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Satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide near key U.S. ports suggest that increased shipping activity and backlogs may be affecting air quality.
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Light Curves - Introduction
Light Curves - Introduction

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Light Curves
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Light Curves and What They Can Tell Us

 

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Light Curves and What They Can Tell Us

Images show a scientist where in an object light is emitted.
Another piece of information we have about light is when it
reaches the detector. Astronomers use this "timing" information to
create light curves and perform timing analysis.

 Tell me more about the history of timing in astronomy

Light curves are graphs that show the brightness of an object over a
period of time. In the study of objects which change their brightness over
time, such as novae,
supernovae, and
variable
stars, the light curve
is a simple but valuable tool to a scientist.

This video compares the X-ray
	'heartbeats', or light curves, of GRS 1915 and IGR J17091, two black
	holes that ingest gas from companion stars. (Credit: NASA's Goddard
	Space Flight Center)
Watch on YouTube.com

If we had the following information about a particular source:

Date

Brightness(Magnitude)

Date

Brightness(Magnitude)

April 21 9.2 June 20 8.7

April 27 9.3 June 26 8.3

May 3 9.7 July 2 8.6

May 9 9.9 July 8 9.1

May 15 9.6 July 14 9.1

May 21 9.8 July 20 9.2

May 27 9.9 July 26 9.5
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Provide multi-sensory observations and recorded sound data to study how solar eclipses affect life on Earth!

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Advance scientific research and understanding through amateur radio activities.

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Become a “Comet Hunter”, and immediately begin looking for new comets in the spacecraft data.

Regardless of how you plan to experience a solar eclipse, or any solar viewing for that matter, remember to always do so safely. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/eclipses/safety/
Lauren Perkins
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
 

Author Lee MohonPosted on October 11, 2023October 11, 2023Categories UncategorizedTags annular eclipse, eclipse, heliophysics, moon, SunLeave a comment on The Solar Eclipse Experience 

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Explore the Night Sky - NASA Science
MeteorsThe Kuiper BeltThe Oort CloudSkywatchingEspañol CienciaAeronáuticaCiencias TerrestresSistema SolarUniversoScience All NASA ScienceEarth SciencePlanetary ScienceAstrophysics & Space ScienceThe Sun & HeliophysicsBiological & Physical SciencesLunar ScienceCitizen ScienceAstromaterialsAeronautics ResearchHuman Space Travel ResearchExploreSearchSubmitNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+…Hubble ScienceExplore the Night SkyHubble HomeOverviewAbout HubbleThe History of HubbleHubble TimelineWhy Have a Telescope in Space?Hubble by the NumbersAt the MuseumFAQsImpact & BenefitsHubble's Impact & BenefitsScience ImpactsCultural ImpactTechnology BenefitsImpact on Human SpaceflightAstro Community ImpactsScienceHubble ScienceScience ThemesScience HighlightsScience Behind DiscoveriesUniverse UncoveredExplore the Night SkyObservatoryHubble ObservatoryHubble DesignMission OperationsMissions to HubbleHubble vs WebbTeamHubble TeamCareer AspirationsHubble AstronautsNewsHubble NewsHubble News ArchiveSocial MediaMedia ResourcesMultimediaMultimediaImagesVideosSonificationsPodcastsE-booksLithographsFact SheetsOnline ActivitiesExplore This SectionHubble HomeOverviewImpact & BenefitsScienceObservatoryTeamNewsMultimediaOnline ActivitiesExplore the Night SkyHubble is famous for its detailed images of distant wonders, but with the benefit of a dark, clear sky, anyone with a telescope, binoculars, or sometimes even the unaided eye can see some of the same objects Hubble has observed. These catalogs of backyard-friendly cosmic targets give information about each object and help you locate it in the night sky.
Skywatching FAQ
Until just a few hundred years ago, we didn't know other planets had moons of their own. Our Moon was the only one we knew of. It wasn't until astronomers began to study the planets with telescopes that they observed there were objects that appeared to be orbiting them. Galileo was the first to do so, but he referred to the moons of Jupiter as both "stars" and "planets." (He wasn't quite sure what the objects were that he had discovered.) The astronomer Kepler called them satellites, which is a term we still use today (calling moons "natural satellites"). It was the astronomer Huygens, discoverer of Saturn's moon Titan, who first used the term "moons" to characterize these natural satellites as being something akin to Earth's Moon. (Science fiction stories sometimes imagine a future time when Earth's Moon is simply called Luna, which is the Latin word for moon.)What is the brightest planet? Venus is the brightest of the planets seen from Earth. After the Sun and the Moon, Venus is the next brightest object. Jupiter, at its brightest, is nearly as bright as Venus is at its faintest. Jupiter is generally the brightest of the remaining planets, but it's sometimes even fainter than Mars. The brightness of the planets varies as both they and Earth orbit the Sun, moving closer and farther away from each other. This is true for Venus as well, but it has several factors in its favor: it's closer to the Sun than all but Mercury, its orbit is closer to Earth's, and it's as big as Earth (that is, it's larger than Mercury).Skywatching ResourcesDo you offer skywatching resources in Spanish? Yes, our monthly What's Up videos are closed captioned in Spanish via the NASA-JPL YouTube Channel. You can also find great skywatching resources for kids in Spanish at NASA Space Place: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sp/Where can I find more NASA resources about skywatching?NASA provides a variety of skywatching resources to help you make a personal connection with the amazing place we study and explore.
Clouds & Radiation Fact Sheet
to space and back toward the Earth's surface. The energy emitted back to
the surface causes it to heat up more, which then results in greater emission
from the surface. This heating effect of air on the surface, called the
atmospheric greenhouse effect, is due mainly to water vapor in the air,
but also is enhanced by carbon dioxide, methane, and other infrared-absorbing
trace gases.
In addition to the warming effect of clear air, clouds in the atmosphere
help to moderate the Earth's temperature. The balance of the opposing cloud
albedo and cloud greenhouse forcings determines whether a certain cloud
type will add to the air's natural warming of the Earth's surface or produce
a cooling effect. As explained below, the high thin cirrus clouds tend to
enhance the heating effect, and low thick stratocumulus clouds have the
opposite effect, while deep convective clouds are neutral. The overall effect
of all clouds together is that the Earth's surface is cooler than it would
be if the atmosphere had no clouds.
next: cloud forcing

 

 by Steve Graham
 March 1, 1999
 

Clouds & Radiation
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Earth Matters
Autore has been looking at citizen scientist observations collected during the 2023 annular eclipse that occurred on October 14, 2023, and has been comparing them to nearby automated surface observing system (ASOS) observations. So far, she has been considering how cloud coverage changes during an eclipse. Using the U.S. climate zones, as defined by the International Energy Conservation Code, she divided citizen scientist and ASOS observations into their respective climate zones and noted some initial findings.
Of the citizen scientist and ASOS sites that reported no overall cloud change between the beginning and end of the eclipse, the majority saw overcast skies. Clear skies were also likely to remain unchanged during the eclipse. Warmer climate zones (hot-humid, hot-dry) reported the greatest percentage of clear skies that remained clear, while colder climate zones (cold, marine) reported the greatest percentage of overcast skies that remained overcast. The mixed-humid climate zone also reported a high percentage of continuous overcast skies. These cases of continuous clear skies and continuous overcast skies also were among the locations with the best citizen scientist/ASOS agreement, meaning that citizen scientists reported the same cloud conditions as the nearby ASOS sites. In hot-dry climate zones—such as Los Angeles, California, and Carlsbad, New Mexico—ASOS stations had good agreement with citizen scientists reporting continuous clear skies. In the cold climate zones—such as Toledo, Ohio, and Indianapolis, Indiana—ASOS stations had good agreement with citizen scientists reporting continuous overcast skies. Newark, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which are in the mixed-humid climate zone, also had good agreement with citizen scientists reporting continuous overcast skies.
Map displaying locations of citizen scientist and ASOS observation sites that reported no cloud change (black dots), climate zone (see legend), percent totality in increments of 20% (red lines), and eclipse center path (yellow line).

The upcoming “GLOBE Eclipse Challenge: Clouds and Our Solar-Powered Earth” asks people from around the world to volunteer and collect cloud observations throughout the day. Participants can collect cloud observations from March 15 to April 15, 2024, and make observations at different times of the day.
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
NASA’s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, or SOHO, constantly observes the outer regions of the Sun’s corona using a coronagraph. Image credit: ESA/NASA/SOHO | + Expand image Scientists measure incoming solar radiation, also known as insolation, to better understand Earth’s radiation budget – the energy emitted, reflected, and absorbed by our planet. Just as clouds block sunlight and reduce insolation, eclipses create a similar phenomenon, providing a great opportunity to study how increased cloud cover can impact weather and climate. Solar eclipses can also help scientists study solar radiation in general and the structure of the Sun. On a typical day, the bright surface of the Sun, called the photosphere, is the only part of the Sun we can see. During a total solar eclipse, the photosphere is completely blocked by the Moon, leaving the outer atmosphere of the Sun (corona) and the thin lower atmosphere (chromosphere) visible. Studying these regions of the Sun’s atmosphere can help scientists understand solar radiation, why the corona is hotter than the photosphere, and the process by which the Sun sends a steady stream of material and radiation into space. Annular solar eclipses provide opportunities for scientists to practice their observation methods so that they'll be ready when a total solar eclipse comes around. Citizen scientists can get involved in collecting data and participating in the scientific process during the eclipse through NASA’s GLOBE program. Anyone in the path of the eclipse and in partial eclipse areas can act as citizen scientists by measuring temperature and cloud cover data and report it using the GLOBE Observer app to help further the study of how eclipses affect Earth’s atmosphere. Visit NASA's Eclipse Science page to learn more about the many ways scientists are using the eclipse to improve their understanding of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun. Taking Eclipse Science Farther Eclipses also make a great jumping-off point to concepts and techniques used in astrophysics and our search for planets beyond our solar system. Similar to a solar eclipse, a transit occurs when a planet crosses in front of the face of a star. From Earth, the planets Venus and Mercury can occasionally be seen transiting in front of the Sun, appearing as small, dark dots. Transits are also useful for detecting exoplanets – distant planets around other stars.
Explore the Night Sky - NASA Science
Explore the Night Sky - NASA Science

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Terra Spacecraft Fact Sheet
The satellite's orbit will be
 perpendicular to the direction of Earth's spin, so that the viewing swaths from each overpass can becompiled into whole global images (4.4MB). Over time, these global images will enable scientists to show and tell
 the stories of the causes and effects of global climate change.
The sensors on EOS Terra will not actively scan the surface (such as with laser beams or microwave
 pulses). Rather, the sensors work much like a camera. Sunlight that is reflected by Earth, and heat that
 is emitted from Earth, will pass through the
 apertures of
 Terra sensor's (3.4MB). This radiant energy will then be focused onto
 specially designed detectors that are sensitive to selected regions of the electromagnetic spectrum,
 ranging from visible light to heat. The information produced by these detectors will then be transmitted
 back to Earth and processed by computers into images that we can interpret.
The five Terra onboard sensors are (see animations at right):

ASTER, or Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer;
 CERES, or Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System;
 MISR, or Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer;
 MODIS, or Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; and
 MOPITT, or Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere.

The life expectancy of the EOS Terra mission is 6 years. It will be followed in later years by other EOS
 spacecraft that take advantage of new developments in remote sensing technologies.
As we learn more about our home planet, new questions arise, drawing us deeper into the complexities of
 Earth's climate system. We don't know the answers to many other important questions, like: Is the
 current warming trend temporary, or just the beginning of an accelerating increase in global
 temperatures? As temperatures rise, how will this affect weather patterns, food production systems, and
 sea level? Are the number and size of clouds increasing and, if so, how will this affect the amount of
 incoming and reflected sunlight, as well as the heat emitted from Earth's surface? What are the causes
October | 2014 | Terra
For more information on ocean surface topography from space, visit:
http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov
More information on NASA’s GRACE satellites is available at:
http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov
For more information on the Argo array, visit:
http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/index.html

Super Typhoon Phanfone

Posted on October 7, 2014 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Response. Caption by Kathryn Hansen.
Forecasts indicate that Japan can expect widespread rain as Typhoon Phanfone nears the nation over the weekend. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired this natural-color view of the category 3 storm at 10:55 a.m. Japan Standard Time (01:55 Universal Time) on October 3, 2014. Read more
 
 

Fall Colors Arriving

Posted on October 7, 2014 by Tassia Owen 
	Posted in News and Events 

NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Mike Carlowicz.
A few days after autumn showed up on the calendar in the Northern Hemisphere, it showed up on the landscape of North America. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured these views of fall colors around the Great Lakes (September 26) and New England (September 27, 2014). The brown and orange shades are most pronounced in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northern Wisconsin, upstate New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, and southern Quebec and Ontario. You can also see faint traces of phytoplankton blooms in the lakes and offshore in the North Atlantic.
The changing of leaf color in temperate forests involves several causes and reactions, but the dominant factors are sunlight and heat. Since temperatures tend to drop sooner and sunlight fades faster at higher latitudes, the progression of fall color changes tends to move from north to south across North America from mid-September through mid-November. Read more
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Cloudy With a Chance of Eclipse
Scientists speculated about these holes in clouds for decades, but it’s now well understood that cavum are caused by airplanes.

Image of the Day
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Total Solar Eclipse Darkens the South Pacific
On July 2, 2019, a NASA satellite captured an image of the Moon’s shadow off of South America.

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Dr. Si-Chee Tsay | Terra
Verde, Aug-Sep 2006; CHINA2-AMY08 (Cloud, Humidity
Interacting Natural/Anthropogenic Aerosols in Asian Monsoon Year-2008), China,
April-Oct 2008; DISCOVER-AQ (Deriving Information on Surface conditions from
COlumn and VERtically resolved observations relevant to Air Quality),
Greater Washington-Baltimore area, July 2011; a series of 7-SEAS (7-South East Asian
Studies) deployments over northern Southeast Asia, such as at Dongsha
Island, Taiwan, March-June 2010; at Son La, Vietnam, March-April 2012; and the BASELInE
(Biomass-burning
Aerosols & Stratocumulus Environment: Lifecycles & Interactions
Experiment), northern Southeast Asia, March-April
2013-2015 & 2019-2020; and RAJO-MEGHA (Radiation, Aerosol Joint Observations – Modeling Exploration over Glaciers in Himalayan Asia, Sanskrit
for Dust-Cloud),
Nepal, October 2017-June 2020.

 

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