vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Juno - NASA Science
Another contributor stitched together images of individual cyclones near the north pole; the complete picture surprised researchers, showing a pinwheel of complementary storms twirling around a central vortex. Others had more whimsical takes on the JunoCam views, turning Jupiter’s swirls into artwork that echoes Monet or VanGogh, or adding dreamlike figures or stark geometrics. Art+Science: A Sampler of Jupiter Images from JunoCamNASA’s Juno spacecraft was a little more than one Earth diameter from Jupiter when it captured this mind-bending, color-enhanced view of the planet’s tumultuous atmosphere. Citizen scientists Gerald Eichstädt and Seán Doran processed this image using data from the JunoCam imager.Enhanced image by Sean Doran (CC BY-NC-SA) based on images provided courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSThis animation simulates the motion of clouds in Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The animation was made by applying a wind movement model to a mosaic of JunoCam images.NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstadt/Justin Cowart› Full image and captionThis image shows Jupiter’s south pole, as seen by NASA’s Juno spacecraft from an altitude of 32,000 miles (52,000 kilometers). The oval features are cyclones, up to 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) in diameter. Multiple images taken with the JunoCam instrument on three separate orbits were combined to show all areas in daylight, enhanced color, and stereographic projection.NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Betsy Asher Hall/Gervasio RoblesJupiter's volcanically active moon Io casts its shadow on the planet in this dramatic image from NASA's Juno spacecraft. As with solar eclipses on the Earth, within the dark circle racing across Jupiter's cloud tops one would witness a full solar eclipse as Io passes in front of the Sun. Such events occur frequently on Jupiter because it is a large planet with many moons. In addition, unlike most other planets in our solar system, Jupiter's axis is not highly tilted relative to its orbit, so the Sun never strays far from Jupiter's equatorial plane (+/- 3 degrees).
Cruising to Jupiter: A Powerful Math Lesson - Teachable Moments | NASA/JPL Edu
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Providence Mountains State Recreation Area
Pack a first aid kit and become familiar with it.

Location/DirectionsDO NOT RELY ON ONLINE NAVIGATIONAL AIDS - particularly GoogleMaps. These programs can produce dramatic errors and give bad directions. BRING A MAP AND KNOW YOUR ROUTE.
The park is located in the eastern Mojave Desert north of Interstate 40, on Essex Road, exit 100. This is exit is 56 miles west of Needles, 100 miles east of Barstow. Follow Essex Road 16 miles northwest from the exit. Located at an elevation of 4,300 feet, the park is surrounded by the Mojave National Preserve.
Caution- be prepared to travel in the desert!  The nearest fuel station to the park is 24 miles away in Fenner.  Carry water in your vehicle in case of an unexpected situation.  Food is not available at the park, so plan ahead for meals.Seasons/Climate/Recommended clothingThe best weather occurs in the Spring and Fall, but, because of the 4,300 foot elevation at the visitor center, temperatures usually remain moderate throughout the year.
Mitchell Caverns 3D Virtual Tour
 Although physical tours of Mitchell Caverns are limited and only available by reservation, you can still experience this extraordinary place with this virtual tour.

Protecting Our Bats

Mitchell Caverns - White Nose Syndrone
Decontamination Procedures
If you are wearing clothing or footwear that have been in any caves, mines, or lave tubes in the last 10 years:

If possible please change your clothing or shoes.
If not ask the park staff for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) wipes to decontaminate your clothing, shoes, and gear. 

Thank you for helping to prevent the spread of White Nose Syndrome. For more information , visit www.whitenosessyndrome.org.
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Sun-Earth Days 2013: Articles
We have both direct visual evidence of this as well as inferred evidence from periodic increases and decreases in a star's brightness. Other evidence includes Zeeman line splitting and Doppler imaging. Since sunspots require a magnetic field, differential rotation, and a convective stellar envelope, we can see visual evidence that other stars are similar to the sun. Massive stars have convective cores and radiative envelopes. This generally produces a weaker magnetic field and fewer sunspots. Astronomers have observed sunspots (well, starspots) ands sunspot cycles on a few other stars which helps determine the star's rotation rate and tell us about the star's internal processes.
Solar Wind

Figure 10: Bow shock, about half a light-year across, created from the wind from the star L.L. Orionis colliding with the Orion Nebula flow

The solar wind is the stream of charged (mostly protons and electrons) and neutral particles and associated electric and magnetic fields that moves outward from the sun at high velocities and populates and defines the Interplanetary Magnetic Field or IMF and the heliosphere. A good definition of the heliosphere might be; "that region of space dominated by the IMF". These particles are believed to be accelerated to very high speeds (~500 to 2,000 km/s) by sudden releases of energy associated with a process called magnetic reconnection around highly magnetic sunspot regions. The magnetic field of the solar wind is constantly pushing on the Earth's magnetic field, moving, compressing, and distorting the field and creating electrical currents Solar wind velocities and magnetic field strength vary with the solar cycle, the sun's magnetic latitude, and with radial distance from the sun. At solar maximum, the solar wind velocity is greatest at the sun's equator and less at the poles. Overall, the sun's magnetic field strength is low and polar coronal holes extend to low latitudes. This trend reverses at solar minimum; the solar wind slows down, the sun's magnetic field strength strengthens, and polar coronal holes retreat or disappear altogether.

Figure 11: Voyager Spacecraft, launched in 1977

Figure 12: Ibex Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA)
Caltrans - Quickmap FAQ
Also see: Can you tell me more about the traffic information displayed on Caltrans QuickMap?
Navigation
Left-click one of the Zoom to ... links in the page's drop-down menu to reach a pre-defined location and zoom level.

You can also navigate (pan and zoom) around the map using the standard methods of Google Maps:

Point at the map, left-click, and hold to drag the map to view adjacent sections. 
Pan left, right, up and down with the arrow keys. 
Pan wider with the Page Up, Page Down, Home and End keys.
Zoom in and out with the plus (+) and minus (-) keys. 
Point at the map and double left-click to zoom in and center on the location pointed to. 
Double right-click to zoom out (Ctrl+ double-click for Mac users). 
Use the scroll wheel on your mouse to zoom in and out.
Use the Google Navigation Controls (on the right side of the map) by:
 
 Clicking the appropriate arrow buttons to move the view north, south, east or west.
Click + to zoom in on the center of the map. 
Click - to zoom out.
Drag the zoom slider up or down to zoom in or out incrementally.

Caltrans QuickMap will save your location and zoom level between sessions. So the next time you visit the page from the same system you will be viewing the same location on the map.
If your browser is capable of location aware browsing, and configured to share your location, you can click the "Locate" button (upper left side of the map) to pan to your current location with a zoom level of 12.
Sharing a View
You can save the current location and zoom level by clicking on the "Share" button (upper left side of the map) and copying the displayed URL. The URL contains arguments for the location and zoom level, and can be pasted into a browser's address bar.
Road Map, Terrain, or Satellite
By default, the traffic layers are displayed on the standard Google road map.
Discovery Alert: a Long Year for a 'Cold Saturn' – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
But because fewer long-period exoplanets transiting their stars have been detected, TOI-4600 b and c could prove to be a gold mine of data. While space telescopes have been able to measure some atmospheric components of hot and warm Jupiters, TOI-4600 b and c offer the rarer prospect of revealing atmospheric ingredients of “temperate” gas giants – those without scorching atmospheres.
Fun facts: “Temperate” is, of course, a relative term. If you’re looking for vacation spots, it’s best to leave these two planets off the list. TOI-4600 b, a bit smaller than Saturn at nearly seven times the width of Earth, has an estimated atmospheric temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 Celsius). Planet c, about the size of Saturn at more than nine times the width of Earth, has an estimated temperature of minus 116 Fahrenheit (minus 82 Celsius). That’s among the coldest exoplanets TESS has discovered so far.
The discoverers: An international team led by astronomer Ismael Mireles of the University of New Mexico published their paper on the two planets, “TOI-4600 b and c: Two Long-period Giant Planets Orbiting an Early K Dwarf,” in “The Astrophysical Journal Letters” in September 2023.

Exoplanets 101

Everything you need to know about exoplanets, the worlds beyond our solar system.

What is an exoplanet?

What is an exoplanet?

An exoplanet is any planet beyond our solar system.

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Planet types

Planet types

Explore the planet types: Gas Giant, Neptune-like, Super-Earth and Terrestrial

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How do we find them?

How do we find them?

Learn how we find and characterize exoplanets.

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What is a habitable zone?

What is a habitable zone?

A habitable zone is the distance from a star at which liquid water could exist on orbiting planets’ surfaces.

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The search for life

The search for life
Juno - NASA Science
Beyond that, with Jupiter as the archetype of a giant planet here in our solar system, research findings there have powerfully enhanced our understanding of giant planets across the galaxy. Q: Where can I find more information about the Juno mission? A: Learn more at the Mission Juno website.Exploring JupiterA slideshow examining 400 years of Jupiter studies, from Galileo the Italian astronomer to Galileo the NASA orbiter, as well as the other eight spacecraft that have visited the king of planets since 1973 – up to the present-day Juno.'Why with Nye'In this video series, science educator Bill Nye explains the journey, makeup, and science goals of the Juno spacecraft.Latest Juno NewsExplore All Juno Mission StoriesArticle5 min readNASA’s Juno Provides High-Definition Views of Europa’s Icy ShellImage Article2 min readNASA’s Juno Mission Spots Jupiter’s Tiny Moon Amalthea1 min readJupiter’s Great Red SpotImage Article6 min readNASA’s Juno Gives Aerial Views of Mountain, Lava Lake on IoArticle1 month ago5 min readNASA’s Juno Mission Measures Oxygen Production at EuropaArticle3 months agoJuno's Io EncountersIo: In DepthJuno's Io EncountersConsecutive flybys of Jupiter's moon Io – the most volcanic world in our solar system – offered the nearest view since the Galileo orbiter visited in 2001.Juno had monitored Io from afar since the spacecraft arrived at Jupiter in 2016. Then, as part of its 57th and 58th orbits around the giant planet, Juno came within roughly 930 miles (1,500 kilometers) of Io's surface – less than the distance between Los Angeles and Seattle. The close passes, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024, allowed scientists to compare data and images from these visits with previous observations that Juno and other craft made of this volatile world, slightly larger than Earth's Moon. Io is caught in a tug-of-war between Jupiter's powerful gravity and the smaller pull from two neighboring moons, churning its insides and creating eruptions and lakes of lava that cover its surface. Meanwhile, the gravitational pull Io exerted on Juno during the Feb. 3 flyby has reduced the spacecraft’s orbit around Jupiter to 33 days.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Reaching for the Stars Since 1936
As the Voyager 1 spacecraft flies by the giant planet Jupiter, it captures a picture of an active volcanic eruption on Jupiter’s moon Io. This discovery is the most surprising finding from Voyager's flyby; volcanism on Io had never been detected from ground-based telescopes or by NASA's Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft that previously flew by Jupiter. The volcano throws solid material upward at speeds of about 1,200 miles per hour, reaching an altitude of 100 miles.
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JUNE 27, 1978First Oceanographic SatelliteSeasat

Taking a leap beyond the weather satellites of the 1960s and 1970s, Seasat becomes the first satellite carrying sophisticated instruments dedicated to studying Earth's oceans. Seasat carries a suite of sensors to make measurements of sea surface height, temperature, vector wind, atmospheric water vapor content, as well as the roughness of the sea surface. These sensors lay the foundation for more optimized measurements developed in ensuing decades. The payload includes the first civilian imaging radar, an instrument used later to study Earth and other planets with great success.
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AUGUST 20, 1975First U.S. Spacecraft to Ferry Lander to MarsViking 1 Orbiter

JPL's Viking 1 Orbiter launches carrying a NASA lander that will become the first lander to return scientific data. Viking 1 and its sister mission, Viking 2, are designed to investigate the Red Planet and search for signs of life. The Viking 1 and 2 orbiters take comprehensive high-resolution images of the planet during their missions.
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MARCH 29, 1974First Mercury MissionMariner 10

Mariner 10 is the first spacecraft to pass close to Mercury, a feat that will not be repeated for more than 30 years. Flying just 437 miles (703 kilometers) above the planet, Mariner 10 goes on to perform two more encounters of Mercury that enable it to map half the globe. It also reveals a surprising magnetic field and a metallic core comprising about 80 percent of Mercury's mass. Mariner 10 was also the first interplanetary spacecraft to use a "gravity assist" maneuver in February 1974 where it used the gravity of Venus to bend its flight path toward Mercury.
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Juno - NASA Science
At the time the image was taken, the spacecraft was about 6,281 miles (10,108 kilometers) from the tops of the clouds of Jupiter at a latitude of 41.84 degrees. The spatial scale in this image is 4.2 miles/pixel (6.7 kilometers/pixel). The storm is rotating counter-clockwise with a wide range of cloud altitudes. The darker clouds are expected to be deeper in the atmosphere than the brightest clouds. Within some of the bright "arms" of this storm, smaller clouds and banks of clouds can be seen, some of which are casting shadows to the right side of this picture (sunlight is coming from the left). The bright clouds and their shadows range from approximately 4 to 8 miles (7 to 12 kilometers) in both widths and lengths. These appear similar to the small clouds in other bright regions Juno has detected and are expected to be updrafts of ammonia ice crystals possibly mixed with water ice. Citizen scientists Gerald Eichstädt and Seán Doran processed this image using data from the JunoCam imager.This image of the Jovian moon Ganymede was obtained by the JunoCam imager aboard NASA’s Juno spacecraft during its June 7, 2021, flyby of the icy moon. At the time of closest approach, Juno was within 645 miles (1,038 kilometers) of its surface – closer to Jupiter’s largest moon than any other spacecraft has come in more than two decades.NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSThis view from NASA's Juno spacecraft captures colorful, intricate patterns in a jet stream region of Jupiter's northern hemisphere known as "Jet N3." Jupiter's cloud tops do not form a simple, flat surface. Data from Juno helped scientists discover that the swirling bands in the atmosphere extend deep into the planet, to a depth of about 1,900 miles (3,000 kilometers). At center right, a patch of bright, high-altitude "pop-up" clouds rises above the surrounding atmosphere. Citizen scientist Gerald Eichstädt created this enhanced-color image using data from the spacecraft's JunoCam imager.
All About Saturn | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
Four robotic spacecraft have visited Saturn, including Pioneer 11, Cassini, and Voyager 1 and 2.

What does Saturn look like?

The Cassini spacecraft took this picture of Saturn's rings. You can see the grey and tan colors.

This is a picture of Saturn and its moons Tethys and Dione. Voyager 1 took this picture as it passed by.


NASA's Cassini spacecraft went behind Saturn and took this picture in 2013. You can see seven of its moons and its inner rings. In the background you can also see Earth.

A portrait looking down on Saturn and its rings. This picture was made from images taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft in 2013. It was put together by amateur image processor and Cassini fan Gordan Ugarkovic.

For more information visit:
Planet Saturn Overview

 	article last updated March 15, 2024
 

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Saturn - NASA Science
In Tim Burton's film "Beetlejuice," a dusty, fictional Saturn is populated by giant sandworms. And in the 2014 movie "Interstellar," the wormhole that enables the astronauts to travel to another galaxy appears near Saturn.Saturn is also the namesake of Saturday, arguably the best day of the week.​Saturn StoriesExplore All Saturn StoriesImage Article1 min readA Moonlit TrioArticle3 min readNASA’s Dragonfly Rotorcraft Mission to Saturn’s Moon Titan Confirmed3 min readNASA’s Hubble Watches ‘Spoke Season’ on SaturnArticle5 months ago5 min readNASA Study Finds Life-Sparking Energy Source and Molecule at EnceladusArticle5 months ago min readMoon Meets Up with Jupiter, SaturnImage ArticleSaturn13 ImagesGo To GalleryGo To GalleryLearn MoreFor Kids: All About SaturnFacts about Saturn for kids.Saturn Resource PackageActivities that can be done at home, as well as videos, animations, posters, and online interactives.NASA Photojournal: SaturnImages of Saturn from NASA spacecraft.Keep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAUranusNeptuneMercuryPlutoReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:3 months agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Saturn - NASA Science
Technology Transfer & SpinoffsSpace Travel TechnologyTechnology Living in SpaceManufacturing and MaterialsRoboticsScience InstrumentsComputingThe Universe ExoplanetsThe Search for Life in the UniverseStarsGalaxiesBlack HolesThe Big BangDark Matter &amp; Dark EnergyThe Solar System The SunMercuryVenusEarthThe MoonMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto &amp; Dwarf PlanetsAsteroids, Comets &amp; MeteorsThe Kuiper BeltThe Oort CloudSkywatchingEspañol CienciaAeronáuticaCiencias TerrestresSistema SolarUniversoScience All NASA ScienceEarth SciencePlanetary ScienceAstrophysics & Space ScienceThe Sun & HeliophysicsBiological & Physical SciencesLunar ScienceCitizen ScienceAstromaterialsAeronautics ResearchHuman Space Travel ResearchExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+Saturn OverviewFactsExplorationMoonsOverviewFactsStoriesResourcesAll PlanetsMercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto & Dwarf PlanetsOur Solar SystemExplore This SectionSaturn OverviewFactsExplorationMoonsStoriesResourcesAll PlanetsOur Solar SystemSaturnSaturn is the sixth planet from the Sun, and the second largest in the solar system. It’s surrounded by beautiful rings.10 Things about saturnSaturn FactsSecond LargestNine Earths would almost span Saturn’s diameter.Sixth from the SunSaturn is 9.5 AU from the Sun. Earth = 1.Long YearIt takes 29 Earth years for Saturn to orbit the Sun.No SurfaceThis gas giant world may have a small core.Bring a SpacesuitSaturn's atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium.King of the MoonsSaturn has the most: 146.The Nicest RingsEight rings make for a spectacular system.Distant DestinationFour missions visited Saturn; one has orbited.Not Suitable For LifeSaturn can't support life as we know it.Cloud HexagonA powerful jet stream shapes the clouds.Planet Saturn OverviewSaturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in our solar system.