vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Review the Worker Node Security Configuration results of the version 1.5 CIS Kubernetes benchmark.



 4.1 Worker node configuration files 



Section 4.1 Worker node configuration files benchmark results

 Section Recommendation Scored? Level Result Responsibility 

 4.1.1 Ensure that the kubelet service file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.2 Ensure that the kubelet service file ownership is set to root:root Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.3 Ensure that the proxy kubeconfig file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.4 Ensure that the proxy kubeconfig file ownership is set to root:root Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.5 Ensure that the kubelet.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.6 Ensure that the kubelet.conf file ownership is set to root:root Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.7 Ensure that the certificate authorities file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.8 Ensure that the client certificate authorities file ownership is set to root:root Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.9 Ensure that the kubelet configuration file has permissions set to 644 or more restrictive Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.1.10 Ensure that the kubelet configuration file ownership is set to root:root Scored 1 Pass IBM 







 4.2 Kubelet 



Section 4.2 Kubelet benchmark results

 Section Recommendation Scored? Level Result Responsibility 

 4.2.1 Ensure that the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.2.2 Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is not set to AlwaysAllow Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.2.3 Ensure that the --client-ca-file argument is set as appropriate Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.2.4 Ensure that the --read-only-port argument is set to 0 Scored 1 Pass IBM 
 4.2.5 Ensure that the --streaming-connection-idle-timeout argument is not set to 0 Scored 1 Pass IBM
Kubernetes Both v1.17.6 v1.17.7 See the [Kubernetes release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases/tag/v1.17.7). The master update resolves CVE-2020-8558 (see the [IBM security bulletin](https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6249905)). 
 Kubernetes configuration Master N/A N/A The Kubernetes API server audit policy configuration is updated to include auditing the apiextensions.k8s.io API group and the persistentvolumeclaims and persistentvolumes resources. Additionally, the http2-max-streams-per-connection option is set to 1000 to mitigate network disruption impacts on the kubelet connection to the API server. 
 Kubernetes Dashboard Master v2.0.0 v2.0.1 See the [Kubernetes Dashboard release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/releases/tag/v2.0.1).
: Added more information about [how the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service API key is used](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-access-credsapi_key_about).

Benchmark for Kubernetes 1.19
: Review the [1.5 CIS Kubernetes benchmark results](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-119) for clusters that run Kubernetes version 1.19.

Huge pages
: In clusters that run Kubernetes 1.19 or later, you can [enable Kubernetes HugePages scheduling on your worker nodes](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-kernelhuge-pages).

Istio add-on
: Version [1.6.12](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-istio-changelog1612) of the Istio managed add-on is released.





 16 October 2020 

Gateway firewalls and Calico policies
: For classic clusters in Dallas, updated the required IP addresses and ports that you must open in a [public gateway firewall device](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-firewallfirewall_outbound), [private gateway device firewall](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-firewallfirewall_private), or [Calico network isolation policies](https://github.com/IBM-Cloud/kube-samples/tree/master/calico-policies).

Ingress classes
: Added information about [specifying Ingress classes](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-managed-ingress-aboutmanaged-ingress-class) to apply Ingress resources to specific ALBs.

Object Storage
* [1.1 Master node configuration files](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-11-121)
* [1.2 API server](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-12-121)
* [1.3 Controller manager](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-13-121)
* [1.4 Scheduler](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-14-121)



* [2 Etcd node configuration](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-section-2-121)
* [3 Control plane configuration](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-section-3-121)



* [3.1 Authentication and authorization](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-31-121)
* [3.2 Logging](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-32-121)



* [4 Worker node security configuration](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-section-4-121)



* [4.1 Worker node configuration files](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-41-121)
* [4.2 Kubelet](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-121cis-benchmark-42-121)
* Data is refreshed every 10 minutes.
* Metrics are prioritized by event count and severity.
* For more information, see [Advisor](https://docs.sysdig.com/en/docs/sysdig-monitor/advisor/).



In the Advisor section, you can choose to monitor your Kubernetes clusters by cluster, by node, by namespace, or by workload. Each option offers a set of predefined dashboards that you can use to monitor the health of your resources. You can also select to monitor by host.



 Monitoring Kubernetes clusters by cluster 

When you choose to monitor your Kubernetes clusters by cluster, you can select more filters to display data by node or by namespace, or you can choose any of the following dashboards:



* Workload Status & Performance
* Node Status & Performance
* Pod Rightsizing & Workload Capacity Optimization
* Cluster Capacity Planning
* Cluster / Namespace Available Resources
* Cluster Overview
* CPU Allocation Optimization
* Memory Allocation Optimization



Zoom

![Advisor predefined dashboards by cluster](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs-content/v1/content/220cdcbf6f4421bd7fee83fd1028048dba3f16c8/monitoring/images/overview-tab-clusters.png)

Advisor predefined dashboards by cluster

For more information on how to interpret this view, see [About Clusters Overview](https://docs.sysdig.com/en/docs/sysdig-monitor/advisor/overview/clusters-data/).





 Monitoring Kubernetes clusters by node 

When you choose to monitor your Kubernetes clusters by node, you can choose any of the following dashboards:



* Node Status & Performance
* Pod Scheduling Troubleshooting
* Node Overview
* CPU Allocation Optimization
* Memory Allocation Optimization
Why does my cluster master status say it is approaching its resource limit? 

Virtual Private Cloud

Classic infrastructure

  What’s happening 

You see a master status similar to the following example.

The master is approaching its allotted memory resource limit (93%).  Please consider reducing load on your master.  Exceeding the defined resource limit could cause reduced performance for your cluster's master control plane.

  Why it’s happening 

Our managed customer masters have a resource cap that limits the amount of memory and CPU that they can consume.

If your master status shows the previous message, then your master is consuming enough resources to approach its given limit. At this point, this message is a warning. Your master control plane is still healthy and functioning as normal. However, if you don't act, your master can reach the limits, potentially causing performance and functional issues.

  How to fix it 

You have a few options when it comes to dealing with this.



*  Identify the cause of the high resource usage and make changes to reduce the usage.



*  Look for applications that may be generating high load against your master.
*  Reduce the number of resources, such as secrets, configmaps, and replicasets. If a cluster contains a high number of resources, then the queries can cause the master to be overloaded. Use the kubectl get raw command to find the top resources by count. For example, run

kubectl get --raw /metrics | grep ^apiserver_storage_objects | sort -n -k2



*  Request a higher resource limit for your master. To request a higher limit, [open a support ticket](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-get-helphelp-support) with justification. Requests are reviewed and granted on a cluster by cluster basis.
*  Do nothing and risk future performance and functional issues in your master control plane.
Kubernetes Both v1.16.10 v1.16.11 See the [Kubernetes release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases/tag/v1.16.11). The master update resolves CVE-2020-8558 (see the [IBM security bulletin](https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6249905)). 
 Kubernetes configuration Master N/A N/A The Kubernetes API server audit policy configuration is updated to include auditing the apiextensions.k8s.io API group and the persistentvolumeclaims and persistentvolumes resources. Additionally, the http2-max-streams-per-connection option is set to 1000 to mitigate network disruption impacts on the kubelet connection to the API server. 
 Kubernetes Dashboard Master v2.0.0 v2.0.1 See the [Kubernetes Dashboard release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/releases/tag/v2.0.1).
1.27 version information and update actions 

Review information about version 1.27 of IBM Cloud® Kubernetes Service, released 24 May 2023.

Looking for general information on updating IBM Cloud® Kubernetes Service clusters, or information on a different version? See [Kubernetes version information and update actions](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cs_versions).

Zoom

![This badge indicates Kubernetes version 1.27 certification for IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs-content/v1/content/4d497aff9e27b92fbbc2ee4e343a9ec4549cb1d7/containers/images/certified-kubernetes-color.svg)

Figure 1. Kubernetes version 1.27 certification badge

IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service is a Certified Kubernetes product for version 1.27 under the CNCF Kubernetes Software Conformance Certification program. _Kubernetes® is a registered trademark of The Linux Foundation in the United States and other countries, and is used pursuant to a license from The Linux Foundation.

For more information about Kubernetes project version 1.27, see the [Kubernetes change log](https://kubernetes.io/releases/notes/.).



 Release timeline 

The following table includes the expected release timeline for version 1.27 of IBM Cloud® Kubernetes Service. You can use this information for planning purposes, such as to estimate the general time that the version might become unsupported.

Dates that are marked with a dagger (†) are tentative and subject to change.



Release timeline for IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service version 1.27

 Version Supported? IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service <br>release date IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service <br>unsupported date 

 1.27 Yes 24 May 2023 14 August 2024† 







 Preparing to update 

This information summarizes updates that are likely to have and impact on deployed apps when you update a cluster to version 1.27.
IBM Cloud File Storage for Classic plug-in and monitor Master 357 358 Image updated for [CVE-2019-5188](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-5188). 
 IBM Cloud Provider Master v1.16.5-148 v1.16.7-170 Updated to support the Kubernetes 1.16.7 release and to use Go version 1.13.6 and calicoctl version 3.9.5. 
 Kubernetes Both v1.16.5 v1.16.7 See the [Kubernetes release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases/tag/v1.16.7). The master update resolves CVE-2019-11254 and CVE-2020-8552 (see the [IBM security bulletin](https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6203780)), and the worker node update resolves CVE-2020-8551 (see the [IBM security bulletin](https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6204874)). 
 Kubernetes Dashboard Master v2.0.0-rc2 v2.0.0-rc5 See the [Kubernetes Dashboard release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/releases/tag/v2.0.0-rc5). 
 Kubernetes Dashboard Metrics Scraper Master v1.0.2 v1.0.3 See the [Kubernetes Dashboard metrics scraper release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/dashboard-metrics-scraper/releases/tag/v1.0.3). 
 OpenVPN server Master N/A N/A OpenVPN server is now restarted during [cluster master refresh](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-kubernetes-service-clics_apiserver_refresh).
* Shared: You and IBM share responsibility for configuring the setting that the benchmark recommends.









 What parts of the benchmark am I responsible for? 

Because IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service is a managed offering, IBM already configures many security settings for you. For example, IBM manages and automatically applies updates to your cluster master. For your worker nodes, IBM provides security and version updates, but you must apply the updates. You are also responsible for your workload applications and data. For more information, see [Your responsibilities while using IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-responsibilities_iks).





 What if some part of the service fails to comply with a recommendation? 

First, check the explanation of the failure for any remediation steps.

Then, determine whether the failure is acceptable according to your security requirements. For example, some recommendations might be more in-depth configuration requirements than your particular processes or standards require. Also, some recommendations are not scored, and don't impact the overall benchmark score.

Next, decide whether the component falls within your responsibility. If so, you might need to change how you configure that component. For example, you might configure pod security policies for all your app deployments. For components that are not directly within your responsibility, assess whether you can use another IBM Cloud service to meet the recommendation.





 What else can I do to increase the security and compliance of my cluster? 

See [Security for IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-security).







 Running the worker node CIS Kubernetes benchmark 

To review the results of the CIS Kubernetes benchmark for Section 4: Worker node security configuration, you can run the test yourself. Because you own the worker nodes and are partially [responsible](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-responsibilities_iks) for their compliance, you might make configuration changes that you want to validate on your own.

Before you begin: [Log in to your account. If applicable, target the appropriate resource group.
* [1.1 Master node configuration files](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-11-122)
* [1.2 API server](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-12-122)
* [1.3 Controller manager](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-13-122)
* [1.4 Scheduler](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-14-122)



* [2 Etcd node configuration](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-section-2-122)
* [3 Control plane configuration](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-section-3-122)



* [3.1 Authentication and authorization](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-31-122)
* [3.2 Logging](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-32-122)



* [4 Worker node security configuration](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-section-4-122)



* [4.1 Worker node configuration files](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-41-122)
* [4.2 Kubelet](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-122cis-benchmark-42-122)
* [5.1 RBAC and service accounts](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-126cis-benchmark-51-126)
* [5.2 Pod Security Policies](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-126cis-benchmark-52-126)
* [5.3 Network policies and CNI](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-126cis-benchmark-53-126)
* [5.4 Secrets management](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-126cis-benchmark-54-126)
* [5.5 Extensible admission control](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-126cis-benchmark-55-126)
* [5.6 General policies](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-126cis-benchmark-56-126)



* [IBM remediations and explanations](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cis-benchmark-126cis-benchmark-remediations-126)







 Version 1.25 

[1.25 version information and update actions](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cs_versions_125cs_versions_125)



* [Release timeline](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cs_versions_125release_timeline_125)
* [Preparing to update](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cs_versions_125prep-up-125)



* [Update before master](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cs_versions_125before_125)
* [Clusters in Satellite locations without CoreOS enabled](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-openshift_versionsos-satellite-without-coreos)



* [Checking a cluster's Kubernetes server version](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-openshift_versionsopenshift_server_version)
* [Release lifecycle](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-openshift_versionsrelease_lifecycle)
* [Archive](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-openshift_versionsversion-archive)



[CIS Kubernetes Benchmark](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-cis-benchmarkcis-benchmark)



* [Available benchmark versions](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-cis-benchmarkcis-benchmark-versions)
* [Using the benchmark](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-cis-benchmarkcis-benchmark-use)



* [What does the benchmark cover?](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-cis-benchmarkbenchmark-scope)
* [What do the benchmark recommendations mean?](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-cis-benchmarkbenchmark-meaning)
* [What parts of the benchmark am I responsible for?](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/openshift?topic=openshift-cis-benchmarkbencmark-resp)
* [What if some part of the service fails to comply with a recommendation?]
* Supported operating systems: UBUNTU_20_64, UBUNTU_18_S390X, UBUNTU_18_64
* [Version information and update actions](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cs_versions_124)
* [Change log](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-changelog_124)







 Checking a cluster's Kubernetes server version 

To check the server version of a cluster, log in to the cluster and run the following command.

kubectl version --short | grep -i server

Example output

Server Version: v1.26+IKS





 Update types 

Your Kubernetes cluster has three types of updates: major, minor, and patch. As updates become available, you are notified when you view information about the cluster master or worker nodes, such as with the ibmcloud ks cluster ls, cluster get, worker ls, or worker get commands.

IBM provides bi-weekly worker node fix packs. IBM's goal is to remediate detected, legitimate vulnerabilities within a timeframe appropriate for the risks they represent. To ensure the quality and stability of the release, fix packs might be delayed.

Fix packs are applied to the latest upstream stable kernel version that is provided by Canonical.



* For Ubuntu 20.04, it is the 5.4 kernel.
* For Ubuntu 18.04, it is the 4.15 kernel.



To keep your nodes secure, you must install worker node fix packs as soon as possible. You can subscribe to notifications to be alerted when a new update is available.



Impacts of Kubernetes updates

 Update type Examples of version labels Updated by Impact 

 Major 1.x.x You Operation changes for clusters, including scripts or deployments. 
 Minor x.22.x You Operation changes for clusters, including scripts or deployments. 
 Patch x.x.4_1510 IBM and you Kubernetes patches, as well as other IBM Cloud Provider component updates such as security and operating system patches. IBM updates masters automatically, but you apply patches to worker nodes.
As a security administrator or auditor, you might want to compare your company's internal standards and external regulatory requirements with the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark. The benchmark recommendations are provided by the Center for Internet Security, not by IBM. IBM might not configure default settings in a way that meets every recommendation, but documents whether the recommendation is met to help you in your review. For example, you might use the benchmark in an audit to confirm that basic security measures are in place, and to identify areas where you might enhance your security.



 What does the benchmark cover? 

The benchmark covers recommendations for master components, etcd, control plane configurations, worker nodes, and policies such as for users, network, and pod security.





 What do the benchmark recommendations mean? 

The benchmark recommendations have scoring, levels, result status, and responsibilities as follows.



* Scoring



* Scored: The overall benchmark score increases or decreases depending on whether the recommendation is met.
* Not scored: The overall benchmark score is not impacted, whether the recommendation is met.



* Levels



* Level 1: Practical security measures that can be configured without inhibiting the service.
* Level 2: More in-depth security measures that might reduce the performance or functionality of a service.



* Result



* Pass: The service complies with the benchmark recommendation.
* Fail: The service does not comply with the benchmark recommendation by default. Refer to the remediation section for an explanation and possible actions that you can take to comply with the benchmark recommendation.



* Responsibility



* IBM: IBM is responsible for configuring the setting that the benchmark recommends.
* Shared: You and IBM share responsibility for configuring the setting that the benchmark recommends.









 What parts of the benchmark am I responsible for? 

Because IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service is a managed offering, IBM already configures many security settings for you. For example, IBM manages and automatically applies updates to your cluster master. For your worker nodes, IBM provides security and version updates, but you must apply the updates. You are also responsible for your workload applications and data.