident payee unless the withholding agent receives a certified Form 590, Withholding Exemption Certificate, or authorization from us for a waiver, or an approved reduced withholding amount. The withholding agent is required to withhold once the total payments exceed $1,500 in a calendar year.
11.When should a withholding agent start withholding if the total payments to a nonresident are expected to exceed $1,500 during the calendar year?
Withholding is at the discretion of the withholding agent until payments exceed $1,500 during a calendar year. Once the total payments exceeds $1,500, the withholding agent is required to withhold.
12.
Before you sue the other side back | California Courts | Self Help Guide
An example of this is when a landlord doesn't refund a security deposit or give a reason why within 21 days. In that case, the law says you can sue for more than the security deposit amount because the landlord didn't follow the law.
If the other side owes you more than $10,000 (or $5,000 if its owed to your business), you may not be able to file in small claims court. Learn more 
Small claims court is only for cases where a person asks for less than $10,000 or $5,000 if the money is owed to a business. If you or your business wants to ask for more, you can ask for the case to be heard in regular civil court. Talk to a Small Claims Advisor to find out more.

Do you have proof?
You don’t have to have all your proof together before you sue the other side back. But, you need to know what proof to get to show the other side and bring to your court date.
Examples of proof (also called evidence) are:
Repair receipts
Photos of damage
Emails
Business records

Example: bills for repair costs
Someone’s car hit your car. They're suing you for damages but you have a police report showing the other driver is at fault. But, you haven’t finished the body work repairs so you don’t have a bill to show how much the other driver owes you. Make sure you have the paid invoice to bring with you to your court hearing.

Example: Pictures of a clean apartment
Your landlord doesn’t want to return your security deposit and wouldn’t do a walk-through with you when you moved out. They're suing you so you'll pay for damages that cost more than your deposit. In your court case against the landlord you would bring photos of the clean home with timestamps that show when the photos were taken and/or have your friend who saw the clean home come to your court date to talk about it.

You can use a subpoena to get the proof you need
2001 Budget Analysis Trial Court Funding (0450)
about how that revenue is used.
Initial Estimates Suggest Significant Revenues. Currently, no detail is available on where all the fees are being deposited, the
total amount of fee revenue, and how it is used. The Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) collected information from the
courts on one undesignated fee, the civil assessment, which is believed to generate the largest amount of revenue. Courts impose
this fee for late payment of court ordered fines. In 2000, reported revenue for this fee amounted to $36.4 million through the third
quarter of the year with 37 counties reporting. This is an unverified estimate, but probably represents the minimum amount of
revenue from civil assessments. The AOC estimates the total for the year for this one fee at approximately $49 million.
In most cases, counties retain the majority of the civil assessment revenue. Some courts and counties have agreed to share this
revenue or use the funds for court facilities. Less than five courts retain all the revenue.
Need for Clarification of Designated Agency. Fees whose designation are specified in statute clearly present no problem in
determining who should receive those revenues. It also is easy to resolve questions regarding designation of fees which are clearly
tied to a specific function, such as photocopying court records, though it may be desirable to amend existing law to make that
designation official. The problem lies with those fees for which designation to the court or counties is not readily apparent because
statute is silent, and there is no clear connection between the fee and a particular function.
This situation needs clarification for two reasons. First, it is important to treat revenues uniformly throughout the state and guarantee
that the courts and the counties receive an appropriate share. Second, the Legislature needs to be able to estimate the level of
revenue available from civil assessments and other fees as it considers the issue of who should be responsible for court facilities and
reviews the increasing costs of trial court operations, both discussed in this section.
Analyst's Recommendation. Because the revenue generated by undesignated court fees is significant, it is important for the
Consumer Guide to Funeral and Cemetery Purchases - Cemetery and Funeral Bureau
Be sure to review and understand all the provisions of law when you are considering these choices. The applicable laws and regulations can be found on the Bureau's Web site at www.cfb.ca.gov.
(NOTE: Exceptions may apply in certain situations. You have the right to select a different person to make the decisions about your arrangements, if you wish. You may wish to consult with an attorney about including such instructions in your will or in another written document, such as a power of attorney for health care. Be sure to provide copies of your instructions to family members and keep your own copy in a place that can be easily accessed.)
Prices
Federal law requires funeral establishments to quote prices over the phone and to give you a General Price List (GPL) and a Casket Price List (CPL) when you ask in person about arrangements and prices. If the funeral establishment sells outer burial containers, it must also provide you prices for those containers, either as part of the GPL or on a separate price list. If the funeral establishment has a Web site, it must post the list of funeral goods and services that are required to be included in their GPL, pursuant to federal rule, and include a statement that the GPL is available upon request via a link from the home page, OR include the words "price information" or a similar statement that includes the word "price" with a link to the GPL.
(For more information, see General Price List Requirements.)
When you contract for services with a funeral establishment, the law requires it to give you an itemized statement of your choices, including estimates of any costs that are unknown at the time. The statement must also include charges for outside vendor services arranged by the funeral establishment such as flowers, clergy honoraria, newspaper notices, music, etc. Make sure the statement includes only those items you have selected. If you have chosen a funeral package, the statement should describe all the goods and services that are included. Be sure you have the total dollar amount in writing before you sign the contract.
The law allows a funeral establishment to set a fee for professional services, such as the funeral director's time spent:

Helping you plan the funeral;
The 2024-25 Budget: Medi-Cal Analysis
Sometimes these payments add to the base rate and therefore are allocated based on the relevant base payment methodology (such as utilization or reported costs.) In other cases, the approach is tied to other criteria. For example, some supplemental payments are tied to meeting certain performance outcomes, delivering high‑value services, or serving disproportionate numbers of Medi‑Cal or uninsured patients.
Medi‑Cal Uses Different Fund Sources to Support Base and Supplemental Payments. The cost of fee‑for‑service payments generally is shared by federal funds and state and local government sources. For most services, the federal share of cost is 50 percent, but can be higher in some cases (for example, 90 percent for family planning services) and lower in other cases (for example, federal funds generally are not provided for abortion services). The state tends to use different sources to cover the nonfederal share of cost, described below:

Base Payments. The General Fund covers the nonfederal share of cost of base fee‑for‑service payments, with some exceptions. In particular, UC and county hospitals, which are considered government agencies under Medi‑Cal rules, use their own local funds to cover the nonfederal share of cost. That is, Medi‑Cal only pays for the federal share of cost for these providers.
Supplemental Payments. The state tends to use non‑General Fund sources to support supplemental payments. For example, Proposition 56 (2016), which increased taxes on tobacco products, supports supplemental payments to physicians, family planning providers, and several other providers. Quality assurance fees charged to private health care providers also are used to draw down federal funds for supplemental payments. Moreover, some public providers use their local funds to draw down supplemental federal funding.

Provider Payments in Managed Care
Managed Care Is Medi‑Cal’s Primary Delivery System. In the managed care system, the state contracts with MCOs to enroll Medi‑Cal beneficiaries in health plans. The plans are responsible for arranging for the care of beneficiaries, primarily using their networks of providers. Managed care plans are responsible for providing most of the same services as in the fee‑for‑service system, with some exceptions.
2001 Budget Analysis Trial Court Funding (0450)
court facility funding as fiscal relief in the context of the state-county fiscal relationship. 
It is important for the state to decide whether to assume responsibility for court facilities. Currently court facilities have a backlog of
deferred maintenance issues which are increasing. This growing backlog is a result of two factors. The first is the historical nature of
the relationship between counties and courts. Those counties that have not had a close working relationship with their courts
traditionally have been disinclined to invest resources in their facilities. The second factor is a more recent behavioral change on the
part of counties in anticipation of a state takeover of facilities. In these cases, counties may have reduced their efforts to maintain
and improve their facilities because they have no incentive to do so.
Since Chapter 850 already established the state's responsibility for trial court operations, we concur with the task force conclusion
that state assumption of responsibility for facilities is consistent with that action. We differ with the task force, however, on specific
findings. It is important that legislation be enacted to clearly identify the state's authority with regard to ownership and management
of these facilities.
State Needs to Acknowledge Huge Fiscal Liability. It is important for the Legislature to be aware that with this state
responsibility comes a huge amount of future capital outlay needs. The task force estimates that there are approximately 440 trial
court facilities occupying 10 million square feet of space. Of these facilities, approximately two-thirds are mixed-use, meaning the
court shares building space with other county personnel and operations. Of the space in mixed-use buildings, about 52 percent is
occupied by court operations.
Based on its county survey, the task force's preliminary estimates of annual support and lease costs for court facilities are
$119 million. This amount would be partially offset by the county share for facility operations and maintenance costs established
through a negotiated MOE agreement (currently estimated at $80 million to 90 million annually). Beyond this, the task force has
identified future capital funding needs in the multibillion dollar range over the next 20 years. While we recognize that a future need