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Teachable Moments – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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July 16, 2015
NASA's New Horizons Mission Flies by Pluto
The New Horizons mission became the first to fly by Pluto in July 2015, sending back more than just pretty pictures. Explore the science that also provided new perspectives on Pluto.

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Sizing Up Pluto
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Grades 4-12
Time 30 mins - 1 hr

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The 64-meter "Mars" antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Network station in California in 1970. It was later expanded to a 70-meter diameter. It also has radar capabilities. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The extinction crisisAlthough the Viking and Voyager missions were great achievements in exploration, the decade of their building and launch was greatly challenging for JPL. NASA focused its declining post-Apollo budget on building the Space Shuttle, and planetary exploration funding diminished substantially. JPL embarked on an effort to broaden its research activities into non-space related areas under Department of Energy funding, exploring energy technologies but also communications and transportation. The Laboratory became involved in solar electric and solar thermal technology development, geothermal studies in western states, development of police communications technologies, fuel-cell and electric vehicles, and even people mover development. A solar-stirling generator at JPL's Table Mountain facility in 1977. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech These programs were cut in the early 1980s, and JPL turned to Defense Department work instead. The Lab's most significant development during the 1980s was for the U.S. Army: a battlefield management tool known as the All-Source Analysis System.Indicating just how low the status of planetary exploration's status had fallen within NASA, in September 1981 the agency's administrator threatened to end planetary exploration entirely and close JPL. Supporters in the scientific community, members of Congress, and some of Caltech's trustees rallied in protest. Instead of cancellation, new planetary missions began to be funded. The first of these was the Magellan radar mission to Venus, authorized in 1983.Throughout its near-death experience, JPL had a single planetary mission in development. The Galileo mission to Jupiter had been authorized in October 1977 for a 1982 space shuttle launch, but delays to the shuttle program, confusion over the development of an appropriate upper stage to send the probe on its way out of Earth orbit, and finally the loss of space shuttle Challenger and its crew in 1986, postponed Galileo's launch until 1989. Galileo deployment from space shuttle Atlantis, October 1989. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech The atmospheric entry probe carried by Galileo was developed by NASA Ames Research Center.
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NASA, Sierra Space Deliver Dream Chaser to Florida for Launch Preparation - NASA
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Clare Luckey: Shaping the Future of Mars Missions and Inspiring the Artemis Generation 

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All About Pluto

 Pluto is now categorized as a dwarf planet. 
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Astronomers Discover Planets in NASA Kepler's Final Days of Observations - NASA Science
This long period of observations allowed the satellite to track changes in stellar brightness caused by planets crossing in front of their stars, events called transits.After four years, the telescope had observed over 150,000 stars and identified thousands of potential exoplanets. It was the first NASA mission to find an Earth-size world orbiting within its star’s habitable zone, the range of distances where liquid water could exist on a planet’s surface.In 2014, the spacecraft experienced mechanical issues that temporarily halted observations. The Kepler team devised a fix that allowed it to resume operations, switching its field of view roughly every three months, a period called a campaign. This renewed mission, called K2, lasted another four years and surveyed over 500,000 stars.When Kepler was retired in October 2018, it had aided the discovery of over 2,600 confirmed exoplanets and many more candidates.K2’s final campaign, number 19, lasted only a month. As the spacecraft began to run low on attitude control fuel, it couldn’t maintain its position long enough to collect useful observations. In the end, astronomers only had about seven days of high-quality data from Campaign 19.Incha and her team worked with the Visual Survey Group, a collaboration between citizen scientists and professional astronomers, to scan this dataset for exoplanets. The citizen scientists hunted for signals of transiting worlds over all Campaign 19’s light curves, which record how monitored stars brightened or dimmed.“People doing visual surveys – looking over the data by eye – can spot novel patterns in the light curves and find single objects that are hard for automated searches to detect. And even we can’t catch them all,” said Tom Jacobs, a former U.S. Navy officer and Visual Survey Group team member. “I have visually surveyed the complete K2 observations three times, and there are still discoveries waiting to be found.”Jacobs and others found one transit for each of the three planet candidates, each orbiting a different star, in the high-quality dataset.After their initial discovery, Incha and her team also went back and looked at the lower-quality data from the rest of Campaign 19 and found one additional transit each from two of the three stars flagged in the visual search.
NASA’s Juno Provides High-Definition Views of Europa’s Icy Shell - NASA
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Juno - NASA Science
It has also revealed the size of Jupiter’s core, and helped scientists understand the amount of oxygen in the planet’s chemical makeup, which previously was a key missing ingredient for helping explain how the planet formed.Q: How long will the Juno mission last? A: The Juno mission, originally slated to explore Jupiter from 2016-2017, was extended by NASA, and is now scheduled to end in September 2025.Q: What will happen to Juno at the end of the mission? A: When Juno’s work is done, its trajectory will eventually degrade and the spacecraft will naturally burn up in Jupiter's atmosphere. Changes in Juno's orbit during its extended mission meant the spacecraft was no longer a threat to crash into and accidentally contaminate Jupiter’s possibly habitable moons.Q: How has Juno impacted our understanding of Jupiter and the solar system? A: As Juno reveals fundamentals of Jupiter – what’s in its core, how did it form, how much water does the giant planet hold – it helps us understand how the entire solar system coalesced, and how Earth formed and fostered life. Q: What is the legacy of the Juno mission? A: Juno is expanding our understanding of Jupiter and its system of moons and rings, and laying groundwork for follow-up missions to discover even more. Beyond that, with Jupiter as the archetype of a giant planet here in our solar system, research findings there have powerfully enhanced our understanding of giant planets across the galaxy. Q: Where can I find more information about the Juno mission? A: Learn more at the Mission Juno website.Exploring JupiterA slideshow examining 400 years of Jupiter studies, from Galileo the Italian astronomer to Galileo the NASA orbiter, as well as the other eight spacecraft that have visited the king of planets since 1973 – up to the present-day Juno.'
Juno - NASA Science
This creates tremendous tidal forces, like ocean tides on Earth, but which cause Io's solid surface to bulge up and down (or in and out) by as much as 330 feet (100 meters).Read More About IoJust hours before NASA's Juno mission completed its 53rd close flyby of Jupiter on July 31, 2023, the spacecraft sped past the planet's volcanic moon Io and captured this dramatic view of both bodies in the same frame. The surface of Io is marked by hundreds of volcanoes that regularly erupt with molten lava and sulfurous gases. Juno will gather additional images and data from its suite of scientific instruments during even closer passes in late 2023 and early 2024. To create this image, citizen scientist Alain Mirón Velázquez processed a raw image from the JunoCam instrument, enhancing the contrast, color, and sharpness. At the time the raw image was taken on July 30, 2023, Juno was about 32,170 miles (about 51,770 kilometers) from Io, and about 245,000 miles (about 395,000 kilometers) above Jupiter's cloud tops. Image data: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSImage processing by Alain Mirón Velázquez © CC BYKeep ExploringDiscover More Topics From NASAJupiter: ExplorationPerseverance RoverParker Solar ProbeJames Webb Space TelescopeReturn to topThe National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery.About NASA's MissionJoin UsHomeNews & EventsMultimediaNASA+MissionsHumans in SpaceEarth & ClimateThe Solar SystemThe UniverseScienceAeronauticsTechnologyLearning ResourcesAbout NASANASA en EspañolFollow NASAMore NASA Social AccountsNASA NewslettersSitemapFor MediaPrivacy PolicyFOIANo FEAR ActOffice of the IGBudget & Annual ReportsAgency Financial ReportsContact NASAAccessibilityPage Last Updated:2 weeks agoPage Editor:SMD Content EditorsResponsible NASA Official for Science:Dana Bolles
Juno - NASA Science
7, 1610'Around Jupiter there are... moving stars, invisible till this time to everyone.'A plaque dedicated to Rennaissance astronomer Galileo Galilei is seen here mounted on NASA's Juno spacecraft for its trip to Jupiter. The aluminum plaque features a self-portrait and handwritten text from Galileo's journal, in which he records seeing Jupiter's moons for the first time. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSCjan. 7, 1610Juno and Pop CultureImages from JunoCam – the dazzling views of Jupiter and its satellites, whether processed by amateur astronomers or artists – have sharpened our perspective of the giant planet, and blurred the divide between art and science. It’s just one way Juno has bridged disparate worlds. The mission inspired a partnership with Apple Music, which released a short film ahead of Jupiter Orbit Insertion. “Visions of Harmony: Inspired by NASA’s Mission Juno” featured a soundtrack composed by Academy Award winners Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross. At the same time, Apple released the compilation “Destination: Juno” with music tracks celebrating the mission, from artists including country star Brad Paisley, singer-songwriter Corinne Bailey Rae, rapper GZA of Wu Tang Clan, singer-songwriter QUIÑ, alternative band Weezer, and Mexican rock band Zoé. To mark Juno’s 50th orbit around Jupiter on April 8, 2023, the Juno team released a collage of 50 images spanning various aspects of the mission, and NASA paired with Google Arts and Culture to show off a gallery of images and video from the project. NASA has released several animations of JunoCam images, replicating the flight of Juno as it collected those shots, set to the music of Greek composer Vangelis (A "Flight" Over Jupiter - Mission Juno). The keyboardist won an Academy Award for his avant-garde “Chariots of Fire” film score in 1981, but the year before that he gained attention when Carl Sagan used his tune “Heaven and Hell” as a theme for “Cosmos: A Personal Voyage.” Vangelis’ 23rd and final studio album, released a few months before he died in 2022, was “Juno to Jupiter.”
Juno Observes Jupiter, Io and Europa – NASA's Europa Clipper
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